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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 611

Lace Bug Genera of the World, II: Subfamily Tinginae: Tribes Litadeini and Ypsotingini (Heteroptera: Tingidae)

Richard C. Froeschner

Smithsonian Institution Press

Washington, D.C.

2001

ABSTRACT

Froeschner, Richard C. Lace Bug Genera of the World, II: Subfamily Tinginae: Tribes Litadeini and Ypsotingini (Heteroptera: Tingidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 611, 28 pages, 20 figures, 2 tables, 2001.—This is the second of a planned series providing aids (keys and dorsal habitus drawings of the type species of each genus) for identifying the world's genera of Tingidae and in some cases their included species; it treats two tribes of the subfamily Tinginae: Litadeini Drake and Ruhoff and Ypsotingini Drake and Ruhoff (with tables of distribution of the genera).

For the tribe Litadeini, 14 genera are keyed. To the single genus, Litadea China, cataloged in this tribe by Drake and Ruhoff (1965a), subsequent literature added 10 genera and herein Cephalidiosus Guilbert, Cottothucha Drake and Poor, and Palauella Drake are transferred into the tribe. Keys are given to species of four genera: two in Aristobyrsa, two in Cephalidiosus, two in Psilobyrsa, and five in Stragulotingis; all other genera of Litadeini contain a single species.

For the tribe Ypsotingini, seven genera and two subgenera are keyed. In this paper Euaulana austrina Drake is made a junior synonym of Chorotingis indigena Drake, and Ypsotingis chlaina Drake and Ruhoff is transferred to the genus Engyotingis, in the tribe Tingini, and forms the new combination Engyotingis chlaina (Drake). Keys to species are given for three genera: two species in Dictyotingis, two in Euaulana Drake, and five in Ypsotingis Drake. Of the other four genera, Chorotingis has one species, Derephysia has 16 species, Dictyonota has 28 species, and Kalama has 28 species. Keys for the latter three genera were not included because of lack of specimens at hand.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Annals of the Smithsonian Institution. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus).

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Froeschner, Richard C.

Lace bug genera of the world / Richard C. Froeschner.

p. cm.—(Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 611)

Includes bibliographical references (p.) and index.

Contents: 1. Introduction, Subfamily Tinginae (Heteroptera: Tingidae) I. Title. II. Series.

QL.1.S54 no. 611 [QL523.T5] 591 s-dc20 [595.7′54] 95-5558 CIP

art The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48—1984.

Lace Bug Genera of the World, II: Subfamily Tinginae: Tribes Litadeini and Ypsotingini (Heteroptera: Tingidae)

Richard C. Froeschner

____________

Richard C. Froeschner, Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560-0105.

Review Chairman: John M. Burns, Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560-0127.

Reviewers: John D. Lattin, Department of Entomology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-1907; Carl W. Schaefer, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3043; and Randall T. Schuh, Department of Entomology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024-5192.

Introduction

This is the second part of a planned series of papers offering aids for identifying the known genera of the Tingidae of the world and their included species (subject to specimen availability).

The family Tingidae contains two subfamilies: the Cantacaderinae and the Tinginae. The genera of the Cantacaderinae were treated by Froeschner (1996).

The present paper treats two of the three tribes in the subfamily Tinginae. As recognized herein, tribe Litadeini contains 13 genera, an increase of 12 genera over the original lone genus, the nominate Litadea China, cataloged by Drake and Ruhoff (1965a). The tribe Ypsotingini includes the seven genera listed in the Drake and Ruhoff (1965) catalog, but the concepts and definitions of some of those seven differ significantly from their catalog listing.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—The acknowledgments and explanations given in the Introduction to Part I of this series (Froeschner, 1996) have general application here, except that 19 of the illustrations in this part are by Elsie Herbold Froeschner, and one is by G. Hodebert; the latter was lent by E. Guilbert, Muséum National d'Historie Naturelle, Paris, France. Helpful reviews of this manuscript were made by T.J. Henry, United States Department of Agriculture (U.S.D.A.), Systematic Entomology Laboratory at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.; S.L. Keffer, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia; and Alfred G. Wheeler, Department of Entomology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, and by John D. Lattin, Carl W. Schaefer, and Randall T. Schuh (see footnote). For consultations on the ICZN Rules of Nomenclature I am indebted to F.C. Thompson, U.S.D.A., Systematic Entomology Laboratory at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., and the late C.W. Sabrosky. For matters of name translations I am indebted to the late George Steyskal.

Subfamily TINGINAE Laporte

TINGIDITES Laporte, 1833:47.

TINGINAE (Laporte).—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:42. [The synonymy given by Drake and Ruhoff (1965a:42) inadvertently omitted the name “Monanthiini” of Costa (1855:293) that Drake and Ruhoff (1960:31) had earlier listed under the subfamily Tinginae with the designation “new synonymy.”]

DIAGNOSIS.—The depression of the clavi below the level of the mesocorium and their reduction in size so that they do not meet to form a claval suture distinguish this subfamily from the subfamily Cantacaderinae. In most species of the subfamily Tinginae these reduced clavi are obscured from view by the large, triangular extension of the pronotal posterior margin.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—The subfamily Tinginae is well represented in all major zoogeographic areas.

COMMENTS.—This subfamily, although strongly delimited by the derived condition of the depressed clavi, is otherwise extremely variable in external characters. This variability led to a number of efforts to subdivide it, at least tribally, as attested to by the many synonyms listed by Drake and Ruhoff (1965a:42). The tribes thus proposed were generally based on material from limited geographic areas and, when considered in the light of more extensive faunas, the defining characters of nearly all these groups graded into those of other groups so that they were untenable.

Drake and Ruhoff's world catalog (1965a: 17–18) offered a key to three tribes: Tingini (to be treated in a later part of the present series), Litadeini, and Ypsotingini, the latter two designated as “new.” Unfortunately, a delay in publishing that catalog caused it to appear after a Drake (1964) paper on Euaulana Drake in which he was referring to that catalog when he wrote (page 37):

Drake and Ruhoff (1964, in press) have segregated the subfamily Tinginae into three tribes as follows: (1) Tingini with more than 200 genera; (2) Litadeini with only 1 genus; and (3) Ypsotingini with 7 genera.

Ypsotingini can be distinguished from the other two tribes by these features: head very long, greatly extended in front of the eyes, usually surpassing apex of first antennal segment, sometimes even that of the second; all tarsi slender as in Tingini.

Thus, Ypsotingini was clearly characterized and established in Drake's 1964 paper and so is available as of that date. Litadeini was a nomen nudum in the 1964 paper because there was no statement of defining characters; its validity must date from Drake and Ruhoff (1965a: 18–19) where it was first defined in the key (conclusions confirmed by F.C. Thompson).

A modified version of Drake and Ruhoff's (1965a: 18–19) key is given below.

Key to Tribes of the Subfamily Tinginae

Tribe LITADEINI Drake and Ruhoff

LITADEINI Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:18, 42.

DIAGNOSIS.—Litadeini is the only group of Tingidae in which the second tarsal segment is distinctly wider than the first.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—This tribe was originally proposed and cataloged for a single species from Rodriguez Island in the Indian Ocean. Subsequently added genera from South America, Africa, Fiji, New Guinea, and New Caledonia show the tribe's range to be Pan-Tropical.

COMMENTS.—Drake and Ruhoff (1965a:42) cataloged only the nominate genus in this tribe, but later that same year (1965b) they added two more genera. Subsequent authors added seven more, and herein three more are transferred into the tribe—making a total of 13 genera.

The functional significance of the tarsal modification has not yet been reported from observations on living insects. It is interesting to note that in most of these genera the labium is rather short, often not reaching the metasternum.

TABLE 1.—Geographic distribution of species of modern genera in the tribe Litadeini (numbers = number of species).

Key to Genera in the Tribe Litadeini

FIGURE 1.—Aeopelys neata, natural length 3.2 mm.

Genus Aeopelys Drake and Ruhoff

FIGURE 1

Aeopelys Drake and Ruhoff, 1965b:247 [type species: Aeopelys neata Drake and Ruhoff, monobasic].

