Land and underwater excavations at Hare Harbor and Brador

1. Land and underwater excavations at Hare Harbor and Brador

2. Table of Contents

3. 201 5 F” leld Location jV|

4. View SW

5. 2-7

6. T5

7. Hare Harbor-1 A9

8. Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3)

9. Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3)

10. Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3)

11. Hare Harbor-1

12. fit

13. Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3)

14. Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3)

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19. 6 - i~iare f~~jarbor~ Î 20 1 5 (Jnderwater ^ite Report by ri kr^ aneuf

20. / - Mart C.haiet-1 (EL<Bh ~^7)

21. Hart Chalet

22. Test Pit Profiles 2013

23. Hart Chalet

24. Test Pit Profiles 2013

25. S - Salmon 5ay and belles Amours

26. j oint ^urveu

27. preferences (Tfited

28. 14-2

29. 1-Hh

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32. mm

33. Salmon Bay River sod houses

34. EdBt-3

35. p£|

36. _

37. &quot;.V.V.

38. By O -

39. Fouilles subaauatiaues

40. Site terrestre

41. Nombre minimal d’individus (NMI) et représentation squelettique pour les quatre

42. principaux taxons

43. Phocidés et phoque du Groenland

44. Laridés (contextes subaquatiques uniquement)

45. Alcinés et Laridés cf Alcinés (contextes subaquatiques uniquement)

46. Tétraoninés (contextes subaquatiques uniquement)

47. 1+9

48. 2J2

49. Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 4

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58. f | f

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61. B, E £

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248. 1 Les restes ichtyens ont été sommairement examinés sans compilation. Les effectifs proviennent du fichier de l'inventaire des restes fauniques fourni par Anja Herzog.

249. Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298 22 /?

250. 4 Les catégories Mammifères marins et Mammifères terrestres sont exclues.

251. Osléothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

252. 5 Seules les traces observées sur des restes déterminés sont discutées.

253. Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

254. 6 Les catégories Mammifères marins et Mammifères terrestres sont exclues.

255. Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

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261. 7 L'os médullaire est un dépôt calcaire qui s'accumule dans la cavité médullaire des os longs des femelles en prévision de la ponte des oeufs. Chez les espèces sauvages, ces dépôts s'accumulent donc au printemps avant la ponte.

262. Ostéolhèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

263. 255

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268. 8 Cette section est tirée en grande partie de l'analyse effectuée en 2011 (Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. rapport no 284).

269. 9 L’autre espèce de Cervidés qui fréquente la région est l’orignal ( Alces americanus), mais sa densité y serait toutefois plus faible que dans le sud du Québec.

270. 10 Prescott, J. et P. Richard, 2004. Mammifères du Québec et de l’est du Canada. Waterloo : Éditions Michel Quintin; Hannah, J. 2005. Pinnipèdes du Canada Atlantique et du nord-est des États-Unis. Rivièredu-Loup : ROMM.

271. 11 Hannah, J. 2005. Pinnipèdes du Canada Atlantique et du nord-est des États-Unis. Rivière-du-Loup : ROMM.

272. Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

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Land and underwater excavations at Hare Harbor and Brador

Fitzhugh, William W., 1943- author, photographer

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able of (Contents

Figure List ii

1. Project Goals 1

2. Acknowledgements 2

3. Strategies of intervention 3

4. 2013 Expedition Journal 5

5. Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3) 51

2013 Artifact Maps and Profiles Area of Research

2013 Unit Descriptions, Artifacts, Artifact Drawings

6. Hare Harbor-1 2013 Underwater Site Report by Erik Phaneuf 97

7. Hart Chalet-1 (EiBh-47) 108

Excavation Maps, Finds and Unit Descriptions

8. Salmon Bay and Belles Amours Point Survey 124

9. Conclusions and Acknowledgements 125

10. References 128

Appendix 1: Brador Rapport préliminaire 1968 (scanned 2013) by René Levesque 130

Appendix 2: Artifact Field Catalog from Land Sites 159

Appendix 3: Hare Harbor-1 2013 Underwater Artifact Catalog by Eric Phaneuf 168

Appendix 4: Ostéothèque de Montréal Labratory Faunal Analysis, by Claire St-Germain 223 Appendix 5: Final 2013 Artifact Catalog, by Anja Herzog 264

Cover images: Hare Harbor-1 Areas 9 and 10, View Northwest. Photo Will Richard.

Polychroie fiance ceramics from underwater site. Photo Will Richard.

) iVure

1.00:Cover Image: Hare Harbor-1 Areas 9 and 10 excavations. View NW.

1.01: Area of Research on Quebec Lower North Shore 2001-2012 1.02: Map of areas visited during 2013 field season 1.03: Hare Harbor site, Area 9 view North.

1.04: Hart Chalet site, view north.

2.00: Florence Hart and Bill at the Hart Chalet site. Photo by W. Richard 3.00: Rebecca Mayus records rocks in Hare Harbor-1, Area 9.

3.01: Anja Herzog, Andre Bergeron and staff at Quebec Conservation Center, Spring 2013.

4.00: W. Fitzhugh, Rebecca Mayus, Marijo Gauthier-Bérubé, Perry Colbourne, Erik Phaneuf, Sarai Barreiro Ar

giielles, and David Légaré. Photo by W. Richard

4.01: Anita Herzog working at Quebec Conservation Institute.

4.02: Andre Bergeron, Chief of Quebec Conservation Institute, amidst our still-to-be-processed collections.

4.03: LAM site reconstruction view.

4.04: Rebecca Mayus and Viking boat at L’Anse aux Meadows site.

4.05: Fishing Boats at St. Lunaire.

4.06: Leif under cover, before unveiling the Leif Erikson statue at L’Anse aux Meadows.

4.07: House 1 at the Hart Chalet site before excavation.

4.08: Hare Harbor - 1 Area 9 excavations, view SW.

4.09: Dinner at Harrington with Christine and Wilson Evans. Photo by W. Richard 4.10: The boardwalk at Harrington: Photo by W. Richard 4.11: HH-1, Working on flooded squares.

4.12: Rebecca Mayus and Erik Phaneuf enjoying lunch on the Pits.

4.13: HH-1, Area 9 expanded excavations with flooding. View SW.

4.14: HH-1, A9, 2S/10W hearth, view East.

4.15: HH-1, Broken European flint cobbles from underwater ballast dump. Photo by W. Richard 4.16: Piece of chaffing bowl from underwater side. Photo by W. Richard.

4.17: Will photographing Area 9 grid.

4.18: Gang outside Paul Rowsell’s Shop in Harrington. Photo by W. Richard 4.19: Bella Desgagnés and fishing boats in Harrington.

4.20: Iron adze from A10.

4.21: Serai, David, and Marijo relaxing in Pitsiulak galley.

4.22: Piece of a lusterware porringer. Photo by W. Richard

4.23: Will and Rebecca excavate of S-l midden in Area 10. View North

4.24: Glazed Chinese ceramic from Area 10.

4.25: Earthenware from HH-1 4S/4W. Photo by W. Richard

4.26: Pipe fragments, glass stemware base, seed bead, and striped glass bead from Area 10. Photo by W. Richard 4.27: Lower level 4S/2W hearth with baleen and Early Basque occupation 4.28: Inuit soapstone cooking vessel and stoneware rim sherd from 4S/2W.

4.29: HH-1, Area 9 and 10 excavations. View to SE.

4.30: Area 9 view to S.

4.31: Boulder with peculiar (natural) markings from undercover excavation. Photo by W. Richard 4.32: Boulder with natural vertical markings. Photo by W. Richard

4.33: Freshly-showered crew at dinner with Christine, lobsters, and wine. Photo by W. Richard 4.34: Wilson Evans’ boat with Paul Rowsell.

5.17: North view of 4S/8W. Photo by W. Richard 5.18: 4S/8W ceramics.

5.19: 4S/8W iron.

5.20: 4S/8W ceramics.

5.21: 4S/8W ceramics.

5.22: 4S/8W ceramics.

5.23: View of 6S/10W. Photo by W. Richard 5.24: View of 8S/10W. Photo by W. Richard 5.25: View of 8S/14W. Photo by W. Richard 5.26: 8S/14W iron and bone finds.

5.27: View of 2S/2W. Photo by W. Richard 5.28: 2S/2W iron, glass, and ceramics.

5.29: View of 4S/2W. Photo by W. Richard 5.30: 4S/2W soapstone, glass, pipe, and ceramics.

5.31: 4S/2W iron finds.

5.32: 4S/2W soapstone and stoneware.

5.33: 4S/2W ceramics, glass, pipe, and ceramics.

5.34: View of 4S/4W. Photo by W. Richard 5.35: 4S/4W soapstone.

5.36: 4S/4W glass and ceramics.

5.37: 4S/4W iron adze.

5.38: 4S/4W ceramics.

5.39: 4S/4W iron adze.

5.40: 4S/4W ceramics.

5.41: 4S/4W whetstone.

5.42: 4S/4W nails.

5.43: 4S/4W earthenware.

5.44: Basque tiles are found between and under the cliff rock-fall, embedded in marine clay.

6.00: Map of underwater excavation area. 2013 units shown in orange.

6.01: North profile of C3-3

6.02: C3-3 during ballast removal on Layer 2. Arrow points to small whale vertebra.

6.03: C3-3 excavation with C3-4 to the rear. Ballast stones on right corner are from 2012 C2-2.

6.04: Detail of whale vertebra in C3-3 along with roof tiles and ballast stones in lower part of Level 1. 6.05 and 6.06: Serrated wooden bead and ivory bead from C3-3 Level 2.

6.07: Faience porringer from C3-4.

6.08: East wall of C3-4.

6.09: North wall of C3-4.

6.10: C3-4 upper level showing SP-6 ballast.

6.11: Northeast corner of C3-4 showing chaluupa ballast.

6.12: Lusterware porringer from C3-3.

6.13: Birdshot and melted lead droplets from L4 and C3-4.

6.14: C3-5 west profile.

6.15: C3-5 north profile.

7.00: Ceramic from TP 2 (exterior).

7.01: Ceramic from TP 2 (interior).

7.02: Clockwise from top left: Hart Chalet, House 1 Units A-D. North to right.

7.03: Earthenware from Unit A.

7.04: Glazed Earthenware from Unit A.

7.05: Earthenware from Unit D.

7.06: Test Pit 4. View North wall profile

4.35: Wilson, Christine and Sarah Evans.

4.36: Crew shot in Harrington at season’s end: Will, Rebecca, Sarai, David, Marijo, Erik, Bill, and Perry. Photo by W. Richard

4.37: Young businesswoman selling ice tea in Harrington. Photo by W. Richard

4.38: Sharon Ransom. Photo by W. Richard

4.39: Jim Ransom. Photo by W. Richard

4.40: Crowd in Harrington. Photo by W. Richard

4.41: Trying to corral the careening speedboat. Photo by W. Richard

4.42: Temporary victory over the speedboat. Photo by W. Richard

4.43: Mapping the Hart Chalet Site. House 1. View North

4.44: 1968 photo of Chalet site area by R. Levesque. Florence Hart collection.

4.45: Hart Chalet House 1 and datum. View South.

4.46: Hart Chalet Inuit House 1 trench. View North.

4.47: Red Bay. Photo by W. Richard

4.48: Test pit 6 at Hart Chalet Inuit village House 2 midden. View North.

4.49: Hart Chalet H2 entry test pit 7. View North.

4.50: The speedboat returns home, aground on an island shoal a kilometer from Pitsiulak. Photo by W. Richard

4.51: The renegade boat is back in hand. Photo by W. Richard

4.52: Replacing the broken towline with a monster rope. Photo by W. Richard

4.53: Brador Bay Dock. Photo by W. Richard

4.54: Anthony Dumas, Bill Fitzhugh, and Rebecca Mayus inspecting rock structures at Belles Amours. Photo by W. Richard

4.55: Red Bay Museum Basque harpoon.

4.56: 16th century Basque model ship. Red Bay Museum.

4.57: Map of Courtmanche settlement at Baie Philypeaux (Bradore), Leveques papers. Courtesy of Florence Hart. 4.58: Middle Bay Museum displays.

4.59: Salmon Bay site. View Southwest.

4.60: Salmon Bay site house foundation.

4.61: Salmon Bay transfer print ceramic.

4.62: Maurice with his “log snake” at Lushes Bight. Photo by W. Richard

4.63: Jerry Jones and Bill inspecting Maritime Archaic finds. Photo by W. Richard

4.64: Jerry Jones’ house and beach. Photo by W. Richard

4.65: Hare Harbor - 1 Areas 9 and 10 at the end of excavation. Photo by W. Richard 4.66: Will, Perry, Van, Louise and Bill saying goodbyes at season’s end.

5.00: View of OS 8W. Photo by W. Richard 5.01: 0S/8W nails and ivory.

5.02: 0S/8W artifacts.

5.03: 0S/8W burned bird bones.

5.04: 0S/8W artifacts.

5.05: View of 0S/10W. Photo by W. Richard 5.06: 0S/10W nails and iron.

5.07: 0S/10W iron tool handle.

5.08: 0S/10W ceramics.

5.09: 0S/10W ceramics.

5.10: 2S/8W artifacts.

5.11: View of 2S/10W. Upper Level hearth. Photo by W. Richard 5.12: View of 2S/10W, Lower Level hearth. Photo by W. Richard 5.13: 2S/10W iron artifacts.

5.14: 2S/10W iron nails and objects.

5.15: 2S/10W ceramics and glass.

5.16: 2S/10W artifacts.

7.07: Test Pit 4. View East wall profile 7.08: Artifacts from Test Pit 4.

7.09: Test Pit 4 . View Northeast 7.10: Test Pit 4 and 4A. View North 7.11: Artifacts from Test Pit 4.

7.12: Artifacts from Test Pit 4.

7.13: Test Pit 4 (left) and 4A (right).

7.14: House 2 entryway test pit. North to left. Whale bone floor or roof timber in upper left 9.00: Rebecca, Bill, Vicky Driscoll and Florence Hart at the Blanc Sablon Tourist Center.

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Fig 1.01: Area of Research on Quebec Lower North Shore 2001-2012

1 - Y roject (jjoaîs 20 1 3

General Gateways Goals: The general goals of the Gateways Project are to investigate the maritime-related prehistory and history of the Quebec Lower North Shore. During the course of surveys along this coast from Blanc Sablon to Mingan from 2001-2012 we identified sites related to the early Maritime Archaic Indian populations, Groswater and Dorset Paleoeskimos, Thule/Labrador Inuit, and Europeans (Fitzhugh 2006). Overall project goals have been (1) to clarify the culture history of the LNS; (2) determine the relationships of cultural groups between Labrador, Newfoundland, and the northeast Gulf of St. Lawrence; (3) investigate archaeological remains of early European settlement; and (4) enhance the preservation, accessibility, and use of LNS cultural heritage resources and their potential for education, tourism, and economic development.

2013 Project Goals: The Smithsonian Institution’s 2013 Gateways Project was designed to complete a decade of research on the Basque-Inuit site at Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3) with excavations both on land and underwater, and to conduct test excavations at the Hart Chalet Inuit village site (EiBh-47) in Brador. Gateways was initially planned to explore and further refine the long-term culture history of the Quebec Lower North Shore, but in recent years focused primarily on LNS Basque and Inuit history from ca. 1550-1750, and the interactions between these two groups and with the local environment. This years field activities at Hare Harbor included excavation of an activity area between the Inuit house (S4) and a Basque cook-house (SI) in the previously unexplored central beach area of the site, and expansion of the underwater excavations conducted in 2012. Work at the Hart Chalet Inuit village site was planned to refine its date of occupation and obtain information on its house construction and midden inventories. Details of these activities are reported below. Work was conducted by a team of eight between 30 July and 23 August.

Fig 1.03: Hare Harbor site, Area 9, view North.

Fig 1.04: Hart Chalet site, view north.

2 - /\cLnowledgements

As in previous years, the 2013 fieldwork was a collaboration between the Smithsonian’s Arctic Studies Center and the University of Montreal. Brad Loewen of UM provided dredging equipment as well as financial support for dive team captain, Erik Phaneuf, and student divers Sarai Berreiro Argüelles, Marijo Gauthier-Bérubé, and David Légaré. The Smithsonian’s Notre Dame University intern, Rebecca Mayus, assisted with land excavations, as did Wilfred Richard, in addition to serving as project photographer. Perry Colbourne served as Pitsiulak skipper, dive support, and safety officer. Smithsonian intern Katelyn Braymer took on the huge task of preparing field notes, maps, and illustrations and formatting this report, assisted by Austin Tumas and Laura Fleming, ASC office manager and researcher. Funding for the field project came from Smithsonian, University of Montreal, and Dwight Bilodeau. Anja Herzog processed and catalogued the collections at the Quebec Conservation Laboratory. We thank the Quebec Ministry of Culture and Communications for our permit and official project support, and the Quebec Conservation Center for its prodigious services. As always, we thank the Colbournes of Lushes Bight (Long Island), Newfoundland; Wilson and Christine Evans and many others in Harrington Harbor; and Florence Hart, Clarissa Smith, Sorena Etheridge, and others in Brador—all of whom provided hospitality and friendship and contributed greatly to project success.

Fig 2.00: Florence Hart and Bill at the Hart Chalet site. Photo by W. Richard

5 ~ Stratcgi es of Intervention

Hare Harbor (EdBt-3)

The purpose of the 2013 work at the Hare Harbor land site was to expand the Area 9 excavation tested in 2012 to see if this contained a significant activity area or structure. The 2x2 m. unit excavated in 2012 produced many artifacts in a deep deposit filled with rocks embedded in charcoal-rich soil. The deposit was similar to that found in Area 7. Hie 2013 work employed similar strategies of intervention as in previous years. Our methods included extending the site grid south of the 0 North line from 2 West to 14 West and south to the rock ridge that forms the southern edge of the site, clearing a dense spruce thicket that had grown out over this area and then excavating units in the most productive areas. Units were photographed, mapped for elevation, and systematically excavated. All finds, rocks, and materials were collected and plotted in three dimensions; features and units were photographed and drawn, profiles were made, and the excavations were then back-filled and resodded. Other areas of the land site remained untouched. Vigorous re-growth was found to have begun in the

2012 excavation area, as was the case in all other areas we had excavated in previous years. The major difficulty we encountered in 2013 was flooding. Area 9 lies in the sites main drainage, and our pits were frequently filled with running water. Some units that we had hoped to excavate could not be opened as they were always saturated. Unfortunately the wet nature was not conducive for organic preservation. No wood or bone materials were present other than a few pieces of whale bone and baleen.

Underwater excavations in the harbor adjacent to the site were conducted as they had been in previous years.

2013 excavations involved extending the underwater grid at the north end of the stone piles, adjacent to the units excavated in 2012, and conducting controlled excavations. Underwater grid units were measured with drop-lines from the surface to align them to the land site grid. All materials recovered were mapped, cleaned, photographed, and described by level. Owing to new policies established by the Quebec Conservation Center that involved cost charges, we were selective as to what organic materials we saved for the permanent collections. Duplicate materials (barrel staves, wood wedges, etc) that would involve costly conservation treatment were photographed, recorded, tagged, and returned underwater to the excavation units they came from. These excavations followed established protocols for underwater archaeology, with full photography, object plotting, excavation by troweling assisted by dredges, mapping of features, and creation of stratigraphic sections.

Excavation Procedures: When research began at Hare Harbor-1 in 2002 we established a grid based on a datum at the top of the rock ridge bounding the southern edge of the site. Secondary datums were established as needed to facilitate measurements in the vicinity of Areas 1-6. In 2010, we established a datum on the western wall of S4 for Area 7, and in 2011 and 2012 we continued to use this datum as the basis for extending the grid and leveling finds into Areas 7 and 8. The grids northern limit ran west along the 22 North line to a large rock-fall boulder, and its southern limit ran along the 0 North line. In 2011, a trench was laid out extending south from the entrance of the S4 entry tunnel into Area 8. In 2012, a test pit in Area 9 revealed an unsuspected new activity area which became the target of 2013 excavations. Following photography, gridding and topographic mapping, each 2-meter square was excavated according to stratigraphic levels, and data were recorded photographically and on paper map grids. All rocks, features, flakes, tiles, artifacts, and samples were piece-plotted in three dimensions. A composite map was prepared and stratigraphic profiles were drawn for important sections. At the conclusion of the work, all excavated areas were back-filled and covered with sod.

Processing, Analysis, and Reporting: All artifacts recovered were traced, plotted, numbered, and described in field notes, and interesting objects were photographed at the time of excavation and in lots by 2-meter units. A field catalog was prepared and everything was packaged and delivered to the Quebec Conservation Center where it was cleaned and catalogued by Anja Herzog, and materials needing conservation would be taken on by QCC. All maps, and relevant photos and illustrations are reproduced in this field report. Technical analysis of materials is on-going at the time of this report and will be published in future reports.

Hart Chalet (EiBh-47)

The strategy for work at the Hart Chalet Inuit winter village site in Jacks Cove (Brador) followed the same procedures as outlined above for Hare Harbor-1. Our work here was preceded by several previous visits in which small test pits were excavated to determine the nature, depth, and preservation of its cultural deposits. This year’s work continued to explore the site with 50x50 cm. test pits in the middens or entryways of each of the three houses and a single 1x8 m. trench was excavated from the outer end of the entry to the rear wall of House 1. This involved trimming the lower branches of the spruce trees growing in HI, removing sod, and excavating to sterile sub-soil. All cultural materials found were recorded in the usual manner and were saved and returned to Quebec for processing, identification of faunal remains, and cataloguing.

Fig 3.00: Rebecca Mayus records rocks in Hare Harbor-1, Area 9.

Fig 3.01: Anja Herzog, Andre Bergeron and staff at Quebec Conservation Center, Spring 2013.

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Ar - Expedition ajournai 201 5

This seasons work on the Quebec Lower North Shore will probably be the last work we will do at Petit Mecatina, which for the past decade has anchored the southern end of our “Greater Labrador” research program. For several years now we thought we had completed our “last” season at Petit Mécatina, but then new finds propelled us back for another season. I think that pattern is now over. But who knows what surprises will emerge this year! We plan to expand last years productive underwater excavations, which are being conducted by Erik Phaneuf and our University of Montreal team, consisting this year of two returning students, Marijo Gauthier-Bérubé and Sarai Barreiro Argiielles, and a new student, David Légaré. Vincent Delmas of UM was busy this summer finishing his PhD thesis, and Mathieu Mercier Gingras had to bow out at the last minute due to an illness in his family. In addition, the project includes, besides Perry Colbourne and myself, Rebecca Mayus, a Notre Dame University summer intern, and Wilfred Richard, who returned from a trip to Uummannaq, Greenland, just in time to join us as we passed through Blanc Sablon in late July.

Project Background

Many archaeological surveys and excavations have been conducted on the LNS during the past forty years, beginning with Rene Levesque in the 1960-70s, Charles Martijn in the 1970s, F. Niellon, and J.-Y. Pintal from 1983-2000, among others. Most of these surveys concentrated in the eastern part of the region or were confined to village and road or hydro salvage projects. The Smithsonian Gateways Project began in 2001 and has concentrated on the outer island and coastal regions between Blanc Sablon and Cape Whittle that have seen little previous survey and almost no systematic excavation. Our work has expanded archaeological knowledge of this portion of the LNS and has produced well-documented collections and extensive field reports and publications. The 2013 field season expands earlier priorities of the St. Lawrence Gateways Project by building on a strong base of local community support and continues our partnership with the University of Montreal diving program, the zooarchaeological and dendrochronology capabilities and students of the University of Montreal, and the Quebec Conservation Center for conservation and laboratory analysis (Anja Herzog, Andre Bergeron). In addition to student training, University of Montreal collaboration with scholars of ceramic analysis from the Basque region of Spain has added new dimensions to our research. As shown by the recent CJA publication that featured many of our finds (Loewen and Delmas 2012), our well-provenenced ceramics have stimulated strong interest among Canadian and Spanish scholars.

Fig 4.00: (left to right) W. Fitzhugh, Rebecca Mayus, Marijo GauthierBérubé, Peny Colbourne, Erik Phaneuf, Sarai Barreiro Argiielles, and David Légaré. Photo by W. Richard

Our research has been directed at establishing an archaeological record that can be used both for research and education, as well as for cultural heritage, tourism, and economic development at the local community level. Increasing numbers of tourists are now reaching the Lower North Shore and expressing interesting in

learning about its history and cultural features. Our Mecatina project has been collaborating with the local Harrington Harbor Heritage Association and its new museum, and we regularly give lectures on our research

and host visitors at our site. A series of 1x2m posters documenting our research has been prepared and mounted in Rowsell House, the Harrington Harbor community museum. We expect that our work this summer will result in developing similar programs in Brador, where we have had long-term association with Clifford and Florence Hart, whose cabin is located at the Hart site, and with the Quebec-Labrador Foundation’s Serena Etheridge.

The primary purpose of the Gateways Project is scholarly research aimed at increasing knowledge of prehistoric and early historic cultures and relationships of the Quebec Lower North Shore. The 2013 project continues archaeological survey and excavation on the Lower North Shore that the Smithsonian’s Arctic Studies Center began in 2001. Following that season of regional surveys between Blanc Sablon and the Mingan Islands, our research focused on the region between Blanc Sablon and Cape Whittle. Preliminary results have been published in annual field reports and in papers that report discovery of Maritime Archaic longhouses, Groswater and Inuit sites, and Basque and other European sites. Initially the goal was to track cultural connections between LNS cultures and Newfoundland and Labrador.

Discovery in 2001 of a 16- 17 th C. Basque whaling and fishing station at Hare Harbor, Petit Mecatina, prompted multi-year excavations of its land and underwater features. To date, these include a cookhouse (excavated in 2002-3, 2008), a blacksmith site (2006-8), middens (2006, 2012), and underwater components (2007-2012).

The latter include ballast dumps and stratified deposits containing wood-working debitage, processed fish, bird, and mammal remains, whale bones, and artifacts. Hare Harbor is unusual in that it combines land and underwater components at a single site, as occurred also at Red Bay (Grenier et al. 2008), and for the presence of the southernmost Inuit settlement known in eastern Canada.

In 2008, while completing the excavation of Structure 2, we discovered a burned wooden floor paved with Basque barrel staves beneath the stone floor of a blacksmith shop. Upon this floor we found diagnostic Inuit artifacts, including toy soapstone lamps, wick-trimmers, and bow fragments, as well as remains of a sub-surface Inuitstyle entrance passage. In 2009-10, we found two other Inuit structures at the west end of the site, and in 201112, we excavated a midden associated with one of these dwellings (Structure 4). The 2013 season at Hare Harbor was planned to continue the recovery of Basque and Inuit land midden materials and to expand the underwater pits that produced an extraordinary number of fine Basque artifacts in 2012 as well as large samples of fish and animal bones, wood debitage, and ballast rock—all providing information on economy, environmental conditions, and climate history. The 2012 remains are currently being analyzed by experts in Quebec and Montreal. Our field report (Fitzhugh and Phaneuf 2013) describes these latest findings.

Fig 4.02: Andre Bergeron, Chief of Quebec Conservation Institute, amidst our still-to-be-processed collections.

While our Lower North Shore work initially was to develop a better understanding of its culture history and relationship of its aboriginal cultures with neighboring regions, the land excavations at Hare Harbor explored the regions 16-17 th c. Inuit settlement and Inuit-European relations. This again was a focus of the 2013 project. We are particularly interested in learning how and when Inuit first settled permanently on the LNS and how they interacted with Basque and other European groups. Further, we needed to know about the Inuit economy and whether their expansion into the LNS was influenced by the Little Ice Age climate that may have extended southward Arctic resources (whales, walrus, ring and harp seals) that provided the economic basis for their engagement with European and trade interactions with Inuit residing in central Labrador. Hare Harbor has become an important site for its diverse ceramic collections and has stimulated considerable research on Basque and European ceramic types, provenance, and dating.

A second 2013 objective was excavation of one of the Inuit winter houses at the Hart Chalet site in Brador. This site is of particular interest because of its well-preserved midden containing Inuit food bone and ivory artifacts. The preservation and conservation of these materials are important for scientific studies of climate as well as for museum display, tourism, heritage, and economic development.

Reports and publications: Yearly archaeological reports, including a report of the 2012 season, have been supplied to the Quebec Ministry of Culture and Communication and are also available on the Arctic Studies Center website. These reports provide a narrative of the field projects, an archaeological report, detailed field notes and maps; photographs of excavations and artifacts; maps and results of analytical reports, references, and other data.

A report on progress up to 2005 was published in 2006 (Fitzhugh 2006), and several other reports on Paleoeskimo (CAA paper 5/2007) and Neoeskimo (Copenhagen Thule symposium Oct. 2006) materials have been published. A major multi-authored report (Fitzhugh et al.) appeared in 2011. A website was published in 2006 and was up-dated in May 2013. A series of museum display posters was prepared and is presented in the Harrington Harbor Rowsell House Museum. A summary of our publications follows:

1992 The Gateways Project 2001: Archaeological Survey of the Quebec LoM’er North Shore, Gulf of St. Lawrence, from Mingan to Blanc Sablon. 90 pp. 2001 Permit Report to the Quebec Ministry of Cultural Affairs. Washington D.C.: Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution.

1993a The Gateways Project 2002: Suiweys and Excavations from Petit Mecatina to Belles Amours. 174 pp. 2002 Permit Report to the Quebec Ministry of Cultural Affairs. Washington D.C.: Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution, (with Matthew Gallon).

1993b The Gateways Project 2003: Suiweys and Excavations from Hare Harbor to Jacques Cartier Bay. 196 pp. 2003 Permit Report to the Quebec Ministry of Cultural Affairs. Washington D.C.: Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution, (with Helena Sharp)

2004 St. Lawrence Gateways Project: 2001-2004 Voyages. Website and CD: wAvw.mhn.si.edu/arctic . Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. (co-authored with Will Richard).

2004 Gateways Project 2004: Surveys and Excavations from Chevery to Jacques Cartier Bay. Edited by William Fitzhugh, Yves Chrétien, and Helena Sharp. 209 pp. ASC 2004 Permit Report to Quebec Ministry of Cultural Affairs. Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian institution. Washington D.C. (compiled by Lena Sharp). 2006 The Gateways Project 2005: Suiweys and Excavations from Mutton Bay to Harrington Harbor Edited by William W. Fitzhugh, Yves Chretien, Erik Phaneuf, and Helena Sharp. 56pp. 2005 Permit Report to Quebec Ministry of Cultural Affairs. Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution. Washington, D.C.

2006 St. Lawrence Gateways Project. 2005 Field Report. The Provincial Archaeology’ Office Newsletter Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador 4:25-31. Gov. of Newfoundland and Labrador. Department of Tourism, Culture, and Recreation. St. Johns, (web publication).

2006 Cultures, Borders, and Basques: Archaeological Surveys on Quebec’s Lower North Shore. In: From the Arctic to Avalon: Papers in Honour of James A. Tuck Jr. Edited by Lisa Rankin and Peter Ramsden. British Archaeological Reports International Series 1507:53-70.

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2006 Gateways Project: 2005 Field Report. In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador 4:25-31. Edited by Stephen Hull and Diana Mercer. Provincial Archaeology Office Newsletter. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, (web publication).

2007 Underwater Archaeology at the Hare Harbor Basque site, Petit Mecatina. Provincial Archaeology Office

2007 Archaeology Review 5:45-57. Edited by Stephen Hull and Delphina Mercer. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. Online at http://www.tcr.gov.nl.ca/tcr/pao/Newsletters/Newsletters.htm .

2008 The Gateways Project 2007. Land and Underwater Excavations at Hare Harbor, Mécatina , by William W. Fitzhugh and Erik Phaneuf. Pp. 117, plus artifact catalog by Anja Herzog. Produced by Abigail McDermott and Lindsey Fell. Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution, www.mnh.si.edu/arctic/publications/.html

2008 Excavations at the Hare Harbor Basque site (EdBt-3), Petit Mécatina, Quebec, 2008. Edited by Stephen Hull. Provincial Archaeology Office 2008 Archaeology Review 6:38-50. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. Labrador, (with Erik Phaneuf). Online at http://wsvw.tcr.gov.nl.ca/tcr/pao/Newsletters/Newsletters. htm

2009 Exploring Cultural Boundaries: the Less “Invisible” Inuit of Southern Labrador and Quebec. In On the Track of the Thule Culture from Bering Strait to East Greenland, edited by Bjarne Gronnow, pp. 129-148. Studies in Archaeology and History, 15. Copenhagen: National Museum of Denmark.

2009 The Gateways Project 2008. Excavations at a Basque and Inuit Site at Hare Harbor, Mécatina, by William W. Fitzhugh and Ben Ford. Compiled by Abigail McDermott with artifact catalog by Frédéric Simard. Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution.

2011 An Inuit Winter House on Petit Mécatina (Hare Harbor-1, EdBt-3) and Notes on the Harp Seal Failure of 2010. Provincial Archaeology Office 2010 Archaeology Review 9:37-50. Department of Tourism, Culture and Recreation. St. Johns, Newfoundland. http://www.tcr.gov.nl.ca/tcr/publications/index.html#Newsletter .

2011 The Gateways Project 2010: Land Excavations at Hare Harbor, Mécatina. Edited by William W. Fitzhugh with photo contributions by Wilfred Richard. Produced by Lauren Marr. Washington DC: Arctic Studies Center, 2011.

2011 Ship to Shore: Inuit, Basques, and Maritime Landscapes in the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence. In Maritime Archaeological Landscapes: Terrestrial and Underwater Sites, edited by Ben Ford. Society for Historical Archaeology. Pp. 98-128. Springer Publications. (By William W. Fitzhugh, Anja Herzog, Sophia Perdikaris, and Brenna McLeod)

2011 Identification de restes fauniques du site Petit Mecatina 3 / Hare Harbor 1 (EdBt-3), Basse-Cote-Nord, Quebec Canada. University of Montreal Osteology Laboratory, (by Claire St. Germaine, in Fitzhugh 2011 above)

2012 Inuit Archaeology on the Quebec Lower North shore 2011. Provincial Archaeology office 2011 Archaeology: Review’ 10:63-76.

2012 The Gateways Project 2011: Land and Underwater Excavations at Hare Harbor, Mécatina. Underwater report by Erik Phaneuf. Photographic contributions by Wilfred Richard. Produced by Lauren Marr. Pp. 1-178. Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institiution. Washington DC.

2012 The Basques in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Adjacent Shores. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 36:213266. (by Brad Loewen and Vincent Delmas)

2013 Basque and Inuit Archaeology at Hare Harbor-1 and Little Canso Island-1, Quebec Lower North Shore. Provincial Archaeology: Office. 2012 Archaeology> Review> 11:48-73. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, (co-authors: Erik Phaneuf, and Vincent Delmas) http://wAvw.tcr.gov.nl.ca/tcr/pao/arch in nl/

2013 The Gateways Project 2012: Land and Underwater Excavations at Hare Harbor, Petit Mécatina, and Little Canso Island. Washington DC: Arctic Studies Center, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. (William W. Fitzhugh with contributions by Erik Phaneuf, Vincentl Delmas, and Anja Herzog, Jennifer Poulin, and Lourdes Odriozola Oyarbide) http://www.mnh.si.edu/arctic/html/pdf/ fieldreport2012longFINAL.pdf

Prelude

This summer, the approach to the field was different than in recent years because Will Richard had been in Greenland, so we did not drive north with him from Maine. Rather, Lynne Fitzhugh drove me to Montreal and I flew to Deer Lake, meeting Rebecca Mayus, who arrived there from Washington a few hours earlier. I was lucky to make it, as my Montreal-Toronto flight was delayed and I would have missed my Deer Lake connection had I not been able to snag the last seat on an earlier Montreal-Toronto flight. Rebecca and I had arranged rooms in the new Holiday Inn Express at Deer Lake and Perry met us there in the morning and drove us to Lushes Bight, after a stop in Springdale to exchange money and pay Pitsiulak’s diesel fuel bill. This year, the Springdale Bank of Montreal was located in a trailer across the street from its normal location because its original building had burned down; “no loss of funds,” I learned from one of the tellers, who recognized me and quickly converted my US funds to an almost equivalent amount in Canadian dollars (thank goodness). At the Long Island ferry landing we discovered the “new regime” occasioned by schedule changes and the new policy that does not allow the ferry to “clean up” traffic for Long Island if more than a ferry load turns up. We were two cars short of getting on the 3:30 ferry and had to wait almost three hours for the ferry to return from Little Bay Islands and get us across to Long Island, only a couple hundred meters across the tickle. More changes are in the works, because the settlement of LB I is scheduled to be abandoned over the next couple of years and each of its 35-some households are being offered $270,000 relocation compensation from the Newfoundland government. Whether or not this will ease the strain on the Long Island crowd remains to be seen. While waiting for the ferry, Perry pointed out an old gentleman by the name of Reginald Wise who was waiting in the LBI ferry line-up. To my surprise I learned he was “the man who built Pitsiulak ” at the Twillingate shipyard back in the early ‘70s. I had only a few minutes to speak to him because it was time to get aboard the ferry, but I got a snapshot and promised to phone him up (709-273-2727, 709-626-4252) this fall and get an interview about his recollections. He said there were some good stories to tell; he remembered Tony Morse.

We spent three days at Perry’s getting gear together. Perry had done his usual fine job preparing the boat, but this year left the interior and blue sides alone as the paint job—that tough fiberglass paint—is holding up. All gear is working well and the new radar-plotter is a great improvement, allowing charts and the radar image to be displayed side-by-side; there is even an underwater feature in the new digital charts that shows the bottom contours as you pass over them, based on the plotted chart soundings. Rebecca and I got settled in the boat and that evening spent a hour kibitzing with the Colbourne brothers (Dennis, Melvin, Perry, and Peter (here for holidays from Toronto with his family) and Uncle Jim Rice while they worked at cod fish they had caught earlier that day. It was clear that the fish are coming back stronger than ever after decades of scarcity. These fish were robust and some were as large as any they had seen in The good of days’. Most were being filleted for the freezer, but a few they split for drying. Rebecca, Louise, and I had a great time seeing fish parts flying into the bucket and hearing the crew toss stories and jokes back and forth. Louise is looking well after her year’s cancer treatment, which involved many trips to Springdale and Grand Falls.

On Tuesday (23 July) Perry, Rebecca, and I drove to Gander to pick up the air compressor, dive tanks, and weights from Robert and Kelly Linfield. The drive gave Rebecca a chance to see lots of northern Newfoundland country, including a moose and calf feeding in a bog and another moose—this one dead beside the highway— killed by a vehicle. The pick-up was delayed that afternoon because Robert discovered the choke on the gas engine had rusted off. So he went out and bought a new engine and was installing it when we arrived. They continue to run their small dive business—part equipment supply and part dive training—while juggling fishing and sea urchin harvesting and finishing off their new home in Twillingate. We were pleased to hear that the accidental addition of a bit of liquid soap to the engine’s oil reservoir last summer did no harm. The problem was caused when a bottle labeled compressor oil’ got reused for detergent! While waiting for Robert’s installation we

had the worst Thai meal of our lives at a small non-Thai-staffed restaurant. Before returning to Lushes Bight, we picked up small stores and food at shops in Gander and Grand Falls.

The next day Perry and Rebecca loaded gear on the boat while I drove Perry’s truck to Triton to pay Budgell’s Sports for boat gear and supplies, the hardware store, and dropped by to find Jerry Jackson, boss of the diamond drill operation based at what used to be the Triton marine center. I was hoping to see where he had found the Maritime Archaic gouge or celt he showed me last year, but he was away for the week in Seattle. I returned on the 12:30 ferry and spent the rest of the day with chores and email. That night, Rebecca, Louise, and I dropped in at Maurice and Barbaras shed’ for an hour of socializing, also getting the low-down on the giant “sea serpent” Maurice and a friend had created out of a driftwood log. Barb’s blog has all the details. Grandma Colbourne dropped by for a visit while Louise was preparing dinner; she is as lively and spry as ever! The big social event of the week at Lushes Bight was the build-up toward the wedding of one of the Bromley girls. Parties went through much of the week and the wedding was to be on the weekend.

Thursday and Friday, 24-25 July: Lushes Bight to St. Anthony

Thursday was a day of rain and easterly wind, but Friday was a fine day, and we left about 6am, planning to get as far as possible before running into predicted strong SW winds. We had a pretty uneventful departure from Green Bay and proceeded to Fleur de Lys, thinking we would tie up there if the wind was building up. But it did not, and so we struck out towards Englee and found only a light SW breeze, so continued on to St. Anthony, arriving about 8pm. The most interesting feature of our crossing was the many encounters with humpbacks and whitesided dolphins. You could hardly scan the horizon without seeing another company of porpoises approaching the boat to play in the bow wave for a minute or two, or see whales spouting. I’ve never seen so much marine activity here. Perhaps this is coupled with the rising capelin and cod stocks. At the St. Anthony town wharf we discovered the fresh water had been turned off, but Perry was able to get water from the neighboring fish pier, and a shower as well.

Friday, 26 July: St. Anthony to Quirpon

We got an early start and found the conditions pretty calm, arriving about 10am at the Quirpon dock. I had forgotten to bring my satellite phone from DC, but we got a lift from a neighbor of Boyce Roberts who appeared at the dock, telling us that Boyce had just left for St. John’s, where he was starting a two-month treatment for prostate cancer. Bummer! But his house was open and his neighbor gave us a lift to LAnse aux Meadows, where we visited the Parks Canada Viking museum and site and then went for lunch at the Norseman Restaurant. Here we found Gina and Adrian Nordof, and Jamie, Boyce’s daughter, who has been working at the restaurant for years.

She graciously offered her van for as long as we needed. It happened that we arrived in the middle of a two-week-long Leif Erikson festival put on by the community, Parks, and Norstead. The event was built around the installation of a large bronze statue of Leif Erikson, a replica of the one erected in Seattle in 1997 (also in Brattahlid, Greenland, and in Trondheim), arranged through the efforts of the Leif Erikson International Foundation (LEIF!) based in Seattle. About fifty people had come for the event, which included lectures and tours of the site by Parks official Lorraine Decker, granddaughter of George Decker, who led Helge Ingstad to the site in 1960. Many of the visitors were

from Seattle and some had met Elisabeth Ward when she applied for directorship of the Nordic Museum there several years ago. They were delighted to hear she was being considered for an opening at Pacific Lutheran. At the LAM Visitors Center I met Kimberlee Trainor, site manager for LAM, and later Trudy Taylor-Walsh and Fred Sheppard, Parks Canada officials for visitor experience and outreach, respectively, for western Newfoundland.

All were eager to include the Smithsonian in future programs, and invited us to take part in the festival activities, which included a lecture by an eminent professor of history at Trondheim University. For me the highlight of the day was meeting up again with Benedicte Ingstad, who had just arrived in St. Anthony by plane and was having lunch at the Norseman, where we were entertained by Wade Hillier, a regular at this fine restaurant, with his fare of Newfoundland and other songs. After a few hours of email at Boyces house, we returned for dinner to the

Norseman and ate with Benedicte, Lorraine, and Benedicte’s traveling companion from Oslo, a spirited woman having her first experience with Newfoundland culture and hospitality. At dinner I told Benedicte about my disappointment at not being able to visit the LAM excavations in 1963, when Elmer Harp’s crew spent a couple days there as a break from diggings at Port au Choix. I had to leave for my Navy NROTC cruise just before the crew left for LAM, and I told her of the anticipation that the impending visit had created among the Dartmouth men when Elmer described the beautiful young blond Norwegian they would soon meet! We also had a nice discussion about the search and supposed “rivalry” between Helge Ingstad and Jorgen Meldgaard to find “Vinland.” She was aware that Meldgaard was not the source of the international brouhaha that got fanned up by the press and promoted by Aage Roussell at the Danish National Museum, who tried to claim Meldgaard had found the site first! Nonsense! Roussell should have paid more attention to making better archaeological excavations at Norse sites in Greenland than to inciting nationalistic controversy! Later Benedicte suggested she should accompany us to Quebec—a joke of course, since she was due to leave for Norway soon. But maybe sometime in the future? She would love to revisit the Labrador coast that she and her father cruised while searching for Vinland sites in 1961.

Fig 4.04: Rebecca Mayus and Viking boat at L ’Anse aux Meadow’s site.

Saturday, 27 July: Quirpon

Today was a true foul-weather day. The reports on Boyce’s television predicted ‘dangerous rain’ and it did indeed pour like hell for much of the day. One consequence was that our speedboat took on a couple of barrels of rainwater, and when I came to pump it I found the outboard battery barely up to the task. We decided the battery had crapped out and spent an hour in a St. Lunaire service station trying to buy a new one, but they could never get the owner (on the other end of the phone, at home) to give a price. So we quit, and later Perry pried off the battery caps and found a couple of the cells were dry or low. After charging it started our engine and seems fine now. So much for maintenance-free batteries. We took a break from email to visit Benedicte’s

Fig 4.05: Fishing Boats at St. Lunaire.

book-signing at LAM and heard the tail-end of the Norwegian history professors talk. He has been allied with the LEIF Foundation and was responsible for getting a replica of the Seattle statue of Leif erected in Trondheim. Another was mounted on the hill above Erik the Red’s farm in Brattahlid, Greenland. After the talk, Lorraine led the hardiest members of LEIF for a tour of the site in the pouring rain. Paul, one of the re-enactors, said the reconstructed sod huts were being flooded out during the tour! Kimberlee and Trudie had invited us to the gala from 7- 10pm. This turned out to be a wonderful affair, with several of the best restaurants in LAM-St. Lunaire area providing the fare and a great program of entertainment and music by Lindy Vopnfjord, a fine singersongwriter from Toronto and a rendition of a saga by one of the Parks LAM re-enactors. A fine ice sculpture of ship’s dragon heads had been a created by a artist who showered his audience with ice crystals as he carved twofoot high ice-block creations. At the event I discovered Randy Letto, the economic development expert whom I had met at the Rigolet Heritage conference in June.

Sunday, 28 July: Quirpon

Sunday was a better day with the sun out and a strong clearing wind from the east. Not a good day for us to venture across the Strait, however, so we stuck around and went to the unveiling of the Leif statue at 1pm, next to a charming amphitheater’ of rock outcrops where the landing dock meets the shore in front of the Norseman Restaurant. All tourists coming in from the ships will be greeted by Leif, larger than life and facing east— perhaps longing for his homeland? But shouldn’t he face west, towards his new-found land? The ceremony was graced by a four-person Norwegian group singing old Norwegian songs. The LEIF officials spoke, as did a local district politician and Lorraine Williams, leader of the Newfoundland’s New Democratic Party (who recalled her Near Eastern roots and her own western discovery story!). The statue is a bit old-fashioned stylistically, with Leif the Lucky standing, helmeted (no horns!) with out-jutting jaw, heroic stance, sword and axe at his side.

We learned that the craftsman who did the cast slipped a peace symbol into his clenched left hand (“something to try and look for,” we were told). The casting job is quite beautiful. Next to Leif stands a meter-high piece of Icelandic columnar basalt which was supposed to carry two plaques honoring those who donated to the project.

However the plaques turned out to be larger than the stone, so a larger stone is being sought. Stay tuned!

