Surveys and excavations from Petit Mécatina to Belles Amours

1. Surveys and excavations from Petit Mécatina to Belles Amours

2. Table of Contents

3. Section 2: Topographic Maps and

4. Aerial Photographs

5. Section 3: Field Photographs

6. The Gateways Project 2002

7. Section 3: Field Photographs

8. The Gateways Project 2002

9. Section 3: Field Photographs

10. The Gateways Project 2002

11. Section 3: Field Photographs

12. The Gateways Project 2002

13. Section 3: Field Photographs

14. The Gateways Project 2002

15. Section 3: Field Photographs

16. The Gateways Project 2002

17. Section 3: Field Photographs

18. Section 3: Field Photographs

19. The Gateways Project 2002

20. Section 3: Field Photographs

21. The Gateways Project 2002

22. Si«gp|

23. Section 3: Field Photographs

24. The Gateways Project 2002

25. Section 3: Field Photographs

26. The Gateways Project 2002

27. Section 3: Field Photographs

28. Section 4: Photo Catalog

29. Section 5: Artifact Catalog

30. Test Pit 2 (continued)

31. Mutton Bay 3

32. Checatica Island

33. Belles Amours Pointe

34. Section 6: Stratigraphy

35. Section 7: Field Notes

36. Petit Mecatina 1 (EdBt-1), House 2

37. Petit Mecatina 4 (EdBt-4), continued

38. Hare Harbor 1 (formerly Petit Mecatina 3)

39. (EdBt-3)

40. Hare Harbor 1 (EdBt-3), continued

41. Daniel’s Harbor (EdBt-5), continued

42. Hare Harbor 2 (EclBt-6)

43. Hare Harbor 2 (EclBt-6), continued

44. Mutton Bay 3 (2002 revisit) (EeBs-3)

45. Boulet Harbor (2002) (EeBr-13)

46. Boulet Harbor (EeBr-13), continued

47. ^istaiioque Island (2002) (EhBn-2)- addendum

48. Checatica Island (2002 return) (EhBn-1)

49. Checatica Island (EhBn-1), continued

50. Belles Amours Pointe (2002)

51. (EiBi-19)

52. Pointe Belles Amours (EiBi-20), continued

53. 2784 3518,^18 J

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Surveys and excavations from Petit Mécatina to Belles Amours

Fitzhugh, William W., 1943-

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Contents

Section 1: Project Narrative, Fieldwork, Conclusion and Recommendations. 1

Section 2: Topographic Maps and Aerial Photographs.... 25

Section 3: Field Photographs......... 35

Section 4: Photograph Catalog. . ...... 69

Section 5: Artifact Catalog........ 73

Section 6: Stratigraphy .. 95

Section 7: Field Notes.... 103

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Ministere de la Culture et des Communications

W4)^lt^on tienerale de I'Est du Quebec de la Culture " et des Communications __

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Direction de Montr^jl

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Aide-memoire aux archeoiogues

Nom du requeraiU: William W. Fitzhugh Aanee du perinis: 2002

Adresse; Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

332, 8th Street s.e.

Washington, D.C.

U.S.A.20003

Nature dc la demaade: Archaeological survey and test excavations at selected sites. Cape Whittle to Brador, Lower North

Shore, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Quebec

Contenu du rapport de recherche archeologiquc

Cochez S.V,P.

Table caption

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correspondantes

1. Duree du sejour sur le terrain

xl

3

2. Carte topographique au 1: 50 000 (localisation des sites)

X

26-33

3. Photographic aerienne (localisation des nouveaux sites)

X

27-34

4. Plans

- teiritoire prospecte (echelle)

X

6_

- surface fouillee (echelle)

X

6-17

- sondages (echelle)

X

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5. Coupes

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X

L

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95-102

6. Description

- techniques de fouille et/ou d'inventaire

X

4,6-17

- enregistrement des donnees

X

3.6-17

7. Traces d'etablissement

- plan general

X

- photos significatives

X

- niveau stratigraphique

X

- indications generales

X

- mesures de protection prises

X

8. Interpretations

X

17cm

9. Recommandations

X

19

10. Catalogue des objets

X

73

11. Catalogue des photos

X

69

Ea annexe

□

□

(Tire de la Reglementaiion sur la recherche archeologiquc. Pour obtenir une copie complete du Reglement, communiquez avec le ou la responsable des pennis de la Direction generale de I'Est du Quebec)

Note: Veuillez s.v.p. adjoindre cet aide-memoire lors du depot du rapport.

480, bout. Saint-Laurent bureau 600

Vieux-Montr4al (Quebec) H2Y 3Y7 Courriel: dm@mccgouv.qcca www.mccgouv.qc.ca/region/06/06.htm

Date d'inipression: 9 juillct, 2002

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Section 1:

Project Narrative, Fieldwork, Conclusion and

Recommendations

The Gateways Project 2002:

Surveys and Excavations from Petit Mecatina to Belles Amours*

William W. Fitzliugli Matthew Gallon

In 2001 the Smithsonian’s Arctic Studies Center conducted a preliminary archaeological survey of the Quebec Lower North Shore (LNS) from the Mingan Islands to the Strait of Belle Isle (Fitzhugh 2001). This 500 km stretch of coast is one of the least-known archaeological regions of Northeastern North America. Although having been settled by Native Americans more than 9000 years ago and having been one of the earliest areas of the New World explored by Europeans - first by Vikings around A.D. 1000 and later by Basque and other Europeans in the 16"’ and 17'" centuries - the LNS has had relatively little archaeological and environmental research. Lacking a highway connection for more than 300 km of its rugged coast, the region’s small Innu (Indian)-, English-, and French-speaking villages are among the most isolated in the Gulf of St. Lawrence; today its communities are still served only by steamer and light aircraft. Development of archaeological, cultural, and environmental infomiation about this region is being encouraged by the Quebec government, with enthusiastic support from LNS communities, which see such studies as providing a foundation for a growing tourism and heritage industry. In addition to advancing knowledge about local history, archaeological research, historic sites and collections, and local museums and heritage programs will enhance regional economic development when the highway connection is completed along this coast.

Project Goals

Given this large little-known territory, the primary goal of our 2001 survey was to explore the region’s archaeological potential and identify sites for further study. Particular focus was on the outer coast islands, points, and headlands where little if any archaeological work has been conducted previously. The survey identified more than thirty archaeological sites, most of which were found between Blanc Sablon, at the western terminus of the Strait of Belle Isle, and Cape Whittle, where the cold subarctic geography formerly known as “The Labrador” gives way to the more temperate conditions of the western Gulf of St. Lawrence.

The Gateways Project has several goals, of which the most general is basic exploration and survey of this little-known region. More specifically the project addresses six topics: (1) the origins, chronology, attributes, cultural relationships, western limits, and demise of the LNS Maritime Archaic culture from ca. 8000-3500 years ago; (2) identity, dating, and configuration of post-3500 B.P. Indian cultures; (3) western limits of Dorset Paleoeskimo and historic limit (Eskimo) cultures; (4) trade and contact between Indian, Paleoeskimo, and Inuit peoples and their neighbors; (5) early history of European exploration and settlement by Vikings, Basques, and others; and (6) cultural relations between European and indigenous peoples.

* Arctic Studies Center, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington DC 20013-0112. ritzhugh.william@nmnh.si.edu . gallon.matthew@nmnh.si.edu

Section 1: Project Narrative

I

Summary of 2001 Results

The 2001 survey resulted in discovery of more than thirty sites dating from ca. 7000 B.P. to the present (Fitzhugh 2001). Contrary to our expectations from previous research in Newfoundland and Labrador, research among the Mingan Islands at the western limit of the survey produced little new evidence of prehistoric archaeological sites, suggesting that these islands were occupied sporadically compared to the adjacent mainland (Somcynski 1989). In contrast, most of the sites known in the Mingan area, as well as in Natasquan and Kegaska, are found not on islands, but at river mouth locations, and collections from these sites often contain Ramah chert, which originates from quarries in extreme northern Labrador (e.g. Loring 2002). Apparently, contact with Labrador was an important feature of prehistoric Indian life, especially during the period dOOO-IOOO B.R, even in the western reaches of the Lower North Shore. Among the most important historical sites known from the Mingan Islands are the Basque settlement (unexcavated) on He Nue, the Loius Jolliet site (partially excavated, Levesque 1971) on Mingan Island, and the Henri Puyjalon habitation site (as yet undiscovered) on lie de la Chasse.

We had greater success locating prehistoric and historic settlement sites in the region between Baie Mouton and Pointe des Belles Amours, near Blanc Sablon. In part, this results from the more open, less forested terrain in the eastern LNS region; but it may also be attributed to the greater concentration of maritime resources available as one approaches the Strait of Belle Isle, where large numbers of archaeological sites have been found (Pintal 1998; Levesque 2002). Five prehistoric sites were found in Baie Mouton (four of Maritime Archaic affiliation, at elevations of 30-51 m), while raised beaches in the 10-14m range at Pointe des Belles Amours contained semisubterranean boulder beach dwellings and cache pits that appeared to date to Late Maritime Archaic and post-MA Indian cultures of the period ca. 3500-1500 B.P The only traces of Paleoeskimo culture were a possible Groswater notched biface base and flakes of probable Newfoundland chert recovered from a surface exposure near Cape Whittle, west of Harrington Harbor, and fme-grained chert flakes of probable Dorset origin on Bilodeau Island in the Vieux Fort archipelago. While these and other Paleoeskimo finds indicate that both Groswater and Dorset peoples occupied the LNS between Cape Whittle and Blanc Sablon, we found no evidence of Thule and historic Inuit settlement (cf Martijn 1974, 1980; Dumais and Poirier 1994). Inuit winter houses, tent rings, fox traps, and burial cairns are usually prominent landscape features in areas of Inuit settlement, and to date their absence even in the eastern areas of the LNS must be significant. Inuit presence here remains better-documented in historical documents than in archaeological traces.

By far the most interesting results came from Petit Mecatina, an island a few kilometers east of Harrington Harbor. At Trap Cove near the southeastern tip of Petit Mecatina we found a series of boulder structures on a raised beach about 12.8 meters above sea level. One of these structures resembled Maritime Archaic longhouses in central and northern Labrador and contained five rooms with central raised hearths in a structure 28 m long and 4.5 m wide, adjacent to circular cache pits and single- and double-room structures. Nearby in Hare Harbor, we found a second important site a large, late 16th century Basque site whose extensive deposits contained roof tiles, iron spikes, charcoal, and early European ceramics. Further east, another Basque site was located at Havre Boulet, a fall sealing location and former trading post located between Baie Mouton and La Tabatiere. These sites, and a second possible Maritime Archaic habitation structure identified at Pointe des Belles Amours were to become our principal targets for research in 2002.

2

The Gateways Project 2002

Our primary objectives for the 2002 field season, which was conducted between July 29th and August 25th, were to map and test the Basque site at Hare Harbor (EdBt-1) and to excavate the suspected longhouse sites at Petit Mecatina 1 (EdBt-l) and Pointe des Belles Amours 1 (EiBi-19). In addition we planned to spend the remaining days surveying for new sites and testing sites previously found between Harrington Harbor and Blanc Sablon.

This report documents the 2002 field activities and presents preliminary results and conclusions. In addition to a project narrative, site descriptions, and conclusions, the report contains copies of all field notes, maps, plans, and profiles; photographs of artifacts recovered; and a preliminary artifact and sample catalog. All of the collections recovered are currently housed at the Archaeological Repository, Ministry of Culture and Communications, in Quebec City, where they are being catalogued and documented by Anja Herzog of Laval University.

The Gateways Region

The Quebec LNS has many similarities with regions to the east and north and was known as part of a larger geographical and cultural region called “The Labrador” during the 19"’ and early 20"' century. Its coast is for the most part rocky, with many islands, capes, and protected passages, and with numerous rivers draining the Labrador-Quebec peninsula which carry runs of salmon and searun trout. Today this coast is occupied by Algonkian-speaking Innu who live primarily in the villages of Mingan, Natashquan, La Romaine, and St. Augustine, for whom subsistence hunting, trapping, and fishing remains central to life and identity. The portion of the coast between Vieux Fort and Blanc Sablon also has heritage derived from Labrador Inuit who settled here in the 16"' and 19"' centuries and whose economy was oriented more towards sea mammal hunting and coastal rather than interior resources. In addition to their presence in Innu villages, Europeans of French and English/Newfoundland extraction also settled in Kegaska, Harrington Harbor, Tete a la Baleine, Mouton Bay, La Tabatiere, Vieux Fort, Middle Bay, and Blanc Sablon.

The current population diversity of the Lower North Shore reflects the region’s ancient and early history as a boundary between Innu (Indian) and Inuit (Eskimo) populations. The latter reached their southernmost limits in this region in the 16"'c. (Martijn 1980). During the historic period this region has seen an influx of different European ethnic groups and nationalities. Inuit influence has been more tenuous, but has nevertheless had an impact on the life of Innu and European coastal settlers in the recent past (Charest 1998). Recent archaeological research has demonstrated that Groswater and Dorset Paleoeskimo peoples occupied the eastern portion of the LNS between Blanc Sablon and Vieux Fort (Levesque 1972, 1976; Pintal 1994a, 1998).

In addition to searching for archaeological evidence of Paleoeskimo and Inuit occupations, the Gateways Project sought evidence of the western extension and possible western boundary of Maritime Archaic Indian cultures ca. 7000-3500 B.P. While Maritime Archaic artifacts and grave deposits have been found along this coast for many years, no settlement sites or cemeteries have been excavated, and no longhouses such as those known from Labrador have been identified. On a larger scale, we hoped to contribute to the study of the broader patterns of culture change on the LNS and to relate these patterns to adjacent regions. Other than periods when Indian-Inuit/ Paleoeskimo frontiers existed, there remains the question of whether cultural boundaries existed

Section 1: Project Narrative

3

between different Indian cultures of this region, or whether cultural and adaptational differences were expressed as inter-grading dines, as in the case of Innu groups in the historical era. For instance, were cultural boundaries between regional populations or cultures of the late Maritime Archaic period as marked as they were during the period of Iroquois/Innu contact in the historical era? The considerable amounts of Ramah chert in LNS sites of the past 4000 years raise interesting questions concerning trade and long-distance contact across cultural boundaries that have to be considered in relation to environmental and cultural variation noted above. All of these factors make the LNS an interesting area for integrated, multi-disciplinary, regional approaches to archaeological studies of Native prehistory.

Finally, the history of Europeans who explored, settled, fished, hunted, or trapped along this coast, first during the period of the Norse Vinland voyages ca. 1000 A.D., and then after Europeans arrived permanently in the early 1500s, needs archaeological investigation. How did early Europeans utilize this region and its resources? When and where did early settlement occur? What European groups were involved? What was the nature of their contacts with Native populations and how did these relations change over time? While considerable information is available on some of these topics in historical sources, archaeological work can bring new insights and perspectives that will enhance and perhaps even ‘re-write’ history.

These objectives - general exploration, expansion of archaeological knowledge, documentation of site conservation status, environmental and geological studies, and heritage research enhancing regional economic planning - are the central goals of the Gateways Project. As in 2001, the 2002 project was conducted with the Smithsonian’s research vessel, Pitsiulak, which provided comfortable living and working facilities made shore camps unnecessary. Pitsiulak also provided a means for working safely in outer coast locations not usually accessible to archaeologists. In addition to field surveys, we also gathered information on sites, artifacts, and history from local residents. As we discovered in 2001, LNS people have strong interest and considerable knowledge about local history and archaeological resources which they were eager to share.

Field Narrative

In preparation for the summer’s work, our skipper. Perry Colboume, spent several weeks in July readying Pitsiulak for sea at the marine center in Triton, Newfoundland, Colboume, William Fitzhugh, Matthew Gallon, Alyssa Fisher, and Cristie Boone shipped out on the calm afternoon of July 25th, arriving a few hours later at the village of Fleur de Lys on the Bay Verte Peninsula, the location of the famous Dorset soapstone quarry. Archaeological research at the Fleur de Lys site (Nagle 1982; Erwin 2001) has provided the basis for a local visitor center and a cultural trail from which one can view the soapstone quarry. From the trail one can view hundreds of rectangular pot scars carved out of the east side of a massive soapstone outcrop extending north several hundred meters from the shore. A long steam the next day brought us to Quirpon Harbor on the northern tip of Newfoundland. Here engine problems delayed us for two days but provided time to visit the L’Anse aux Meadows Viking site and enjoy skits, food, and entertainment at Gina Nordhof s Norseman Restaurant and at a local speak-easy, where we were ‘screeched in,’ to the merriment/ embarrassment of ail. After a false start occasioned by high seas around Cape Norman, a calm day on July 29th allowed us to make a long passage from Cook Harbor to Gros Mecatina Island near La

4

The Gateways Project 2002

Tabatiere, Quebec. A final stormy run on the SO"* brought us to our destination at Harrington Harbor, where we made contact with Mayor Paul Rowsell, met the remainder of our crew - photographer Will Richard and students Carrie Swan (Dartmouth) and Anja Herzog (Laval) - and made plans for work at nearby Petit Mecatina.

For the next several days we worked at the Maritime Archaic sites on Petit Mecatina Island, making occasional visits for supplies to Harrington. After bringing Pitsiulak across the shallow bar into Mecatina’s Havre de la Croix, we established a base of operations from our anchorage at the eastern end of this former cod-fishing cul-de-sac harbor only one kilometer north of Petit Mecatina I (EdBt-1). Mapping and excavation of the 28-m long boulder structure at this site took several days. We also used this time to survey the coast along the southeast cape from Havre de la Croix halfway to Hare Harbor. During this survey we located a second longhouse site, Petit Mecatina 4 (EdBt-4), which we mapped but did not fully excavate. We also made a general reconnaissance of the Hare Harbor Basque site, located a few kilometers northeast of the boulder longhouse sites. Designated Petit Mecatina 3 (EdBt-3) in 2001, we decided to re-name this site Hare Harbor 1 in accordance with local toponymy. Mapping and testing of this site occupied the better part of a week, during which we spent several rainy days in Harrington Harbor. Here we were joined by General and Mrs. Raymond E. Mason Jr., who helped sponsor the project and who spent a week visiting Harrington and our sites from the comfort of Amy Evans’ Bed and Breakfast. During this period we became acquainted with many town residents who provided information about local history and brought heirloom artifacts for us to inspect. For many year the old settlement area at the mouth of the Petit Mecatina River north of Harrington Harbor has been a source of 19“’ century artifacts found while building houses and tilling gardens. One piece shown to us was a fine 18“' c. iron axe (cf Moussette 1994:98, fig. 78) now owned by Lawrence Rowsell of Harrington, found by his grandfather at Middle Brook, near Che very. We also were shown two Late Maritime Archaic ground slate spear points, one of which (owned by Lloyd Jones) had been recovered from a drag net off south of Petit Mecatina, suggesting that these implements were used for hunting marine mammals (probably seals); a similar slate point had been discovered by Wilson Evans in his father’s toolbox, with no information about its source. While working in this area we also found 18-19th C. European sites at Daniel Harbor 1 (EdBt-5) and Hare Harbor 2 (EdBt-6).