DIAGNOSIS.—The division of the hemelytral surface into basal two-thirds with small cells and apical one-third with contrastingly large, hyaline cells marks this genus from all others in the tribe. Length is 3.2 mm.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—New Guinea.

ETYMOLOGY.—Aeopelys (feminine): aioretos, Greek, suspended, plus pelyc, pelykos, Greek, bowl, in reference to the reflexed paranota forming an elevated, inverted bowl above and concealing the pronotal dorsum.

COMMENTS.—The original description of the type species, A. neata, described the labium as reaching only between the anterior coxae. Examination of the holotype, however, revealed that the tip of the labium is concealed in the body cavity. The first two and one-half segments are exposed and reach the anterior margin of the mesosternum; the apical one and one-half segments are covered but probably would lie on the mesosternum. Apparently the head and prothorax had become detached (a not uncommon happening in cabinet specimens of lace bugs) and in gluing them back on, the tip of the labium was accidently inserted into the mesothoracic cavity.

List of Aeopelys Species

Aeopelys neata Drake and Ruhoff, 1965b:247 [New Guinea].

Genus Aristobyrsa Drake and Poor

FIGURE 2

Aristobyrsa Drake and Poor, 1937:164 [type species: Leptobyrsa latipennis Champion, monobasic].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:91.

DIAGNOSIS.—The strongly elevated, tumidly swollen discoidal area coupled with the basal part of the costal margin projecting broadly cephalad of the hemelytral articulation distinguishes this genus within the tribe. Length ranges from 5.0 to 5.6 mm.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—Panama, Peru, and Brazil.

ETYMOLOGY.—Aristobyrsa (feminine): arista, Latin, hair-like extension of grain, plus byrsa Greek, skin, probably in reference to the numerous long hairs on the surface of the antenna.

COMMENTS.—In the Drake and Ruhoff catalog (1965a:91) this genus was listed in the tribe Tingini, but Froeschner (1969:129) transferred it to the tribe Litadeini on the basis of the expanded second tarsal segments.

List of Aristobyrsa Species

Aristobyrsa latipennis (Champion).—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:91.

Leptobyrsa latipennis Champion, 1897:25 [Panama].

Aristobyrsa uaupesensis Carvalho and Costa, 1992:443 [Brazil].

Key to Aristobyrsa Species

FIGURE 2.—Aristobyrsa latipennis, natural length 5.3 mm.

Genus Cephalidiosus Guilbert, new tribal assignment

FIGURE 3

Stenotrachelus Guilbert, 1998:17, preoccupied [type species: Stenotrachelus megapharsus Guilbert, original designation].

Cepalidiosus Guilbert, 1999:15 [proposed as new name for preoccupied Stenotrachelus].

DIAGNOSIS.—Among the genera of this tribe with the greatly expanded, multiseriate (3 or more rows of cells) costal area, this genus can be recognized by the presence of three cephalic spines, first antennal segment 3 to 4 times as long as second, a simple uninflated collar, and narrow, uniseriate paranota.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—New Caledonia.

ETYMOLOGY.—Cephalidiosus (masculine): cephalo, Greek, head, lus diosus, dios, Greek, for Zeus, chief of the Greek gods.

COMMENT.—Cephalidiosus was originally described, with the preoccupied name Stenotrachelus, in the tribe Tingini. But the fine illustration with the original description shows the expanded second tarsal segment characteristic of this tribe and necessitates its reassignment here.

List of Cephalidiosus species

Cephalidiosus megapharsus (Guilbert).—Guilbert, 1999:15.

Stenotrachelus megapharsus Guilbert, 1998:19 [New Caledonia]

Cephalidiosus mesopharsus (Guilbert).—Guilbert, 1999:15.

Stenotrachelus mesopharsus Guilbert, 1998:20 [New Caledonia].

FIGURE 3.—Cephalidiosus megapharsus, natural length 4.1 mm. (Courtesy of E. Guilbert.)

Key to Cephalidiosus Species

FIGURE 4.—Cottothucha oceanae. natural length 3.1 mm.

Genus Cottothucha Drake and Poor, new tribal assignment

FIGURE 4

Cottothucha Drake and Poor, 1941:162 [type species: Cottothucha oceanae Drake and Poor, monobasic].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a: 162.

DIAGNOSIS.—The very long, high, median carina forming a pronotal cyst that is continuous to and abruptly constricted just before the tumidly tectate swollen apex of the posterior pronotal process separates this genus from other genera in the tribe. Length ranges from 3 to 3.1 mm.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—Philippine Islands and Moluccas.

ETYMOLOGY.—Cottothucha (feminine): kotto, Greek, head, plus thucha, a meaningless fragment of generic name Corythucha, probably to indicate the presence of a prominent pronotal cyst somewhat like that on Corythucha.

COMMENTS.—The genus Cottothucha, described before proposal of the tribe Litadeini, was originally placed in the tribe Tingini where it was also cataloged by Drake and Ruhoff (1965a: 162); examination of specimens found the broadened second tarsal segment that necessitates its present transfer to the tribe Litadeini.

The only included species shows considerable variation in the size and number of cells on the pronotal cyst. The two paratypes at hand from Amboina have these cells small, their transverse diameter never more than one-half the width of the head, whereas a small series from the Philippine Islands has the dorsal surface of the cyst on each side of the median vein with a single row of very wide (more than three-fourths of head width), transverse cells occupying most of the dorsal surface. A somewhat larger series from New Guinea contains a graded variety of cell size from the broad, transverse ones to small cells almost as small as those on the Amboina specimens. Examination of more specimens would be helpful.

FIGURE 5.—Holophygdon melanesica, natural length 3.3 mm.

List of Cottothucha Species

Cottothucha oceanae Drake and Poor, 1941:163 [Amboina],—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a: 162.

Genus Holophygdon Kirkaldy

FIGURE 5

Holophygdon Kirkaldy, 1908:364 [type species: Holophygdon melanesica Kirkaldy, monobasic].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:243.

DIAGNOSIS.—The broadly reflexed, strongly convex paranota (meeting in a straight line above the midline of the pronotum) coupled with the elongate first antennal segment (length equal to width of head across eyes) plus the uniformly large cells for the full length of the exposed, broad costal area permit ready recognition of Holophygdon within the tribe Litadeini. Length ranges from 3.2 to 3.5 mm.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—Fiji Islands.

ETYMOLOGY.—Holophygdon (feminine): G.E. Steyskal interpreted this name as a modified spelling of olophygdon = olophlectis, a large pimple, undoubtedly referring to the large, hollow cyst formed by the reflexed paranota.

COMMENTS.—Drake and Ruhoff (1965a:243) cataloged this genus in the tribe Tingini, but in the same year (1965b:247) they transferred it to the tribe Litadeini.

List of Holophygdon Species

Holophygdon melanesica Kirkaldy, 1908:364 [Fiji].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:243.

Holophygdon melanesica fusca Drake and Poor, 1943:205 [Fiji].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:244.

Holophygdon melanesica melanesica Kirkaldy [see species above],—Drake and Poor, 1943:205.

Key to Subspecies of Holophygdon melanesica

Genus Larotingis Drake

FIGURE 6

Larotingis Drake, 1960:357 [type species: Larotingis aporia Drake, monobasic].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:252.

DIAGNOSIS.—In contrast to all other members of this tribe, Larotingis is the only genus with the costal area so reduced on the basal three-fourths that the outer limiting vein of the subcostal area appears fused with the costal margin. Length ranges from 2.6 to 3.6 mm.

FIGURE 6.—Larotingis aporia, natural length 2.7 mm.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—New Guinea and Philippine Islands.

ETYMOLOGY.—Larotingis (feminine): laros, Greek, lovely, plus tingis, name of typical lace bug genus, reflecting the pleasant feeling created “in the eye” of the proposer of the name.

COMMENTS.—This genus was described before the currently accepted tribes Litadeini and Ypsotingini were erected; it was cataloged in the Tingini by Drake and Ruhoff (1965a:252) but was transferred to the Litadeini by Froeschner (1969:129).

