SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Emphasis upon publication as a means of “diffusing knowledge” was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: “It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge.” This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series:

Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology

Smithsonian Contributions to Botany

Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences

Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences

Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology

Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology

Smithsonian Folklife Studies

Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space

Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology

In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world.

Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the inside back cover.

I. Michael Heyman

Secretary

Smithsonian Institution

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 584

World Catalog of the Family Tethinidae (Diptera)

Wayne N. Mathis and Lorenzo Munari

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

Washington, D.C.

1996

ABSTRACT

Mathis, Wayne N., and Lorenzo Munari. World Catalog of the Family Tethinidae (Diptera). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 584, 27 pages, frontispiece, 1996.—All genera and species of the dipterous family Tethinidae are cataloged. Included are 126 species and 14 genera that are arranged within a classification of five subfamilies. The distribution of each species is given by major zoogeographic region(s) and country(ies) within each region. Information on the natural history, as available in the literature, and depository of primary types also are provided. Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes are as follows: The subfamily Apetaeninae Mathis and Munari is proposed, three new combinations are included (Dasyrhicnoessa sexseriata (Hendel), Tethina dubiosa (Collin), and Tethina heringi (Hendel)), one new synonymy (Dasyrhicnoessa asymbasia Sasakawa = Dasyrhicnoessa sexseriata (Hendel)), and Tethina minutissima (Bezzi) is transferred to the family Chyromyidae.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus).

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Mathis, Wayne N.

World catalog of the family Tethinidae (Diptera) / Wayne N. Mathis and Lorenzo Munari.

p. cm.—(Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 584)

Includes bibliographical references (p. 21) and index.

1. Tethinidae—Identification. 2. Tethinidae—Classification. 3. Tethinidae—Catalogs and collections.

I. Munari, Lorenzo. II. Title. III. Series.

QL1.S54 no. 584 [QL537.T448] 591 s—dc20 [595.77′4] 96-32911

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48—1984.

Contents

Introduction

Distribution

Natural History

Phylogenetic Relationships

Format

Other Treatises on the Tethinidae

Abbreviations

Acknowledgments

Description of the Family Tethinidae

Key to Genera of Tethinidae

Catalog

Literature Cited

Index

Requirements for Smithsonian Series Publication

FRONTISPIECE.—Afrotethina femoralis (Munari) ().

World Catalog of the Family Tethinidae (Diptera)

Wayne N. Mathis and Lorenzo Munari

_____________

Wayne N. Mathis, Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. Lorenzo Munari, Laboratory of Entomology, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Fontego dei Turchi, S. Croce 1730, I-30135 Venezia, Italy. Review Chairman: John M. Burns, Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.

Reviewers: Allen L. Norrbom, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, clo National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560; Curtis W. Sabrosky, 205 Medford Leas, Medford, New Jersey 08055; J.R. Vockeroth, Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0C6.

Introduction

True flies of the family Tethinidae occur in temperate and tropical zones of the world, primarily on or near seashores. A few species are found inland, usually in saline or alkaline environments, but occasionally they are found in meadow-like habitats. The family has comparatively few species (126), and aside from Hendel's revision (1934), which is now 62 years old and woefully out-of-date (more than one-half of the species were not included), the family has never been treated comprehensively. The intent of this paper is to catalog all taxa that have been described.

Catalogs or checklists are indispensable tools for anyone needing a currently accepted name and frequently other pertinent information, such as bibliographic and distributional data. This is crucial because most information is filed under a species' scientific name, which is the key to retrieval of information from the literature or collections. The system, however, is dynamic and subject to interpretation. The taxonomic literature is constantly changing to reflect current work, and some species are known by more than one name. Thus, a complete listing of names, including synonyms, is an important starting point for locating information, whether as the basis for applied or basic research or simply to satisfy one's curiosity.

The information included in a catalog is arranged in a logical and organized format that allows for its convenient and rapid conveyance, i.e., a quick and easy storage and retrieval system. The format and amount of information presented varies greatly, however, and these issues have, in part, led to semantic debates over differences between the terms “checklist” and “catalog,” and to attempts to obviate the issue through use of a more neutral or more modern term, such as database (Cogan et al., 1980; Thompson and Knutson, 1987). Our use of the term catalog is intended to convey a more comprehensive treatment, including information on all valid names, synonyms, type species, and deposition of primary types. The bibliographic section for each name includes references (author, date, and page number of the original description and most subsequent citations), as well as distributional and other biotic information, as available in the literature. Some citations that occur in the literature of Tethinidae are omitted from this catalog and the bibliographic section, especially where we suspect that the species was misidentified and inclusion would perpetuate inaccurate distributional data. Neither did we include all citations from the extensive literature on the ecology of halo-and thalassophilous (sea loving) insects (including checklists), rather we consulted, and recorded from, primary papers only.

The sequence of subfamilies and genera should not be interpreted strictly to represent a phylogenetic scheme, as no comprehensive study is available for the family. Indeed, one subfamily, Zaleinae, comprising but four species, was most recently included in the family Canacidae. When D.K. McAlpine (1982, 1985) proposed the subfamily Zaleinae he was unsure of its phylogenetic relationships, although he did associate it with the Canacidae. Others have followed that precedent (Mathis, 1989, 1992), mostly for convenience and completeness. We concur with Freidberg (1995) that this subfamily is intermediate within the Canacidae/Tethinidae assemblage and for completeness have included it here.

DISTRIBUTION.—The family occurs in temperate and tropical zones on most major continents and many continental and oceanic islands (also the subantarctic islands of Kerguelen, Possession, Marion, Macquarie, Antipodes, Bounty, and Campbell). In nature, sites where tethinids occur usually are characterized by a surfeit of individuals and a paucity of species.

NATURAL HISTORY.—Tethinidae are mostly halophiles, occurring in coastal marine habitats, although some species are found inland, usually associated with saline biotopes, such as salt lakes and alkaline hot springs. A few species, such as Pelomyia coronata (Loew), are exceptions, being associated with meadows that occur in mountain passes, forests, and oases (Melander, 1952:194). Adults of thalassophilous species are commonly found in coastal marine habitats (Karl, 1930), including the intertidal zone, wrack heaps (usually brown algae that are most abundant along temperate seashores bathed by cold currents), salt marshes, dune vegetation, lagoonlitoriparian zones, mangroves (particularly species of Dasyrhicnoessa), and on salty soils or bare sand. Two species of Apetaenus, A. littoreus (Hutton) and A. watsoni Hardy, occur on seabird dung and are associated with colonies of penguins and other seabirds. Some species occur in habitats that have been dramatically and usually adversely modified by human activities, such as meadows polluted by industrial emissions (Bährmann, 1982) or slaughterhouses and poultry farms (Zuska and Laštovka, 1969). These synanthropic habitats are usually sites of salt accumulation and enrichment.

The biology and immature stages of the family are very incompletely known. Hardy and Delfinado (1980) reared Dasyrhicnoessa vockerothi Hardy and Delfinado from deposits of seaweed on beaches in Hawaii, and Ferrar (1987) provided some observations on the puparia of Tethina (Rhicnoessa) grisea (Fallén). Séguy (1940) and Hardy (1962) described the larva of two species of the subantarctic genus Apetaenus Eaton. Gorczytza (1988) reported on the spatial and seasonal distribution of some European species (Pelomyiella mallochi (Sturtevant), Tethina (Tethina) albosetulosa (Strobl), Tethina (Tethina) illota Haliday, Tethina (Rhicnoessa) flavigenis (Hendel), and Tethina (Rhicnoessa) grisea (Fallén)) from a study using color traps on the Frisian Islands of Mellum and Memmert. Tréhen and Vernon (1982) and Tréhen et al. (1985) conducted extensive ecological investigations on the genera Apetaenus and Listriomastax Enderlein on Crozet Islands.

Only one parasite of Tethinidae is recorded. Rossi (1988) described a new species of Laboulbeniales (Ascomycetes) that is parasitic on Pseudorhicnoessa rattii Munari from the Seychelles.

PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS.—The phylogenetic relationships of the Tethinidae, either with other families (out-groups, sister groups) or among the included taxa, are not entirely resolved, and further clarification will require cladistic analysis at all taxonomic levels. At the familial level, J.F. McAlpine (1989:1472) identified five synapomorphies that link Tethinidae with Canacidae and noted that “these are clear indications of a sister-group relationship between them…and may even indicate that they are subgroups of a single family.” Other authors (Hennig, 1958; Griffiths, 1972; D.K. McAlpine, 1982; Freidberg, 1995) also suggested a relationship with the family Canacidae, but Griffiths (1972) further noted some affinities with the Chloropidae and Milichiidae. According to J.F. McAlpine's (1989) phylogenetic inference, which included an analysis of 25 characters for the families Tethinidae and Canacidae, the Tethinidae, together with Australimyzidae, Braulidae, Carnidae, Canacidae, Milichiidae, Risidae, Cryptochetidae, and Chloropidae (including Mindidae and Siphonellopsidae), comprise the superfamily Carnoidea (= Chloropoidea). Of the 25 characters J.F. McAlpine considered, five were determined to be synapomorphies that establish the monophyly of the Canacidae/Tethinidae lineage.