Work in the Harrington region continued until August 19th, when we departed eastwards toward Newfoundland. In the days before this we made a presentation to the town and received strong endorsement for continuing our research and developing local collaboration. School officials were interested in having us prepare information for curricula and urged us to consider including field opportunities for students in future projects. Mayor Rowsell was particularly interested in tourism potential of our archaeological work, and a Quebec-based cruise line operating the vessel Echo de Mer which calls weekly at Harrington during the summer expressed interest in including our sites and on-going excavations in future tours.

On the 19‘“, after unexpectedly meeting Paul and Mme. Charest of Laval University at Hare Harbor, we began to re-trace our track toward Newfoundland. During the next few days we worked at Baie Mouton, where we had found Maritime Archaic sites, and Boulet Harbor, where we tested a Basque site and its later European components. A brief stop at La Tabatiere gave us a chance to photograph a Maritime Archaic collection owned by Freeman Willcott. Further east at Checatica (EhBn-1), we expanded our 2001 tests, and at Pointe des Belles Amours (EiBi-19) we excavated

Section 1: Project Narrative

5

LABRADOR

Blanc-Sablon

,t Amour's Poirife

; I Tabatiere Mutton Bay\i/

BduI^sH'attJoftjS

Harington i Harbor \]

Chevery\^,

La Romaine

Fig. 1.1: 2002 Gateways Project sites, Lower North Shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence

another boulder house complex. After recovering from a stormy night passage from Belles Amours to Blanc Sablon, we crossed the Strait to Newfoundland and arrived home at Lushes’ Bight, Long Island on August 27th, narrowly missing another hurricane which swept across Newfoundland, just as one had at this time the previous year.

Fieldwork Activities

Research was conducted at nine sites, two of which were new finds in 2002 (fig. 1.1). The following describes the sites, work accomplished, and preliminary results. Further details, including photographs, site maps, and artifact illustrations, are found in other sections of this report.

Petit Mecatina 1 (EdBt-1) Discovery of a structure resembling a Maritime Archaic longhouse on the raised boulder beach near the southern tip of Petit Mecatina Island was a major surprise of the 2001 season, for no dwelling sites of this culture had previously been located south of the central Labrador coast. Over the course of several days we mapped the site and excavated two of the three dwelling structures (House 1 and House 2), Although we had originally intended to work also at Petit Mecatina 2 (EdBt-2), a nearby site that is probably contemporary with PM-1, this had to be postponed due to lack of time.

6

The Gateways Project 2002

PM-1 is located on the highest beach on the southwest side of what is locally known as ‘Trap Cove,’ a small, sandy-bottomed inlet fringed by vegetation-free boulder beaches that rise to about 15 meters above sea level, backed by low rocky hills. A small stream borders the east side of PM-2 and drains into the north end of the cove from a large lake behind the beach. Other than a few boulder caches at lower elevations, the only other cultural remains noted at the site were the remains of a small, partially collapsed plank shed that had been erected some decades ago by local fishemien and seal-hunters. The cove’s name refers to its former summer use as a site for setting cod-fish traps.

The PM-1 structures (fig. 1.2; 7.3) were clustered in the middle of the highest boulder beach. West of the site the beach drops two or three meters in elevation and disappears beneath a thicket of dwarf spruce, while to the east it descends in a series of beach ridges to the shore, which is about 200m east of the site. Other than a few caches scattered at lower elevations, most of the structures present are found on the upper beach (12.8 m. a.s.h). The largest of the structures (HI), measuring 28.5m long and 6-8m wide (outside dimensions), follows the centerline of the beach crest and consists of five oval or subrectangular rooms or floors each measuring ca.

2.5-3.0m by 4m. The slightly smaller dimensions of the room at the southern end of the house (R5,

2x3m) may be the result of inward collapse of its walls. The floors were created by removing beach rocks down to a depth of ca. 50cm; some floors had been leveled up with smaller cobbles and pebbles. The wall foundations are slightly mounded and about 1.0-1.5m wide. Rather than

being purposeflilly-built, they appear to be a by-product of clearing the floors, and served as a slightly elevated foundation for the dwelling’s superstructure. At the center of each room a low mound of rocks 50-75cm in diameter and about 10-15cm higher than the surrounding floor probably functioned as a hearth. Although no fire-cracked rock or charcoal was found in these features, similar central mounds in Maritime Archaic longhouses in Labrador have been identified. In Rooms 2 and 3 these features merged into low saddle-like platforms that extended in a meter-wide band across the floor from wall to wall, creating a l0-20cm high partition that divided the room into north

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and south floor areas. No slab pavements or features were found inside the house (very few flat rocks are present in the local beach deposits); nor were other internal features or architectural details noted. We made transverse profiles from wall to wall down the central N-S axis of House 1 at twometer intervals.

Excavation of House 1 produced very little cultural material. This was surprising, because excavation of boulder houses at Aillik on the central Labrador coast produced quantities of lithic materials. At PM-1 the only diagnostic artifact recovered was a frost-shattered distal fragment of a ground slate celt, found in R5. The presence of ground lateral facets similar to Late Maritime Archaic celts from Rattlers Bight and Port au Choix suggests an age of ca. 3500-4000 B.P. Other than this celt, the only materials found were small pieces of ground slate - most from R5 and probably flakes from the same celt - a few flakes of flaked rhyolite, a quartzite grindstone, a few possible utilized flakes of quartz, and a possible quartzite biface preform base.

H1 is bordered to the east by two other structures, House 2 and House 3, which also seem to have been dwellings. House 2 is 18m long and had three rectangular rooms, each of different sizes; Rl, 7x4m; R2, 2.5x4m; and R3, 3x3m. Its southern two rooms had no vegetation cover, while the northernmost, Rl, had a thick peat and blackberry vegetation. R3, the southernmost, was excavated but produced no finds. H3, the easternmost structure, sharing its west wall with H2 and also being without vegetation, is the smallest of the three dwelling structures, and its single room was the largest and deepest of any in the complex, almost one meter. Three conical pits, each about L75m in diameter and 75cm deep, with slightly mounded margins, are within a meter of the walls of these structures; located east and southeast of H3 and north of HI; they appear to have served as food caches, since they are too small for dwellings.

A question exists as to the contemporaneity of the dwellings and caches. It is possible that the three structures were not occupied at the same time, but were constructed sequentially to accommodate expanding group size over time. Stratigraphic evidence for such a sequence exists, since the west wall of HI seems to have been altered during the construction of H2, and the H2 wall appears to have been modified during the creation of H3. But whether this was simply the result of a construction sequence during a single occupation or of settlement growth through time, accompanied by abandonment of the previous structure(s), is impossible to determine. It is also possible that H2 and 3, which differ in construction from HI, may not have been dwellings, or at least might have been different types of dwellings or had different functions from the more regularized multi-room structure seen in HI. Minimally, HI accommodated five families; H2, three; and H3, one. Whatever the construction sequence and group size, the occupation period must have been brief judging from the small amounts of lithic material recovered.

Petit Mecatina 4 (EdBt-4) While working at PM-1 we also explored the surrounding coast of southern Petit Mecatina from the entrance of Havre de la Croix to Hare Bay. About 1.5 km east of the PM-1, in a rugged and exposed section of coast backed by high hills, bluff capes, and offshore skerries, we found another site on a high boulder beach that had a set of dwelling remains closely resembling those at PM-l. The lower boulder beaches at this location are split into a western and eastern series which merge into a single flat terrace whose eastern edge is marked by a conspicuous cache consisting of a small over-turned boat and whose center contains a small pond. North of the

The Gateways Project 2002

pond the boulder beach continues rising in a series of cobble beach ridges for another fifty meters. On the uppermost beach under the shelter of the surrounding hill, at an elevation of 54m, we found a site with two opened cache pits, a large single-room dwelling, and a four-room longhouse (fig.7.19). A third cache pit was located about halfway between the pond and the dwelling complex. Our investigation of the site was limited to an hour due to inclement weather.

This site’s structures closely resemble the types and distribution of those found at PM-1, and despite the sites’ difference in elevation, it seems likely that they date to roughly the same age. Most likely the occupants of this exposed cape chose to settle further from the active shoreline to take advantage of the more sheltered upper beach. Cache 3, located 25 m south of the main site complex, is probably associated with the dwellings despite its distance. Caches 1 and 2, which like C3 had also been left open, are directly associated with the adjacent structures. The deepest of the habitation structures, HI, is an oval or sub-rectangular structure that had been excavated 75cm below grade, has internal dimensions of ca. 7x4m and external wall dimensions of 10x7.5m. As at PM-1, the wall was only slightly higher than the surrounding beach surface and had been built up by rocks removed from the floor. Similar to H3 at PM-1, the bowl-like interior of this structure had no discernible internal features, and our attempt to excavate by removing several layers of beach rocks from the floor produced similar finds; a few slate flakes and the exhausted re-flaked core of a slate celt in the southwest area of the floor. The southwest wall of H2 was cut by C1, suggesting that the habitation structure was constructed first, followed by the cache. However, when Cl was last opened its boulders tumbled into the interior of the HI wall, indicating that both Cl and HI might have been have been part of a single occupation episode with the opening of Cl following abandonment of HI.

House 2 lay several meters south of HI and had been built at the front of the beach ridge one meter south of Cl, with a second cache (C2) outside its northwestern comer. The floors of the four rooms or segments of this stmeture had not been excavated below grade, with the result that the external walls are poorly-defined. There as no indication of hearth mounds or transverse platfomis such as found at PM-1 HI. Nevertheless, PM-4 HI rooms are contiguous, aligned with the beach front, and similar in size and shape and in these respects follow the pattern known from other Maritime Archaic stmetures at PM-1 and in Labrador.

Rain forced us to abandon our plan to excavate HI, with the result that we have little data upon which to interpret the age and affiliation of the site. However, as noted above, the similarity of this settlement complex - which includes a four-segment longhouse (rather than five, as at PM-1) adjacent to a larger and more deeply excavated single-room stmeture; associated cache pits; scarce finds of cultural materials; presence of a slate celt; and proximity to PM-1- suggest that these sites were occupied about the same time period by a single group or related groups who shared a similar adaptation, settlement type, and seasonality. The presence of large caches suggests that the occupants of both sites accumulated substantial stores of food that needed protection in boulder caches, which in turn implies more than merely transient occupancy. For this reason the scarcity of artifact remains seems peculiar, unless these materials have been lost to the deeper recesses of the boulder beaches beneath the floors, as often happens with lithic remains in boulder field sites.

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Hare Harbor 1 (EdBt-3) Investigation in 2001 at this large Basque site on the north side of Hare Harbor (then designated ‘Petit Mecatina 3’) was limited to two test pits and several shovel tests.

This year we expanded previous work by preparing a detailed map, searching for ovens, excavating new test pits, and opening a 10 square meter area in the upper (eastern) area of the site. A considerable amount of archaeological material was recovered, including tile, ceramics, glass, iron, charcoal, and other materials which are being catalogued and identified in Quebec by Anja Herzog of Laval University.

Hare Harbor I is located in a distinctly outer-coast environment. In recent times the southern tip of Petit Mecatina has been important as a seal-hunting and cod-fishing locale and in the 16‘^ C. this region may also have been advantageous for hunting whales. The small, deep, protected bay with abundant fresh water, a huge dry rock shelter, immediate access to whaling grounds, and seclusion from mainland Native settlement areas would have attracted Basque settlers. While the role played by Hare Harbor in the Basque exploitation of the Lower North Shore remains to be determined, archaeological and historical research here can be expected to answer questions about the chronology, economy, demography, and Native relations of the Basque in the northern Gulf region. At this point even such basic questions as whether whaling, fishing, or Native trade were dominant Basque activities in the late 16'*' C. remain unanswered. The proximity of Hare Harbor to the plotted location of the Basque town, ‘Baba^ula’ or ‘Peti Canada’ on the Petrus Plancius map of 1592 (Huxley 1987:119) suggests that historical information will play an important role in researching this site.

Fig 1.3: Petrus Planicus map of 1592 showing the locations of Babacula and Petit Canada possibly in the Petit Mecatina area (after Huxley 1987:119)

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The Gateways Project 2002

Our first activity was to establish a datum on the low outcrop overlooking the site from the south, from which Matthew Gallon prepared a preliminary site map (fig. 1.4). The site is situated on a gently rising beach covered with tall grass and pockets of alder. One of our first efforts was to clear many of the largest alder clumps that obscured the site area. The soil is rich, dark, humic, and wet since the site area funnels run-off from the cliff and boggy area east of the site. The importance of the large dry shelter beneath the cliff became immediately apparent when the weather was inclement, and we began to suspect that the thick layer of tile found beneath the sod throughout the site may have been recycled for use as pavement and ground cover.

Fig 1.4: Hare Harbor 1, site map

Our preliminary study suggests that the site can be divided into six areas: Area 1: the upper shop (partly excavated); Area 2: the lower shop (untested); Area 3; the dry shelter (TP 1,2); Area 4: the bank and cove edge (TP 3,4); Area 5: the rock-fall zone (shovel tested); and Area 6: the central zone between the shelter and Areas 1 and 2 (shovel tested). Each of these areas was explored to varying degrees and is described below.

Area 1 This area, which we are provisionally calling ‘the upper shop,’ received the most intensive investigation. Here we excavated a T-shaped trench (fig. xx) to explore what appeared from the surface to be a structure or work area centered in a level spot between the intermittent run-off channel and the outcrop along the southern edge of the site. The North-South trench uncovered a rough slab rock floor 20cra below the surface of the ground. The black, humus-rich soil above this floor contained large amounts of roof tile (some lightly glazed), large numbers of iron spikes

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ranging in size from small nails to heavy spikes 25cm in length, shards of thick dark bottle glass, extremely thin flat and curved glass fragments, highly-fired grey stone-ware in a variety of vessel shapes, soft earthenware, large amounts of charcoal, and a chunk of waxy substance.

Although it is too early to be certain, the N-S trench appears to cut through the middle of the structure while the E-W trench probably follows the southern wall foundation. The east end of the latter trench ends in a 20cm-deep pile of roof-tiles, broken into small pieces and lying flat as though having been stacked, perhaps as floor fill or pavement. A meter-wide pit at the south end of the N-S trench contained large amounts of charcoal and burned tile, suggesting the presence of a large hearth or furnace; the absence of blubber encrustation rules out its identification as a rendering oven. We did not have time to excavate below the pavement in the N-S trench, but in addition to iron spikes, tile, ceramics and charcoal on the floor, we found a small blubber-stained area on the paving stones at the north end of this trench, suggesting the possibility of a lamp stand. At the west end of the E-W trench where there was no stone pavement, topsoil with tiles and cultural materials continued to a depth of 30cm below the surface, below which was a layer of sterile peat resting on bedrock. Unfortunately none of the deposits in Area I contained wood or bone remains, although charcoal was extremely well-preserved and present in large quantity. None of the charcoal fragments were recognized as having come from artifacts.

One surprising find was a fragment of a D-shaped soapstone lamp. This specimen is nearly 3cm thick in the center and tapers to 1.0 cm at its charred, blubber-encrusted edge. Although not conforming exactly to an Inuit-style lamp, it is close enough to have been made either by Inuit or by a Basque copying the Inuit form. The wide cut marks on the vessefs bottom suggest it was roughed out with an iron axe. The relatively clean and undamaged break surface suggests the fragment was not re-used after breakage, allowing hope that fitting fragments may be recovered nearby.

Area 2 Shovel testing in another level area west of Area 1, between it and the bank produced large amounts of roof-tile and sub-sod rock alignments that appear to be part of a foundation such as seen in the south wall of the Area 1 structure. The soil here was heavily water-logged and may provide better organic preservation than found in Area 1. Further testing of this area was left for the future.

Area 3 The receding cliff face creates a dry shelter that extends 5-10 m deep for more than 100 m along the north side of the site. Some of this shelter is cluttered with rock-fall, but much is accessible and we utilized this area for staging and shelter during inclement weather. Fragments of tile, iron spikes, charcoal, and bone from Test Pits 1 and 2, at the edge of the drip-line, suggest that the Basque may have erected structures inside the shelter zone. Our 2001 test Pit 2 was expanded in 2002 into a 2x2m square to explore the nature of drip-line deposits, but little new information was gained; it appears that the cultural level here is about 10cm thick and does not extend up-slope into the shelter. Nevertheless, further testing is needed to see if Basque materials (especially preserved organics) exist beneath erosion debris and rock-fall.

Area 4 Access to the site for the harbor is by a steep grass-covered bank at the west end of the site. At the top of this bank the surface gradient shifts to a gentle upward slope that extends eastwards throughout the site area. We excavated two test pits at the top of the bank. Test Pit 3 was a lx2m unit located a few meters east of the crest of the bank. This unit revealed a 5-10cm thick culture layer that contained tile fragments, small spikes, small amounts of ceramic, and charcoal. Paving stones were absent, and the cultural material appears as part of a surficial midden.

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The Gateways Project 2002

Test Pit 4 was a Ixlm unit in the south side of the bank near its crest, an area that provides the best access by foot between the landing area and the site above. This square had a thin but productive cultural level, but was located in an area saturated with run-off. Within the deposit we found Basque materials similar to those described above, as well as several types of faience (some with floral designs), soft-fired earthenware vessels with glazed decoration, a fluted earthenware strap handle, large quantities of charcoal, and several clay pipe stem fragments.

Area 5 Above the steep bank on the north side of the cove the land rises quickly to the cliff face in a jumble of huge rocks that appear to have separated from the cliff face in a massive rock-fall.

Below this break-down we found roof-tile eroding from the bank at shore-side, and a shovel test between the rock-fall blocks above revealed large amounts of roof-tile, some of which was wedged below the blocks. This area is of interest because it is a likely location for the blubber-rendering ovens present at most Basque whaling sites in the Strait of Belle Isle and Gulf region. Evidence of Basque period try-works has not been found elsewhere at Hare Harbor I, or at nearby locations. If their absence is confirmed it would indicate that the site served some other purpose, such as fishing or trading. Further exploration of the rock-fall region is needed to confirm or deny the existence of ovens. On the one hand it is difficult to see why so many tiles would be present in a portion of the site that is too steep and rocky for people to use; on the other the tiles found to date are clean and unbumed, not blubber-stained, and no blubber-stained tiles or rock have been found along the eroded shore, where try-works would have been located. In addition to resolving issues about whaling, the possibility exists that the rock-fall may have terminated the occupation.

Area 6 We have not yet tested the large area between the cliff and A1/A2. Shovel tests in 2001 revealed tiles and spikes throughout much of this area. The eastern limit of the site appears to coincide with the transition to boggy ground north and east of Area 1.