List of Larotingis Species

Larotingis aporia Drake, 1960:357 [New Guinea].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a: 252.

Larotingis etes Drake and Ruhoff, 1961:165 [Philippine Islands]; 1965a:252 [new synonymy]. [The above synonym resulted from comparison of holotypes of both “species” and a male and female collected in New Guinea in 1961. The characters described as differentiating the two are bridged. The occipital spines on the holotype of L. aporia reach a line connecting the anterior margins of the eyes, whereas in the other two New Guinea specimens they either reach about half way to the eye or they reach the posterior one-third of the eye; on the holotype of L. etes they are only about twice as long as wide and reach only the posterior one-fourth of the eye. The pale mark post-midlength on the costal area of the holotype of L. aporia extends across the subcostal vein onto the hemelytral membrane, but in the other two specimens that mark is much less extensive and is restricted to the costal area (not including the subcostal vein) as it is on the holotype of L. etes. The differences in antennal lengths described for the two holotypes (1 male, 1 female) show on the male and female of the 1961 New Guinea specimens and appear to represent a sexual dimorphism. The third labial segment of the holotype of L. aporia is deformed and the apex of the beak is bent away from the body, making it appear short and not reaching the middle of the metasternum; if the apex is projected as though the beak were lying against the sternum, it does reach almost to the basal one-third of the metasternum. Thus, the separation of the two “species” disappears and the synonymy results]

Genus Litadea China

FIGURE 7

Litadea China, 1924:438 [type species: Litadea delicatula China, monobasic].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:42.

DIAGNOSIS.—The reduction of the paranotum to a simple carina, the absence of cephalic spines or tubercles, and the lack of setigerous tubercles on the antennae and forelegs combine to mark this genus within the tribe. Length is 3.9 mm.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—Rodriguez Island of the Mascarene Islands.

ETYMOLOGY.—Litadea (used as feminine): G.E. Steyskal interpreted this for me as a newly coined word.

List of Litadea Species

Litadea delicatula China, 1924:439 [Rodriguez Island].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:42.

FIGURE 7.—Litadea delicatula, natural length 3.9 mm.

FIGURE 8.—Oecharis apeuthes, natural length 2.4 mm.

FIGURE 9.—Ogygotingis insularis, natural length 3.2 mm.

Genus Oecharis Drake and Ruhoff

FIGURE 8

Oecharis Drake and Ruhoff, 1965b:280 [type species: Oecharis apeuthes Drake and Ruhoff, monobasic].

DIAGNOSIS.—The prominent cyst formed by the broadly reflexed paranota that meet in a straight line above the midline of the pronotum plus the conical apex of the head combine to permit ready recognition of this genus within the tribe. Length is 2.4 mm.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—Georgia Island (one of the Solomon Islands).

ETYMOLOGY.—Oecharis (feminine): oios, Greek, unique, plus charis, Greek, grace, probably in recognition of the unusual structure of this insect.

COMMENTS.—This genus was originally described as a member of the tribe Tingini, but the second tarsal segment, even though it is somewhat elongate and not quite as wide as in genera such as Holophygdon and Litadea, is decidedly broader than the first tarsal segment and has the bristle-like hairs in a ventral concavity; thus, it must be assigned to the tribe Litadeini, as it was by Froeschner (1969:129).

List of Oecharis Species

Oecharis apeuthes Drake and Ruhoff, 1965b:280 [Solomon Islands].

Genus Ogygotingis Drake

FIGURE 9

Ogygotingis Drake, 1948a:149 [type species: Teleonemia insularis China, monobasic].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:308.

FIGURE 10.—palauella gressitti, natural length 2.5 mm.

FIGURE 11.—Psilobrysa aechemeae, natural length 2.8 mm.

DIAGNOSIS.—The presence of seven cephalic spines plus the narrow, subparallel outline distinguish this genus from all others in the tribe. Length is 3.2 mm.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—Rodriguez Island of the Mascarene Islands.

ETYMOLOGY.—Ogygotingis (feminine): ogygius, Greek, ancient, plus tingis, generic name of the typical lace bug genus, of no special application to this group of insects.

COMMENTS.—The single species of this genus is interesting in possessing a pair of spines of which one arises at the anteromesal angle of each eye. Superficially, these spines appear to be an extension of the long occipitals that almost reach the base of the close-set frontals, but a lateral view reveals their separate origin. No comparably located pair of spines has been detected on any other species of Tingidae.

This genus was cataloged in the tribe Tingini by Drake and Ruhoff (1965a:308) but was transferred to the Litadeini by Froeschner (1969:129).

List of Ogygotingis Species

Ogygotingis insularis (China).—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:308.

Teleonemia insularis China, 1924:436 [Rodriguez Island].

Genus Palauella Drake, new tribal assignment

FIGURE 10

Palauella Drake, 1956a:110 [type species: Palauella gressitti Drake, monobasic].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:313.

DIAGNOSIS.—The three elongate, finger-like processes projecting horizontally forward from the anterior margin of the head differentiate this genus from all others in the family. Length is 2.5 mm.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—Palau Islands.

ETYMOLOGY.—Palauella (feminine): derived from the name of the Palau Islands with the feminine diminutive suffix -ella.

COMMENTS.—This genus was described before the significance of the dilated second tarsal segment (originally described as “moderately enlarged”) was realized, and it was cataloged in the tribe Tingini. The long second tarsal segment of the holotype (only specimen available) is distinctly widened and provided with numerous hairs ventrally; the genus must be transferred to the tribe Litadeini, as it is here.

List of Palauella Species

Palauella gressitti Drake, 1956a:112 [Palau Islands].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:313.

Genus Psilobyrsa Drake and Hambleton

FIGURE 11

Psilobyrsa Drake and Hambleton, 1935:148 [type species: Psilobyrsa aechemeae Drake and Hambleton, original designation].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:236.

DIAGNOSIS.—Within the tribe, this genus may be recognized by the presence of three to five prominent cephalic spines and the very broad costal area. Length is 2.8 mm.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—Brazil.

ETYMOLOGY.—Psilobyrsa (feminine): psilos Greek, bare, plus byrsa, Greek, skin, probably suggested by the bare, shining dorsal surface.

COMMENTS.—Nearly all specimens examined had the frontal spines prominent, blunt at apex, and parallel or slightly diverging from the base, but a few had them converging.

Psilobyrsa was cataloged in the tribe Tingini by Drake and Ruhoff (1965a:149); it was transferred to the Litadeini by Froeschner (1969:129).

Recently, specimens of Psilobyrsa aechaemeae Drake and Hambleton have been intercepted on unidentified plants of the genus Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae) being imported into the United States from Brazil.

List of Psilobyrsa Species

Psilobyrsa aechemeae Drake and Hambleton, 1935:149 [Brazil].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:346.

Psilobyrsa vriesiae Drake and Hambleton, 1935:149 [Brazil].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:347.

Key to Psilobyrsa Species

Genus Stragulotingis Froeschner

FIGURE 12

Stragulotingis Froeschner, 1969:129 [type species: Pleseobyrsa plicata Champion, original designation].

DIAGNOSIS.—Within the tribe Litadeini Stragulotingis is recognizable by the combination of costal margins projecting cephalad of the hemelytral articulation, the paranotum being broad, flat, horizontal, and the discoidal area flat. Length ranges from 3 to 3.7 mm.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—Costa Rica south to Brazil.

ETYMOLOGY.—Stragulotingis (feminine): stragulus, Latin, a spreading out, plus tingis, name of the typical lace bug genus, implying a lace bug with paranota and costal areas widely spread out anteriorly as well as laterally.

COMMENTS.—This genus was reviewed by Froeschner (1991), who offered a key to its species (see modified version below).

FIGURE 12.—Stragulotingis plicata, natural length 3.3 mm.

List of Stragulotingis Species

Stragulotingis atratarsis (Drake and Hambleton).—Froeschner, 1969:132.

Pleseobyrsa atratarsis Drake and Hambleton, 1946:124 [Peru].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:341.