Freidberg (1995) reviewed the phylogenetic status of Zaleinae as part of his description of Suffomyia and its type species, S. littoralis. Although clearly associating Suffomyia with Zaleinae within the Canacidae/Tethinidae complex, Freidberg concluded that Zaleinae is an intermediate taxon between Canacidae and Tethinidae and further suggested that all three taxa be recognized as a single family, with Canacidae as the oldest family-group name.

At the generic and subfamilial levels, Foster (1976a) proposed an hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships that remains the only analysis available. Foster's hypothesis was offered as a preface to systematic reviews of two Nearctic groups, and his phylogenetic study was focused primarily on Nearctic taxa (Tethina illota, from the Palearctic Region, also was included). Foster suggested that his analysis be considered tentative (1976a:337), “as much data are still to be obtained on certain character complexes, such as the male genitalia and the immature stages.” Foster proposed two monophyletic subfamilies, Tethininae and Pelomyiinae, with Pelomyia, Pelomyiella, and Neopelomyia in the latter and all other Nearctic species in the genus Tethina as part of Tethininae. Foster's analysis provides an excellent hypothesis for further testing and refinement on a more comprehensive basis.

A comprehensive, phylogenetic analysis of the family is ripe for the plucking and is especially needed at the subfamilial level. Placement of Masoniella Vockeroth within the existent classification, for example, has cast uncertainty on the relationships between, and blurred the characterizations of, the subfamilies Tethininae and Pelomyiinae. Moreover, the relationships between the subfamilies with single or few included genera, such as Horaismopterinae, Apetaeninae, and Zaleinae, are attractive for phylogenetic analysis and invite further consideration.

Vockeroth (1965:726) annotated one species entry, Pelomyia coronata (Loew), in the Nearctic catalog of Tethinidae with the comment that this species was “an unworked complex.” Additional complexes, such as Tethina albula (Loew), are known to exist and are further evidence that much descriptive, revisionary, and phylogenetic work remains to be done in the family.

The family now contains 126 valid species that are ranked in 14 genera. No fossil Tethinidae are known.

FORMAT.—The format we have adopted follows that advocated by systematists from the Systematic Entomology Laboratory (United States Department of Agriculture) (Hodges, pers. comm., 1983). Details are illustrated in the following hypothetical examples of generic and species entries (genera Xus and Yus and species albus and zeus). All valid generic and species names are indicated in boldfaced type.

Genus Xus Author(s) (number of species in the genus)

Xus Author(s), year:page. Type species: Xus albus Author(s), year, method of type designation.—Author(s), year:page [annotation(s)].

Yus Author(s), year:page. Type species: Yus zeus Author(s), year, method of type designation.—Author(s), year:page [annotation(s), such as “synonymy”].

albus Author(s). Geographic distribution by major faunal realm(s): Country (province or state, usually as an abbreviation).

Yus albus Author(s), year:page [type locality (Country. Province or state: specific locality (annotation(s), such as elevation or habitat. Specific information on the type locality is desirable, and, to be explicit and complete, we have provided this information without abbreviations. In many cases, such as when a specific site is not published or when the type locality is vague, we have quoted this information as it appears in the original publication.); primary type(s) and gender(s), deposition information].—Author, year:page [annotation(s)].

Xus zeus Author(s), year:page [type locality (Country. Province or state: specific locality (annotation(s), such as elevation or habitat); primary type(s) and gender(s), deposition information].—Author, year:page [annotation(s), such as “synonymy”].

Yus zeus.—Author(s), year:page [annotation(s), such as “generic combination”].

Within a taxon, the subordinate taxa are listed alphabetically, i.e., genera within a tribe, species within a genus.

OTHER TREATISES ON THE TETHINIDAE.—Although this is the first treatment of the family on a worldwide basis since Hendel (1934), there are several papers that treat Tethinidae on a regional basis. These may be of interest and use to the reader, and a summary of these and revisionary works is provided here.

Faunal Treatments (papers listed chronologically under major faunal realms): Afrotropical: Vanschuytbroeck (1976, fauna of St. Helena); Cogan (1980, catalog); Munari (1988, fauna of the Seychelles; 1990, fauna of Aldabra; 1994 checklist of Afrotropical species).

Australasian/Oceanian: Hardy and Delfinado (1980, Hawaiian fauna); Mathis and Sasakawa (1989, catalog); Sasakawa (1995, Micronesian fauna).

Nearctic: Melander (1952, review); Vockeroth (1965, catalog; 1987, family treatment, key to genera); Cole (1969, fauna of Western North America).

Neotropical: Malloch (1934, fauna of Patagonia and South Chile); Foster (1976b, catalog).

Oriental: Steyskal and Sasakawa (1977, catalog).

Palearctic: Czerny (1928, Palearctic fauna); Séguy (1934, fauna of France); Frey (1949, 1958a, 1958b, faunas of Madeira, the Canary Islands, and Cape Verde Islands, respectively); Collin (1960, fauna of Great Britain); Trojan (1962, checklist of Polish fauna); Stackelberg (1970, western Palearctic fauna); Cogan (1976, checklist of the British fauna); Soós (1978, Mongolian fauna, checklist of Palearctic fauna; 1981, Hungarian fauna; 1984, catalog); Sasakawa (1981, 1986, Japanese fauna); Roháček (1986, Slovakian fauna); Beschovski (1994a, Tunisian fauna; 1994b, Bulgarian fauna); Canzoneri et al. (1995, Italian fauna).

Revisionary Treatments (papers listed chronologically): Collin (1966, Palearctic species of Tethina and Rhicnoessa); Foster (1976a, review of Neopelomyia and the milichioides group of Tethina); Sabrosky (1978, revision of Horaismoptera); Munari (1981b, review of Pseudorhicnoessa; 1991b, review of Afrotethina).

ABBREVIATIONS.—Primary types are abbreviated HT, holotype; LT, lectotype; and ST, syntype. Other abbreviations are as follows:

Museums

AM

Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia

AMNH

American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, U.S.

ANIC

Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Canbera, Australia

BMNH

The Natural History Museum (former British Museum (Natural History)), London, England

BBM

Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.

CANT

Canterbury Museum, New Zealand

CAS

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, U.S.

CNC

Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Canada

CTC

Collection of M. Carles-Tolrá, Barcelona, Spain

DCSA

Dipterorum Collections Strobl, Admont, Austria

DEI

Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswald, Germany

HNHM

Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary

IOC

Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

KPU

Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan

KU

Snow Entomology Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, U.S.

MCV

Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia, Venice, Italy

MCZ

Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.

MNHN

Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France

NMI

National Museum of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland

NMP

Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa

NMW

Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria

NRS

Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden

NZAC

New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Entomology Division, DSIR, Auckland, New Zealand

TAU

Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

UMO

University Museum, Oxford University, Oxford, England

USNM

National Museum of Natural History (former United States National Museum), Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., U.S.

ZIL

Zoological Institute, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

ZMHU

Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt Universität, Berlin, Germany

ZMA

Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoologie, Zoologisch Museum, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

ZMO

Zoological Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

States of the United States

AZ

Arizona

CA

California

CT

Connecticut

DE

Delaware

FL

Florida

GA

Georgia

MA

Massachusetts

MD

Maryland

ME

Maine

MO

Missouri

NC

North Carolina

NJ

New Jersey

NY

New York

OR

Oregon

RI

Rhode Island

TX

Texas

VA

Virginia

WA

Washington

Canadian Provinces

BC

British Columbia

QB

Quebec

Mexican States

BCN

Baja California Norte

DUR

Durango

SON

Sonora

Australian States

NSW

New South Wales

QLD

Queensland

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—The support and encouragement of numerous persons have directly contributed to the production of this catalog, and we gratefully acknowledge and thank them all for their efforts, time, and opinions. We have especially benefited from discussions on format and cataloging procedures from Curtis W. Sabrosky, Ronald W. Hodges, F. Christian Thompson, Norman E. Woodley, and Amnon Freidberg. An earlier draft of this paper was critically reviewed by F. Christian Thompson, Amnon Freidberg, Allen L. Norrbom, Curtis W. Sabrosky, and J.R. Vockeroth. These reviews were invaluable, as Thompson is intimately acquainted with the literature on Diptera and Freidberg and Vockeroth know the flies. G. d'Este (MCV) produced the excellent frontispiece and is gratefully thanked. The following curators provided access to collections, primary types in particular, and other information that has substantially enhanced the value of this work: V. Beschovski (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria), R. Contreras-Lichtenberg (NMW), S. Canzoneri (MCV), G. d'Este (MCV), N.L. Evenhuis (BBM), A. Freidberg (TAU), H.G. Hansen (MCV), C. Leonardi (Museum of Natural History, Milan, Italy), D.K. McAlpine (AM), J.P. O'Connor (NMI), P. Oosterbroek (ZMA), M. Pavesi (Museum of Natural History, Milan, Italy), G. Raffone (MCV), E. Ratti (MCV), M. Sasakawa (KPU), H. Schumann (ZMHU), R. Szadziewski (University of Gdansk, Gdynia, Poland).