In summary, research at Hare Harbor 1 confmns that this site was a large Basque operation, with work shops, middens, and activity areas distributed over an area of 500-1000 square meters. While blubber furnaces have not been confirmed, their remains may exist beneath the rock-fall. If this natural disaster can be determined to have been contemporary with the site occupation, it might have played a role in the site’s abandonment. Organic remains other than charcoal are rare, but the artifact inventory includes many types of ceramics, iron, other types of metal goods, and at least one artifact - a soapstone lamp - that may indicate contact with or influence from Labrador Inuit whose presence extended at least as far west as Blanc Sablon ca. 1600, about the time we suspect Hare Harbor 1 was occupied by the Basque.

The prospects for research here would be augmented considerably if cultural remains could be found in the waters adjacent to the site. Time and funding did not permit underwater exploration in 2001, but soundings indicate that water depths descend rapidly to 15-20m from the edge of the site, with shallower areas at the western end of Hare Bay. Hopefully it will be possible to explore underwater for Basque middens and boat remains here in coming years.

Hare Harbor 2 (EdBt-6) While surveying northeastern Hare Harbor, we found a small mosscovered structure measuring 5x8m near the edge of a tiny pond. We did not have time to test the structure, but a grass and berry patch a few meters downslope turned out to be an exceedingly rich midden. Considerably less obvious than the foundation or the berries was an intact clay pipe lying

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on a small rock outcrop at the edge of the midden, where it had been left by its last owner more than one hundred years ago. Testing the berry patch with a 75x50cm pit we found a 30cm-deep midden that was packed with 19'*’ century ceramics, nails, a British style gun-flint, buttons, glass (including probable retort fragments), and other artifacts, including a huge quantity of clay pipes of various types and trademarks (e.g. Glasgow/Murray, Montreal/Anderson, TD, CS). The collection probably has an occupation period of no more than 15-20 years. If historical records could be located, this site would be an excellent target for an excavation. One of the peculiar features of the site is its lack of a good harbor facility. The narrow cove nearby is exposed to surf and requires calm seas for landing a boat, suggesting that the site may have been used as a summer fishing station. Why there is such a high concentration of artifacts in the midden, and in particular such an abundance of pipes, are additional matters of interest.

Daniel Harbor (EdBt-5) While searching for Basque furnaces, we visited DanieFs Harbor, about one km north of Hare Harbor and adjacent to two small islands. On a rocky ridge above the shore we found a sturdy rectangular 6x7m mortar and stone foundation whose upper wall was built into the ridge and whose other three walls were made of blocks of carefully-dressed country rock. Test pits outside the foundation revealed a rich deposit of cultural materials dating to the late 18* and early 19* C. Below the ridge in a narrow declivity overgrown with goose berries and currents we found the base of a probable blubber furnace or oven about 4m in diameter, built upon a multicourse foundation of dressed field stone. Fragments of brick, clay pipes, iron nails, charred blubber, many seal bones, and a few fragments of whale bone were found in test pits in the center of and one meter north of this structure. No Basque materials were noted. This site area also contains the remains of recent houses and sheds, including of the ruins of three mid-20th C. buildings. Two sets of holes drilled in the rocks at the high-tide level served as shore-fasts for iron bar moorings.

Mouton Bay 3 (EeBs-3) We returned to this 50.6 meter high, wind-swept, ridge-top site found in 2001 because it appeared to be the only site we had found in the Bale Mouton region that was intact enough to produce in situ artifacts, and charcoal to date the site and anchor the local geological emergence curve. Unfortunately, mapping the site and excavating Ixlm and 2x2 meter test pits produced little more information than in 2001 and no diagnostic artifacts or charcoal The 2-3cm thick soil layer lying upon glacially-scoured granite bedrock contained only flakes of slate, quartz, and quartzite, utilized flakes, non-diagnostic biface and biface preform fragments, a core scraper, and flake cores. Mapping failed to produce clear evidence of a dwelling structure. The clusters of cobbles seem to be hearth features and are associated with flaking concentrations, but none could be interpreted in relation to dwellings because of the extensive erosion and displacement of in situ materials. Further excavations in the remaining uneroded portions of this site might produce a few diagnostic artifacts, but it appears that this, like other Bale Mouton MA sites visited in 2001, are badly eroded and fairly unproductive even though some cover a very large area,

Boulet Harbor (EeBr-13) A brief return to this complicated site at the narrom's or tickle between Boulet Harbor and He de Mecatina produced substantially more information about its Basque component and demonstrated that the site has been occupied almost continuously since the late 1500s by a variety of European groups. Our test pits and shovel tests revealed the Basque occupation to extend 3-400 m west from the tip of Tattle poinF to the pass between the Narrows and the harbor (including most of the peninsula area) and beyond, to the pond at the west end of the meadow above the cove beach. Much of the site area is obscured by tall grass, berry bushes, and angelica. Numerous 19/20th C. structures, including a hilltop house foundation and a cement seal

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The Gateways Project 2002

factory foundation on the south shore overlooking the Narrows, and associated trash dumps, rotting boats, and other refuse, complicate study of the site’s early components. Economically, the site owes its existence to the tickle, which hosts a large run of harp seals during the annual fall migration. This resource would also have attracted prehistoric and historic Native settlements - especially Dorset and Groswater sites - which probably also exist in this location. As at Hare Harbor, we did not find Basque furnaces, which ought to be located along the north shore of the Narrows. Since some of these areas have been extensively altered by later occupations, a more careful search will be needed to confirm or deny their presence.

Six test pits where excavated in various areas of the site, mostly along the southern shore facing the tickle. TPl was a Ixlm expansion of the 50cm 2001 shovel test excavated between a low rock ledge and the small semi-ruined cabin near the east end of the peninsula. Little more than Basque tiles, many of which were burned, were found in a 15cm deep cultural deposit in the upper humus zone. TP2 was located about 20m east of the cement foundation of the Boulet seal factory; this pit produced a large amount of tile together with charcoal, small iron nails, and a piece of green glazed ceramic. Contamination from the seal plant refuse may be a factor in this location. TP3 was a shovel test in a patch of angelica a few meters NW of an old capstan (windlass) used to haul boats out of the water, in a low spot west of the cement seal plant foundation. This pit produced large amounts of 19/20th C. artifacts in a 25cm thick deposit. TP4 was a shovel test in an angelica patch on a small promontory about 25m west of TPS; Basque tile was found here. TP5 was a shovel test in a depression that may be a sod-banked building foundation east of the ledge outcropping on the west side of the neck, between the tickle and the harbor; its 25 cm thick deposit in sandy soil produced a large sample of seal bones, wood, and 19/20“’ C. artifacts that may date to the Boulet trade and seal factory operation. TP6 was located in the center of a grassy mound 3m high and about lOm in diameter, on the south shore of the pond at the west end of the site. The knoll appears to be of human origin and is made of a tan clayey loam containing fragments of Basque tile and small rocks, but no evidence of charcoal or other Basque materials. This peculiar feature needs further investigation, as does the shore along the tickle between the pond and the Boulet works, which could not be inspected in 2002.

La Tabatiere During a brief visit to La Tabatiere we inspected a private collection owned by Freeman Willcott. The materials were almost exclusively Maritime Archaic and had been acquired more than a decade ago from a sand pit operation in the north area of the village. The location was well-known and other collections from this location also exist. According to Freeman, his and others’ artifacts came from a combination of loose finds turned up by machinery as well as in concentrations of material mixed with red ocher found eroding from in situ deposits. Freeman’s finds (fig. 3.30-3.32) included broken chipped and ground slate celts and gouges, bifaces (some of Ramah chert), and included several complete Ramah chert stemmed points. The concentrations, ocher, types, and fragmentation suggest that this area was a Late Maritime Archaic cemetery dating to ca. 4000-3500 B.P. His collection included finds from later Indian cultures, but no Paleoeskimo artifacts. Given the large number of prehistoric sites of different periods and cultures recorded here in previous surveys, La Tabatiere seems to have been one of the most important prehistoric Indian settlement areas on the LNS (Pintal 1994b). No doubt this results from the combination of a highly productive local ecology and an advantageous geographical situation created by the low-lying peninsula/island complex which afforded access to marine resources from numerous protected and well-wooded islands, bays, and coves.

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From Wilicott and others we learned that a number of private collections are still available locally but that others have departed with owners who emigrated. These individuals and their collections could probably be located with the assistance of relatives remaining in La Tabatiere. Given the amount of material that has been collected privately here during the past two decades, when road and house construction and home gardening brought large numbers of archaeological sites to light, there is a need to conduct an inventory of existing and transported collections before they are dispersed and their oral history and documentation is lost. While here we also learned about local knowledge of stone pits and archaeological remains on raised beaches on He du Gros Mecatina, but our schedule did not permit us to pursue these leads this season.

lie Mistanoque (EhBn-2) We made a brief re-visit to this site when we stopped to test the anchorage in the cove north of this island. Here we met two young men who mentioned a story told to them by their grand-parents about an old wire fence in the meadow a few hundred meters southwest of their house at the southwest comer of the cove. A visit to the site revealed remains of an old fence made from 0.5cm thick iron wire half buried in the ground. Although the iron was not badly rusted, if their grandparents did not know its function, the fence might date as early as the late-1800s. The oral history suggests the fence and place had some mystery attached to it, perhaps having been a graveyard.

He Checatica (EhBn-1) We also briefly re-visited this site to test again the large sod foundations and middens noted in 2001. Like Boulet Harbor, this is a fine fall harp seal hunting locale, and the site environs - a barren, windy, exposed tickle whose swift current keeps the tickle open all winter would have made it an attractive Inuit settlement location. We excavated five small test pits in the upper beach where dense, high grass indicated human activity. The attached field notes provide details of these tests, which produced large quantities of 18-19th C. European materials in charcoalrich black earth deposits 30-50cm deep, with timbers and planks preserved in two of the deeper pits. While these collections were interesting and contained well-preserved faunal remains (predominantly seal), more work is needed to determine if Basque or other 16-17th C. European materials might be present. Questions also remain about the large sod stmctures (furnaces?) in the 2001 TP 3 area against the ledge in the upper site area. One of the interesting finds from TPS, in the middle of a rectangular structure, was a iron ice crampon. Like dogsleds and whale bone sledrunners used by European settlers along the LNS (Charest 1998), crampons may have been borrowed from, or been inspired by, Inuit contact in this region. A small boulder tent ring nestled between the ledges near shore seemed like a possible Inuit structure, hut the test here (TP7) suggested a 18/19th C. European origin is more likely. Checatica remains both interesting and elusive and needs more intensive study. This is the type of site where Inuit would have wintered if they occupied the Lower North Shore on a year-round basis, and Dorset and Groswater evidence is almost certain to be found here.

Pointe Belies Amours (EiBi-19) In 2001 we discovered a structure on a 13m beach above Pointe Belles Amours, below and east, of the point of the upper terrace. This year we returned to excavate the two-room complex (fig. 7.89). The gradual slope of the beach in this location gives some assurance that this elevation may have been closely associated with sea level at the time of occupation. The stmctures were not identical with those found at PM-1 or PM-4, but the settlement complex, including two excavated rooms (or houses) sharing a single wall, external cache pits, and elevation - suggested possible affiliation.

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The Gateways Project 2002

The two houses/rooms are found on a section of exposed cobble beach whose surface had been removed to the depth of 30-40cm to prepare the floors. These rooms have a common wall foundation one meter wide. The fact that the external walls do not align is further suggestion that these may have been separate but adjacent dwellings. The caches located near the east and west walls of Room 1 are conical pits with diameters of ca. 1.5m. Room wall foundations are about 2m wide and are slightly raised above the surface of the surrounding beach. Room I is oval in shape with its long axis running N-S and has an internal floor measuring about 3x3.5m with external walls measuring 5x6m; the center of the east wall has a slightly-elevated platform that may have served as a partial divider. Room 2 with its long axis running E-W has a suggestion of an internal N-S divider or platform made of scattered boulders and has an inner floor dimensions of 5x3m and external dimensions of 4x6m. Neither room produced any fire-cracked rocks or evidence of hearth mounds. Room 1 produced several slate flakes and a fragment of a red sandstone grindstone, and lacked any non-slate lithic debitage or artifacts; Room 2 produced a few flakes of worked quartz, a pyramidal quartz flake core or scraper, a possible slate hammer stone, and three small charcoal samples, two on the east floor near the wall and one near the southwest wall. These samples were gleaned from deposits of humified peat between the floor cobbles and were associated with quartz flakes, below a level of un-humifed peat and an upper level of peat and dwarf birch roots. Sample 3, taken from the northeast comer of Room 2, had visible lumps of charcoal that produced a date of 3930+/-90 B.R (Beta 170395).

Although lacking in diagnostic artifacts, PBA-1 appears to be a Late Maritime Archaic site which shares a number of features with PM-1,4 sites. The presence of slate artifacts, similar contiguous multi-room structures with low walls and shallow floors, and similar types and locations of cache pits all compare favorably with the Petit Mecatina sites. However, BPA lacks the longhouse layout found at PM-1,4 and did not produce diagnostic LMA implements. While intriguing, more work is needed to clarify the age and affiliation of this site and the differences noted between these LNS Late Maritime Archaic sites, and why they differ from contemporary sites on the central Labrador coast.

Conclusion

Despite its short duration, the 2002 field program was highly successful and achieved most of its primary objectives.

Early/Middle Maritime Archaic Excavation at the Mouton Bay 3 site provided only modest information about the early phase of this culture period in the study region. This site and others in the area have been surface-collected for many years by local residents. Nevertheless careful inspection of the eroded remains and excavation of in situ materials indicates a low frequency of diagnostic finds, absence of hearth deposits and charcoal, and lack interpretable settlement data.

Mecatina Complex Work at Petit Mecatina 1, 4 and Pointe des Belles Amours 1 are beginning to provide a consistent picture that appears, from settlement data, a single slate celt, and a single radiocarbon date, to represent a unique and possibly impoverished LNS expression of Late Maritime Archaic culture that may provisionally be designated the Mecatina complex. Although differing in various aspects, the three sites share similar types of multi-segment rooms, low rubble walls, shallow interior room floors, and a tendency for lineal segment agglomeration within a single Tonghouse’ type structure. PMl and 4 both have 4-5 segment dwelling units located adjacent to

Section 1: Project Narrative

17

smaller oval structures with a single large room excavated a meter or more below grade, with cache pits near their outer walls. While this type of large single-room pithouse is not present at PBA-l (which differs also in having its two adjacent rooms built with their long axes at right angles rather than aligned with the beach front), the PBA-l rooms have similar construction, shape, size and suggestions of a central hearth/room divider. Slate and quartz flakes are present in small quantities at both PM-1 and PBA-l, but finished tools are exceedingly scarce, suggesting an impoverished material culture (if not a result of post-occupation loss in the interstices of the boulder floor). These sites, and PM-4, are located on beaches that were available during the Maritime Archaic period, and similar sites and structures are not found on lower beaches, for instance, at Belles Amour Peininsula (EiBi-7) (Levesque 1972; Martijn 1972, 1974; Rousseau 1982), which we suspect post-date the Maritime Archaic period. Chronological correspondence between the Mecatina complex components also exists, albeit tenuously, since the LMA style celt at PM-1 should date to the period indicated by the 3930+/-90 PB radiocarbon date from PMA-1. Further, each of these sites exist in outer coast environments and have caches that suggests these locations were occupied when sea mammals - most probably harp seals - were available in quantity. Hence, spring or fall seasonality is more likely than summer or winter.

The closest comparison with Mecatina complex is found at Aillik West and Aillik 2 in central Labrador. Like Mecatina, Aillik West has Maritime Archaic longhouse-type structures with two or three rectangular 4x6m segments excavated slightly below grade on barren shingle beaches, with low rubble walls and room dividers and central hearths. While the dating of the Aillik West structures is not precise, ranging from 5200-3500 B.P. (Fitzhugh 2003), Mecatina and West Aillik sites share similar crude and apparently impoverished technology, poor quality lithic materials, geographical settings, inferred spring or fall seasonality, and site settlement patterns. Similarities also exist with the intermediate 3-5 segment houses of the Aillik 2 series. Major uncertainties exist for both sets of sites as to their relationship to the more common type of Middle and Late MA longhouse sites, most of which are found on sandy rather than on rocky beaches, are often larger and are presumed to be multi-family summer camps, and contain large amounts of fmely-crafted lithic tools, exotic lithics, and sometimes burial or ceremonial components. Such features, while not evident at Mecatina complex sites, are known for the LNS area at La Tabatiere and other locations and appear to date to the Late MA period. This raises interesting questions about seasonality, scarcity, and settlement pattern variability within the Middle/Late MA period of the LNS and whether the MA groups occupying the western fringe of the MA culture area were significantly different from those occupying the more maritime Newfoundland-Labrador region where resource abundance may have encouraged greater technological, social, and demographic development than was possible in the Gulf.

Basque and later European Settlement The second major accomplishment of the 2002 season was further exploration of the Hare Harbor Basque site. This work is detailed sufficiently above and does not need elaboration here. Preparation of a master site map, delineation and testing of six areas of the site, and excavation of part of a probable workshop (Area 1) provided information on site layout, structure types, artifacts and raw materials, conservation and preservation issues, but did not resolve the issue of the ‘missing’ blubber furnaces and whether this site was a whaling station. Recovery of a soapstone lamp fragment resembling types used by historic limit raises questions about Basque-Inuit contact or at least familiarity with Inuit material culture. Another interesting feature of the material assemblage is the presence of clay pipe fragments in several excavation units. The large amount of roof tile, and variety of ceramics and other materials suggest that Hare Harbor

18

The Gateways Project 2002

was an important late-16th C. site, perhaps the same identified as Baba^ula or Petit Canada on Basque maps of the day. With few Basques sites known for this period on the LNS, Hare Harbor may offer information on changing Basque economy, environmental conditions, and contacts with the Native groups for fishing, trapping, and trade which are likely to have become important concerns for Basque activities at this time. The possibilities for research here and at the Boulet Harbor Basque site offer opportunities for archaeological and historical study of a little-known phase of Quebec history that could figure prominently in tourism and economic development. Comparison between these sites and the Basque sites in the Strait of Belle Isle and at Middle Bay (Groison 1984) would be especially instructive.

The discovery of several other later European sites dating from the 17-early 20'*' C. at Petit Mecatina, Boulet Harbor, and Checatica provide insight into later European settlement of this region. These components need further testing to determine their precise dating and function, but each offers interesting and different potential. Hare Harbor 2 is an exceedingly productive singlecomponent midden associated with a small structure. Daniel Harbor seems to have been a small 18"’ C. seal factory with a blubber furnace and a stone dwelling. The post-Basque components at Boulet Harbor appear to date to a variety of periods from the 18-20th centuries, as do the materials recovered from structures and middens at Checatica. Both sites are situated at excellent harp seal tickles that also must have been important for Native groups in the prehistoric and early historic periods, and may also have attracted historic Inuit settlement. Future work at these sites will elucidate cultural and historical sequences and the changing conduct of the seasonal sealing economy; study of these sites will also reveal changing political and demographic pressures as Europeans began to appropriate LNS resources from Native groups and to define their roles as the dominant traders and marine zone exploiters. Such studies will contribute much-needed data documenting the long and relatively unstudied history of European-Native relations in the ‘gateway’ region.