Stragulotingis bicincta (Monte).—Froeschner, 1991:769.

Pleseobyrsa bicincta Monte, 1946:283 [Brazil].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a: 342.

Stragulotingis englemani Froeschner, 1991:770 [Panama].

Stragulotingis lichyi (Monte).—Froeschner, 1991:769.

Pleseobyrsa lichyi Monte, 1945:251 [Venezuela].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:342.

FIGURE 13.—Tadelia tamarindi, natural length 3.2 mm.

Stragulotingis plicata (Champion).—Froeschner, 1969:132.

Leptobyrsa plicata Champion, 1897:26 [Panama].

Pleseobyrsa parana Drake and Hambleton, 1944:95 [Brazil]. [Synonymized by Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:342.]

Pleseobyrsa plicata.—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:343.

Key to Stragulotingis Species

(modified from Froeschner, 1991:770)

Genus Tadelia Linnavuori

FIGURE 13

Tadelia Linnavuori, 1977:7 [type species: Tadelia tamarindi Linnavuori, monobasic].

DIAGNOSIS.—In the tribe Litadeini this is the only genus with setigerous tubercles on antennae and forelegs. Length ranges from 3.2 to 3.5 mm.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—Cameroon and Equatoria.

ETYMOLOGY.—Tadelia (feminine): This generic name is an anagram of the generic name Litadea.

List of Tadelia Species

Tadelia tamarindi Linnavuori, 1977:7 [Cameroon; Equatoria; Tamarindus indicus].

Tribe YPSOTINGINI Drake

YPSOTINGINI Drake, 1964:37.

DIAGNOSIS.—This tribe is recognized within the family by the combination of the reduced, depressed clavi coupled with the porrect, elongate head reaching or almost reaching apex of antennal segment I.

Key to Genera in the Tribe Ypsotingini

TABLE 2.—Geographic distribution of species of modern genera in the tribe Ypsotingini (numbers in columns = number of species; * = extension of existing species to new world; numbers in parentheses = total number of species in taxon)

Genus Chorotingis Drake

FIGURE 14

Chorotingis Drake, 1961:111 [type species: Chorotingis indigena Drake, monobasic].

DIAGNOSIS.—The narrow, non-reflexed paranota, the presence of a mediodorsal head tubercle or spine, plus the gently convex anterior pronotal margin extending over the base of the head combine to permit recognition of this genus within its tribe. Length is 4 mm.

FIGURE 14.—Chorotingis indigena, natural length 4.0 mm.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—Australia and possibly from South Africa (see “Comments” below).

ETYMOLOGY.—Chorotingis (feminine): choris, Greek, apart, plus tingis, name of the typical genus, together implying no special feature, just another kind.

COMMENTS.—Specimens of this genus have been intercepted frequently on plants or plant parts of “Banksia sp.” (Proteaceae) that were being imported into the United States from Australia; one such specimen was labeled as being from Banksia attenuata R. Brown. One specimen, however, was labeled as being intercepted on Protea plants [Proteaceae] from South Africa; whether this is an unfortunate case of mislabeling of locality or represents a colony that has become established in South Africa cannot be decided at this time.

The present action of making Euaulana austrina Drake a junior synonym of Chorosoma indigena Drake is based on the examination of two dozen specimens, including 11 paratypes of E. austrina, and their original proposals. The only possibly significant difference between the two was the number of rows of cells in the subcostal area—three or four. This character proved to be sexual—four in the female, three in the male, with that difference obscured in some specimens (with identical labels) having irregular rows of cells and some cells of uneven size. Without separating characters the two species could not be justified.

List of Chorotingis Species

Chorotingis indigena Drake, 1961:111 [Australia].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a: 430.

Euaulana austrina Drake, 1964:37 [Australia] [new synonymy].

Genus Derephysia Spinola

FIGURE 15

Derephysia Spinola, 1837:166 [type species: Tingis foliacea Fallen, designated by Oshanin, 1912:43].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:430.

Physodera Marshall, 1868:281 [unnecessary emendation for Derephysia Spinola. “Physodera” was omitted from the Drake and Ruhoff (1965a) catalog].

FIGURE 15.—Derephysia foliacea, natural length 2.9 mm.

Derephysia (Derephysia) (Spinola).—Pericart, 1983:194.

Derephysia (Paraderephysia) Pericart, 1983:192, 201 [type species: Tingis cristata Panzer, original designation].

DIAGNOSIS.—The combination of the outstretched paranota coupled with the anterior median cyst of the pronotum extending over the basal one-third or more of the head distinguishes this genus within the tribe. Length ranges from 1.5 to 4.1 mm.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—Europe east to India and Japan; United States (see “Comments” below).

ETYMOLOGY.—Derephysia (feminine): dere, Greek, neck, plus physa, Greek, bubble, plus is, a feminine ending. Clearly this name calls attention to the inflated, somewhat bubble-like anteromedian cyst extending over the “neck” and base of the head.

COMMENTS.—The first occurrence of this genus for North America was published by Lattin (1987:77), who reported specimens of Derephysia foliacea (Fallén) collected in Oregon as early as 1968 and who considered (page 76) it to be “native to the Pacific Northwest rather than being an introduction and thus it joins a rather distinct group of palaearctic extensions into the Pacific Northwest.”

Péricart (1983, above) arranged the Euro-Mediterranean species of this genus in two subgenera; for the two species with a single longitudinal carina on the disc of the pronotum (cristata (Panzer) and longispina Golub) he erected the subgenus Paraderephysia, and those with three longtitudinal carinae he placed in the nominate subgenus. For convenience of reference, all the species are arranged in the following list in alphabetic order under the generic name. An entry is added to assign each species to show its subgenus. Those species not so assigned by Péricart are herein placed in a subgenus by a subsequent publications or by examining the illustration accompanying the original description or, in the case of D. gardneri Drake, by examination of the holotype.

List of Derephysia Species

Derephysia bucharensis Josifov, 1969:62 [Uzbekistan].

Derephysia (Derephysia) bucharensis.—Péricart and Golub, 1996:28.

Derephysia cristata (Panzer).—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:430.

Tingis cristatus Panzer, 1806, heft 99, table 19 [Germany].

Derephysia (Paraderephysia) cristata.—Péricart, 1983:201.

Derephysia fijisana Takeya, 1962:70 [Japan].

Derephysia (Derephysia) fijisana.—Péricart and Golub, 1996:29.

Derephysia foliacea (Falén).—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:431.

Tingis foliacea Fallén, 1807:39 [Sweden].

Derephysia brevicornis Reuter, 1888:224 [Greece]. [Synonymized by Péricart, 1978:90.]

Derephysia foliacea var. biroi Horváth, 1896:326 [Yugoslavia], [Synonymized by Péricart, 1978:90.]

Derephysia lugens Horváth, 1902:593 [Yugoslavia], [Synonymized by Péicart, 1978:90]

Derephysia emmanueli Ribes, 1967:35 [Spain]. [Synonymized by Péricart 1978:90.]

Derephysia (Derephysia) foliacea.—Péricart, 1983:194.

Derephysia gardneri Drake and Poor, 1936:148 [India].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:431.

Derephysia (Derephysia) gardneri.—New subgeneric assignment.

Derephysia gracilicornis Josifov, 1969:65 [Armenia].

Derephysia (Derephysia) gracilicornis.—Péricart, 1983:199.

Derephysia longirostrata Jing, 1980:399 [China].

Derephysia (Derephysia) longirostrata.—New subgeneric assignment.

Derephysia longispina Golub, 1974:799 [Russia].

Derephysia (Paraderephysia) longispina.—Péricart, 1983:204.

Derephysia minuta Josifov, 1969:63 [Tadshikistan].

Derephysia (Derephysia) minuta.—Péricart, 1983:200.

Derephysia nigricosta Horváth, 1905a:272 [Spain].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a: 432.

Derephysia (Derephysia) nigricosta.—Péricart, 1983:199.

Derephysia ovata Takeya, 1962:72 [Japan].