Back at the boat we straightened things up and found that our battery repair had worked; our engine started promptly and bilge was pumped without problems. Very glad we did not force the purchase issue of ‘the battery from hell’ last night. While onboard, I was accosted by an interesting fellow named Angus Simpson, whose brother had been drifting off with motor troubles a couple days ago. Apparently the Simpsons own (?manage?) Quirpon

Lighthouse Hotel, and according to Perry they own another similar property in NE Newfoundland. Angus is helping his brother out now because he was recently let go after years of work with Parks Canada, managing

Fig 4.06: Leif under cover, before unveiling the Leif Erikson statue at L ’ Anse aux Meadows.

various aspects of their relationship with the Nunatsiuvik Government, including raising funds and building the new base camp at St. Johns Harbor in Saglek. He’s lived in Nain for eight years and got to know Stephen Loring well on the trip to Ramah Bay a couple years ago. The base camp has living facilities for 15 or so people and lab and cooking spaces. Transportation from the airstrip to camp can be difficult or impossible in heavy seas as the boat landing at the airstrip gets pounded by surf. Angus says the US built a road partway to St. John Harbor, where VIPs and officers were to live, but it ended at an impassible cliff. Good US military planning. The Washington brass told the local construction chief, “Never mind the cliff, build it anyway!” Toward the end of the afternoon, Rebecca and I went for a hike in the hills west of Quirpon harbor, following a path to a hilltop gazebo overlooking the country. We foraged a bit further to the south, following RT V trails across a bog, inspected a couple of small rock cairns, and experimented bush-whacking through some alders (to give Rebecca a sense of the impossible). Fortunately, no bugs were out at all. For dinner we went to Northern Delight restaurant, a bit north of Griquet. Wonderful fish and chips! Best I’ve ever had! For the past three days we’ve been driving around, we have not seen a single moose. They seem to have completely vanished. Many must have been gunned down as they had a very high quota here, but it’s strange not to see any at all after years when you’d see several in the short drive from Quirpon to LAM. Back at Boyce’s, we showered, washed clothes and did email, returning to the boat about 10 for a short night’s rest after leaving a thank you note to Jamie and Daryll for the use of their van and Boyce’s home. I tried to call Boyce in St. John’s, but again could only leave a message for him and Michelle on his cell phone.

Monday, 29 July: Quirpon to Brador

Finally a break in the weather! We woke at 4:45 to find only a light breeze and got underway by 5:15. It seemed we might have a southwest wind developing as we passed Cape Norman, but once in the Strait the breeze died to a whisper from the south and we made a very easy passage, sighting a Coast Guard vessel briefly at the Cape and then only a few fishing boats along the Labrador shore. As we approached Blanc Sablon, the Apollo ferry from St. Barbe, Nfld, crossed ahead of us and docked. We passed on further west and tied up at the Brador pier, where we found men \are fishing for herring, cod, and lobster. We bought five lobsters from a couple of men who

were tending a lobster cage at the pier. There was no cell phone service so Rebecca and I walked up to Florence’s, where we found Marijo and Sarai had arrived only a bit earlier. David and Eric will fly direct to Harrington. The principal news from Brador was evident from the moment we tied up: black flies! Everyone agrees that the flies are the worst they have seen in many years, a consequence, probably, of a wet spring. After getting the ladies settled, we launched the inflatable and drove over to the Hart Chalet site to check out the Inuit houses. The grass was knee-high and lots of new trees were taking root, crowding the clearing around the house. Crawling around on our hands and knees, we traced the outlines of the three houses, all of which have been grown over. I had arranged with Florence to visit the site tomorrow morning to decide which house we might excavate. It would be quite a chore to clear the trees from just one of them, and with the small crew we will have when we return from Mecatina, we will only be able to explore a part of one or more houses. At Florence’s, we met her daughter Sandy, who has come to visit for a few weeks to see her dad

Fig 4.07: House 1 at the Hart Chalet site before excavation.

1 5

and recover from an operation. Clifford is in much the same situation as last year—mostly unresponsive. There is certainly no hope of recovery, but Florence still keeps his truck and all his gear as he left it—a matter of faith. The girls made a pasta, carrot, and red pepper salad to go with the lobsters. We had the usual discussion about changing our watches to Quebec time, one hour and a half later than Newfoundlands. This made it dark at 8 rather than at 9:30, and light at 4am. Who wants to be getting up that early! But if not, we lose the day and get hit early by the Hare Harbor cliff shadow. One very nice development came with the girls’ arrival. They brought four new sets of fittings for the dredge hoses we had not been able to obtain in Newfoundland. Excellent work Mathieu!

Tuesday, 30 July: Brador to Cumberland Harbor

The bright pier lights shined through the boat windows all night, making it difficult to tell when the sun was up, but by 6am I’d had enough sleep. Sarai was already up and about and we all soon were gathering for breakfast, Perry emerging last. We changed our watches and had to adjust our bodies. The black flies had no apparent issues with the clock and were plastered against the windows salivating on us as we ate oatmeal and bagels. A couple of hours later, Florence showed up in her fly-proof gear to take us to the chalet site. The dirt road was pretty pot-holed for her small car carrying six, but we made it to her place, which was looking well-kept up, with a nice paint job and really nicely furnished interior. Downstairs living room, kitchen and bathroom, and upstairs living room. Two bedrooms, and a veranda over the porch with big windows looking south over the bay, but now mostly blocked by tree growth. The only problem was no running water for sink and bathroom. We made the rounds outside, looking over the Inuit houses and decided which to test and clear, recognizing that we would not have enough people and time to open a single house completely. Florence does not want the trees cut as they help cut the wind during the winter storms; I think we can get enough access by clearing some of the lower branches. The flies were plenty, but not horrendous as long as you used a bug net. Perry thinks he can anchor the Pits in the shelter of the small islands offshore, so we will probably live on the boat and use the house for lunch, writing notes, and a respite from the flies. After this visit, Florence took us to town to buy a new speedboat engine battery and some groceries. We returned to her house for a nice lunch, some showers, and relaxation while we awaited Will’s arrival on the St. Barbe ferry. He got in about 3pm and by 4 we were underway for Cumberland Harbor across a nearly glassy Gulf. While passing Old Fort, we happened on a pod of killer whales, but could not get close enough for good pictures. I guess they were feeding on fish, as they were spread out in small dispersed groups. We only had one sighting of one group of five or six together but there may have been more. Will spent quite a while regaling me with his recent trip with Lindsay to Uummannaq, Greenland, where they put on a 250 th anniversary of the founding of the town. Among the many visitors was one of the Adventure Canada cruise vessels, and one of the guides and zodiac-drivers was Jane Thomson, whom I had seen with Callum and their kids in DC in the spring. It sounds like the Uummannaq Polar Center under Ann Andreasen’s leadership is getting to be a busy place, with several research and cultural fellows, including Will.

Wednesday, July 31: Cumberland Harbor to Hare Harbor

Morning came with a light SW wind, fog, and heavy mist. At 6am we could see all the hills, and Perry decided he could navigate through the inner channels of the St. Augustine Rigoulette without any trouble using the new radar and plotter, so we hoisted the anchor and proceeded through the beautiful foggy runs. I tried to raise Nick Shattler (call-sign: Fred Boland’s Cove) but had no success. By 8am Channel 10 was alive with chatter, but we were then far from his place at Cumberland Harbor. No one else was on the go, and since there seem to be few bakeapples this year, the outer islands may be kind of quiet during August. The fog lifted as we approached La Tabatière, but by then the wind was up in the southwest and we had to slog our way across the sound to Hare harbor, which we reached about 1pm. A few lobster traps were still in the water, but they will be pulled in a day or so since the season ends tomorrow. After a quick lunch, we piled into the speedboat and went ashore to set

up the site and begin cutting the grass and clearing some of the spruce thicket from the south outcrop, where we will concentrate our work this year. We had tested this area, down slope from the cookhouse, at the end of the season last year and plan to open that area up as we found lots of Basque materials in a deposit that was 4050cm deep and full of charcoal and cultural material. Setting the off-haul anchor in a strong on-shore wind was a bit of a challenge, but it sufficed for today. Will and Marijo mastered the whipper-snappers and did a great job clearing the grass and meadow vegetation from the lower part of the site. Some toads, a harp seal bone, and roof tiles turned up in the process. The rest of us dove into the spruce thicket along the south ridge and managed to push it back a couple of meters in a few places, but we will need the chain saw to make real progress in this ‘tuckamore.’ The only good thing to mention is that we did not encounter a single mosquito or black fly. Of course, the wind was pretty strong, so we’ll have to wait for a calm day for a final fly verdict. While we were

ashore, Perry installed some led lights around the cabin to cut down on energy consumption. The girls prepared a nice dinner combining Perry’s moose meat, boiled potatoes, and rice. A bottle of wine from Will’s case gave the meal a bit of zest. By 10pm, everyone was asleep or reading in bed, and the wind seemed to be dropping. I had tried to reach Wilson and Christine Evans but again got only a recording, so they are probably on vacation somewhere (Mutton Bay, it turned out). We need to get into Harrington to meet Erik and David tomorrow and would rather not have a bumpy ride. I called Lynne around lunchtime to let her know we had arrived. She’s had a nice time with a visit from her sister Kris, niece Jennifer, and her two kids in Fairlee, and this week she will be working with a team of volunteers on signage for the Fairlee forest trails.

Fig 4.08: Hare Harbor - 1 Area 9 excavations, view SW.

Thursday, 1 August: Hare Harbor to Harrington

A misty, partly foggy morning, but the wind is down and a huge school of herring is being chased around the harbor by mackerel or some other fish. A grampus whale also appeared, taking part in the feast. The herring surface in a mad dash to avoid the swipes of their predators through the schools, leaping partly out of the water and creating a swishing sound when hundreds of fish break the surface at once. Several gulls are floating in the middle of the carnage, unperturbed. Last evening Perry spotted a bearded seal in the harbor, but there were no seals around this morning. After breakfast we left for Harrington, finding the passage Tolly’ from swells left over from yesterday’s wind, but otherwise gentle. Lots of gannets on the go this year; we saw several flocks while passing the tip of Petit Mécatina. Just as we approached Harrington, Will fell down with a huge crash as the back stairs collapsed when one of the fastenings gave way. Fortunately he and his computer were not hurt. Arriving in Harrington, we discovered the new coastal boat Belles Deganiers at the pier, dwarfing everything in town.

It must be six stories above the waterline and has a huge crane on the stern for loading vehicles and containers. She was built in Croatia until the yard went broke and then was finished in Italy and sailed across the Atlantic this spring, encountering a huge storm en route that gave her a tough sea trail, which she passed with flying colors. But then on a maiden run in the Gulf there were electrical problems and docking mishaps. Her powerful propulsion systems and huge wind surface may prove to a problem for some of the docks she will be tying up to along this coast, if her thrusters start undermining the flimsier piers. Also at the pier was the S. V. Hillary: from

Portsmouth, New Hampshire, with Steven Swanson and Sandra Eberle on board, both having worked in DC, he I think in the oil business and she in a federal agency. I met them here last year. They’re on their way to Battle Harbor now and have friends in Little Bay Islands, the town slated for closure near Perry’s home.

Our friends in Harrington were all fine and reported no big news or events of note, other than a central water service that is supposed to be installed this year, supplied by reservoir water. Tests for artesian wells failed to find water a couple years ago. The winter was very mild once again, and it was only possible to use the ice bridge to the mainland for ten days. On the other hand there seem to have been many adult harp seals on the ice in December, but few hunters went after them. I have not yet heard about the pupping situation. We provisioned at the store, finding Paul, Cynthia, and Mark in good spirits. Keith Rowsell said the Heritage Center had lost some core government funding but was getting by; Monica is still in charge and this summer is being assisted by Sarah Vatcher-Evans, who is quite a young lady now and will finish high school in Chevery next year. Christine and Wilson just returned from a visit to Mutton Bay, where Christine’s parents are fine. Alexandra is in Montreal attending art school, having a blast and getting lots of small art contracts. Sounds like Christine’s parents (Vatchers) will move to Montreal for a year to be near some of their grandchildren. Our crew had showers and did laundry at the Evans’, and Christine had us for lunch and a fine codfish dinner, topped off with strawberry-rhubarb pie. Wilson has bought another boat—this one for duck hunting—and is building a garage and garden house. He presented me with a new shovel to replace the one he dropped overboard when he was repairing the handle during our

end-of-season party at Hare Harbor last year.

He also loaned Marijo an air hose for her dry suit. Another bit of provisioning was securing an emergency oxygen tank from the hospital. Word had spread about our return after Wilson got my phone messages from last week, but we still had lots of explaining about why we were returning after saying we wouldn’t last year. Weather stayed beautiful all day, and the wind shifted to the north overnight.

Friday, 2 August: Harrington to Hare Harbor

By 5:30 it was no longer possible to sleep because mosquitoes found an open pilothouse window.

My berth on the pilothouse floor was their first port of call; the night before it was the buzzing alarm, now the bugs. But the weather was fine and by 7:30 we were underway for Hare Harbor in a

light SW wind. After arriving, we had breakfast and prepared for the first day of real archaeology. The dive team organized their dredge gear and the land team—Will, Rebecca and me—went ashore with the chain saw to do some damage to the tuckamore forest that had grown up along the south ledge below the cookhouse. Will carved away at the big trunks with the saw while Rebecca and I hacked at the branches and small stuff with pruning saws. We eventually pushed back the bush about 4-6 meters. The dive team got their gear on the bottom by noon, and we all returned to the boat for a lunch of soup and sandwiches. I tried to call Anja Herzog to see whether she would join us, but could not get through. The afternoon produced some real archaeology for the first time since leaving Washington. The dive team got in two dives with two divers each, working on an extension of the 22-foot-deep squares at the top of the stone piles that were so productive last year. The new pits, C3-3 and C3-4, abutt C3-5. They were able to grid them out and begin excavation. On land we opened new squares, OS 8W and 4S 8W, in Area 9, north and south of Will’s pit of last year, 2S 8W. The north wall of OS 8W falls on a 10-25 cm high ledge that runs downslope south of the site’s major drainage. When we cleared the sod we found this low wall was composed of crushed roof tiles, probably to keep water out of the area to the east. The rest of the upper level of the square seems to be a dump, having lots of tiles, charcoal-stained soil, a few nails, flint fire-starter chips, and the odd ceramic and glass piece. Will’s square had fewer tiles and more ceramics and black earth. The function of this area remains unknown, but its deep deposits of tile, charcoal, metal and ceramics is what drew us back for investigation this year. Hopefully we will find a structure. Best guess is that it is a charcoal-production facility like the areas on the northern side of the site; but the difference is the presence of lots of earthenware and finished tools like metal and a whetstone found in Will’s pit last year. The only wildlife we saw on land was a toad. No sign of peregrines yet. Dinner was codfish, rice, and a great salad, prepared by Erik and Sarai, and washed down with a bottle of Will’s Reisling. Dessert was chocolate cupcakes Sarah made for us yesterday. She is headed for baking school in Montreal and has inherited her mother’s gift for cooking.

Saturday, 3 August 2013: Hare Harbor

The weather reports were ominous for today, calling for southeasterly wind increasing to 40k/hr in afternoon and evening, but at least for the morning the wind was down and conditions okay for diving and digging. Will had garnered all the ingredients for his famous pancakes, this time with raspberries fresh from the steamer. The divers were running two teams, each doing a dive in the morning and afternoon, four dives every day, which will maximize manpower/time on the bottom. Today they began proper excavations and turned up some large ceramic fragments, one perhaps the bottom of a large bowl and other ceramics, a walnut (?) shell, a lump of pitch for caulking boats, and lead shot. Marijo spent much of her afternoon dive moving ballast rocks out of her square. Lots of artifacts and interesting materials are found between the rocks, which indicates dumping episodes from multiple voyages. They noticed that last year’s dredging at the north end of the stone piles had deposited back-dirt onto the upper parts of the stone piles, filling the cracks between the rocks—woe to the lobsters within! While they were working, one of the Harrington fishermen came by to pull the lobster trap that was set amidst the ballast piles—the trap Erik had said had a 3-pound lobster inside. Now that the lobster season was over, I don’t know how much longer that lobster would have stayed in that trap if the fisherman had not shown up.

On land we opened two new squares—4S 8W, south of Will’s test square last year, and 2S 10W, next west from the 2012 square. We decided to excavate only the turf and upper black earth, leaving the tile level intact for an overall photograph. 4S 8W was quite muddy, but Will found several pieces of earthenware and nails, and a 30 cm long piece of baleen. 2S 10W produced several nails, a fragment of a grindstone, and a few pieces of EW. OS 8W, whose upper levels Rebecca and I excavated on Friday, had a linear mound of roof tiles making a low wall along the north side of the square, and this wall extends several meters more down-slope to the west. The feature seems to be designed to keep run-off channeled down the middle of the site, keeping it out of the area we are now working. That square produced a few nails and a piece of pumice, the second one found at the site. Erik roasted

chicken for diner, which we ate with salad and rice. The storm that had been predicted seems to have fizzled; at least it did not reach us, although swells from the southeast suggested some heavy winds in the southern part of the Gulf. I reached Anja in the evening by sat phone and found she had decided not to come due to the high travel cost and limited time available.

Sunday, 4 August: Hare Harbor

It poured rain during the night and waterfalls were cascading down the cliff onto the site. We took advantage of the weather to sleep until 7:30, when I started a French toast breakfast. The divers were off to work first, and the land crew set out about 10:30 after the rain stopped. Rebecca and I excavated 6S and 8S/10W, in the rock pile under the former spruce thicket while Will began excavating 0S/10W, which had a continuation of the rock and tile barrier along the west side of the square; no doubt, the site occupants were trying to keep water out of their work area. We found 4S/8W totally flooded, and other squares nearly so, and had to cut drainage channels to let the water out. This was only partly successful and we could not work on several squares for the rest of the day. During the afternoon we photographed all the squares to get an overview of the upper level tile distribution; tiles were almost everywhere, just beneath the sod, but were densest on the barrier along the 0 South line and around what we have determined to be a large hearth mound in 2S/10W with various soil types, including charcoal, brown hearth earth, burned tiles, small areas of burned bone, and mixtures of the above. Toward the end of the day we found a hearth soil level that started to yield artifacts, but so far only small fragments of white glazed earthenware and nails. Will found the same white glazed ware in 0S/10W.

By the end of the day the weather had never really cleared and fog rolled in for a couple of hours. We arrived back at the boat to discover what might have been a killer for the underwater project. While filling dive tanks the compressor purge screw dropped and fell to the main deck. Miraculously, it rolled into the scupper hole and came to rest on the rubbing strip outside the hull, less than an inch from going overboard. We’ve got to be careful about overdoing our good fortune! (But see Brador below!) Will made a spaghetti dinner with his trumpet mushrooms and produced a couple of bottles of Charles Shaw red wine. After dinner there was lots of discussion about differences between Canada and the US, Quebec and Canada, private vs. public schools, and arctic exploration. Perry planned a bakeapple foray, but time ran out and the excursion was postponed.

Monday, 5 August—Hare Harbor

Today was a fair day all around—not a sunny gorgeous day, but a day good for work. During breakfast, a wildlife official came zipping around the harbor, checking to be sure all the lobster traps were pulled up. The divers spent the entire morning taking coordinates for the underwater grid units and a small series from each of the major excavation areas on land. When Erik plotted them out on his computer, at least all the underwater and land points plotted at sea and on land—a good start, but his GPS is only good for 3 m resolution. During the afternoon, the two teams dove and recovered more nut shells, lead shot, the bottom of an earthenware vessel, large pieces of a lusterware bowl, a leather shoe, a small wooden barrel pin, and bird bones. We are already talking about what are duplicates and what could be abandoned to save conservation costs: shoes

Fig 4.11: HH-1, Working on flooded squares.

and rope, for starters.

On land we continued working on 1S/10W (WF and RM) and 2S/10W (WR), mucking our way down in the waterlogged soil. Will found black earth with charcoal and tiles continued right down in between the beach cobbles to a depth of 35 cm. 15-20 pieces of an earthenware vessel came from a meter area—almost certainly a single vessel, and a couple pieces of yellow-glazed EW. Nothing else except some nails and spikes. We did not excavate beneath of tile barrier mound at the north side of the dig area. A small bit of tan hearth earth was present in the SE corner of the unit, and below that, black charcoal-filled soil with tiles. Most of the rest of the square was a homogeneous deposit of black earth mixed with tiles. Several large rocks had been placed in the southern end of the unit; they may have been part of the hearth in 2S/10W.

Nails, tile, and charcoal were present in the

black earth from the turf to the crevices fig 4 7 2: Rebecca Mayus and Erik Phaneuf enjoying lunch on

between the beach rocks. Here there was no (j 7e pp s sterile peat layer between the cultural level and the beach rocks.

2S/10W presented a much more complicated picture. Fortunately most of the hearth that dominates this unit is contained within this unit, although its eastern portion reached into 2S/8W, excavated last year. Inside the hearth, tan hearth soil—a silty-sandy-clayey mix—appeared just beneath the turf and dominated the upper portion of the hearth to a depth of 15-20cm. This layer contained a few nails, small pieces of crazed white glaze

EW (also found in 02/10W), and a few pieces of plain EW. The hearth was mounded up 15cm higher than the surrounding terrain and was defined by a rough circle of roundish rocks. Outside the hearth was black earth filled with tile fragments, forming a ring around the hearth. In this deposit we found nails but little else. In the southern part of the hearth a patch of tan soil with charcoal produced a concentration of EW sherds, some with yellow glaze, nails, calcined bone, and other material. As we excavated further, the base of the hearth was found to be paved with flat slabs of mica schist and other rock types, forming a solid pavement. We photographed both of these squares and Rebecca drew the Fig 4.13: HH-1, Area 9 expanded excavations with flooding. rock distributions.

View SW

0S/8W Meanwhile Will and I returned to 0S/8W which we had abandoned several days ago, and removed all the tiles we had exposed and began digging the black earth layer, which, in the southwestern part of the square was packed with tiles—apparently as a dump or fill, with tiles often lying at angles or even vertical. The SE part of the unit had few tiles and the black earth was largely distributed between small rocks.

Dinner was spaghetti with white sauce flavored with bacon, green beans with mushrooms, and a kind of raspberry tart Marijo baked in the oven. David passed around his large bottle of scotch (which he nursed along for nearly ten days, always sharing) and we discussed the problems of dating the Hare Harbor site. The wind remained nil or calm all day, and yet there were no mosquitoes or black flies. For a while blue sky appeared, advancing from the west; but then it was replaced again by clouds. We heard some falcon-like squalls from the cliff today, and a raven came calling, alighting on the south ridge to peer at us for a minute. Perry and Erik explored for bakeapples at the cabin site south of Hare Harbor but were only able to collect a small pail. Erik has been trying for mackerel for a few days and today caught one, which he iced down hoping for to catch more for a full meal. In the end the meal plan failed and his lonely mackerel was returned to nature.

Tuesday 6 August—Hare Harbor

By two or three o’clock a northeast wind had risen, forcing me to get up and close the screen window and plug up the gurgling sink drain. Morning brought a dismal view to the east, followed by rain until 11 o’clock. Will absorbed the extra time with a bakeapple pancake breakfast. The divers went out and cleared a field of small fist-size beach cobbles from their squares. We’ve never seen such small ballast stones before and wonder what they signify. Some flint is among them, and Marijo collected broken flint cobbles. Is this ballast for shalloops, or large vessels (why is it found here only in one small place? perhaps contained in barrels or bags? A basement for a ship-board tryworks?). Fish bone, a lead-tin (?) strap with drilled holes, worked wood, and more pieces of the chaffing bowls found last year also appeared.

We have hopes we will be able assemble at least one complete chaffing vessel with these new pieces. Over the past couple of days there has been a personnel shift in the diving teams, formerly of mixed gender. Now that the ladies are staying underwater longer than the men, we are maximizing bottom times by having female and a male dive teams.

Will, Rebecca, and I busied ourselves with paperwork until the sun came out at noon and then went ashore.

We had a productive afternoon until a large black cloud advanced over us and we returned to the Pits in case it should bring strong wind. I feared the anchor might have been fouled by the chain during the many wind shifts of the past few days, so we pulled it to check and found it clear. Nothing much came of the storm but more rain. By sundown more waterfalls were gushing from the cliffs. The site is going to be a mess again tomorrow.

I continued work on the hearth square, 2S/10W, clearing tiles from around the western hearth periphery where

Fig 4.14: HH-1, A9, 2S/10Whearth, view East.

Fig 4.15: HH-1, Broken European flint cobbles from underwater ballast dump. Photo by W. Richard

Will and Rebecca continued work on 0S/8W, with its ledge and tile barricade. Very little was found in the eastern side of the unit except large beach boulders and one interesting EW rim sherd. However, the SW quadrant produced lots of earthenware, some plain and some yellow-glazed, flint, nails, and a small, thin, round wafer-lilce disc of lead with no markings or other signs of use or function; it may be sprue left over from bullet-making. There is lots of evidence of lead shot underwater. All of this material, as in 0S/10W came from the deepest black earth deposit, only a few cms above sterile ground, or in crevices between beach rocks. Once again this seems to indicate that the ground cover was removed from the site by fire or stripping, allowing artifacts to accumulate directly on sterile ground without any intervening peat layer. However in 2S/10W I did find sterile peat west of the hearth.

Erik prepared a dinner of Perrys moose meat, peas, and scalloped potatoes. Rain continued into the evening, ensuring a drowned site in the morning.

We tentatively plan to run to Harrington tomorrow evening to be on hand for the fresh supplies from the ferry on Thursday morning. With so much working with computers, electronic cameras, etc., the generator has been on all day. So far very little natural history to report after the episode with leaping herring. Only the scattered mackerel, the lobsters, toads, and a falcon screaming on the cliff, but no young ones seen yet. Maybe during the coming week. Fig 4.16: Piece of chaffing bow>l from underwater side.

Photo by W. Richard.

Wednesday 7 August: Hare Harbor to Harrington

Nice and clear this morning with fluky breezes until mid-afternoon when a consistent SW breeze settled in, and it was sunny all day for a change. When we got to the site we found our squares all full of water and water streaming down through the site area. Clearly water must have been a major problem for the original occupants

they seem to have been used as a kind of fire buffer. The brown sand is only found inside the hearth ring, and outside the hearth one finds only black charcoal- and carbon-rich soil filled with tile fragments and the occasional nail. In the lower black earth, heavily enriched with charcoal, tiles disappear and pottery, nails, and strike-alight flakes appear. This layer grades into sterile undisturbed peat. One interesting find was the rim of a yellow-glazed dish, reminding me of the one from the blacksmith shop, supposedly one of the earliest pieces of ceramic on the site. In this hearth square it is at the base of the deposit.

and helps explain the profusion of tiles found especially in the wet areas, laid down for “exterior flooring”. However only in the blacksmith shop area did they actually prepare a raised pathway of broken tiles. We tried to bail the squares, but too much water was flowing in, so Will and Rebecca started new squares in drier areas. Will’s was a onemeter square (4S/6.5W) between the large boulders between A9 and the cookhouse Al. This turned out just as wet as the other squares, but it soon began to produce interesting ceramics, including fragments of a porringer with very soft paste and all but a few patches of its glaze spalled off. Sherds of a couple other ceramic types also appeared. In the afternoon we decided to expand this to a 2 x2 m square.

Rebecca was working on a unit at the terrace front, 8S 14W, that seemed to have an unusual cluster of large boulders. Initial work produced a couple of seal ear bones, some mammal longbone fragments, and a large nail. Under the turf a 5-10cm layer of black earth is present with tiles fragments and charcoal, and below that, sterile peat and beach rocks. Other than drainage problems, this was the nicest day we’ve had for work on shore.

The divers were wet anyway, so the rain only made the upper ten feet of water in the harbor murky red from tanic water and grass washed from the land. However, they had other problems in the ‘bad luck’ category.

Toward the end of his dive, Erik discovered his G11 Canon case half filled with seawater, caused by his having caught part of a strap in the rubber seal. He rinsed it in fresh water and dried it out, to no avail. (My Gil, doused in rainwater in Vermont, still functions but drains its battery and has a fatally-scratched lens.) Then Marijo got beaned on the head by a ballast rock that rolled off the pile into her excavation pit. She decided not to dive

during the afternoon as a result. One of the interesting finds of the day was an ivory bead. We confirmed that the small fist-sized cobbles are ballast and not beach rock.

Toward the end of the afternoon I set out to explore the cliff break-down area to see if I could learn more about tryworks or other structures and the timing of the cliff rock-fall. The vegetation growth is thick—alder, dwarf birch, fireweed, ferns and other species-—so I could not see much of the ground. I looked under the huge blocks but did not see much of interest. However, about ten meters north (upslope) of the shore where we first found tiles eroding, I was able to dig a test pit and found tiles in the black soil. Below a heavy growth of firn roots was a brownish soil with some tile fragments, and below that, a grey marine clay, also with tiles and a piece of worked

Fig4.18: Gang outside Paul Row sell s Shop in Harrington. Photo by W Richard

Fig 4.17: Will photographing Area 9 grid.

quartz. Excavating into the beach bounders I found more tiles, some wedged between beach rocks and mixed with clay. Many of the boulders have air spaces between them. This and the presence of clay suggest these rocks were dislodged from glacial marine deposits during a rockfall event. If this clay was an in situ marine deposit there could be no air spaces and no way for tiles to become incorporated. There are also tiles in the black soil above the boulders, perhaps indicating continued use of the site after the rockfall.

We broke camp and headed for Harrington at about 5:30 and had a smooth passage. In Harrington we bought hamburger meat and Maryjo made spaghetti. The dock is almost empty, but tomorrow the ferry will arrive. We have clothes and bodies to wash, and fresh food to buy.

Thursday, 8 August: Harrington to Hare Harbor

I woke to Paul Rowsells voice concerning the arrival in a couple hours of the Bella Desgagnés. By 7am we were up and doing chores—watering the boat, getting diesel fuel and gas for the pumps, fish from the plant, and after the new food brought by the ferry appeared on the CMR Sales shelves, buying groceries. Showers and laundry topped the list of personals, and making some home calls and catching up on email—something I never got a chance to do before we left. Three kayakers from Montreal got off the ferry and sat on the dock organizing their gear for a trip through the islands to St. Augustine. The day was beautiful and it should do much to dry out our soggy site squares, but the prognosis for the next few days is not encouraging, with southern wind and showers tomorrow and strong SW winds on Saturday. Christine threw a nice lunch for us, including some of her old friends who arrived on the ferry—Sally Chislett and her husband (Steve?). Steve grew up in Blanc Sablon and Sally is from Harrington area. They live in Sutton, Eastern Townships now, but for years were in Quartaq, where they knew Paul Jararuse. They were interested to hear about our new Lucien Turner publication on the mammals of Ungava, by Scott Heye and Kris Helgen. I had a nice conversation with Lynne in Vt and learned that our dog, Mikki, might be in the early stage of kidney failure. Lynnes been working on her talks for the Adventure Canada cruise next month and is having Nicole in DC scan some slides for her.

Paul Rowsell and Wilson Evans are getting ready for a contract job in Kegashga, moving some huge concrete blocks for a pier foundation. Sounds dangerous because they will use air bags in big canvas sacks to lift the blocks, which Wilson has to deal with underwater, but they are taking it as an interesting challenge and something of a “guys lark” according to Christine.

We left Harrington in mid-afternoon and found the breeze light, from the northwest, and arrived at Hare Harbor about 4:30—too late for archaeology but ideal for a couple hours of gamboling ashore. Perry went for bakeapples (few and mostly not quite ripe) while the others climbed the hills along the south shore and repaired the missing head from the inuksuk they built a couple years ago. Will started reading Anne Stine Ingstad’s book on LAnse aux Meadows, and I finished editing a chapter on ïtelmen and Kamchadal canoes. I made a baked codfish and potato casserole for dinner. Were hoping for a good day tomorrow. Only six days left before Erik and David leave, and six more before Marijo and Sarai leave from Blanc Sablon. A very quiet night outside. Lots of phosphorescence in the water. We’ve had no more sign of herring,

seals, peregrines, or whales.

Friday, 9 August 2013—Hare Harbor

The weather reports for the next week sound bad-to-poor for land archaeology: showers and fog predicted for today, southerly gale for tomorrow, and high chance of showers almost every day for the coming week.

By Wednesday we have to finish up and get Erik and David to Harrington for the flight out on the 15 th . This morning broke ominous with low clouds and misty rain, but by noon it was drying up, the wind slowly rising from the southwest. Will made some bakeapple pancakes, and by about 8:30 we got to the site.

I started where I left off Wednesday afternoon, scrounging among the rockfall for possible tryworks or pier foundations. There were more tiles along the shore and in the landwash west of our boat shore-fast, but when I went upslope looking in the crawl spaces beneath the huge rockfall blocks I found no tiles. I still need to look further west, north of the ballast piles. We’ve never checked this area, which would be the logical spot for people to get ashore from anchored boats. Small boat transfer would be cumbersome, so piers would have been an advantage, but despite looking, I found no traces. Marijo reported thick clay deposits at the base of the cultural deposits in her pit, resting on sterile sand. That clay might be the same I found mixed with tiles and beach cobbles yesterday.

Rebecca spent the morning on 8S/14W, finding only tiles in the humic/black earth soil, resting on beach cobbles. Most of the rocks are in situ beach sets—no chance for an interesting feature here. During the afternoon she shifted to 0N/8W, making a rock map and excavating the remaining lower deposits. In a small pocket between a couple beach cobbles she found calcined small bird bones mixed with brown hearth soil, probably a small dump from the nearby hearth. Some bones are identifiable. It seems likely that these deposits, including our big hearth, are part of the early Basque component on the site.

I picked up work on Will’s first square, 4S/8W, abandoned a few days ago when it flooded. This unit began to produce ceramics immediately, mostly varieties of tan earthenware. In one location 1 found a cluster of marmite sherds, two fitting pieces with check-stamp decorative bands. Most of these sherds came from the lower part of the black earth, below the tile concentration and therefore from the early stage of occupation before tiles were spread about to deal with the soggy soil. At the end of the day I uncovered a smashed cup, upside-down. Photos should help reassemble it, but we ran out of time for detailed in situ recording; several fragments were buried and are not in the photo. There were very few nails and only earthenware. Small eroded fragments of a glazed porringer were also recovered, but with no glaze intact.

Will continued at 4S/4W between the large boulders. The lxl he excavated earlier was so productive we expanded it to a full 2x2.

Almost immediately he found an iron adze at the top of the culture layer and soon after, numbers of sherds and other materials, including rim and shoulder fragments of a strap-handled jar, marmite parts, grey

Fig 4.20: Iron adze from A10.

stoneware, more parts of the EW porringer found here yesterday, a sandstone whetstone, spikes, and the side wall of an Inuit soapstone pot with mending holes. The stoneware and soapstone link this material to the cookhouse, only a few meters upslope, making this probably the SI midden. Perrys intuition was correct about this being a good place to excavate! We will consider opening more squares on the bank between here and the cookhouse.

Fearing the gale and rain coming tomorrow would fill our squares, we worked until dark and then returned to the Pits, where Erik had prepared a meal of pork chops and salad. The wind remained calm, the barometer is still steady, it’s cloudy, and a few showers passed by during the evening. We had a problem with the spark plugs for one of the pumps and don’t have replacements. Fingers crossed. My Gl 1 Canon is occasionally giving me a blank picture screen. Can’t figure out why, but after awhile, the picture appears. Erik will try it in his waterproof casing tomorrow, replacing his Gil that got zapped by saltwater, so he can continue his underwater recording. The salt water also zapped his data chip. Fortunately my camera worked fine.

Saturday 10 August: Hare Harbor

A bad weather day, all day. It started with hard rain much of the night and blowing mist and rain throughout the day, clearing only in late evening, but with a strong SW wind continuing through the night. Erik and David dove to take pictures and extend the grid, but by the time they came up the rain was pelting down and Perry’s survival suit was starting to soak through, so we cancelled all work for the rest of the day and hunkered down in the Pits.

I edited some chapters of the boat mss. In the early afternoon we had some excitement when Perry suddenly exclaimed, “We’re dragging out the bay!” And pretty fast too. Had we not noticed we would have landed on the rocks along the north side of the harbor entrance. Engine on! Small boats secured! Man the anchor winch! In a few minutes we had the anchor up and found it clear, not fouled; so we have no explanation for why we dragged. We set it again and it held well, through the night and into a much windier Sunday, with gusts to 30-40 knots. I made a supper of the rest of the codfish and Rebecca and I made a cabbage cole slaw. Marijo prepared bakeapple crisp. The evening stayed relatively calm, wind in the SW 15-20 knots but manageable enough so I did not feel compelled to get up and check our position. We have only four days left for work.

The divers have been coming up with great stuff, shoes (most to be returned to the deep because of the Quebec conservation charges we would incur if we collect them), parts of porringers, bird and fish bones, and large and small whale vertebrae. Their big surprise was the small-stone ballast in addition to large ballast stone that they have had to remove from to get at the lower deposits. This slowed the project down and may cost us the chance of doing a couple more units.

Sunday 11 August, Hare Harbor

Fig 4.21: Serai, David, and Marijo relaxing in Pitsiulak galley.

Very windy, but clear, this morning. The barometer is still down four points from where it was (29.5 inches) when the storm started Friday night, so it’s going to take some strong wind to blow it up again. So far, as of midafternoon, Sunday it is still sitting at 29.1 even after a day of blowing. Nevertheless, the wind was not so strong this morning and we decided to dive and work ashore. The divers got two dives in and worked on profiles and cleaning up their units. A few more pieces of the blue faience bowl appeared, so now we have a good idea of its shape and decoration. On shore we found our pits still about half full after a day with no rain.

I was able to finish the south side of 4S 8W before having to quit because of new flooding.

Finds included more earthenware cooking pots, a piece of white starter flint, and a nail.

One of the basal pieces of EW had a remnant green-yellow glaze. Rebecca finished work on 8S/14W, finding only a few tiles and a nail, and no ceramics or other artifacts. A few large rocks were placed on the surface, but all other rocks are in the beach deposit; no midden here. Will completed 4S/4W, recovering several

fitting rim and handle pieces of a cooking pot, a short piece of baleen, and a nail. I spent much of the morning recording finds from his square and 6S/8W, left over from Friday afternoon. Before leaving for lunch I weed-whacked the bank between A9 and SI and laid out a couple of new squares between the SI Cookhouse and Will’s 4S/4W, which hopefully will hold lots of SI midden material. Miraculously, the grids from SI and A10 match within lOcms. This is hard to believe considering all the datum movements we have had since 2002. On board, Marijo found an illustration of a jar in an article on Basque ceramics that had colorful flower decoration like a unique piece Will found in 4S/4W, so this is a good sign of its being contemporary with the occupation.

Fig 4.22: Pieces of a lusterw’ are porringer. Photo by W. Richard.

Fig 4.23: Will and Rebecca excavate S-J midden in Area 10. View North

Surf was up at the landing site when we returned for lunch (Erik’s “Brazillian beef” soup and David’s sandwiches) but when we were ready to return to the site the wind had risen and whitecaps were starting to lose their tops, ca. 25-30 knot gusts, so we called off work and waited for the wind to drop. Will photographed some of the underwater artifacts and the divers worked on profiles and plans.

About 4:30 pm the wind suddenly died. There was no time to organize a dive, and

Will was busy photographing the underwater finds with Erik. Rebecca and I returned to the site to record her 8S/14W square and turf two new A10 squares, 2S/2W and 4S/2W. These units are only one meter west of the Si excavation of 2002/3. If we are lucky we may be able to connect these two excavations, ten years apart. While turfing 4S/2W I found a large oval while bead with blue stripes, an earthenware bowl rim with a collar like ones we’ve seen on grey stoneware, a sherd of grey stoneware, and some nails. Rebecca found a couple of nails. We returned about 6:30 when the wind became gusty again, this time from the north. Will had prepared a spaghetti dinner with his home-grown black trumpet mushrooms. Duxing dinner he pressed us to consider a second bottle of Charles Shaw burgundy, and in the discussion that followed, when we asked about his birthday, which we thought was still a couple days away, we discovered it was today. Checking last years diary we found that on 11 August, 2012, Will made a spaghetti dinner, and Marijo cooked a chocolate birthday cake. Egg on our faces all around this year. I had reserved some lobsters at the fish plant for Wills birthday when we return to Harrington, mistakenly thinking the date was around the 14 th , so we’ll make a second try then. Wind’s down to something manageable from the west now. We need a good day tomorrow.

Monday 12 August: Hare Harbor

For once the sun is shining at breakfast time! Wind light in the southwest but building and by mid-day it would be 30 knots or more. But it was sunny—small wonders! Today was the last of the oatmeal; tomorrow we improvise. By 8:30 we were at the site and spent a full day with only a break for lunch—canned salmon sandwiches and soup made from Will’s left-over spaghetti sauce—but good!

The divers put in two dives per team and came up with a caribou antler, a ceramic vessel bottom, and a piece of the blue-painted porringer that joins enough to really see what the final piece looked like. A fine bird skull turned up—perhaps a cormorant. Lobsters have been visiting the excavation pits, sometimes assisted by prankster Erik. The divers are now beginning their stratigraphy drawings.

On land we concentrated on the two new squares, 2S/2W and 4S/2W, and found them less interesting than Will’s 4S/4W between the boulders. Rebecca and I worked on the northern one and found nothing much but nails and deep deposits of charcoal-filled black earth with large numbers of tiles at all angles of rest. Clearly these two units were dumps from the cookhouse. Maybe this material was the cleared remains of the hearth pit, mixed with tiles. There were very few artifacts other than nails, although a single vessel bottom (porringer?) turned up in the basal deposit along the north wall of 2S/2W, along with many nails. Quite a few large rocks stuck up in this square above the general level of the beach stones. They seem to be in situ beach rocks, but perhaps they limited the use of this bank area for other than dumping.

4S/2W, alongside the south ledge, was a different story. While turfing I found a blue-striped white bead and a rim fragment of a large bowl. The intermediate BE levels were mostly charcoal-earth and tiles, with some nails and a couple of grey stoneware fragments. No earthenware at all. In the western side of the unit, beside the large boulder, Will found a clay pipe with fluted bowl decoration, and on the south side of the unit, at the bottom of the BW just above beach cobbles, a small hearth appeared with stone slabs and baleen strips around its western

Fig 4.24: Glazed faience ceramic from Area 10.

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side. The earth around this hearth was a densely packed peat-charcoal mix that had seen use as a floor. This hearth resembles the small hearths we found east of the cookhouse, except those hearths had lots of EW sherds in them. The other major find was a large piece of an Inuit soapstone cooking vessel with several drilled holes from repairing mends. This, the glass bead, clay pipes, and the Normandy stoneware, link to the cookhouse finds, so we can be confident that these squares and probably 4S/4W also—i.e. our Area 10—are dumps associated with the upper level of the cookhouse occupation. The small hearth in 4S/2W links with the earlier occupation east of the cookhouse, found at the bottom of the tile dump.

The weather was very windy and it was difficult to do a good job recording finds with note paper flying around. We had to establish a new A10 datum triangle because the land was too high for the A9 datum. The new A10 datum is set 115 cm above the A9 level. Boat landings and returns from the site were difficult with the strong onshore wind, but Will and Rebecca proved an excellent crew and we managed without a hitch. Perry spent more than four hours in the speedboat tending the dredge pumps for the divers and took the full brunt of the wind. For the divers the only problem was the temperature of the water, which has dropped to 43 degrees F. from the low 50s before these strong SW winds. This wind drives out the warm surface water in the harbor and brings in cold Labrador water to replace it. We heard a couple of bird cries from the cliff yesterday and today. Perhaps the peregrine chicks are about to fly. Because we forgot Will’s birthday yesterday, Marijo made a chocolate cake for dinner today with “Happy Birthday” spelled out in chocolate drops! Will remarked that, unlike other summers, this year we have not had a single visitor to the site. Last night I saw lights at Providence for the first time. Perhaps someone will call if the weather calms down. Only two days of digging left now!

Tuesday, 13 August: Hare Harbor

Last night, we think, was the beginning of the Persid meteor shower; but while it was clear, we only saw a few streaks. The day dawned bright and stayed sunny much of the morning and then was partly cloudy the rest of the day. A cold wind blew up in the afternoon, keeping us inside our floater jackets. During the morning Rebecca and I cleaned up the unexcavated sections of 6S/8W but found only muck and tiles and a couple of pieces of baleen in the lowest level of the black earth. Hardly any nails, and only a couple of smashed EW vessels with

Fig 4.26: Pipe fragments, glass stemware base, seed bead, and striped glass bead from Area 10. Photo by W. Richard

many of their parts present. This area from, 4S to 7S, is in the drainage path for the southern part of the site and most of the activity here can be attributable to dumping tile to dry up the mucky ground. At the bottom of the black earth we found quite a bit of charcoal, but the transition from charcoal/tile cultural deposits to sterile ground was often to peat, not beach rocks, with tile at the interface. There seemed to be no purpose to the rock distribution except for a single heavy slab present in the SE corner. The few small slabs present were tossed in, like tiles, to dry up the ground.

Fig 4.27: Lower level 4S/2W hearth with baleen and Early Basque occupation

Will and I finished up 2W/4S and found a blue seed bead, a couple pieces of glass, a grey stoneware sherd, and a few nails. Much of the lower cultural deposits here were peat fill, mixed

with a small amount of charcoal and a few tiles. This is the material associated with the small baleen hearth.

The tile concentration was in the upper levels where most of the artifact finds were made, and these, with the soapstone, are associated with the cookhouse. One other thing I noticed was that some of the tiles in the lower deposits are thicker that the normal tiles—perhaps there are differences between 16th and 17/18 th C. tiles? I collected a few samples. During the afternoon Will expanded his 4S/4W unit to the edge of the rock boulder to the south, but the finds were meager and were included into the collection from the main unit. Rebecca and I drew east-west profiles at 8W and 10W and through the north edge of the hearth at 2S from 12 W to 8W.

The divers spent their day cleaning up and drawing profiles.

No special new finds, except that David brought up a boulder from the ballast pile with strange markings on its surface. At first glance they appear to so regular and linear that they must have been carved, but there are no tool marks, and the marks have resulted from iron-rich micro-structure, mineralized material in the rock that have eroded out in regularized patterns. None of the markings are recognizable symbols. In the afternoon the divers went scouting for berries north along the shore from Hare Harbor, but the few berries they saw were past ripe. The lack of berries may be one reason we have seen no visitors; very few people are on the go if there are no berries. This evening’s Persid-watchers have just now come inside, bringing a trail of mosquitoes and word that a few meteors are on the go.

Fig 4.28: Inuit soapstone cooking vessel and stoneware rim sherd from 4S/2JV.

Wednesday, 14 August: Hare Harbor to Harrington

I went ashore before breakfast to finish the profiles for Area 10, which took only an hour. Back aboard. Will produced a raft of pancakes served with partridge berry jam. On our last trip to the site, the divers made a final

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dive to secure the underwater site and collect their gear, Will and I photographed the squares we’ve excavated and took overall shots, and began backfilling. About 11am the dive team and Perry came ashore to help back-fill and sod the excavations. We loaded gear on the Pits, hoisted the zodiac aboard, had a lunch of tomato soup, and

raised anchor. Goodbye (again)! This time I think we can certainly say, for the last time. There is not much more I can imagine doing on land, although more could be done underwater, as we have not tested several of the stone piles. The trip to Harrington was a bit rough, as a SE wind was building up, supposedly to become a major storm, but it never really materialized here, and in Harrington the rest of the day remained quite fair.

We arrived in Harrington about 3pm and rushed to fill our water tanks, take showers, wash clothes, buy groceries, and get the lobsters before the fish plant closed at 5pm. Soon after we arrived, Wilson Evans and Paul Rowsell roared into the harbor in

Fig 4.29: HH-1, Area 9 and 10 excavations. View to SE.