Section 1: Project Narrative

19

Acknowledgments

The 2002 field project was supported by a pennit from the Ministry of Culture and Communication. We thank Gilles Samson, Anne-Marie Balac, and Claudine Giroux for their assistance in the review process and in guiding us through to the reporting stage. The project could never have been accomplished without the generosity of Major General and Mrs. Raymond Mason of Columbus, Ohio, and an equally generous donation by Mrs. Anina Glaize of Winchester, Virginia. We also thank the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History for financial support to the Arctic Studies Center, and Elisabeth Ward for administrative assistance and support. Perry Colboume of Lushes Bight, Newfoundland, prepared the Pitsiulak for sea and piloted us safely, performing several minor miracles of engineering, navigation, and seamanship, assisted by Cristie Boone. Cristie also perfomied duty as an archaeological field crew member, together with Matthew Gallon, Alyssa Fisher, and Anja Herzog. Will Richard recorded the project photographically and prepared a website on our joint work t www.wrichphoto.com ). In Harrington Harbor we benefitted from the friendship and assistance of Mayor Paul Rowsell, Amy Evans, the Fish Coop, and many other residents. We also thank the Colboume family of Lushes Bight for their warm support, and Gina Nordhof of L’Anse aux Meadows for transport and Viking hospitality on the fly. Matthew Gallon shot in the PM-1 and HH-1 site maps, which were processed with assistance from Bmno Frohlich, and prepared most of the illustrations. Anja Herzog and Laurie Burgess provided assistance in identifying some of the historical materials.

Fig 1.5: 2002 field crew; front row: W. Richard, C. Boone, A. Herzog, A Fisher back row: M. Gallon, W. Fitzhugh, C. Swan (photo by W. Richard)

20

The Gateways Project 2002

Fig. 1.6: Major General and Mrs. Raymond Mason visiting Hare Harbor 1 (photo by W. Richard)

Section 1: Project Narrative

21

References Cited

Barkham, Selma

1980 A note on the Strait of Belle-Isle during the period of Basque contact with Indians and Inuit. Etudes/Inuit/Studies 4(1-2): 51-58.

Beaudin, L., P. Dumais, and G. Rousseau

1987 Un site archaique de la bale des Belles Amours, Basse-Cote-Nord. Recherches Amerindiennes au Quebec 17(2): 115-132.

Charest, Paul

1998 Les Inuit du Labrador canadien au milieu du siecle dermier et leurs descendants de la Basse-Core-Nord. Etudes/Inuit/Studies 22(l):5-35.

Dumais, P., and J. Poirier

1994 Temoignage d’un site archeologique Inuit, Baie des Belles Amours, Basse-CoteNord. Recherches Amerindiennes au Quebec 24(1-2): 18-30.

Erwin, John

2001 A prehistoric soapstone quarry in Fleur de Lys, Newfoundland. PhD thesis submitted to the Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, Alberta,

Fitzhugh, William W.

2001 The Gateways Project 2001: Archaeological Survey of the Quebec Lower North Shore, Gulf of St. Lawrence, from Mingan to Blanc Sablon. Archaeological Permit Report submitted to the Ministry of Culture and Communications, Government of Quebec. Smithsonian: Arctic Studies Center.

2003 The Archaic Period in the Northeast. Papers from the Northeastern Archaic

Conference (tentative title), edited by Priscilla Renouf and David Sanger. Orono: University of Maine Press.

Groison, Dominique

1984 Poursuite 138. Vol.

Quebec.

Huxley, Selma (editor)

1987 Los Vascos en el Marco Atldntico Norte. Siglos XVI y XVII [The Basques in the North Atlantic in the 16* and 17* Centuries], San SebastiM: Editorial Eton

Levesque, R.

1968 L’archeologie a. Brador. Preliminary report on file at la Societe d’archeologie de la Cote-Nord.

des travaiix archeologiques sur I ’axe routier Middle-Bay, Vieux Fort, route 1. Rapport. Report on file at Centre de documentationen archeologie,

22

The Gateways Project 2002

1969 Rapport preliminaire official concemaiit les fouilles archeologiques de Brador.

Report on file at Ministere des Affaires culturelles, Quebec.

1971 La seigneurie des lies et des ilets de Mingan. Lemeac, Montreal.

1972 Description preliminaire detaillee de quatre saisons de fouilles archeologiques dans le region de Blanc-Sablon, au detroit de Belle-Isle (1968-1971). Report on file at Ministere des Affaires Culturelles, Quebec.

1976 Cadre geographiqiie des gisements archeologiques de la region de Blanc-Sablon. Master’s thesis, University of Sherbrook.

2002 Bible d’amenagement du Saint-Laurent Fleuve, estuaire, golfe. Phase premier. La Basse-Cote-Nord: Porte priviliegee des pionniers d’Amerique. Draft manuscript available from the author and on file at Arctic Studies Center.

Loring, Stephen

2002 “And They Took Away the Stones From Ramah”: Lithic Raw Material Sourcing and Eastern Arctic Archaeology. In: Honoring Our Elders: A History of Eastern Arctic Archaeology, edited by William W. Fitzhugh, Stephen Loring, and Daniel Odess. Pp. 163-186. Contributions to Circumpolar Anthropology 2. Washington: Arctic Studies Center.

Martijn, Charles A.

1972 Archaeological Research on the St. Lawrence North Shore, Quebec: St. Paul River and Old Fort- Summer 1972. Report on file at Ministere des Affaires Culturelles, Quebec.

1974 Archaeological research on the Lower Saint-Lawrence North-Shore, Quebec. In

Archaeological Salvage Projects 1972, edited by W. J. Byrne, pp. 112-130. Mereury Series Paper No. 15, Archaeological Survey of Canada, National Museum of Man, Ottawa.

1980 La presence inuit sur la Cote-Nord du golfe St.-Laurent a I’epoque historique. Etudes/Inuit/Studies 4(1-2): 105-125.

Moussette, Marcel

1994 Le site du palais de I’intendant a Quebec: genese et structuration d’un lieu urbain. Sillery, Quebec: Septentrion.

Nagle, Christopher

1982 Field Investigations at the Fleur de Lys Soapstone Quarry, Bale Verte,

Newfoundland. Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador 1981. Edited by J. S. Thomson and C. Thomson. Annual Report no. 2, pp. 102-129. Newfoundland Museum, Historie Resources Division, Department of Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.

Section 1: Project Narrative

23

Pintal, Jean-Yves

1994a A Groswater site at Blanc-Sablon, Quebec. In Threads in Arctic Prehistory: Papers in Honour of William E. Taylor, Jr. edited by D. Morrison and J.-L. Pilon, pp. 145164. Mercury Series Paper No. 149, Archaeological Survey of Canada, Canadian Museum of Civilization, Ottawa.

1994b Inventaire archeologiqiie des reseaux d’aqueduc et d’egoutde trois villaged de la Basse-Cote Nord: Vieux-Fort, Riviere Saint-Paul, La Tabatiere. Rapports Archeologiques (2139).

1998 Aux fronteres de la mer: La prehistoire de Blanc Sablon. Les Publications du Quebec, Dossiers 102, Collection patrimonies et Municipalite de Blanc-Sablon, Quebec.

Rousseau, G.

1982 Inventaire et sauvetage archeologiques a Brador/Middle Bay, 1981. MAC, Report, p. 130.

Somcynski, Pablo

1989 Reconnaissance archeologique sur le corridor d’ etude du prolongement de la route 138 entre Havre-Saint-Pierre et riviere Pashashibou, Conseil Attikamek-Montagnais, rapport depose au Ministere des Affaires Culturelles, Quebec.

24

The Gateways Project 2002

Section 2: Topographic Maps and

Aerial Photographs

Note: Topographic maps are scans of the 1:50 000 series maps issued by Energy, Mines and Resources Canada. Aerial photographs are scans of 1:40 000 prints issued by Resources Naturelles Quebec © 2002. For a regional overview see fig. 1.1 (pg. 6 of this report).

^Daniel's Harbor (EdBt-5)

j^6»WVC

:—Hare Harbor 2

(EdBt-6)

Ha re-Harbor 1

I^^^Petit Mecatine (EdBt-4)

rfe-Petit Mecativna 2 (EdBt-2)

Petit Mecatina 1 ---(EdBPI:)—

V-C-ii

iy --lij-fzkm'iTj fv-W

4 59 ° 20

Echelle 1:50 000 Scale

Metres 1000

Li^rF^-^ _

1000

2000

4000 Metres

TETE A BALEINE 12 J/11

Fig. 2.1: Section of map 12 J/11 showing locations of Petit Mecatina 1&4, Hare Harbor 1&2 and Daniel’s Harbor

26

The Gateways Project 2002

Fig. 2.2: Aerial photo 12J9 showing locations of Petit Mecatina 1&4, Hare Harbor 1&2 and Daniel’s Harbor

Section 2: Maps

27

28

The Gateways Project 2002

Fig. 2.4: Aerial photo 12JI3 showing locations of Mutton Bay 3 & Boulet Harbor

Section 2: Maps

29

■fcit'rC:

farsal

Cheqatica

(Eh^n-1)

Inner

lie Chicaftca

iffavrc

iLesQuj

I

fdistanoS^u^.

rRocJwi;^'

A^Mislant^ue;

lieisMarsal

/V, h-Entr^

Fig. 2.5: Section of maps 12 0/8 showing location of Checatica

Milles 1

0

Echelle 1:50 000 Scale

1 j

3 Miles

SHEKATIKA 12 0/8

Metres 1000

' 0

1000 2000 3000

4000 Metres

30

The Gateways Project 2002

Fig. 2.6: Aerial photo 1205 showing location of Checatica

Section 2: Maps

31

32

The Gateways Project 2002

Fig. 2.8: Aerial photo I2P9 showing location of Pointe des Belle Amours

Section 2: Maps

33

0 V/

i'' . 'Vi' ■'■'- ■ ■

EliVi I'i

J

Section 3: Field Photographs

Fig. 3.1: Fleur de Lys, Dorset soapstone quarry

Fig. 3.2: Fleur de Lys, Dorset soapstone quarry

Section 3: Field Photographs

35

Fig. 3.3: Petit Mecatina-1 (EdBt-l), view N

Fig.3.4: Petit Mecatina-I (EdBt-l), view east

36

The Gateways Project 2002

Fig. 3.5: Petit Mecatina-1 (EdBt-1), Maritime Archaic Longhouse

Fig. 3.6: Petit Mecatina-I (EdBt-1), longhouse before excavation, view N

Section 3: Field Photographs

37

Fig. 3.7: Petit Mecatina-1 (EdBt-I), longhouse, view S

38

The Gateways Project 2002

Fig. 3.9: Daniel Harbor-1 (EdBt-5), furnace pile with masonry

Fig. 3.10: Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3), Basque site, view ME

Section 3: Field Photographs

39

Fig. 3. II: Flare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3), shelter overhang and main settlement area

Fig. 3.12: Hare Harbor-2 (EdBt-6), ‘pipe-stem site, ’ TP. collection

40

The Gateways Project 2002

Fig. 3.13: Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3), Basque ceramic vessel base

Fig. 3.14: Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3), shelter in storm, view W

Section 3: Field Photographs

41

Fig. 3.16: Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3), Area I excavation, view N

42

The Gateways Project 2002

Fig. 3.17: Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3), rockfall tile test pit

Fig. 3.18: Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3), site area, view NW

Section 3: Field Photographs

43

44

The Gateways Project 2002

Fig. 3.22: Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3), Area 1 excavation, view E

Section 3: Field Photographs

45

Fig. 3.23: Maritime Archaic slate point from Wilson Evans' tool box

Fig. 3.24: Flare Harbor-2 (EdBt-6), TP I collection

46

The Gateways Project 2002

Fig. 3.25: Lawrence Rowsell at Harrington Harbor with early iron axe

Fig. 3.26: Iron axe found in garden on the mainland at Chevery by grandfather of Lawrence Rowsell

Section 3: Field Photographs

47

Fig. 3.27: Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3), view E

Fig. 3.28: Hare Harbor-l (EdBt-3), view E

48

The Gateways Project 2002

Fig. 3.29: Paul Chares t, wife and guide Philip Nadeau from Tete a la Baleine

Fig. 3.30: Freeman Willcott Collection, La Tabatiere

Section 3: Field Photographs

49

' ■*. >{»!•*,ii I'-f

Pj4Vi* '1

t« '** ■• t

F/g. 3.32.- Freeman Willcott Collection, La Tabatiere

50

The Gateways Project 2002

Fig. 3.33: Freeman Willcott, La Tabatiere

Fig. 3.34: Checatica site (EhBn-I), view E

Section 3: Field Photographs

51

Fig. 3.36: Belle Amours Pointe (EiBi-I9), boulder house excavation

52

The Gateways Project 2002

Fig. 3.37: Belle Amours Pointe (EiBi-l9), boulder house excavation

Fig. 3.38: Clifford Hart Collection, Maritime Archaic celt

Section 3: Field Photographs

53

Fig. 3.39: Clifford Hart and cache pieces, Brador

Fig. 3.40: Ellis and Hazel Letto with Levesque model of the Courtemanche site located on their property, Brador

54

The Gateways Project 2002

Fig. 3.41: Petit Mecatina-1 (EdBt-l); a-c: slate celt fragments

. 1 -* £’ ;'

''Lttf-^ * / -- !!^*\^*‘' •"?*■'*

W^i¥^>¥F

■ V-.* 'ft-iiilA'i. "

Si«gp|

*i ."SS -t

Fig. 3.42: Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3), Area 1; soapstone lamp fragment

Section 3: Field Photographs

55

Fig. 3.43: Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3), Area I; a-d: earthenware sherds; e: pipe stem; f,g: flint spalls; h: lead sprue

Fig. 3.44; Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3), Area I, 3S/2E; a: ball of rock/metal; b; thin glass shard; c: tan flint spall; d; grindstone fragment

56

The Gateways Project 2002

Fig. 3.45: Hare Harbor-I (EdBt-3), Area 1; a,b: iron nails; c,d: iron spikes

-rkv

Fig. 3.46: Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3), Area I; a-d: stoneware sherds; e,f: iron spikes; g: tan flint chunk

Section 3: Field Photographs

57

Fig. 3.47: Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3). Area 1; a,c: thick green glass shards: b: glazed roof tile; d: iron spike

Fig. 3.48: Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3), Area I; a.fg: earthenware sherds; b.c: pipe stems; d,e,hj: glass shards; j: lump of wax

58

The Gateways Project 2002

Fig. 3.49: Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3), TP. 4; a,b,e,h: earthenware sherds; c,d: flint spalls; fg,i: faience sherds

*■ VI ’'y < j. a.***.*- ft.*

•'P: ^P

>’* . iv./i

1 *

■*-■'ijItS'*-' •'

fe

F/^. 3.50: Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3) Test Pit 3; a: whetstone; b: knife or sword handle?; c: knife or sword blade fragment?

Section 3: Field Photographs

59

Fig. 3.52: Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3); a,c: ifon spikes; b: lead nail

60

The Gateways Project 2002

Fig. 3.S3: Hare Harbor-! (EdBt-3); earthenware rim sherds

Fig. 3.54: Hare Harbor-2 (EdBt-6), Test Pit I; a-f: glazed sherds

Section 3: Field Photographs

61

Fig. J.55; Hare Harbor-2 (EdBt-6), Test Pit 1; a-o: glazed sherds

62

The Gateways Project 2002

Fig. 3.57: Hare Harbor-2 (EdBt-6). Test Pit /; a,c: copper buttons; b: glass button; d: gun Jlint; e-h: curved glass shards

Fig. 3.58: Mutton Bay (EeBs-3); a: quartzite biface tip; b: quartz bifacial knife; c; quartz utilized flake; d,e: quartz p.e.;f: quartz flake scraper; g: quartz biface mid-section; h: quartz core fragment: 1: quartz preform fragment

Section 3: Field Photographs

63

Fig. 3.59: Havre Boulet (EeBr-l3), TP. 2; a: earthenware sherd; b: green-glazed sherd;

c.f: grey earthenware; d,e: tan earthenware: g-j; glass shards; k,l: iron nails

Fig. 3.60; Checatica-l (EhBn-l), T.P. 3; a: glazed sherd; b: pipe stem; c: green glass shard

64

The Gateways Project 2002

Fig. 3.61: Checatica-1 (EhBn-l), TP. 4; a-d: iron nails: e: lead sprue; f: blue-glazed sherd; g,h: creainware; 1: brick sherd; j: glass shard

^ 8 ^

•JiUrVj:

v^JrJW

' V' -r ■

Fig. 3.62: Checatica-1 (EhBn-l), TP. 5; a: iron crampon; b: wood; c: pipe bowl frag.; d: pipe stem; e: iron frag.; f: iron nail; g: lead sprue; h,I,k: glass shards; j,l: creamware sherds

Section 3: Field Photographs

65

Fig. 3.63: Checatica-l (EhBn-I), TP. 6: a: iron spike: b.c: iron nails; d: thick glass shard; e-j: glazed sherds; k: black mica; 1: lead ball; m: lead sprue; n: pipe stem

Fig. 3.64: Checatica-l (EhBn-1), Test Pit 7; a-c; ceramic sherds; d: hole-punched copper strip; e: glass button

66

The Gateways Project 2002

Fig. 3.65: Belle Amours Pointe (EiBi-l9): a: sandstone grindstone; b,c: slate flakes; d: quartz core or scraper

Fig. 3.66: Late season team at Driftvt’ood Inn, Deer lake , Nfld.

Section 3: Field Photographs

61

Section 4: Photo Catalog

ng.No.

Looation

Borden No.