Description of the Family Tethinidae

SIZE AND COLORATION.—Moderately small to minute flies, length 1.6–4.0 mm; frequently covered with pale yellowish to brown microtomentum.

HEAD.—Usually somewhat round, sometimes higher than long, rarely elongate; shape and size of eye varying with shape of head; eye sparsely or densely setulose or bare. Chaetotaxy of head: postocellar setae absent; paravertical setae (= postocellar setae, sensu Steyskal, 1976) extremely weak to relatively strong, generally widely separated at base, convergent (divergent in Zaleinae), simulating postocellar setae; inner and outer vertical setae present; 1 well-developed, inclinate, upper postocular seta generally present (absent in Zaleinae, Pelomyiinae, and Apetaeninae); ocellar setae well developed, elongate, behind level of anterior ocellus; sometimes with a pair of widely divergent setulae posterior to ocelli (pseudopostocellar setulae, sensu J.F. McAlpine, 1989); 1–4 orbital and 0–4 fronto-orbital setae. Antenna short, porrect or decumbent; first flagellomere round or oval; arista sub-basal with very short pubescence. Face sometimes characterized by 2 shiny protuberances laterad to the facial cavity just above vibrissal pore (Tethina) or nearby (Afrotethina and Horaismoptera; Malloch (1948:494) described this feature as “a pair of small shiny angulate protuberances near epistome that may represent the true vibrissal angles”, but not found in Apetaeninae, Pelomyiinae, Dasyrhicnoessa, Tethinosoma, and Zaleinae); face either with a shallow, median carina (Tethina) or essentially flat; face relatively narrow and high (Pelomyiinae) or strongly depressed and short (Horaismopterinae and Zaleinae). Genal width varying, very narrow to exceptionally wide (Horaismoptera), though gena of male usually narrower than that of female; gena bearing few to many scattered setulae between eye and ventral row of setulae or bare except for ventral or nearly ventral row of setulae. Proboscis long (except Apetaenus), with labellum geniculate; palpus moderately long.

THORAX.—Chaetotaxy: Usually 3 postpronotal setae, outer (lower) seta, curved anteriorly or upward, inner seta mesoclinate, curved over mesonotum, and middle seta, the largest, curved posteriorly (0–1 seta in Apetaeninae, 1–2 setae in Pelomyiinae and Zaleinae); 2 notopleural setae; 1 presutural intra-alar seta; dorsocentral setae usually 4 (1 + 3), sometimes 3 (1 + 2 in some Apetaenus) or 5 (Tethinosoma and Listriomastax 2 + 3); 1–2 supra-alar setae (if 2, posterior seta shorter and weaker); 2 postalar setae; acrostichal setae variable, irregularly multiseriate in 4–6 rows, in 2 rows with well-developed or hair-like setae, or absent; prescutellar acrostichal setae variable, well developed, hair-like, or absent; usually 2 pairs of marginal scutellar setae (in Horaismoptera vulpina Hendel the scutellum has numerous setae toward sides of dorsal surface between basal and apical scutellar setae); disc of scutellum usually bare (setulae on disc, sometimes appearing as pubescence, in Apetaeninae, Afrotethina, Pseudorhicnoessa, and Suffomyia); 1 proepistemal; 0–1 moderate to very weak proepimeral seta; anepisternum with 1 or more setae and some setulae posteriorly; katepisternum bearing 1 well-developed, elongate, posterodorsal seta (2 in Apetaenus litoralis), otherwise mostly bare; remaining thoracic pleurae (anepimeron, meron, katatergite, and anatergite) bare; prosternum broad anteriorly.

Wing: Generally uniformly faintly yellow or brown, without spots or bands; costal vein generally lacking spines along anterior margin (Horaismoptera and Tethinosoma bearing several strong, erect, spine-like setae); costal vein interrupted just before apex of radial vein R_1, deeply so in Horaismoptera; only basal section of subcosta visible, apically touching or fused with apex of vein R_1; cells bm and dm fused or separate; position of crossvein r–m variable; cell cup present but small; anal vein virtually absent or produced weakly as a slight fold; anal angle and alula well developed (the former reduced in Apetaeninae, the latter strongly reduced in Suffomyia); vein A_1 variable; vein A_2 long, clearly visible but little sclerotized. Micropterous species found in the subantarctic genera Apetaenus and Listriomastax; aptery unknown.

Legs: Generally slender, with only hind femora of male sometimes strongly swollen (in a few species of Afrotethina and some Tethina); coxae and femora with some long, hair-like setae (some species of Pelomyiinae with fore femur also bearing 1–6 strong, spine-like setae anteroventrally); ctenidium present or absent; tibiae without setae (except Horaismoptera and Pseudorhicnoessa, which have strong setae or bear stout setulae on femora and tibia) but with an apical ventral spur on mid tibia and sometimes an apical anteroventral spur on hind tibia; dorsal, preapical setae on tibiae absent. Halter pale, usually white to yellowish white; reduced and rudimentary in micropterous species of Apetaenus.

ABDOMEN.—Most Tethininae with transverse pale stripe along posterior margin of tergites; moderately setulose to strongly setulose (Apetaeninae). Male syntergosternite 7 + 8 usually short (large only in Zaleinae, as in Canacidae), and partially fused with tergite 6. Postabdomen of female mostly telescopically retracted; 2 sclerotized spermathecae variable in shape, below with a narrower cylindrical extension into the spermathecal duct; cercus subcylindrical or compressed, from 2–8 times as long as broad, sometimes bearing spine-like setulae; tergites 7 and 8 mostly with characteristic pigmented areas; epiproct generally very small, bearing dorsally a pair of setulae on apical third; hypoproct large. Postabdomen of male with epandrium bearing 2 pairs of surstyli ventrally (except for Tethina, Apetaeninae, and Suffomyia, which have a single pair of surstyli; in Tethina surstyli partially fused with epandrium); anterior surstylus very distinctive, heterogeneous in shape and setal vestiture; posterior surstylus, as a rule, strongly setulose and lobe-shaped, sometimes partially fused with epandrium or bearing a ventrolateral lobe-shaped protrusion that resembles a true surstylus that is fused with epandrium; inner basal corners of surtsyli connected to broad interparameral sclerite; cerci very short to exceptionally developed (Horaismoptera); hypandrial structures strongly varying in shape, particularly the large lateral hypandrial arms and postgonites; aedeagal apodeme very long, slender; ejaculatory apodeme usually large; aedeagus simple, usually elongate, sinuous, subcylindrical, with a more or less dense ventral pubescence (short and without dense ventral pubescence in Zaleinae), often with several microscopic papillae.

Key to Genera of Tethinidae

Catalog

Family TETHINIDAE Hendel

Tethinidae Hendel, 1916:297; 1917:45. Type genus: Tethina Haliday.

Subfamily APETAENINAE Mathis and Munari, new subfamily

Apetaeninae Mathis and Munari, 1996:6 (herein). Type genus: Apetaenus Eaton.

Genus Apetaenus Eaton (4 species)

Apetaenus Eaton, 1875:58. Type species: Apetaenus litoralis Eaton, by monotypy.—Griffiths, 1972:232 [phylogenetic relationships].—Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:667 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].

Macrocanace Tonnoir and Malloch, 1926:5. Type species: Milichia littorea Hutton, by original designation.—Harrison, 1953:272–276 [revision]; 1976:142–143 [key to species].—Griffiths, 1972:232 [phylogenetic relationships].—Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:667 [synonymy].

australis (Hutton). Australian/Oceanian: Antipodes Islands, Campbell Island.