Wilson’s boat, did a “pirouette” turn to come alongside the pier and caught a pair of waders Wilson had forgotten at home in the rush to get off. They are headed for Kegaska and a repair job on the pier. At 6pm we assembled at Christines for dinner and had another sumptuous feast—lobster shells flying—with wine, and potato and green salads. Christine had cooked bakeapple and apple pies for dessert. It was a wonderful last gathering, doubling serving as Will’s birthday and Erik’s departure in the morning. As we gathered for dinner I noticed a large gathering around the pond and thought some event was happening in the community hall. Instead, people were gawking at a young beaver that had taken up residence in the pond, scaring off the 20-30 ducks that usually ‘own’ the premises. The ducks were more or less oblivious to people and showed only modest avoidance of the dogs that occasionally lunged at them. For some reason, submarine beavers were more dangerous . The beaver had probably been driven off by its mother, perhaps from the larger town reservoir. Its tenure here is likely to be short, as there is no food in this pond, and its forays into the neighboring house yards where it has been chewing junks of firewood, have raised alarm. I called Lynne and found everything fine in Vermont; Mickey seems more lively with some new medicine and Lynne has had an x-ray of her injured thumb, finding a torn ligament, and is considering next steps.

Fig 4.30: Area 9 view to S.

Christine told us some stories of skidoo travel along the coast to visit and attend hockey games. As many as 50 machines would head out in a company, stopping every hour or so at a warm-up shed. She described some of the views en route as ecstatic, with the low light on the hills, the single file of travelers in a magnificent landscape, especially the highlands between Mutton Bay and La Tabatière. These were times that are not being repeated now that warm winters have come, making it difficult for Harrington people even to get off the island. Last winter the

ice bridge only lasted for 12 days.

Fig 4.31 : Boulder with peculiar (natural) markings from undercover excavation. Photo by W Richard

Fig 4.32: Boulder with natural vertical markings. Photo by W. Richard

Thursday,

15 August:

Harrington Harbor

Today was predicted to be a foul day, with showers and strong SW wind, but it dawned sunny and relatively calm. We were all up and breakfasted by 8 am and about to drop Erik and David on the pier, awaiting their water taxi and ferry

connections home; but as we gathered for goodbyes we could see the wind building and seas crashing on the shoals outside the harbor and dark clouds approaching from the west. Gale force winds were being called for the Newfoundland west coast. We immediately recalculated and declared a shore-day. By 10am the wind was too strong for Bryce to operate water taxi service to Chevery, and when this happens, they send the helicopter, which appeared about 11am. We ran from Wilsons and Christine a and just managed to wave goodbye to Erik as the chopper lifted off the pad, with Erik grinning in the co-pilot seat. David was set to leave on the ferry,

which will arrive on Sunday. He has been offered lodging at C&W Evans until then. Christine starts work in Chevery on Monday and is looking forward to it; she finds administrative work with the Chevery school exciting and may end up with a position that will require her to live there during the week, which would be wonderful for Sarah, who is in her last year at the C. high school, so they could live together and travel home for weekends. The current arrangement has Christine commuting from Harrington every day by chopper, which is quite a tiring affair. If warm winters continue, it seems likely more people will be shifting from Harrington to Chevery for jobs,

Fig 4.33: Freshly-showered crew at dinner with Christine, lob- since there is little winter employment in

sters, and wine. Photo by W. Richard Harrington.

For the rest of the morning we settled down at Christines for a study half. I had anticipated catching upon email, but my computer would not hook up with Wilson’s system. After a great chowder lunch Will and I spent a couple hours visiting Sharon and Jim Ransom. They had guests—the Anglican minister who has been present here for the past three years, originally from the Hamilton, Ontario, with her husband, who used to be a cameraman for CBC and other media outfits. Their daughter was visiting in Harrington for a few weeks. There seems to be an amicable arrangement now for the Anglican and United Churches to share the Anglican Church building, after the United Church burned some years ago. That event is now commemorated by the church’s bell, which has been mounted on the former site. Sharon showed us her recently-completed history of the combined churches, a text with many photographs, nicely mounted in a decorative wooden presentation box made by Jim. After the guests left, we had a great discussion about town history, the early arrival of Buckles and Jones, about Samuel Robertson who created the great seal, salmon, and cod fishery at La Tabatière, and many other subjects, including the prospects for Harrington to capitalize on its interesting history, artifact collections, and geography. They were particularly appreciative of our work to build local history and make it available at Rowsell House. Their own house is a veritable museum of old artifacts and knick-knacks, including a plaster architectural sculpture of the busts of an Indian man and woman Jim salvaged from an old building being demolished in St. John’s; this piece may go back to the time of the Beothuk demise. In those two hours we covered everything from how to preserve old houses in Harrington to the quality of lobsters and Will’s and my “Maine to Greenland book.” After return we took leave of Christine and Sarah about 6pm and returned for supper on the boat, and had a final goodbye with David. We were grateful for this ‘free day in Harrington as it gave us time to really say goodbye to our many friends here, especially Wilson and Christine who have been such generous hosts, advisors, and friends for the past 12 years.

I do think this is the last research visit to this area, but I certainly hope to return with Will when our book is out and I have the final Mecatina report done.

Friday 16 August: Harrington to Brador I thought we would never have another one of these days, but we did. Simply said, we lost our speedboat—for a second time in two years: this time out in the Gulf off Belles Amours Point, and still, two days later, have not recovered it. What a disaster! In retrospect it’s hard to see how we let this happen, but as usual, the wind crept up on us until we could do nothing about it. We

Fig 4.35: Wilson, Christine and Sarah Evans.

Fig 4.36: Crew shot in Harrington at season’s end: Will, Rebecca, Sarai, David, Marijo, Erik, Bill, and Perry. Photo by W. Richard

left Harrington at sunrise with a weather report for light wind, initially from the northwest and then southwest. At La Tabatière, Perry decided to make a straight run to Brador rather than take the usual inside Rigoulette passage via St. Augustine. The choice seemed fine at first, and I didn’t question it because the day was shaping up like the forecast predicted. However, during my turn at the wheel, when we were far offshore and Perry was resting, the breeze turned into a stiff southwest wind and we were slewing around in a following sea. We had brought the speedboat up earlier and she seemed to be doing fine, even though there were strong jerks as she careened from side to side on her short leash. By three o’clock the wind must have built to 25-30 knots and the seas were 1.5-2.0 meters. Once again, we heard that loud “bang” which we knew was the tow rope snapping. And there we were, again, stuck in a heavy sea with our speedboat bobbing amidst the whitecaps and we in the Pits almost helpless to secure her. After the Cape Norman episode two years ago, we tried to prevent this at all costs. Perry had rigged a couple of extra tow ropes in the bow of the speedboat with loops on the ends that might get caught with a boathook or grapple. So, maneuvering to come alongside in the seas, we first tried to hook the speedboat cutty by throwing the small grapnel. This yielded almost immediate success and we were able to retrieve the nylon towline whose loop end had got tangled in the hooks; miraculously, it did not come loose as I drew it in and secured it. We towed at a slow speed for about a half-hour and all seemed well.

Meanwhile, I made many attempts to hook the green towline so we could tow with two lines, one from each stern quarter, to keep the boat from careening, but each time the grapnel caught, it bounced out again when the line went slack and then tightened with a jerk. Then, when we were allowing ourselves some degree of hope with the nylon towline and Perry was heading to the closest harbor in Belles Amours, once

Fig 4.37: Young businessM’oman selling ice tea in Harrington. Photo by W. Richard

Fig 4.38: Sharon Ransom. Photo by W. Richard

again came that gunshot-like ‘bang’ as that line parted. This time the snapped backlash caught Will nearly in the face; he had been taking photographs and the line shattered his camera lens hood and hit his left index finger. For a moment we were in shock—this was so unexpected—but soon the moment passed, leaving Will with his hand numb and finger inoperable. Will retired to the cabin and we consulted Perry on options, which weren’t many. In the next pass by the Pits I managed to catch the old green rope that had worked so well at Cape Norman—with the boathook. Another secure towline! But soon this one snapped also. The only option left was to try to hook the boat with the heavy ship’s grapnel. I rigged it, and Will—despite his damaged finger—and I managed, with Perry’s superb ship-handling, to land that monster into the speedboat’s bow. We did this three or four times, but each

time the anchor pulled out, and then we had a 60-pound anchor hanging straight down in the water that took two of us to haul up. It was clear this would not work,

and besides, we were getting tired. There was always the possibility of getting your foot into a loop in the anchor line as we threw it and then raced back to the stern to try and secure the line. The only other option was to try and jump into the boat to secure a line by hand. Later an “old salt” on the Brador pier asked why we did not try this simple option first—to which I answered, the only candidates for this operation were 70 years old. It would have been my task, and with my gimp leg 1 was not going to chance it. I’d almost certainly have been able to jump into the boat, would certainly slip and fall in the process and perhaps get injured, and I could have tied on a line, but getting back aboard would have been dicey with the way the speedboat lurched to and fro in the seas. And if that I failed—then what? Driving the speedboat ashore might have been an option, but the huge whitecaps could have sunk us. So, we departed, marking the spot and hoping she would find a way inshore without getting destroyed on the rocks. In the midst of all the chaos, as we were throwing anchors, a school of herring after minnows surfaced around us and we found ourselves in the midst of a flock of

feeding gulls!

Fig 4.39: Jim Ransom. Photo by W. Richard

Fig 4.40: Crowd in Harrington. Photo by W. Richard

After tying up at the Brador pier we explained the situation to the fishermen, who immediately alerted the local rescue network. One drove Will to Florence’s to get his car, and in the meantime Florence appeared at the dock, checking to see where we might be, since we were to call her when we arrived. When everything settled down, we secured the Pits and went to her place for dinner. We had a lot of discussion with the fishermen about where the boat might go, depending on the tide, since the wind died back in the evening, probably before she could have been blown ashore. The general thought was she would probably drift

5T

Fig 4.41: Trying to corral the careening speedboat. Photo by W. Richard

toward Middle Bay or Old Fort. Florence gave us a nice dinner and shortly after, we collapsed, totally tired. The girls, who had to deal with the tension of watching the events from inside the heavily rolling Pits, trying to keep stuff in the cabin from coming loose everywhere, were in a similar state. At the dock there was a strong surge, but over the night it died out.

Ive been towing speedboats since the mid1970s, and we’ve never lost a boat until that last two years, and the last time, off Cape Norman, we were lucky to retrieve it. Since acquiring this 21-foot fiberglass boat, which is perfect for getting crews ashore and for supporting diving operations, we’ve had one close call and many, many trials and concerns with managing to tow it: once losing and retrieving, once getting the

towline caught in the Pits’ propeller—shutting the boat down completely—and scores of anxious moments. I guess this speedboat was just too big and heavy and required travel only under ideal conditions. If we don’t get her back, Perry will be relieved; no skipper likes to hassle a tow, especially a heavy one. Maybe this is the end of an era.

Saturday, 17 August: Brador

Saturday began calm but the SW wind picked up again after noon, although not to give us any trouble reaching or getting back from the Hart Chalet site. After breakfast we went over to Florence’s and called the Canadian Coast Guard so they could announce

the loss and ask mariners to keep a watch out for the boat. Later we heard it announced on St. Anthony CG radio. Then Will and I drove to the Blanc Sablon hospital where Will got immediate triage for his injured finger. Because he had to wait for the radiologist to arrive at 10am (result: two small fractures, first two fingers were bound together and should be immobilized for four weeks), I took the Volvo and picked up our crew and gear and drove to the turnoff from Rt. 138, where we left the car to avoid banging it up on the dirt road. The first order of business was to knock down the grass with the weed-whacker and cut out the underbrush and lower branches of the three trees that had invaded House 1, which we decided would be our prime target. Bushing out H2, 3 would have been much more work, and we already had a small collection from House 1. For lunch we returned to Florence’s and then returned to the site for the afternoon, this time using the zodiac. The cove where Florence and Clifford have their chalet is called Jack’s Cove; it’s one of several coves west of the Brador River, the outermost being Mosquito Cove, but that name could equally well describe any of those places, as far as bugs are concerned. We started a trench up from the entry of HI to its rear wall and immediately began

Fig 4.42: Temporaiy victory over the speedboat. Photo by W. Richard

finding nails, bone, and pottery. Test pits where Clifford had dug a sewer line from the mid-point of the house’s east wall showed no midden left, confirming that he had removed most of it (he had thrown ‘buckets of nails into the woods,” according to Florence). Later Florence showed us a few bags of materials that had come from their chalet property, including artifacts ranging from late Maritime Archaic to recent Indian; I did not see Groswater Paleoeskimo, but I found some chert near the road that might be from that culture. The MA gouge and axe pieces are supposed to have come from a location a bit farther down the road from their house, on the south side of the road, perhaps disturbed during road construction. There may be an MA site or cemetery in the vicinity!

We returned and made a spaghetti dinner at Florence s, who gave us the run of her house. She spends much of her time at the hospital in the afternoons and evenings taking care of Clifford, who seems unchanged from two years ago when we last saw him. We had showers and cleaned up and returned to the boat about 9:30. Florence seemed more relaxed than when we were here last, but her difficulties remain severe, emotionally and economically, because according to Quebec law she does not control the family assets while Clifford still lives. There is a court proceeding to attempt to resolve this, but it complicates all her troubles and ties her hands on real estate and even on submitting taxes.

Sunday 18 August: Brador The second day of our work went pretty smoothly, beginning with a boat transit to the site carrying gear and a lunch. The weather was overcast with a SW wind, but not enough to keep down the blackflies, which took a toll on our necks and wrists, despite out net shirts. When we arrived, a large German shepherd from the next cottage to the east checked us out at a distance and an hour later showed up at the site, initially being a loveable observer, but within minutes requiring play and attention that escalated to playful aggression. He took a fancy to raping me at one point.

Every so often he would answer his owners call and return home, but soon returned more rambunctious than ever. Finally, we got the owner to tie him up. Site work proceeded well, but without spectacular finds. We worked our way down to the house floor, where we found not a single pavement slab, only a greasy surface with scattered nails, charcoal, an occasional bone and a few pieces of earthenware and stoneware. It seems like the floor was paved with logs or planks—probably the latter. A fair number of large round beach cobbles were present on the floor, mostly likely roof rocks; but in Unit 4, at the south end of our 1x8 meter trench, we found a small cobble hearth associated with flint chips below the entry floor level; and in the center of the house, another hearth feature, this one on the floor. A 20 cm rise between Units 1 and 2 marked the transition between the main floor and the sleeping platform. Like the house floor, the sleeping platform was not paved and was probably made of wood, as several nails were found at floor level here, as well as a couple larger spikes that probably were roof timber fastenings. The rear wall was about 60 cm wide and slightly higher than outside ground level; side and front walls were wider and thicker. Surface inspection showed rock piles in each of the front corners of the house—probably hearth platforms. No soapstone sherds were found anywhere on the site. The interior of the house had been excavated, removing the peat and upper grey and red sand levels, so that the floor lay directly on B/C zone gravelly sand. The upper levels removed from the pit had been piled up on the walls, producing inverted stratigraphy over an intact ground surface that we had

Fig 4.43: Mapping the Hart Chalet Site. House 1. View North

found in tests several years ago and again this year in our Test Pit 4 and TP4 extension. It’s here that the most interesting HI artifacts were found, then and now. I excavated small test pits in the middens south of H2 (seal and caribou bones) and H3 (caribou bone, nail, and tile), and I chopped out the undergrowth from the interior of H2, finding a small square hole in the middle of its floor. Florence says this was Clifford’s test pit. Other than several robust spruce trees, this house would be easy to dig because there is no turf, only forest duff. My probes with the rod did not reveal evidence of a paved floor, and this was confirmed later in the test pits in the H2 entry. After a brief lunch, we worked until about 6:00pm and returned to the Pits in a bit of a sea chop before cleaning up and walking to Florence’s, where we found Will

and Perry acting as couch potatoes. No sign or knowledge from the fishermen about our missing boat. They reported mackerel running now, which they are catching in net traps along the shore.

Florence has a very interesting photograph of the chalet site area that Rene took and sent her while he and Clifford were exploring the area before the chalet was built. It shows a circle of grassy ground ringed by a low growth of spruce, only a few feet high, and to the north, open tundra. What a difference today with a 10-20 foot high forest.

The grassy clearing conforms to the location of the three Inuit houses and their middens. Levesque had designated the site EiBh-205.

Fig 4.44: 1968 photo of Chalet site area by R. Levesque. Florence Hart collection.

Monday 19 August: Brador

Another rather raw day with showers and SW wind, although little of this breeze reached Brador Bay, which seems magically protected from this dominant summer wind direction, and which creates such havoc outside the Brador Islands and around Blanc Sablon. The trees around the Hart chalet cut the wind further, making it a great place for black flies. We took the zodiac again this morning and finished up the HI trench and started

Fig 4.45: Hart Chalet House 1 and datum. View South.

working on test pits along its west wall (TP 4 and 4a), TP5 (Will’s, at the south end of H2), TP 6 ( WF’s, 5 m south of TP5, 15 cm of bone midden), TP7 (Marijo’s, a meter north of Christie Leece’s “needlecase” TP in the entry passage of H2), TP8 (WF’s, in the midden outside the entry passage of H3), TP9, (WF’s, 4 m south of the chalet porch steps), and TP10 (WF’s, 8 m south of the chalet porch steps). Perry, Will, and Florence came by with lunch materials and helped out with the digging during the midday hours. Despite doctor’s order’s, Will could not resist digging TP5, but as he got into it discouragement followed when it turned unproductive. The afternoon’s excitement was confined mostly to Sarai’s TP4 which produced some stoneware and a nice bone barbed harpoonlike implement. We returned to the Pits about 5:30 and found a smart NE breeze blowing off the land,

and walked to Florences for supper, where we heard the radio announcement of the talk I was to give tomorrow night sponsored by the QuebecLabrador Foundation. QLF’s Sorena Etheridge gave the interview and did a nice job promoting it. Florence returned home about 10pm, but we had got tired earlier and were already back aboard for a fairly unpleasant night’s sleep; the wind and waves were buffeting the Pits against the dock, and the current was creating a hissing sound as it sucked along the dock pilings.

By this time we were used to the absence of the speedboat and had become reluctantly accustomed to life with only the zodiac. In many ways this simplified life for Perry and me; Perry because maneuvering the boat on landings and departures could be hazardous and was a headache in strong seas and winds underway, especially when she broke loose and was a hazard to people and the Pits; and for me, because I was the official custodian on the speedboat, responsible for its towing and docking arrangements, and for bird-dogging it all the time while underway, adjusting its towline, watching for danger signals in heavy seas, and keeping it ship-shape, gassed, and operating it on shore parties. I had been trying to decide how to deal with the loss; how to report it to the SI; whether to try and find $20K for replacing it and the 50HP engine; and how to operate in the future without a large sturdy boat for shore parties, diving support, and in extremis, as the Pits’ primary lifeboat. I did not find any easy solutions.

Tuesday 20 August: Brador

There was a commotion on the pier when I woke at 6:30. Perry was talking with Fred, the elderly, well-informed, fisherman who had been coaching us on the matter of lost speedboats. I poked my head outside and saw them pointing to a white patch on one of the low islands about a mile across the bay. “Your boat is back!” he said with a smile. “That HAS to be your boat!”

It certainly looked like it to me, and to Perry, who with the binocs, thought everything about its shape and size was correct, except he could not see the motor.

She was tucked up on shore and had been left there by the falling tide.

Fishermen tending their mackerel nets yesterday evening had found it onshore and put a line on it so it wouldn’t drift off again at high tide.

They tried to get word to us last night, but we were not aboard. Perry and I

Fig. 4.47: Red Bay. Photo by W. Richard

Fig 4.46: Hart Chalet Inuit House 1 trench. View North.

hopped into the zodiac and found her resting comfortably in a depression on a smooth rocky ledge on the east side of one of the maze of islands in this area. Her sides, bow, and transom were scratched and scuffed up, but otherwise she was in perfect shape and everything was aboard, and not a drop of water inside. The motor was fine too, without a scratch. After waiting for the high tide to raise her stern, we levered her off with boards and timbers. The motor started immediately, and just as we were leaving the fishermen who had found her came by on their way to their nets, so we gave them a very hearty ‘thank you’ and our little squadron re-crossed the bay to the dock. The smiles and highfives from the fishermen there, too, were a wonderful sight. The boat must have drifted into the islands and shoals during the previous day and banged around a bit. Had she not been caught in a cul-de-sac she might have drifted right into Jack’s Cove and the Hart chalet! The northwest wind of the late afternoon must have sent here off again and got her fetched up on the shallow ledge where she grounded and was left high and dry, where she was first seen by the fishermen. Who says miracles can’t happen?!! Seems like she was intent on finding her way back to the Pits just like a trusty hound dog! The next morning we went off and bought a super-strong new towline, and in the meantime we moved her to the inner portion of the dock where the other small boats tie up.

The rest of the day seemed anticlimactic after die events of the morning, but produced good data. The TPs in HI and 2 continued to be productive, and Rebecca shifted out of the HI trench to TP4a which was producing better material. At the very end of the day she recovered a nice iron arrowhead made from a nail. I spent much of my time mapping and taking notes on the various TP finds. Rain showers slowed us down during the afternoon, but by evening we were ready to complete our work. Will and Florence came by for a couple hours and carried off most of the heavy gear in her car. Around 5pm we returned to the Pits and then to Florence’s to clean up before

the lecture.

The talk was in the Brador Community Hall, down the street from Florence’s. Sorena had arrived with food and sodas and was setting up the projector when we walked in. By 7pm, about 30 people had shown up, including Anthony Dumais, the Blanc Sablon regional mayor and owner of the Lourdes motel where our divers stayed last year.

One couple had come from LAnse au Chair, and Lorrene LaVallee, who heads up the Middle Bay Interpretation Center, was our westernmost attendee. Many others, like Jerry Landry, were from closer to home. I showed slides of our Mecatina project, and Will showed pictures and talked about tourism development. His picture of Florence and

Fig 4.49: Hart Chalet H2 entiy test pit 7. View North.

Fig 4.48: Test pit 6 at Hart Chalet Inuit village House 2 midden. View North.

Fig 4.50: The speedboat returns home, abound on an island shoal a kilometer from Pitsiulak. Photo by W. Richard

Clifford was a big hit. We had a great discussion about archaeology and tourism afterwards, much of it dominated by Anthony, who has had to negotiate development issues with the Quebec government and regional bodies. Much of the potential is linked to the completion of Rt. 138 and attracting clientele, especially because of the recent notoriety of Red Bay, which receives something like 8000 visitors each year and will increase next year due to its World Heritage designation. Very few of these travelers turn west when they emerge from the Newfoundland ferry. Creation of a couple provincial parks was a step in the right direction, but the issue failed because some towns were in opposition (Tête à la Baleine) and because the LNS’s “summer warriors”—the younger folks who have left for work on the mainland and return to the coast for 4-6

weeks in summer to hunt and fish (often poaching) and don’t want any new regulations, even though the villages in their homelands are drying up. These people are holding the entire coast hostage, making it difficult or impossible to implement changes that could help the region survive, if not prosper.

Without parks, 138, and culture, archaeology, and heritage, hiking and kayaking, etc. the coast is doomed to wither, as the numbers now clearly indicate: virtually all its young people leave for jobs elsewhere.

At the meeting, we met many influential people interested in these things. From St. Paul River came Garland Nadeau, who was keen to show me possible Inuit sites in his area. He was bearing two surprises: a bag of bakeapples, and a letter from Dwight Bilodeau explaining lasts summer’s financial difficulties and enclosing a personal check for $1000. Surprise indeed! Thanks Dwight! Everyone left the meeting charged up and hopeful that archaeology can play a big role in the future. Two particular targets are high on the list: the Courtemanche site and the Eastern Point (Belles Amour Peninsula) stone houses Clifford Hart had shown me some years ago. Negotiations with the Lettos, who own the property the fort is on, nearly succeeded a few years ago, but broke down when one of the senior members of the family died. Perhaps they can be re-started. The Belles Amour stone houses would be ideal because they are already visible on the surface, but they need more mapping and excavation than Levesque did in the 1960s. The Hart Chalet Inuit houses could be another key target. At the meeting, we also met Clarissa Smith, a cousin of Florence’s and author of “Broken Wings,” which tells her personal story, and other books. She will be writing a story for the local newsletter about our project and is full of enthusiasm and energy. She alerted us to some excellent site areas in the vicinity of “Five Leagues,” a series of small coves east of Middle Bay. There must

Fig 4.5 F The renegade boat is back in hand. Photo by W. Richard

TO

be an Inuit winter site in the Middle Bay area because a piece of an Inuit soapstone pot is in the MB Interpretation Center.

Wednesday 21 August: Brador

Today began raw and overcast, with a SW wind that was predicted to build to a gale in the Northeast Gulf and around Belle Isle Bank. Not a good day for boating, so we planned a trip to Red Bay. But before that, Anthony Dumas, the ‘mayor of Blanc Sablon and a strong proponent of heritage development, had asked me to take a look at some stone rings he was curious about. So we drove off in his heavy duty vehicle toward the west, through some beautiful high

country granite hills toward Middle Bay. We

. j rr., ji-uiiA i Fig 4.52: Replacing the brokentowline with a monster rope.

turned off the road at Belies Amours Peninsula, 6 ^ ^

i t i. 11 . i ij Photo by W. Richard

and I realized he was taking us to a boulder

field site that Clifford Hart had shown me

along the east shore of the peninsula nearly a decade ago. As he cradled a cup of coffee, we walked along the crest of the exposed boulder field and inspected about a dozen stone structures, some small cache pits, others being round or oval boulder house pits, including one that was nearly rectangular, measuring about 4x8 m with a central boulder divider or feature. The latter reminds me of similar structures found at ca. 17 th C. Inuit dwellings in Cartwright and Nain. However, I think there are a variety of cultural periods represented and that beach elevation is not the sole criteria for settlement; rather it was the presence of exposed boulders that could be easily excavated, even during the winter- or springtime. Anthony had noticed the features while he was stringing up an electric line to the cottage of Dr. Camile Marcoux, the founder of the Blanc Sablon Hospital. I recalled that Rene Levesque had written a report about his field work around Blanc Sablon in 1968 and had described and sketched these features. Clifford had noted that Levesque and he had found stone tools in some of these structures, but only a few of them seem to me to have been disturbed, as can easily be seen by the lack of lichen cover. Anthony was interested in the potential of this site for tourism, and I agree it would be an excellent prospect because the features of easily visible and accessible to the road. I reminded him Fig 4.53: Brador Bay Dock. Photo by W. Richard

that there are also two Inuit winter dwellings only a few minutes away on the west side of the peninsula. I can check the Levesque manuscript

to see if he describes the site more, and any finds. On the way back, Anthony showed us the place by the side of the road in Brador, where he found a two-foot thick bed of seal bones when he was installing electric poles just

north of the Hobbs welding and repair business and near the Courtemanche fort. This must be the site of a seal or whale factory for skins and oil.

After returning to the boat and moving the speedboat inside for better protection, we piled into Will’s car with Florence and drove off to Red Bay. En route, we stopped at the Blanc Sablon Interpretation Center, where we met Vicky Driscoll, working for CEDEC, a government tourist development group. She and Florence have worked together on heritage issues. The Center has inherited the two cases of archaeological material that used to be on display at the airport, probably prepared by Jean Yves Pintal. The drive to Red Bay was uneventful—almost no traffic—and when we got there we went for lunch to the Whaler’s Restaurant. In the gift shop we met a lady who lives in Fox Cove, near the Point Amour Lighthouse, in the summer, and in St. John’s in the winter. We sat and talked for awhile with her and her husband, Burford Ploughman, who for years has been a proponent of the Straits tunnel, which, he says, is gaining momentum again now in connection with completion of Route 138.

The new push is related to federal interest in completing a northern trans-Canada highway due to the increasing economic importance of the North and rising population in these regions. All feasibility studies for both projects have given green lights. He could not give us details, but he said with a twinkle in his eye, “It’s going to happen.”

After lunch we toured the Parks Canada museum and met its interpreters, Phillip Bride, who worked with Tuck on the original excavations, Kirby, and a woman whose name I did not catch. We met Cindy Gibbons at the upper museum.

Phillip has been at the museum for years and remembered our earlier visits. Once again we noted that much of what we have found at Hare Harbor is similar to what has been found at Red Bay, except for the wood treasures of a nautical wreck. Everyone there is excited by the UNESCO World Heritage designation. They had an official ceremony last month but are withholding the public event until next year when word can spread for better attendance. An interesting new piece of information is the presence of a star monogram on one of the engraved planks from the San Juan , a mark we have on the chafing bowls we found last year. But the meaning of this mark still eludes us. Perhaps Grenier’s monograph discusses it.

The weather was quite foul by the time we returned to Brador. We stopped at the hospital for a half hour to visit Cliff. He looked great—very fit and handsome. I was able to elicit a smile from him one time, and he seemed to register my report that we had recovered our speedboat. But overall, there was no noticeable improvement in his Alzheimer condition. Returning to the dock we found the Pits riding OK and brought all of Will’s and Rebecca’s gear over to Florence’s, where we planned to spend the night so they could get off to the ferry without difficulty

Fig 4.54: Anthony Dumas, Bill Fitzhugh, and Rebecca Mayus inspecting rock structures at Belles Amours. Photo by W. Richard

H2

early in the morning.

Thursday 22 August: Brador

It felt strange sleeping on a bed after more than a month, but not unpleasant! We rose at 6:30 and had a breakfast of fried eggs and toast prepared by Rebecca, who rose to the challenge after we had ribbed her mercilessly for weeks about taking on cooking duty; other than assisting me several times, she evaded capture until this morning. Will and Rebecca departed on schedule, leaving Perry and me with Florence. A small crew now! After some discussion with Clarissa Smith, a neighbor and cousin of Florence, author of “Broken Wings” and other books, we had a lunch of roast chicken and drove to Middle Bay to visit their Interpretation Center. I had never been further west on the road than Belles Amour Peninsula, so it was a treat to see the marvelous sculptured granite topography and myriad lakes, extremely high raised beaches, ridge-top erratics and other geographic wonders. It is easy to imagine this landscape at the close of the Ice Age 10,000 years ago, and I itched to tramp the highest beaches for cultural features. This would be a great area to hunt for Dennis Stanfords maritime Paleoindians! When Route 138 gets built I bet there will be some surprising discoveries.

Surf was pounding on the big sandy beach at Middle Bay and we easily guessed this was a pretty marginal spot for a major Basque operation, having only one mediocre semi-protected landing spot, now occupied by a rundown fish plant and small fishermens store sheds. The Basque operation, which is well-interpreted by signs, is located on a small rocky peninsula at the south end of the current fishing operations. But we saw few tiles and a single tryworks. Nevertheless, Françoise Niellon was able to recover a good range of cultural materials, marmites, small pitchers, nails, etc. These and many other things are on display in a fine small interpretation center developed by The Quebec-Labrador Foundation’s local employee, Sorena Etheridge, with assistance from J-I Pintal and Selma Barkham in an exhibition called “Five Cultures”—with other presentations on the Inuit, Innu, French and English. The center also displays recent fishing and domestic gear, a bit of natural history, sells some knitted crafts, and has a small restaurant. We had a nice discussion with Lorrene LaVallee and her colleagues. They got about 350 car-traveling tourists last year, and a bit less this year. Flow to attract tourists to a dead-end road is a major problem, so R.138 is the key. Unfortunately, the LNS ferry does not stop here. This part of the coast desperately needs an archaeological program; hopefully we can find a student to take this on and work with tourist development people.

Lorrene LaVallee told us about Françoise Niellon and and about a possible Inuit site they had found where the bridge crosses the Salmon Bay River a few miles west of Middle Bay. They knew little about the finds or a publication. We decided to look for it and found it exactly where they described, in a clearing in the spruce forest a few hundred yards south of the east end of the bridge and 50 meters from the riverbank. The site consists of two rectangular stone or brick wall foundations about 30cm wide standing 30-40cm above ground. Each structure has a lxl m pit excavated one meter deep in the center of the building and a large hearth or fireplace platform in the rear. No entry passage or other features suggest Inuit construction. Probing with my fingers in the turf on the wall of the northern structure

T5

Fig 4.56: 16th century Basque model ship. Red Bay Museum.

produced a fragment of a 19 th century transfer print blue glaze ceramic and several fragments of brick.

I guess this is a 19 th C. European fishing or trading post. Here the river ends and its course widens into a shallow bay; this would be a great salmon fishing spot. Returning to Florences, we spent the evening writing and watching TV while Florence went to be with Clifford at the hospital. Earlier in the day, I had a conversation with Igor Krupnik and Nicole—no special news from the SI, and it seems I am not to be crucified for neglecting (until now) to get a picture of the SI property tag on this computer sent to our IT staff for their yearly inventory report. The wind is down but there is still a big swell on. We’ll see how this works out tomorrow. I have the new heavy-duty towline hooked up on the speedboat, so were ready to go!

Friday 23 August: Brador to St. Anthony

Perry and I slept at Florences and she offered to drive us to the boat. We rose at dawn, still hearing the roar of surf far off down the shore, but the wind was light and predictions were for variable winds through the day. We had waited a day to let the high SW swells diminish. We said goodbye to Florence, took leave from the fishermen who were already out in force at 5:15am, and chugged away with the speedboat sporting its new bright white

% inch braided nylon towline. We had nearly a week of work with Florence and we all got to know each other well. It was hard to leave her, and I think she felt the same about us, because we brought some energy back into her life through our mutual interests in carrying on Clifford’s work in archaeology. Yesterday morning, Florence brought out all her papers and notes on the Courtemanche and chalet sites, including photos of the excavations of the fort Rene had sent them alolng with a book of xeroxed archival records on Brador and Courtemanche, a map of the layout of the fort site with a drawing of the fort, and other materials crucial for further work there. There was even a letter from the CMC’s David Keenlyside responding to a note Clifford and Florence sent mentioning their archaeological finds and Maritime Archaic cache. He responded with a copy of a CMC publication on a prehistoric site on the Upper North Shore that illustrated many of the stone tools from the northern Gulf. All these thoughts were with us as we sailed off.

At first, the going was rough. Florence had said the shore around Lourdes, where the hospital is located, was completely “whoite” with surf, and the fishermen said these were some of the biggest seas they had ever seen from a summer wind storm. Even two days later, the swells were still piling up around the entrance to Brador Bay. At first we had to steam south, into the seas, but as we got away from land and shoal water, the swells eased off, and we were able to head northeast to intersect the Newfoundland coast. The wind and swells dropped and eventually a NE breeze with rain settled in and lasted all day until

manche settlement at Baie Philypeaux (Bradore), from Leveques papers. Courtesy of Florence Hart.

we reached St. Anthony, with the wind never more than 15-20 knots. The speedboat likes its new, robust towline and behaved very nicely. Around 1 lam we passed Cape Norman, and by three, entered Quirpon Harbor. Lo and behold! there at the dock was Alcai /, Walter Adey’s light blue three-master. We tied up briefly to say hello, learned he had a great research trip down the Labrador as far as Nain, had sent his crew home, and he and Karen were leaving for Port Saunders early tomorrow.

They will put their boat up there this year. I told him to look up Bill and Aileen Lowe. Then we cast off again and went on to St. Anthony to take advantage of good conditions and cut the trip time tomorrow. We arrived at St. Anthony at 4pm Quebec time, making it an eleven hour steam, then set our watches back 1.5 hours to Newfoundland time. Dinner was at Mary Brown’s Chicken place in the local mall. Captain Jim Penny, owner of the fish buying operation next to the town pier, drove us to MB’s and told us how he and his son had just caught 3500 pounds of cod from a single haul of two 60-fathom gill nets near St. Anthony a few days ago! Only one other time in his life had he seen the like: in Black Tickle, Labrador, three decades ago, before the cod fish crash and the moratorium. It seemed a bit odd to be sitting in a mall eating Mary Brown when our bodies were still swaying from the swells. Weather reports for tomorrow sound ok for travel, a bit breezy in the morning but tapering off in afternoon. Back at the Pits, Perry told me about his fishing trips down the Labrador with his father. When one of the crew died. Perry got recruited to the task of‘splitter’—the one of a four-many team processing cod fish who splits open the fish and extracts the thoracic vertebrae—a crucial operation that requires skill and super efficiency (only two or three swipes with the knife allowed), Perry got recruited. His father could split in two swipes: one cut left to right along the

backbone from head to tail, and a second, right to left, removing the thoracic vertebrae from the split-open fish. Perry does it in three cuts. Splitting allows the fish to be dried by air or salt.

One summer there were so many cod fish his father had to split every one they caught, heading the processing crew while the rest of the team delivered fish from the traps and gill nets. Today this commercial work is done by mechanical splitters that aren’t as efficient as an old-time splitter, but can handle fish in bulk faster than people can. I suppose at various times there have been Newfoundland versions of “John Henry”-type contests between human and mechanical splitters!

Saturday 24 August: St. Anthony to Lushes Bight

This morning dawned clear, with a light northwest breeze, exactly as predicted—a perfect offshore wind for heading south along the northeast Newfoundland coast. We left soon after first light, and as the day unfolded, conditions grew better and better, until from the Horse Islands to Lushes Bight we had a nearly waveless sea and bright sun. Unlike our northern passage here in July, we saw almost no wildlife—only a single group of porpoises and no whales at all. A few puffins clowned about but little else was stirring. When we arrived at Lushes Bight we heard that a few people had visited the Grey Islands looking for bakeapples, but few were found this year. The Pits performed beautifully, and our speedboat behaved well on her new heavy towline. Why we did not shift to

Fig 4.59: Salmon Bay site. View Southwest.

Fig 4.58: Middle Bay Museum displays.

a heavy gauge towline years ago is a mystery—we just believed those nylon lines were nearly unbreakable. When we arrived at Lushes Bight about 7pm after a 12-hour steam, we found no one to greet us, and Perry had to call his mother to roust Louise out from Barbara and Maurices “Shed”—a bit of a Saturday evening socializing. Will was nowhere in sight, so I left a message at Greg Woods and got a call back from Will an hour later saying they had been down around Stephenville meeting with some International Appalachian Trail colleagues. Will said he would drive to meet us tomorrow.

25-30 August: Project Winding Down

After our arrival the weather continued fair for the next few days, allowing us to process the artifact collections, wash and

dry the faunal materials, and pack them for shipment to Anja Herzog, who had agreed to catalog them. We transcribed the field note lists into an excel file and I sent that to Anja along with a picture of the interesting floral pattern sherd Will found in 4S/4W. Ever ything was pretty quiet around the Colbourne compound, as the men were all off working or driving kids to college in St. Johns. Nan was a frequent visitor to Perry and Louises, often coming for dinner or having dinner brought to her place. Over these three days, Perry and Louise prepared some wonderful meals—both lunches and dinners: grilled steak one night, Asian stir-fry another time, and for our last meal, a turkey with all the fixin’s, to which many relatives were invited. After we got the artifacts cleaned and packed in new white plastic buckets (one of Hare Harbor underwater material, one of HH-1 and Hart Chalet site artifacts, and two buckets of Hart Chalet faunal collections), we cleaned up the pumps and dredge gear. Since we were done with Hare Harbor and did not have any immediate prospects for more underwater work. Brad Loewen decided we should send the gear back to Montreal. It was shipped out from Budgells later in the week for about $500, about twice what it cost to ship to Newfoundland in the first place. Brad is going to need to refit the hoses with the new fittings Mathieu purchased and sent out to us, but which we did not use, finding the old fitting still useable for the shallow depth work we had to do this year.

By Wednesday, we had the Pitsiulak cleaned up and ready to take to the marine center in Triton. Perry’s daughter Jane drove the truck down with the timber frames to hold her upright on the storage lot and Will, Perry, and I took to boat down and got her set for hauling, which happened quickly after we had lunch at Fudge’s Restaurant. In between, Will and I visited Jerry Jones, the owner of the marine center, now repurposed as a diamond drill rig production outfit. They make portable (sort of!) rigs on skids that can be pulled around the country or dropped in by helicopter. Much of his business recently has been in South Africa, but during the recent mining slump (due to over-production, he says) he has been branching out to other markets; for instance, building mobile camps that can be dragged around by four-wheelers, hoping to break into the hunter’s market. He wanted me to check out some archaeological finds he showed me last year—a pretty nice, small Maritime Archaic ground slate gouge—found on a beach below his fancy new house. We inspected the beach area it came from but found

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Fig 4.61 : Salmon Bay transfer print ceramic.

Fig 4.60: Salmon Bay site house foundation.

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no other signs, and nothing of red paint to indicate it had been in a burial.

Probably that beach had had an MA site that got washed away recently. He had shown the piece to Jerry Penny in St. Johns and got a similar identification.

While inspecting

the area, we found a couple of possible hearths in situ in the woods near his house. Next year we might look more closely at these as possible sites. There is one other important MA clue to follow up: Chad Caravans father, Vince?, who lives in Miles Cove, found a bunch of MA tools in his yard some years ago. These materials are now displayed in the Roberts Arm town library/town center building. I tried to get in to see them this summer, but the place was always closed when I passed by. Sounds like Miles Cove needs to be checked out!

Fig 4.62: Maurice with his ‘'log snake ” at Lushes Bight. Photo by W. Richard

On Thursday, Will and I left after we had dropped off the dredge gear at Budgell’s for shipment to Montreal, and drove down to Port aux Basques. We had a bit of extra time and made a side-trip to Stephenville and the big, sandy Port au Port Peninsula that juts out into the Gulf from SW Newfoundland. There is supposed to be some high-quality chert available here. We stopped briefly to look at the unusual limestone or chaulk pillars at Kippens at the mouth of the Romaine River, but could not get close enough to check for chert. The ferry left Port aux Basques on schedule at about 11:30pm and we had a smooth crossing to North Sydney, N.S., arriving Friday morning about 6am. The rest of the day was a pleasant drive through NS, New Brunswick, and Maine to Wills house, which we reached about 9pm Friday evening, stopping only for meals and a couple of boxes of Ganong’s chocolates in St. Stephen. Now that the highway is finished, the new route bypasses the old Indian blueberry store, so we don’t come sailing through US Customs with the aroma of muffins and big flats of berries in Will’s Volvo. This year, our passage through Customs was enlivened by an official who had studied archaeology at the University of Maine and had Alaric Faulkner as his favorite instructor. Sadly, Alaric died a couple of years ago at a quite young age. It was nice to see a Customs official with an interest in archaeology; he’s clearly a special breed. When we arrived in Georgetown, Will’s wife, Lindsay, put on a nice spread of wine and cheese. We were too tired to have a real supper and this was a great way to re-emerge from fieldwork. We slept the night and Will drove me down to Portsmouth Circle where I rendezvoused with Lynne, who drove over from Vermont and picked me up. A casualty of the driving trip was the loss of my Gil camera battery and my green flash drive with Edward Nelson and Harri Luukkanen files. I lost them somewhere along the way, out of my front pocket.

Project Summary

The 2013 field program provided an important conclusion to our explorations of Basque activities at the Hare Harbor-1 site and contributed to a better definition of the Inuit occupation of the Quebec Lower North Shore by further testing the Hart Chalet Inuit winter in Brador. At Hare Harbor, our excavations in Areas 9 and 10 refined our understanding of Basque and Inuit activities on the land site. In Area 9 we excavated a hearth surrounded by a border of roof tiles that produced only Basque/European materials—principally nails and earthenware ceramics and nothing that related to the finds from the S-5 Inuit house and A8 midden—i.e. no soapstone vessels, glass beads, clay pipes, reworked lead, chipped glass, or other Inuit-modified European objects. Area 9

seems to have been a pure Basque component that may have been part of the earliest Basque/European components at the site, comparable perhaps to the sub-tile midden hearths north of the S-l cookhouse. We shall await the verdict on the age of the A9 material from ceramic analysis, but the presence of yellow glazed platterware suggests an early, perhaps 16 th century, date, and a time when there were no Inuit present at the site. The A9 units south of the hearth seem to have been used primarily as a place to dump tiles and broken ceramics to help dry up this perpetually wet terrain. Other than the hearth, no notable features were found, and the boulder accumulations here seem to have arrived during the process of clearing the site.

Area 10, around and between the large boulders immediately Fig 4.63: Jerry Jones and Bill inspecting Mari- we st of the S- 1 cookhouse, seems to have been used as a

time Archaic finds. Photo by W. Richard dump for the S-l cookhouse, and, earlier, as the site of one of

the small baleen hearths of which several were found in Area 2 beneath the tile midden. The A10 baleen hearth was at the bottom of the midden deposit and was overlain by materials similar to the S-l cookhouse, i.e. grey stoneware, glass beads, and soapstone. The several soapstone pieces suggest that the cookhouse was staffed in part by Inuit women.

The underwater research expanded previous excavations and produced similar results from other pits excavated at the top of the central ballast piles in 2012. Among the notable finds were many fragments of a glazed, decorated porringer, pieces of EW cooking ware, remains of shoes, rope, fish and animal bones, wooden pins, lead shot, and a small amount of glass. To save on

conservation costs, some recovered materials that were similar to what we have collected previously were photographed and documented and then returned to the pits from which they came. The stratigraphy encountered in these pits was the same as found during the past several years. However, in our 2013 units, the stratigraphy was complicated by the presence of buried ballast stones that had to be excavated and removed, making it difficult to see the layer interfaces. On the other hand, we learned that the midden accumulated of a piece’ with the ballast stone deposits, suggesting many discrete episodes of ballast dumping alternating with midden deposition. This is what one would expect from repeated voyages during which vessels returned to the anchorage, dumped ballast, and then proceeded to accumulate midden material.

Fig 4.64: Jeriy Jones’ house and beach. Photo by W Richard

Finally, investigations along the shore adjacent to the anchorage produced no evidence of tryworks, or burned rocks of tiles. Test pits in the bank showed roof tiles wedged between large boulders and mixed with marine clay, supporting the view that a large rock-fall event occurred sometime during the Basque occupation.

AS

Our data from Hare Harbor-1 continue to suggest a brief occupation by late 16 th century Basque whale-hunters who built small hearth, often with baleen paving, followed, decades later—toward the end of the 17 th C.—by Basques or other fishermen who used grey stoneware as well as marmite cooking vessels, clay pipes, and who erected a cookhouse and blacksmith shop. During this latter occupation, the Europeans seems to have been joined by Inuit who established winter quarters and had access to the same European materials found in the cookhouse and blacksmith shop. These Inuit built a winter house of sod, stone, whalebone, and charcoal and their activities created a large midden in Area 8. The precise nature of the relationship between the Europeans

and the Inuit is difficult to decipher, but the large amount of European materials found in the Inuit sites suggests direct access to finished products rather than from scavenging from abandoned Basque occupations.

Our work at the Hart site refined our knowledge of this large three-house village.

A photo of the site taken by René Levesque in 1968 shows most of this area in tundra or grass vegetation, ringed by a small clump of spruce. Today the houses are buried in spruce forest. We excavated a 1x8 m trench up the entry passage and through the middle of House 1, to its rear wall. No pavement stones were found, and the only feature noted was a small hearth ring in the center of the floor and a raised platform at the rear (north) end of the house. Raised areas with buried rocks suggest hearth platforms are present in the unexcavated SW and SE corners of

the dwelling. Before construction the house pit had been excavated into the sterile gravel which we found immediately beneath the blackened soil of the house floor. Bone preservation was poor inside the house and only a few pieces of tile, nails, and ceramics were found. However, in midden deposits outside the west wall, a number of interesting ceramic finds were made as well as excellent samples of food remains. Stoneware suggests that these dwellings probably date to the 17 th rather than the 16 th century, as we suspected from previous tests. The absence of paved stone floors and entry passages also suggests a relatively late date for the occupation, because the interior of these dwellings were floored with wood planking rather than stone slabs. This non-traditional Inuit architecture suggests availability of European technology, like sawn planks, as well as nails, iron axes, and saws. Tests in Houses 2 and 3 indicate similar architectural patterns as House 1, with wood floors and bone middens. Further work needs to be done here and at the two Belles Amours Inuit winter houses to clarify their ages and relationships with Europeans. Our excavations at Hare Harbor, Little Canso Island, Belles Amour, and the Brador River Hart Chalet make it clear that for at least several decades, if not longer, in the 17 th century, Inuit had a substantial year-round presence on the Quebec Lower North Shore from Blanc Sablon to Petit Mécatina.