Subject

Format

3.1

Fleur de Lys

NA

Dorset quarry

Digital

3.2

Fleur de Lys

NA

Dorset quarry

Digital

3.3

Petit Mecatina-1

EdBt-1

View east

Digital

3.4

Petit Mecatina-1

EdBt-1

View N

Digital

3.5

Petit Mecatina-1

EdBt-1

Maritime Archaic Longhouse

Digital

3.6

Petit Mecatina-1

EdBt-1

Longhouse before excavation, view N

Digital

3.7

Petit Mecatina-1

EdBt-1

Longhouse, view S

Digital

3.8

Daniel Harbor-1

EdBt-5

Masonry foundation, N wall entry, view E

Digital

3.9

Daniel Harbor-1

EdBt-5

Furnace pile with masonry

Digital

3.10

Hare Harbor-1

EdBt-3

Basque site, view NE

Digital

3.11

Hare Harbor-1

EdBt-3

Shelter overhang and main settlement area

Digital

3.12

Hare Harbor-2

EdBt-6

‘Pipe-stem site,’ T.P. collection

Digital

3.13

Hare Harbor-1

EdBt-3

Basque ceramic vessel base

Digital

3.14

Hare Harbor-1

EdBt-3

Shelter in storm, view W

Digital

3.15

Hare Harbor-1

EdBt-3

Area 1 excavation, view N

Digital

3.16

Hare Harbor-1

EdBt-3

Area 1 excavation, view N

Digital

3.17

Hare Harbor-1

EdBt-3

rockfall tile Test Pit

Digital

3.18

Hare Harbor-1

EdBt-3

site area, view NW

Digital

3.19

Hare Harbor-1

EdBt-3

Area 1 excavation, view NW

Digital

3.20

Hare Harbor-2

EdBt-6

Site area, view SE

Digital

3.21

Hare Harbor-1

EdBt-3

Area 1 excavation, view NW

Digital

3.22

Hare Harbor-1

EdBt-3

Area 1 excavation, view E

Digital

3.23

Harrington Harbor

NA

Maritime Archaic slate point from Wilson Evans' tool box

Digital

3.24

Hare Harbor-2

EdBt-6

T.P. 1 collection

Digital

3.25

Harrington Harbor

NA

Lawrence Rowsell with early iron axe

Digital

3.26

Harrington Harbor

NA

Iron axe found in garden on the mainland at Chevery by grandfather of Lawrence Rowsell

Digital

3.27

Hare Harbor-1

EdBt-3

Basque site

Digital

3.28

Hare Harbor-1

EdBt-3

View E

Digital

3.29

Hare Harbor-2

EdBt-3

Paul Charef, wife and guide Philip Nadeau from

Tete a la Baleine

Digital

3.30

Tabatiere

NA

Freeman Willcott Collection

Digital

3.31

Tabatiere

NA

Freeman Willcott Collection

Digital

3.32

Tabatiere

NA

Freeman Willcott

Digital

Section 4: Photo Catalog

69

Fig. No. Location

Borden No.

Subject

Format

3.33

Tabatiere

NA

Freeman Willcott Collection

Digital

3.34

Checatica

EhBn-1

View E

Digital

3.35

Belle Amours Pointe

EiBi-19

Boulder house structure

Digital

3.36

Belle Amours Pointe

EiBi-19

Rock features

Digital

3.37

Belle Amours Pointe

EiBi-19

Excavation

Digital

3.38

Brador

NA

Clifford Hart Collection, Maritime Archaic celt cache

Digital

3.39

Brador

NA

Clifford Hart and cache pieces

Digital

3.40

Brador

NA

Ellis and Hazel Letto with Levesque model of the Courtemanche site located on their property

Digital

3.41

Petit Mecatina-1

EdBt-1

a-c: slate celt fragments

Digital

3.42

Flare Harbor-1

EdBt-3

Area 1; soapstone lamp fragment

Digital

3.43

Hare Harbor-1

EdBt-3

Area 1; a-d; earthenware sherds; e; pipe stem; f,g: flint spalls; h: lead sprue

Digital

3.44

Hare Harbor-1

EdBt-3

Area 1, 3S/2E; a: ball of rock/metal; b: thin glass shard; c: tan flint spall; d: grindstone fragment

Digital

3.45

Hare Harbor-1

EdBt-3

Area 1; a,b; iron nails; c,d: iron spikes

Digital

3.46

Hare Harbor-1

EdBt-3

Area 1; a-d: stoneware sherds; e,f: iron spikes;

g: tan flint chunk

Digital

3.47

Hare Harbor-1

EdBt-3

Area 1; a,c: thick green glass shards; b: glazed roof tile; d: iron spike

Digital

3.48

Hare Harbor-1

EdBt-3

Area 1; a,f,g: earthenware sherds; b.c: pipe stems; d,e,h,l: glass shards; j: lump of wax

Digital

3.49

Hare Harbor-1

EdBt-3

T.P. 4; a,b,e,h: earthenware sherds; c,d: flint spalls; f,g,i; faience sherds

Digital

3.50

Hare Harbor-1

EdBt-3

T.P. 3; a: whetstone; b: knife or sword handle?;

Digital

3.51

Hare Harbor-1

EdBt-3

T.P. 2; pipe stem

Digital

3.52

Hare Harbor-1

EdBt-3

a,c: iron spikes; b: lead nail

Digital

3.53

Hare Harbor-1

EdBt-3

Earthenware rim shards

Digital

3.54

Hare Harbor-2

EdBt-6

T.P. 1; a-f: glazed sherds

Digital

3.55

Hare Harbor-2

EdBt-6

T.P. 1; a-o; glazed sherds

Digital

3.56

Hare Harbor-2

EdBt-6

T.P. 1 ; a-d: pipe bowls; e-g: lettered pipe stems

Digital

3.57

Hare Harbor-2

EdBt-6

T.P. 1; a,c: copper buttons; b: glass button; d: gun flint;

Digital

3.58

Mutton Bay

EeBs-3

a: quartzite biface tip; b: quartz bifacial knife; c: quartz utilized flake; d,e: quartz p.e.; f: quartz flake scraper; g: quartz biface mid-section; h: quartz core fragment; 1: quartz preform fragment

Digital

3.59

Boulet Harbor

EeBr-13

T.P. 2; a; earthenware sherd; b: green-glazed sherd; c,f; grey earthenware; d,e: tan earthenware; g-j: glass shards; k,l: iron nails

Digital

3.60

Checatica-1

EhBn-1

T.P. 3; a: glazed sherd; b: pipe stem; c: green glass shard

Digital

3.61

Checatica-1

EhBn-1

T.P. 4; a-d: iron nails; e: lead sprue; f: blue-glazed sherd; g,h: creamware; 1: brick sherd; j: glass shard

Digital

3.62

Checatica-1

EhBn-1

T.P. 5; a: iron crampon; b: wood; c: pipe bowl frag.; d: pipe stem; e: iron frag.; f: iron nail; g: lead sprue; h,l,k: glass shards; j,!: creamware sherds

Digital

70

The Gateways Project 2002

Fig. No.

Location

Borden No.

Subject

Format

3.63

Checatica-1

EhBn-1

T.P. 6; a: iron spike; b,c: iron nails; d: thick glass shard; e-j: glazed sherds; k: black mica; I: lead ball; m; lead sprue; n: pipe stem

Digital

3.64

Checatica-1

EhBn-1

T.P. 7; a-c: ceramic sherds; d: hole-punched copper strip;

Digital

3.65

Belle Amours Pointe

EiBi-19

Belle Amours Pointe (EiBi-19): a: sandstone grindstone; b,c: slate flakes;

Digital

3.66

Deer Lake, Nfld.

NA

Late Season Team at the Driftwood Inn

Digital

Section 4: Photo Catalog

71

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l%Hut

Ip*

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Section 5: Artifact Catalog

Petit Mecatina 1

EdBt-1

House 1; Room 1

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition

Held No.

Comments

grindstone

1

3

not collected

grindstone

1

2

not collected

piece esquille

1

quartz

1

charcoal sample

1

House 1; Room 2

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition

Field No.

Comments

worked chunk

1

quartz

2

biface base?

1

quartz

2

not entirely convincing

ground flake

1

slate

1

utilized flake

1

quartz

1

flakes

8

slate

flake

1

quartz

flake

1

slate

House 1; Room 3

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition

Field No.

Comments

celt

2

sandstone?

fragment

5

cobble cortex on one side

flake

1

slate

ground

4

bifacial tool (knife)

1

quartz

3

grindstone

1

quartzite

2

Section 5: Artifact Catalog

Table caption

73

House 1; Room 3 (continued)

ArUfact Type

Qty.

Materia!

CondiUon

Field No.

Comnients

celt

1

slate

fragment

1

flake

1

black chert

flake

1

red quartzite

flake

1

red quartzite

flakes

8

slate

House 1; Room 4

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Conitiop

Field No.

Comments

grindstone

1

quartzite

fragment

1

flakes

3

slate

one flake heavily weathered

House 1; Room 5

Artifact Type

Qty.

Materia!

Condition

Field No.

Comments

celt

1

slate

edge fragment

6

flaked chunk

1

rhyolite

5

celt

7

slate

fragments

4

celt

20

slate

fragments

3

ground gouge

1

fragment

2

ground celt

1

fragment

1

flake

1

red quartzite

flakes

2

quartz

flakes

5

quartzite

Watagehesik Isid.

Artifact Type Qty. Material

Condition

Commonts

trunnell 1 unidentified wood

collected from a shipwreck by

Table caption

Wilson Evans and Paul Rowsell; most of wood in wreck is iroko

74

The Gateways Project 2002

Hare Harbor 1

EdBt-3

Area 1, 0N/4E

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition

Field No.

Comments

vessel

1

white paste & white glaze

sherd

8

vessel

5

grey stoneware

sherds

3.4

vessel

3

green curved glass

shards

2,7

small spikes

4

iron

fragments

nails

7

iron

fragments

nails

2

iron

small spikes

4

iron

large spike

1

iron

glazed tile

1

grey glaze

fragment

unknown

12

iron

fragments

some flat fragments

Area 1, 1S/4E

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition

Field No.

Comments

vessel

1

grey stoneware

rim sherd

9

bone? vessel?

5

burnt fragments

8

vessel

1

grey stoneware

base sherd

7

vessel

1

grey stoneware

sherd

6

glazed tile

1

grey glaze

fragment

2

vessel

1

green curved glass

shards

19

vessel

2

thick blue-green glass

shards

18

one fragment has a 90° turn

vessel

1

green curved glass

shards

17

vessel

1

grey stoneware

sherd

16

vessel

1

grey stoneware

sherd

15

vessel

1

tan plainware

sherds

13

burnt?

core

1

grey flint

12

-6.5cm length

vessel

1

grey stoneware

sherd

10

small spikes

4

iron

Section 5: Artifact Catalog

Table caption

75

Area 1, 1S/4E (continued)

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition

Field No. Conunents

nail

1

iron

large spikes

2

iron

nails

9

iron

fragments

nails

7

iron

small spike

1

iron

nail

1

fragment

iron fragments

10

some flat pieces

Area 1,2S/4E

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition

Field No. Comments

grindstone

1

fragment

5 drawn but not collected

tile

3

fragments

3 2 might be earthenware sherds

vessel

1

grey stoneware

sherds

2,4

vessel

4

curved blue-green glass

shards 1,6,7

small spikes

2

iron

nails

6

iron

nails

13

iron

fragments

unknown

1

iron

fragment

large rounded mass ~3cm dia.

charcoal sample

1

Area 1, 3S/1E

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition

Field No. Comments

baleen? bark?

1

9

pipe stem

1

fragment

8

flakes

2

dark grey flint

7

large spikes

2

iron

6

sprue

1

lead

bent

4

vessel

5

earthenware

sherd

1,3,5,10,12 sherds burnt on exterior

vessel

3

white and blue glaze

glaze flakes

pipe bowl

1

fragment

76 The Gateways Project 2002

Artifact type Qty. Material

Condition

Field No. Comments

charcoal sample

1

small spikes

3

iron

nails

11

iron

nail

7

iron fragments

Area 1. 3S/2E

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material Condition

Field No.

Comments

vessel

1

thin curved shards

blue-green tinted glass

5

chunk

1

rock? iron?

4

flake

1

tan translucent flint

3

pebble

1

small rounded pink stone

2

not collected

glazed tile

1

fragment

2

grindstone?

1

sandstone?

1

charcoal sample

1

peat sample

1

small spikes

9

iron

nails

7

iron

nails

9

iron fragments

iron fragments

10

Area 1, 3S/3E

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material Condition

Field No.

Comments

vessel

2

earthenware sherds

1

tile

1

fragments

iron

2

fragments

Section 5: Artifact Catalog

Table caption

77

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition

Held No.

Comments

vessel

4

grey stoneware

sherd

5,6,7,10

vessel

5

thick, curved,

green-tinted glass

shards

4,8,9

many oval air bubbles in glass

nail

4

iron

fragments

3

unknown

2

iron

flat fragments

2

nails

6

iron

1.3

Area 1, 3S/5E

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition

Held No.

Comments

vessel

2

medium thickness

green tinted glass

shards

7

one shard has squared edgepossibly part of square bottle

flake

1

dark grey flint

6

nails

3

iron

5,9

vessel

1

earthenware

fragments

4

burnt?

small spike

1

iron

3

flake

1

light grey flint

2

vessel

1

med thickness green tinted glass

shards

16

thinner than #7

unknown

1

metal? mica?

15

unknown

8

iron

fragments

14

vessel

2

stoneware

fragments

13

vessel

3

tan paste/

white and green glaze

handle fragments

12

vessel

2

thick greentinted glass

shards

11

many oval air bubbles in glass

lamp

1

soapstone

fragment

1

encrusted with burnt oil

nail

5

iron

fragments

sprue

2

lead

charcoal sample

1

unknown

1

iron

fragments

vessel

1

thin curved glass

shards

78 The Gateways Project 2002

Area 1, 3S/6E

Artifact Type

5ty.

Material

Condition

Held No.

Comments

earth sample

1

(shell?)

glazed tile

3

grey glaze

fragments

Area 1, 4E/1N

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition

Field No.

Comments

vessel? tile?

2

earthenware

sherds

9

exterior surface is burnt

vessel

1

tan plainware

sherds

8

ridges on inside curve

vessel

3

thick green curved glass

shards

4,5.12

vessel

2

brown earthenware

burnt sherds

2.3

peat sample

1

18

candle?

1

wax

16

mussel periosteam

1

15

glass

1

thin curved sherd green glass

14

glass

1

thin white glass

sherd

14

pipe

2

white clay

stem fragments

13

ball

1

iron

11

4cm dia.

large spikes

3

iron

10,6

charcoal sample

1

vessel

1

curved green glass

fragments

unknown

2

iron

fragments

nails

19

iron

fragments

small spikes

5

iron

nails

6

iron

Test Pit 2

Artifact Type

m.

Material

Condition

Field No.

Comments

charcoal sample

1

vessel

4

red earthenware

sherds

Section 5: Artifact Catalog

79

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition

Reid No.

Comments

charcoal sample

1

tile

6

fragment

nail

1

fragment

Test Pit 2, NW

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition

Reid No.

Comments

vessel

2

earthenware

charcoal sample

1

nail

1

lead

unknown

7

iron

fragments

large spike

1

iron

fragment

head ~3.5cm dia

large nail/ spike

1

iron

~15cm long, but not as thick as

other large spikes

tile

8

fragment

pipe

1

white clay

stem fragment

decorated w/ beaded/pecked

design around one end

flake

1

light grey flint

nail

11

iron

fragments

Test Pit 2, SE

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition

Reid No.

Comments

vessel

1

earthenware

rim sherd

1

rolled rim

tile? vessel?

10

earthenware

fragments

charcoal sample

1

nails

9

iron

fragments

tile

13

fragments

unknown

2

iron

fragments

80

The Gateways Project 2002

Test Pit 2, SW

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition

Held No.

Comments

earthenware

1

rim sherd

1

rolled rim

tile

2

fragments

charcoal sample

1

vessel

1

earthenware

sherd

small spike

1

iron

nails

6

iron

fragments

unknown

11

iron

fragments

tile? vessel?

71

earthenware

fragments

Test Pit 3

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition

Held No.

Comments

vessel

1

thin curved green glass

shard

9

tile

1

fragment

8

burnt

flake

1

dark grey flint

7

knife blade?

1

iron

fragment

5

found next to #4; has rivet holes

sword or knife

1

iron

flat fragment

4

T’ shaped

unknown

1

grey earthenware

sherd

3

not glazed despite field notes

unknown

1

earthenware

sherd

2

burnt and severely eroded; not a rock despite field notes

small spike

1

iron

16

nail

1

iron

15

nail

1

iron

14

nail

1

iron

13

pipe

1

white clay

stem

12

vessel

2

earthenware

sherd

11

pipe

3

white clay

stem fragments

1

scorched interior

unknown

7

iron

fragments

charcoal sample

1

whetstone

1

igneous rock

rounded at both ends and throughout

tile

3

fragments

Section 5: Artifact Catalog

81

Test Pit 4

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Conditioa

Field No.

Comments

vessel

1

brown paste w/ green & brown glaze

sherds

50

vessel

3

thick red earthenware

sherds

42

vessel

5

‘faience’

sherds

41

1 large sherd with blue glaze

vessel

9

‘faience’

sherds

26

vessel

15

‘faience’

sherds

23

nail

1

iron

vessel

5

brown earthenware

sherds

1 large curved sherd with rounded depressions circling the exterior

flakes

5

flint

vessel

17

tan earthenware

sherds

some sherds severely eroded

vessel

6

red earthenware

sherds

severely eroded

vessel

2

white glaze and brown paste

sherds

vessel

8

grey-brown

earthenware

sherds

some severely eroded

unknown

13

iron

fragments

some flat fragments

large spikes

3

iron

charcoal sample

1

tile

20

fragments

tile?

4

sandy paste

fragment

tile

1

fragment

vessel

10

earthenware

sherds

vessel

2

red earthenware

sherds

Test Pit in rockfall

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition

Field No.

Comments

tile

6

fragments

1 tile is burnt

82 The Gateways Project 2002

Petit Mecatina 4

EdBt-4

Structure 2

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition

Field No.

Comments

flakes?

1

quartzite

fire cracked rock?

celt blank

1

slate

Daniel’s Harbor

EdBt-5

Test Pit 1

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition

Comments

vessel

1

white paste/ no glaze?

base sherd

unknown

7

iron

flat fragments

nails

11

iron

some fragments

washer

1

iron

vessel

1

white paste/

dark blue and white glaze

sherd

blue willow motif?

vessel

1

white paste/ light blue decoration & white glaze

sherd

sled runner?

1

iron

fragment

vessel

1

red paste/ white glaze

sherd

bone

12

fragments

vessel

11

white glaze and paste

sherds

pipe

3

white clay

bowl fragment

vessel

1

thin curved green glass

windowpane?

1

clear flat glass

pipe

2

white clay

stems

brick

15

sherds

vessel

2

white paste/ dark blue glaze

sherds

Section 5: Artifact Catalog

83

Test Pit 2

Artifaot Type

Hty.

Materia!

Condition

Comments

nails

10

iron

some fragments

some square cut

bone

9

fragments

bail joint

1

iron

iron

2

fragments

unknown

2

flat green tinted glass

shard

unknown

5

iron

fragments

vessel

1

curved clear glass

shard

bone

11

fragments

some bird bone

vessel

1

earthenware

sherd

windowpane

2

thin clear flat glass

shards

vessel

1

earthenware

sherds

brick

6

sherds

severely eroded; earthenware?

brick

6

fragments

Test Pit1 (oven)

ArUfaot Type

Qty.

Materia!

Condition

Comments

charcoal?