Ochtiphila australis Hutton, 1902:174 [Campbell Island; HT , NZAC (formerly in CANT)].

Macrocanace australis.—Tonnoir and Malloch, 1926:5 [generic combination].—Harrison, 1976:142–143 [southern islands of New Zealand subregion].

Apetaenus australis.—Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:667 [generic combination, Australasian/Oceanian catalog].

Macrocanace antipoda Harrison, 1953:276 [Antipodes Island: Ringdove Bay (spider's web); HT , NZAC]; 1959:251 [synonymy].

litoralis Eaton. Crozet Islands, Kerguelen Islands, Macquarie Island.

Apetaenus litoralis Eaton, 1875:58 [(France.) Kerguelen Island; LT (designated by Harrison, 1959:99), BMNH].—Enderlein, 1909:396, 432 [key, description, figures (plates 48, 52)].—Harrison, 1959:98–99 [revision].—Hennig, 1971:53–56 [discussion, figures of head, and terminalia].—Tréhen and Vernon, 1982:108–118 [ecology].—Papp, 1983:272 [citation].—Trédhen et al., 1985:607 [alar development].—Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:667, 803 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].

littoreus (Hutton). Australian/Oceanian: Antipodes Island, Bounty Islands.

Milichia littorea Hutton, 1902:174 [Antipodes Islands (on pools between tide marks); HT , NZAC (formerly in CANT)].

Macrocanace littorea.—Tonnoir and Malloch, 1926:5 [generic combination].—Harrison, 1953:274–276 [revision]; 1959:250 [revision]; 1976:142 [Antipodes Island, Bounty Islands].

Apetaenus littoreus.—Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:667 [generic combination, Australasian/Oceanian catalog].

watsoni Hardy. Australian/Oceanian: Macquarie Island.

Apetaenus watsoni Hardy, 1962:965 [Macquarie Island. Hurd Point; HT , ANIC].—Watson, 1967:28–29 [ecology].—Harrison, 1976:127 [citation, Macquarie Island].—Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:667 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].

Genus Listriomastax Enderlein (1 species)

Listriomastax Enderlein, 1909:396. Type species: Listriomastax litorea Enderlein, 1909, by original designation.—Griffiths, 1972:232 [phylogenetic relationships].

litorea Enderlein. Australasian/Oceanian: Crozet Islands, Kerguelen Islands, Marion Island.

Listriomastax litorea Enderlein, 1909:398 [(France.) Crozet Islands: Possession Island, Weihnachts-Bucht; ST , ZMHU].—Tréhen and Vernon, 1982:108–118 [ecology].—Papp, 1983:272–275 [discussion, figures of and terminalia].—Tréhen et al., 1985:607 [alar development].—Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:804 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].

Subfamily HORAISMOPTERINAE Sabrosky

Horaismopterinae Sabrosky, 1978:335. Type genus: Horaismoptera Hendel.

Genus Horaismoptera Hendel (3 species)

Horaismoptera Hendel, 1907:238. Type species: Horaismoptera vulpina Hendel, by monotypy.—Sabrosky, 1978:327–336 [revision].—Cogan, 1980:693 [Afrotropical catalog].—Soós, 1984:110 [Palearctic catalog].—Munari, 1986:41–44 [discussion].

Selidacantha Bezzi, 1908:197. Type species: Selidacantha microphthalma Bezzi, by original designation [preoccupied, Hulst, 1896, Lepidoptera].—Bezzi, 1908:197 [synonymy (in a footnote)].

Oestroparea Séguy, 1933:30. Type species: Oestroparea grisea Séguy, by original designation.—Hennig, 1958:659.—Sabrosky, 1978:328 [synonymy].

hennigi Sabrosky. Oriental: Sri Lanka.

Horaismoptera hennigi Sabrosky, 1978:330 [Sri Lanka. Mannar District: Olaithoduvai (10 mi NW Mannar; rotten seaweed); HT , USNM].

microphthalma (Bezzi). Afrotropical: Namibia, South Africa.

Selidacantha microphthalma Bezzi, 1908:198 [Namibia. Lüderitz Bay (Angra Pequena); LT (designated by Munari, 1994:25), ZMHU].

Horaismoptera microphthalma.—Sabrosky, 1978:330 [generic combination, revision, probable senior synonym of H. grisea].—Cogan, 1980:693 [Afrotropical catalog].—Munari, 1994:27 [list, Afrotropics].

Oestroparea grisea Séguy, 1933:30 [Namibia. Swakopmund; ST , MNHN].—Munari, 1994:25 [synonymy].

Horaismoptera grisea.—Sabrosky, 1978:329 [generic combination, revision, probable junior synonym of H. microphthalma (Bezzi)].—Cogan, 1980:693 [Afrotropical catalog].—Munari, 1991b:179 [citation, Namibia].

vulpina Hendel. Afrotropical: Abd al Kuri (near Socotra), Kenya, Madagascar. Palearctic: Egypt, Iran, Oman, Yemen.

Horaismoptera vulpina Hendel, 1907:240 [Yemen. Abd-alKuri; ST , NMW].—Hennig, 1965:2 [citation, Iran].—Sabrosky, 1978:329 [revision].—Cogan, 1980:693 [Afrotropical catalog].—Soós, 1984:110 [Palearctic catalog].—Munari, 1994:23, 27 [citation, Afrotropical list, Kenya and Madagascar].

Subfamily PELOMYIINAE Foster

Pelomyiinae Foster, 1976a:337. Type genus: Pelomyia Williston.

Genus Neopelomyia Hendel (2 species)

Neopelomyia Hendel, 1917:46. Type species: Tethina rostrata Hendel, by original designation.—Curran, 1934:331 [key].—Hendel, 1934:53 [citation].—Melander, 1952:192 [key].—Vockeroth, 1965:727 [Nearctic catalog]; 1987:1075 [key].—Foster, 1976a:346 [revision].

longicerca Foster. Nearctic: United States (CA).

Neopelomyia longicerca Foster, 1976a:349 [United States. California: Orange County, Laguna Beach; HT , USNM (73641)].

rostrata (Hendel). Nearctic: Canada (BC), United States (CA, OR, WA).

Tethina rostrata Hendel, 1911:41 [Canada. British Columbia: Pender Island (not Pender, Idaho, as stated in the original description); LT (designated by Foster, 1976a:349), NMW].—Malloch, 1913:147 [citation].—Melander, 1913:297 [key]; 1952:190 [revision].—Saunders, 1928:545 [biology].

Neopelomyia rostrata.—Hendel, 1917:46 [generic combination, in key]; 1934:38 [generic key], 54 [citation].—Sturtevant, 1923:7 [citation].—Hennig, 1937:139 [notes].—Melander, 1952:198 [citation].—Vockeroth, 1965:727 [Nearctic catalog]; 1987:1076 [figure of head].—Cole, 1969:386 [distribution, diagnosis].—Foster, 1976a:349 [revision].

Genus Pelomyia Williston (9 species)

Pelomyia Williston, 1893:258. Type species: Pelomyia occidentalis Williston, by monotypy [as Ephydridae].—Becker, 1896:274 [as Ephydridae].—Kuntze, 1897:20 [as Tethina].—Williston, 1908:295, 307 [as Ephydridae and Agromyzidae].—Hendel, 1911:41 [as Tethina in Milichiidae]; 1917:46 [key to genera]; 1934:51 [revision, references].—Malloch, 1913:146 [as Tethina in Ephydridae]; 1934:456–460 [revision, southern South American species].—Melander, 1913:297 [as Tethina of authors, not Haliday, 1838]; 1952:193 [revision of Nearctic species].—Sturtevant, 1923:5–8 [discussion].—Czerny, 1928:2 [revision of Palearctic species, generic misidentification].—Séguy, 1934:397–400 [review, French fauna, generic misidentification].—Hennig, 1937:138 [Neotropical distribution].—Ardö, 1957:131 [review, North Europe, generic misidentification].—Trojan, 1962:63 [review, Poland, generic misidentification].—Stackelberg, 1970:356 [review, fauna of USSR, generic misidentification].—Foster, 1976b:1–2 [Neotropical catalog].—Hardy and Delfinado, 1980:375 [revision of Hawaiian species].—Vockeroth, 1987:1075 [key].—Mathis and Sawakawa, 1989:667 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].

coronata (Loew). Nearctic: United States (GA). Neotropical: Mexico (DUR) and Peru.

Rhicnoessa coronata Loew, 1866:185 [United States. “Georgia”; HT , MCZ].

Tethina coronata.—Malloch, 1913:147 [generic combination, citation].—Melander, 1913:297 [key].