Fig 4.65: Hare Harbor - 1 Areas 9 and 10 at the end of excavation. Photo by W. Richard

During our work at Brador we had a chance to visit Belles Amour and Middle Bay. The large number of boulder pithouses at Belles Amour would be an excellent target for future archaeological work and tourism development. These structures probably date to the last 3,000 years (no Maritime Archaic longhouses are present, quite likely

because these beaches are too low for the MA sea levels). They are mostly intact and could easily be excavated and mapped. Some appear to be of Indian origin, while at least one large rectangular structure may be Inuit. Clarissa Smith recommended we check out the landscape, called locally ‘Five Leagues,’ just east of Middle Bay. The topography would make this area an excellent location for Inuit, Basque, and prehistoric sites. The region is on a hiking trail that offers scenic views and opportunities for developing a historical panorama of potential value for the regional tourism industry.

Fig. 4.66: Will, Perry, Nan, Louise, and Bill saying goodbyes at seasons end.

5 - Mare M arbor -1 (E_b£>t~5) Maps and | rofiles

16W

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146 144 135 126

141 144 134 135

139 143 137 134

146 145 144 138

157 155 145 144

171 160 143 144

172 161 145 141

180 163 143 140

140

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-no beads and no pipestems (except in 4S/ 5.5W)

Hare Harbor-1 A9

Elevation Map

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Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3)

Overall Artifact Map

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This section presents summaries of each of the units excavated at the Hare Harbor-1 land site.

Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3)

Area 9 Hearth and Midden

0S/8W (WR, RM, WF) The north wall of OS 8W falls on a 10-25 cm high ledge that runs downslope one meter south of the sites natural runoff ditch. When we cleared the sod we found the low “wall” was a narrow ridge of bedrock, flush with the ground surface, covered with crushed roof tiles, probably built up to keep water from the ditch out of the work area to the south. The rest of the upper level of the square seems to be a dump, having lots of tiles, charcoal-stained soil, a few nails, flint fire-starter chips, the odd piece of ceramic and glass, and a lump of pumice, the second one we have found at the site. Many of the rocks and tiles were “akimbo”—having been dumped. Very little was found in the eastern side of the unit except large beach boulders and one interesting EW rim sherd. However the SW quadrant produced lots of earthenware (some plain and some yellow-glazed), flint, nails, and a small, thin, round wafer-like disc of lead with no markings or other sign of use or function; it may be sprue left over from bullet-making (There is lots of evidence of lead shot underwater). All of this material, as in OS/10W, came from the deepest black earth deposit, only a few cms above sterile ground, or in crevices between beach rocks.

Fig 5.00: View of OS 8 W Photo by W. Richard

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Fig 5.01: 0S/8Wnails and ivoiy.

Fig 5.02: OS/8W artifacts.

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Fig 5.05: View of 0S/10W Photo by W. Richard

Fig 5.06: 0S/10Wnails and iron.

Fig 5.09: 0S/10W ceramics.

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2S/10W (WF) This unit had a mound-like surface 1015cm higher that the surrounding units, Its upper level contained several nails, a fragment of a grindstone, and a few pieces of earthenware. The mound soon was emerged as a large hearth composed of decomposed rock slabs and burned cobbles set in a matrix of clayey brown ‘hearth sand’ mixed with charcoal, burned tiles, a few nails, pockets of burned bird bone, and a few white glazed earthenware similar to that found in 0S/10W. The hearth was defined by a rough circle of round rocks outside of which was black earth containing tile fragments and a few nails. In the southern part of the hearth a patch of tan soil with charcoal produced a concentration of EW sherds (some with yellow glaze), nails, calcined bone, and other material.

As we excavated further, the base of the hearth was found to be paved with flat slabs of mica schist. The brown sand is only found inside the hearth ring, and outside one finds only black charcoal- and carbon-rich soil filled with tile fragments and the occasional nail. In the lower black earth, which was heavily enriched with charcoal, tiles disappear and pottery, nails, and strike-a-light flakes appear. This layer grades into sterile undisturbed peat. One interesting find was the rim of a yellow-glazed dish, reminding me of similar pieces from the blacksmith shop, supposedly one of the earliest pieces of ceramic on the site. This sherd was found at the base of the culture level.

Fig 5.11: North view of 2S/10W. Upper Level hearth. Photo by W. Richard

Fig 5. 12: View of 2S/10W, Lower Level hearth. Fig 5.13: 2S/10W iron artifacts.

Photo by W. Richard

Fig 5.14: 2S/10W iron nails and objects.

Fig 5.15: 2S/10W ceramics and glass.

Fig 5.16: 2S/10Wartifacts.

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4S/8W (WR, WF) This unit had fewer tiles and more ceramics and black earth than 2S/8W Its function is difficult to determine, but it contained a continuation of the deep midden deposits of tile, charcoal, nails, and earthenware found in 2S/8W, and a 30 cm long piece of baleen. After a rainfall that flooded this square for several days, we continued excavation, finding considerable amounts of earthenware in one spot, and in another, a cluster of marmite sherds, including two fitting pieces with check-stamp decorative bands. Most of these sherds came from the lower part of the black earth, below the tile concentration and therefore from the early stage of occupation before tiles were spread as a pavement on the soggy soil. In another location we uncovered part of an earthenware cup, smashed and upside-down. There were very few nails and no stoneware. Small eroded fragments of a glazed porringer were also recovered (little glaze intact), as well as a piece of white starter flint, a basal piece of EW with a remnant green-yellow glaze, and a few strips of baleen.

Fig 5.17: View of 4S/8W. Photo by W Richard

The area from 4S to 7S lies in the drainage path for the southern part of the site, and consequently some of the dumping of tiles,

rock, and midden was probably to dry up the mucky ground. At the bottom of the black earth we found quite a bit of charcoal, but the transition from charcoal/tile cultural deposits to sterile ground was often to peat instead of to beach sand, with tile often at the midden/peat interface. There seemed to be no purpose to the rock distribution except for a single heavy slab present in the SE corner of this unit. The few small slabs present were tossed in, like tiles, to dry up the ground, not to serve as pavement.

Fig 5.18: 4S/8W ceramics.

Fig 5.19: 4S/8W iron.

Fig 5.20: 4S/8Wceramics.

Fig 5.22: 4S/8W ceramics.

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6S/10W, 8S/10W (WF, RM) This unit and 8S/10W was covered with spruce thicket in 2012. After clearing in 2013 we found both to have large boulders, some of which appeared to have been rolled into their present positions. With no sod present because of the spruce growth, the cultural level was nearly at the surface and consisted of a thin layer of tiles and charcoal-stained soil over sterile sand. Other than tiles and nails, there were no artifacts. The rocks may have been used to produce charcoal, as in A7, but unlike A7 they were not buried in deep deposits of pure charcoal.

Fig 5.23: View of 6S/10W. Photo by W. Richard

Fig 5.24: View of 8S/J0W Photo by W Richard

8S/14W (RM) This unit had been tested with a 50x50 cm. pit earlier because it contained a cluster of boulders, and this test was expanded into a full unit in 2013 for clarification. It produced only a couple of seal ear bones, some mammal long bone fragments, and a large nail. Under the turf a 5- 10cm layer of black earth was present with tile fragments and charcoal, and below that, sterile peat above beach rocks.

Fig 5.25: View of8S/14W. Photo by W Richard

Fig 5.26: 8S/14W iron and bone finds.

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2S/2W (RM, WF) The 2S/2W and 4S/2W units are only one meter west of the Si excavation of 2002/3. There were very few artifacts other than nails in 2S/2W, although a single EW vessel bottom (porringer?) turned up in the basal deposit along the north wall, along with many nails. Quite a few large rocks stuck up in this square above the general level of the beach stones.

Fig 5.27: View of 2S/2W. Photo by W. Richard

Fig 5.28: 2S/2JV iron, glass, and ceramics.

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4S/2W (WR, WF) This unit, north of the rising south ridge outcrop, was a different story. While turfing, we found a large oval while bead with blue stripes, an earthenware bowl rim with a collar like ones we’ve seen on grey stoneware, a sherd of grey stoneware, and nails. The black earth level contained mostly charcoal and tiles, with nails and a couple of grey stoneware fragments but almost no earthenware. In the western side of the unit, beside the large boulder, Will found a clay pipe with fluted bowl decoration, and on the south side of the unit, at the bottom of the black earth just above beach cobbles, a small slab stone hearth appeared with baleen strips around its western side. The earth around this hearth was densely packed peat and charcoal. This hearth resembles the small hearths we found east of the cook-house, except the latter had lots of earthenware sherds in them. The other major find was a piece of Inuit, soapstone cooking vessel with several drilled repair holes. This, the glass bead, clay pipes, and the Normandy stoneware, link to the cookhouse finds, so we can be confident that these squares and probably 4S/4W also—i.e. all of Area 10—are dumps associated with the upper level of the cook-house occupation.

Fig 5.30: 4S/2W soapstone, glass, pipe, and ceramics.

Fig 5.31: 4S/2W iron finds.

Fig 5.33: 4S/2W ceramics, glass, pipe, and ceramics.

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4S/4W (WR) This one-meter square is framed by large boulders and is located between Area 9 and the Si cookhouse, at the bottom of a slope that begins at the west edge of the structure. This unit also tapped into ground water and was often flooded, but it produced important finds: fragments of a porringer with all but a few patches of glaze spalled off. Sherds of a couple other ceramic types also appeared, including a glazed polychrome vessel sherd resembling Chinese porcelain. An iron adze was also found at the top of the culture layer, and rim and shoulder fragments of a strap-handled jar, marmite rims and handles, grey stoneware, more parts of the EW porringer, a sandstone whetstone, iron spikes, a piece of baleen, and another wall fragment of an Inuit soapstone pot with mending holes. The stoneware and soapstone link this material to the cookhouse, only a few meters upslope, making this most likely the Si midden.

Fig 5.36: 4S/4Wglass and ceramics.

Fig 5.37: 4S/4Wiron adze.

Fig 5.39: 4S/4W iron adze.

Fig 5.4L' 4S/4Wwhetstone.

Fig 5.43: 4S/4Wearthenware.

Fig 5.38: 4S/4W ceramics.

Fig 5.42: 4S/4W nails.

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Shoreside Rock-fall

One of the peculiarities of Hare Harbor-1, as a Basque site, is the absence of shore-based try-works. We often wondered if they might be present beneath the large rock-fall that had accumulated between the cliff and the north shore of the anchorage. The last major fall in this area includes huge blocks, some measuring many meters in diameter. Investigating this area several years ago, I found roof tiles wedged under some of the large blocks, suggesting the fall occurred at or shortly after the Basque occupation. To explore further, this summer I made several test pits at the lower limit of the rock-fall, which did not reach the shore. Roof tiles were plentiful in the eroding ground above the tideline. None of these tiles, or other rocks in the land-wash, or underwater, had been found burned or blubber-encrusted—a common occurrence at Red Bay and other 16 th century Basque whaling stations.

About ten meters north (upslope) from the shore where we first found tiles eroding I found tiles beneath fern roots in black-brownish soil, and below that, a grey marine clay, also with tiles and a piece of worked quartz Excavating elsewhere among the rounded beach bounders (as opposed to rock-fall) I found more tiles, some wedged between beach rocks and mixed with clay. Many of the boulders have air spaces between them. This and the presence of clay suggest these rocks were dislodged from glacial marine deposits during a rock-fall event. If this clay was an in situ marine deposit there would be no air spaces and no way for tiles to become incorporated. There are also tiles in the black soil above the boulders, perhaps indicating continued use of the site after the rock-fall. The continuing absence of try-works and of burned and encrusted tiles and try-work rock suggests that (1) whaling was not a major activity during the Basque activities at Hare Harbor; (2) land-based try-works were not utilized; (3) that a rock-fall event occurred during ore immediately following Basque occupation; and (4) rock-fall may have been a factor in the site’s abandonment. It may also indicate that charcoal-fired ship-board try-works were being used by the time our site was occupied in the 17 th century.

Fig 5.44: Basque tiles are found between and under the cliff rock-fall, embedded in marine clay.

6 - i~iare f~~jarbor~ Î 20 1 5 (Jnderwater ^ite Report by ri kr^ aneuf

Methodology

The 2013 underwater field season marked the seventh and last season of exploring the submerged Basque remains. The divers Erik Phaneuf, Sarai Berreiro Argüelles, Marijo Gauthier-Bérubé and David Légaré logged overall 70 dives totalising approximately 75 hours of combined bottom time. Together with the Smithsonian team, the crew lived on the Pitsiulak anchored in Hare-Harbour from the second day of August until the 14th August. Work days were divided in two dives in the morning and two dives in the afternoon. On each dive, two divers worked side by side in a buddy system using a dredge constructed with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes 6 inches wide and a flexible hose of the same width, Captain Perry Colbourne, who once again left its daily duties on the Pitsiulak, not only assisted when the divers re-encountered surface gravity at the end of each dive but also managed during the average 70 minutes dive two continuously-running 5 horsepower HondaTM motor pumps. The motor pump 3 inche exit hose fed the dredges through a reducing coupling and 40 meters of 2 inches and a half in fire hoses. At an average depth of 5 meters, the pumps were mostly operated at half throttle in order to provide a better control for the removal of sediment. Dredges spoil was inspected during and at the end of each dive since no screening of the sediments could be made. Each test units stratigraphy was recorded using conventional terrestrial recording method with a special Mylar TM paper and non-refillable Sharp Writer mechanical pencil using a twist-to-advance mechanism. Finally, after each dive, notes and observations were gathered in a field journal by each diver. Shallow water made for water temperatures ranging between 40 and 55 degrees Fahrenheit, and bottom visibility averaged 20 feet. On the surface, Marijo inventoried and photographed the entire artifact collection. Sarai produced drawings of some ceramics, and the leather and most wood artifacts were returned to the bottom.

LEGEND

HARE HARBOUR 1

UNDERWATER SITE EdBt-3 2006-2013

2006

2007

2008 2011 2012 2013

RalUrtt (Ml*

Visible whale bones 41» Shoreline

rpia Wooden timber Hatolin* f~l Test-pit N- Girtj>|>)in<j «ruhor *“* * Depth line

Terresiiial slle

shoreline

shoreline

roof tile concentration visible on the bottom

C& ATCOM

Fig 6.00: Map of undei~water excavation area. 2013 units shown in orange.

Underwater Research

The three 4m 2 meters units excavated this year were located at the shallow north end of Stone Pile 6 only ten meters from shore (Figure 6.00). Unit C3-3 extended east from last year’s C3-2 square where three chafing dishes were found. Unit C3-4 was set directly east of the C3-3, and C3-5 extended C3-4 to the north, for a total 12m 2 of excavated area.

As in previous years, we found the underwater cultural strata correlated closely with activities onshore. Horizontal distribution of strata was similar to previous years with two exceptions. The first exception is a thin layer of compact clay separating the natural sediment and the organic layer. The organic layer is an accumulation of desodded peat that had in its upper part a greater concentration of woodchips. At this depth, 5 meters below the surface, the division between peat and wood chips is not as well defined as it was in previous, deeper, excavations. All five C3 operations presented only a slight boundary between the two layers and was never as evident as in the units excavated at the 10 meters depth. Mixed within this organic stratum are numerous ballast stones, ceramics, bird and mammal bones, nuts, lead buckshot, occasional roof tiles fragments, and the constant presence of coopering materials. In 2013, the second exception was a layer of pebbles, sandwiched between the organic layers, which may represent a dump of chalupa ballast. Lying on top of the organic stratum is a semi-compact layer of sandy silt., most of the earthenware, rope fragments and some leather shoe are found in the first 15 cm overlaying the organic layer. Numerous roof tiles are distributed throughout the matrix with largest pieces found in the lower first 20 cm. Ballast stones are present in great number in the lower part of this level; it has pockets of cultural material observed within its interstices. The occupation is covered by a post-Basque sandy stratum where only occasional fragments of tiles are found and what resembles disturbances caused by the physical dragging of small anchors. Some rare 19th century ceramics and graplins were observed in the eastern half of the site and whisky bottles with the five dot marks are found just beneath the surface sediment or resting directly on top of the ballast pile.

Unit C3-3 This 2m x 2m unit was excavated directly east C3-2 unit.

The first surface layer (Fig. 6.01) averaged 30 cm in thickness This postBasque deposit is made of loose sand with occasional living and dead shells, and tiles are found in greater concentration of cultural elements in a depth of 20 cm. It is where large ceramic fragments, like half a roof tile, a large bottom of an orange common paste glazed large pot and lip fragments of a cooking were encountered. In the Fig 6.01: North profile of C3-3.

PROFIL STRAT1GRAPHIQUE EdBt-3 C3-3

Paroi nord

0 10 20 30cm

Légende 1 j sablefin ^Bois

Couche organique | | Horton darglie

| | Sable stérile

Pie ™ 5

Erik Phaneuf, dessin original de Sarai Berreiro-Arguelles, août 2013

.-a-* ATCOM

Fig 6.02: C3-3 during ballast removal on Layer 2. Arrow’ points to small whale vertebra.

Fig 6.03: C3-3 excavation with C3-4 to the rear. Ballast stones on right corner are from 2012 C2-2.

southern half of the unit, more than 50 ballast stones were removed from within the matrix of layer 1. The ballast interstices were filled with a soft and gelantinous clay with occasional fish bones in small concentration, fragmentary roof tiles, and scattered ceramic fragments. Ballast stones as well as roof tiles are found resting directly on the organic Layer 2. Most of the ceramic collection, along with a small whale caudal bone were concentrated within the upper 10 cm and at the interface of LI to L2 (Fig. 6.01). A physical division between the matrix of layer 1 and the top of the occupation level (abandonment) was not clearly observed.

Layer 2 ranged in thickness from 50 to 70 cm and was composed mostly of organic material and sizes, logs, sticks and bark mixed with pockets of peat roots, and a small whale caudal vertebra Fig. 6.02) mainly wood chips and flakes of different sizes, logs, sticks and bark mixed with pockets of peat and roots, and a small whale caudal vertebra. A large number of ballast stones was found within this stratum (Fig. 6.03). The layer appeared to present two stratigraphic sub-units divided without a clear break between them. In the upper half we observed a higher concentration of branches, logs, bark, and large wooden flakes, fragments of roof tiles, occasional pieces of rope in a very fragile state, and small pockets of medium-size codfish spines and fins in anatomical position. Leather shoes and a whale vertebra were found in the upper part of the organic layer (Fig. 6.04). In this upper interface was also found two lead bullets a glass bead, and a wooden bead. The lower half contained more peat and roots as well as small pockets of medium-size codfish bones also in anatomic position, lead buckshot, wooden and an ivory bead (Fig. 6.05 & 6.06), ceramic sherds of numerous types (Fig. 6.07), two whale bones, bird and mammal

Fig 6.04: Detail of whale vertebra in C3-3 along with roof tiles and ballast stones in lower part of Level 1.

1 OO

Fig 6.05 and 6.06: Serrated wooden bead and ivory bead fi'-om C3-3 Level 2.

bones, a caribou antler, and at least three different shoes.

Fig 6.07: Faience porringer from C3-4.

A log limited excavation of the lower interface of the northwest corner extending into the southern corner. Around it and under the log were numerous fragments of rope and rare small fragment of roof tile.

Layer 3, the same as Layer 5 in unit C3-4, was on average 3 cm thick and consisted of pure grey clay). The presence of this layer is new to the underwater site, and its formation is still uncertain. It is possible that this level resulted from a rock-fall event from the cliff that nearly reached the shore and dislodged clay from uplifted marine sediments along the northern side of the harbor. The clay might also have been come from the removal of sod from the site. The layer was free of artifact or any apparent inclusions.

Layer 4, the deepest, was composed of fine compact gray sand with rare angular rocks 5 to 10 cms in diameter. This compact layer was excavated to a depth of 20 cm and here, as elsewhere in every underwater operation, never contained traces of human occupation and is considered a preBasque natural marine deposit.

1 O 1

Unit C3-4 This 2x2 m unit was excavated directly east of unit C3-3 (Fig. 6.08). When observing the C3-4 north wall stratigraphic profile two differences were seen as compared to the C3-3 northern profile (Fig. 6.09). First, LI and L2 occur as two separate layers while in C3-3 it formed only one layer. L2 is a semi-compact silt matrix from which we removed more than 50 ballast stones. Artifacts are found within this matrix with a higher percentage at its lower interface. Layer 3 is this years surprise. Exposed over the entire surface of the unit, L3 was a thick matrix of beach pebbles which ends at the limit separating units C3-3 and C3-4.. Averaging less than 20 cm in diameter, these flat rounded stones are present in a stratum more than 50 cm thick. One interesting feature of this layer is the presence of silex/flint nodules of Euro

0 10 JO 30cm

PROFIL STRATIGRAPHIQUE EdBt-3 C3-4 Parol nord

I

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Fig 6.09: North wall of C3-4.

i 02

Fig 6.10: C3-4 upper level showing SP-6 ballast.

pean origin. Layer 3 may represent chaluupa ballast. On the eastern profile (Fig. 6.08), Layer 3 is sandwiched within the organic Layer 4. This is not observed on the northern wall.

In C3-4, the organic layer rests again on a thin L5 made of pure grey clay separating the L4 organic layer and the L6 preBasque sandy deposit.

The east wall profile shows ballast stones within L2 and L4. Other than L3 (the txalupa ballast deposit, which seems to be a single dumping event), SP-6 seems to have resulted from multiple episodes of ballast dumping. While primarily found within the organic layer, ballast stones also appear within L2. So far, attempts to determine the origin of these rocks has failed. The exposed limestone rocks are pitted with pholade shellfish tunnels, whereas the buried stones are free of burrowing effects. These limestone rocks in the organic layer are partly decomposed and always have a soft, chalky surface. Many artifacts are found within the ballast matrix (Fig.6.11). Nearly one hundred stones were removed from L2 and L3.

All were manageable for one person to carry, but some were nearly a meter in length. Artifacts in L2 and L4 were similar to those found in C3-3. This year we found numerous fragments of a lusterware porringer (Fig. 6.12) similar in style to an handle recovered from C2-2 in 2012. Another interesting ceramic vessel found this year is a faience porringer deco

l 05

Fig 6.11: Northeast corner of C3-4 showing chaluupa ballast.

rated with a linear geometric motif hand painted with blue strokes. It was found within C3-3 and C3-4 upper organic layer. More frequent this year than in previous seasons were small lead birdshot pellets and the irregular pieces created when birdshot is made by dripping molten lead into water. L5, the semi-compact, sandy preBasque layer observed throughout the site, was also seen here (Fig. 6.13).

Unit C3-5 This 4 m 2 square excavated directly north of C3-3 confirmed previous observations in this part of the site (Fig. 6.14, 6.15). Layer 1 was excavated for more than 50 cm. The sandy matrix of Layer 1 was slightly compact in the upper half and getting more compact in depth. Some ballast stones were present in this layer,

Rg 6.12: Lust env are porringer from C3-3. averaging 30 cm in length, the stones were

in lower number than in unit C3-4. Large

fragments of roof tiles, up to half a tile, were observed distributed heterogeneously within the layer. Ceramic and lead artifacts were found at the lowest interface resting directly on the organic Layer 2.

Fig 6.13: Birdshot and melted lead droplets from L4 and C3-4.

The organic layer was composed of many fragments of wood chips, some longer than 30 cm and 10 cm in width and up to 3cm in thickness. Within the roots, branches and peat, leaves, and what resemble crowberry branches were observed. Ballast stones were present in higher number in the upper layer resting on and within the organic matrix. Some were observed resting directly on the pre-Basque layer of sterile compact sand, illustrated as Layer 4 in the western wall. Rare fragments of common ceramics and small roof tiles are found in this layer along with bird, fish, and some mammal bones. Layer 3 in unit C3-4, thought to be chalupa ballast stones, was observed only in the western southern part of the unit; in fact the layer ended in unit C3-5. The preBasque layer was again made of compact sand and was excavated to a depth of 20 cm in the center part of the unit.

1 OT

PROFIL STRATIGRAPHIQUE EdBt-3 C3-5

Paroi ouest

0 10 20 30cm

Légende

j j Sable fin ( j Limon peu sableux Couche organique j ~ [ Horizon de galets [ 1 Sable stérile

Çÿ Pierres

& •‘#0® AZCOM

Erik Phaneuf, dessin original de Margo Gauthier-Bérubé, août 2013

Fig 6.14: C3-5 west profile.

PROFIL STRATIGRAPHIQUE EdBt-3

C3-5

Paroi nord

0 io 20 30cm

Légende 1 | Sable fin

ffijcouche organique P | Sable stérile Pierres

Erik Phaneuf. dessin original deMaryoGauthisT-Bénjbé,aout 2013

Fig 6.15: C3-5 north profile.

Hare Harbor Summary

The 2013 field program concluded more than a decade of work at the Hare Harbor site and further defined the Inuit occupation of the Quebec Lower North Shore. At Hare Harbor our excavations in Areas 9 and 10 strengthened evidence for an early Basque component. Underwater research revealed stratigraphy and finds similar to what was recovered during the past several years. We learned that the underwater midden accumulated together with the growth of the largest ballast stone piles, suggesting multiple episodes of ballast dumping alternating with midden deposition over a period of years. Investigations along the shore adjacent to the anchorage produced no evidence of tryworks, or burned rocks or tiles. However, test pits showed roof tiles mixed with marine clay between and beneath the rock-fall boulders and debris, supporting evidence for an avalanche event during the Basque occupation. Evidence from land suggests an event during or after the Basque occupation while underwater stratigraphy of marine clay at the bottom of the organic levels suggests an event before the Basque occupation. These data suggest the possibility of two events at each end of the Basque/Inuit occupation.

Over the seven seasons dedicated to the underwater archaeological exploration of Hare Harbor, a bit more than 440 hours of combined bottom time allowed completion of a comprehensive site plan and the excavation of approximately 65 m 2 of bottom surface area. The 2013 field season extended the excavations begun in 2012 to explore deposits between the ballast piles and the shore. As previously, we found fine and common cooking ceramics, bones, and an organic layer composed of peat and roots resulting from initial site land clearance as well as wood debitage from log squaring, possibly for construction of a fishing stage, chalupa building, or timber produced for shipment to Europe. Further analysis may offer a clearer picture of activities at the Hare Harbor site and narrow down its occupation dates.

The underwater site not only supplied crucial information about daily activities and commercial operations; it depicts a completely different image from what has been gathered on land. Charcoal production, possible Inuit coeval occupation with Basques, and the smithy and cook-house activities that are so prominent on land are silent in the underwater record. Some activities are evident both on land and underwater. Land clearing, fishing coopering, and to an extent, daily occupation of the site, testify characteristically to a Basque presence as found in Labrador, Newfoundland, and the Strait of Belle Isle. Coopering and to an extent, small boat repairing, are also well-defined in the underwater collection. Cooperage materials and some similar types of ceramic artifacts are found in both dry and wet contexts. Activities like whaling and especially cod exploitation that were prominent in the underwater collections are quite elusive in the terrestrial sequence of events. The Petit Mécatina excavation demonstrates that both land and underwater research are different but complement each other in a way that is invaluable in reconstructing a fuller picture of the economy and activities of the site.

References

Fitzhugh, William W., Anja Herzog, Sophia Perdikaris, and Brenna McLeod

2011 Ship to Shore: Inuit, Early Europeans, and Maritime Landscapes in the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence. In The Archaeology Maritime Landscapes: When the Land Meets the Sea , edited by Ben Ford, pp. 99-128. New York: Springer.

Fitzhugh, William W, Erfk Phaneuf, and Vincent Delmas

2013a Basque and Inuit Archaeology at Hare Harbor-1 and Little Canso Island-1, Quebec Lower North Shore. Provincial Archaeology’ Office. 2012 Archaeology Review 11:48-73. Government of Newfoundland and Labra

dor. (co-authors:) http://www.tcr.gov.nl.ca/tcr/pao/arch_in_nl/

Fitzhugh, William W., Erik Phaneuf, Vincent Delmas, Anja Herzog, Lourdes Odriozola Oyarbide, and Jennifer Poulin

2013b The Gateways Project 2012: Land and Underwater Excavations at Hare Harbor, Petit Mecatina, and Little Canso Island. Washington DC: Arctic Studies Center, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. (http://www.mnh.si.edu/arctic/html/pdf/fieldreport2012longFINAL.pdf)

Grenier, Robert, Marc-André Bernier, and Willis Stevens

2007 L ’archéologie subaquatique de Red Bay, la construction navale et la pêche de la baleine basques au XVle siècle. 1652 pages. Ottawa: Parks Canada.

Levesque, René

1968 Rapport Préliminaire 1968. Manuscript report published by La Société dArchéologie de la Côte Nord. MCCQ and Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution.

/ - Mart C.haiet-1 (EL<Bh ~^7)

j |art (^,Kaiet Maps, fdnds, and (Jnit prescriptions

1 03

Hail Chalet Excavations

After finishing at Hare Harbor we returned to the Hart Chalet Inuit village site (EiBh-47) on Bradore Bay. Time did not allow full excavation of House 1, the easternmost of three sod and earth dwellings; but we completed a 1x8 m. trench from the entry to the rear (north) wall. Previous work at the site had produced diagnostic Inuit artifacts (ivory needle-case, whale bone sled runner, iron arrowhead, stone bead) and large amounts of roof tile, iron nails, and food bone. We hoped to obtain a date of occupation, expand the artifact inventory, and determine the size, shape, and construction of the houses.

The Hart Chalet is a small one-room cottage on the wooded shore less than a kilometer west of the Bradore River. Today s landscape is very different from just fifty years ago when a photograph by René Levesque shows the site as a clearing surrounded by low spruce, larch, and willows, with most of the shore clear of vegetation. Now the site is completely bushed in with spruce and tamarack. On the path from the cottage to the shore we found flakes of Ramah chert, so the Inuit had chosen to live well above the current beach and its marshy foreshore. When the chalet was built in the late 1960s a lane wide enough for a car grazed the east wall of House 1. Construction of the cottage damaged the outer part of the H 1 entry passage and its external midden, and according to the Harts, a large quantity of tile and nails were removed. Today all three Inuit houses are either partially or completely grown over with 30-40 year old spruce.

Test pits in the grassy clearing around the cottage reveal evidence of prehistoric occupation in the form of chert flakes and fire-cracked rocks in the upper, sandy soil horizon. This inorganic level is overlain by a buried humus level representing the original ground surface, and above this one finds sterile sandy/gravelly soil that the Inuit removed in the process of excavating the pit for House 1. Above this back-dirt is a charcoal-rich midden layer resulting from the Inuit occupation containing animal bones and artifacts. Above this lies the modern grassy sod and humus.

The 1x8 m. trench was too narrow to reveal much of the interior, but it confirmed that the house was an Inuit winter dwelling, even though certain features of typical Labrador Inuit architecture were missing. First, there is no slab pavement in the entry or the house interior; rather, the presence of small nails suggested a floor of wood planks. Second, no cold trap or step-up was present between the entry passage and the house interior. Third, while a rear sleeping platform was present it lacked the vertical slab-rock retaining wall usually present at the front edge of the platform; instead a log or plank retainer may have been used. Although not excavated, there are indications of side benches along the east and west walls and clusters of rocks in the SE and SW corners suggest the locations of fireplaces or lamp stands. This house also differs from the Petit Mécatina and Little Canso Island Inuit dwellings in lacking a slab-paved entry and floor, perhaps indicating closer contact with Europeans and availability of wood planks. Also unusual was the small number of finds from the house interior: only a few nails a few pieces of roof tile and earthenware were found.

Test pits were excavated outside each of the three houses to test midden depth and faunal preservation. Pit 4 and 4A outside the west wall of H 1 produced many nails and bones, as well as an iron arrow point, stoneware and earthenware sherds, a blue seed bead, and other finds. Another in the H2 entry revealed a large whale bone roof or floor member. The walls and interior of this house had been grown over by spruce trees, but in the middle of the floor we found an open test pit excavated years ago by Clifford Hart. A H3 test produced nails, tile, and caribou bone. Tests south of the cottage porch revealed a shallow wood-lined ditch running down-slope from the porch into the woods; it is unclear whether this feature is associated with the Inuit occupation or the Hart cottage.

Artifacts recovered from House 1 and the test pits are consistent from feature to feature: large numbers of nails and roof tiles; various types of stoneware and earthenware; fragments of iron knife blades and points; worked bone, bottle glass, and glass beads. Nothing especially diagnostic came to light this year, but what was found resembled finds from other Inuit sites on the LNS. Further refinement of dating will have to await analysis of the ceramics. The bone assemblages from Little Canso Island and Hart Chalet include seal and caribou, with smaller amounts of birds and small mammals—all consistent with cold season occupation. Unlike Hare Harbor, little charcoal was found in the cultural deposits at Little Canso Island and Hart Chalet.

Hart Chalet (EiBh-47)

Other than several small 50x50cm test pits which we placed around the site area, our major work here was to excavate a trench in House 1.

Hart Chalet Inuit Village

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Hart Chalet House 1 17 Aug. 2013

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House 1 Trench After clearing brush and lower limbs from several 30-40-year old spruce trees growing in House 1, we established a datum near the NW corner of the house and gridded out a 1x8 m. trench through its center, from the outer end of the entry passage to the rear wall. The stratigraphy was simple: a few cm. of turf above a thin 1-2 cm. thick black earth layer containing Inuit deposits, and below this, sterile beach subsoil. The original grey leached A horizon had been dug away when the Inuit excavated the house pit. On the house floor we found no paving slabs, only a greasy surface with a few—mostly small—nails, charcoal, an occasional bone, and a few pieces of stoneware. It seemed like the floor had been paved with logs or planks—probably the latter, accounting for some of the small nails. Rock piles stood on either side of the entry passage where it entered the house, but no cold trap or lintel stones were present. A few small beach cobbles were on the house floor, mostly likely roof rocks; but in Unit 4, at the outer (south) end of the entrance passage, a small cobble hearth was found under the Inuit floor, surrounded by a cluster of small flint chips in a remnant leached grey A zone that had not been disturbed—a small prehistoric Indian hearth. In the center of the house, there was a second cobble feature, possibly a hearth, this one on the house floor. A 20 cm. rise between Units 1 and 2 marked the transition between the main floor and the sleeping platform. Like the house floor, the sleeping platform was not paved and was probably decked with wood, as several small nails were found at floor level here, as well as a couple larger spikes that probably were roof timber fastenings. The rear wall was about 60 cm wide and slightly higher than outside ground level; the side and front walls were wider and thicker. Surface inspection showed rock piles in each of the front corners of the house—probably oil lamp stands or cooking hearth platforms. No soapstone sherds were found anywhere on the site.

Only a few pieces of tile and a rotted bone from TP 1

Table caption

Hart Chalet House 1

Table caption

Test Pit Profiles TPI -TP3

Turf

Peat

Sterile Grey Sand

Black Earth (Cultural Layer)

O

_ c

Test Pit 3

5

tiles, bone (rotted), ceramic,

1 grey chert flake

10

All cultural material was

15

in the upper mixed sandy

20

humus/ charcoal level

25

1. tan ceramic lid or jar base

30

2. grey chert flake

Fig 7.00: Artifact from TP 2. Fig 7.01: Artifact from TP 2.

Trench West Profile: 0 West to 8 West

Hart Chalet Trench Profile 2013

o

Hart Chalet

^ House 1 Trench

D

C

B

A

C ceramic Ce earthenware Cn normandy stoneware Cg glaze earthenware ^ glaze fragment ® glass bead D 9 lass ^ pipe stem F flint

X chert chunk Q chert flake

x nail w/o orientation « iron fragments V iron spike t iron blade I iron

roof tiles charcoal feature WB whalebone _B bone Çj) boulder O paving stone ^ baleen

1 14

Unit A

Unit B

Unit C, with shell cobble hearth

Unit D, sleepingbench area.

Fig 7.02: ClockM’ise from top left: Hart Chalet, House 1 Unites A-D. North to right.

Fig 7.03: Artifact from Unit A.

Fig 7.04: Artifact from Unit A.

Fig 7.05: Artifact from Unit D.

i 15

Test Pit 4, 4A This test was an extension of a previous TP we excavated just outside the west wall of HI. As in the past, our 2013 work revealed this to be a productive midden resting on a layer of sterile sand that had been excavated from the house pit during its construction. Beneath it was the charcoal-stained (from forest fires) original ground surface, with the usual natural stratigraphy below it. The interior of the house had been excavated, removing the peat and upper grey and red sand levels, so that the floor lay directly on B/C zone gravelly sand. The upper levels removed from the house pit had been piled up to make the walls, producing inverted stratigraphy over an intact ground surface. It is here that the most interesting HI artifacts have been found, then and in 2013, including earthenware, stoneware, and a tanged iron arrow point.

Table caption

Test Pit4A

Table caption

North Wall

Table caption

0cm -1 m

Table caption

50cm

Table caption

East Wall

Table caption

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Table caption

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Test Pit Profiles 2013

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Sterile Grey Sand with culture and

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(Cultural Layer)

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Peat

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(old ground layer)

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Sterile White Sand

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Fig 7. 06: Test Pit 4. View North wall profile

Fig 7.07: Test Pit 4. View East wall profile

i 17

Fig 7.10: Test Pit 4 and 4A. View North

Fig 7.13: Test Pit 4 (left) and 4A (right).

Fig 7.12: Artifacts from Test Pit 4.

1 ) 8

Hart Chalet House 1

TP4A and 4A extension

Om

Table caption

-108

Table caption

1.0m

Table caption

-106

Table caption

Sara» TP4 lots of bone some tile, charcoal excavated to sterile sand below peat

Rebecca TP4a excavated only to bottom of midden earth

Burned bone

6

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2

2

3

5

11

20

16

17

15

18

19

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22

-107

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0 50cm

1. quartz fire starter

2. Normandy stoneware orange/brown bottom outside and inside

3. nail

4. nail

5. iron ring -135

6. harpoon? -132

7. nail -132

_l 7 8. nail -134

9. nail -134

10. Normandy stoneware

11. naii -120

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TP4 extension artifact map cont.

12. ceramic stoneware fragment (thick wailed)

13. nail

14. iron loop (key?)

15. iron knife blade

16. nail

17. nail

18. nail

19. nail

20. grey/ brown stoneware

21. grey/ brown stoneware

22. iron arrowpoint -150 in BE

23. burned bone fragments (small, not saved)

Tests Outside and Inside H2, and Outside H3 We excavated small test pits in the middens south of H2 (seal and caribou bones) and H3 (caribou bone, nail, and tile). Removing the spruce undergrowth from the interior of H2, we found a small, 60cm deep square hole in the middle of its floor. Florence says this was Clifford’s test pit. Other than several large spruce trees, this house would be easy to dig because there is no turf, only forest duff.

My probes with a rod indicated no rock slab pavement, and this was confirmed later in a test pit in the H2 entry, which uncovered a large whale bone mandible that had been used as a roof support. H3 is heavily bushed in and we did not attempt to clear it; our only test here was outside its entryway.

Will's TP 5- outside end of H2 entry passage. TP 5 North Wall Profile

Hart Chalet House 1 TP 5 outside west wall

18 Aug 2013

0 50cm lm

Peat

Orange Sand

7 m to NW corner of chalet . 1 8.5 m to NE corner of chalet.

Ocm

50cm

TP7 House North Wall

Hart Chalet

Test Pit Profiles 2013

0 50cm 1m

Turf

Black Earth (Cultural Layer)

Rock

Brown Hearth Sand

o

Sterile Grey Sand

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with culture and

Table caption

humus lenses

Peat

(old ground layer)

Table caption

Sterile White Sand

TP7 and extension: House 2 East Wall ■<-1 m ->

Fig 7.14: House 2 entryway test pit. North to left. Whale bone floor or roof timber in upper left.

1 22

TP7 Marijo H2 North end of entry passage

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-54

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-77

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TP 7

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whalebone

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63

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t

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12 m to NE corner of chalet /

Table caption

12 m to N W corner of chalet

Hart Chalet

1 - nail House 2

2. small nail in turf Test Pit 7

3. nail in turf

4. nail in turf

5. blue glass bead -96

6. nail -95

7. EW sherd -107

8. 2 nails -110

9. glass -89

10. nail -99 11.14 nails-93 15. large nail -80

16.9 more nails from lower BE floor level (not traced). Several of these nails were in vertical position, ie. in plank floor. (Small birdbone not listed.)

1 25

S - Salmon 5ay and belles Amours

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Salmon Bay (EiBk-33)

Local residents of Middle Bay told us about a sod house site that Françoise Niellon and Allison McGain investigated some years ago. We located the site near the Route 138 bridge over the Salmon River, a few miles west of Middle Bay, in a clearing in the spruce forest 50 meters from the riverbank and a few hundred yards south of the east end of the bridge. The site consists of two ca. 8x10 m. rectangular structures with foundation walls of stone or brick about 30cm wide, standing 30-40cm above ground. Each structure has a lxl m pit excavated one meter deep in the center of the building and a large hearth platform in front of the rear wall. No entry passage or other features were present to suggest Inuit construction. On the wall of one of the houses we found a blue glaze transfer print sherd and fragments of brick. The houses seem to be a 19th C. European fishing, trapping, or trading settlement.

Belles Amours Point (EiBi-07)

At the request of Anthony Dumas, we re-visited a site that René Levesque had surveyed on the east side of Belles Amours Peninsula (Levesque 1968). This site consists of a dozen or so structures constructed in old boulder beaches about 200 meters from shore. Some of the structures are cache pits associated with round or oval boulder pithouses, one of which is nearly rectangular, 4x8 m, and has a internal boulder divider reminiscent of 17th C. Labrador Inuit spring/fall dwellings known on the central Labrador coast. These structures show enough variation to represent several cultures dating perhaps as early as 2-3000 years ago. Many of the structures were damaged when they were mined for boulders when electric and telephone poles were erected through the middle of the site area. Levesque produced a sketch map of the site and reported finding stone tools in some structures. Highly visible and easily accessible by road traffic, many of these structures are intact and should be given high priority for future research, protection, and potential restoration.

1 2T

5> - (Conclusions and /Acknowledge me nts

The 2013 field program provided an important conclusion to our explorations of Basque activities at the Hare Harbor-1 site and contributed to a better definition of the Inuit occupation of the Quebec Lower North Shore by further testing the Hart Chalet Inuit winter village site in Brador. At Hare Harbor our excavations in Areas 9 and 10 refined our understanding of Basque activities on the land site. In Area 9 we excavated a hearth surrounded by a border of roof tiles that produced only Basque/European materials—principally nails and earthenware ceramics and nothing that related to the finds from the S4 Inuit house and A8 midden—i.e. no soapstone vessels, glass beads, clay pipes, reworked lead, chipped glass, or other Inuit-modified European objects. Area 9 seems to have been a pure Basque component that may have been part of the early Basque/European components at the site, comparable perhaps to the sub-tile midden hearths north of the SI cookhouse. We shall await the verdict on the age of the A9 material from ceramic analysis, but the presence of yellow glazed platterware suggests an early, perhaps 16 th century, date, and a time when no Inuit were present. The A9 units east and south of the hearth seem to have been used primarily for a large hearth, with some food consumption indicated by calcined bones, and a place to dump tiles and broken ceramics to help dry up the uncomfortably wet surrounding terrain. Other than the hearth, no notable features were found, and the large boulder accumulations at the southernmost edge of the excavated area seem to have arrived during the process of clearing the site rather than as a charcoal production site.

Area 10, around and between the large boulders immediately downslope and west of the SI cook-house, seems to have been used as the SI dump, and, earlier, for a small baleen hearth of which several were found in Area 2 beneath the tile midden. The A10 baleen hearth was at the bottom of the midden deposit and was overlain by materials similar to the SI cook-house, i.e. grey stoneware, glass beads, and soapstone. The many fragments of soapstone vessels found in and around SI, with its European material culture and rough, non-Inuit, pavement suggests the cookhouse was built by Europeans but staffed by Inuit women.

Underwater research produced similar results from other pits excavated at the top of the central ballast piles in 2012. Among the notable finds were more fragments of chaffing bowls, a glazed, decorated porringer, pieces of EW cookware, remains of shoes, rope, fish and animal bones, wooden pins, lead shot, and a small amount of glass. To save on conservation cost, some recovered materials that were similar to what we have collected previously were photographed and documented and then returned to the pits from which they came. The stratigraphy encountered in these pits was the same as found in previous years. However, in our 2013 units, the stratigraphy was complicated by the presence of buried ballast stones that had to be excavated and removed, making it difficult to see the layer interfaces. On the other hand, we learned that the midden accumulated of a piece’ with the ballast stone deposits, suggesting many discrete episodes of ballast dumping and midden deposition. This is what one would expect from repeated voyages during which vessels returned to the anchorage, dumped ballast, and then began dumping midden material.

Investigations along the shore north of the anchorage produced no evidence of try-works, or of burned rocks or tiles. Test pits in the bank showed roof tiles wedged between large boulders, mixed with marine clay, supporting the view that a large rock-fall event occurred sometime during or at the end of the last Basque/Inuit occupation.

Our data from Hare Harbor-1 continue to suggest a brief occupation by late 16 th century Basque whale-hunters who built small hearth, often with baleen paving, followed, decades later—toward the end of the 17 th C.—by Basques or other fishermen who used grey stoneware as well as marmite cooking vessels, clay pipes, and who erected a cookhouse and blacksmith shop. During this latter occupation the Europeans seems to have been joined by Inuit who established winter quarters and had access to the same European materials found in the cook-house, the blacksmith shop, and the underwater site. These Inuit built a winter house of sod, stone, whalebone, and charcoal and their activities contributed to a large terrace-front midden in Area 8. The precise

nature of the relationship between the Europeans and the Inuit is difficult to decipher, but the large amount of European artifacts and materials found in the Inuit house and midden suggests direct access to finished products rather than scavenging the remains of earlier Basque occupations.

Our work at the Hart site refined our knowledge of this large three-house village. A photo of the site taken by René Levesque in 1968 shows most of the area in tundra or grass vegetation, ringed by a small clump of spruce. Today the Inuit houses are covered with spruce trees while their entry tunnels extend into the treeless grassy clearing. We excavated a 1x8 m trench up the entry passage and through the middle of House 1, to its rear wall. No pavement stones were found, and the only feature noted was a small hearth ring in the center of the floor and a raised sleeping platform at the rear (north) end of the house. Raised areas with buried rocks suggest hearth mounds in the unexcavated SW and SE corners of the dwelling. Before construction, the house pit had been excavated into the sterile gravel, which we found immediately beneath the blackened house floor soil. Bone preservation was poor inside the house and only a few pieces of tile, nails, and ceramics were found. However in midden deposits outside the west and north walls interesting artifacts and excellent food bones were found. Stoneware suggests that these dwellings probably date to the 17* rather than to the 16 th century, our original guess based largely on a single ground stone bead. The absence of paved stone floors and entry passages also suggests a post-1600s date, because the interior of these dwellings were floored with wood planking rather than stone. This non-traditional Inuit architecture suggests availability of European technology like sawn planks, as well as nails, iron axes, and saws. Tests in Houses 2 and 3 indicate similar architectural patterns as House 1, with wood floors and bone middens. Further work needs to be done here and at the two Belles Amours Inuit winter houses to clarify their ages and relationship with Europeans. Our excavations at Hare Harbor, Little Canso Island, Belles Amour, and the Brador River Hart Chalet make it clear that for at least several decades, if not longer, in the 17 th century, Inuit had a substantial year-round presence on the Quebec Lower North Shore from Blanc Sablon to Petit Mécatina. The presence of Inuit soapstone vessels and beads in the cook-house, whose construction is of European and not Inuit design, suggests Inuit women operated this facility for the Basques.