1

chunk

bone

2

mandible

brick

6

fragments

stone and mortar 1

fragment

84

The Gateways Project 2002

Hare Harbor 2

EdBt-6

Test Pit 1

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition

Comments

sprue

1

lead

pipes

3

white clay

bowls

unknown

10

iron

chunks

unknown

11

iron

flat fragments

vessel

3

curved green-brown glass

shards

vessel

3

opaque blue glass

shards

fragments from one bottle mouth; burnt/melted

vessel

4

curved light blue glass

shards

stemmed beaker?

vessel

1

curved clear glass

shard

unknown

7

flat light green glass

shards

windowpane

56

flat thin clear glass

shards

windowpane?

button

1

copper

6 arrows on front; illegible lettering and eye loop attachment on back

nails

37

iron

button

1

white glass

four holes

nails

26

iron

fragments

gun flint

1

grey flint

rectilinear English style

pipe

1

white clay

stem

“-NDERSON” (broken before “N") and "MONTREA-"

(broken after”A”) impressed on opposite sides of stem

pipe

1

white clay

stem

“-ONTREAL” impressed on stem (broken before “0”)

pipe

1

white clay

stem

“GLASGOW’ and “MURRAY” impressed on opposite sides of stem

pipe

1

white clay

stem

“GLAS—” impressed on stem (broken after “S")

pipe

1

white clay

stem

“HENDERSO—" impressed on stem (broken after “o”)

pipe

68

white clay

stems

pipe

38

white clay

bowl fragments

Section 5: Artifact Catalog

85

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition

Comments

pipe

13

white clay

bowl fragments

with impressed decorations

pipe

2

white clay

bowls

with impressed decorations

pipe

1

white clay

bowl

scratch marks

button

1

copper

backing

illegible lettering and eye loop

attachment on back

vessels

10

pearlware

sherds

2 rim sherds; flow blue?

vessel

1

white glaze on both sides/ polychrome flower motif

sherds

vessel

4

white glazed interior/ beaded exterior w/ blue and green glaze

sherds

1 rim sherd

vessel

1

mocha glaze? raised flower motif

sherds

vessel

2

white glaze on interior/ white glaze w/ brown bands on exterior

sherds

vessel

2

yellow glaze on interior/ white glaze with blue design on exterior

sherds

sherds join

vessel

5

deteriorated green and brown glaze

sherds

2 rim sherds; 2 sherds w/ brown strip on exterior

vessels

6

white glaze on interior/ green, blue and white on exterior

sherds

2 rim sherds; 4 different objects

vessel

5

Rackingham glaze

sherds

tea bowl?

spike

1

iron

fragment

vessel

2

blue and cream banded design

sherds

pipe

1

white clay

stem

“MONTREAL” impressed on stem

vessels

72

pearlware

sherds

2 sherds have raised design

vessel

5

cream colored glaze

sherds

5 rim sherds; 1 sherd has raised

flower motif

vessel

12

cream colored glaze

sherds

vessel

1

cream colored glaze

sherd

“2" printed on exterior

vessel

10

unidentified blue design

sherds

2 rim sherds; 1 handle sherd

vessel

24

pearlware w/ blue willow motif

sherds

8 rim sherds

vessel

7

pearlware w/ shell edge motif

sherds

5 rim sherds

86

The Gateways Project 2002

Artifact Type

Hty.

Material

Condition

Comments

vessel

7

pearlware w/ shell edge motif

sherds

rim sherds have shell edge motifsherds do not join

vessel

3

blue glaze around rim

sherds

3 sherds join; rim sherds w/ raised plant motif (blue)

vessel

17

yellow glaze

sherds

8 rim sherds; 7 sherds with bands( 3 join)

vessel

3

red paste/ white slip/ yellow glaze

sherds

3 sherds join; 2 rim sherds; bowl?- large dia.

vessel

14

white glaze/ blue-grey decoration

sherds

1 rim sherd; 1 handle sherd

bone

17

fragments

pipe

1

white clay

bowl

impressed “C.S.” on bowl

Boulet Harbor

EeBr-13

Test Pit 1

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition

Field No.

Comments

glazed tile

grey glaze

fragment

flake

flint

tile

9

fragment

many burnt

Test Pit 2

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition

Held No.

Comments

vessel

red earthenware

sherd

tile

6

fragments

3 fragments are burnt

wood

fragment

vessel

5

light blue-green

shard

a few very small air bubbles

tinted glass

nails

2

iron

vessel

2

grey earthenware

sherd

burnt?

Section 5: Artifact Catalog

87

Test Pit 2 (continued)

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition

Field No.

Comments

vessel

2

tan earthenware

sherd

vessel

1

brittle grey paste/ green glaze

sherd

St. Onge ware? (AH) ca. 17th-18thc.

Test Pit 3

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition

Field No.

Comments

unknown

1

thick flat clear glass

shard

vessel

1

thick curved green glass

shard

vessel

6

white glaze

sherd

1 rim sherd has 2 blue bands

vessel

1

red paste/ white glaze

sherd

Test Pit 4

Artifact Type

Oty.

Material

Condition

Field No.

Comments

tile

1

fragment

Test Pit 5

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition

Field No. Comments

seal bone

31

some fragments

includes a mandible with teeth

Test Pit 6

Artifact Type

Qty.

Materiel

Condition

Field No. Comments

tile

1

fragment

Table caption

88

The Gateways Project 2002

Mutton Bay 3

EeBS“3

Test Pit 1

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition

Field No.

Comments

core scraper

1

red quartzite

4

biface

1

grey quartzite

tip fragment

3

utilized flake

1

quartzite

2

bifacial knife

1

quartz

1

biface preform/ core 1

quartz

core/ worked chunk 1

quartz

flakes

1

quartz

flakes

1

weathered chert

flakes

1

grey quartzite

flakes

1

red quartzite

large flakes (avg. 5cm length)

soil sample

1

contains a chert flake

formerly labeled as “ash, clay and shell or bone smpl.” — inspection w/ microscope failed to locate any charcoal

Test Pit 2

Artifact Type

Oty.

Material

Condition

Field No.

Comments

piece esquille

1

quartz

3

piece esquille

1

quartz

2

flake scraper

1

quartz

1

flake

1

white quartzite

flake

1

weathered chert

flake

1

red quartzite

flake

1

grey quartzite

flake

1

quartz

Section 5: Artifact Catalog

89

Test Pit 3

Artifact Type

dty.

Material

Condition

Field No. Comments

preform

1

quartz

fragment

3

core

1

quartz

fragment

2

biface

1

quartz

mid-section

1

flakes

17

weathered chert

flakes

4

basalt

flake

1

slate

flakes

2

grey chert?

flakes

2

crystal quartz

flakes

8

grey quartzite

flakes

3

red quartzite

flakes

2

quartz

90

The Gateways Project 2002

Checatica Island

EhBn-1

Test Pit 3

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition

Comments

vessel

1

white glaze

sherds

vessel

2

creamware

sherds

vessel

2

yellow glaze

sherds

vessel

2

white and blue glaze

sherds

unknown

2

thin fiat blue-green glass

shards

windowpane?

unknown

1

thin flat green tinted glass

shards

windowpane?

brick?

10

fragments

bone

13

fragments

some seal bone

iron

1

fragments

pipe

1

white clay

stem fragment

Test Pit 4

Artifact Type

Pty.

Material

Condition

Comments

charcoal sample

1

mortar?

1

red brick residue on one surface

brick

7

sherds

thin

nails

8

iron

sprue

1

lead

vessel

4

thin creamware

sherds

2 join

vessel

1

blue glaze

sherd

windowpane?

1

thin clear flat glass

shards

vessel

1

thin green curved glass

shards

vessel

1

yellow glaze

sherds

nail

1

iron

head fragment?

Section 5: Artifact Catalog

9l

Test Pit 5

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition

Comments

vessel

15

creamware

sherds

some join; one sherd has raised decorations

bone

1

burnt fragments

species unknown

pipe

1

white clay

bowl fragment

pipe

1

white clay

stem fragment

windowpane

6

thin flat blue-green glass

shard

unknown

1

thin opaque blue-green flat glass

shard

windowpane?

1

thin clear glass

shard

vessel

1

thin green curved glass

shard

sprue

10

lead

brick

26

fragments

crampon

1

iron

vessel

1

large thick curved green glass

shards

bottle?

unknown

2

iron

fragments

flat

vessel?

1

thick flat light blue glass

shard

unknown

6

iron

fragmetns

knot/root

1

wood

unknown

1

ivory?

fragment

bone

19

fragments

bone

1

fragments

species unknown

nails

2

iron

1 bent

Test Pit 6

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition

Comments

shell

1

fragment

species unknown

sprue

2

lead

bone

2

burnt fragments

vessel

1

burnt fragments

brick

5

sherds

vessel

1

red paste / olive glaze

sherd

vessel

4

red earthenware

sherds

92 The Gateways Project 2002

Test Pit 6 (continued)

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition Comments

bone

3

fragments

species unknown

vessel

1

brown paste / brown glaze

sherd

bone

45

complete and fragments

some seal; sheep mandible?

vessel

1

red paste/ brown glaze

sherd

nail?

1

iron

bent

90° bend

large spike

1

iron

bone

1

cranial fragment

nails

6

iron

mica

2

black mica

fragments

pipe

1

white clay

stem

unknown

1

flat green tinted glass

sherd

vessel

1

curved white glass

sherd

vessel

1

thick impressed clear glass

sherd

diamond impressions

vessel

1

white glaze w/

blue, green and orange paint

sherd

blue flower design?

vessel

4

thick plainware

sherds

vessel

10

thick plainware

sherds

musket ball

1

lead

chewed by dog?

Test Pit 7 (tent ring)

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition

Comments

button

1

white glass

four holes

vessel

1

white glaze w/ purple flower design

sherd

vessel

1

thick grey ceramic w/ beaded border

sherd

vessel

1

thin grey ceramic w/ impressed design

sherd

hole-punched strip

1

copper

bone

11

fragment

Section 5: Artifact Catalog

93

Belles Amours Pointe

EiBi-19

Structure 1, Room 1

Artifact Type

Qty.

Material

Condition

Comments

grindstone?

1

limestone?

flat polished surface

unknown

12

slate

fragments

Structure 1, Room 2

Artifact Tvoe

qty.

Material

Condition

Comments

flakes

39

quartz

core

1

quartz

charcoal sample #1

1

charcoal stained soil

charcoal sample #2

1

charcoal stained soil

charcoal sample #3

1

sent to Beta Analytic for C14 analysis (smpl. 2002-4)

94

The Gateways Project 2002

Section 6: Stratigraphy

Petit Mecatina (EdBt-01)

E-W floor surface profiles, House 1

Om. Crest of N end of Rm.1

0 t

2.80m S, Middle of N end of Rm.1

3.67m S, Center of Rm.1

4.80m S, Middle of S end of Rm.1

Section 6: Stratigraphy

95

E-W profiles, House 1

6.40m S, Crest of Rm. 1&2 division wall

7.92m S, N of Rm. 2 hearth

9.10m S, Center of Rm. 2 hearth

10.25m S, S of Rm. 2 hearth

11.90m S, Crest of Rm. 2&3 division wall

13.20m S, N of Rm. 3 hearth

96

The Gateways Project 2002

E-W profiles, House 1

14.80m S, Center of Rm. 3 hearth

16.0m S, S of Rm. 3 hearth

18.0m S, Rm. 3&4 division wall

20.0mS, N of Rm. 4 hearth

22.0m S, S of Rm. 4 hearth

24.0m S, Rm. 4&5 division wall

Section 6: Stratigraphy

97

Petit Mecatina (EdBt-01)

E-W profiles, House 1

26.0m S, Rm. 5 center mound

28.0m S, S end of Rm. 5

E-W distance (cm)

30.0m S, S of House 1

98

The Gateways Project 2002

sterile beach sand

Hare Harbor 1 (EdBt-3)

Profile of W wall of TP2 S

0cm

\

Profile of W wall of TPS

s

Table caption

10cm

Table caption

20cm

Table caption

30cm

J , \lr t/

,/ ---

P \

Profile of SE

N

wall of TP4

Daniel's Harbor (EdBt-S)

Profile of N wail of TP1

W 60cm

Table caption

10cm

Table caption

30cm

Profiie of W wall of TPS

s

60cm

- Jc

0cm —

-i- k _t_

10cm —

v\T

Pa\\\

20cm —

30cm —

Profile of W wall of TP2

S

75cm

Table caption

10cm —

Table caption

30cm —

■ —-— t — t -—

structural

field

stone

Profile of W wall of TP4

0cm

10cm

20cm

Hare Harbor 2 (EdBE6)

Profile of N wall of TP1

W 75cm

0cm

10cm

20cm

30cm

mixture of iron, ceramics, glass and charcoal

surface vegetation/ sod dark organic soil sand/ gravel field Slone/ bedrock charcoal lens tile/ tile fagment iron nail/ fragment ceramic sherd

100

The Gateways Project 2002

Mutton Bay 3 (EeBS”3)

Profile of N wail of TP1

Ocm

Table caption

1m

k v t, i/

1^ 1- 1

■ ■ • •: • I-*.'.-. : - - -.

^ ^ V ^ '5'“'; ^

‘,7 v'ri' > > >>

—

2m

Profile of S wall of TP2

Table caption

1m

Table caption

Ocm

Table caption

5cm

Table caption

10cm —

Profile of N wall of TPS

!i

Ocm—

ooi 11

10cm —

lm

surface vegetation/ sod dark organic soil sand/ gravel field stone/ bedrock charcoal lens tile/ tile fagment \ iron nail/ fragment ^ ceramic sherd bone fragment

-jk

Boulet Harbor (EeBr-13)

Profile of S wall of TP1

sterile gravel

Profile of S wail of TP2

Ocm—

^ — y. - \l _ k _ k—L

lOcm —

20cm —

30cm —

Profile of TPS wall

Ocm—-k—

10cm— \ \ \ 20cm— \

30cm—

50cm

Profile of TP4 wall

i, , 50cm

Ocm

10cm — 20cm — 30cm

Profile ofTP5 wall

Ocm

50cm

10cm— 20cm 30cm —

Profile of TP6 wall

,, , 50cm

Ocm

10cm —

20cm

30cm

clayey ' loam

Checatica (EhBn-1)

Profile of N wall of TPS

50cm

Profile of TP4 wall

)L

Profile of N wall of TPS

jL

Ocm

^40cm

Profile of TP6 wall

Ocm

50cm

lOcm — 20cm —

Profile of TP7 wall

Ocm

50cm

10cm — 20cm —

Section 6: Stratigraphy

!0i

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Section 7: Field Notes

(Note: individual unit data record sheets and profiles are not included due to repetition of Section 6 or spatial constraints.)

Mecatina 1 (EdBM) (2002)

We returned to this site found in 2001 to map and test it for a few days. We began by making a sketch map to use for making the transit marks.

This (top) view shows the northernmost room in the large longhouse (HI) with its blackberry/lichen veget. Floor, and Carrie with transit stadia rod, and Cristie and Alyssa at the southern end of the structure. H2 is located to the left adjacent to H1.

Fig. 7.1: Petit Mecatina I (EdBt-l),House I, view SiV

This shot shows view to north from end room (#5) in HI and Will Richard and Alyssa in north room of H2. Elevated platform room dividers are evident crossing from HI west to east walls.

Fig. 7.2: Petit Mecatina I (EdBt-l) House I, view NW

Section 7: Field Notes

103

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Fig 7J; Petit Mecatina l(EdBt-0!) Excavation Map

104

The Gateways Project 2002

We excavated the southern and northern ends of Room 1 which had the thick (50cm) cover of sphagnum and peat.

Nothing found except a possible hearth area at 4.5m south with a 20cm thick deposit of white sand streaked with dark stains that seemed more like charcoal than peat/humus. We took a sample for dating.

A schist rock was at the base of the sand, but this did not seem to be the origin of the sand- from rotten rock. The peat goes down to large cobbles and is ome areas, some smaller cobbles like those found as floors for the rooms. But in general this room differed from the others in lacking a small pebble and having a thick peat/veget.

Cover. We have no easy explanation for the presence of the veget/peat here and not in the other rooms. Enriched soil? More moisture?? The rooms in House 2 and 3 are covered with veget. Also.

Fig 7.4: PM-1, House-1, Room-1, view SfV

Fig. 7.5: Petit Mecatina I (EdBt-I) profile at 4.5m south

Section 1: Field Notes

105

This room was filled with peat and sphagnum moss, about 30-40cm thick, directly lying on the cobble floor of the room. No charcoal other cultural material was found in the peat and no sand or other deposits were found except in a small area (described previously). Two probable grindstones of schist and a more coarse grained rock were found here (but were not collected), and a single utilized quartz flake. This room had larger rocks on its floor and a slightly raised hearth area in the center, but no fire-cracked rocks or charcoal and no slate or flakes. Fewer small cobbles on the floor than most of the other rooms.

Fig 7.6: Peit Mecatina I (EdBT-1), House I, Room 1 excavated, view to Southwest

Fig. 7.7: Petit Mecatina I (EdBt-I), House I, Room I view to Northwest

106

The Gateways Project 2002

Petit Mecatina 1 (EdBt-1), House 1, Room 3

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Section 1: Field Notes

107

special pattern or function.

108

The Gateways Project 2002

Fig. 7.10: Petit Mecatina I (EdBt-I), House I, Room 4 view to northeast

This is a shot of a ‘typical’ room, viewed to NE- Room 4. With raised center hearth area and partitions on either side. Internal tloor area is about 2 meters wall to wall. Small cobbles on the floor on either side.

Fig. 7.11: Petit Mecatina I (EdBt-I), House I, Room 4 Fig. 7.12: Petit Mecatina I (EdBt-1), House 1, Room 4 view to west at 20S view to west at 18S

Floor of small cobbles meets wall which contains larger beach cobbles and (mostly) no small rocks. Where the actual wall of the house above ground met the rock wall is not indicated.

Section 7: Field Notes

109

Petit Mecatina 1 (EdBt-1), House 1, Room 5

We found fragments of slate spalled from at least one celt or gouge in the SW and SE part of the room. Some small fire cracked rocks in these areas but not enough to indicate a hearth. No chert or other flakes, or charcoal. The small pebbles seem to have been laid down upon the larger rocks set finnly in the beach, after about 30-50cm of the beach had been excavated, to make a floor.

Fig. 7.13: Petit Mecatina I (EdBt-1), House I, Room 5 view to west at 26S

The full length of House V viewed from the south end when fully excavated. Baseline #1 tape running down the middle. Hearths and partitions can be seen here. Full length of the house is 29 meters, so its five rooms averaged 5m in length each.

The southern most room in the house is the smallest and did not have a clear indication of a central hearth, but when we excavated the floor we found a raised area of basement rocks in its center. One or two rocks had fallen in from the walls, with the floor of smaller rocks extending beneath, making the floor larger than appeared.