Pelomyia coronata.—Hendel, 1917:46 [generic combination in key]; 1934:51 [key], 52 [citation].—Sturtevant, 1923:7–8 [citation, in part].—Curran 1934:330 [figure of wing].—Hennig, 1939:82 [figure of terminalia].—Melander, 1952:193, 212 [revision, figures of terminalia].—Vockeroth, 1965:726 [Nearctic catalog, noted to be an unworked species complex]; 1987:1076–1077 [figures of head and wing].—Cole, 1969:386 [distribution, discussion].—Foster, 1976b:1 [Neotropical catalog].

cruciata Hendel. Nearctic: United States (MO).

Pelomyia cruciata Hendel, 1934:52 [United States. Missouri: Independence County, Atherton; ST , NMW].—Melander, 1952:195 [citation].—Vockeroth, 1965:726 [Nearctic catalog].

intermedia Malloch. Neotropical: Argentina.

Pelomyia intermedia Malloch, 1934:460 [Argentina. Buenos Aires: Bahia Blanca; HT , BMNH].—Hennig, 1937:140 [citation].—Foster, 1976b:2 [Neotropical catalog].

nubila Melander. Nearctic: United States (CA).

Pelomyia nubila Melander, 1952:195 [United States. California: Orange County, Corona del Mar, San Clemente; ST (3, 5), USNM].—Vockeroth, 1965:726 [Nearctic catalog].—Cole, 1969:386 [distribution, diagnosis].

occidentalis Williston. Nearctic: United States (CA).

Pelomyia occidentalis Williston, 1893:258 [United States. California: Monterey County, Monterey; ST (1, 1), KU].—Melander, 1913:297 [as a synonym of P. coronata (Loew)]; 1952:193 [as a synonym of P. coronata (Loew)].—Sturtevant, 1923:7 [as a synonym of P. coronata (Loew)].—Curran, 1934:330 [generic combination, figure of head].—Hendel, 1934:52 [as a synonym of P. coronata (Loew)].—Vockeroth, 1965:726 [Nearctic catalog].

Pelomyia coronata of authors, not Loew, 1866 [misidentification].—Melander, 1913:297 [key].—Sturtevant, 1923:7–8 [citation].

peruviana Malloch. Neotropical: Bolivia, Chile, Peru.

Pelomyia peruviana Malloch, 1934:458 [“Peru”;1 HT , USNM].—Hennig, 1937:140 [citation]; 1939:82 [figure of terminalia].—Foster, 1976b:2 [Neotropical catalog].

steyskali Hardy and Delfinado. Australasian/Oceanian: Hawaii (Molokai, Oahu). Nearctic: United States (CA, OR, TX, WA). Palearctic: Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia.

Pelomyia steyskali Hardy and Delfinado, 1980:375 [United States. Oregon: Curry County, Gold Beach (8 mi N); HT , USNM].—Zuska and Laštovka, 1969:207 [as Pelomyia sp., Czech Republic].—Szadziewski, 1983:47 [as P. coronata, Poland, ecology, figures of terminalia].—Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:667 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].—Roháček, 1992:128–129 [discussion, ecology, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia].

trivittata Malloch. Neotropical: Chile.

Pelomyia trivittata Malloch, 1934:459 [Chile. Malleco: Renaico; HT , USNM].—Hennig, 1937:140 [citation].—Foster, 1976b:2 [Neotropical catalog].

viedmae Malloch. Neotropical: Argentina.

Pelomyia viedmae Malloch, 1934:460 [Argentina. Rio Negro: Viedma; HT , BMNH].—Foster, 1976b:2 [Neotropical catalog].

Genus Pelomyiella Hendel (9 species)

Pelomyiella Hendel, 1934:39. Type species: Pelomyia hungarica Czerny, by original designation.—Curran 1934:331 [key].—Hendel, 1934:52–53 [key, list].—Melander, 1952:196 [revision Nearctic species].—Collin, 1960:191 [review, British species].—Vockeroth, 1965:727 [Nearctic catalog]; 1987:1075 [key].—So6s, 1978:407–411 [key, Palearctic fauna, catalog]; 1981:130–132 [key, Hungary]; 1984:107 [Palearctic catalog],—Beschovski, 1994b: 17 [Bulgarian species].

cinerella (Haliday). Palearctic: Canary Islands, Denmark, England, Finland, France, Ireland, Germany, Madeira, Mongolia, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Tibet.

Opomyza (Leptomyza) cinerella Haliday, 1837:151 [Northern Ireland. Down: Holywood (muddy seashore); ST (6 ), NMI, ZMHU].

Opomyza cinerella.—Walker, 1853:235 [citation, England].

Rhicnoessa cinerella.—Loew, 1865:38 [generic combination, revision].—Czerny, 1902:256 [citation].—Becker, 1905b:252 [Palearctic catalog]; 1908:164 [citation, Canary Islands].—Tuccimei, 1913:231 [citation, Italy].

Anthophilina cinerella.—Rondani, 1875:186 [key], 187 [generic combination, citation].

Leptomyza cinerella.—Czemy, 1902:256 [generic combination, placement in Rhicnoessa].

Tethina cinerella.—Hendel, 1911:42 [generic combination, citation].—Ringdahl, 1948:3 [citation].

Pelomyia cinerella.—Czerny, 1928:2 [generic combination, revision],—de Meijere, 1928:79 [citation].—Karl, 1930:68 [citation, figure of head].—Krogerus, 1932:118 [citation, Finland].—Séguy, 1934:399 [key, review, France].—Ardö, 1957:131 [citation].—Trojan, 1962:64 [key, figure of head].—Stackelberg, 1970:356 [citation],

Pelomyiella cinerella.—Hendel, 1934:52 [key], 53 [generic combination, citation].—de Meijere, 1939:162 [citation].—Hennig, 1939:82 [figure of terminalia, as P. cinerea].—Collin, 1960:191 [citation, England],—Frey, 1949:36 [citation, Madeira].—Cogan, 1976:87 [citation, England].—Rald, 1976:113–115 [key, Denmark, figure of head, citation],—Soós, 1978:408–411 [key, Palearctic catalog]; 1981:132 [key]; 1984:107 [Palearctic catalog].—Hackman, 1980:150 [citation, Finland].—Szadziewski, 1983:48 [citation, Poland].

hungarica (Czerny). Palearctic: Austria, Hungary, Slovakia.

Pelomyia hungarica Czemy, 1928:2 [Hungary. Szatymaz; HT . ZMHU].—Stackelberg, 1970:356 [citation].—Trojan, 1962:64 [key, figure of head].

Pelomyiella hungarica.—Hendel, 1934:39 [generic key], 52 [key], 53 [generic combination, citation].—Soós, 1978:407, 411 [key, Palearctic catalog]; 1981:131–132 [key, citation, habitus, figure]; 1983:312 [citation, Hungary]; 1984:108 [Palearctic catalog].—Roháček, 1983:1022 [citation, Slovakia]; 1986:176 [citation, Slovakia]; 1987:260 [citation, Slovakia]; 1992:129 [biology, citation, Slovakia],—Franz, 1989:255 [citation, Austria].

mallochi (Sturtevant). Nearctic: British Columbia to Baffin Island, south to California and New York. Palearctic: Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, England, France, Germany, Greenland, Hungary, Italy, Mongolia, Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, Tibet, Yugoslavia.

Pelomyia mallochi Sturtevant, 1923:7 [Massachusetts: Barnstable County, North Falmouth; HT , AMNH],

Pelomyiella mallochi.—Hendel, 1934:52 [key], 53 [generic combination, citation].—de Meijere, 1939:162 [citation].—Melander, 1952:196–197 [revision].—Collin, 1960:191 [citation].—Vockeroth, 1965:727 [Nearctic catalog]; 1987:1076–1077 [figures of head and wing].—Cole, 1969:386 [distribution, diagnosis].—Cogan, 1976:87 [citation, England].—Rald, 1976:112–115 [key, Denmark, figures of head and wing, citation].—Soós, 1978:407 [key], 408 [discussion], 412 [Palearctic catalog]; 1981:131 [key, citation]; 1984:108 [Palearctic catalog],—Bährmann, 1982:75–78 [ecology, citation, Germany].—Roháček, 1983:1022 [citation, Slovakia]; 1986:176 [citation, Slovakia]; 1987:260 [citation, Slovakia]; 1992:129 [biology, citation, Czech Republic and Slovakia].—Szadziewski, 1983:47–48 [citation, figures of terminalia].—Gorczytza, 1988:304, 307 [figure of habitus and head, citation, ecology].—Franz, 1989:255 [citation, discussion].—Beschovski, 1994b:18 [review, figures of terminalia].