During our work at Brador we had a chance to visit Belles Amours and Middle Bay. The large number of boulder pithouses at Belles Amours make it an excellent target for future archaeological work and tourism development. These structures probably date to the last 3,000 years (no Maritime Archaic longhouses are present, most likely because these beaches are too low for MA sea levels). The houses and caches are mostly intact and could easily be excavated and mapped. Some appear to be of Indian origin while at least one large rectangular structure may be Inuit. Clarissa Smith of Brador recommended we check out the landscape called locally ‘Five Leagues’ just east of Middle Bay. The topography here may have made this area an excellent location for Inuit, Basque, and prehistoric sites. The region is on a hiking trail that offers scenic views and opportunities for developing a historical panorama of potential value for the tourism.

Acknowledgments

This year’s underwater work was directed by Erik Phaneuf and included University of Montreal students Marijo Gauthier-Bérubé, Sarai Barreiro Argiielles, and David Légaré. Land work was conducted by William Fitzhugh, Rebecca Mayus of Notre Dame University, and Wilfred Richard, who served as expedition photographer. Perry Colbourne captained the Pitsiulak and supported the dive team operations. As in previous years we received gracious hospitality from the Evans-Vatchers and others in Harrington Harbor, from Florence and Clifford Hart, who gratiously allowed us to excavate at their chalet cottage and provided much-appreciated hospitality, and from Louise Colbourne and the Colbourne neighborhood at Lushes Bight, Newfoundland. Financial and other support came from the Smithsonian Institution, its Arctic Studies Center, and Brad Loewen’s dive program at the University of Montreal.

Fig. 9.00: Rebecca, Bill, Vicky Driscoll and Florence Hart at the Blanc Sablon Tourist Center.

Î27

Belvin, Cleophas

2006 The Forgotten Labrador: Kegashka

preferences (Tfited

to Blanc Sablon: a Short History of the Lower North Shore. Montreal: Queens University Press.

Brouague, Marcel de

1923 Divers Mémoires de M. de Brouague au Conseil de Marine, Rapport de l’Archiviste de la Provcince de Québec pour 1922-23, pp. 356406. Ls. A. Proulx, Québec.

Davis, Stephen

2007 Textiles, Vannerie et Fibres. In Grenier, Robert, Marc-André Bernier, Willis Stevens. L’archéologie subaquatique de Red Bay, la construction navale et la pêche de la baleine basques au XVIe siècle. Parks-Canada.

Drouin, Pierre

1988 Des Baleiniers Basques â File Nue de Mingan. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 12:1-15.

Dumais, Pierre, and Jean Poirier

1994 Témoignage d’un Site Archéologique Inuit, Baie des Belles Amours, Basse-Côte-Nord. Recherches Amérindiennes au Québec 24(12):18-30.

Fitzhugh, William W.

2001 The Gateways Project 2001: Archaeological Survey of the Quebec Lower North Shore, Gulf of St. Lawrence, from Mingan to Blanc Sablon. 90 pp. Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution. Report on file at the Ministry of Culture and Communication, Quebec.

Fitzhugh, William W.

2006 Cultures, Borders, and Basques: Archaeological Surveys on Quebec’s Lower North Shore. In: From the Arctic to Avalon: Papers in Honour of James A. Tuck. Edited by Lisa Rankin and Peter Ramsden, pp. 53-70. British Archaeological Reports International Series 1507.

2009 Exploring Cultural Boundaries: the ‘Invisible’ Inuit of Southern Labrador and Quebec. In On the Track of the Thule Culture from Bering Strait to East Greenland , edited by Bjarne Gronnow, pp. 129-148. Studies in Archaeology and Flistory, 15. National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen.

Fitzhugh, William W, and others (eds.)

2001-2012 St. Lawrence Gateways Project Field Reports. Published annually by Arctic Studies Center, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Copies on file at Government of Quebec, Ministry of Culture and Communication and published online: http://www. mnh.si.edu/arctic/html/pub_field.html.

Fitzhugh, William W, and Erik Phaneuf

2006-2013 St. Lawrence Gateways Project Annual Reports published in The Provincial Archaeology Office Newsletter. Provincial Archaeology Office, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. Department of Tourism, Culture, and Recreation. St. John’s, Newfoundland. http://www.tcr.gov.nl.ca/tcr/pao/Newsletters/Newsletters.htm

Fitzhugh, William W, Anja Herzog, Sophia Perdikaris, and Brenna McLeod

2006 Ship to Shore: Inuit, Basques, and Maritime Landscapes in the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence. In Maritime Archaeological Landscapes: Terrestrial and Underwater Sites, edited by Ben Ford, pp 99-128. Society for Historical Archaeology. Springer Publications.

Fitzhugh, William W, Anja Herzog, Sophia Perdikaris, and Brenna McLeod

2008 Baleines, Morues, et les Basques: l’Archéologie d’un Site Basque du XVIIe siècle dans le Golfe du St. Laurent, Québec. Paper presented at Les actes du 133e Congrès du Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques, held in Québec 2 to 6 June, 2008.

Ford, Benjamin

2009 Hare Harbor- 1 (EdBt-3) 2008 Underwater Site Report. In The Gateways Project 2008: Land and Underwater Excavations at Hare Harbor, Petit Mecatina. Published by The Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution, pp 74-94.

Grenier, Robert, Marc-Andre Bernier, and Willis Stevens (eds.)

2007 The Underwater Archaeology of Red Bay: Basque Shipbuilding and Whaling in the 16th Century. 4 vols. Parks Canada.

1 18

Herzog, Anja

2008 L’Ile du Petit Mécatina sur la Basse-Côte-Nord du Québec: Résultats Préliminaires des Analyses Céramiques d’un Site Voué aux Activités de Pêche Saisonnière dans le Golfe du Saint-Laurent entre le XVIe et le XVIIIe Siècle. In Les actes du 133e congrès du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques , Québec 2 to 6 June, 2008.

2009 Petit Mécatina Island: Basque and French Whalers and Cod-Fishers in the Gulf of St. Lawrence from the 16th to the 18th Centuries. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Council for Northeast Historical Archaeology, held at Québec, 15-18 October, 2009.

2010 The Study of Petit Mécatina 3 and the History of Whaling and Cod-Fishing in the Gulf of St. Lawrence During the 16th to the early 18th Century. Paper presented at the 2010 Conference on Historical and Underwater Archaeology, held at Amelia Island, Florida, 6-9 January, 2010 .

Hume, Ivor Noel

2001 A Guide to the Artifacts of Colonial America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Levesque, René

1968 Bradore 1968: Préliminaire Rapport. Manuscript on file, Arctic Studies Center. Smithsonian Institution, and Gouvernment of Quebec, Ministry of Culture and Communication

1968 L’Archéologie à Brador. Preliminary Report on File at la Société d’Archéologie de la Côte-Nord.

2002 Bible d’Aménagement du Saint-Laurent Fleuve, Estuaire, Golfe. Phase Premier. La Basse-Côte-Nord: Porte Priviliégée des Pionniers d’Amérique. Draft manuscript available from the author and on file at Arctic Studies Center.

Loewen, Brad

2009 Historical Data on the Impact of 16th-Century Basque Whaling on Right and Bowhead Whales in the Western North Atlantic. Canadian Zooarchaeology 26:3-24.

Loewen, Brad, and Vincent Delmas

2011 Les occupations basques dans le golfe du Saint-Laurent, 1530-1760. Périodisation, répartition géographique et culture matérialle. Archaeologiques 24:23-55.

2012 The Basques in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Adjacent Shores. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 36(2):213-266.

McLeod, B.A., M.W. Brown, M.J. Moore, W. Stevens, S.H. Barkham, M. Barlcham, and B.N. White

2008 Bowhead Whales, and Not Right Whales, Were the Primary Target of 16th- to 17th-Century Basque Whalers in the Western North Atlantic. Arctic 61 ( 1 ):61 -75.

Stevens, Willis and Stephen L. Cumbaa

2007 Archéologie et archéozoologie marines de Red Bay : port baleinier du XVIe siècle in Grenier, Robert, Marc-André Bernier, Willis Stevens. L'archéologie subaquatique de Red Bay, la construction navale et la pêche de la baleine basques au XVle siècle. Parks-Canada.

St. Germaine, Claire

2011 Appendix 2: Faunal Analysis of Finds 2002-2009. In The Gateways Project 2010: Land Excavations at Hare Harbor, Mécatina by W. W. Fitzhugh. Arctic Studies Center. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.

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BR ADORE 68

Rapport préliminaire

Nous désirons présenter ou public un rapport succinct concernant les touilles crcbiologiques faites à Brodor de juin à août 1968. Il s'agi) d'un rapport préliminaire, esquissant une vue d'ensemble des découvertes. Il faudra plusieurs mois en effet avant que le catalogage soit terminé et que les analyses s ébauchent.

Quelles furent les raisons qui conduisirent aux fouilles archéologiques de Brodor? Monsieur Jacques Rousseau, professeur c l'Université Laval, est le premier instigateur. Ce dernier nous avait maintes fois incités à diriger nos efforts dans lo région du Golfe du Soinr-Lourent, lieu d'arrivée selon lui, et selon plusieurs experts, de groupements humains venus par l'Atlantique Nord. Nous y étions également poussés por un géographe, monsieur Régis de Koquefeuil, froppé par la richesse historique et archéologique des lieux. A ces deux personnes, ii faut également joindre l'apport ce monsieur Miche! Goumond, du service d'archéologie du Ministère des Affaires culturelles, rant eu point de vue de lo recherche d'archives que pour le financement portlcl de l'expédition. Enfin, nous étions invités sur la Côte Nord par monseigneur René Bélanger, oprès nos fouilles è Sept-Hes et à Mîngan. Désireux de compléter nos découvertes omérindiennes et européennes par des corrélations , nous avons décidé de n ojs rendre à Brodor. La Corporation du Vieux Poste de SeptHes, donî un des buts est de développer I* aspect historique et touristique de la

•e Nord, prêta son concours a la créciion de le Société d'Archéologie de la Côte d, organisme ayant lo totale responsabilité des fouilles. Nous nous sommes ainsi ^iooIîs à Brodor du 30 moi au 10 août avec une équipe comprenant cinq professeurs et cinq étudiants. Ont participé au financement et à l'équipement de l'expédition les ministères oes Affo res culturelles et des Richesses naturel les,la Compagnie Fer t-t Titane de 5orel. Comme 11 serait trop long dans ce rapport de citer les noms de tous ceux qui onr contribué au succès de ! 1 expédition, nous nous contenterons pour insfont de mentionner M. et Mme Camille Moreaux, monsieur le curé Deslauriers et ses collaborateurs, le révérend Père Arthur Poisson, l'équipe entière des médecins gnrde-malodes de Blanc Safclon, M. et Mme Stewart Horvey, M. et Mme Leonard t obbs, ainsi que les fomilles A. Letto , Jones, Georges Hobbs, propriétaires des terrains de fouille. Nos plus sincères remerciements s'adressent aux sympathiques populations ce Blanc Soblon, de Lourdes et de Brodor.

__ La région concernée est située à l'entrée du détroit de Beile^tsle, à enwon 30 milles de Québec à vol d'oiseau; elle englobe les villages de Blanc Soblon, .our es de Bl one Soblon et Brodor. On peur s'y rendre soit par avion, soit par boteou o porm e Sept-lles, ou par lo route qui traverse les Provinces Maritimes, avec embarquements a Sydney et a Sainte-Barbe.

Lo mission avait un double objectif: localiser et déterminer avec certitude e. ou et posies d Augustin Le Gardeur de Courtcmanche et de Brouage; faire un re~ t v. CS stations omérindiennes et européennes depuis la frontière du Québec-Lobrcdor lusqu Ou tand de lo baie dite de Brader, quitte à pousser plus loin nas explorations les |oors de congé. Ce double objectif, comme on le verro, a été atteint.

■ i - ' if' • • ' ? • *• i • ?! '■'?-$ M'&Ÿ&c

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Nous 1 , 0 iferons en ptcmier lieu des établissements européens, incluont les postes de Couttemonchc et de Brouage, les vestiges des postes présumés basques quiVy trouvent, el les doux stations no., encore parfaitement identifiées, dont l'une est située le long de le riviète Blanc Snblon et l’outre ou fond de lo baie de Brader.

Comme il s’ogit d'un rapport préliminaire et qu'il serait inutile pou: l'instant d'entrer dons tous les déteils d’ordre historique, nos sources principales viennent des cartes et documents colligés par messieurs Roquefeuii et Gaumont! pour la situation des bâtiments de Courtemanche, monsieur de Roquefeuii a^ont déjà localisé les principaux lors de ses stages d’étude à Blanc Soblon. A i entrée est du village , le long de la route qui relie Brador à Lourdes, on a pu relever en surface des vest ges européens, parmi lesquels une marmite à trois pieds, une meule, quel ~ q.,os fragments de pipes hollandaises des 17 et ISième siècles, ainsi que des pierresà-fusil françaises et hollandaises, ceci sut une distance d’environ 1000 pieds. De plus. Vérifiant ce qui avait été entrevu par l’étude des photos aériennes, il nous n été focile de repérer sur le site une trentaine de bâtiments dans un secteur couvrant un rayon de 7000 pieds environ, avec ou centre les bâtiments de Courtemonche et ce Brouage.

Partant d'une borne d'arpentage de la Province de Québec, nous avons c-iobli un piquet de base tout près de ce qui nous apparaissait comme le lieu le plus propice pour nos feuilles des bâtiments principaux, tant pet la situation et le forme du terra a qui- par les découvertes de Roquefeuii. Cette borne initiale permettait d''nglober l‘ ensemble des maisons dont on soupçonnait déjà l'existence. Nous ovons commencé In fouille proprement dire devant une élévation de terrain qui sembla! ‘ recèle, la plus importante des structures. H o fallu débarrasser le terrain d' un d« potoi- de deux pieds d’épaisseur en moyenne. Comme le but de lo fouille n’était fx,', l'excava!.on systématique de toute lo maison, mais l’Identification , nous nous sommes contentés de pratiquer une tranchée à carrés espacés en direction du monticule on cjoei t ion.

Voici une stratification modèle d’un des carrés de cinq pieds ccrrés qui reflète dans San ensemble le faciès d’une dizaine d’autre pratiqués devant la maison.

sable et terre organique brune ovec objets récents, terte noire riche en vestiges archéologiques surmontant une double ligne de sables noirs et jaunes s’ intercalant. couche d’orgile avec pierres éparses.

importante carbonisât ton ovec ligne de bois pourri et objets différents des lignes supérieures.

terre brune orgifeuse riche en objets. Briques françaises, sable stérile.

outre couche d’ habitation avec objets, sable gris avec objets, couche notre durcie et bois brûlé, sable stérile, cailloutis.

Il semble y «voir eu plusieurs occupations à cét endroit. Dans les couches supérieures dominent les objets des 18 el 19ièm© siècles, ovec céramique et pierres-àfusil d'origine française ou anglaise. Ces éléments du 19tème siècle, en particulier, proviennent-ils de- ceux qui ont occupé la maison de Brouage après l'arrivée des Anglais . Est-ce au’ils constituent tout simplement un dépotoir en surface? Lo question ne pourra être résolue qu’à la prochaine saison de fouille.

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Dès quo If’ ironchcV o eu; atteint le mui sud de lo moi son, nrws avons one autre Iranchér B orientée cette fois est-ouest, of I n <1* avoir une meilleure idée non seulement au barament princvpot^ mois des outres structures visibles à • ‘ ocM •

Voici ce qu'o révélé cette tranchée partant de l'est en direction ouest.

A -> >-11 o i I en premier lieu un tsâtiment aux pierres éboulées don» nous n' avons touché ou' lu section nord. Un profond sor.doge a ramené en surfoce un coffre don» le côté frontal était décoré’ de clous de cuivre «ux formes diverses l'ornant de motifs à pofsdc -fleurs, couronnes royales et f leut s-dc*-l ys. On ne soit pas encore si ce coffre fait ftiC c j c cetf 0 deuxième construe tiers, mois dés clous de même facture ont été retrouvés dans la maison dite de Courtemonche, ce qui nous porte o relier ce coffre au poste principal. Lo serrure manque, on voit qu’elle o été arrachée. A !' intérieur se trouvaient urs harpon de métal, un outil pour percer les barils, un couteau à morue et quelques objets de métal de nature imprécise.

Poursuivant la tranchée, notre attention a été retenue par un secteur nouveau caractérisé par un assez grand nombre de pierres-à-fusil exclusivement hollandaises de type A et B. Cette présence insolite de pierres hollandaises suppose, oens les environs immédiats, une outre habitation que la couche végétale d'ailleurs permet de repérer. Seroît-cè le petit poste construit d 1 urgence par Brouage ou lendemain de J'incendie du poste principal ? Serai t-ce un des bâtiments mentionnés dons son inventaire? De plus, continuant la tranchée, à quelques pieds seulement des pierres hollondoises, tout près d'un flanc de tonneau de bois tapissant le fond de la tranchée, nous avons découvert ce qui semble les traces d'une occupation des lieux antérieure à celle de Courtemonche. La tranchée c en effet saisi le rebord d’une dépression faite de moins d' hommes. Or, dons le cercle délimitant le trou creusé, on o pu localiser des fragments de tuiles que nous ottrïbuons pour !' instant aux Basques qui fréquentaient cette baie. Courtemanche n'avait-il pas décrit la présence ae tuiles espagnoles sur l'emplacement de son poste? Autre foi! intéressant à signaler, au-dessus du sable stérile qui c per io suite rempli l'excavation, il y o une strate d'habitation exclusivement française, de même type que celle remarquée dans les niveaux inférieurs des trous pratiqués devant lo maison de Courtemanche. 11 y aurait donc eu une occupation antérieure à

Courtemanche.

Enfin, au bout de la tranchée, tout près des maisons actuellement habitées,

>1 y a des vestiges d'une ou deux grondes habitations. Les objets des 18 et 19ième siècles abondent, mois l'évidence de remplissaqe et basculage des strates les rend inutiles b la datation. On remarque aisément ciu côte sud, un mur qui fait saillie en surface.

Fait de gros blocs rectangulaires alignés, il se poursuit sur une distance d’une cinquantaine de pieds. Nous projetons de multiplier les tranchées au cours de lo prochaine expédî tien.

Au sujet de lo maison principale, nous avons localisé dans le cours de lo tranchée B une division de Jo maison orientée syd-nord, ainsi que le mur ouest extérieur. Comme le but de I' expédition était d* identifier la structure, nous avons décidé de longer les murs, afin d'évaluer les dimensions et de les comparer à celles du plan de 1708. Ces dimensions, compte tenu des différences de longueur entre pieds fronçais et anglais, c ,9h9 ort ^ er *t parfaitement au pion originel. H vo sans dire qu* il s'agit î& d'un élément des plus importants pour l'identification de la structure. Elle mesure en effet 60 pieds de long sur 40 pieds^de largeur, mesures françaises. L'étude minutieuse des ruines a permis de conclure b lo présence de deux maisons construites l'une sur l'autre, ta première, pius grande en longueur et en largeur, a été incendiée. Lo seconde, plus recente, don» les murs sud et nord reposent partiellement sur les murs plus anciens, alors iqiutô L ' murs est c-t ouest reposent parallèlement à I* intérieur des anciens murs, n'a pos rie son

intérieur des murs de cette deuxième hobi

côté été incendiée.

Quelques sondages pratiqués a . .

i- de trouve» des planchers et un crépis de couleur grise encore intacts, lotion ont P e,m ,'. " . e , (r ,j 5 è notre disposition semblent indiquer que la maison de

i<-s documents abandonnée en 1760, soit réoccupée pai la fomiile Jones à une

flrouage " ’ ^ ' mo ; s | e s fouilles ne sont pas assez avancées pour le prouver. Une

‘ e< tome P®!’® jlj e dé : po*oir de près de deux pieds d' épaisseur recouvre ce plancher. U°' J sondoar plus poussé dons la cave à une profondes de quelque 10 pieds a révélé

‘ Ts'est effectué un remplissage er que les stroies initiales ont été entièrement bou5° * ^ s f n effet les objets des 18 et 19ième siècles gisent pêle-mêle. Au fond de îo’^ove on o relevé des couteaux de stylé *’ Antoine " , ainsi que de ia céramique des 17 ' t ]gième siècles. De fait, les objets trouvés dons la maison et hors des murs sont en grande majorité des 17 et IBième siècles.. On a recueilli entre autres quelques pièces de monnaie aux effigies de Louis XjV et Louts XV.

Comme la maison de Courtemanche o été incendiée et que celle de Brouoge a été épargnée, nous présumons pour 1* instant que ces structures sont celles du commandeur de lo~Côte Nord et de son : beau-fils. Nous appuyons notre thèse non seulement sur les dimensions de la plus ancienne des bâtisses, mois aussi sur la proximité des cabanons de pêche dont il avait la défense et sur les vestiges de culture rr.ontagnaise laissés par les 30 familles qu‘îl avait prises è son service et établies tout près de son poste principal .

Il faut ajouter parmi les autres points importants une terrasse de pierres assez finement assujetties, face à l'entrée centrale de la maison, du côté du fleuve. Donc, le but d‘identification sommaire ayant été aftein t, il s'agira de terminer le creusage de tout le bâtiment et du terrain qui l'environne.

Quant aux quelques carrés excavés face â la maison, la ligne de bois pourri aperçue dons chacun d eux surmonte une habitation qui, à première vue, nous semble plus ancienne que celle de Courtemanche. Nous y avons trouvé des pièces de monnaie portant les dotes de 1630 et 1638. L'une sembie être un doublon. S'agiî-îl d* un ancien poste de t roi te des Bretons et Moloins qui, aux dires de Cartier, fréquentaient depuis longtemps ces lieux? S' agirait-il d'autTe part des établissements espagnols mentionnés par Courtemanche et qui ont donné à la baie de Brador le nom de baie des Espagnols ? Seules les prochaines fouilles apporteront des réponses, du moins I ' espérons-nous. Cette occupation française ou espagnole semble se rattacher b une occupation indienne de conlaC f / P eiJ, -® tr Ç montagnaise, surtout à cause des pipes de type Micmac qui y furent recuei .ies, semblables à celles qui Furent trouvées à Sept-lles et Mînaan dans les postes de Bissot et de Joîiiet. r a

Tout près de !o maison, à l’est, faisant un anale de quelque 30', nous avons remorque une série de tumulus témoignent d'anciennes structures. Une sommaire Inspection vjréI ' ( é* ^ ^ ^ on5 l es environs immédiats de ia maison principale. Ces cabanons,

une îai

?^tj neS ^ P 0 '^ 501 ^ 5 -' Lors de le construction de la route reliant Brodor à Lourdes de Bïorsc ° 0 , n ; r " v éleuse a permis d'en prendre une meilleure connaissance avec les objets

roc s a Iq partie supérieure d’une de ces constructions. Nous y avons recueilli une r*fb’ H ? ° * ro '*;.Pj eo ^r une meule, de nombreux clous et des bois de charpente, des formes -, nue., c ç >o loupes et d avirons, des pièces de gouverna II totalement inconnus des t .. ".| Ur ^ ^ n dror), ainsi que des flotteurs de liège; toujours empilés les uns sur les au

ra c que e su o ignorés. Aucun autre cabanon de pêche n’a été fouillé; nous evens

( m< . vu ré chacun. Ils sont en majeure partie? situés sur des terres vierges 10,1 °"? 101 1 C<'ux qui sont élevés sur des terrains privés ont été préservés par les

de !o Couronne. s OVO ns même décidé l'un d'entre eux à fixer ailleurs les fon

knbilontr OC Woom , ■ dotions d* une nouvelle ma.son.

Le soste de Courtemanchc, de por sa fonction, visait à protéger non seuiet I 's ustensiles de pêche laissés pour l’hiver à Brader, mais^ également les postes de nenr es n.^ tués fout le long a'u golfe. La preuve de l'attention portée por le

uo.-'e OU < f> ^ Cntf Nord à ces établissements fronçais, apparaît dans un chemin visible sur les photos aériennes et retrouvé sur le terrain. Nous I avons su.v. en Jeep uu ’o Lourdes de Blonc Sablon. Dé temps à autre il disparaft sous des arbustes situés dans les bouteurs, mais on le retrouve toujours. Il o été radicalement coupé par l'éroion dans les environs immédiats du Cron des Morts entre Lourdes et Bl ont -Sablon. Le cimetière actuel l'a sectionné en deux. lExami nons-le de plus près. C’était un chemin foil pour les chevaux et les voitures à roues cloutées. Une liane Fait saillie au centre qui montre la trace laissée par les sabots. Assez bien construit et entretenu, on le voit franchir perpendiculairement des plages soulevées dont les galets ont été enlevés et déposés le long du parcours, en forme de couloir étroit. On remarque I 1 intensité de ces Travaux le long du Fleuve, en direction de l'Anse Ste-Claire située en territoire dit terreneuvien. Des murs de soutènement le protègent. Chose remarquable, an a retrouvé du quartz taillé dons le chemin longeant le fleuve. Ou bien ce quartz taillé a été apporté là por les roues de chariots à partir d'un surplomb où abondent les éclats, et que le chemin franchit, ou bien il indique pour cette voie une très grande antiquité. Les anciens ne se souviennent pas d'avoir vu servir cette route. Nous l'avons suivie sur une assez grande disfonce vers i'est, au fond des baies qui se succèdent jusqu'à l'Anse SreCioire- Incidemment, nous avons retrouvé une roue cloutée face ou poste. Rappelons que des roues cloutées sont énumérées dans l'inventaire dressé en 1 74 I. Pendant la prochaine saison de fouilles nous dessinerons sur carte, à partir des photos aériennes et de l'examen du terrain, le tracé complet de io route.

En plus de ces vestiges français, nous avons retrouvé, de l'autre côté du ruisseau riche en truites et en saumons ( Mémoire de Courtemanche ), de nombreux vestiges d'origine européenne, des bases de maisons, des tuiles, et des quontités incroyables d‘ ossements oe loup-marins. Rappelons que Courtemanche avait lui aussi remarqué ces ossenu-r.is puîsqu il en fait mention dans son mémoire. Signalons, pour terminer, derrière I ensemble oes cobanons, un espace de terrain qui fut mis en culture. Il pourrait s'agir a<>s jordms de Courtemanche de Brouoge

, Toujours dans ce chapitre des sites européens ou mixtes, signalons la présence

un autre poste repéré cette fois—ci le long de la rive ouest de la rivière Blanc —Sablon. uelques sondages ne nous ont pas permis jusqu’ici de !* identifier avec certitude, ce que nou?. parviendrons peut-être à réaliser lorsque l’examen global des objets sera terminé.

" P r. Ui ° Une 9 rar> de abondance de clous, signalons la présence d’un plomb à filet et de reux tessons de céramique qu’on peut dater du 17ième siècle. Maïs comme le vieux . irrnin passe le long au "Cran des Morts” <st semble s’y diriger por un embranchement tout ° u cimetière actuel de Blanc Sablon, nous le mettons en relation avec le poste de Col. Q ° n< <?'i ,C e serait un poste de traite avancé. L’endroit est ideal à eerte fin, cor on y rindihh ° rn* S<Jr a r ’ ve °PP° s ^e de la rivière, les vestiges d’une intense occupation orné ne. n trouve également sur îe site du poste des outils et éclats de silex ef quartz.

l 55>

Nous terminerons cette description des postes européens pur celui que nous, considéi ons le plus important après celui de Courtemonche. Cette station de contact a été re

au fond de !o baie de Broder, à l'ouest, à une distance d'environ deux mûtes des quel

' je aouvernement déménage ou vil loge proprement dit de Brader, elle Se

ques maisons ' u , . . -i ,, c

d <.< mule derrière un rocher qui s avance dans la mer, ce qui m empeche nullement, par t m rs < Joir d'avnis une patfaiiv vision du poste de Courtemonche situé à Brader. Nous

sommet dirigés deux fois, dans des conditions atmosphériques peu propices. La végé;:;;, cn délimite po|?oitçroen.i le terrain occupé. Afin d'évoluer I* importance de la station, non avons percé une étroite tranchée en direction d'un monticule, et creusé un ccrré de 10 pieds de côté là où des fragments de hriques avaient été localisés. La tranchée a fair s„rgi; u.o n'afloge dons la partie sud du quadrilatère habité. Dans la partie nord, nous avons repéré hois fouis. La tranchée devoit traverser l’ un de ces fours, faisant surgir une très grande ohondonce d'os o'e baleines, de ioup-marins et de caribous. Ce four avait conservé intact son : anol rie drainage des huiles. Nous l'avons fait transporter. Il est construit en tuiles jaunâtres. Quant aux outils recueillis dans et autour du four, en plus de ceux en silex, rreni ionriom un harpon de métal, quelques couteaux à lame de métal et à manche d'os, ainsi que des traverses de traineaux en os également. Signalons la présence de quelques fragments de vase en stéatife. Quant à l'excavation de 10 pieds carrés, elle a permis de mettre à jour un magnifique four de briques rouges disposées en forme de fer-à-cheval. De quoi s'agi'-il 7 Il faut pour l'instant s'en tenir aux hypothèses. Il pourrait s'agir d'une part, du premier poste de Courtemanchc construit ou fond de la baie de Brader, d'outre part, d'un poste de traiit des Basques. Mais à quelle civilisation appartenaient les Amérindiens dont on retrouve les vestiges ? Sont-Ils Dorsets, Béothuks, Montagnais 7 Nous ne prouvons pas encore répondre I

STATIONS AMERINDIENNES

Le deuxième but de l'expédition était de repérer les stations amérindiennes situées entre Io frontière du Labrador et le fond de la baie de Brador. La première étape fut de rr.ontei use mosaïque de photos aériennes, dresser une carte englobant la majeure partie du territoire exploré, sut laquelle mosaïque nous avons délimité des secteurs selon des divisions qui nous apparaissaient logiques, basées sur les accidents du terrain. Ce travail de reprérage des sites amérindiens s'accompagnai t d'une étude géographique et géologique des lieux en prévision d'une future, mois problématique maftrise en géographie, ce qui nécessitait chaque joui une moirhe de 3 milles en moyenne. Tous les phénomènes géographiques el géologiques visibles rencontrés lors de ces sorties ont été notés et photographiés. Aucune excavation proprement dite n’a été pratiquée sur les stations reconnues, exception faite d'une coupe permef- ^ tant de mieux saisir la stratigraphie de l'endroit et de prélever des échantillons de charbon ce bois. Les objets reçue il I i s en surface ont été placés dans des sacs contenant la cote du lieu e' au ti es délai I s suscept ibf es d* aider à ! * idenf if i cation de I o station étudiée . Comme les objets n* otst pu encore être étudiés à fond, le catalogage n'étant pas encore terminé, nous nous contenterons de décrire brièvement chacune des stations, petite ou grande, glissant quelques caractères aptes à les identifier sommairement. Nous procéderons d'est en ouest.

-i lotio n 200 ; Il s'agit d'une station située en territoire dit terreneuvîen, au fond de la cote Sto-Cinire. On y voit, de haut en bas, une gradation d'anciennes plages sablonneuses, ua dernière, située tout près du fleuve, à une hauteur approximative de 20 pieds, est fortement éiodée et les débiis descendent en abondance vers la mer. Nous avons pu localiser to provenance de CCS débiis dans un strate intacte située Sur le bord de la terrasse. Les matériaux cte base dos outils sont surtout le quartzite rose et le silex. Les bifaces abondent, mais le varie

• . |.rfy- ; gr.ç-' : '' ' '

de" pièces est ossez grande pour prévoir plusieurs cultures. Mentionnons surtout deux pièc.gs ô un cran.

Sintion 127 Cette station est située le long du fleuve, en direction de l'Anse Ste~Claire. mois en territoire di» québécois. C est en suivant Se chemin de Courtemonche qu'on l'a , epérée. Elle comprend peu d objets, mois les éclats abondent. On les retrouve même sur îr parcours du chemin de Courtemonche, comme nous le mentionnions ci-haut. Sans pouvoir assurer, pour l'instant, que les Amérindiens a ient encore taillé des flèches a cette époque, nous pouvons présumer que ces éclats ont été projetés là ô partir d* un surplomb sur le passage du chemin où l'on trouve un atelier de taille. Autre intéressante découverte : une source de galets de quartzite rose. Dans une baie que longe la route de Courtemonche, une gronde accumulation de galets de cette nature ont été transportés par io mer. Cette baie possède aussi des plages étagées. Nous n'avons pas eu le temps de vérifier si la même accumulation de galets roses s'y es» faite dans le passé.

Stations 122- 122b- 123 : Face à l'école et à Carrière, les éclats de quartz et de silex sont abondants. Nous avons pu localiser une strate d'habitation intacte du côté sud de la route du village. Aucune pièce caractéristique n'y a été repérée.

Station 120 ; Dans ce secteur, le phénomène est analogue ô celui que l’on vient de décrire.

(1 s’agit de dunes et de dépressions dues à l'action éolienne avec quelques affleurements rocheux. On n'y trouve que des éclats et aucune ligne stratifiée.

S tôt ion il 9o : Nous nous dirigeons maintenant le long de la rive est de la Blanc-Sabio-i . A mesure que nous montons vers la terrasse soulevée située ou pied de l'Hot à cuestas, nous remorquons encore une fois les affleurements de roches et les sables remaniés, mais les outils cette fois sont ossez nombreux. Le quartzite domine, quoique d'autres matériaux y soient aussi présents.

S lot i on I 19b ; Sur la terrasse proprement dite, un ancien chemin de portage bien visible est encore emprunté aujourd'hui par les villageois de Blanc Sablon. Fait intéressant c signder, nous avons localisé dans ce sentier une station amérindienne couvrant un rayon de 100 pieds.

Le gisement repose sous une couche de végétation, de lichens principalement, qui vc s'épaississant à mesure que nous nous approchons du bord de lo terrasse. Une coupe a révélé que les pièces gisent immédiatement sous le couvert végétal. C'est un phénomène dont nous avons pu constater la répétiiïon dans la majeure partie des sites découverts sur la Côte Nord. La strote a" occupation n'a pas grande ampleur, caractérisée surtout par la présence de quartzite bleuté. Peu de pièces y ont été recueillies.

Station I 1 &o : Vers le nord sur la même terrasse, nous avons trouvé, dans une coulée, en hou» et au milieu, une abondance de débris et d'outils exclusivement faits de quartzite rose et se présentant en majeure partie sous forme de bifaces. Ces outils se voient en surfcce, où étosion q fait disparoTtre la couverture végétale, maïs une coupe faite en terrain vierge c rêve lé qu ils reposaient auparavant sous une épaisse couche de débris organiques provenant d une one ienne végétation disparue et déposée au bord de la terrasse par l'érosion. Par exemple, en ce qui concerne le gisement le plus élevé, certaines pièces étaient recouvertes d‘une épaisseur végétale de 3 à 4 p f e ds.

~ [rUign_ I 16b : Un élément très i ntéressant. II s'agit d'un lambeau de korr. coupé po< la Bianc

Soblon er dont le reste, beaucoup plus imposant, se poursuit vers l'ouest. Cette butte a une pente plus accentuée sur le versant nord. En surface, là où lo végétation a disparu sous oc tion des vents, il .semble y avoir eu des cabanes amérindiennes. Les galets y sont nombreux.

14-1

ciw.M nur les débris de silex et de quartzite. On e recueilli une dizaine d ' outi U susceptibles d eider à I' ident if. c a t ion do la station. On observe également des foyers et des débris , r c ., is jne. Une strate intacte a été remarquée dans la partie est du monticule.

c t „ t ;„rs 116c : Nous avons été fort intrigués par ie petit gisement repéré ô l'extrémité ouest du L;am. Dans ôn secteur bien déterminé près du ruisseau qui se jette dans la 31 anc-Sablon, tout près de la confluence, nous avons recueilli des galets de silex qui semblent d'origine européenne. Le silex est tout-à-fail différent de ceJui rencontré ordinairement au Québec. Deux ..oufeurs dominent : le noir et le jaune. Les pierres et rognons nous font penser à cette culture dite “sur galets’’ dont on commence a trouver, même en Amérique, des signes évidents.

Une étude sommaire des outils recueillis o révélé ce qui nous rappelle une taille faite en Eu! ope. Mais des ttaces apparaissent d'un nouveau débitage dans le gisement en question, cor les éclats y abondent. Le plus curieux est que ce genre de silex n'a été retrouvé dans aucune des 53 stations repérées par l'équipe. Comme il existe de l'autre côté ce la Bianc-Sablon, en face, un outre poste européen, nous croyons que ce silex viendrait du ballast loissé sur les rives par les bateaux européens, ce matériel ne pouvant échapper aux yeux observateurs aes autochtones. L'analyse géologique des échantillons rapportés devrait s'avérer des plus 'ntéresstmk’s.

Station 1 50a : C’est à cet endroit que la cueillette en surface nous offri: ie plus ae s-jrp ises.

En arrière du kart existent des levées sinueuses faitc-5 alors que le Blanc-ScbJon occupai un lit plus large. Ces petits monticules en longueur semblent avoir abrité une importante population amérindienne, si l'on en juge par la très grande quantité de pièces ouvrées recueillies. Quatre de ces levées, grossièrement parallèles au cours de le Blanc-Sabion, ont été sans auun doute occupées par les hommes. Les outils sont nombreux et vcrîés, avec des couteaux et project! les de facture archaïque, oinsi que des pièces présentant ces caractéristiques plus récentes» Notons cr> particulier la prédominance des piano-convexes. Il y a un vide cb.m pis <■ uu !<■'. levées efh s-mêmes. Ce vide s'expliquerait par le présence d'un one ter. nivepu de la mer pçimettant <i’ • ■ céde r à ces levées par canot, il est probable aussi que ces aein:t.res foiant auparavant couvertes de sable, ce qui Ns rendait tout o foit convenables à l'habuation. P* 'Meurs objets opt été Fottement patinés et sont incrustés de lichens. Deux autres traits corac»• i is tiques : forma assez massive, et quartz bleuté laiteux comme matériel le plus fréquent.

3l ion 150h. -, Cette station, des plus importantes, a été localisée quelques jours ovent la f>r. du In saison. 111«• repose sur ie meme chemin de portage coupé par fa coulée dom nous venons

une plus cr

jn, une ion encore, cr une tone accumulation ae saoie aepose le ionu ««

î»obt f* Cil I I n ^ tr* r omnnt r\o »- 1 r-i c . r « f roi .c I * «e t io.n /-lit r/on f o t r/s nrv ,\.CP /=» O bfiHCS 6flG l !T1£S V C • 5 ^ tT

de décrite h-s deux sites riches en quart2Îte rose. Nous sommes c une plus grande a.fbuue- ' ogi I, une lois encore, d’une forte accumulation de sable déposé le long de ' ancienne mer, qui a été remanié par lo suite sous l’action du vent et repoussé en bancs éncimes ve.

- _ . -T- . X t > 1 », ! _r/M- As-\ r». c A. r*

pied de lo cuesto. Tout piès de la rupture de pente on voit encore les anciens coraons ae P ! -" ut 1 , constitués de cailloutis, se succédant en lignes parallèles. Dons ce cadre, les r onôs «.-* fioncs des dépressions devaient donner une abondance exceptionnel le de débris de taille. Encore une fois le quartzite rose domine ; nous avons recueilli là la plus grande collection Oi faces de toute lo saison. Ainsi, dons un rayon de trois pieds, nous en avons trouvé près u um. cinquantaine. Les ateliers sont nombreux. Le type des outils varie très peu d’une aépressan à I autre, et la culture dans son ensemble est homogène. Plus nous montons vers le plect de ° 1 cien îlot à cuestas, on remarque dons les blocs débités un curieux arrangement impliquant 1 cc ‘ion de l’homme. Certains arrangements laissent croire à des sépultures. Nous possécons ici un excellent gisement b fouiller, d’autant plus que des strates d’habitation intoctes s y ebsersen La station couvre près de 2000 pieds en surface et 300 pieds de profondeur.

ÿmsM

14-2

- 9

9 lv .iir>n 13 lu : Un peu plus iom, toujours remontant vers 1 ’ intérieur des terres, un de mes coéquipiers a remarqué, en plein terrain sablonneux, un curieux amoncellement de roches sous forme de tumulus. Ayant soulevé quelques pierres, il a vu, à l'intérieur, un orrcncement de dalles qui laisse croire à une sépulture. Nous avons laissé le tout intoct jusqu'à le prochaine saîson*

Stations 151- 151c : Ces deux gisements se trouvent de chaque côté d'une coulée qui sectioorre le "portage' 1 . Toujours aons des dépôts de sable, de nombreux débris et objets signifient c eite fois une culture différente de celles rencontrées. Les lames sont longues, minces, bien taillées. Lo taille est assez parallèle. Sans nous avancer trop, n'ayant examiné les pièces que quelques minutes, nous pouvons dire qu'elles rapellent les projectiles Eden et Scotrbiuff. Seuls les experts pourront nous éclairer sur cette question.

c . talion 1 léb : Située de l'autre côté de lo Bl anc-Sablon, du côté sud de la route reliantLourdes à Blanc Sablon, i! s'agit d'une station rappelant celles antérieurement étudiées, 'à où dominent les affleurements rocheux, et les dépressions et bancs de sable dus a 1'action éolienne. Les outils sont impressionnants, consistant, p>ar exemple, en pièces archaTques à encoches, massives, en quartz bleuté. Mentionnons également un curieux biface de mosériau rouge, à un cran.

Station 714c : Face au séchoir de le Coopérative de Pêcherie, bien que personnellement nous n* y avions rien trouvé, il y aurait eu cueillette en surface de nombreux objets d'origine amérindienne. Nous ovons cru bon de mentionner ce site, d'autant plus qu'une sépulture a été relevée foce à lo porte centrale de la coopérative et laissée en place pour les archéologues.

Station 1 1 3o : Nous sommes maintenant du côté nord de la route longeant la Blanc-Sablon.

Le premier gisement rencontré est semblable au précédent dont il n'est en fait que la continuation, avec bancs de sable et pièces en surface. Dans le rapport final, nous mentionnerons les découvertes faîtes à cet endroit par l'archéologue Harp. Le gisement se poursuit sur* le flanc même de l'aurre partie du kam dont nous avons étudié plus haut le restant.

S lotion 1 1 3c : Progressant le long du cours d* eau en direction nord, nous avons localisé sur lo live meme, à faible élévation, un atelier de taille de bifaces roses. C'est lo station a bifou-s roses la plus basse jamais rencontrée, ces gisements se trouvant habituellement à plus heure al titude.

blotion I 1 3d : Sur le kam, il y o abondance d'éclats et d'outils dons la partie sua— ouest, quelques lognons de silex au centre, et des aménagements insolites de pierres sur les bords.

Statton 115 ; Mentionnons encore une fois à l'extrémité nord-est du kam le poste européen que nous avons décrit ci-haut.

Station 1Q3 : Sut le versant nord de l'Hot à cuestas appelé par les habitants, promontoire Porui., nous ovons iocalïsé de nombreux éclats de quartzite rose et bleu. Il pourrait s agir tout stmp <ment d* un portage qui permet de rejoindre la mer.

StQljoq IQp - E n contournant la pointe ouest du promontoire Parent, sur un petit portage qui longe le fleuve, un phénomène «analogue ovec débris de taille.

.SjP-bons 1- 2- S- H -, E n plein coeur du village de Lourdes, dans les cours et les iordim,•*>"' sur pierre en place que dans les dépôts sablonneux, an note des traces d occupation ornery ^ ne, non seulement sous forme d'éciais nombreux, mais également d’opjets .oçonnus. v. étudiés sommairement rappellent l'industrie esquimaude.

H-3

H)

Si Ton'lé Le lone de lo iouIc qui laisse Lourdes et qui se dirige vers Brade , nous avons -— 7 - r~ , A r i(ils et outils juste avant de descendre vers le secteur des dunes que nous

u'Icvi qjc‘iqu< b ^ 1 - .. . . » . .

Les outils semblent de facture assez récente. Nous

étudierons .mmédialernenl plus loin. , .

, esumons après de multiples lecherchés, que c est de cet endroit qu un artiste préhistor

ci ai

•" ,ov6 dans une pointe de lance, l'ensemble des montagnes qui se dessinent ou fond

T" la'baie de Bradot. Dans le rapport final, nous juxtaposerons lo gravure et la photo des

montagnes.

Cn.u'nns 19- 20o- 2 0b- 2 I : Ce t ensemble de stations est remarquable ! Il s'agit d'un onirn delta situé entre deux flots à cuestas et au fond duquel coule un petit ruisseau ; s'y o routent auclques petits lacs et matais. Le sable a été remanié por les vents marins, causc’Mi ainsi des dépressions et refoulant le sable en arrière sous formes de dunes de tailles imposantes. On remarque aussi, tout près de ces accumulations de sable, des anciennes places littéralement couvertes d'éclats. Cet ensemble de dunes nécessiterait une étude complète et méthodique, car les cultures s 1 échelonnent à travers les siècles. Il nous semble c premièie vue que le delta a été occupé avant qu'il ne subisse l'action éolienne. Des gisements ont été établis après lo formation des dunes. Nous ovons fait une cueillette de surface-, en tenant compte, dans toute la mesure du possible, de la situation précise des objets.

Au cours d'une prospection géographique des lieux, nous avons pu localiser trois stations stratifiées et bien déterminées quant eu matériel lithique. Deux sont nettement archaïques ; l'une d'elles présente quelques objets rappelant les gisements situés en hauteur c Tadoussoc, l'outre, d'une très grande importance en ce qui concerne les fouilles de I' lle^-du-Hôvre de Mingan, révèle une industrie lithique identique è celle trouvée à Mingan, industrie à périras pointes de flèches avec barbelures è angle aigu. Signalons que cet ancien delta est encaissé entre deux plages soulevées sur lesquelles on a relevé grand nombre de structures de pierres dont nous reparlerons pat lo suite.

S iotipr-, 22 : Sur un front de cuesta situé face à I 1 Ile-aux-Perroquets, o une hauteur appro

ximative de 50 à 80 pieds, nous avons retrouvé un modeste atelier de taille où dominent les éclats de quartzite rose et bleu.

Station 3S : Cette stofion, déjà mentionnée, fait face a la maison Courtemanche. Il s'agît d'une culture de contact que nous pensons, pour l'instant, être monfagrtaise. Nous nous ijasons sur les documents de Courtemanche et sur lo présence de foyers, et de fragments de pipes de pierre et de terre cuite semblables à celles des postes de Joifiet à Sept-lles et Mingan.

Station 3 4 Tout près des cabanons et dans les débris mêmes des cabanons dégagés par la ni — voleuse, nous trouvons des rognons et éclats de silex. Mentionnons entre autres quelques lames a médiane laissant supposer une culture esquimoïde.