Derephysia (Derephysia) ovata.—Péricart and Golub, 1996:29.

Derephysia rectinervis Puton, 1887:304 [Algeria].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a: 433.

Derephysia (Derephysia) rectinervis.—Péricart, 1983:198.

Derephysia rectinervis kiritshenkoi Josifov.—Péricart, 1978:92.

Derephysia kiritishenkoi Josifov, 1969:59 [Iran]

Derephysia (Derephysia) rectinervis kiritshenkoi.—Péricart, 1983:198.

Derephysia rectinervis rectinervis Puton.—Péricart, 1978:92.

Derephysia (Derephysia) rectinervis rectinervis.—Péricart, 1983:198.

Derephysia sinuatocollis Puton, 1879a: 104 [France].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:433.

Derephysia (Derephysia) sinuatocollis.—Péricart, 1983:200.

Derephysia tibetensis Jing, 1981:165 [with English summary, 166] [China].

Derephysia (Derephysia) tibetensis.—Péricart and Golub, 1996:30.

Genus Dictyonota Curtis

FIGURE 16

Dictyonota Curtis, 1827, table 54 [type species: Dictyonota strichnocera Fieber, fixed by Opinion 251 (1954) International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature],—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:433.

Derephysia (Biskria) Puton, 1874:440 [type species: Dictyonota gracilicornis Puton, monobasic], [Synonymized by Golub, 1975:59.]

Biskria (Notosima) Kerzhner, 1964:119 [type species: Biskria ephedrae Kerzhner, monobasic. Synonymized by Golub, 1975:59].

DIAGNOSIS.—This genus is recognizable within the tribe by the combination of the paranotum being horizontal or only slightly oblique, the anteromedian cyst (when present) not or only very slightly extended over base of head, and the head with frontal and occipital spines but no dorsomedial spine. Length ranges from 2.3 to 5.0 mm.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America (see “Comments” below).

ETYMOLOGY.—Dictyonota (feminine): dictyon, Greek, net, plus nota, mark, describing the evident net-like markings.

COMMENTS.—The European species, D. fuliginosa Costa, was first added to the North American list by Scudder (1960) and later treated by Waloff (1966); both considered it to be a form brought into the Pacific Northwest on the introduced broom plant Sarothamnus scoparius (Linnaeus).

List of Dictyonota Species

Dictyonota albipennis Baerensprung, 1858:207 [Italy].

Dictyonota (Dictyonota) albipennis Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:433.

Dictyonota astragali Stusak and Onder, 1982:67 [Turkey].

Dictyonota atlantica Péricart.

Dicytonota (Dictyonota) atlantica Péricart, 1981:85 [Canary Islands].

Dictyonota atraphaxius Golub.

Dictyonota (Dicytonota) atraphaxius Golub, 1975:63 [Kazakhstan].

Dictyonota bishareensis (Linnavuori).—Golub, 1975:63.

Biskria bishareensis Linnavuori, 1965:240 [Israel].

Dictyonota dlabotai Hoberlandt.

Dictyonota (Dictyonota) dlabolai Hoberlandt, 1974:133 [Mongolia].

Dictyonota xilingola Jing, 1980:397,402 [China]. [Synonymized by Golub, 1987:52. Golub (1975:72) reported that before establishment of the name D. dlabolai. this species was reported in literature under two nomina nuda: Dictyonota (D.) breviuscula Kiritshenko, 1964:186; and Dictyonota (D.) brevispina Kerzhner, 1973:82. 90.]

Dictyonota ephedrae (Kerzhner).—Golub, 1975:66

Biskria (Notosima) ephedrae Kerzhner, 1964:119 [Kazakhstan]. [This species was also marked “Kerz., n. sp.” in Kerzhner and Jaczewski, 1964: 768. The above assignment of original publication follows Golub, 1975:66.]

Dictyonota fuliginosa Costa.—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:434.

Dyctionota [sic]fuliginosa Costa, 1855:10 [Italy].

Dictyonota gobica Golub.

Dictyonota (Dictyonota) gobica Golub, 1975:64 [Mongolia].

FIGURE 16.—Dictyonota strichnocera. natural length 3.8 mm.

Dictyonota gracilicornis Puton.—Péricart, 1983:159.

Dictyonota (Biskria) gracilicornis Puton, 1874:440 [Algeria].

Biskria gracilicornis.—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:429.

Dicytonota halimodendri Golub.

Dictyonota (Dictyonota) halimodendri Golub, 1975:69 [Mongolia].

Dictyonota hispanica (Gomes-Menor).—Golub, 1975:63.

Biskria hispanica Gomez-Menor, 1955:250 [Spain].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:420.

Dictyonota horvathi (Kiritshenko).—Golub, 1975:70.

Biscria [sic] horvathi Kiritshenko, 1913:413 [Turkestan].

Biskria horvathi.—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:429.

Dictyonota kerzhneri Golub.

Dictyonota (Dictyonota) kerzhneri Golub, 1975:66 [Kazakhstan].

Dictyonota koreana Lee, 1967:93 [Korea].

Dictyonota lepida (Horváth).—Golub, 1975:63.

Biskria lepida Horváath. 1905b:562 [Tunisia].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a: 429.

Biskria jasifovi Seidenstücker, 1968:267 [Iraq]. [Synonymized by Péricart, 1982:353.]

Dictyonota marmorea Baerensprung, 1858:206 [France].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:434.

Dictyonota aubei Signoret, 1865:118 [France]. [Synonymy after Péricart, 1983:154.]

Dictyonota pulchella Costa, 1863:9 [Italy].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a: 435. [Synonymized by Péricart, 1979:190.]

Dictyonota nigricosta (Kerzhner and Josifov).—Golub, 1975:67.

Biskria nigricosta Kerzhner and Josifov, 1966:629 [Mongolia].

Dictyonota oblita Péricart,—Péricart, 1983:161.

Dictyonota (Dictyonota) oblita Péricart, 1981:82 [France].

Dictyonota opaca (Linnavuori).—Golub, 1975:67.

Biskria opaca Linnavuori. 1965:240 [Israel].

Biskria josifovi Seidenstücker, 1968:267 [Iraq]. [Synonymized by Péricart, 1982:352.]

Dictyonota pakistani Drake and Maldonado.—Drake and Maldonado, 1959:25

[Pakistan].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:435, [By synonymizing Biskria under Dictyonota, Golub (1975) indirectly implied this present combination.]

Dictyonotaphoenicea Seidenstücker, 1963:117 [Syria].

Dictyonota lalior Wagner, 1962:283 [Lebanon]. [Synonymized by Golub, 1975:63.]

Dictyonota pulchricornis (Kerzhner and Josifov).—Golub, 1975:71.

Biskria pulchricornis Kerzhner and Josifov, 1966:630 [Mongolia].

Biskria guentheri Wagner, 1967:67 [Mongolia]. [Synonymized by Golub, 1975:71.]

Dictyonota rectipilis (Asanova).—Golub, 1975:65.

Biskria rectipilis Asanova, 1970:57 [Kazakhstan].

Dictyonota salsolae Golub.

Dictyonota (Dictyonota) salsolae Golub, 1975:67 [Kazakhstan].

Dictyonota sareptana Jakovlev, 1876:67 [Russia].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a: 429.

Biskria sareptana var. adelpha Horváth, 1905b:563 [Crimea]. [Synonymized by Golub, 1975:71.]

Dictyonota strichnocera Fieber, 1844:95 [Czechoslovakia, Austria, Yugoslavia].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:435.

Dictyonota idonea Jakovlev, 1903:291 [Ukraine]. [Synonymized by Oshanin, 1908:414.

Dictyonota teydensis Lindberg, 1936:29 [Canary Islands].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:436.

Genus Dictyotingis Drake

FIGURE 17

Dictyotingis Drake, 1942:8 [type species: Dictyotingis gibberis Drake, monobasic].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:442.

DIAGNOSIS.—The broadly reflexed paranota that extend over the surface of the pronotum plus the nearly horizontal, multiseriate subcostal area separates this genus within its tribe. Length is 5 mm.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—India.