Pelomyia angustifacies de Meijere, 1928:76 [Netherlands. Amsterdam and Diemen (Zuidersee); ST (1, 3), ZMA]; 1932:286 [discussion].—Czerny, 1930:450 [citation, as P. angustifrons (sic)].—Karl, 1930:68 [citation].—Hendel, 1934:53 [synonymy].—Ardö, 1957:131 [citation].

Pelomyia kuntzei Czemy, 1928:3 [“Insel Borkum, England, Neusiedler See, Keczel (Ungam)”; ST , ZMHU (apparently lost)]; 1930:450 [synonymy with P. angustifacies].—Karl, 1930:68 [synonymy].—Hendel, 1934:53 [citation, synonymy],—Séguy, 1934:399 [key, review, France],—Trojan, 1962:64–65 [figure of head, key],—Stackelberg, 1970:356 [citation].

Tethina parvula of authors, not Loew, 1869 [misidentification],—Malloch, 1913:147 [generic combination, citation].—Melander, 1913:297 [key].

Tethina illota of authors, not Haliday, 1838 [misidentification].—Kuntze, 1897:20 [discussion].

maritima (Melander). Nearctic: United States (TX).

Tethina maritima Melander, 1913:297 [United States. Texas: Galveston County, Galveston; ST 3, USNM].

Pelomyia maritima.—Sturtevant, 1923:7 [generic combination].

Pelomyiella maritima.—Hendel, 1934:53 [generic combination].—Melander, 1952:197 [revision],—Vockeroth, 1965:727 [Nearctic catalog].

melanderi (Sturtevant). Nearctic: Canada (BC). United States (AZ, CA, OR, WA). Mexico.

Pelomyia melanderi Sturtevant, 1923:7 [United States. California: Santa Clara County, Palo Alto; HT , AMNH].

Pelomyiella melanderi.—Hendel, 1934:52 [key], 53 [generic combination, citation],—Melander, 1952:196–197 [revision].—Vockeroth, 1965:727 [Nearctic catalog].—Griffiths, 1972:305 [figure of terminalia].

Tethina parvula of authors, not Loew, 1869 [misidentification].—Hendel, 1911:43 [review, figure of head]; 1934:53 [synonymy].

mongolica Soós. Palearctic: Mongolia.

Pelomyiella mongolica Soós, 1978:409 [Mongolia. Southgobi: “Nojon nuruu, Grenzposten Ovot Chuural” (1500 m); HT, HNHM]; 412 [Palearctic catalog]; 1984:108 [Palearctic catalog].

nigra Soós. Palearctic: Mongolia.

Pelomyiella nigra Soós, 1978:411, 412 [Mongolia. Uvs: “S. Rand des Sees Örög nuur” (1500 m); HT , HNHM; Palearctic catalog]; 1984:108 [Palearctic catalog].

obscurior (Becker). Palearctic: China (Tibet).

Tethina obscurior Becker, 1907b:308 [China. Tibet. Zaidam (Fl. Orogyn, Syrtyn ju Nanyschanja Gobi); ST 6 (sex ?), ZMHU (only 2)].—Hendel, 1911:42 [list].—Czemy, 1928:2 [citation].

Pelomyiella obscurior.—Soós, 1978:408, 412 [key, Palearctic catalog]; 1984:108 [Palearctic catalog].

Pelomyiella cinerella obscurior.—Hendel, 1934:52 [key], 53 [generic combination, citation],

opacula (Zetterstedt). Palearctic: Sweden.

Notiphila opacula Zetterstedt, 1860:6317 [“Scania merid. ad Illstorp” (Sweden); HT , ZIL],

Pelomyiella opacula.—Zatwarnicki, 1991:330 [generic combination, probably synonym of P. cinerella].

Subfamily TETHININAE Hendel

Tethininae Hendel, 1916:297 [as a family]; 1917:45. Type genus: Tethina Haliday.

Genus Afrotethina Munari (7 species)

Afrotethina Munari, 1986:44. Type species: Afrotethina aemiliani Munari, by original designation; 1991a:169 [checklist]; 1991b:183–184 [key to species].

aemiliani Munari. Afrotropical: Kenya.

Afrotethina aemiliani Munari, 1986:44 [Kenya. Diani Beach; HT , MCV]; 1994:16, 26 [citation, list, Kenya, figure of terminalia].

aurisetulosa (Lamb). Afrotropical: Madagascar, Mozambique, Seychelles (Aldabra, Cosmoledo, Mahé).

Tethina aurisetulosa Lamb, 1914:368 [Seychelles. Mahé: Anonyme Island, Long Island; LT (designated by Munari, 1988:45), BMNH].—Cogan, 1980:693 [Afrotropical catalog].

Rhicnoessa aurisetulosa.—Hendel, 1934:44 [key], 48 [generic combination, citation].

Afrotethina aurisetulosa.—Munari, 1988:45–46 [generic combination, figures of terminalia]; 1990:55 [citation, Aldabra]; 199lb: 180 [citation, Madagascar, Mozambique]; 1994:17, 26 [citation, list, Madagascar].

brevicostata Munari. Afrotropical: Madagascar, Seychelles (Aldabra), South Africa (Natal).

Afrotethina brevicostata Munari, 1990:56 [Seychelles. Aldabra: Grande Tferre, Anse Cedre (shoreline on beach); HT , BMNH]; 1991b:180 [citation, South Africa]; 1994:17, 26 [citation, list, Madagascar].

femoralis (Munari). Afrotropical: Kenya, Madagascar, South Africa (Cape, Natal).

Pseudorhicnoessa femoralis Munari, 1981b:94 [Kenya. Diani Beach; HT , MCV; figures of hind leg and terminalia]; 1991b: 180–181 [citation, Madagascar, South Africa].

Afrotethina femoralis.—Munari, 1991a:166–168 [generic combination, figure of terminalia, spermathecae]; 1994:17, 26 [citation, list, Madagascar, South Africa].

kaplanae Munari. Afrotropical: Cameroon.

Afrotethina kaplanae Munari, 1994:17 [Cameroon. Kribi (beach); HT , TAU].

persimilis Munari. Afrotropical: Namibia.

Afrotethina persimilis Munari, 1991b:181 [Namibia. Swakop River mouth (near Swakopmund, 22°31′S, 14°32′E); HT NMP]; 1994:26 [list, Afrotropics],

stuckenbergi Munari. Afrotropical: South Africa (Cape).

Afrotethina stuckenbergi Munari, 1990:58 [South Africa. South West Cape, Ysterfontein; HT , BMNH]; 199lb: 183 [citation, South Africa]; 1994:26 [list, Afrotropics],

Genus Dasyrhicnoessa Hendel (13 species)

Dasyrhicnoessa Hendel, 1934:38. Type species: Rhicnoessa fulva Hendel, by original designation.—Malloch, 1935:93 [discussion].—Sasakawa, 1974:2–5 [revision Oriental species].—Steyskal and Sasakawa, 1977:394 [Oriental catalog].—Hardy and Delfinado, 1980:370 [revision Hawaiian species].—Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:667 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].

boninensis Sasakawa. Australasian/Oceanian: Bonin Islands, Volcano Island.

Dasyrhicnoessa boninensis Sasakawa, 1995:58 [Bonin Islands. Chichi Jima, Omura (Camp Beach); HT , BBM (12773); figures of terminalia].

ferruginea Lamb. Afrotropical: Kenya, Madagascar, Seychelles (Aldabra, Astove, Mahé). Australasian/Oceanian: Marquesas. Nearctic: Bermuda, U.S. (FL). Neotropical: Bahamas (South Bimini), Belize, Mexico, West Indies (Cuba, Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent).

Rhicnoessa ferruginea Lamb, 1914:367 [Seychelles. Mahé; LT (designated by Munari, 1988:48), BMNH].—Hendel, 1934:44 [key], 49 [citation].—Bezzi, 1928:140 [synonymy with R. sexseriata Hendel].

Tethina ferruginea.—Cogan, 1980:639 [generic combination, Afrotropical catalog].

Dasyrhicnoessa ferruginea.—Munari, 1988:48 [generic combination]; 1990:54 [citation, Aldabra and Seychelles]; 1991b:180 [citation, Madagascar]; 1994:20, 26 [citation, Kenya and Madagascar, list Afrotropics].—Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:667 [Australiasian/Oceanian catalog].—Woodley and Hilbum, 1994:53 [list, Bermuda].—Sasakawa, 1995:60–61 [revision, Micronesia, figures of terminalia].