Sjotions 36- 36b Le long de la route, des deux côtés, et à proximité de l'école actuelle de Brador, nous avons recueilli de nombreuses pièces d'allure esquimaude, telles lames avec méaianes, grattoirs de type Dorset, etc.. . Mentionnons également quelques pièces de silex |

po

On note quelques lignes d‘habitation’intactes. Les éclats et pièces taillées se trouvent aussi bien sur les roebers nus qui tombent dans la baie de Brador que sur les dépôts de sable remaniés par les vents.

S lotions 37

oujours dans ce secteur, s* on longe le promontoire en direction ouest, les ateliers de tan**? son? nombreux, riches surtout en éclats de quartzite rose.

Station 300 : Quant au site mentionné plus haut avec fours de briques, il nous est im

1-Hh

poy, je moment d’en reconnaître la culture, les pièces trouvées étant peu nombreuses ou cours des deux jouis de sondages.

STRUCTURES DE PIERRES

La question des maisons rondes n'est pas nouvelle, et noos n* avons nullement , i ; n it-ntion de prétendre en être le premier découvreur. Mois le fait nous a teliemen- impiessionnés que nous nous sommes faits un devoir d'en signaler io présence aux archéoto( . t Ju monde entier. Déjà nous avions été éveillés à cette question par 1 * archéologue Thomas Lee. Dès le début de la saison, alors que nous attendions notre équipement, nous nous sommes concentrés sur l'étude des photographies aériennes. En plus de localiser les fondations des habitations européennes de Brador, notre attention s'est portée sur un alignement de points ronds, parfois jumelés, le long du rebord de la terrasse soulevée située du côté ouest de lo baie des Dunes. Une excursion sur les lieux vint vite nous convaincre de l'importance des vestiges. Nous n'étions pas certains tout d'abord si ces arrangements étaient naturels, car leur forme faisaient penser ô des phénomènes du pérïglociaire. Une brève exploration autour de ces structuies ronaes mit à jour, entre les galets, quelques fragments de gouge et quelques projectiles d'allure nettement archaïque. Ces étrenges structures avaient déjà attiré l'attention des "voyageurs", puisque nous en avons trouvé une de pillée. Dons un but scientifique, pour mieux orienter nos fouilles ultérieures, nous en avons à notre toui dégagé une, mais méthodiquement, avec notes et photos. Nous reparlerons de celle-ci plus loin.

Du côté est du promontoire Parent, le long du chemin qui conduit au quai, nous «vous remarqué des assemblages de pieires, non pas en forme de maisons rondes, comme sur 'es autres plages soulevées, mais indiquant un remaniement humain. Dons une de ces srrucres, nous avons recueilli une hoche d'allure nettement archaTque. Nous n'avons ou continuel les sondages pour couse de pluie. Tous les problèmes archéologiques demeurent en suspens sur cette terrasse.

La première zone de maisons dont nous avons pu faire une étude assez poussée enserre tout l'ensemble de l'ancien delta et des dunes, D 5 après une sommaire observation des lieux, le glacier aurail disséqué le rciief "cuestaïque" en hauteur, arrachant les blocs à portir des formations de grès rouge. Par lo suite, ces blocs détachés ont été remaniés par

. , T -Je grès rouge, rat lo suite, ces blocs de toc nés on r ere remanies pu*

lo mer et déposés sur les deux terrasses déployées en éventail, parallèlement aux rebords au delta. Les blocs et galets ont été remaniés par l'action des vagues, mais l'action au gel et dégel ne s y remarque pratiquement pas. Sur ces deux terrasses, on peur observer en pognon, de ! altitude une succession de plages soulevées dues aux mouvements isostatiques. Nous allons étudier une à une ces deux groupes de terrasses soulevées.

j . ■ — ■ — ’w.i.vivv; oc iiummeux chocs, xux unes

on, que ques unes de ces formations, des squelettes humains . ou eau. ous n avons pu retracer aucun des crânes trouvés, les

in no 4 . _ 4 k i «. I. .U .

; spersés un peu partout. Nous avons , not. Les individus ayant habités ces

>cun aes ci ânes ~- r é~

dégagé de cm >m mmSZS i£Z2m

; lieux auraient pu profiter de ces phénomènes

M-5

?»0 rid<

OV

zxnru' de p do 1 o bose .

Is, f?W

p4'U< “O 1 * C

Non loin de cos e

lKKSI en foire des sépultures, ce qui expliquerait les arrangements ntonnôirs, parfois à quelques pieds seulement, nous nous souvenons

v.oes. »vo.-. n. n )CS liaisons .ondes, dont les d.amènes mesuraient en moyenne une di

ovoir repère nos P*f n , urs pouvaient atteindre une houteur de 2 à 3 oieds, à partir

ae oieds. v- _ oiSément une plus gronde hauteur si l'on tient compte des nomc *' ■ . entourent. Poursuivant notre cvance sur les deux terrasses, ces

’extrémité norct-c _

longue saison sur ces deux plages soulevées.

20 à 30 pieds, a

icz de travail pour une

l'autre côté des dunes, on note également une gradation de ploges, mais celle

» 85 ^e'ds'ou-dessus du niveau de la mer nous a particulièrement intéressés. Déjà nous ( 5 ‘ avions repérée sur les photos aériennes. Lo plage elle-même peut avoir une largeur de 50 ds fMe se divise dons ia partie nord-est en deux bronches fort rapprochées. C . - * — :-J A., i„ inr^t.o • d'autres au centre et ou fond.

des junctures se trouvent sur ie oord de lo terrasse ,

Certaines Nous pou

une r inquonlaine d'autres structures. Quelles formes présentent-elles ? lî y en a en forme de cercle, de cercles soudés l'un o l’autre sous forme d'un huit, de trois cercles disposés en trèfle, de forme elüpsoide à trois divisions, dont un mur à la verticale ou centre et deux divisions également rondes dans ies extrémités. Certaines maisons ont une petite annexe également ronde de foime. On voit, face aux maisons longeant le bord de la terrasse, des emplacements de foyeis. Certains arrangements dans la roche laissent croire à des sépultures. Notons que tes muis, on généra!, sont à peine visibles et qu* ils ne font qu'affleurer le sol. Il semble qu'ils aient été soumis depuis longtemps à l'action des éléments. Les roches éboulées vers l'intérieur ! reposons sur ur. poléo-plonchet le prouvent. Comporant ces phénomènes à ceux observés sur •s ploges récemment soulevées ou en voie de l'être, on se rend vite compte, par le disposition des galets, que l'action de l'homme n'y est pas absente. Dès la première semaine, nous avons trouvé, dons un petit foyer situé face à une maison ronde, quelques éclats de silex et des fragments de gouge verdâtre fort patinée. Dons les environs immédiats d'une autre maison nous avons localisé un projectile lancéolé égolemenf fort patiné par le temps. Voyant i* importance que pouvaient avoir ces découvertes sur l'orientation de nos fouilles, nous nous sommes décidés à foire un sondage méthodique.

Lo maison sondée mesure en diamètre une dizaine de pieds. Elle est jumelée avec un< nulle d égale importance. Toutes deux forment un huit parfait. Il y c de la végétation mis es deux centres. Les galets sont ronds et couverts de lichens, sans fragments dus ou gel, et qui atteste qu ils «voient déjà perdu toute aptitude à l'être au moment de lo construction <s maisons. Nous avons commencé le travail en enlevant une rangée de pierres cans lo sector, su -ouest. Un gros rognon de quartz est le seul vestiges retrouvé d'industrie lithîque. A iroVn ’ i ^ U< T nc ? u ’ enlevions les pierres, le sol devenait de plus en plus dur et stérile. Aucune K. roc >ar OM e bois. Nous devions cependant être plus Fortunés dans la partie ottenanre. vail 'ecueilli deux projectiles pédoncuiés, bien pafinés. N’oyont pu terminer le fra

iiouvei h irT, rnrnC r re j° U,rl jf quelques jours avant ia fin du camp. Nous avons eu le surprise de cr. face d‘ n pr °.° n ? ur ° environ trois pieds, une épaisse couche de bois brûlé. Nous étions de fond de rnknl^ 0 '' 0 ''" Observant minutieusement le sol qui, dans ie passé, devait servir • ,, ' ^® us r \ ous sommes rendus compte que cette crémation était postérieure o le

d‘ humuf dorTT*4 C * • ^ oc,lon du feu o noirci et rougi en quelques endroits P imposante couche >mo< onnit’i a f>01SSRUt R® 0 * s cx pl*quer par une longue végétation, poussant là depuis longjmmr nous I jR_ S .R. rIOul î c ^.®? s et d'arbustes oyant pris racine dans cette sorte de cuvette.

ayant qprts . _ _ ___...._

a. ions remarqué ailleurs au centre de certaines structures rondes.

■"A-,

Un poi r. i q si

1 A-6

-,..ui

t/c* signés, évidents d'ocre. Nous ovons pris des éehontiIIons. De., ,. quelques dents homoinus sont venus compléter le tableau. Nous avon -pu in toc t , à 1 1 abri de tout pii leur éventuel , afin de prendre un ëchan*

S OSS(

' s laissé nr

, . . . prendre un échantillon de c

de lo prochaine saison, les conditions lors des fouilles ne 1 'ayant pos «e

fiagmenpoi tie ^Kirtjon

rmis.

(ù> t

du fo - ,

de bois ou cour, d .

pfoutre port, la photo aérienne o signalé d'autres formations rondes en direction de- pioaes t pétieures, formations que nous n avons malheureusement pas eu le temps d'êtudiei a fond (us maisons dont nous venons de parler étaient situées à une hauteur de 85 pieds au-dessus du niveau de la mer.

Si nous laissons cette terrasse supérieure et descendons rejoindre la route oui "conduit à ('aéroport, nous voyons une plage soulevée des plus remarquables en ce qui concerne fia

(dial amérindien. Sur cette plage paiallèle à lo première, sise à une oltitude cpnrox■ motive de 50 pieds, se leconnaTt une évidente suite de structures de maisons, nettement rct snc. circ-s r - le fois, à murs communs, alignées comme des moîsons le long d'une rue. Les murs sedecaae-' très peu du sol, ce qui nous fait plutôt penser à des tentes. Un sondege exécuté dons jne rr,c>jpn a ramené en surface quelques éclats de quartz ainsi que des fragments de bois brûlé. Nous voilé devant un problème archéologique de plus à résoudre dans les cnnées prochaines.

D’outres structures ont été découvertes à quelques milles à î’ouest au poste répété ou fond de lu baie de Biador. Elles sont assez basses par rapport ou niveau actuel de lo mer , mois pas inférieures, il me semble, ô 35 ou 40 pieds. Certaines sont très visibles cn.ec un intervalle de 5 pieds au moins entre lo plus haute rongée de pierres et le fond semi -sou terra in de I ' habi lo t i on. Une des structures nous a surpris. Construite contre le flanc d‘une faia se obrupte, elle n'en n'était pas moins ronde, comme si le rondeur étoit un élément conven-îonnel ou ri tuel .

Mais le site de maisons le plus spectaculaire fut certainement celui des Selles-A,urs, découvert par les membres de l'équipe lors d'une excursion de fin de semaine. Les Bol les-Amours, dites Balsamon dans le journal de Jolliet, sont situées à une quinzaine dé-mules ô l'ouest de Brador. Il y a dans ces parages une très longue pxsinte dégageant ae choque côté de magnifiques plages. Dans la première des baies située immédiatement au pieu de -c côte, nous remarquons, è une altitude de quelque 50 pieds, une très longue terrasse soulevée faîte uniquement de galets roulés. Si l'on continue de monter vers le centre de le pointe, c' rencontre d'abord un petit lac auprès duquel la majeure parlie des maisons sont blotties, puis on rejoint, par une montée groduelle, une deuxième terrasse estimée ô 80 ou 100 pieas au-dessus du niveau de la mer. Entre ces deux terrasses, on remarque au nord quelques ïamaeoux ce terrasses également couvertes de maisons. Cette découverte des Belles-Amours c retenu notre attention, non seulement h couse de la conservation parfaite des srfucrures porfîei lament éboulées, mais parce qu'elles donnaient quelques explications sur les autres formations au sujet cusquelles nous retenions toujours l'hypothèse de leur origine pérïglacioire. Ici, au can doute : Nous avons vraiment affaire ô des habitations humaines, certains des murs atteignant de 4 ô 5 picas de hauteur. Nos efforts ont surtout porté sur la ploge inférieure. Chacune des structures o été iclevée au théodolite et identifiée par un numéro. Au nombres de 26 elles son? toutes orru aires exception faite des maisons 1 et 5. La maison 1 est rectangulaire, mesura;.; quelque 3C pu ; s de longueur et 20 pieds de largeur. Les murs rte sont pros hauts, mais on v distingue une ou >tr rangée de pierres. Les coins sont orrondis. Tout le fond de la maison est plot e* couvert uni. rpaisse couche de végétation. Au centre, quelques gros blocs en sc! 1 1 i e . Ce 1 te mai so : '

° C tJn enc ^ ro 't tout a fait privilégié auprès du petit lac. Nous avons fait un sondogeene —

/nn! icotemenl la strate végétale. Il y c des débris de cuisine, mois aucune pièce coiac'éiqui n o encore été recueillie. Nous avons remis le tout dans son étçr original, laissai-.* a quipe spécialisée que nous devons mettre sur pied au cours de la prochaine saison je soin ae immer ce travail. Notons la présence de bois brûlé au coeur de I’ensemble de me i c soi lie au centre. On, ne sait p>as encore s'il s'agit d'un p>oteau brûlé ou d‘ >n fer, er .

1 r s r, étant que partielles.

ï-s taisant ; o ~

1+7

a

ifs /

Le: moi son 5 reste intrigante. Le mur sud est foit de blocs carrés parfaite:-. en; er ,|;. déposés sur une seule rongée. Malgré certains bouleversements, «Ile présente uno "àffér dont le mur nord fait défour, les deux murs parai IM es voyant leur Bout tourner

extérieur A ongle droit pour donner Lino autre partie plus large et rectangulaire. Le mur

' ’ <■ cette nouvelle division est par î ie 1 lement détruit. Un fait remarquable dons cette moi*

nC [ a , n,^ e tout près de la première est lo fine disposition des galets en plate-forme de coucho

<0 Un sondage dons un rayon de 3 pieds a ramené en surface de nombreux ossements, certains ^entant une allure d’outils fragmentés.

Quant aux outres structures, de forme circulaire, elles varient en diamètre et en ■ leur. Certaines sont semi-souterraines-, D autres ont leurs murs construits imrr>éd*gtemenr |„ niveau primitif de la terrasse. Certaines indiquent, de par les roches éboulées vers l‘inet la hauteur actuelle des murs une forme d'iglou ou de nid d'abeilles. La plupart ont petite pièce contiguë d’un ou deux pieds de diamètre. Tous les fonds de maison sont recouV £fts d‘ une couche assez épaisse de débris organiques et de lichens. Au cours des opérations c ' c-'penioge, un observateur épiait notre travail. Il nous faut parler d 1 un acte que nous jugeons devoir rapporter aux lecteurs. Il s’agit d’un collectionneur établi dans le Lobrador dit terreneuvien. Cet homme s’est par la suite livré à une déprédation qui, heureusement, n'a pas eu de lâcheuses conséquences pour nos recherches. I! n'a fait qu'enlever la couche ce lichens dans une dizaine de structures. Une seule pièce, de fait, a été trouvée dans la maison 17. Il s'agit d'un harpon en os dont nous avons la photo et qui nous sera remis bientôi, ayant convaincu cette personne à se joindre & notre société et ô procéder plus scientifiquement dons ses fouilles. Cette collaboration, en plus de fournir b cet homme intelligent et désireux de bien faire tes éléments de base d'une vraie recherche, nous a valu lo connaissance d'une trentoine de stations situées en majeure partie en territoire dit terreneuvîen.

D'owtres maisons se voient à l'extrémité sud de io pointe. Il en est de même sur ia ionosse supérieure qui nous semblent plus oncienrtes. Les murs, en effet, comme pour !o terrasse de 85 pieds étudiée plus haut, sont à peine visibles et affleurent le sol. Mais un fcît s'es! révélé d' une très grande importance. A l’extrémité nord de cette terrasse, tout près de la fçlcise et des deux côtés de Ig route,des vestiges d’un très ancien site cmérîndien ! Ont été receuïilis Ce nombreux outils nettement archcFques, tels des projectiles pédonculés et des flèches massives c berbelures à angles aigus. Le matériau est de silex, d'ardoise, de quartzite rose et de cristal de roche. Nous pensons que ces outils se rattachent aux maisons de le terrasse supérieure. Voiiâ c 1 heure actuelle ce que nous pouvons donner de description globole des maisons ou stiuctures de pierres observées par î'éautpe au cours de l'été. Nous dirons maintenant quelques mots au sujet des sépultures.

SE PULTURES

dent au#, ~ >r> orc, ' éolo 9 ue r le problème des sépultures est toujours compliqué. Il es; ê.vi

mains dont on re?^ ^ >eU p® nt , a PP 5 >rfei ' dès renseignements très précieux Sur les groupements hutte octivité, il e^tnu-.n ‘rr Str l e - 9 r ',P° ur (a P lu P° rt dcs endroits où nous avons exerç é nc lais* qui seVouvr ? UeStlC ? n 1 ^ découvertes impossibles à vérifier. Ainsi, dans le fa

qu'on aurait par I a Blanc Gabion, on aurait découvert plusieurs sépultures

rosse qui s’élève derrrièro >°° ^ cas de 23 crânes réensevelis sur la ter

eux-mêmes, il V^ a été lZ J!*- r $* “«"«-Sablon. Malgré les mdî cations des découvreurs les -enseignements^scïenHfio^f' deS crânes en question oour en retire.' fournis pour vérifier chCcunT^s^’ ^ ? Uroî ^ ^ D'autre pdrt, malgré les efforts

des cuestas, nous n'avons pu rétro J® rneS OU ,°j rlS 5 “ OUS rocht; Cran des Morts cl de chacune avons pu retrouver ur> seul des squelettes enveloppés'dons de l’écorce dé

■ : \ ■'- -r.; :i:v iV;'

M

l:

i nu que del habitants de l'endroit prétendaient 'voir vus et dont lo bonne foi ne sauraih°' / l,if en défaut. M est vroi que nous n! avons ecu sert que 10 à 15% des endroits susccps de conserver des sépultures, laissant même de côté celle trouvée dans ies derniers Jours ' notre saison sur lo tentasse de Blanc Sablon. Un seul endroit nous c permis de recueil!": des ric menti humains, soit è Middle Boy ; nous sommes rr ai heureusement orrivés un an en rest d, ^^çoors de l'été de 1967, en effet.les villageois s, -bent b io recherche de galets et de pierle lon9 de hd 0 **® du côté est de la baie. Dans u » coulée, iis ont découvert aux pieds 7 cran rocheux un amoncel lement de galets roulés. C'est en les enlevant qu' ils mirent à jour ossements et des débris de récipient d’écorce cousue et finement décorée de peinture rouNe sachant trop quoi foire de ces trouvailles, ils ont o:os 5 lo plupart des objets ■ ur lo ro

rk s

a?

he- Lorsque nous sommes orrivés sur les lieux, tout y étoit, sauf, comme d'habÎTudc- le plus n parlant, le crâne. H s'agit satis aucun doute d'une sépulture de contact puisque le rebora

impôt

du'récipient est fait de cuivre européen. La découverte c néammb-is son intérêt méritant o'ê(re rapporté, d'outont plus qu'elle nous donne d'excellents i di

tre rapporté semant préhistoriques.

îs sur les modes d'ensevelis

HYPO THESES

Une première hypothèse repose sur le bon sens et l'étude de io géographie. Le secteui où nous avons déployé io mojeure portie de nos activités est un endroit des plus logiques pour une installation humaine. Il y o des hâvres et des plages magnifiques. C'est l'entrée même du détroit de Belte-lsle. Ce lieu était susceptible de se trouver sur la route des premiers visiteurs, avec ses ressources attirantes. Ressources de la mer comme les baleines, les loupmarins, les myriades de poissons comprenant surtout la morue, et les truites et saunons dons les lacs et rivières. Ressources de lo terre caractérisées surtout par lo présence de grandes hardes de caribous. Abondance incroyable, encore aujourd'hui, ae volatiles, entre autres les moyafcs, La pointe de Blanc Sablon, è cette époque, était appelée par les indigènes " hamchichibanque , ce qui veut dire " tuerie de monjacque & senets " selon l'expression tirée du mémoire de Courlemanche. Cette richesse en gibier ailé ne se dément pas dons les flots de Brader. Ajoutons è teci divers petits fruits comestibles dont 1 es u chicoutais M ; le milieu pouvoit retenir les hommes. Pourquoi, ces conditions existant dès l'origine, les Amérindiens et autres r.e s’y seraient pas établis ? Pourquoi les trafiquants européens se seraient-ils désintéressés de ces groupements humains si t'on se souvient de I* importance de lo traite. On pourrait objecter a ces richesses naturelles l'absence d’arbres i Mois d'où vient précisément cette absence d’arbres? Des géologues n* ont-ils pas trouvé des souches dans te sol? N‘avons-nous pas nousmemes remarqué les grandes épaisseurs de débris organiques ô certoïns endroits? Des gouges, out.H typiques pour la taille du bois n'ont-elles pas été recueillies ? Pourquoi les arbres ont1 s disparu t Serait-ce dû è une très vieille occupation des lieux? Mous pousserons plus loin prochai^ 4 ^"* ,0nS °® domaine P^r les spécialistes qui se joindront à nous ou cours de la

d'evau'i Mous oil ow■ maintenant esquisser d'autres hypothèses. On nous reproche souvent * hypothèses. Nous sommes convaincus que c'est un très bon moyen de foire bfiaue e# r.° îc,er *ce, a conoition que chacune d'elle soit ensuite soumise à l'analyse scienI' imaoin »• noxJi n imaginons rien, comment la recherche avancera-t-elle? Combien de Fois découvert ^ intuition nous o incités b faire quelques milles de plus et vérifier par une

scieS«?J e b,en - f , on< ? é °® telle idéeI Pourquoi 7aut-il, sous le faux prétexte d'esprit des idée^U £^kl° 0 £“‘ r * ®i S i mem . eï sentJers battus, La science n* interdit pas la hardiesse suivantes' hvnnthïsJ^ 0 CUP ° es P r,t «on-conformiste. Nous proposons donc les hypothèses doit êire véXél s q " OWS °° us <*”F*«sons de soumettre è io critique. Chacune d'eile

H-?

: ' , ' 5 SiiPs 5; : y ■'-^a^i^sssaBBasaBSBig»»

- 16 _

f'ici; i< '' nypothftse^conccrnont les posies de traites : il y oy'rait eu n ô.odor ■iiles Fronça!s_antérieurs à Courtemanche. Il y aurait eu égolemenl des postai, Hspa>

•" c ,. pour les mômes roisor.s, pourquoi n*y trouverait-on pos des vestiges des Celtes

Scandinaves?

Deuxième Hypothèse : les Esquimaux c lo peau blanche. Disons que c’c-st beau- r - plus qu’une simple hypothèse tant les documents -ni explicites. Afin dt ne pas trop in texte, citons quelques passages tirés d’auteurs contemporains. Voici ce que ° 0 .j> en dit Louis Jolliet :

“On trouve le long des cotes du Labrador des Esquimaux qui sont en grand nombre. Quand ils n’ont pas de commodités pour foire du feu, ils mangent la viande et le poisson tout cru. Ils sont d’une taille route, ©et le visage et le corps blanc, et les cheveux frisés. Chacun a plusieurs femr, es, fort blonches er bien faites : leurs cheveux traînent è terre. Elles sont fo, < adroites à le couture.

Comme les hommes elles se couvrent de peaux de loup-marin et ont pour toutes sortes de choses beaucoup d* industrie" . Louis Jolliet, Delangîez, page 312.

Et dans les enviions de Cartwright, à 53’ et 45’ de latitude, il décrit ces Esquimaux de la manière suivante :

"J’entrai dons sa cabane, il me montra sa femme qui était vieille. Elle me prit la main, m 1 embrassa à la française ; sa fille qui était mariée, fit la même chose.

Elle avait un enfant fort blanc, gras, bien fait, âgé de 10 mois. ..."

Brouaae, le beau-fils de Courtemanche, eut beaucoup offoire avec ces Esquimaux blancs. Il leur fit même la guerre. Il les décrit lui également comme des hommes oîcncs, mois barbus. Mais i! nous a fourni un élément d’une très gronde importance en ce qui conceine l’origine de ces hommes. I! s’agit d’un court vocabulaire que lui ont dressé quelques prisonr.let' . Lé texte e été remis à monsieur Gérard McNulty, linguiste, qui l'étudie présentement. Sons vouloir présumer des résul iots de son analyse, ce vocabulaire présente jusqu'ici oes signes de contact entre une peuplade esquïmouae et une nation inconnue. Certains des mots sont nettement esquimaux ; d’outres appartiennent fe une langue morte.

Nos ancêtres ne sont pas les seuls c mentionner ces hommes blancs. Il serait Oon d ajouter un témoignage viking tiré de la Saga de Thorfinn Karlskefni, et que nous rapporte le journal isfe André Luchaire.

Mois on y relève aussi dans la description de certoins Skraelings des Toits tndiquon un mélange racial avec des Blancs : au Morklond les Vikings remarquent dans un groupe de Skroeiings un homme barbu. C’est d’ailleurs ce même groupe qui le» renseigne sur un "pays au delà du leur, où les gens sont habillés de blanc, poussent des grands cris et portent des bâtons munis d’étoffe". Fort pertinemment, l'auteur ajoute : "Ce pays, pense-t-on est celui connu sous le nom de Pays de I' Homme blanc, ou Grande irloride" ( les anciens moines irlandais étaient en effet vêtus de bionc } Article d'André Luchaire, La Presse, 23 octobre 1968.

enfin, je témoignage de 1 1 obbé Laïr, aumônier à Brador, traduit de l’anglais ;

On offirme que les Esquimaux dépassent les 30,000 en nombre. Ils n’ont aucun contact ni ovec les sauvages, ni avec le Européens dont ils diffèrent grondement.

'\ n .. °*]* P° s darbe, ont la peau pâle, bien faits et très adroits. . . On croit qu ils descendenl des Islandais ou des Norvégiens, mais ils pourraient peut-être ou contra ire cescencrr de la colonie que les Danois avaient au Groenland .1 y O quelque 300 ons e! qui est depuis lors disparue. Cri pourra trouve! sons aucun dpu* e leur langage des mots d’origine européenne. Il est 'facile de’"ê@spji>dfc le

problème- de ces mots par les langues basques, islandaises, norvégiennes <• ' dono ses." "The French on Labrador,* 3 Document fourni -par Michel Ggumoriq.

Donc, mémesl le groupe roc io! décrit par le chapelain semble un peu différent

. . ! < nnr In inf ni M « * I _ . . _ . '

c

fou

f _ _ précis où ces Esqc

niaient au printemps, soit sur I !le-à-Bois. Si nous pouvions, en plus des outils façon’ ü , r< -trouve r quelques sépultures intactes, il va sans dire que les mesures encéphaliques s'çvé. e roiert! fort utiles pour I identification.

Autre hypothèse que nous lançons pour fin d'études : pourquoi l'absence presque *o*ole de poterie sur la Basse Cote Nord *? Serait—ce parce que les Amérindiens trouvaient me illeuis les récipients de pierre ou d'écorce ? Serait-ce dû ou fait qu’ils ne trouvaient pas éléments nécessaires à cette fabrication ? Ou serait-ce tout simplement parce que ces

pothèse

pater

Que penser maintenant des maisons rondes ? Une première hypothèse vient de la façon dont elles se présentent. H semble que ce secteur de la Basse Côte Nord, jusqu’à preuve du contraire, ait été le lieu d’arrivée principal et d‘ établ ïssement stable des premiers arrivants. Il s'agirait du centre le plus important de distribution des moîsons. Plus les structures sont à haute altitude, moins elles sont intactes ; plus elles sont à faible altitude., plus elles sont bien conservées. Pourrions-nous établir une même observation et dire que plus nous allon: vers le sud et l'ouest, plus les structures sont en meilleur état, ayant été construites plus rard au cours des migrations ?

Quels sont donc les individus qui ont construit ces habitations ? Une première hypothèse : les peuplades Dorset. Les seuls éléments sur lesquels nous pouvons nous baser jusqu’c maintenant pour affirmer ceci sont le harpon en os, les plates-formes de couchage, la forme de ertoines maisons rectangulaires, et i'oltifude par rapport au niveau de la mer, présumant que 'eau atteignait alors les plages sur lesquelles ces structures sont édifiées, soit vers i ’ en «CGC. Mais cette tradition toutefois s’est certes maintenue. Un dessin fait en 1550 par Pierre Desceliers laisse voir à Brest ( Canada } un ensemble d’habitation "saulvaïges" en forme de nids d’obeiiîes. ( Le Magazine Mocfean, novembre 1968, Léon Bernard ). Nous devrions obtenir une meilleure connaissance l’été prochain alors que nous passerons au crible fous les fonds de maison .

Quant à l’origine archaïque des maisons situées en hauteur, il n’y a pratiquement aucun doute. L’altitude le prouve, ainsi que l’état dans lesquelles an les trouve. Tous les outils recueillis à cette altitude sont archaïques.

_ Nous traiterons maintenant de l‘origïne celtique ou Scandinave de ces maisons.

Une première hypothèse repose sur les faits suivants. Tous les historiens admettent que les £Jre

ent

' e *i r < :or,f '°'S4ûHjtce de la mer ? D’où les Celtes eux-mêmes la tenaient-ils ? Des Phéniciens,

Ne^r erUS r ' av, 9 a,eiJ T s ' < l u ' fréquentaient toutes les mers connues de l’antiquité, pourquoi pas ?

rouve- -on pas de plus en plus cfes signes intrigants de leur présence en Amérique ?Or, ce s j QL) ' 0l ] S °'* ? GnS ^jt aux £- e ît es c’est la forme en nids d’abeilles de quelques construe tions, a înScondî ° merl l ° n ° Esquimaux blancs dans ces parages. Ce qui nous fait également penser aux n '7 av . eS/ c esr la contemporéanïté des peuplades Dorset dont nous avons retrouvé des moil 1 i , comfr ‘ en * aî " r ®s de l’abbé Lair. Que cherchait au juste, il y a quelques années,

nerches le ?1 C Sloques Scandinaves. Munis d’ une très ancienne carte, ils ont fait maintes neM i . j , , nÇi ^ ... ° uren,f pour retrouver un établissement scondinave bâti sur une longue

. . , . e * Voi la pourquoi la pointe de Natashkuan a connu leur visite. Ils se spai même

' J 'J|° Il . , or 'V s on * a ' e f°»* remarqué, sur les Îlots, quelques maisons rondes qd' ils ,u i i es d iglous ou forts. Qu’auraient—ils pensé en voyant la magnifique poirui- des ôo’

-Amours < ? se? motsons rondes et rectangulaires ? f* i _,, 5 i»pOJ tonto ? 50 Feinte de B1

- 18

Qnc Sobl on, n' est-el

nf in, f hypothèse flnole, que plusieurs «...

(o prétention de formuler comme personnelU^"* de plüi en plus «t QUf>

rlcntique nord ? Voici présentée ' ,Q Venue 0004 ,

• • 5 _ Pfesen.Oes brièvement et en vm,. . lmim 9r«tion por le

poursu ,v enf o partir du nord de l'Euroi^t^*? Toisons oppuyont ; des vents dominants VAa-t! i e i turope jusqu’ ou QuéW L '

-'«vont fXJ5 [a prête

- de ! 1 Atlantique nord f

V ' j;,,.. ■ lo suite d’fies qui se poursuivent h ;„ a , v '* w " Vf o<

convergence des courants ma, ins et des vents dominons v^ Québ^ ï^’^O^ecd fo ;,,, s nos qui oident o I orientât,on, lo présence plus massive * v ***«*me de cercle du P îanC !° n d T S - T î é9,on et i<3 vî ® animale intense aTi Jn S C6S i c ri

da globe è certaines périodes, les ressemblances entre |* outille^ fitWi« U **', U réch ^?? e men cf d'outre, etc ? Remarquons qu ,1 s'agit pour I s instant d'une sériel 6 1° P ° ter?€ °* port n'jie f la recherche. Les proche.nés saisons essaieront de trouver des r lJl yPO,KeSei P rc P^s à stî dons. A cette fin, nous ^ttrons sur pied, et c'est déjà commencé, unTéoui L’T” C P. S ^ €S nnhej groupent des experts en otvers secteurs, afin de bien saisir < q 136 Piw-dwcipli■

dB i ; h “ bîW h '"” ain - U importance e t lo nature SSS&Zjfr* •

lf; certainement. ^utog.ques t ex.

René Levesque, président.

Société d Archéologie de le Côte Nord, 888, Avenue de Bourgogne, opt. 2, Ste-Poy, Québec 10.

*M0£*

■

lËfij&M Pül

1^2

Title; The Brador establishment

A. the begmomg of the 18 ceohoy, the^febec Lower North Shore v,as an cx.ens New France. The king of France awarded noblemen with stretches of the manage, protect and exploit. FromT702 to 1760, Augustin Le Gardeur de Courted and lus heirs managed a concession in the area. This concession gave them the e *r right to trade with AbonginaKpeopIes and to fish for seals, whales and cod alonestretch of coastline. 3n(l7Û5. Courtcmanche established his headquarters at Fort ** * Pontchartrain. a trading post located >f4antjfefec tt em) from here. This was the first

The Brador establishment was a busy place. Until 1760, it ran the most productive scfishery- in the area. People stationed there also fished salmon cod, and traded fur Counemanche employed about 30 Imiu families as hunters and trappers, all of whom camped near the Fort.

which

Inuit Girl Held Captive

When an attempt to establish fur-trade relations with the Jnuil turned sour, Courtcmanche kidnapped a 20 year old girl named Acoutsina. Courtemanche died one month later, in 1717. His step-son François Martel de Brouage took over the management of Fort Pontchartrain.

Over the following tvvo years, there was no sign of the Inuit. Acoutsina stayed with Madame Courtcmanche and was treated as member of the family. She learned enough French to serve as an interpreter and taught Brouage the basics of the Inuit language Despite everything, in 1718 Brouage wrote that Acoutsina “still has a strong desire to return to her nation”. She got her chance when a group of inuit, including Acoutsina > father. Chief Oui tagnaro, were sighted on a nearby island. Brouage approached t ,tni ,I ' ! ‘ readily accepted that the chief take his daughter back. Before she left, Acoustina s r< - 1

teacher gave her a book so that she could share her knowledge with the others, t co.jf. was never heard of again

(374mots)

Fort Pontchartrain

Acoutsina

and The Fur trade

353 mots

L39

f'nft pontchartram (t.2

a

Ancient French fort near Brest, 3radore 3ay,

- ^ St Lawrence / It was in the original grant to

on lower ~ ^ 4 nc j mar - Ke ^ the western iir.it of the

Cour J^J g shown on Del'Isle's man of 1703 (No. 15) at grant. _ r<-kJimo river on 3aie des Espagnols or Esquimaux. rtouzn °*^~ tb y courtemanche in 1702 and named by him after . ^Phelvpeaux, Comte de Pontehartrain. Bradore bay was called r 3 a ïë"ce s Islettes by Cartier and was known as Baie des ^-D-urnols in ITiiO. It was sometimes called Baie de Bonne Esoérance. The Eskimo river is now named St. Paul or Des Esquimaux.'" The fort is shown on many old maps sometimes named n old" fort. Maps No. 2h? 96^ 9^> 97> 105^ # 118.

lyoff. Courtemanchetp chart of his voyage indicated a bottom of Bradore bay.

fort at

1703 » Courtemanche stated that he had two establishments, Fontchsrtrain and Baie Phelypeau.

ihe raye Phelypeau concession was granted to Courtemanche

x ^ r . - ll - Le and was appointed Commandant pour le Roi on coa^t of iwsorador.

iSrl■Z±X V COn Tel S :Z T OC,nfirmed to widow of Cour tenanche famiiv exerc'sprf m* 5 rouagne,, was appointed commandant. • The ly exerc - sed the privileges of the lease until 1760.

F^êr?rS n M^k^ie ÿ a i^WnJr e and r othf ne *2? trans:ferred the

sion until 177P. ^ r and ot,iîer3 > >*0 were in posses

#%«^rp! r i320‘ SOld t0 Wmiam ° rer ‘ t * (Sae "^raddr» Pontchartraih (2)

See Fort Detroit.

Historic Forts and trading Posts* Ernest Voorhis, X<?30.

mm

v-\ ; 0$

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de* Jiniuït

I

r^V-^ 6 ’

\tr£tV*dncA

f ÿ£££i:*îJpMèts

l. ci. i/ ///<?/ ///

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1 57

1 58

Appendix 2:

20 1 5 Artifact j~ieid Aatelogfor Mart A-faletj M are M ar bor and

^aimon bay

field #

type

material

prov unit

cm b.d. notes

Hart Chalet 2013 Field Catalog

House 1

5

iron spike

iron

unit 1

141 bt

green glaze inside; brown and white

6

nail

ceramic

unit 1

145 bt outside

7

nail

iron

unit 1

143 bt

8

nail

iron

unit 1

137 bt

9

nail

iron

unitl

115 bt

14

nail

iron

unit 2

161 bt

15a

spike

iron

unit 2

160 bt

15b

spike

iron

unit 2

na

16

wire nail

iron

unit 2

160

17

stone flake

chert

unit 2

not saved

18

stone flake

Groswaterunit 2

na

19

knife

iron

unit 2

168 bt

4

cut bone

whale

unit 3

174 discarded

1

EW ware

ceramic

unit 4

190 bt tan paste

2

nail

iron

unit 4

189 bt

3

flakes

chert

unit 4

190 top of grey sand

10

nail

iron

unit 4

151 head up, i.e. plank floor

11

nail

iron

unit 4

163 floor level

12

nail

iron

unit 4

158 floor level

13

EW ware

ceramic

unit 4

158 bt same vessel as #1

TP1

a few tiles and rotten

bone, none collected

TP2-1

EW ware

ceramic

TP2

na

pointed base of small thin-walled EW vessel

TP4-1

fire-stone

quartz

TP4

na

TP4-2

TP4-3

stoneware

nail

ceramic

iron

TP4

TP4

na

na

orange bottom and interior; brown exterior

TP4-4

nail

iron

TP4

na

TP4-5

washer ring

iron

TP4

135 bt

thought at first to be

TP4-6

bird beak

bone

TP4

132 bt harpoon

TP4-7

nail

iron

TP4

132 bt

TP4-8

nail

iron

TP4

134 bt

TP4-9

nail

iron

TP4

142 bt

TP4-10

stoneware

ceramic

TP4

TP4-na

worked bone

whale

TP4

na found in bone bag

TP4-11

nail

iron

TP4

126

TP4-12

stoneware

ceramic

TP4

na

TP4-13

nail

iron

TP4

na

TP4-14

loop

iron

TP4

na

TP4-15

knifeblade

iron

TP4

na

TP4-16

nail

iron

TP4

na

TP4-17

nail

iron

TP4

na

TP4-18

nail

iron

TP4

na

TP4-19

nail

iron

TP4

na

TP4-20

stoneware

ceramic

TP4

na

TP4-21

stoneware

ceramic

TP4

na

TP4-22

arrowpoint

iron

TP4

150 bt

TP5-1

nail

iron

TP5

na

TP7-1

nail

iron

TP7

TP7-2

nail

iron

TP7

TP7-3

nail

iron

TP7

TP7-4

nail

iron

TP7

TP7-5

blue bead

glass

TP7

96 bt

TP7-6

nail

iron

TP7

95 bt

TP7-7

EW sherd

ceramic

TP7

107 bt

TP7-8

2 nails

iron

TP7

110 bt

TP7-9

sherd

glass

TP7

89 bt

TP7-10

nail

iron

TP7

99 bt

TP7-11

nail

iron

TP7

93 bt

TP7-12

nail

iron

TP7

93 bt

TP7-13

nail

iron

TP7

93 bt

TP7-14

nail

iron

TP7

93 bt

TP7-15

large nail

iron

TP7

80 bt

TP7-16

9 nails

iron

TP7

na

Table caption

end of 2013 Hart Chalet Field Catalog

Hare Harbor 1 (EdBt-3) 2013 Field Catalog

field # type

1 nail

2 nail

3 nail

4 nail

5 nail

6 nail

7 nail

8 nail

9 graphite? lump

10 baleen

11 nail

12 nail

13 knife blade

14 gun part?

15 nail

16 nail

17 flint flake

18 earthenware

19 nail

20 nail

21 nail

22 fragment

23 nail

24 nail

25 nail

26 nail

27 nail

28 nail

29 nail

30 EW vessel

31 knife handle

32 nail

1 nail

2 nail

3 stoneware

4 bead

5 stoneware

6 nail

7 nail

8 pot frag.

9 nail 10 nail

material

prov unit

cm b.d.

iron

2S/2W

130 bt

iron

2S/2W

135 t

iron

2S/2W

130 bt

iron

2S/2W

127 bt

iron

2S/2W

134 bt

iron

2S/2W

132 bt

iron

2S/2W

140 bt

iron

2S/2W

146 bt

graphite? L 2S/2W

145 bt

baleen

2S/2W

130 bt

iron

2S/2W

140 bt

iron

2S/2W

148 bt

iron

2S/2W

148 bt

iron

2S/2W

na

iron

2S/2W

156 bt

iron

2S/2W

156 bt

flint

2S/2W

138 bt

ceramic

2S/2W

138 bt

iron

2S/2W

135 bt

iron

2S/2W

135

iron

2S/2W

135 bt

glass

2S/2W

138 bt

iron

2S/2W

138 bt

iron

2S/2W

138 bt

iron

2S/2W

138 bt

iron

2S/2W

138 bt

iron

2S/2W

138 bt

iron

2S/2W

135 bt

iron

2S/2W

138 bt

ceramic

2S/2W

160 bt

iron

2S/2W

160 bt

iron

2S/2W

na

iron

4S/2W

na

iron

4S/2W

na

ceramic

4S/2W

na

glass

4S/2W

na

ceramic

4S/2W

na

iron

4S/2W

na

iron

4S/2W

135 bt

iron

4S/2W

135 bt

iron

4S/2W

133 bt

iron

4S/2W

133 bt

Table caption

notes

Table caption

not collected

Table caption

porringer?

Table caption

collared bowl

Table caption

oval blue-striped white bead

11 whale bone

whale

4S/2W

135 bt

rotted, not collected

12 cooking pot rim

soapstone 4S/2W

140 bt

13 nail

iron

4S/2W

1361 bt

14 stoneware

ceramic

4S/2W

138 bt

15 nail

iron

4S/2W

na

16 nail

iron

4S/2W

136 bt

17 nail

iron

4S/2W

138 bt

18 nail

iron

4S/2W

140 bt

19 nail

iron

45/2 W

140 bt

20 glass

glass

4S/2W

136 bt

21 spike

iron

4S/2W

127 bt

22 EW ware

ceramic

45/2 W

138 bt

23 nail

iron

4S/2W

135 bt

24 nail

iron

4S/2W

140 bt

25 fire stone

flint

45/2 W

140 bt

26 nail

iron

4S/2W

149 bt

27 nail

iron

4S/2W

118 bt

28 green glass

glass

4S/2W

144 bt

29 pipestem

ceramic

4S/2W

150 bt

30 baleen strip

whale

4S/2W

150 bt

31 nail

iron

4S/2W

145 bt

stemware base with

32 glass frag

glass

4S/2W

170 bt

folded rim

33 nail

iron

4S/2W

185 bt

34 pipe bowl

ceramic

4S/2W

200 belo'

fluted bowl décor

35 stoneware

ceramic

4S/2W

155 bt

36 EW ware

ceramic

45/2 W

155 bt

37 nail

iron

4S/2W

157 bt

38 nail

iron

4S/2W

157 bt

39 stoneware

ceramic

4S/2W

150 bt

40 nail

iron

4S/2W

150 bt

41 blue seed bead

glass

4S/2W

165 bt

42 nail

iron

4S/2W

165 bt

43 stoneware

ceramic

4S/2W

168 bt

45

46 green-blue glass

glass

4S/2W

169 bt

1 nail

iron

0S/8W

na

2 abrader

pumice

na

taken to DC for analysi

3 stemware frag

greenish

na

4 latch or bolt?

iron

na

semi-circular x-section

5 metal piece

iron

na

crescent shape

6 nail

iron

na

7 nail

iron

na

8 EW sherd

ceramic

na

2 pieces

9 nail

iron

na

10 EW sherd

ceramic

112

11 EW rimsherd

ceramic

103

12 nail

iron

116 2 pieces

13 nail

iron

119 clenched

14 EW sherd

ceramic

120

15 nail

ceramic

120

16 nodule

flint

121

17 EW sherd

ceramic

133

18 EW sherd

ceramic

127

19 EW sherd

ceramic

126

20 EW sherd

ceramic

129 two pieces, tan/pink

21 EW sherd

ceramic

123

22 fragments

iron

not illustrated

sheet iron with

23 sheet

iron

na

adhereing charcoal

24 EW sherd

ceramic

119

25 EW rimsherd

ceramic

128

26 white glaze spall

ceramic

124

27 chips

flint

134 6 pieces

2 pieces of yellow glazed ceramic (like blacksmith shop

28 EW sherd

ceramic

128 sherds?)

29 EW sherds

ceramic

130 8 pieces

lead sprue? Plano

30 button-like'

lead

122 convex xio-section

31 EW sherd

ceramic

122 vertical position

32 nail

iron

123

33 nail

iron

123

34 nail, small

iron

124

35 EW sherd

ceramic

na

36 EW sherd

ceramic

na

37 EW sherd

ceramic

na

38 burned bird bones

bone

na

39 EW sherd

ceramic

120

40 EW sherd

ceramic

128

41 nail

iron

115

42 nail

iron

115

44 charcoal sample

charcoal

na

1 spike

iron 0S/10W

132

2 spike

iron

122

3 file

iron

125

4 nail

iron

125

5 fire-start

flint

160

6 spike

iron

104

7 nail

iron

132

white glaze on both

8 EW sherd

ceramic

132 sides, 2 pieces

9 EW rim sherds

ceramic

123 3 pieces

10 EW rim sherds

ceramic

136 3 pieces

11 EW sherd

ceramic

131 white glaze

12 frags

iron

128 2 pieces

13 EW sherds

ceramic

139 probably part of #9,10

14 EW rim sherd

ceramic

140 part of #9, 10?

yellow glazed, part of

15 EW rim sherd

ceramic

140 0S/8W plate?

17 EW sherd

ceramic

128 yellow glazed

1 nail

iron 2S/10W

116 clenched

2 knife handle?

iron

114 iron strap or knife, with hole

3 nail

iron

116

4 nail

iron

116

5 nail

iron

119 top of brown hearth sand

6 nail

iron

119

7 spike

iron

122

8 fragment

iron

117

9 spike

iron

122

10 grindstone frag

stone

130 fits #28

11 nail

iron

130

12 leather

leather

109 in turf; modern

13 charocal or coal

coal?