Fig. 7.14: Petit Mecatina I (EdBt-1), House 1 view to north

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Fig 7.15: Petit Mecatina I (EdBt-I), House /, Room 5, collection sketch

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r

r- ^

^ f V

■(.‘1<f ff

F/g. 7./6; Celt/ Gouge from Petit Mecatina I (EdBt-1), House 1, Room 5

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Petit Mecatina 1 (EdBt-1), House 2

Fig. 7.17: Petit Mecatina I (EdBt-l), House 2 view to southwest

This house was in'egular in shape and angled slightly so that it centerline, 7 meters east of House 1, Room I angled into House one at its southern end. The first (northernmost) room was fully vegetated and we did no have time to excavate it. But Room 2 was mostly clear of vegetation and we dug that one and Room 3, which was smaller than the other two— about half the size of Rm 2 and one-third that of Rm 1. A worked quartz core, and a shattered flake of slate (green) found in the southern end of the room were the only cultural materials found. Its construction resembled House one- and it may have been contemporary, but there is no certainty of this. House 3 (vegetated) was a deep, large, irregular structure Im deep at the NE end. Not tested.

collection sketch

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Height A.S.L.: 54’

Lat/Long: N 50° 32.39. r W 59° 19.02.3’

Map Ref.: 12 J/ll

Culture: Probably Maritime Archaic

Tentative Dating: estimated 5-6,000 B.P.

Site Type/Seasonality: Boulder beach site with several cache pits and 5 or 6 house pits or floors, several connected.

Site Location: Found above the round ‘paddle tennis racket’ shaped lake above the pond northeast of the Petit Mecatina 1,2 locations (about 1.5km NE of them). The beach is set into a ‘v’ shaped notch in the granite hill with a scrub spruce thicket between the structures and the pond.

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Petit Mecatina 4 (EdBt-4), continued

Description of Site: Two or three large opened cache pits and several circular or sub-rectangular floors with raised rings/ walls around them. The lower set (of 4) appeared as though they might be connected in a longhouse rather than being independent structures. The upper 2 or 3 might also be connected but seem more likely not.

Areal Extent of Site: 50x25 meters

Raw Materials: nothing found- we were surveying in the rain Samples Taken: none

Remarks: An interesting site considering the nearby Mec. 1,2 sites. Possibly this is older, but the higher elevation might be a result of a choice to be above the pond and the beach crest that created it. The structures seemed to be less regularized and more like individual structures tan the Mec. 1 longhouse.

Photos: 1- 35mm color slide Surveyed by: Pitsiulak Crew Date: 3 August 2002

We spent a rainy morning mapping and digging at PM-4 and got a fairly good map thanks to the work of Gallon/Swan and Anja [recorder] and Alyssa [tent pole]. Enough to at least represent the general features of the site (see opposite page).

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Fig. 7.21: Petit Mecatina 4 (EdBt-4), site map

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Structure 2 seems to have been the earliest at the site, since its SW cottier is cut into by the cache 3 wall. And I think all the 3 caches (or at least c 2,3) belong to the Structure I complex. There seems to be no adjacent structure to Cl which is 25 meters below and south of the rest of the site.

in SW comer of S2 floor

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Petit Mecatiiia 4 (EdBt-4), continued

The S2 depression is about 75cni below the rest of the beach at this level and is roughly oval or subrectangular in shape. No really well prepared floor, but there is a layer of relatively small cobbles that are smaller than those in the intact beach, they were brought in for a floor.

We excavated this floor (S2) and found several pieces of slate and a possible slate celt blank. No chipped stone was noted. The usual are piece of limestone. Large beach cobbles and serious rocks were only one layer down, so other cultural materials may have disappeared into the beach. We briefly started to excavate Rm 2 in structure I but the weather got so bad we had to quit and head home. Nothing found. Rooms 1, 3, 4 all were vegetated (partly) and would take more time to ‘dig.’ All caches had been left in ‘opened’ condition by the last occupants. House I was a series of round/ sub-rectangular depressions (not deeply excavated as in the case of S2) with

The S2 walls were low and hardly at all mounded up at all. There were no obvious internal features like hearths that could be seen (even through veg. Cover). There remains the question of whether there are separate structures or units in a longhouse. There did not seem to be a continuous long wall on the upper and lower sides of the rooms, but the depressions were quite regular and aligned and contiguous. The location in a high, sheltered comer of the beach may indicate that the elevation at 54’ a.s.l. is higher that the actual shoreline of the time. There is a good chance that the sea level was below the major terrace that created the pond. This would have made the area veiy attractive— much more that the exposed shallow cove that would have existed if the sea was at he beaches above the pond. No way to prove this without typological or C14 dating. And the houses are not by themselves diagnostic of age.

Fig. 7.24: Petit Mecatina 4 (EdBt-4), Structure I alignement and caches view to south

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Hare Harbor 1 (formerly Petit Mecatina 3)

(EdBt-3)

Height A.S.L.: Oto ca. 30ft. (Area 1 excav. at a.s.l. 30.37’

Lat/Long.: 50° 33.73N 59° 18.12W

Map Ref.; Tete a Baleine 12J/11

Culture: Basque

Tentative Dating: ca 1600

Site Type/ Seasonality: See 2001 notes. This year’s work was to test several areas, try to identify oven and evidence of whaling, confirm/ establish the sites date etc.

Site datum was established on the rock ledge south of the site where most areas could be seen and plotted. Datum elevation was established by a point chiseled into the bedrock above the Area 1 excavation. See photos of this point and the bearing points used to cali brate the transit compass. Datum is 44.6’ a.s.l. or 13.6m.

Description of Site: We began work by clearing some of the alder bushes from the central area of the site, and cutting grass from the two relatively level areas Area 1 and 2. We selected A1 for our major area to excavate because a TP there had uncovered some large iron spikes and because A2 was wetter. Three other areas were tested with Ixlm (T.P. 3,4) and a 2x2m (T.P.2). Ten Ixlm squares were excavated in Area 1.

Areal Extent of Site: Entire area, from shelter to south ledge and east end of A1 to the shore contains Basque materials

Raw Materials: principally tiles, but also ceramics of various types, iron, charcoal, flint, lead- but no preserved organics identified so far.

Nature of Soils/Sedinients/Vegetations Cover; grassy, alders, and some Juniper under the dry areas of the shelter. There is a drainage (a seep more than a rivulet channel) through the central area of the site into the cove. Large amounts of water cascade from the cliff during heavy rains and have beaten a drip line into the vegetation along the shelter edge.

Collection Procedures: Controlled excavation-piece-plotted except for small pieces of tiles.

Samples Taken: Yes

Potential for further work: Major site for sure and this season’s tests show great promise for further work.

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Remarks: Some of the unusual findings include (1) the lack (so far) of any good evidence for blubber ovens; (2) the extensive deposits of large iron spikes; (3) abundance of tiles; (4) presence of a variety of ceramic types; (5) finding a large fragment of a thick soapstone lamp; (6)lack of evidence for organics in the drip line 2x2 square; (7)possibility of a de stroyed area under a major rockfall in the western end and along the shore, where 1 found a heavy tile deposit, and some ashy soils and tiles near shore where you expect the ovens to be located; (8) We also found a large hearth area in the south end of Area 1 and suggestions that the deposits continue up to the edge of the ledge, perhaps indicating a roof over the entire area from the ledge (used as a wall and support), out over Area 1—We surveyed other loca tions around hare Harbor trying to find other areas used for the ovens without success, but found later sites and ovens (seal). But so far the coves south of Hare Harbor and one spot along Hare Harbor’s south shore were not checked.

Photos: black and white: lots of 35m /Polaroid Color slides: plenty of 35mm and video Surveyed by: Pitsiulak team Date: 15 days in early-mid August 2002

Fig. 7.25: Hare Harbor 1 (EdBt-3), site view to northwest

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Fig. 7.27: Hare Harbor I (EdBt-3), Area I, excavation sketch map

These trenches were back-filled with a blue plastic tarp at the base of the refill earth to show the limit of our 2002 work and the point of new future work and to facilitate re-digging out. . .

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Fig. 7.30: Hare Harbor 1 (EdBt-3), Area /, 4E/IN artifact oulines

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Fig. 7.32: Hare Harbor / (EdBt-3). Area I, 4E/IS artifact oulines

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Fig. 7.38: Hare Harbor I (EdBt-3), Area I, 3E/3S artifact onlines

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DATUM POINTS

Fig. 7.40: Hare Harbor 1 (EdBt-3), datum and boulder marking Npoint

Fig. 7.41: Hare Harbor I (EdBt-3), MG pointing to carved ‘X’ marking M point for the transit

Fig. 7.42: Hare Harbor I (EdBt-3), chiseled point in center of 3 cairns marking the datum

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FIXED POINTS

Fig. 7.43: Hare Harbor I (EdBt-3),

tranist fixed point I

(top lefit corner ofirectangular boulder), view to NE

Fig. 7.45: Hare Harbor I (EdBt-3),

transit fixed point 3, view to south

Fig. 7.44: Hare Harbor I (EdBt-3), transit fixed point 2, view to west

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Rockfall Area

The western margin of the site is marked by a major rockfall that covers hillslope from the edge of the cliff to the water’s edge. It may not have occurred all at once, but the majority probably did. Tiles are found eroding from the bank below the fall, into the water, and I found many tiles in a test in the center of the fall and some of these were edged under rocks as though caught in the fall itself. Some were burned tiles, but none were found with blubber encrustation. Possibly some of this area was used as a dump, but if so some rocks were dumped also—unlikely. Shovel tests in the alders along the shore blow the rocks produced tile and ashy soil.

‘X’ marks the spot.

Fig. 7.46: Hare Harbor I (EdBt-3), rockfall area.

view to west , j j i ■

1 lies among and under rocks in

Rockfall area of site (west) detail of tile test comes hollow between major rock blocks

from the area shown by the arrow north of rock ‘A’

If this fall occurred during the site occupation it might have resulted in abandonment if it destroyed the ovens (or other features).

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Test Pit 2

This square began as a Ixlm T.P. in 2001 (NW comer of the 2x2) and was expanded in 2002 into a 2x2m unit. Started by Carrie, Cristie, Anja and Alyssa, it was finished by Alyssa. The culture layer was fairly thin, ca. 10cm, and rested on gravelly sand eroded from the shelter roof or cliff face. No organic remains found and not much except | tiles and nails/spikes, and not many of them. |

No special interest can be noted in the distribution of finds or rocks, and no evidence of structures or hearths. Considerable amounts of charcoal were found. It did not appear that following the culture level up into the more dry deposits would be productive but this probably should be done somewhere across the drip line. The latter crossed the southern half of this unit. The question of why there are cultural materials at all is an interesting one— whether Basques used the shelter for making tile-covered structures or bad weather facilities. There is quite a bit of dry shelter available if perched floors were constructed inside the dripline.

Fig. 7.47: Hare Harbor I (EdBt-3), Test Pit 2, view to east (dotted line marks dripline)

Test Pit 3 (Carrie Swan)

This square was planned to sample the northern rim of the bank for midden or other info, presence of features etc. The square produced thin deposits of Basque materials amidst blocky rocks in the culture level but no consistent pavement and seems mostly a scatter of materials/ activities. Somewhere in the bank there must be a stairway to easily climb this steep slope, and often muddy. . .

Fig. 7.48: Hare Harbor I (EdBt-3), Test Pit 3, view to west

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Test Pit 4 (Anja Herzog)

We excavated a Ixlm square at the upper part of the southern bank above the shore to see if there were midden deposits or other aspects of this area of the site. Most of the rocks in the culture layer were blocky, though one slab was present. What was most interesting was the variety of ceramics, which included faience and some bright floral patterns, a ribbed strap handle. Anja can complete the description; but some important features are the abundance of large charcoal chunks (sampled).

Fig. 7.49: Hare Harbor I (EdBt-3), Test Pit 4, 2nd level rocks, view to southeast

Fig. 7.50: Hare Harbor I (EdBt-3), Test Pit 4 ceramics (Ulus, by C. Swan)

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Area 1

A test pit in 4E/1N revealing large iron spikes prompted us to excavate this area. We had time only to dig a N-S and E-W trench to the floor level in the core area of the structure. In the southern and northern squares of the E-W trench we reached sterile bedrock or beach deposits. Time was not available to remove and dig beneath the floor slabs, or the large hearth feature that appeared at 3S/ 4E. fN the pit in the center of that feature we found glass and iron and ceramics 30cm below ground surface. That feature seems to extend south toward the ledge outcrop 2-3 meters. Most of the area between ON and 3S is paved with thick irregular slabs with a few blocky rocks on top with not much pattern. However there is a small hearth complex in 0N/4E (north) with charred rocks and oilencrusted stains that suggest an oil lamp was set in their midst. A portion of an oil lamp of soapstone was recovered from 3S/5E, probably a triangular Basque style lamp(?) but with some Neo-Eskimo features. This could be a cultural transfer if the Basque did not already use such devices of soapstone. There did not seem to be much pattern in the distribution of nails, but the larger spikes were mostly in the northern squares. The densest concentration of tiles was an apparent tile/charcoal dump in 6E/3S, in which tile and charcoal occuiTed in distinct layers, alternating. No iron slag evidence of forging or smelting was found here.

On the other hand the finds included thin drinking glass (goblet) and a variety of thin and medium thickness stoneware (grey exterior). Some other ceramic types occurred also, suggesting a residential and simply and industrial operation. No wood or bone tools survived, but a chunk of what appears to be wax was found. The northern-most square (Will’s) had no floor rocks at the level of the other squares, but its deposits continued down nearly to bedrock 20cm or so lower than the floor level in other squares. This may be a stmcture wall, but the present data suggest the entire area was a work or occupation site that at some point had part of its area paved to dry it out. This will be tested when we excavate below the floor slabs to se if it resembles the situation in the 1N/4E square. The large spikes high in the deposit may be a roof collapse (tiles also) after abandomnent—their absence in lower levels may result from renovation of roof and structure in which iron and tiles are salvaged and reused. The distribution of floor pavement will also be interesting in identifying the structure function and area.

When it rained heavily torrents of water streamed down through this area of the site—so water must have been a consideration.

Fig. 7.51: Hare Harbor I (EdBt-3), Area I, view to northwest

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4E/1N rWill Richard)

We extended the trench north to 4E/1N to use what happened with the hearth evidence found in the north half of 4E/0N, where we had found blubber stains on some rocks resting on the slab pavement. Some of the upper level rocks in southern part of 4E/1N also had charred blubber stains/residues, but there was no formal hearth. Perhaps a small temporary hearth or a place that had seen use of the soapstone lamp found in 5E/3S. There were very few finds in the upper levels in the north half of the unit—while lots of stuff was present in the southern half There was no pavement beyond the hearth to the north, however the lower area contained a tile-lined hearth (burned tiles

set on incline—see photo above), but the lower level of the east side had iron, tiles etc, even a lamp of wax-like material (a candle?). This black earth (char-stained) level rested on a sterile humified peat level at -30cm below surface that rested on bedrock. There did not seem to be a well-defined wall in this edge of the site. Cultural materials continue north of this square also. . .

Fig. 7.52: Hare Harbor I (EdBt-3), Area I, 4E/IN, west wall hearth

Fig. 7.53: Hare Harbor I (EdBt-3), Area I, 4E/IN

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4E/0N

Matt began digging this unit before starting the site map, and it was finished by Will Richard. The large blocky rocks were resting on floor slabs. Charred blubber stains marked 4or 5 of the rocks in the northern part of the square and one had a crescent shape like it had been next to a blubber lamp. Some slabs in NW comer were put in to level up the floor where some rocks jutted through from below. Good pavement slabs in the southern half of the unit. The origin of the large rocks on the floor is not clear—roof fall seems unlikely and they are not in any arrangement or having burned surfaces or spalled/ cracked appearance, from a fire. Possibly they were part of a cover, holding down canvas or

some other material laid down to cover the site when people left for the winter.

Fig. 7.54: Hare Harbor I (EdBt-3), Area I, 4E/ON

4E/3S

This unit has the northern part of a circular hearth feature in its southern half, with a pit in the center of the south wall.

Fire altered rock, cmmbling in NE comer. I could not dig much of the square because we need to keep this feature intact until the rest of the hearth can be exposed in the future. Artifacts found at the base of the hearth pit (though its bottom was not reached when we had to cease work this year).

Fig. 7.55: Hare Harbor I (EdBt-3). Area I, 5E/3S. hearth (north half), view to west

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Hare Harbor 1 (EdBt-3), continued

5E/3S

Large ‘hearth-looking’ rocks dominate, and a white crumbly rock/ sand deposit was found below the upper cultural level in the N. half of the square- fire burned rock, decayed, or a separate purposeful deposit is not yet known. This deposit had no artifacts in it and extended into 6E/3S.

Fig. 7.56: Flare Harbor I (EdBt-3),Area I, 5E/3S,

white bleached sand, view to west

6E/3S (Ania

Upper level had a pavement of small fragments of tile just under the sod broken into 3-5cm pieces and level as though prepared on purpose for filling, leveling up the ground. Beneath were alternating levels of charcoal and tile, perhaps representing dumping episodes. Below was black midden earth and in the NE comer a dump of mussel shells (B) 20x30cm and 4cm deep. The white sand/ gravel was present in the SW area beneath the tile level. Very few artifacts other than tiles. It seems

Fig. 7.57: Hare Harbor I (EdBt-3), Area I, 6E/3S, view to north

that the rocks in 5E/3S are related to the hearth in 4E, the grey sand deposit also. The 6E square seems outside the general activity area by absence of non-tile ceramics and iron.

Fig. 7.58: Hare Harbor I (EdBt-3), Area I,

A: tile fragment floor, view to east

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Height A.S.L.: 3-5m a.s.l. (GPS- 32ft a.s.l. NW comer of house)

Lat/Long: 50° 34’ 20.6”N 59° 18’ 00.8”W Map Ref.: 12J/11 Culture: European Tentative Dating: 18*'' c.?

Site Type/ Seasonality: Stone house foundation and oven; more recent 20thc occupations.

Site Location: On the shoreside opposite small islands about I km north of the narrows of Hare (Petit Mecatina) Harbor, south of the inner end of the narrow “finger” harbor with a large waterfall (this is probably Daniel Harbor proper).

Description of Site: The site occupies a small declivity with a tiny brook running along its south wall. On the low ridge to the north is a square field stone rock and mortar foundation built into the ledge, which forms its western wall. Built walls comprise three sides made with squared up local rock lightly mortared. There is a l.5meter pit inside the foundation that is filled with broken-down wall fragments and water. A well square-up door is found in the middle of the north wall. Test pits of 60cm by 60cm were excavated a few meters north and south of the house. A mounded-up stmcture was found in the lower part of the site, having at least one straight field stone wall (south side) and is about 4 meters across; wall breakdown also evident.

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Raw Materials: brick fragments (tiny lumps only), ceramics, pipe stem, nails, charred blubber. Nature of Soils/Sedinients/Vegetation Cover: Heavy growth of cunents, gooseben^ and grass.

Several 20thc. House and shed remains are still clearly seen in the lower part of the site area.

Areal Extent: 50x100 meters

Collection Procedure: 4 testpits excavated; two outside the stone house and 2 at the oven. See diagram

Samples Taken: Small collections from each test pit. Sampled the brick and the mortar also. Not a

huge amount of iron.