Tethina lasiophthalma Malloch, 1933:17 [Marquesas. Hivaoa: Tahauku; HT , BBM].—Munari, 1988:48 [synonymy with R. ferruginea Lamb].

Dasyrhicnoessa lasiophthalma.—Sasakawa, 1974:2 [generic combination].—Steyskal and Sasakawa, 1977:394 [Oriental catalog].—Munari, 1986:49 [discussion, Seychelles].—Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:667 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].

freidbergi Munari. Afrotropical: Cameroon, Nigeria.

Dasyrhicnoessa freidbergi Munari, 1994:20 [Cameroon. Kribi (beach, Rt. N7); HT , TAU],

fulva (Hendel). Oriental: Taiwan.

Rhicnoessa fulva Hendel, 1913:110 [Taiwan. Anping and Tainan; ST 4 (sex ?), NMW].—Malloch, 1914:308 [citation].

Dasyrhicnoessa fulva.—Hendel, 1934:51 [generic combination].—Hennig, 1939:82–83 [figure of terminalia].—Steyskal and Sasakawa, 1977:394 [Oriental catalog].

filvescens Malloch. Australasian/Oceanian: Australia (QLD).

Dasyrhicnoessa fulvescens Malloch, 1935:93 [Australia. Queensland: Townsville; HT , AM].—Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:667 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].

insularis Aldrich. Australasian/Oceanian: Caroline Islands, Christmas Island, Gilbert Islands, Hawaii (Canton Island, Hawaii, Frigate Shoal, Maui, Oahu, Palmyra Island, Pearl and Hermes Reef), Mariana Islands (Saipan, Tinian), Marshall Islands, and Wake Island.

Tethina insularis Aldrich 1931:395 [(United States.) Wake Island; HT , USNM (41629)].—Hardy 1952:463 [citation].

Rhicnoessa insularis.—Hendel, 1934:44 [key], 48 [generic combination, citation].

Dasyrhicnoessa insularis.—Hardy and Delfinado, 1980:371–373 [generic combination, citation, figures of head, wing, and terminalia; Oahu, Maui, Hawaii, Frigate Shoal, Pearl and Hermes Reef, Canton Island, and Palmyra Island].—Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:667 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].—Sasakawa, 1995: 61–64 [revision, Micronesia, figures of terminalia].

phyllodes Sasakawa. Australasian/Oceanian: Caroline Islands (Palau), Mariana Islands (Guam). Oriental: Japan (Ryukyus).

Dasyrhicnoessa phyllodes Sasakawa, 1995:64 [Caroline Islands. Palau Islands: Babelthuap Island, Almongui (Ngaramlungui); HT , USNM; figures of terminalia].

platypes Sasakawa. Oriental: Japan (Ryukyus).

Dasyrhicnoessa platypes Sasakawa, 1986:437 [Japan. Ryukyus: Okinawa; HT , USNM].—Morimoto, 1989:833 [list, Japan].

serratula Malloch. Australasian/Oceanian: Australia (QLD).

Dasyrhicnoessa serratula Malloch, 1935:94 [Australia. Queensland: Townsville; ST , AM].—Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:667 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].

sexseriata Hendel. Australasian/Oceanian: Caroline Islands (Yap, Palau, Ponape), Fiji Islands, Mariana Islands (Guam, Saipan), Marshall Islands, Wake Island. Oriental: China (Hong Kong), Philippines, Taiwan.

Rhicnoessa sexseriata Hendel, 1913:110 [Taiwan. Anping; HT , NMW]; 1934:44 [key], 49 [citation].—Malloch, 1914:309 [citation].

Tethina sexseriata.—Steyskal and Sasakawa, 1977:395 [generic combination. Oriental catalog].—Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:668 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].

Dasyrhicnoessa sexseriata.—NEW COMBINATION.

Dasyrhicnoessa asymbasia Sasakawa, 1995:56 [Caroline Islands. Yap Islands: Rummang Island (at light); HT , USNM; figures of terminalia].—NEW SYNONYMY.

tripunctata Sasakawa. Oriental: Philippines.

Dasyrhicnoessa tripunctata Sasakawa, 1974:5 [Philippines. Palawan: Tinabog (3 km NE); HT , BBM (10355)].—Steyskal and Sasakawa, 1977:394 [Oriental catalog].

vockerothi Hardy and Delfinado. Afrotropical: Seychelles (Aldabra, Mahé). Australasian/Oceanian: Caroline Islands (Truk, Palau), Gilbert Islands, Hawaii (Hawaii, Kauai, Maui, Molokai, Oahu), Mariana Islands (Guam, Saipan), Marshall Islands, Wake Island. Oriental: Japan (Ryukyus).

Dasyrhicnoessa vockerothi Hardy and Delfinado, 1980:373 [United States. Hawaii: Kauai, Haena (collected on beach); HT , BBM].—Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:667 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog],—Munari, 1990:53 [citation, Aldabra and Seychelles]; 1994:27 [list, Afrotropics].—Sasakawa, 1995:66–69 [revision, Micronesia, figures of terminalia].

Dasyrhicnoessa occidentalis Munari, 1986:47 [Seychelles. Mahé: Mahé Beach (10 km N); HT , MCV]; 1988:51 [citation, Seychelles]; 1990:53 [synonymy].

yoshiyasui Sasakawa. Oriental: Japan (Ryukyus).

Dasyrhicnoessa yoshiyasui Sasakawa, 1986:439 [Japan. Ryukyus: Iriomote-jima Island, Uehara (on beach); HT , KPU (236)].—Morimoto, 1989:833 [list, Japan],

Genus Masoniella Vockeroth (1 species)

Masoniella Vockeroth, 1989:1075 [nomen nudum]; 1995:732. Type species: Masoniella richardsi Vockeroth, by original designation.

richardsi Vockeroth. Nearctic: United States (CA).

Masoniella richardsi Vockeroth, 1987:1075 [nomen nudum]; 1995:732 [United States. California. San Bernardino County, Helendale; HT , CNC].

Genus Pseudorhicnoessa Malloch (3 species)

Pseudorhicnoessa Malloch, 1914:306. Type species: Pseudorhicnoessa spinipes Malloch, by original designation.—Hendel, 1934:54 [citation],—Steyskal and Sasakawa, 1977:394 [Oriental catalog].—Munari, 1981b:92 [key to species]; 1991a:169 [checklist].—Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:667 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].

Macrotethina Malloch, 1935:91 (as a subgenus of Tethina). Type species: Tethina (Macrotethina) tibiseta Malloch, by original designation.—Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:667 [synonymy].

rattii Munari. Afrotropical: Mauritius, Seychelles (Mahé). Oriental: Sri Lanka.

Pseudorhicnoessa rattii Munari, 1981b:92 [Seychelles. Mahé: Anse Louis; HT , MCV; figures of hind leg and teiminalia]; 1988:42–44 [citation, Seychelles, figures of terminalia]; 1990:55 [citation, Seychelles and Mauritius]; 1994:27 [list, Afrotropics].—Rossi, 1988:176–177 [parasitic fungus].

spinipes Malloch. Australasian/Oceanian: Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands (Guam, Saipan), Marshall Islands. Oriental: North Borneo, Philippines, Japan (Ryukyus), Taiwan, Vietnam.

Pseudorhicnoessa spinipes Malloch, 1914:307 [Taiwan. Takao; HT , USNM].—Hendel, 1934:54 [citation].—Sasakawa, 1974:6 [revision]; 1981:520 [citation]; 1986:433–434 [key, citation, Ryukyus]; 1995:69–71 [revision, Micronesia, figures of terminalia].—Steyskal and Sasakawa, 1977:395 [Oriental catalog].—Morimoto, 1989:933 [list, Japan].

tibiseta (Malloch). Australasian/Oceanian: Australia (QLD).

Tethina (Macrotethina) tibiseta Malloch, 1935:91 [Australia. Queensland: Townsville; HT , AM].

Pseudorhicnoessa tibiseta.—Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:667 [generic combination, Australasian/Oceanian catalog].