ETYMOLOGY.—Dictyotingis (feminine): diktyon, Greek, net, plus the generic name Tingis, apparently in reference to the fine reticulations on a genus belonging to the same group as the genus Tingis.

List of Dictyotingis Species

Dictyotingis gibberis Drake, 1942:8 [India].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:442.

Dictyotingis monticula Drake, 1956b:21 [India].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a: 442.

Key to Dictyotingis Species

Genus Euaulana Drake

FIGURE 18

Euaulana Drake, 1945:96 [type species: Euaulana ferritincta Drake, original designation].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:442.

DIAGNOSIS.—Within the tribe, Euaulana can be recognized by the combination of the simple paranota (not reflexed to form cysts) and the deep, vertical-sided medioventral groove on the basal three abdominal segments. Length ranges from 3.4 to 3.5 mm.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—Australia and Tasmania.

ETYMOLOGY.—Euaulana (feminine): eu, Greek, beautiful, plus aule, Greek, courtyard, anus Latin, having the nature of, plus a, Latin suffix designating female gender.

COMMENTS.—Euaulana austrina Drake is herein newly transferred to the genus Chorotingis as a junior synonym of C, indigena Drake (see “Discussion” under Chorotingis).

List of Euaulana Species

Euaulana ferritincta Drake, 1945:96[Tasmania].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a: 442.

Euaulana tasmaniae Drake, 1945:97 [Tasmania].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a: 442.

Key to Euaulana Species

FIGURE 17.—Dictyotingis gibberis, natural length 5.0 mm.

FIGURE 18.—Euaulana ferritincta, natural length 3.4 mm.

Genus kalama Puton

FIGURE 19

Campylostira (Kalama) Puton, 1876:34 [type species: Campylostira (Kalama) coquereli Puton, designated by Oshanin, 1912:43].

Dictyonota (Kalama).—Horváth, 1906:42.—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:441.

Dictyonota (Elina) Ferrari, 1878:84.—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:439 [type species: Dictyonota beckeri Jakovlev, monobasic]. [Synonymized by Golub, 1975:73.]

Alcletha Kirkaldy, 1900:241 [type species: Acanthia tricornis Schrank, original designation. Synonymized by Golub, 1975:73].

Kalama.—Péricart, 1982:353. [Kalama was originally proposed as a subgenus of Campylostira when Puton wrote, “un sous-genre des Campylostira, pour lequel je propose le nom Kalama.” Then he followed with the description of a new species with the binomen of Kalama coquereli.” When Péricart (1982:353) elevated Kalama to generic status, he did not list all the new combinations that would result; herein, however, he is credited with all the new combinations implied by that action.]

DIAGNOSIS.—This genus can be recognized within its tribe by the rows of distinct setigerous spines on the antennae, especially on segment III and basal half of segment IV, coupled with the anterior pronotal cyst not extending over the head. Length ranges from 1.7 to 3.4 mm.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—Spain to Korea and south into India and North Africa; introduced into the United States (see “Comments” below).

ETYMOLOGY.—Kalama (feminine): kalamos, Greek, reed, plus feminine suffix -a, possibly suggesting an appearance of woven reeds.

COMMENTS.—The common K. tricornis has been introduced and established in eastern North America where specimens collected from 1906 to 1909 were described by Parshley (1916: 164) under the synonymic name Dictyonota tricornis variety americana.

List of Kalama species

Kalama acalyptoides (Golub).

Dictyonota (Alcletha) acalyptoides [nomen nudum] Kiritshenko, 1964:186.

Dictyonota (Kalama) acalyptoides Golub, 1975:75 [Tadzhikistan].

Kalama aethiops (Horvaáth).—Péricart, 1982:353.

Dictyonota aethiops Horváth, 1905b:563 [Algeria].

Dictyonota (Alcletha) aethiops.—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:436.

Kalama beckeri (Jakovlev).—Péricart, 1982:353.

Dictyonota beckeri Jakovlev, 1871:25 [Russia].

Dictyonota (Elina) beckeri.—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:439.

Kalama brevicornis (Ferrari).—Péricart, 1982:353.

Dictyonota (Kalama) putonii var. brevicornis Ferrari, 1884:474 [Tunisia].

Dictyonota (Kalama) brevicornis.—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:441.

Kalama coquereli Puton, 1876:34 [Algeria].—Péricart, 1982:353.

Dictyonota (Kalama) coquereli.—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:441.

Dictyonota (Kalama) pardoi Ribes, 1975:108 [Morocco]. [Synonymized by Péricart, 1979:197.]

Kalama coriacea (Asanova).—Péricart, 1982:353.

Campylosteira coriacea Asanova, 1970:58 [Kazahkistan].

Dictyonota (Kalama) coriacea.—Golub, 1975:76.

Kalama cretica (Péricart).—Péricart, 1982:353.

Dictyonota (Kalama) cretica Péricart, 1979:203 [Crete].

Kalama froeschneri (Duarte-Rodrigues).—Péricart, 1982:353.

Dictyonota (Elina) froeschneri Duarte-Rodrigues, 1970:XLIV [Portugal].

Kalama fuentei (Puton).—Péricart, 1982:353.

Dictyonota (Elina) fuentei Puton, 1895:86 [Spain].

FIGURE 19.—Kalama coquereli, natural length 2.1 mm.

Dictyonota (Elina) nevadensis Gomez-Menor, 1955:254.—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:440. [Synonymized by Péricart, 1979:199.]

Kalama henschi (Puton).—Péricart, 1982:353.

Dictyonota (Elina) henschi Puton, 1892:72 [Italy].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:440.

Kalama iberica (Horváth).—Péricart, 1982:353.

Dictyonota (Elina) iberica Horvéth, 1905b:564 [Spain].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:440.

Kalama inermis (Golub).—Péricart, 1982:353.

Dictyonota (Kalama) inermis Golub, 1975:76 [Mongolia].

Kalama josifovi Péricart, 1992:64 [Nepal].

Kalama koreana (Lee).—Péricart, 1982:353.

Dictyonota koreana Lee, 1967:93 [Korea].

Kalama levantina (Péricart).—Péricart, 1982:353.

Dictyonota (Kalama) levantina Péricart, 1981:87 [Syria].

Kalama lugubris (Fieber).—Péricart, 1982:353.

Dictyonota lugubris Fieber, 1861:126 [Yugoslavia].

Dictyonota (Alcletha) lugubris.—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:437.

Dictyonota (Kalama) eckerleini Péricart, 1979:205 [Cyprus]. [Synonymized by Péricart, 1982:354.]

Kalama marqueti (Puton).—Péricart, 1982:353.

Dictyonota (Elina) marqueti Puton, 1879b:297 [France].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:440.

Kalama morales (Ribes).—Péricart, 1982:353.

Dictyonota (Kalama) morales Ribes, 1975:111 [Canary Islands].

Kalama oromii (Ribes).—Péricart, 1982:353.

Dictyonota (Kalama) oromii Ribes, 1978:110 [Canary Islands].

Kalama pusana (Drake and Maa).—Péricart, 1982:353.

Dictyonota (Alcletha) pusana Drake and Maa, 1955:6 [India].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:437.

Kalama putonii (Stål).—Péricart, 1982:353.

Dictyonota putonii Sål, 1874:50 [Algeria].

Dictyonota (Kalama) putonii.—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:441.

Kalama reuteri (Horváth).—Péricart, 1982:353.

Dictyonota (Kalama) reuteri Horv´th, 1906:42 [“Syria: Kaifa,” now Israel].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:441.

Kalama ribesi (Péricart).—Péricart, 1982:353.

Dictyonota (Kalama) ribesi Péricart, 1979:199 [Spain].

Kalama scutellaris (Linnavuori).—Péricart, 1982:353.

Dictyonota (Elina) scutellaris Linnavuori, 1977:8 [Chad, Eritrea, Sudan].

Kalama sicardi (Puton).—Péricart, 1982:353.

Dictyonota (Elina) sicardi Puton, 1894:115 [Tunisia].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:441.