Potential for Further Work: Our collection may not be sufficient to establish a good dating, but the site would be interesting to excavate to establish the nature of an 18“’ c. oil processing site in this region. There is good bone preservation, which shows mostly seals in our samples, but a bit of whale bone was also found. The iron found was mostly small forged nails—no large spikes, and a band, perhaps a barrel hoop. At shoreside there are at least two sets of 1-1.5 inch diameter holes bored in the rocks with remnants of iron spikes in them for boat mooring.

Photos: B&W Polaroid; color 35mm slides and video snapshot Surveyed by: Pitsiulak crew Date: Aug. 9, 2002

Fig. 7.60: Daniel’s Harbor (EdBt-5), site overview, view to north

Site overview with stone house foundation at the left and oven/hearth mound off photo to right. Mooring bolt holes with iron rod remnants at shoreside- modem ones (including a cemented block) to north and old ones in the stream exit boulders.

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Fig. 7.61: Daniel's Harbor (EdBt-5), house foundation, view to northeast

House foundation with door in north wall. Field stones with some trimmed sides fixed with thin mortar.

Entryway in the north wall of the stone house, showing the nicely squared-up rocks.

Fig. 7.62: DanieFs Harbor (EdBt-5), house entryway, view to east

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Fig. 7.63: Daniel's Harbor (EdBt-5), site map

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Daniel’s Harbor (EdBt-5), continued

Fig. 7.65: Daniel’s Harbor (EdBt-5), sketch map

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Hare Harbor 2 (EclBt-6)

Height A.S.L.: 31ft.

Lat/Long: 50° 33.85’N 59° 17.070’W

Map Ref.: 12J/11

Culture; European

Tentative Dating: IS"" c.

Site Type/ Seasonality: Rock structure, house and midden.

Site Location: Located at the eastern end (northeast actually) of eastern end of the small pond that is set in away from the shore at the edge of the spruce thicket. The shore is about 75 meters away to SE across a small brook.

Description of Site: A pile of placed rock about 2x8 feet long first alerted me to this site, then the patch of currents and squash berries down the bank a few meters to the SE. The vegetation covers a midden and perhaps a house site itself, although I could not discern this in my first brief visit. The location next to the pond and approachable by boat from one of the narrow inlets here would make this an appealing site, but one that would be difficult to access except in calm weather as the surf surges into these inlets.

Fig. 7.66: Hare Harbor 2 (EdBt-6), site overview, view to southeast

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Areal Extent: 20x20 meters

Raw Materials: European ceramics, iron etc.

Nature of Soils/Sediments/Vegetation Cover: ‘Disturbed’ vegetation: grass, benaes etc. in the midst of a tundra and spruce setting.

Collection Procedure: one small shovel test in the middle of the midden patch. I did not attempt to see how thick the deposit was.

Samples Taken: Yes. Ceramics of various types, pipe stems and bowls, glass.

Potential for Further Work: Excellent single-component site with good excavation potential.

Rich deposit of artifacts.

Remarks: This was a very interesting surprise when I was really hunting for Basque ovens and related sites. The site is peculiar for its rich midden—which seems to be packed with pipe bowls (whole!) and stems, transfer print ceramics etc. and its location in a secluded area by exposed outer coast location where you might not be able to land a boat in anything but calm weather. The rock structure above the site is also interesting as it did not immediately seem to be a house foundation.

Photos: no camera brought on first visit Surveyed by: W. Fitzhugh Date: 8/11/02

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Hare Harbor 2 (EclBt-6), continued

Test Pit 1

After my initial discovery and shovel test,

Matt Gallon together with Perry Colboume and Will Richard returned to excavate a 75x50 cm test square in the center of the midden encompassing the original test. This showed that the site is extremely productive, producing large numbers of whole pipes and stem fragments, several different types of ceramics, iron, buttons, glass (including possibly fragments of a retort jar), a British type gun flint, but no bone or wood. Returning to look at the area and backfill the pit with Matt, we could make out the foundation of the house on the rock ridge above the midden between the midden and the pleasant, small pond a few meters to the north. The west wall of the structure has a line of rocks defining its

wall. The other walls are covered with brush and berries. Dimensions of the structure are about 8x5m. A very fine, productive 19“’ century site! Probably lived in fro 15-20 years. Single-component to be sure!

Fig. 7.68: Hare Harbor 2 (EdBt-6), house and midden, view to north

Fig. 7 . 69: Hare Harbor 2 (EdBt-6), Tes Pit I and house foundation, view to west

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Fig. 7.71: Hare Harbor 2 (EdBt-6), Test Pit I, ceramics (Ulus, by C. Swan)

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Fig. 7.74: Hare Harbor 2 (EdBt-6), Test Pit I, ceramics (Ulus, by C. Swan)

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Mutton Bay 3 (2002 revisit) (EeBs-3)

Culture: Maritime Archaic

Tentative Dating: 6000 B.P.?

Site Type/ Seasonality: Habitation site? Chipping station with boulder hearth features.

Site Location: See 2001 notes. We returned here to excavate a portion of the “in situ” deposits found at this ridge-crest site in 2001 and dug 2 Ixlm pits and one 2x2m pit encompassing one of the possible hearth features that was near a blowout where we found biface fragments previously (also hoped for a charcoal sample)

Description of Site: Located on a narrow granite ridge and may have been occupied when the

trough/valley to the east was a protected cove. This is the of a series of four small sites on this ridge, at progressively higher elevations, and the one with the greatest amount and diversity of debitage and artifacts.

Areal Extent: We mapped an area of 12xl2meters, but the cultural deposits continue 10-12m to south of T.P. 3 along the axis of the ridge.

Raw Materials: Slate, quartz, quartzite. No organics or charcoal.

Nature of Soils/Sedinients/Vegetation Cover: Thin moss and berries in part of the site. Patches of bare rock exist that seem to have been previously covered with thin soil and veget. But which eroded away, causing flakes to be washed down around the edges of the exposed granite hilltop. Artifacts and flakes were in upper humic soil, above a sterile peaty zone which lay directly on the bedrock.

Fig. 7 . 75: Mutton Bay 3 (EeBs-3), Test Pit /

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Collection Procedure: collected all but the large quartz and other rock cores and large flakes. Saved a sample of lithic types.

Samples Taken: Lithics only; also a small sample of “hearth ash” from TP I with a piece of shell or bone. This was on bedrock at the base of the deposit under a rock.

Potential for Further Work: Not a rich site but full-scale excavation of this site should produce some diagnostic tools.

Remarks: Disappointed not to find a sample of finished tools, considering the large amount of flakes and lithic types represented. This seems to be the pattern for all MA sites in the Mutton Bay area. The feature orientation suggests some linearity but could not be shown to be a “longhouse” complex since several hearth features on the crest of the ridge are not in the line of the TP 1&3 axis, which follows the sediment and major flake area as seen in the blown out areas. Most blowouts have stabilized and contain many flakes. Very little firecracked rock was found. The boulder hearths (if that is what they are) are unusual in MA structures from the Labrador perspective. No charcoal traces were found in the “hearths” but TP 1 had an area of clayey-ashy earth with bone or shell inclusion (sample taken) and may

have been a hearth deposit.

Photos: B&W Polaroid; 35mm color slides

Surveyed by: Pitsiulak team

Date: 8/20/02

Section 7 ; Field Notes

159

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160

The Gateways Project 2002

Section 7: Field Notes

161

Mutton Bay 3 (EeBs-3), continued

162

The Gateways Project 2002

Boulet Harbor (2002) (EeBr-13)

Culture: Basque and Later European Tentative Dating: 15-16thc. and later Site Type/ Seasonality: Seal hunting station as known to local people- major hatp seal migration

in Nov./Dec./ even Jan. now.

Site Location: This site is known locally as a major seal hunting location in late fall, and Goulet Hatbo> (EeBi-l3). Test Pit 2

as the site

of the Boulet trading post. Tony Mansbridge knew the old Boulet when he was a kid in Mouton Bay. Since then—in 1960’s—it has been occupied. The entire area is heavily overgrown with grass and cargelia, chest high.

Description of Site: See 2001 report. But this year we had 2 hours to survey and test. The tall grass and veget. made it difficult to see the structures and concentration areas.

Areal Extent: 300-400 meters along the tickle, 100-200m inland.

Nature of Soils/Sedinients/Vegetation Cover: High grass higher in most organically rich- enriched soils- with ‘pushki’(angelica?) in the richest areas.

Collection Procedure: We excavated a Ixlm T.P. in last year’s WF shovel test (T.R 31): TP-2 east of stone house foundation; TP3 (WF)

Samples Taken: near wood capstan; TP4 near shore west of capstan; TP 5 in a structure against a hillside; TP6 mound south of pond; samples taken from each of these test pits.

Fig. 7.80: Boulet Harbor (EeBr-I3), Test Pit 2

Section 7: Field Notes

163

Remarks: Basque material is everywhere on the point and from here to pond. Various periods of European post-Basque occupation will be present from mid 1600s to present. This is a key economic region fro this area of the coast.

This year we had time to make a more thorough investigation of the Boulet site, with two excavated test pits and several shovel tests. There seem to be Basque tiles covering an extensive area of the site over several hundred meters along the tickle shore and I was not able to check the western shore beyond the isthmus. However, our tests did not reveal much non-tile ceramics so far, nor much iron. The major residential area for the Basque may be in the cement foundation area. Nor did we find any ovens. However there is a heavilyvegetated strip of ground right on the shore at the east end of the tickle that would be a likely area for such activity. Probably many post-Basque occupants of the site had oil rendering facilities here. Fascinating site- but complex, with many and perhaps continuous occupations after 1600.

Photos: late in afternoon with poor light & fog only few B&W photos; a few color slides looking west from hill top

Surveyed by: Pitsiulak

Date: 8/20/02

Fig. 7.81: Boulet Harbor (EeBr-13), site map

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The Gateways Project 2002

Boulet Harbor (EeBr-13), continued

Test Pits

TPl- old WF shovel test of 2002. Matt and Cristie dug this year a 1x1 m test here. 15cm deep

to sterile gravel with many Basque tiles. Not much else. No organics. Considerable number of burned tiles.

TP2- About 20m east of the concrete foundation. Cultural layer of 20cm ending on bedrock.

Tiles, charcoal, a few small nails, and on green glazed sherd. The small nails (one was in place in wood when excavated) many belong to the later occupation of the site.

TP3- Shovel test a few meters west (NW) of the wooden capstan in ‘pushki’- 25cm of black earth with ceramics, iron, glass. 19‘'’-20‘^ century.

TP4- Shovel test in ‘pushki’ in center of small promontory east of indentation in shore ca 25m West of capstan tiles.

TPS- Shovel test in center of a hollow (foundation) near the hillside rising west of the ‘isthmus’ between the inner harbor and the boat hauling notch on the tickle side. Dry sandy deposit with at least 25cm of cultural deposit containing many bones, most of which are seal, I think. Very good preservation. Several collapsed sherds or buildings are found up against this hillside, probably dating to the Boulet operation.

TP6- I checked the grassy slope rising toward the marsh/pod and it seems grassy mostly due to lots of moisture seeping out of the pond, which is the fresh water for the site. Some lumps in this grassy slope may be rock outcrops rather than foundations/structures, which I thought at first. But, south of the pond was a conical grassy knoll about 10m in diameter and 3 meters high which looked unnatural and when I tested it I found pieces of red ceramic and then a substantial piece of tile. Soil here was tan clayey loam without charcoal. I have no idea what this structure is, if it is a structure and not natural, but it is worth investigating.

Section 7: Field Notes

165

^istaiioque Island (2002) (EhBn-2)- addendum

See 2001 notes.

Two young men in their late 20s were at the house at the SW comer of harbor cove and one showed us the ‘old burial ground’ (ace. To his grandparents) with its remains of a heavy iron wire fence. II thought maybe this was to keep animals but perhaps there was something else here. The vegetation in the area is lumpy moist tundra w/ berries and not grassy. Another area of fence was across the bog he said. These guys were freckled and red-haired and had come back from Canada where they are working during the winter to have a holiday at their old summering place. Do not remember their names now.

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The Gateways Project 2002

Checatica Island (2002 return) (EhBn-1)

Height A.S.L.: 10-20 feet

Military Grid Ref.: 5P 16.079N 58° 11.80W

Map Ref.: 12-0/8

Culture: European (probably)

Tentative Dating: 18-19'^ c.

Site Type/ Seasonality: Seal hunting / processing site with sod walled foundations, middens. Harp seals Nov/Dec - Jan.

Site Location: At the tickle in the nanows (East pass) on the east-facing shore. See 2001 field notes.

Description of Site: A small area of raised beach only 50x50 meters at the top of the beach slope seems to be the main occupation area; although there are high grasses and beivy bushes down the east-facing slope to the shore. This may result from enriched nutrients in the drainage rather than cultural deposits, but these slopes need to be tested, and have not been so far. We excavated 5 test pits here in 1.5 hours of a brief visit. The grass and berry bushes are so tall you can’t really make out the ground features. There appear to be 4-5 residences or structures in the upper area of the site.

Fig. 7.83: Checatica I (EhBn-1), site overview with TP locations

Section 7: Field Notes

167

Areal Extent: 50x100 meters

Raw materials: European materials

Nature of Soils/Sedinients/Vegetation Cover: Very rich black charcoal enriched soil present in all the areas having ‘culture’ vegetation. Most deposits in our tests were 15-20cm thick.

Collection Procedure: Test pit collections- no further control used within pits as they were only ca. .6-1 M square.

Samples Taken: Yes. Cultural materials were found in every-tested area, but we did not have time to test the heavily-vegetated beach slopes.

Potential for Further Work: This could be a very interesting site to do major excavations at.

Remarks: The tallest grass and berry bushes I’ve ever seen (at an arch. Site) are found on this site due to organic enrichment. Cultural deposits range from 20-50cm thick (and more in struc tures). The test ring (TP-7) seemed at first like an Inuit tent ring with sleeping platfonn, but this may not be the case at least it should be looked at more closely after the veg. Is cleared.

Conclusion

Last year we thought this site might be an early Inuit site with ‘winter sod dwellings, but this year’s work suggests that the structures are not Inuit-style but European, and the collections from last year are not as early as originally thought. However, it is probably an important early seal fishery location and seems to have had dwellings or shops with sod/rock walls. Test Pit 6 (Anja’s) revealed a portion of a plank or log structural element—partially preserved.

Fig. 7.84: Checatica I (EhBn-1), site map

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The Gateways Project 2002

Test Pits

TP 3- Near the location of TP I of 2001, only a meter or so away. 1 thought this might be the entrance area (or passage) of an limit house. Probably not. Part of the two mound flanking this area are not explored and seem connected to the structure (hearths? Furnaces?). There is a line of rocks running parallel to the ridge that seems part of the complex.

TP 4- Black earth under grass/berries down to sterile beach, ca 25cm with artifacts and some bones. There is a very clear rectangular structure here and we put the pit in its center. Another possible structure lies between TP 4 and TP 5 but with the grass so high we could not be sure.

TP 5- 60cm TP ion center of a rectangular structure. In addition to an iron crampon, this square had a wood beam or structural timber miming N-S through it. Black earth, bones in ~35cm deposit (bottom of deposit wall not reached- says Anja).

TP 6- I excavated this TP in the ‘open beach (not in an obvious structure) to see what types of

deposits were in the open areas. Lots of bones (mostly harp seal) and artifacts including a large lead ball (musket shot?) that had a strange indented surface dog-chewed? (Probably not since the holes are rectangular or triangular and deep.) Brick fragments but no Basque tile were found. Black earth deposit 15cm. Deep on sterile beach gravel.

Mistanoque Island note:

This island is mislabeled on the maps and charts according to 2 young men 1 met living in the house on the south-west side of the harbor cove on Mistanoque Island, just west of Checatica. They said their island was really “Checatica” and that the island labeled “Checatica” on the chart was called “McConnell” or something like that. They showed me an old wire fence in the field behind their house that they said their grandparents said had been an old graveyard (Indian or Eskimo). To me the iron did not seem terribly old, but who knows. . .

Section 7; Field Notes

169

Checatica Island (EhBn-1), continued

TP 7- this structure was noted by Perry

Colboume and it seemed to suggest an Inuit tent ring with a sleeping area de fined, but the rocks seem now to be less distinctive and the collections look 18/19'^ c. European.

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The Gateways Project 2002

Belles Amours Pointe (2002)

(EiBi-19)

Height A.SX.: 43 ft (GPS)

Military Grid Ref.: 51° 27.169N 57° 26.490W

Map Ref.: 12-P/6

Culture: Maritime Archaic (?)

Tentative Dating: Beta 170395; 3930±90 B.P. uncalib.

Site Type/ Seasonality: Rock structure found in 2001 with 2 rooms, 2 cache pits associated with structure.

Site Location: On the second terrace above the shore, and below the highest terrace at B.A. Point just as the terrace terminates above the 'boulder’ pond.

Description of Site: Found at dusk in August 2001. Site has two shallow depressions dug about 40 cm into the level of the boulder beach. Two rooms (if not adjacent separate structures) separated by. about a 2-meter wide strip of unexcavated beach. Small 1.5m diameter cache pits outside the stmctures. See excavation map.

Areal Extent: 10x4 meters Raw materials: grey slate, quartz

Nature of Soils/Sedinients/Vegetation Cover: cladonia and empetrum, Labrador tea inside both rooms, but covering only parts of each structure. Where vegetation existed there was a thin peat cover directly over the beach cobbles and in some areas, a dark brown-black soil 3-5cm thick composed of sand (eroded from cobbles?) and decomposing peat.

Fig. 7.87: Belles Amours Pointe (EiBi-19), view to south before excavation

Section 7: Field Notes

171

Pointe Belles Amours (EiBi-20), continued

Fig. 7.88: Belles Amours Pointe (EiBi-l9), view to south after excavation

Collection Procedure: Full excavation was made of these two structures.

Samples Taken: 3 charcoal samples (#3 is the only one with lumps of charcoal remaining and the best to date— Others are C-stained soil.)

Potential for Further Work: Not now- entire site area has been excavated.

Remarks: This site did not produce any diagnostic tools and nothing that is really diagnostic of maritime Archaic, except the presence of quartz flakes and some probable flakes of slate with ground surfaces; also a small grindstone tablet. The charcoal was the most important find, but samples 1 and 2 may not have any chunks—only char-stained soil. Some of the humified peat seemed black like it contained charcoal, but we could not be sure and sampled 1(1,2) what seemed like charcoal stained soil, but it needs checking. [Microscopic analysis failed to locate and charcoal] Sample 3 from the NE comer of room 2 had some real chunks of charcoal. The samples were all from beneath the peat and in the interstices of the cobble floor in the same deposit where we found flakes.

Site elevation is fairly high and should correspond with late MA in this region. However, the structure is not “typical” of Labrador Late MA and does not have the regular multi-room pattern as the Petit Mecatina 1 site, because of the wide “divider” between the rooms and the different (orthogonal) axis of the two rooms.

Photos: B&W Polaroid; 35mm color slides, video still Surveyed by: Pitsiulak team Date; 21 August 2002

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Section 7: Field Notes

173

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174

The Gateways Project 2002

06/01/06