14 nail

iron

135

15 nail

iron

131

16 greenish glass

glass

137 with bubbles

17 EW sherd

ceramic

135 yellow glaze

18 sherd

ceramic

145 tan paste, grey exterior

19 nail

iron

124

20 nail

iron

124

21 charcoal sample

charcoal

120

22 knife handle?

iron

116 2 pieces, two rivet holes

23 nail

iron

116

24 fire spall

flint

123

25 EW sherds

ceramic

123 white glaze, 4 pieces

26 nail

iron

122

27 nail

iron

123

28 grindstone frag

stone

125 fits #10

29 fire spall

flint

125

30 nail

iron

120 in hearth

31 nail

iron

120

32 nail

iron

123

33 nail

iron

123

34 nail

iron

116

35 EW

ceramic

130 yellow glaze

36 EW sherds

ceramic

127 7 pieces yellow glazed EW

37 nail

iron

124

38 nail

iron

122

39 nail

iron

135

40 nail

iron

127

41 fire spall

flint

135

42 nail

iron

137

43 EW sherd

ceramic

132

44 nail

iron

129

45 knife blade?

iron

130

46 fragment

iron

136

47 nail

iron

127

48 EW sherd

ceramic

135 white glaze

49 EW bowl rim

ceramic

127 2 pieces

50 nail

iron

145

51 gunflint

flint

143

52 EW sherde

ceramic

125

53 spike

iron

139

54 fire spall

flint

na

3 flakes

se of deposit just above

55 EW sherd

ceramic

148 sterile peat

56 nail

iron

141

57 nail

iron

143

58 nail

iron

143

59 fire spall

flint

na

60 nail

iron

na

61 EW rim sherd

ceramic

141 white glaze, cup?

62 nail

iron

143

64 fire spall

flint

143

1 sherd

glass 4S/8W

na

thin, greenish, bubbles

2 EW sherd

ceramic

fits #3

3 EW sherd

ceramic

fits #2

4 nail

iron

137

5 EW sherd

ceramic

139

6 EW sherd

ceramic

138

7 EW sherd

ceramic

130

8 EW sherd

ceramic

125

9 spike

iron

116

10 EW sherd

ceramic

129

11 baleen strip

whale

129

12 EW sherd

ceramic

141

13 EW sherd

ceramic

136

14 EW sherd

ceramic

131

15 EW sherd

ceramic

136

16 EW sherd

ceramic

137 2 pieces

17 EW sherds

ceramic

130 6 pieces

18 EW sherd

ceramic

132

19 porringer sherd

ceramic

136

white glaze

20 EW cup sherds

ceramic

135

not traced

21 EW sherds

ceramic

132

22 EW rim sherd

ceramic

131

narrow mouth jar

23 EW rim sherd

ceramic

135

24 EW body sherd

ceramic

133

25 EW body sherd

ceramic

133

thick wall

26 EW body sherd

ceramic

136

27 fire starter

flint

135

28 EW sherd

ceramic

134

yellow-green glaze

29 nail

iron

133

30 spike

iron

130

31 spike

iron

130

32 baleen strip

whale

131

2 short pieces

33 baleen strip

whale

131

21 vessel frags, possibly

35 EW sherds ceramic 135 same vessel as #20

Salmon Bay River sod houses

1 sherd ceramic

sod blue transfer print fragment

A ppen dix *>:

are )” arbour - î 2015 _ nderwater /\rtifact (bLatalo E^riic phaneu

Hare-Harbour 1

EdBt-3

Artifact catalog 2013

Date

2 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-1 Hors contexte Ceramic

Terre cuite commune, glaçure verdâtre, pâte beige inclusion de moins de 1 mm de sable rouge

Sac nol

3 août 2013

3 août 2013

3 août 2013

EdE3t3-C3-4

PM

Ceramic Cat. Num EdBt3-2013C3-4.1

EdBt3-C3-4

Ceramic

Terre cuite commune, fragment d’écuelle similaire à la poignée de celle de Vincent en 2012- exemple similaire à RedBay

Sac no 36

Terre cuite commune sans glaçure Sac no 4

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramic

Terre cuite commune couleur beige avec glaçure jaune-verte mais maintenant noir Sac no 4

3 août 2013

3 août 2013

3 août 2013

3 août 2013

3 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

EdBt-3-C3-4

AM

Glass

Edbt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramic

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramics

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

Terre cuite commune pâte orange avec glaçure orange Sac no 3

Fragment de verre d’environ 1mm

d’épaisseur légèrement courbé Sac no. 10

Terre cuite commune avec pâte orange avec glaçure incolore. Présence de l’anse complète Sac no. 2

Fragments de céramiques. Deux fragments de terre cuite commune de pâte orangée dont une anse et un fragment avec glaçure noire Sac no.4

Fragment de céramique d’un rebord. Pâte orangée Sac no.5

3 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-3 Roof tile

Fragment de tuile de toile.

Terre cuite commune, pâte orangée

Non gardée

•,v.v.

3 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Lead Shot

Petite balle de plomb

No.6

0,6 cm

1 ? » | | BHj

^ ™

3 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-4 Walnut Shell

Fragment d’une noix de grenoble Non gardée

înÊ^i,

Si • , ^ ,i -j

3 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Fragment de braie

No.7

3 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramics

Fragment de céramique avec pâte orangée et glaçure verdâtre Sac no.9

V i

P

mmm

3 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Chertz

Fragment de silex retouché

Sac no.8

/' r 1 1 r i Iff l|Éf ^ i i M|tt|

• •

3 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramics

Fragment de céramique avec pâte orangée avec glaçure orangée sur l’une des faces. Sac no. 4

_ . rjrn

4 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramics

Fragment de céramique de terre cuite commune à pâte orangée avec glaçure incolore sur la surface intérieure.

Pourrait recoller

avec un fragment retrouvé en C3-3 le 3 août 2013

H§

Sac no. 11

4 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramics

Fragment de céramique de terre cuite commune à pâte orangée.

Aucune trace de glaçure.

Présence de trace de tour à l’intérieure. Présence du début du fond du contenant

Sac no.11

4 août 2013

4 août 2013

4 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramics

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramics

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramics

Fragment de céramique de terre cuite commune avec pâte orangée. Glaçure incolore sur la face extérieure.

Sac no.11

Fragment d’un goulot avec début d’épaule. Probablement avec une anse. Terre cuite commune beige avec glaçure orangée à l’extérieure. Pas de glaçure à l’intérieur

Sac no. 12

Fragment de terre cuite commune sans glaçure.

Sac no. 12

1/5

4 août 2013

4 août 2013

4 août 2013

4 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramics

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Lead Shots and drops

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Lead Shots

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramics

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec pâte beigegrisâtre avec glaçure orangée sur la face extérieure

Sac no. 12

3 petites balles de plombs et trois gouttes de plombs

Sac no. 13 0,6 et 0,64 cm

Petites balles de plombs

Sac no.14 0,6 et 0,58 cm

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec pâte saumonée et glaçure noire sur la face extérieure

Sac no. 11

4 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Wooden

Bead

Perle de bois 14,3 x 9,8mm. Probablement perle de rosaire. Trou, 0,27 cm Unique sur le site

Sac no. 15

4 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramics

Fragment de terre cuite commune à pâte orangée.

Glaçure incolore sur la face intérieure et présence d’une étoile gravée dans la pâte sur la face extérieure.

Sac no. 16

4 août 2013

4 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de rebord d’une terre cuite commune de pâte orangée. Aucune trace de glaçure

Sac no.16

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec pâte beige. Glacurée noire avec possibilité d’engobe jauneverdâtre

Sac no. 16

4 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec pâte beige sans glaçure

Sac no. 16

4 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramics

Deux petits fragments de terre cuite commune de pâte orangée sans glaçure

4 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramics

Sac no. 16

Fragment de terre cuite commune de pâte orangée avec faces noircies

4 août 2013

Sac no. 16

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite grisâtre avec glaçure verdâtre sur l’une des faces

4 août 2013

Sac no. 16

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite commune grisâtre sans glaçure ou engobe

4 août 2013

Sac no. 16

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite avec pâte saumonée avec glaçure brunâtre et possibilité d’engobe ?

Sac no. 16

4 août 2013

4 août 2013

4 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Glass

Quatre fragments de terre cuite commune brunâtre sans glaçure. Présence du rebord

Sac no. 16

Deux fragment de terre cuite commune brunâtre avec glaçure incolore sur l’extérieure. Les pièces collent ensemble. Présence de l’anse

Sac no. 16

Fragment de verre

Sac no. 17

4 août 2013

4 août 2013

4 août 2013

4 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Fémur et

vertèbre

d’oiseau

Bones

Sac no. 18

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Balle de plomb

Lead shot

Sac no. 19 0,95 cm

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramics

Fragment de terre cuite commune de pâte orangée avec glaçure et engobe.

Début d’une anse

Sac no. 21

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramic Cat. Num EdBt3-2013C3-4.1

Fragment de terre cuite commune d’une écuelle. Semblable à la pièce retrouvée le 3 août et une pièce retrouvée en 2012

Sac no.36

4 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramics

Petit fragment de céramique de terre cuite commune de pâte orangée avec glaçure verdâtre sur l’une des faces

Sac no.21

4 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Bones

Ossement bulbe occipital d’un mammifère

Sac no. 20

4 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramics

Terre cuite commune de pâte beige avec giaçure et engobe noircie sur la face externe

Sac no. 16

4 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Bones

Ossement Sac no. 18

4 août 2013

EdBt-C3-3

PM

Leather

Fragments de cuir

Non gardé

4 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Whale Bone

Vertèbre de baleine

%W. B .

4 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Bone

Ossement

d’oiseau

Sac no. 20

1 50

4 août 2013

5 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Pièce de bois travaillée

Wooden stick

?

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec pâte beigeorangée.

Glaçure et engobe à l’intérieur d’aspect grosser

5 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramics

Sac no.22 _

Deux fragments de céramique se recollant. Terre cuite commune avec pâte orangée.

Glaçure verdâtre sur la face intérieure.

Aspect noirci à l’extérieur

5 août EdBt3-C3-4

2013 PM

Ceramic

Sac no.22 _

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec pâte beige.

Partie de la panse et du fond

Sac no.22

5 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramics

Trois fragments de céramiques se recollant.

Pâte beigebrunâtre. Noircis sur la surface extérieure

Sac no.22

5 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de céramique avec pâte beigebrunâtre noircie sur la surface extérieure

Sac no.22

5 août 2013

5 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramic

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramics

Fragment de céramique avec pâte beigebrunâtre. Une des faces est noircie, et l’autre couverte d’une glaçure verdâtre

Sac no.22 Fragments de céramique pouvant provenir du même objet. Pièces du rebords. Pâte saumonée avec glaçure verdâtre-noire sur les deux faces

Sac no.22

5 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de céramique du rebord et début d’un bec ? Pâte saumonée avec glaçure

orangée-noirâtre sur les deux faces

Sac no.22

5 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec pâte brunâtre d’aspect noirci à l’extérieur

Sac no.22

p£|

_

___

I 82

5 août 2013

5 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramic

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramic

Petit fragment de terre cuite avec glaçure et engobe bleutée avec une face noircie

Sac no.22

Petit fragment de terre cuite commune avec pâte grisâtre. Glaçure orangée sur l’une des faces

Sac no.22

5 août 2013

5 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramic Cat. Num EdBt3-2013C3-4.1

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Whale Bone

Fragment d’écuelle recollant avec un fragment retrouvée en C34 le 4 août 2013

Sac no.36

Vertèbre de baleine

9?

5 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Bones

Ossements

d’oiseaux

Sac no.23

5 août 2013

5 août 2013

5 août 2013

5 août 2013

5 août 2013

5 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Walnut Shell

EdBt3-C3-4 PM

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Lead Shot and Lead Piece

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Wood Plug

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Coquille de noix Non gardé

Braie Sac no. 25

Petite balle de plomb et languette de plomb travaillée

Sac no. 24 0,56 cm

Fosset pour baril Sac no.28

Fragment de marmite basque avec décoration

Sac no.26

Fragment de céramique de terre cuite commune avec pâte orangée avec glaçure sur la face intérieure

Sac no. 26

J.

MH

■ -Xiù-C

i <34

5 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite

commune avec pâte orangée sans glaçure à l’exception d’une petite bande

Sac no.26

^BÈKÊËÊÈBttBÊÊUtÈBttt£*~

,

'

5 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de céramique brunâtre avec glaçure

grossière sur les deux faces

Sac no.26

*

5 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite

commune avec pâte orangée sans glaçure

Sac no. 26

5 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Petit fragment de terre cuite

commune avec pâte grisâtre avec une petite bande de glaçure orangée sur l’une des faces

Sac no. 26

^f

5 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragmente de terre cuite

commune avec pâte saumonée. Noirci avec glaçure à l’intérieure et glaçure orangée à l’extérieur

— -

Sac no. 26

5 août 2013

5 août 2013

5 août 2013

5 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Wooden

Piece

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Walnut shell

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Leather Shoe

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec pâte beige. Glaçure orangée sur l’une des faces

Sac no. 26 Pièce de bois travaillée

Coquille de noix Non-gardée

Soulier de cuir Non gardé

6 août 2013

6 août 2013

6 août 2013

6 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec pâte beige sans glaçure sur la face externe. Glaçure sur la face interne

Sac no. 29

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec pâte grisebrune. Sans glaçure. Surface noircie à l’extérieur

Sac no.29

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec pâte beige avec glaçure noirâtre sur l’une des faces

Sac no. 29

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec pâte beige sans glaçure

Sac no. 29

6 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec pâte beige grisâtre avec début d’anse.

6 août EdBt3-C3

2013 AM

Ceramic

Sac no.29

-3

Fragment de terre cuite commune de pâte brunâtre avec glaçure sur la face externe

6 août 2013

Sac no. 29

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

Terre cuite commune avec glaçure verdâtre sur l’une des faces

Sac no. 29

6 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ossements

d’oiseaux

Bones

Sac no. 30

6 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

Am

Pièces de bois

Wooden

Piece

Sac no. 98

1 88

6 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Walnut Shell

Coquille de noix Non gardé

6 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Lead shot

Chevrotine de plomb Sac no. 31 0,56 cm

6 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Bones

Ossements Sac no. 32

6 août EdBt3-C3-4

2013 PM

Lead shots

Chevrotine de plomb et petite balle

Sac no. 34 0,56 cm et 0,96 cm

6 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Lusterware ceramic Cat. Num EdBt3-2013C3-4.1

Fragments de l’écuelle avec partie du fond. Recolle avec portions retrouvées précédemment

6 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramics

Sac no. 35

Quatre fragments de terre cuite commune avec pâte saumonée. Glaçure noire sur l’une des face.

6 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramic

Sac no. 35 _

Fragment de céramique avec pâte grise. Glaçure brunâtre sur la face intérieure

6 août 2013

Sac no. 35

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec pâte saumonée. Glaçure grossière brunâtre à l’intérieure Sac no. 35

6 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramic

Fragment d’anse avec pâte d’apparence « sandwich » avec glaçure brune sur l’extérieure

6 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramic

Sac no. 35 Deux fragments de terre cuite commune complètement noircis

Sac no. 35

6 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec pâte grisâtre.

Sac no. 35

j s>o

6 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Nail

Concretion

Concrétions de clous

Sac no. 102

6 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite commune grisâtre avec glaçure verdâtre sur l’une des faces

Sac no. 35

6 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec pâte orangée sans glaçure

Sac no. 35

6 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite commune beige sans glaçure. Décors de lignes horizontales à l’extérieur

Sac no. 37

6 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite commune de pâte orangée avec glaçure

Sac no. 37

6 août 2013

6 août 2013

6 août 2013

6 août 2013

6 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramics

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Glass

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Birds and Fish Bones

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Wood

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Metal

Petits fragments de terre cuite commune

Sac no. 37

Deux fragments de verres noirâtres

Sac no. 38

Ossements d’oiseaux et de poissons

Sac no. 39

Pièce de bois Sac no. 101

Pièce de métal Sac no.40

6 août 2013

6 août 2013

6 août 2013

6 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Edbt3-C3-3

PM

Lead Shot

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Chertz

EdBt3-C3-4

Bones

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec pâte beige. Glaçure grossière à l’intérieure

Sac no. 37 Petite balle de plomb Sac no. 41 0,5 cm

Fragments de

silex

Sac no. 44

Ossements Sac no. 43

6 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-4

Ceramics

Fragment de céramique avec pâte grise sans glaçure

Sac no.42

—--»

■

7 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-3

Am

Bones

Ossements

d’oiseaux

1,2 cm trou 0,3 cm

Sac no. 45

* Vl\

|WW»

7 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-3

Am

Bead

Perle d’ivoire

Sac no. 46

'S

--

7 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite

commune avec pâte beige et glaçure verdâtre sur l’une des faces

Sac no. 47

less.

'•-y. :■ ’.V " 1 . ...

7 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite commande.

Anse

Sac no., 47

■r

7 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec pâte grise sans glaçure.

Sac no. 47

7 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec pâte orangée

Sac no. 47

*

7 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

Am

Coquille de noix/fruit

Nut shell

Non gardé

7 août 2013

7 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Wooden

Piece

Pièce de bois 12 cm de long, 1,2 par 2 cm de largeur, pointe biseauté Bas non conservé Sac no. 99

EdBt3-C3-3

Am

Pièce et balle de plomb

Lead Shot and piece

Sac no. 48 0,57 cm

7 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3 Soulier de cuir PM

Non gardé

Leather Shoe

7 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Balle de mousquet

".V.V.

Musket Shot

Sac no. 49 2,09 cm de diamètre

7 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ossements

d’oiseaux

Birds Bones

Sac no. 50

7 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramics

Fragments de céramiques dont deux recollant ensemble.

Pâte saumonée avec glaçure et engobe

verdâtre/orangé sur l’une des faces (intérieure)

Sac no. 51

7 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite commune d’anse

Sac no. 51

(Mil

_

7 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec pâte grise. Engobe et glaçure orangée sur l’une des faces

Sac no. 51

7 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite commune complètement noirci

Sac no.51

*

7 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite commune sans glaçure. Pâte brunâtre

Sac no. 51

7 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite commune brune-grisâtre sans glaçure

Sac no.51

7 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramics

5 fragments de céramique avec pâte

d’apparence « sandwich ». Faïence

présentant deux type de pâte, une saumonée et l’autre beigejaune.

Engobe et glaçure donnant apparence bleutée

Sac no.51

9 août 2013

9 août 2013

9 août 2013

9 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramic

EdBt3-C3-4 Lead Shot

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Piece of wood

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Nut shell

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec pâte beigesaumonée. Engobe et glaçure noircie sur l’une des faces

Sac no.53

Plomb

Sac no. 54

Pièce de baquet

et coin 9cm par 3,2 cm à son plus large

Sac no.55

Coquille de noix Non gardé

9 août 2013

9 août 2013

9 août 2013

9 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Birds,

mammal and fish bones

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ropes

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramics

Ossements d’oiseaux, de mammifères et de poissons

Sac no. 56

Bonde de tonneau

Corde Non gardé

Fragments de terre cuite commune avec pâte brunâtre. Surface extérieure noircie. Possiblement même objet. Quelques fragments de bord.

Gouttes de

M 1

9 août 2013

9 août 2013

9 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

glaçure sur le plus gros tesson (en haut à gauche)

Sac no. 57 _

Fragment d’anse avec pâte brunâtre. Pas de glaçure ni d’engobe

Sac no.57

Fragment d’anse avec pâte grisâtre. Pas de glaçure ni d’engobe

Sac no.57

Fragment de terre cuite commune, possiblement près du rebords

Sac no.57

20 i

9 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

Fragments de terre cuite

commune avec pâte brune. Glaçure noire sur les deux faces

Sac no. 57

mm

9 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

Terre cuite

commune avec pâte avec aspect «sandwich». Engobe et glaçure bleutée. Décoration peinte sur la face interne. Possiblement même objet que fragments récupérés le 7 août (sac no.51)

Sa cno.57

'

.

'wmmm ■

■BH.:iMM!

9 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

Petit fragment de terre cuite avec engobe et glaçure bleutée. Possible faïence 0,67 cm d’épais

Sac no.57

■

9 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

Petit fragment de terre cuite

commune avec glaçure orangée sur les deux faces

Sac no.57

.

K

9 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

Fragments de terre cuite

commune avec pâte orangée et glaçure sur l’une des faces

Sac no.57

v« tu

-SiS ■ -mmmm i

9 août 2013

9 août 2013

9 août 2013

9 août 2013

9 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

EdBt3-C3-3

Am

Ceramic

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramics

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramics

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Leather shoe

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec pâte beige sans glaçure

No.57

Fragment de rebord avec pâte grisâtre. Glaçure sur l’une des face et coulisse sur l’autre

No.57

Fragments de terre cuite commune avec pâte orangée et glaçure sur l’une des faces

Sac no.57

Fragment de terre cuite commune noircis sur les deux faces

Sac no.57

Fragment de chaussure de cuir

Non-gardé

9 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Coin pour tonneau

Wooden

piece

Non gardé

9 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Fragment de plomb

Lead

9 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ossements

d’oiseaux

Birds Bones

Sac no. 59

9 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Pièce de bois à usage inconnu

Unknown piece of wood

Sac no. 60

-—

9 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Coin pour cerceau de tonneau 8 cm de long, 1 cm d’épaisseur à la pointe

Sac no. 100

I

9 août 2013

9 août 2013

9 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramics

Fragments de céramique dont deux recollent ensemble avec pâte orangée et glaçure sur la face intérieure

Épaisseur variant de 0,6 à 0,4 cm Sac no. 61

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramics

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Walnut Shell

Fragment de terre cuite avec pâte à aspect « sandwich » avec engobe et glaçure bleutée. Fragment similaire en AM et au 7 août 2013

Sac no.61

Coquille de noix Non gardée

ZOJ

9 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramics

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec fragments de rebords sans glaçure. Pâte brunâtre

Sac no.61

9 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramics

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec pâte brunâtre et glaçure sur l’une des faces

9 août 2013

Sac no.61

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramics

Fragments divers d’anse de contenant en terre cuite commune.

Une seule présente une glaçure à l’intérieur (en haut à gauche)

Sac no.61

m

10 août EdBt3-C3-3

2013 AM

Ceramics

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec pâte orangée et glaçure sur l’une des faces

Sac no. 62

10 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramics

Deux fragments de céramique avec pâte brune sans glaçure. Une des faces noircie

: i

Sac no.62

10 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ossements

d’oiseaux

Birds Bones

Sac no.63

11 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Birds Bones

Ossement

d’oiseau

Sac no.65

y

■w

11 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramics

Fragments de terre cuite

commune avec pâte beigesaumonée. Glaçure bleutée sur l’une des faces

Sac no.64

SHHj

wmËÊÊÈÈmÊÊBKÊMgBKÊ

11 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramic

Fragment

d’écuelle,

possiblement

autre individu

que fragments

retrouvés

précédemments

Sac no.64

y

11 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite

commune avec pâte brune et une des faces noircies

gBt

11 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Chertz

Fragment de silex

Sac no.66

11 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Bones

Ossements d’oiseaux et de mammifères

Sac no.68

:0M

11 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Leather band

Bande de cuir Non gardée

11 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Walnut shell

Coquilles de noix

Non gardées

11 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec pâte brune. Glaçure grossière sur la face intérieure et glaçure noireverdâtre a l’extérieur

Sac no.67

11 août 2013

11 août 2013

11 août 20123

11 août 2013

11 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramics

Edbt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramics

Edbt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramics

EdBt3-C3-3

Chertz

EdBt-3

C3-3

ceramic

Fragments de terre cuite commune noircis

Sac no.67

Fragments de terre cuite commune orangées avec glaçure sur l’une des faces

Sac no.67

Petit fragment de terre cuite avec pâte saumonée

Sac no.67

Fragment de silex

Sac no.69

Faïence à pâte saumonée avec décor peint à la main, lignes bleues

entrecroisées avec points

Sac no. 67

ZIO

12 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-5

AM

Birds Bones

Ossements

d’oiseaux

Sac no.71

ëh#

12 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-5

AM

Lead Shot

Balles et gouttes de plomb

Sac no. 72

JU

12 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-5

AM

Ceramics

Fragments de terre cuite commune, possiblement jarre à olive. Possiblement même objet

Sac no. 70

JB

*Sk

VVW«! ^

12 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-5

AM

Ceramics

Fragment de terre cuite

commune

d’anse avec pâte orangée. Sans glaçure

Sac no.70

_ _ _..... ;

Æk

"W"

-rr

21 i

12 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-5

AM

Ceramics

Fragments de terre cuite

commune avec glaçure noirâtre sur l’une des faces

Sac no.70

12 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-5

AM

Ceramics

Fragment de terre cuite

commune sans glaçure. Pâte brunâtre

Sac no.70

•4 «4

rm H PW5

12 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Caribou

Antlers

Bois de caribou

12 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Glass Bead

Perle de verre

Sac no.74

«

PHjjj}

12 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Walnut Shell

Coquille de noix

Non gardé

»

WÊÊjm :

rint

2 i 2

12 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

Am

Bones

Ossements Sac no. 75

12 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Porindger

Handle

Anse pour écuelle

Sac no. 73

12 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Marmits

Ceramic

Fragment de marmite avec bande décorative

Sac no.73

■■ - SjEv' 1 ...

12 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramics

Fragments de terre cuite avec glaçure verdâtre sur l’une des faces

Sac no.73

12 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramics

Fragment de terre cuite commune de rebord avec pâte orangée et glaçure

Sac no.73

H

2 1 5

12 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramics

Fragments de terre cuite

commune avec

surface noircies

Sac no.73

ESPÎi

aÊÊjml

fmarli

12 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramics

Fragments de terre cuite

commune

noircis sur les deux faces

Sac no.73

SS

12 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite

commune avec pâte brune sans glaçure

Sac no.76

12 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramics

Fragment de terre cuite sans glaçure, pâte beige beige

Sac no.76

f

Cj.

12 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramics

Fragment de faience allant avec autres

pièces

récupérées dans C3-3

Sac no.76

m

12 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de rebord avec anse de terre cuite commune

Sac no.76

. ■ i‘»i ■■■....

2 14

12 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment

d’écuelle

recollant avec

fragments

retrouvés

précédemment

Sac no.76

12 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

Pm

Beads

Perle de verre ou d’ivoire

Sac no. 78

12 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Bones

Ossements d’oiseaux (tête, tarso

métatarse...) Sac no. 77

12 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-5

PM

Leads Shots

Petites balles et gouttes de plomb

Sac no. 81

12 août EdBt3-C3-5

2013 PM

Birds and Mammals Bones

Ossements d’oiseaux et de mammifères

Sac no.80

12 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-5

PM

Coquille de noix et de fruits

Walnut and fruit shell

Non gardé

12 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-5

PM

Ceramics

Fragment de céramique avec pâte beige avec glaçure jaunâtre à l’intérieure, trace de coulisse à l’extérieur. Début de l’anse

12 août EdBt3-C3

2013 PM

Ceramic

Sac no. 79

-5

Fragment de fond de contenant de terre cuite commune avec pâte brunâtre. Trace de glaçure à l’intérieur

Sac no.79

12 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-5

PM

Ceramics

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec glaçure noircie sur l’une des faces Sac no.79

12 août EdBt3-C3-5

2013 PM

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite commune sans glaçure et pâte brunâtre. Fragment d’anse

Sac no.79

12 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-5

PM

Ceramics

Fragments de terre cuite commune avec pâte orangée et glaçure

Sac no.79

12 août EdBt3-C3

2013 Pm

Ceramic

-5

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec pâte orangée sans glaçure

Sac no.79

12 août EdBt3-C3-5

2013 PM

Ceramics

Fragments de terre cuite commune avec pâte brunâtre se recollant ensemble

Sac no.79

~W

13 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-5 Ossements

AM d’oiseaux et de

mammifères

Bones

Sac no.82

13 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-5

AM

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec pâte orangée sans glaçure

Sac no.83

13 août EdBt3-C3-5

2013 Am

Ceramics

Fragment de terre cuite commune noircis sans glaçure

Sac no.83

13 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-5

Am

Ceramics

Deux fragments de terre cuite commune avec pâte brunâtre. Pas de glaçure à l’exception de gouttes verdâtres dispersées

Sac no,83

13 août

EdBt3-C3-3

Ossements de

2013

Am

poissons et

d’oiseaux

Birds and

Fish Bones

Sac no.84

2 I 8

13 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

Am

Ceramic

Fragments de terre cuite commune avec pâte brune sans glaçure

Sac no.85

13 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite avec glaçure noircie sur l’une des faces

Sac no.85

13 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

Fragment de rebord de terre cuite commune avec pâte beigebrunâtre

Sac no.85

13 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

Am

Ceramic

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec pâte saumonée

Sac no.85

13 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-5

PM

Ossements

Bones

Sac no.86

13 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-5

PM

Lead

Languette de plomb

Sac no. 88

13 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-5

PM

Chertz

Fragments de silex

Sac no.89

13 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-5

PM

Ceramics

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec pâte orangée sans glaçure

Sac no.. 87

13 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-5

PM

Ceramics

Fragment de terre cuite noircis sans glaçure

Sac no.. 87

13 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-5

PM

Ceramics

Fragment de terre cuite avec une surface avec glaçure noircie

Sac no.. 87

13 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

Pm

Bones

Ossements de poissons et oiseaux

Sac no. 90

13 août EdBt3-C3

2013 PM

Ceramics

-3

Deux fragments de terre cuite commune avec pâte orangée et glaçure sur l’une des faces

Sac no.. 92

13 août EdE3t3-C3-3

2013 PM

Ceramics

Fragment de marmite avec bande décorative

Sac no. 92

22 i

13 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramics

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec pâte brune sans glaçure

Sac no.. 92

13 août 2013

13 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramics

Fragment de terre cuite commune avec pâte saumonée et glaçure sur l’une des faces

Sac no.. 92

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Chertz

Fragment de silex

Sac no. 93

14 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-5

AM

Ceramics

Fragments de terre cuite commune avec pâte brune foncée sans glaçure. Fragment de rebord

Sac no. 94

14 août 2013

EdBt3-C3-5

Am

Lead Shot

Balles de plombs

Sac no. 95

/\ppendix

(3stéoth eque deM ontréa I abratom j aunal Ana

By O -

US IS

aire 5t-G ermain

Université de Montréal Département d’anthropologie Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. C.P. 6128 Suce. Centre-Ville Montréal Québec H3C 3J7

ANALYSE DES RESTES FAUNIQUES DU SITE PETIT MÉCATINA 3 /HARE HARBOR 1 (EdBt-3), BASSE-CÔTE-NORD, QUÉBEC, CANADA (SAISONS DE FOUILLES 2003 À 2012)

ET

RAPPORT SYNTHÈSE DES SAISONS DE FOUILLES 2001À 2012

Rapport réalisé pour Anja Herzog (Université Laval) et William Fitzhugh (Smithsonian Institution)

Rapport no 298 Mars 2014

© Ostéothèque de Montréal 2014

Fiche signalétique

2

Code Borden : EdBt-3

Nom du site : Petit Mécatina 3 / Hare Harbor 1 Localisation du site : Basse-Côte-Nord Région 9, Côte-Nord

Périodes temporelles : occupation basque (post 1550); occupation inuit et/ou française (post 1650 à 1740)

Affiliation culturelle : Européenne et/ou Inuit (historique)

Nombre de restes analysés = 429

Nombre de restes ichtyens brièvement examinés = 17 662 1

Note 1

Note 2

Avant-propos

Les restes squelettiques ont été identifiés par Claire St-Germain à l’aide de la collection de référence de l'Ostéothèque de Montréal Inc., sise dans les locaux du département d’anthropologie de l’Université de Montréal.

Les restes ichtyens ont été examinés par Michelle Courtemanche.

La compilation des données et la rédaction de l’analyse ont été réalisées par Claire St-Germain.

Michelle Courtemanche a collaboré à la révision du rapport.

En vertu des droits d'auteur, aucune modification à ce texte ne doit être apportée sans

le consentement des auteurs.

Dans le cas où les données du présent rapport seraient utilisées (publication, communication...), le crédit du travail doit être attribué aux auteurs et référencé dans

le texte et la bibliographie.

Référence à citer :

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. 2014. Analyse des restes fauniques du site Petit Mécatina 3/Hare Harbor 1 (EdBt-3), Basse-Côte-Nord, Québec, Canada (saisons de fouilles 2003 à 2012) et Rapport synthèse des saisons de fouilles 2001 à 2012. Auteur : Claire St-Germain. Rapport inédit no 298 réalisé pour Anja Herzog et William Fitzhugh.

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

PRÉSENTATION

Ce rapport présente les données de l'analyse des restes squelettiques du site Petit Mécatina 3 / Hare Harbor 1 (EdBt-3) sur la Basse-Côte-Nord de la Province du Québec. Le site se localise sur la côte est de l’île du Petit Mécatina, sur la rive nord-est d’une petite baie nommée l’anse de Petit Mécatina, entre Harrington Harbor et Tête-à-laBaleine. Deux périodes chronologiques ont été reconnues sur le site : une occupation associée aux Basques et à des pêcheurs français au tournant du XVIle siècle (post 1550, probablement fin XVIe siècle et première moitié du XVIle siècle); une occupation inuite et/ou européenne (française) au tournant du XVIIle siècle (post 1650 à 1740 maximum). Des structures inuites ont également été repérées sur le site (surplomb rocheux).

Le rapport est subdivisé en deux parties.

La première partie présente les résultats de l'analyse faunique des 429 restes squelettiques de mammifères et d'oiseaux provenant en majorité des contextes subaquatiques des années de fouilles 2011 et 2012, mais également de 2007 et 2008, de même que quelques unités des fouilles terrestres des années 2003 et 2008 à 2012 (Aires 1, 3, 3 Nord, 7 et 8) (rapport no 298 2014). Ces restes ont fait l'objet d'une analyse complète (déterminations zoologiques et anatomiques, et relevé des traces). La section contient également les résultats de l'examen sommaire des 17 662 restes ichtyens.

La deuxième partie du rapport est consacrée à la synthèse des deux analyses fauniques réalisées à ce jour pour le site Petit Mécatina, soit la présente étude (2014) et celle effectuée en 2011 (Ostéothèque de Montréal, rapport no 284), pour un nombre total de 1414 restes fauniques (n= 985 en 2011 et n= 429 en 2014). L'analyse de cette partie comporte une compilation des taxons par contexte (terrestre et subaquatiques), une quantification des principaux taxons à l’aide du nombre minimal d’individus (NMI) et de la représentation squelettique, ainsi qu’une discussion sur les indices de saisonnalité des

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

22 /

captures. Ces restes fauniques correspondent à l’échantillon complet de mammifères et d’oiseaux récolté sur le site.

Toutes les données primaires ont été inscrites sur les fiches d’identification de l’Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. (déterminations zoologiques et anatomiques, localisation squelettique, latéralité des pièces anatomiques et informations d’ordre taphonomique — altérations et traces). Elles ont été saisies à l’aide de fichiers Excel conçus suivant le modèle des fiches d’identification de l'Ostéothèque. La quantification des ossements et des pièces anatomiques par taxon a été réalisée grâce au décompte des restes osseux (NR

T • •

et NRD) . Lorsque les pièces anatomiques présentes le permettaient, l’évaluation de la contribution relative des taxons a aussi été estimée par le calcul du nombre minimal d’individus de fréquence (NMI) .

Les codes utilisés pour l’enregistrement des informations sont présentés dans l'Annexe 2 du rapport; les fiches d’identification sont présentées dans l'Annexe 3. Enfin, les noms latins des espèces animales n’apparaissent qu’une fois dans le rapport, soit dans le texte, soit dans les tableaux.

Les résultats de l’examen sommaire des restes ichtyens sont présentés dans l'Annexe 1.

: NR= nombre de restes et NRD= nombre de restes déterminés par taxon.

3 Le NMI a été estimé principalement pour les taxons les plus importants selon le nombre de restes; cette estimation est présentée dans la deuxième partie du rapport.

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

Nota bene :

Pour le site à l'étude , les catégories de grosseur correspondent aux tailles suivantes :

* Gros Mammifères : taille caribou, orignal, ours, phoque de grande taille, morse

* Mammifères moyens-gros : porc, phoque de taille moyenne

* Gros Oiseaux : taille oie, cormoran, goéland de grande taille

* Oiseaux moyens-gros : taille goéland, gros canard

* Oiseaux moyens : taille canard, guillemot, tétraoninés

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

22 9

7

Catégories taxinomiques pour le site EdBt-3

Mammifères

Mammifères marins Incluent Cétacés, Odobénidés (morse) et Phocidés (phoque spp.)

Cétacés

Comprends Odontocètes (Cétacés à dents) et Mysticètes (Cétacés à

fanons)

Carnivores

Incluent carnivores terrestres et marins

Artiodactyles

Comprend Cervidés, Bovidés (bœuf, mouton et chèvre) et Suidés

Cervidés

Comprends caribou des bois, cerf de Virginie, orignal

Suidés

Comprends sanglier et porc domestique

Oiseaux

Gaviidés

Famille des plongeons

Anatidés

Comprend cygne spp., Ansérinés (oie spp.) et canards

Ansérinés

Comprends oies sauvages et oie domestique ( Anser anser)

Canards

Comprends canards barboteurs et canards plongeurs (sous-famille

Anatinés)

Canards barboteurs Comprends les canards barboteurs sauvages et le canard

domestique

Phasianidés

Comprend dinde spp., Tétraoninés (espèces autochtones) et

Phasianinés (espèces introduites par les Européens)

Tétraoninés

Comprend lagopède des saules ( Lagopus lagopus), tétras du Canada

(Fa/cipennis canadensis) et gélinotte huppée ( Bonasa umbellus)

Phasianinés

Comprends poulet domestique ( Gallus gallus) et faisan de colchide

(Phasianus colchicus)

Charadriiformes

Comprends bécasseaux, pluviers et Laridés

Laridés

Comprends Larinés (goéland spp. et mouette spp.), Sterninés

(sterne spp.) et Alcinés (guillemot spp.)

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

• Mammifères marins : dont trois probablement baleine (Cétacés) (dont une côte? et une vertèbre?) et deux probablement Phocidés (os long et bulle tympanique);

• Gros Mammifères : la plupart Phocidés ou Mammifères marins; un fragment indéterminé Mammifères marins taille morse (carpe ou tarse?) ou Cervidés (patella?);

• Mammifères moyens-gros : côte porc ou Phocidés;

• Mammifères indéterminés : dont huit peut-être Phocidés (fibula, carpe ou tarse, crâne?);

• Gros Oiseaux : phalanges, vertèbres, côtes, sternum, bréchet et os longs dont plusieurs peut-être Laridés ou Ansérinés; une phalange proximale pelvienne appartient à un jeu volatile, probablement un Anatidé;

• Oiseaux moyens-gros : dont une diaphyse d'os long (fémur de canard?) d'un oisillon, quatre phalanges proximales pelviennes et une phalange pelvienne;

• Oiseaux moyens : phalange moyenne pelvienne;

• Oiseaux indéterminés : dont fragments de crâne, bréchet et sternum;

• Catégories Indéterminés oiseaux ou petits mammifères, Indéterminés oiseaux ou mammifères et Classe indéterminée.

— Taux de détermination : 79 % (NRD= 337/429 restes déterminés à un taxon inférieur à la Classe animale c.-à-d. à l'ordre, à la famille, au genre ou à l'espèce) 4 .

Note 3

Note 4

PREMIÈRE PARTIE

RÉSULTATS 2014 (Mammifères et Oiseaux)

EdBt-3

NR examinés = 429 (379 frais, 50 brûlés)

COMPOSITION DE LA FAUNE

— Deux classes animales : les Oiseaux (NR= 298; 70 %) et les Mammifères (NR= 121; 28 %).

— Autres restes attribués aux catégories Indéterminés Oiseaux/petits Mammifères (NR^ 3) et Indéterminés Oiseaux/Mammifères (NR= 2), et à la Classe indéterminée (NR= 5) (Tableau 1).

— Vingt-quatre taxons déterminés (dont cinq espèces mammal iennes) présents dans l'assemblage : treize taxons aviaires et onze taxons mammal iens. Toutes classes confondues, les taxons déterminés sont par ordre d'importance numérique : Larinés (NRD= 135), Laridés (NRD= 43), Tétraoninés (NRD= 29), Cétacés (NRD= 22), Alcinés (NRD= 16), Phocidés et porc domestique (NRD= 13 respectivement), canards indéterminés (NRD= 12), Ansérinés (NRD= I 1), renard spp. (NRD= 8), Anatidés (NRD= 7), Phasianinés, Artiodactyles et porc-épic d’Amérique (NRD= 4 respectivement), phoque du Groenland et Suidés (NRD= 3 respectivement), Phasianidés et canards barboteurs (NRD= 2 respectivement) et, plongeon spp., cormoran spp., Charadriiformes (probablement pluviers), Cervidés, caribou des bois et boeuf domestique (NRD= 1 respectivement).

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

2^1

Les restes ichtvens

L’examen sommaire des nombreux restes de poissons a révélé la présence quasi exclusive de Gadidés, probablement la morue franche (Gadus morhua). Des individus de taille variable ont été repérés, soit des petites et des grosses morues. En ce qui a trait à la représentation squelettique, les restes proviennent principalement de la tête, mais aussi du rachis (vertèbres).

Deux vertèbres se distinguent du lot : elles appartiendraient vraisemblablement à du requin (EdBt-3 : 1626, sondage B-2, contextes subaquatiques). 11 pourrait s’agir d’une petite espèce de requin i.e. Aiguillât spp.

La liste des unités examinées est présentée dans l’Annexe 1.

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

Table caption

Tableau 1 Liste de faune du site EdBt-3 (par ordre taxinomique) (2014)

Taxon

Nom latin

Code

N RT

%

Oiseaux

298

69,5 %

Plongeon spp.

Gaviidae

gavd

1

Cormoran spp.

Phalacrocoracidae

pliad

1

Anatidés

Anatidae

an ad

7

Ansérinés

Anserinae

ansn

11

Canards barboteurs

Anatinae

an an

2

Canards indéterminés

ani

12

Phasianidés

Phasianidae

phsd

2

Phasianinés

Phasianinae

phsn

4

Tétraoninés

Tetraoninae

tetn

29

Charadriiformes

Charadriiforma

chaf

1

Laridés

Laridae

lard

43

Larinés

Larinae

larn

135

Alcinés

Alcinae

alcn

16

Gros Oiseaux

ogr

19

Oiseaux moyens-gros

omg

7

Oiseaux moyens

omy

1

Oiseaux indéterminés

io

7

Mammifères

121

28,2 %

Porc-épic d'Amérique

Erethizon dorsatum

ed

4

Cétacés

Cetacea

ce

22

Renard spp.

ren

8

Phocidés

Phocidae

Ph

13

Phoque du Groenland

Pagophilus groenlandicus

Pg

3

Artiodactyles

Artiodactyla

ar

4

Cervidés

Cervidae

cr

1

Caribou des bois

Rangifer tarandus caribou

rt

1

Boeuf domestique

Bos taurus

bt

1

Suidés

Suidae

suid

3

Porc domestique

Sus scrofa

ssd

13

Mammifères marins

mmm

6

Gros Mammifères

mgr

21

Mammifères moyens-gros

mmg

1

Mammifères indéterminés

mi

20

Indéterminés

10

2,3 %

Ind. oiseaux/petits mammifères

iopm

3

Ind. oiseaux/mammifères

iom

2

Classe indéterminée

i

5

Total

429

100,0 %

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

ÉTAT DE LA COLLECTION DU SITE EdBt-3 (2014)

Restes brûlés

— Les restes squelettiques qui présentent les stigmates de leur passage au feu (noircis ou entièrement calcinés — colonne COLLB) se retrouvent exclusivement dans les unités des fouilles terrestres. Ce sont : un fragment de sternum de gros oiseaux (Laridés?) (Aire 8, EdBt-3:6526), huit fragments de gros Mammifères (Aire 3, EdBt-3:2144) et six fragments de mammifères indéterminés (crâne de phocidés?) (Aire 3 Nord, EdBt3:2053).

— Les autres restes squelettiques inscrits dans la colonne des os brûlés (n= 35) sont entièrement blanchis. Ils ont probablement tous été altérés par la combustion, mais il n'est pas exclu que leur état résulte de l’action combinée de la caléfaction et des intempéries (altération par les facteurs climatiques). Ces restes (huit os de phocidés, un os de mammifères marins, neuf restes de gros mammifères, 14 os de mammifères indéterminés et trois restes de la classe indéterminée) proviennent de l'Aire 3 (EdBt-3:2144) et de l’Aire 3 Nord (EdBt-3:2053).

Restes à l’état frais

—- Tous les autres restes ne présentent aucune trace apparente d’altération par la combustion (colonne COLL — écrus ou à l’état frais). Quelques-uns d’entre eux ont été altérés par une exposition aux intempéries (intempérisation) (écaillés, craquelés ou émoussés). Ces restes squelettiques proviennent pour la plupart du site terrestre.

— En ce qui concerne les contextes subaquatiques, les principales altérations observées consistent en plages d'érosion (principalement aux extrémités des os longs d'oiseaux), ou encore, en surface externe en partie piquetée ou poreuse. Cet état pourrait résulter d’une altération due à leur séjour dans l’eau du fleuve. Malgré tout, les restes provenant des fouilles subaquatiques sont en excellent état de conservation (comme en témoigne le taux de détermination très élevé).

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

— Chez les oiseaux, la porosité des os, particulièrement aux extrémités des os longs, est une indication de la présence de jeunes volatiles. Certains os d’oiseaux des contextes subaquatiques montraient une telle porosité. Toutefois, leur séjour dans l’eau du fleuve pourrait avoir altéré leur texture créant ainsi la fausse impression d’os d’oisillons. La présence de jeunes volatiles n’est malgré tout pas à exclure.

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

17)6

TRACES (EdBt-3) (2014) 5

— De nombreuses traces de dépeçage ont été observées sur les restes squelettiques de la collection analysée en 2014. Elles consistent en traces de coupe, en fractures anthropiques avec ou sans traces d'impact, en traces de hache/couperet, en traces fines (fine découpe, désarticulation ou décarnisation), en marques d'outils, ou encore, en fractures en spirale (os fracturé à l'état frais). Un tibia de porc des contextes subaquatiques a été coupé ou scié. Ces marques témoignent du débitage, de l'apprêt et de la consommation des différentes espèces répertoriées.

— La très grande majorité des traces de découpe proviennent des contextes subaquatiques . Elles ont été repérées avant tout sur de nombreux os d'oiseaux (Larinés et Laridés, Alcinés, Anatidés, canards barboteurs et canards, Ansérinés et Tétraoninés), mais également sur des os de porc domestique et de Suidés, d'Artiodactyles, de Cétacés, de renard et de boeuf domestique.

— Éléments anatomiques d’Oiseaux avec traces de dépeçage :

• Larinés : humérus, coracoïde, scapula, fémur, tibiotarse, tarsométatarse, sternum, furculum, mandibule et coxal;

• Laridés : crâne, coracoïde, furculum, tibiotarse et vertèbre cervicale;

• Alcinés : sternum, fémur, tibiotarse et coracoïde;

• Anatidés : coracoïde, humérus, fémur et tibiotarse;

• Canards barboteurs et canards : synsacrum, sternum, coracoïde, humérus, fémur, tibiotarse et tarsométatarse;

• Ansérinés : humérus, fémur, tarsométatarse et furculum;

• Tétraoninés : fémur, tibiotarse, humérus et coracoïde;

• Phasianidés : humérus;

• Cormoran spp. : crâne.