Kalama theryi Montandon, 1897:99 [Algeria].—Péricart, 1982:353.

Dictyonota (Kalama) theryi.—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:441.

Kalama tricornis (Schrank).—Péricart, 1982:353.

Acanthia tricornis Schrank, 1801:67 [Bohemia].

Tingis erythrophthalma Germar and Kaulfuss, 1817, tab. 25 [Germany].

Dictyonota erythrocephala Garbiglietti, 1869:275 [Italy].

Dictyonota aridula Jakovlev, 1902:66 [Crimea]. [Synonymized by Kerzhner and Jaczewski, 1964:768]

Dictyonota tricornis var. cicur Horváth, 1905b:563 [Hungary]. [Synonymized by Péricart, 1983:187.]

Dictyonota maroccana Ribaut, 1939:186 [Morocco]. [Synonymized by Drake and Ruhoff, 1962:141, with D. aridula Jakovlev, 1902, and it follows aridula into synonymy under K. tricornis. See third entry above under tricornis.]

Dictyonota (Alcletha) aridula.—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:437.

Dictyonota (Alcletha) tricornis.—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:437.

Dictyonota (Alcletha) tricornis var. cicur.—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:439.

Kalama vinokurovi (Golub).—Péricart, 1982:353.

Dictyonota (Kalama) vinokurovi Golub, 1979:18 [Russian SFSR].

Genus Ypsotingis Drake

FIGURE 20

Ypsotingis Drake, 1947:229 [type species: Ypsotingis sideris Drake, monobasic].

DIAGNOSIS.—The combination of the broadly reflexed paranotum with free margin nearing the median carina but in most part not touching the surface of the pronotum distinguishes this genus within the tribe. Length ranges from 3.5 to 6.8 mm.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—Southeastern Asia and Philippine Islands.

ETYMOLOGY.—Ypsotingis (feminine): hypsos, Greek, height, plus the genus name Tingis, feminine, apparently in reference to a tingid with very tall paranotal cysts.

COMMENTS.—Because of the very few specimens available, no effort was made to remove a paranotal cyst to see the exact form of the lateral discal carinae of the pronotum.

The description of the species Y. chlaina Drake and Ruhoff (1965b:287) said the head is “short, scarcely prolonged in front of eyes.” This head shape would exclude the species from a tribe that is defined as having the head elongate and reaching or almost reaching the apex of the first antennal segment. Apparently the large paranotal cysts misled those authors into this placement. Study of the type series found the species must be transferred to the genus Engyotingis Drake and Ruhoff in the tribe Tingini where it forms the new combination Engyotingis chlaina (Drake and Ruhoff).

FIGURE 20.—Ypsotingis sideris, natural length 6.8 mm. Adapted from original description and subsequently published illustration of holotype.

List of Ypsotingis Species

Ypsotingis bakeri Drake, 1958:149 [Borneo].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:442.

Ypsotingis bornea Drake, 1958:152 [Borneo].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:443.

Ypsotingis luzonana Drake, 1958:150 [Philippine Islands].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:443.

Ypsotingis sideris Drake, 1947:230 [Viet Nam] [illustration of the holotype appeared the following year, Drake, 1948c:45].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a: 433.

Ypsotingis vicinitas.—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965a:443.

Ypsotingis vicinatis [sic].—Drake, 1948b:74 [Netherlands East Indies].

Key to Ypsotingis Species

Literature Cited

Asanova, R.B.

1970.   [Two New Species of Tingidae (Heteroptera) from Kazakhstan.] Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoi, SSR, 1970(5):57–60. [In Russian.]

Baerensprung, F. von

1858.   Neue und seltene Rhynchoten der europäischen Fauna. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 2:188–208, 1 plate.

Carvalho, J.C.M., and L.A.A. Costa

1992.   Genero Aristobyrsa com descriçao de uma espécie nova (Hemiptera: Tingidae). Revista Sociedad Brasileira de Zoologia, 7:439–444.

Champion, G.C.

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Index

(Synonyms and page numbers of principal accounts in italics)