Note 5

Note 6

— Un sternum de Larinés montre sept traces fines (marques d'outils) de chaque côté du bréchet (détachement de la chair de la poitrine); deux perforations avec excroissances osseuses sur le sternum correspondent probablement à des pathologies.

— Le crâne de Cormoran spp. a peut-être été coupé rostralement de manière à couper le bec (mâchoires absentes).

— Trois os de Larinés (crâne, sternum et ulna) présentent tous une perforation ronde. Dans le cas du crâne (sur le frontal) et du sternum (au milieu du bréchet), elles pourraient correspondre à des trous de chevrotine. La perforation sur le sternum est partiellement refermée. La perforation sur l'ulna pourrait avoir été causée par des vers marins.

— Eléments anatomiques de Mammifères avec traces de dépeçage :

• Porc domestique et Suidés : coxal, fémur, tibia, humérus et atlas;

• Cétacés : os long, phalange, carpe et indéterminé;

• Renard : coxal, tibia et vertèbre thoracique;

® Artiodactyles : côte, vertèbre, os long;

• Boeuf domestique : pubis.

— En ce qui concerne les os de Cétacés des contextes subaquatiques, ils proviennent presque tous du membre thoracique {flipper ) : phalanges, os longs (probablement phalanges) et un carpe. Plusieurs de ces os ont probablement été coupés et deux phalanges portent des marques d'outils (traces de hache/couperet). Deux fragments d'os longs (phalanges de très grosses baleines?) exhibent plusieurs coups transversaux (et dans un cas, également longitudinaux) qui ont permis de trancher l'os près d'une extrémité articulaire. Un autre fragment d'os long de Cétacés a été tranché transversalement.

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

— Un fragment indéterminé de Cétacés (probablement un os long) apparaît avoir été coupé sur trois faces (EdBt-3:1452). Une longue perforation circulaire traversant l’os de bord en bord pourrait correspondre à une perforation culturelle.

— Un tibia gauche de porc domestique et sa fibula montrent une pathologie marquée. Les deux os exposent une fracture majeure ressoudée qui a causé une enflure bien visible de la diaphyse.

— Très peu de traces de découpe ont été observées sur les restes provenant des fouilles terrestres .

— Un fragment de côte de Cétacés (baleine de grande taille) présente deux traces de hache/couperet sur une face (Aire 7).

— Un fragment indéterminé de Cétacés (une côte?) est probablement ouvragé : ses deux extrémités présentent des biseaux arrondis (aménagés en pointe?) et au moins une de ses surfaces est aplanie (EdBt-3:5155 Aire 7). La pièce osseuse est globalement très émoussée.

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

SYNTHÈSE DES RÉSULTA TS

Dans cette section, nous présentons une synthèse qui combine les résultats des deux analyses fauniques du site Petit Mécatina (Ostéothèque de Montréal, rapport no 284, 2011 et le présent rapport) (NRT= 1414; 593 écrus, 821 blanchis). Les résultats sont présentés sous forme de tableaux : un tableau général et deux tableaux qui distinguent l'assemblage faunique du site terrestre de celui des contextes subaquatiques. Les quantifications à l'aide du nombre minimal d'individus (NMI) et à l’aide de la représentation squelettique sont effectuées pour les quatre principaux taxons (selon l'importance numérique). Le rapport se termine par une discussion sur les indices de saisonnalité des captures.

Rappelons que les restes squelettiques analysés en 201 1 provenaient du site terrestre (Aires 1, 2, 3, 6 et proximité du surplomb rocheux) et des contextes subaquatiques (fouilles principalement années 2006 et 2007, mais également 2001, 2003, 2004 et 2005) (NRT= 985; 214 écrus, 771 blanchis). Les restes squelettiques du présent rapport proviennent principalement des fouilles subaquatiques (années 2011 et 2012, quelques unités de 2007 et de 2008) et de quelques unités du site terrestre (fouilles 2003, 2008 à 2012) (Aire 1, 3, 3 Nord, 7 et 8) (NRT=429; 379 écrus, 50 blanchis).

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

COMPOSITION DE LA FAUNE DU SITE

— Deux classes animales : les Mammifères (NR= 948; 67 %) et les Oiseaux (NR= 452; 32 %).

— Autres restes attribués aux catégories Indéterminés Oiseaux/petits Mammifères (NR= 3) et Indéterminés Oiseaux/Mammifères (NR= 2), et à la Classe indéterminée (NR= 9) (Tableau 2).

— Taux de détermination pour l'ensemble du site: 41 % (NRD= 578/1414 restes déterminés à un taxon inférieur à la Classe animale c.-à-d. à l’ordre, à la famille, au genre ou à l’espèce) 6 .

Note 7

Note 8

Note 9

19

Tableau 2 Liste de faune du site EdBt-3 (oar ordre taxinomique) (2011 et 2014) (1/2)

Taxon

Nom latin

NRT

2011

NRT

2014

NRT

%

Oiseaux 154

298

452

32 °/«

Plongeon spp.

Gaviidae

1

1

Cormoran spp.

Phalacrocoracidae

1

1

2

Anatidés

Anatidae

4

7

11

Ansérinés

Anserinae

9

11

20

Canards barboteurs

Analinea

2

2

Canards indéterminés

1

12

13

Phasianidés

Phasianidae

1

2

3

Phasianinés

Phasianinae

1

4

5

Tétraoninés

Tetraoninae

29

29

Charadriiformes

Charadriiforma

1

1

Laridés

Laridae

35

43

78

Larinés

Larinae

135

135

Alcinés

Alcinae

40

16

56

Grand corbeau

Corvus corax

2

2

Gros Oiseaux

4

19

23

Oiseaux moyens-gros

7

7

14

Oiseaux moyens

15

1

16

Oiseaux indéterminés

34

7

41

Mammifères 827

121

948

67 °A

Porc-épic d'Amérique

Erethizon dors at um

4

4

Cétacés

Cetacea

22

22

Carnivores

Carnivora

6

6

Renard spp.

1

8

9

Phocidés

Phocidae

130

13

143

Phoque du Groenland

Pagophilus groenlandicus

3

3

Artiodactyles

Artiodactyla

3

4

7

Cervidés

Cervidae

2

1

3

Caribou des bois

Rangifer tarandus caribou

1

1

2

Bœuf domestique

Bos taurus

1

1

Suidés

Suidae

4

3

7

Porc domestique

Sus scrofa

13

13

Mammifères marins

47

6

53

Mammifères terrestres

2

2

Gros Mammifères

64

21

85

Mammifères moyens/gros

1

1

Mammifères indéterminés

567

20

587

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

Chapter Notes

- 1 Les restes ichtyens ont été sommairement examinés sans compilation. Les effectifs proviennent du fichier de l'inventaire des restes fauniques fourni par Anja Herzog.

- Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298 22 /?

- 4 Les catégories Mammifères marins et Mammifères terrestres sont exclues.

- Osléothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

- 5 Seules les traces observées sur des restes déterminés sont discutées.

- Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

- 6 Les catégories Mammifères marins et Mammifères terrestres sont exclues.

- Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

- 2T1

Fouilles subaauatiaues

Tableau 4 Liste de faune du site EdBt-3 (par ordre taxinomique) (2011 et 2014) (contextes subaquatiques)

Taxon

Nom latin

N RT

%

Oiseaux

451

85,6 %

Plongeon spp.

Gaviidae

1

Cormoran spp.

Phalacrocoracidae

2

Anatidés

Anatidae

1 1

Ansérinés

Anserinae

20

Canards barboteurs

Anatinea

2

Canards indéterminés

13

Phasianidés

Phasianidae

3

Phasianinés

Phasianinae

5

Tétraoninés

Tetraoninae

29

Charadriiformes

Charadriiforma

1

Laridés

Laridae

78

Larinés

Larinae

135

Alcinés

Alcinae

56

Grand corbeau

Corvus corax

2

Gros Oiseaux

22

Oiseaux moyens-gros

14

Oiseaux moyens

16

Oiseaux indéterminés

41

Mammifères

65

12,3 %

Porc-épic d'Amérique

Erethizon dorsatum

4

Cétacés

Cetacea

17

Renard spp.

9

Phocidés

Phocidae

3

Artiodactyles

Artiodactyla

5

Cervidés

Cervidae

1

Bœuf domestique

Bos taunts

1

Suidés

Suidae

7

Porc domestique

Sus scrofa

13

Mammifères marins

2

Mammifères moyens/gros

1

Mammifères indéterminés

2

Indéterminés

11

2,1 %

Indéterminés ois/petits

3

mam

Indéterminés Ois/mam

2

Classe indéterminée

6

Total

527

100 %

Table caption

1 seul os blanchi (mi) dans contextes subaquatiques.

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

Indéterminés

4

10

14

1 %

Indéterminés ois/petits mam

3

3

Indéterminés Ois/mam

2

2

Classe indéterminée

4

5

9

Total

985

429

1414

100 °/

Table caption

Tableau 2 Liste de faune du site EdBt-3 (par ordre taxinomique) (2011 et 2014) (2/2)

COMPOSITION DE LA FAUNE DU SITE PAR CONTEXTE

Site terrestre

Tableau 3 Liste de faune du site EdBt-3 (par ordre taxinomique) (2011 et 2014) (site terrestre)

Taxon

Nom latin

N RT

%

Oiseaux

1

0,1 %

Gros Oiseaux

1

Mammifères 883

99,5 %

Cétacés

Cetacea

5

Carnivores

Carnivora

6

Phocidés

Phocidae

140

Phoque du Groenland

Pagophilus groenlandicus

3

Artiodactyles

Artiodactyla

2

Cervidés

Cervidae

2

Caribou des bois

Rangifer tarandus caribou

2

Mammifères marins

51

Mammifères terrestres

2

Gros Mammifères

85

Mammifères indéterminés

585

Indéterminés 3

0,3 %

Classe indéterminée

3

Total

887

100 %

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

2^5

Nombre minimal d’individus (NMI) et représentation squelettique pour les quatre

principaux taxons

Phocidés et phoque du Groenland

— Phocidés NRDt= 143; n= 3 contextes subaquatiques et n= 140 site terrestre

— phoque du Groenland NRDt= 3 site terrestre

— Nombre minimal d’individus total pour le site est de deux (NMI= 2 phoques du Groenland). Cette estimation pourrait être augmentée à trois individus puisque quelques éléments anatomiques proviendraient d'un jeune animal (ou sous-adulte).

— Quelques éléments squelettiques de Phocidés pourraient être du Phoque du Groenland.

Représentation squelettique pour les Phocidés et le phoque du Groenland (NRDt= 146) :

— crânien : NR= 51; 35 % (dont deux et un fragment de bulle tympanique de phoque du Groenland);

— axial postcrânien : NR= 11 ; 6 %;

— appendiculaire thoracique : NR=21; 14%;

— appendiculaire pelvien : NR= 36; 25 %;

— appendiculaire indéterminé : NR= 27; 19 %.

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

23

Larinés et Laridés cf Larinés (contextes subaquatiques uniquement)

— NRDt= 162; n= 135 Larinés et n= 27 Laridés c/'Larinés

— Par les éléments anatomiques, le nombre minimal d’individus est de douze Larinés (NMI= 12). Les ossements proviennent d'au moins dix oiseaux de la taille du goéland marin (Larus marinus — anciennement goéland à manteau noir) et d'au moins deux de la taille du goéland argenté (Larus argentatus).

Toutefois, cette estimation pourrait s’élever à treize (NMI= 13) puisqu’au moins un Lariné serait de taille intermédiaire entre le goéland argenté et le goéland à bec cerclé (Larus delawarensis).

De plus, deux ossements (tarsométatarses droit et gauche), et peut-être trois (tibiotarse droit), proviennent de jeunes oiseaux (de la taille du goéland marin). Le nombre total de Larinés serait donc de 14 oiseaux (au moins 13 adultes et au moins 1 jeune).

En ajoutant les os de Laridés cf Larinés, l'estimation du nombre d'individus grimpe à 15 (NMI^ 15), dont 14 oiseaux adultes et un jeune.

— Un fragment de mandibule et deux sternums appartiennent fort probablement au goéland marin.

— Soulignons la présence plausible d'une femelle (os médullaire dans un tarsométatarse?) 7 .

Représentation squelettique pour les Larinés et Laridés cf Larinés (T4RDt= 162) :

— crânien : NR=29; 18 %;

— axial postcrânien : NR= 15; 9 %;

— appendiculaire thoracique : NR= 56; 35 %;

— appendiculaire pelvien : NR= 62; 38 %.

Note 1

Note 2

Chapter Notes

1. 7 L'os médullaire est un dépôt calcaire qui s'accumule dans la cavité médullaire des os longs des femelles en prévision de la ponte des oeufs. Chez les espèces sauvages, ces dépôts s'accumulent donc au printemps avant la ponte.

2. Ostéolhèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

Laridés (contextes subaquatiques uniquement)

— NRDt = 47

— La plupart des autres restes osseux de Laridés (n= 47) appartiendraient à la sousfamille des Larinés (goélands/mouettes), probablement à du goéland. Quelques os de Laridés pourraient appartenir à au moins deux jeunes oiseaux. Ainsi, en combinant les restes squelettiques de Larinés, de Laridés cf Larinés et de Laridés (probablement goélands), nous atteignons un nombre minimal de 16 volatiles (NMI= 16), 14 adultes et 2 jeunes.

Représentation squelettique pour les Laridés (NRDt= 47) :

— crânien : NR=11 ; 23 %;

— axial postcrânien : NR= 22; 47 %;

— appendiculaire thoracique : NR= 5; 11 %;

— appendiculaire pelvien : NR= 9; 19 %.

Alcinés et Laridés cf Alcinés (contextes subaquatiques uniquement)

— NRDt= 60; n= 56 Alcinés et n= 4 Laridés cf Alcinés

— Le nombre minimal d’individus est de sept Alcinés (NMI= 7), dont trois seraient de la taille du guillemot marmette (Uria aalge - anciennement marmette de Troïl), un serait de taille égale ou supérieure au guillemot marmette et deux seraient des Alcinés de plus petite taille que ce dernier. Le nombre minimal d'individus s'élève à huit oiseaux en incluant les Laridés cf Alcinés (NMI= 8).

-— Deux sternums appartiennent fort probablement au guillemot marmette.

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

Représentation squelettique pour les Alcinés et Laridés ç/'Alcinés (NRDt= 60) :

— crânien : NR= 7; 12 %;

— axial postcrânien : NR= 17; 28 %;

— appendiculaire thoracique : NR= 12; 20 %;

— appendiculaire pelvien : NR= 24; 40 %.

Tétraoninés (contextes subaquatiques uniquement)

— NRDt= 29

— Par les éléments anatomiques, le nombre minimal d’individus est de deux Tétraoninés de la taille de lagopèdes ou de tétras (NM1= 2). Par la taille des ossements, cette estimation pourrait s'élever à trois oiseaux puisque plusieurs os appartiennent à du Tétraoniné de plus grande taille (taille gélinotte huppée).

Représentation squelettique pour les Tétraoninés (NRDt= 29) :

— axial postcrânien : NR= 2; 7 %;

— appendiculaire thoracique : NR=12; 41 %;

— appendiculaire pelvien : NR= 15; 52 %.

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

2T8

Commentaires supplémentaires

— Anatidés : les restes osseux attribués à cette famille appartiendraient pour la plupart à du très gros canard ou à de la petite oie. Un tarsométatarse provient de la carcasse d'un oisillon (jeune oie?). Les os proviennent d'au moins deux individus (NM1= 2).

— Canards barboteurs : les deux os proviennent d'au moins deux oiseaux (NMI= 2) de grande taille (taille noir ou colvert).

— Canards indéterminés : parmi ces restes, certains proviendraient de canards plongeurs (harle/macreuse/morillon). Les restes de canards indéterminés proviennent d'au moins deux volatiles (NMI= 2).

— Ansérinés : les os attribués à cette sous-famille proviennent globalement de volatiles de grande taille, soit l'oie domestique (trois os), soit l'oie des neiges (Chen caerulescens ) (trois os). Un nombre minimal de trois individus a été estimé (NMI= 3), dont deux oies des neiges et une oie domestique.

— Phasianinés : un tarsométatarse porteur d'un ergot provient du squelette d'un coq gracile.

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

1+9

Commentaires supplémentaires

Liste des taxons pour quelques contextes du site terrestre

Site terrestre (analyse faunique de 2011 - rapport no 284) (contextes Inuit) :

• Phocidés, mammifères marins (phoques ou gros mammifères marins comme Cétacés ou morse), caribou. Cervidés (caribou?). Artiodactyles, Carnivores, mammifères terrestres, gros mammifères (Phocidés, mammifères marins, mammifères terrestres) et mammifères indéterminés.

Site terrestre (analyse faunique de 2014 - rapport no 298) (contextes Basques) :

• Phocidés, phoque du Groenland, Cétacés, mammifères marins (phoques ou Cétacés), caribou, gros mammifères (Phocidés?), mammifères indéterminés et gros oiseaux (Laridés?).

Site terrestre :

• Années 2001 à 2004, S-l ( cookhouse ) : Phocidés, mammifères marins (1 : Phocidés?) et Artiodactyles (caribou?).

» Année 2011, Aire 7 ( charcoal production area ) : Phocidés, phoque du Groenland, Cétacés, mammifères marins (1 : Phocidés?, 1 : cf Cétacés), caribou et gros mammifères.

• Année 2012, Aire 8 ( Basque and Inuit midden) : gros oiseaux (Laridés?).

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

8

Indices de saisonnalité des captures

Mammifères

En ce qui concerne les Mammifères sauvages, aucun indice de saisonnalité n’est fourni par les taxons représentés. Le caribou des bois, les Cervidés 9 , le porc-épic d'Amérique de même que les renards sont des animaux actifs à l’année qu’il est possible de chasser à tout moment. Dans l’éventualité d’une capture des renards pour leurs fourrures, la période favorable se situe en automne alors qu’ils se préparent à l’hiver avec l’augmentation des propriétés thermiques de leurs poils.

Le Phoque du Groenland a été repéré dans l'assemblage analysé en 2014 (deux individus) et quelques restes squelettiques de Phocidés pourraient lui être attribués. Cette espèce présente un comportement saisonnier permettant d’inférer des indices sur la saison de sa capture. Le phoque du Groenland est présent dans la région à l’étude au cours de deux périodes : en hiver et au printemps jusqu’à la fonte des glaces, ainsi qu’à la fin de l’automne et au début de l’hiver 10 . Après la mise bas sur les glaces à la fin du printemps (fin février à mi-mars), les phoques du Groenland migrent vers leur aire d’alimentation estivale dans les eaux arctiques * 11 . Ils auraient pu être capturés soit au printemps, soit à l’automne. Une saison de capture printanière est toutefois appuyée par la présence de quelques ossements de Phocidés appartenant vraisemblablement à du jeune phoque (diaphyse d’ulna, métatarse no 1 et côte) (contextes subaquatiques).

Note 1

Note 2

Note 3

Note 4

Note 5

Note 6

Oiseaux

Quelques taxons aviaires identifiés dans l’assemblage livrent des informations sur la saisonnalité des captures.

En ce qui a trait aux cormorans, le cormoran à aigrettes (Phalacrocorax auritus) est un migrateur qui vient nicher dans la région au cours de la période estivale alors que le grand cormoran (Phalacrocorax carbo) est un nicheur résidant dans le golfe du Saint-Laurent 12 . La Famille des Anatidés comprend des espèces migratrices : les oies, dont la bernache du Canada (Brenta canadensis ) et l'oie des neiges, ainsi que plusieurs espèces de canards 1 ". Tous ces volatiles peuvent être capturés au printemps et à l’automne lors de leurs déplacements migratoires 14 .

Les plongeons et les pluviers sont des nicheurs migrateurs présents dans la région entre le printemps et la fin de l’automne. 13

Les Alcinés fréquentent la région de la Côte-Nord lors de leur nidification estivale; ils quittent la région dès le début de l’automne pour amorcer leur dispersion hivernale 16 .

En ce qui a trait aux Larinés (goélands/mouettes) et des Laridés (probablement Larinés), les goélands sont surtout des oiseaux nicheurs migrateurs fréquentant la Côte-Nord au cours de la période estivale, mais ils peuvent également être observés à l’année 17 . La présence de jeunes oiseaux chez les Larinés (goéland?) et les Laridés (Larinés?), de même que celle d'une éventuelle femelle Larinés capturée avant la ponte des oeufs abondent pour une capture printanière de cette ressource.

Les autres volatiles, c.-à-d. le grand corbeau et les Tétraoninés, sont des nicheurs résidants ou sédentaires 18 .

12 Cyr, A. et J. Larivée, 1995. Atlas saisonnier des oiseaux du Québec. Sherbrooke : Presses de l’Université Sherbrooke et Société de Loisir Ornithologique de l’Estrie.

13 Cyr, A. et J. Larivée, 1995.

14 Cyr et Larivée, 1995; Peterson, R. T., 2003. Les oiseaux du Québec et de l’est de l’Amérique du Nord. Ottawa : Broquet.

15 Cyr et Larivée, 1995.

16 Cyr et Larivée, 1995.

17 Cyr et Larivée, 1995; Peterson, 2003.

18 Cyr et Larivée, 1995.

Ostéothèque de Montréal , Inc. Rapport no 298

Chapter Notes

1. 8 Cette section est tirée en grande partie de l'analyse effectuée en 2011 (Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. rapport no 284).

2. 9 L’autre espèce de Cervidés qui fréquente la région est l’orignal ( Alces americanus), mais sa densité y serait toutefois plus faible que dans le sud du Québec.

3. 10 Prescott, J. et P. Richard, 2004. Mammifères du Québec et de l’est du Canada. Waterloo : Éditions Michel Quintin; Hannah, J. 2005. Pinnipèdes du Canada Atlantique et du nord-est des États-Unis. Rivièredu-Loup : ROMM.

4. 11 Hannah, J. 2005. Pinnipèdes du Canada Atlantique et du nord-est des États-Unis. Rivière-du-Loup : ROMM.

5. Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

6. 2^1

2J2

30

ANNEXE 1

LISTE DES POISSONS

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

2^5

Poissons identifiés (fouilles subaquatiques)

EdBt-3:5509

S B-2(-2)

'P

f

i

i

i

i

2

EdBt-3:5519

S C-O(-l)

gadidés

f

i

i

i

i

1

EdBt-3:5547

S C-O(-l)

morue

cp

ot

X

c

i

1

EdBt-3:6543

D2-1

gadidés

cp

CO

X

o

i

1

EdBt-3:6544

D2-1

gadidés

f

max

X

c

i

1

EdBt-3:6544

D2-1

morue

cp

max

X

c

g

1

Total

7

Poissons - examen sommaire (fouilles subaquatiques)

EdBt-3:2092

B-4

gadidés

EdBt-3:5501

B-2

gadidés

EdBt-3:1620

B-1

gadidés

EdBt-3:1621

B-l

gadidés

EdBt-3:1622

B-1

gadidés

EdBt-3:1623

(3 sacs)

B-2

gadidés

EdBt-3:1624

B-2

ip

vt

une vertèbre poissons indéterminés = petit gadidé?

EdBt-3:1625

B-2

gadidés

EdBt-3:1626

B-2

requin?

vt

deux vertèbres possiblement requin

EdBt-3:1627

B-2

gadidés

EdBt-3:1628

B-2

gadidés

EdBt-3:1629

B-2

gadidés

EdBt-3:1631

B-2

gadidés

EdBt-3:1632

B-2

gadidés

EdBt-3:1633

Y-l

gadidés

EdBt-3:1634

Y-l

gadidés

EdBt-3:163 5

Y-l

gadidés

EdBt-3:1635

Y-l

morue

cr

1 "neurocrâne" de morue

EdBt-3:1635

Y-l

ÎP

vt

1 minuscule vertèbre de poissons indéterminés

EdBt-3:1636

(12 sacs)

Y-l

gadidés

EdBt-3:1636

(12 sacs)

Y-l

ÎP

vt

qqs minuscules vertèbres de poissons indéterminés

EdBt-3:1637

Y-l

gadidés

EdBt-3:1638

Y-l

gadidés

EdBt-3:1638

Y-l

ip

vt

une vertèbre poissons indéterminés

EdBt-3:1639

Y-l

gadidés

EdBt-3:1640

Y-l

gadidés

EdBt-3:1641

(4 sacs)

Y-l

gadidés

EdBt-3:1642

Z-l

gadidés

Table caption

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

EdBt-3:1644

S 2

gadidés

EdBt-3:2090

D-l

gadidés

EdBt-3:2095

B-3

gadidés

EdBt-3:2097

B-3

gadidés

EdBt-3:2098

D-l

gadidés

EdBt-3:2106

B-3

gadidés

EdBt-3:2107

B-3

gadidés

EdBt-3:2115

B-3

gadidés

EdBt-3:21 16

B-3

gadidés

EdBt-3:2117

B-4

gadidés

EdBt-3:211 8

B-4

gadidés

EdBt-3:2122

D-l

gadidés

EdBt-3:2123

D-l

gadidés

EdBt-3:2125

D-l

gadidés

EdBt-3:2131

D-l

gadidés

EdBt-3:5502

B-2(-l)

gadidés

EdBt-3:5515

C-l(-l)

gadidés

EdBt-3:5517

c-H-i)

gadidés

EdBt-3:5521

C-O(-l)

gadidés

EdBt-3:5548

C-l(-l)

gadidés

EdBt-3:5553

B-2

gadidés

EdBt-3:5554

B-2

gadidés

EdBt-3:6530

C-3(-l)

gadidés

EdBt-3:6533

C-3(-l)

gadidés

EdBt-3:6535

D-2(-l)

gadidés

EdBt-3:6537

D2-1

gadidés

EdBt-3:6538

D2-1

gadidés

EdBt-3:6539

D-2(-l)

gadidés

EdBt-3:6545

D2-1

gadidés

EdBt-3:6546

D-2(-l)

gadidés

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

ANNEXE 2

LISTE DES CODES UTILISÉS

Osléothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

CODES SUR L’INTÉGRITÉ (INTEG)

Les codes pour l’intégrité des restes osseux peuvent être obtenus en combinant les codes de base suivants :

cp

os complet

cp

os presque complet

di

diaphyse

ed

épiphyse distale

ep

épiphyse proximale

f

fragment

fca

fragment caudal

fer

fragment crânial

fd

fragment distal

fdd

fragment distal de diaphyse

fdi

fragment de diaphyse

fdo

fragment dorsal

fe

fragment d’épiphyse

fepi

fragment d’épiphyse vertébrale

fia

fragment latéral

flo

fragment longitudinal

fm

fragment mésial

fme

fragment médial

fp

fragment proximal

fpd

fragment proximal de diaphyse

fpo

fragment postérieur

fro

fragment rostral

fve

fragment ventral

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

SYMBOLES ANATOMIQUES (IDANA)

35

atl

atlas

azt

arcade zygomatique du temporal

bre

bréchet

buty

bulle tympanique

ca

carpe

cal

calcanéus

came

carpométacarpe

car

os carré

cata

carpe ou tarse

CO

côte

cor

coracoïde

cox

os coxal

cr

crâne

cv-vtth

corps vertébral de vertèbre thoracique

de

dentaire

fe

fémur

fi

fibula

fr

os frontal

fur

furculum

hu

humérus

i

indéterminé

il

ilium

man

mandibule

max

maxillaire

mt

métatarse

ol

os long

ot

otolithe

pha

phalange

phad

phalange distale

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

pham

phalange moyenne

phap

phalange proximale

prem

prémaxillaire

pu

pubis

ra

radius

roc

rocher (bulle tympanique)

sca

scapula

ster

sternum (sternèbre)

syns

synsacrum

tal

talus

tamt

tarsométatarse

ti

tibia

tita

tibiotarse

ul

ulna

vt

vertèbre

vtce

vertèbre cervicale

vtcy

vertèbre coccygienne

vtlo

vertèbre lombaire

vtth

vertèbre thoracique

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

SYMBOLES DE LA POSITION ANATOMIQUE

37

APAX

P

appendiculaire

X

axial

i

indéterminé

CRTPV

c

crânien

o

postcrânien

i

indéterminé

P

pelvien

t

thoracique

DRGH

d

droit

g

gauche

i

indéterminé

ne s’applique pas

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

CODES SUR L’ÉTAT DES OS (ALTER)

Marques d’outils et fracture

cp

fr

fra

frs

os coupé

fracture (naturel ou anthropique) fracture anthropique

fracture en spirale (naturel ou anthropique)

mo

marque d’outil indéterminé

ou

os ouvragé

SC

sc/cp

the

ti

os scié

os scié ou coupé trace de hache/couperet trace d’impact

Marques de dents d’animaux

md

mdcv

mdro

marques de dents indéterminées marques de dents de carnivores marques de dents de rongeurs

Traces de combustion

bl

blanc (calcination)

CO

combustion

ne

noirci (carbonisation)

Autres altérations

bl

br

os blanchi (intempérisation ou combustion) bruni (pré-carbonisation ou sol)

cr

craquelures (érosion climatique)

ec

os écaillé (exfoliation par érosion climatique)

cm

émoussé

ne

os noirci (carbonisation ou sol)

omm

oxydation métallique

pa

pe

rad

tf

pathologie

perforation

radicelles

trace fine (naturelle ou découpe)

w

weathering (érosion climatique ou intempérisation)

Table caption

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

39

CODES DE LOCALISATION DES ALTÉRATIONS (LOALT)

Les codes pour la localisation des altérations peuvent être obtenus en combinant les codes

de base suivants :

ca

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cr

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dia

sur la diaphyse

do

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dt

distalement

en

entièrement

et

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ext

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i

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it

surface interne

la

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lo

longitudinalement

m

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me

médialement

pr

proximalement

ro

rostralement

tr

transversalement

ve

ventralement

+

plus d’une localisation ou plus d’une trace

SYMBOLES POUR L’ÂGE

je

jeune

Ostéothèque de Montréal Inc. Rapport no 298

Appendix J:

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Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG ^

Code Borden: EdBt-3

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Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 3

Code Borden: EciBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014________ Catalog: Anja Herzog

Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 4

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014___ Catalog: Anja Herzog

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Code Borden: EdBt-3

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Code Borden: EdBt-3

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Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 . Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014 ______ Catalog: An)a Herzog

Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécaiina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 8

Code Borden; EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014 __ Catalog: Anja Herzog

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Code Borden: EdBt-3

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Catalog: 05/2014___ _ _____ Catalog: Anja Herzog

Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG

Code Borden: EdBt-3

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Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 12

Table caption

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Table caption

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Table caption

Catalog: 05/2014________ Catalog: Anja Herzog

Remarks

Treatment

Field

Number

S

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1,8 x 2,3 x 0,3

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Fits with

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EdBt-3:7176

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EdBt-3:7178, EdBt-3:7179.

EdBt-3:7181

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to *o •O

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Condition

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Cultural

affiliation

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

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Description

body fragment, small fragment

body fragment, small fragment

small fragment, eroded, no glaze

pink-orange paste, flaked, superior surface fragment

foot fragment with rolled rim (broken), moulded decoration of dots and wavy lines on foot

flaked? Altered by heat?

body fragment with applied decorative band

body fragment, with applied decorative bandtraces of black stains on exterior surface

base/wall fragment, black stain on exterior surface

base/wall fragment, flat base, black stain on exterior surface

body fragment

base fragment, flat base

body fragment, small green glaze stains and blackened on exterior surface

base/body fragment, blackened along edge

base/body fragment, blackened along edge

small body fragment, black on exterior surface

small body fragment

body fragment, small green

glaze stains on exterior

surface

small flaked body fragment

Material / Type

Majolica

Majolica

Majolica

Clay, coarse

Glass, tinted yellow

Flint

Coarse

Earthenware

Coarse

Earthenware

Coarse

Earthenware

Coarse

Earthenware

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jo f

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Coarse

Earthenware

Coarse

Earthenware

Coarse

Earthenware

Coarse

Earthenware

Coarse

Earthenware

Coarse

Earthenware

Coarse

Earthenware

Coarse

Earthenware

Object

Porringer

Porringer

Porringer

Rooftile

Fragment

Drinking Glass

Fragement

Cooking Vessel

Cooking Vessel

Cooking Vessel

Cooking Vessel

Cooking Vessel

Cooking Vessel

Cooking Vessel

Cooking Vessel

Cooking Vessel

Cooking Vessel

Cooking Vessel

Cooking Vessel

Cooking Vessel’

Depth

CO

co

136

co

CO

136

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130

130

130

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130

135

LO

CO

135

135

135

135

135

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4S/8W

4S/8W

4S/8W

4S/8W

4S/8W

4S/8W

4S/8W

4S/8W

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4S/8W

4S/8W

4S/8W

4S/8W

4S/8W

4S/8W

4S/8VV

4S/8W

Area

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2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

CO

o

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2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

20131

20131

No.

d'artéfact

EdBt-3:7170

EdBt-3:7171

EdBt-3:7172

EdBt-3:7173

EdBt-3:7174

EdBt-3:7175

EdBt-3:7176

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03

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EdBt-3:7178

EdBt-3:7179

EdBt-3:7180

EdBt-3:7181

EdBt-3:7182

EdBt-3:7183

EdBt-3:7184

EdBt-3:7185

EdBt-3:7186

EdBt-3:7187

EdBt-37188

Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 13

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014__________ Catalog: Anja Herzog

Cf) *~

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Table caption

Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécaiina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 14

Table caption

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Table caption

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Pro i ect: William Ftebugh

Table caption

Catalog: 05/2014 ____ Catalog: Anja Hentog

Remarks

Treatment

? Identification,

conservation

treatment

? Identification,

conservation

treatment

not kept

conservation

treatment

recommended

Field

Number

20 ou 35?

oo

o"

CO

CD

CD

CD

CO

CO

CNJ

CM

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31,14

31,14

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ht

03

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ess

li/lax. Length x Max. Width / Diameter

Length: 15,5 cm

Lengths: 12,8 cm, 10,2 cm, 6,3 cm, 3,0

cm

Length: 4.3 cm

Length: 5,0 cm

Length: 5,8

cm

< 3,0 cm

13,5x3,2 cm

r

co

X

CD

X

CD

’r- " o

Height: 4,8

cm; width: 4,2

cm

2,7 x 2,5 cm

Length: 6,9 à

11,4 cm

Fits with

Condition

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Complete

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Complete

Cultural

affiliation

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical j

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

S'

' r—

r

t—

CD

T—

T

•vî

CD

Description

body fragment with decorative applied band, stain of green glaze and blackened on exterior surface

very' large spike, with head, lower portion missing

large nails, two with heads (one with large head}, two stem fragments, square section

CL.

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%

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1 = E a>

CD jQ

flat, broken stem fragment

round-sectioned rod, probably from tool

sample

elongated fragment

base/wall fragment, brown paste, mostly covered in sooth

body sherd, traces of soot on Interior and exterior surface

thin wall fragment, curved

small, grey flake

flattened shape

4 fragments, 2 pieces fit

almost complete, with mostly

large heads

Materia! / Type

Coarse

Earthenware

Iron, wrought

Iron, wrought

Iron, wrought I

jo

CD

1

cf

2

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Ferrrous Metal

Charcoal

Baleen

Coarse

Earthenware

Coarse

Earthenware

Glass, tinted blue-green

Flint?

Iron, wrought

Iron, wrought

Iron, wrought

Object

Cooking Vessel

Spike

Spike

Nail

Flat Rod

Tool?

Corroded

Fragments

s

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Cooking Vessel?

Cooking Vessel

Small bottle?

Flake

Hook

Flat Fagment

Nail

Depth

S

CO O

T— CO

r—

CO

8

S

CO

CO

co

CO

CO

CO

Square

4S/8W

4S/8W

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5

CO

OO

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4S/8W

4S/8W

4S/8W

4S/8W

2S/2W

2S/2W

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2S/2W

2S/2W

2S/2VV

Area

CD

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CD

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son

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

CO

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CM

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

CO

s

CM

2013

No.

d’artéfact

EdBt-3:7210

n/d

X3

c:

n/d

EdBi-3:7211

EdBt-3:7212

n/d

CO

CM

h

CO

co

•O

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n/d

EdBt-3:7214

EdBt-3:7215

EdBt-3:7216

EdBt-3:7217

EdBt-3:7218

p/u

n/d

Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 15

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Pro i ect; Wliliam Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014_______ Catalog: Anja He/zog

Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 16

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014_________ Catalog: Anja Herzog

Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 17

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014____ Catalog: Anja Herzog

Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 18

Code Borden: EbBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014 _______ Catalog: Anja Herzog

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Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 19

Code Borden: EbBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014__________ Catalog: Anja Hereog

Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 20

Code Borden: EtiBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014 ____ __ Catalog: Anja Herzog

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Site; Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 21

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014 _____,_____ Catalog: Anja Herzog

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Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 22

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014 _____ Catalog: Anja Herzog

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Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 23

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head °f Project: William Fitzhugh

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Code Borders; EdBl-3

Fieldwork; 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014 ________ Catalog: Anja Herzog

Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 28

Code Borden: EdBt-3

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Table caption

Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 33

Table caption

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Table caption

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Table caption

Catalog: 05/2014 ___ Catalog: Anja Herzog

Remarks

[05/08/20131

05/08/2013

06/08/2013

06/08/2013

06/08/2013

106/08/20131

107/08/20131

107/08/20131

[07/08/2013|

09/08/2013

09/08/2013

09/08/2013

109/08/20131

109/08/20131

[10/08/20131

111/08/20131

[11/08/20131

12/08/2013

112/08/20131

[ 13/08/20131

13/08/2013

13/08/2013

[13/08/20131

[13/08/20131

13/08/2013

09/08/2013

09/08/2013

09/08/2013

09/08/2013

Treatment

03

CZ

cT

X3

$

_o

CO

slowdrying

slowdrying

slowdrying

Field

Number

_

r^

CNJ

O

oo

30

|39

03

CO

UO

■"t

[45

[50

CD

UO

CD

UO

56

03

LO

03

UO

[63

OO

CD

co

CD

o

OO

84

84

[90

O

03

03

37

55

55

[55

60

Weig

ht

Thickn

ess

2 mm

7-8

mm

max.

17 mm

14 mm

Max. Length x Max. Width

/ Diameter

CO

CM*

X

03

E

T— o

1,5 x 1,1 cm

Length: 16,0

cm: width: 4,6

- 6,3 cm

Length: 9,2

cm: width: 1,7

1-3,1 cm |

Height: 2,4

cm; diameter:

3,3 cm

5,7 x 6,6 cm;

depth of cut

out: 2,8 cm

Fits with

C

O

xi

c

o

o

£■

3

c'

O)

£

CO

2

ll

| Fragmentary

Fragmentary

[Fragmentary I

Fragmentary

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| Fragmentary j

co

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<D

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1 Historical

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1 Historical

[Historical '

[Historical !

[Historical |

[Historical

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[Historical !

[Historical |

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[Historical

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5

co

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CM

Description

long bone?

long bones

1 mandible bone

long bones, 1 white

|rib bone?

collarbone, long bone?

small fragment

collarbone, 6 long bones

long bones

fragment of long bone

long bones, 1 collarbone, 1 wishbone, etc.

long bones, cut marks

[long bones

|l cranium, 3 long bones

CD

CO

Jq

CD

tz

CD

>

CO

CM

1 collarbone, 1 rib bone, 4 long bones

fragment

2 vertebrae

small fragment, triangular shape (oak?), traces of bark?

fragment, with groove for insertion of head cants.

small barrel, approx. 22 cm diameter at cut end, groove at 1,7 cm below rim

one flat side

or cut branch fragment, bark

fragment still attached, split

up and shrunk during slow

drying process

rectangular fragment but

with semi-circular cut-out at

one edge (oak?)

Material / Type

Bone, Mammal |

Bone, Bird

Bone, Fish

Bone, Bird

Bone, Fish

p

<55

<D

C

o

CO

Bone, Fish

p

□5

0)

cz

o

CO

Bone, Bird

Bone, Mammal

[Bone, Fish

Bone, Bird

Bone, Fish

[Bone, Bird

[Bone, Bird

3one, Mammal

[Bone, Bird

Bone, Bird

[Bone, Bird

[Bone, Fish, Cod

p

d5

O)

cz

o

CO

Walnut

[Bone, Fish, Cod

[Bone, Bird

Shell

Wood, worked

Wood, worked

Wood, worked

Wood, worked

Wood, worked

Object

Mammal Bone

Bird Bone

Codfish Bone

Bird Bone

<D

cz

o

~o

sz

o

c/3

Li

Bird Bone

Fishbone

Bird Bone

Bird Bone

CD

CZ

o

CO

~cô

E

E

<v

Codfish Bone

Bird Bone

Fishbone

Bird Bone

Bird Bone

[Mammal Bone

Bird Bone

Bird Bone

Bird Bone

Fishbone

Bird Bone

Walnut Shell

[Codfish Bone

Bird Bone

Scallop Shell

Wood Fragment

Barrel Stave

Wedge

Barrel Bung?

Wood Fragment

Depth

Square

C3-3

co

CO

O

CO

CO

O

C3-3

CO

CO

O

co

cô

O

C3-3

CO

cô

O

CO

CO

O

CO

CO

O

C3-3

C3-3

C3-3

CO

CO

O

CO

cô

O

e-eol

C3-3

C3-3

CO

co

o

CO

OO

o

C3-3

C3-3

C3-3

C?

CO

o

C3-3

C3-3

C3-3

C3-3

C3-3

C3-3

Area

Unde 1

«D

X3

cz

3

Unde

Unde

Unde

Unde

Unde

Unde

Unde

Unde

Unde

Unde

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Unde

Unde

Unde

Unde

Unde

Unde

Unde

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CD CD

c § 3 £

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Unde

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r

Sea

son

2013|

2013

co

O

CM

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

[2013

2013

2013

2013

2013!

2013

2013

2013

2013!

2013

2013

2013

No.

d'artéfact

EdBt-3:7496 [

EdBt-3:7497

EdBt-3:7498

EdBt-3 7499

EdBt-3:7500

EdBl-3:7501

EdBt-3:7507

EciBt-3.7502

EoBt-3.7503

EdBt-3:7504

EdBt-3 7505

EdBt-3:7506

|EdBt-3:7508

|EdBt-3:7509

IEdBt-3:7510

! EdBt-3:751 1

EdBt-3:7512

EdBt-3:7513

EdBt-3:7514

EdBt-3:7515

EdBt-3:7516

EdBt-3:7517

EdBt-3:7518

EdBt-3:7519

EdBt-3:7520

EdBt-3:7521

EdBt-3:7522

EdBt-3:7523

EdBt-3:7524

EdBt-3:7525

Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mecatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 34

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014 __ Catalog: Anja Herzog

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Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 35

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head °f Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014 _________ Catalog: Anja Herzog

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Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 36

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head °f Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014 ______ Catalog: Anja Herzog

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Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mècatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 37

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork; 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014 _______ Catalog: Anja Herzog

Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mecatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 39

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head ° f Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014 __ Catalog: An)a Herzog

Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 40

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014 ________ Catalog: Anja Herzog

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Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 41

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog : 05/2014 _________ Catalog: Anja Herzog

Table caption

Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécaiina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 42

Table caption

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Table caption

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Table caption

Catalog: 05/2014__ _ __ Catalog: Anja Herzog

Remarks

14/08/2013

14/08/2013

12/08/2013

12/08/2013

12/08/2013

12/08/2013

13/08/2013

14/08/2013

13/08/2013

13/08/2013

112/08/2013|

12/08/2013

12/08/2013

112/08/2013]

|13/08/2013]

113/08/2013]

113/08/2013]

113/08/20131

Treatment

Field

Number

94

3

72

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

95

89

68

80

O

CO

O

CO

CM

CO

CM

oo

98!

CD

CO

Weig

ht

CO

o

30,3 g

05

o_

cm"

O)

l6

CD

O

CO

di it 6 ç- 01

CO CM T- °_ CM

r_T O

242,6

_a

21.9 g

C

•a «

1— <33

Max. Length x Max. Width

/ Diameter

Diameters: 0,55 cm. 0,5 cm (2x), 0,4 cm, 0,3 cm

Diameters: ca. 0,6 cm and ca. 0,3

cm

Lengths: 2,6 cm, 1,8 cm,

1,3 cm, 1,0

:cm (2x)

1,1 x 0,9 cm;

0,9 x 0,7 cm;

1,0 x 0,6 cm;

... 0,4x0,3

cm

Folded: 3,2 x

0,6-1,4 cm;

unfolded

length: 4,4 cm

Diameters:

0,6 cm (3x),

0,5 cm (2x),

0,5 cm

8,2 x 6,1 x 6,1

cm

4,0 x 4,5 x 1,0

cm

Fits with

Condition

Fragmentary

3

c

CD

E

CO

Li

Fragmentary

s

c

a>

E

§*

u

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

3

c

<D

E

CO

2

LL

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

&

3

c

<D

E

CO

2

LL

Fragmentary

cT

eg

c

<D

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CT

2

ll

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eg

cü

CD

E

CO

2

ll

cZ

3

c

CD

E

CO

2

LL

Ld

3

CD

E

co

2

LL

cT

eg

c

<D

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CD

2

LL

Cultural

affiliation

Historical

Historical

Historical

s

TZ

o

to

X

S

cr

o

3

X.

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

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1

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X

3

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c

to

X

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X

»

a

LO

34

m

O

CO

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T—

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■ct

CO

CM

co

CM

^3

r—

CO

Description

shoulder fragment with departure of neck, brown paste

body fragment, blackened on both surfaces

different sizes, 3 still with sprue in place

23 large size, 2 of whih with sprue, 11 small size, 4 of which with sprue

various sprue fragment

various sizes and forms of sprue, one cut fragment from musket ball

thin, flat fragment of unequal width and folded once; cut mark

large-sized buckshot

large noduie of light grey to white flint, cortex

flake of light to dark grey flint, trace of cortex

1

£

JD

CD

C

O

<A

CD

C

o

jd

CT

c

o

1 bone broken and with cut

marks

2

j5

tD

CD

>

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o

o

3

Crt

Material/Type

Coarse

Earthenware

Coarse

Earthenware

Lead

Lead

Lead

Lead

TJ

CD

05

—1

Lead

Flint

Flint

55

CD

o

CÛ

Bone, Mammal

-o

55

ai

o

CG

Bone. Bird

3

E

E

CO

<D

C

O

CQ

Bone, Bird

TD

O

O

JC

CO

Li

ai

c

o

CD

[Bone. Bird

Object

Cooking Vessel

[Cooking Vessel

Buckshot

O

CO

o

cs

CO

Sprue

Platelets or

Sprue

Lead Strip

Buckshot

Flint Nodule

Flake

<D

C

o

JO

TD

55

Mammal Bone

Birdbone

Birdbone?

Mammal Bone

[Birdbone

0)

c

o

-O

or

co

3

o

O

CD

C

O

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in

Depth

Square

C3-5

C3-5

C.3-5

C3-5

C3-5

C3-5

C3-5

C3-5

C3-5

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to

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2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

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2013

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o

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2013

CO

o

CM

[2013

CO

o

CM

CO

o

CM

CO

o

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oo

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No.

d'artéfacî

EdBt-3:7665

EdBt-3:7666

EdBt-3:7667

s

CO

co

£

T3

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EdBt-3;7669

EdBt-3:7670

Ed8t-3:7671

EdB!-3:7672

EdBt-3:7673

EdBt-3:7674

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EdBt-3:7676

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EdBt-3:7680

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CO

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CD

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LU

Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 43

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014 _________ Catalog: Anja Herzog

LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG

CD

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