acalyptoides, Dictyonota, 22

Kalama, 22

adelpha, Biskria, 19

aechemeae, Psilobyrsa, 13

Aeopelys, 2, 3, 4

aethiops, Dictyonota, 22

aethiops, Kalama, 22

albipennis, Dictyonota, 18

Alcletha, 22

americana, Dictyonota, 22

apeuthes, Oecharis, 11

aporia, Larotingis, 9

aridula, Dictyonota, 23

Aristobyrsa, 2, 3, 4

astragali, Dictyonota, 18

atlantica, Dictyonota, 18

atraphaxius, Dictyonota, 18

atratarsis, Pleseobyrsa, 14

Stragulotingis, 14, 15

aubei, Dictyonota, 19

austrina, Euaulana, 17

bakeri, Ypsotingis, 23

beckeri, Dictyonota, 22

Kalama, 22

bicincta, Pleseobyrsa, 14

Stragulotingis, 14, 15

biroi, Derephysia, 18

bishareensis, Biskria, 19

Dictyonota, 18

Biskria, 18

bornea, Ypsotingis, 23

brevicomis, Derephysia, 18

brevicornis, Dictyonota, 22

Kalama, 22

brevispina, Dictyonota, 19

breviuscula, Dictyonota, 19

bucharensis, Derephysia, 18

Campyloslira, 22

Cantacaderinae, 1

Cephalidiosus, 2, 3, 5

chlaina, Engyotingis, 23

Ypsotingis, 23

Chorotingis, 16

cicur, Dictyonota, 23

coquereli, Dictyonota, 22

Kalama, 22

coriacea, Campylosteira, 22

Dictyonota, 22

Kalama, 22

Cottothucha, 2, 3, 7

cretica, Dictyonota, 22

Kalama, 22

cristata, Derephysia, 18

Tingis, 18

delicatula, Litadea, 9, 10

Derephysia, 16, 17

Dictynota, 16, 18

Dictyotingis, 16, 19

dlabolai, Dictyonota, 19

eckerleini, Dictyonota, 23

Elina, 22

emmanueli, Derephysia, 18

englemani, Stragulotingis, 14, 15

Engyotingis, 23

ephedrae, Biskria, 18

Dictyonota, 19

erythrocephala, Dictyonota, 23

erythrophthalma, Tingis, 23

etes, Larotingis, 9

Euaulana, 2, 16, 21

ferritincta, Euaulana, 21

fijisana, Derephysia, 18

foliacea, Derephysia, 18

Tingis. 17, 18

froeschneri, Dictyonota, 22

Kalama, 22

fuentei, Dictyonota, 22

Kalama, 22

fuliginosa, Dictionota, 19

Dictyonota, 18, 19

fusca, Holophygdon, 8, 9

gardneri, Derephysia, 18

gibberis, Dictyotingis, 19, 20

gobica, Dictyonota, 19

gracilicornis, Biskria, 19

Derephysia, 18

Dictyonota, 18, 19

gressitti, Palauella, 11, 13

guentheri, Biskria, 19

halimodendri, Dictyonota, 19

henschi, Dictyonota, 22

Kalama, 22

hispanica, Biskria, 19

Dictyonota, 19

Holophygdon, 2, 3, 11

horvathi, Biscria, 19

Biskria, 19

Dictyonota, 19

iberica, Dictyonota, 22

Kalama, 22

idonea, Dictyonota, 19

indigena. Chorotingis, 16

inermis, Dictyonota, 22

Kalama, 22

insularis, Ogygotingis, 11, 12

Teleonemia, 11

josifov, Kalama, 22

josifovi, Biskra, 19

Kalama, 16, 22

kerzhneri, Dictyonota, 19

kiritshenkoi, Derephysia, 18

koreana, Dictyonota, 19, 22

Kalama, 22

Larotingis, 2, 3, 9

latior, Dictyonota, 19

latipennis, Aristobyrsa, 4

lepida, Biskria, 19

Dictyonota, 19

levantina, Dictyonota, 23

Kalama, 22

lichyi, Pleseobyrsa, 14

Stragulotingis, 14, 15

Litadea, 1, 2, 3, 9. 11

Litadeini, 1, 2

longirostrata, Derephysia, 18

longispina, Derephysia, 18

lugens, Derephysia, 18

lugubris, Dictyonota, 23

Kalama, 23

luzonana, Ypsotingis, 23

marmorea, Dictyonota, 19

maroccana, Dictyonota, 23

marqueti, Dictyonota, 23

Kalama, 23

megapharsus, Cephalidiosus, 5, 6

Stenotrachelus, 5

melanesica, Holophygdon, 8, 9

mesopharsus, Cephalidiosus, 5, 6

Stenotrachelus, 5

minuta, Derephysia, 18

Monanthiini, 1

monticula, Dictyotingis, 20

morales, Dictyonota, 23

Kalama, 23

neata, Aeopelys, 4

nevadensis, Dictyonota, 22

nigricosta, Biskria, 19

Derephysia, 18

Dictyonota, 19

Notosima, 18

oblita, Dictyonota, 19

oceanae, Cottothucha, 7, 8

Oecharis, 2, 3, 11

Ogygotingis, 2, 3, 11

opaca, Biskria, 19

Dictyonota, 19

oromii, Dictyonota, 23

Kalama. 23

ovata, Derephysia. 18

pakistana, Dictyonota. 19

Palauella, 2, 3, 11

Paraderephysia, 18

parana, Pleseobyrsa, 14

pardoi, Dictyonota, 22

phoenicea, Dictyonota, 19

Physodera, 17

plicata, Leptobyrsa, 13, 15

Pleseobyrsa, 13

Stragulotingis, 13, 15

Psilobyrsa, 2, 3, 11

pulchella, Dictyonota, 19

pulchricomis, Biskria, 19

Dictyonota, 19

pusana, Dictyonota, 23

Kalama, 23

putonii, Dictyonota, 23

Kalama, 23

rectinervis, Derephysia, 18

rectipilis, Biskria, 19

Dictyonota, 19

reuteri, Dictyonota, 23

Kalama, 23

ribesi, Dictyonota, 23

Kalama, 23

salsolae, Dictyonota, 19

sareptana, Dictyonota, 19

scutellaris, Dictyonota, 23

Kalama, 23

sicardi, Dictyonota, 23

Kalama, 23

sideris, Ypsotingis, 22, 23

sinuatocollis, Derephysia, 18

Stenotrachelus, 5

Stragulotingis, 2, 3, 13

strichnocera, Dictyonota, 18, 19

Tadelia, 2, 3, 15

tamarindi, Tadelia, 15

tasmaniae, Euaulana, 21

teydensis, Dictyonota, 19

theryi, Dictyonota, 23

Kalama, 23

tibetensis, Derephysia, 18

Tingidae, 1

Tingidites, 1

Tinginae, 1, 2

Tingini, 2

tricornis, Acanthia, 22, 23

Dictyonota, 22, 23

Kalama, 22, 23

uaupesensis, Aristobyrsa, 4

vicinatis, Ypsotingis, 23

vicinitas, Ypsotingis, 23

vinokurovi, Dictyonota, 23

Kalama, 23

vriesiae, Psilobyrsa, 13

xilingola, Dictyonota, 19

Ypsotingini, 1, 2, 16

Ypsotingis, 16, 23

REQUIREMENTS FOR SMITHSONIAN SERIES PUBLICATION

Manuscripts intended for series publication receive substantive review (conducted by their originating Smithsonian museums or offices) and are submitted to the Smithsonian Institution Press with Form SI-36, which must show the approval of the appropriate authority designated by the sponsoring organizational unit. Requests for special treatment—use of color, foldouts, case-bound covers, etc.—require, on the same form, the added approval of the sponsoring authority.

Review of manuscripts and art by the Press for requirements of series format and style, completeness and clarity of copy, and arrangement of all material, as outlined below, will govern, within the judgment of the Press, acceptance or rejection of manuscripts and art.

Copy must be prepared on typewriter or word processor, double-spaced, on one side of standard white bond paper (not erasable), with 1art″ margins, submitted as ribbon copy (not carbon or xerox), in loose sheets (not stapled or bound), and accompanied by original art. Minimum acceptable length is 30 pages.

Front matter (preceding the text) should include: title page with only title and author and no other information; abstract page with author, title, series, etc., following the established format; table of contents with indents reflecting the hierarchy of heads in the paper; also, foreword and/or preface, if appropriate.

First page of text should carry the title and author at the top of the page; second page should have only the author's name and professional mailing address, to be used as an unnumbered footnote on the first page of printed text.

Center heads of whatever level should be typed with initial caps of major words, with extra space above and below the head, but no other preparation (such as all caps or underline, except for the underline necessary for generic and specific epithets). Run-in paragraph heads should use period/dashes or colons as necessary.

Tabulations within text (lists of data, often in parallel columns) can be typed on the text page where they occur, but they should not contain rules or numbered table captions.

Formal tables (numbered, with captions, boxheads, stubs, rules) should be submitted as carefully typed, double-spaced copy separate from the text; they will be typeset unless otherwise requested. If camera-copy use is anticipated, do not draw rules on manuscript copy.

Taxonomic keys in natural history papers should use the aligned-couplet form for zoology and may use the multi-level indent form for botany. If cross referencing is required between key and text, do not include page references within the key, but number the keyed-out taxa, using the same numbers with their corresponding heads in the text.

Synonymy in zoology must use the short form (taxon, author, year:page), with full reference at the end of the paper under “Literature Cited.” For botany, the long form (taxon, author, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, page, year, with no reference in “Literature Cited”) is optional.

Text-reference system (author, year:page used within the text, with full citation in “Literature Cited” at the end of the text) must be used in place of bibliographic footnotes in all Contributions Series and is strongly recommended in the Studies Series: “(Jones, 1910:122)” or “…Jones (1910:122).” If bibliographic footnotes are required, use the short form (author, brief title, page) with the full citation in the bibliography.

Footnotes, when few in number, whether annotative or bibliographic, should be typed on separate sheets and inserted immediately after the text pages on which the references occur. Extensive notes must be gathered together and placed at the end of the text in a notes section.

Bibliography, depending upon use, is termed “Literature Cited,” “References,” or “Bibliography.” Spell out titles of books, articles, journals, and monographic series. For book and article titles use sentence-style capitalization according to the rules of the language employed (exception: capitalize all major words in English). For journal and series titles, capitalize the initial word and all subsequent words except articles, conjunctions, and prepositions. Transliterate languages that use a non-Roman alphabet according to the Library of Congress system. Underline (for italics) titles of journals and series and titles of books that are not part of a series. Use the parentheses/colon system for volume (number):pagination: “10(2):5–9.” For alignment and arrangement of elements, follow the format of recent publications in the series for which the manuscript is intended. Guidelines for preparing bibliography may be secured from Series Section, SI Press.

Legends for illustrations must be submitted at the end of the manuscript, with as many legends typed, double-spaced, to a page as convenient.

Illustrations must be submitted as original art (not copies) accompanying, but separate from, the manuscript. Guidelines for preparing art may be secured from the Series Section, SI Press. All types of illustrations (photographs, line drawings, maps, etc.) may be intermixed throughout the printed text. They should be termed Figures and should be numbered consecutively as they will appear in the monograph. If several illustrations are treated as components of a single composite figure, they should be designated by lowercase italic letters on the illustration; also, in the legend and in text references the italic letters (underlined in copy) should be used: “Figure 9b.” Illustrations that are intended to follow the printed text may be termed Plates, and any components should be similarly lettered and referenced: “Plate 9b.” Keys to any symbols within an illustation should appear on the art rather than in the legend.

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Arrange and paginate sequentially every sheet of manuscript in the following order: (1) title page, (2) abstract, (3) contents, (4) foreword and/or preface, (5) text, (6) appendices, (7) notes section, (8) glossary, (9) bibliography, (10) legends, (11) tables. Index copy may be submitted at page proof stage, but plans for an index should be indicated when the manuscript is submitted.