Genus Tethina Haliday (59 species)

Tethina Haliday in Curtis, 1837:293 (as a subgenus of Opomyza; published in synonymy, first made available by use in Haliday, 1838:188). Type species: Opomyza (Tethina) illota Haliday, 1838, by subsequent monotypy (Haliday, 1838:188).—Becker, 1905a:234 [Palearctic catalog].—Hendel, 1917:46 [key to genera].—Sturtevant, 1923:5–7 [discussion of synonymy, listing of Nearctic species].—Czerny, 1928:3 [revision].—Malloch, 1934:453 [revision Chilean species, discussion, key],—Séguy, 1934:399 [review, key, French fauna].—Melander, 1952:199 [revision Nearctic species].—Ardö, 1957:131 [citation, fauna of northern Europe].—Collin, 1960:192 [review, British species]; 1966:20–25 [revision Palearctic species],—Trojan, 1962:65 [review, Poland].—Vockeroth, 1965:727–728 [Nearctic catalog]; 1987:1075 [key].—Prado and Tavares, 1966:429–431 [review, Brazilian species].—Stackelberg, 1970:356 [review, USSR fauna].—Cogan and Dear, 1975:179 [discussion].—Foster, 1976b:2–3 [Neotropical catalog].—Steyskal and Sasakawa, 1977:395 [Oriental catalog].—Soós, 1978:412 [Palearctic catalog]; 1981:132–137 [key, Hungarian species]; 1984:108 [Palearctic catalog].—Cogan, 1980:693 [Afrotropical catalog].—Hardy and Delfinado, 1980:377 [revision Hawaii species].—Thompson and Mathis, 1981:86 [citation, nomenclature].—Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:668 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].—Canzoneri et al., 1990:37–38 [fauna of Pelagian Islands (Italy)].—Beschovski, 1994b:20 [diagnosis of genus and of the albosetulosa and czerni groups].

Rhicnoessa Loew, 1862:174. Type species: Rhicnoessa cinerea Loew, by monotypy.—Loew, 1865:34–39 [revision].—Hendel, 1902:261–264 [systematics].—Becker, 1905b:252 [Palearctic catalog].—Williston, 1908:292, 296 [figure of head, key].—Collin, 1911:234 [probable synonymy with Tethina]; 1960:192–193 [review, British species]; 1966:25–32 [revision, Palearctic species].—Hendel, 1911:41 [generic remarks]; 1917:46 [synonymy in key]; 1934:46 [references].—Malloch, 1913:147 [discussion, figure of head].—Melander, 1913:298 [key to Nearctic species]; 1952:200 [revision of Nearctic species].—de Meijere, 1928:78 [discussion].—Curran, 1934:331 [key].—Hennig, 1937:138 [distribution in neotropics].—Cogan and Dear, 1975:179 [discussion].—Soós, 1978:412 [Palearctic catalog]; 1984:109 [Palearctic catalog].—Munari, 1990:60–61 [status as a subgenus of Tethina],—Beschovski, 1993:104 [diagnosis, as a genus]; 1994b:18 [diagnosis, as a genus].

Phycomyza Melander, 1952:198. Type species: Rhicnoessa milichioides Melander, by original designation.—Vockeroth, 1965:727 [Nearctic catalog].—Foster, 1976a:338 [synonymy].

acrostichalis Freidberg and Beschovski. Palearctic: Israel.

Tethina acrostichalis Freidberg and Beschovski, 1996:97 [Israel. Tel Aviv Dunes; HT , TAU].

alboguttata Strobl. Afrotropical: St. Helena. Palearctic: Algeria, Canary Islands, Morocco, Spain, Tunisia.

Rhicnoessa alboguttata Strobl, 1900:6 [Spain. Cádiz: Algeciras; HT , DCSA].—Becker, 1905b:252 [Palearctic catalog].—Hendel, 1934:42 [key], 46 [citation].—Frey, 1958a:52 [citation, Canary Islands].—Collin, 1966:26, 28–29 [key, discussion].—Soós, 1978:412 [Palearctic catalog]; 1984:109 [Palearctic catalog].—Carles-Tolrá, 1992:349 [citation, Spain].

Tethina alboguttata.—Czerny, 1928:3–4 [key, generic combination, revision].—de Meijere, 1928:79 [citation],—Vanschuytbroeck, 1976:106 [citation, St. Helena].—Cogan, 1980:693 [Afrotropical catalog].—Carles-Tolrá, 1992:349 [citation, Spain]; 1994:23 [list, Spain],—Beschovski, 1993:104–105 [list, illustration of terminalia],—Munari, 1994:23, 27 [citation, St. Helena, list, Afrotropics].—Freidberg and Beschovski, 1996:102 [revision, list, Morocco].

albosetulosa (Strobl). Afrotropical: Senegal. Palearctic: Austria, Azores, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, Denmark, England, France, Mediterranean subregion, European Atlantic coast.

Rhicnoessa albosetulosa Strobl, 1900:7 [Spain. Cádiz: Algeciras; ST (l, 4), DCSA].—Becker, 1905b:252 [Palearctic catalog]; 1907a:405 [citation, Tbnisia].—Mercier, 1925:178 [citation, France].

Rhicnoessa albosetulosa variety beckeri Strobl, 1906:375 [Egypt. “Alexandrien” (from Becker, 1903:184); ST (sex ?), ZMHU],

Tethina albosetulosa.—Hendel, 1934:39 [key], 40 [generic combination, citation].—Hennig, 1937:140 [citation]; 1939:82 [figure of terminalia].—Frey, 1945:80 [citation, Azores].—Collin, 1960:192 [citation]; 1966:20, 22–23 [key, discussion].—Cogan, 1976:87 [citation, England].—Rald, 1976:113, 116 [key, Denmark, citation].—Soós, 1978:412 [Palearctic catalog]; 1981:133–134 [habitus figure, key, citation]; 1984:108 [Palearctic catalog].—Gorczytza, 1988:307 [citation, ecology, figure of head].—Canzoneri et al., 1990:37 [citation, Pelagian Islands].—Munari and Canzoneri, 1992:26–35 [revision, morphology].—Beschovski, 1993:104–105 [list, illustrations of terminalia]; 1964:263 [citation]; 1994b:20–22 [review, illustration of terminalia, Bulgaria].—Munari, 1994:27 [list, Afrotropics].

Tethina albosetulosa albipila.—Frey, 1958a:52 [citation, Canary Islands],

Rhicnoessa albipsila Mercier, 1925:179 [France. Côte du Calvados, “dune de Courseulles,” Saint-Lunare, Spain; ST (sex ?), MNHN].—Hendel, 1934:41 [synonymy].

Rhicnoessa albipila [sic] of authors, not Mercier, 1925 [error].—Soós, 1984:108 [citation],

Tethina griseola of authors (sensu Czemy, 1928), not van der Wulp, 1871 [misidentification].—Czemy, 1928:5 [revision],—de Meijere, 1932:286 [discussion].—Hendel, 1934:41 [synonymy].—Séguy, 1934:400 [key, France].—Beschovski, 1975:5 [citation],

Tethina albissima Collin, 1966:23 [Italy. “Rosolina Mare” (near Venice); HT (destroyed, only a paratype remains), MCV].—Soós, 1978:412 [Palearctic catalog]; 1984:108 [Palearctic catalog].—Canzoneri et al., 1990:37 [citation, Pelagian Islands].—Munari and Canzoneri, 1992:33 [synonymy].

Tethina diversa Collin, 1966:24 [Italy. “Sp. Alberoni” (near Venice); HT , MCV].—Soós, 1978:412 [Palearctic catalog]; 1984:108 [Palearctic catalog].—Munari and Canzoneri, 1992:33 [synonymy].

Tethina mixta Collin, 1966:24 [France. Plage S. Raphael, Var, HT , MCV].—Soós, 1978:412 [Palearctic catalog]; 1984:109 [Palearctic catalog].—Canzoneri et al., 1990:37 [citation. Pelagian Islands].—Munari and Canzoneri, 1992:33 [synonymy].

albula (Loew). Nearctic: Massachusetts to Florida and Texas. Neotropical: Argentina and Chile.

Rhicnoessa albula Loew, 1869:44 [United States. Rhode Island: Newport County, Newport; ST , MCZ].—Johnson, 1910:812 [citation]; 1913:89 [citation]; 1930:156 [citation].—Malloch, 1913:147 [citation].—Melander, 1913:298 [key]; 1952:201–202 [key, citation].—Frey, 1919:15 [citation].—Hendel, 1934:43 [key], 46–47 [citation].—Hennig, 1937:140 [citation].

Tethina albula.—Sturtevant, 1923:6 [generic combination],—Johnson, 1925:286 [citation],—Curran, 1934:330 [citation].—Vockeroth, 1965:727 [Nearctic catalog].—Prado and Tavares, 1966:431–432 [revision, figures of terminalia].—Foster, 1976b:2 [Neotropical catalog].

angustifrons Melander. Nearctic: United States (CA).

Tethina angustifrons Melander, 1952:199 [United States. California: San Luis Obispo County, Asilomar, Mono Dunes, Pismo Beach; ST 17 , USNM].—Vockeroth, 1965:727 [Nearctic catalog].—Cole, 1969:386 [distribution, diagnosis].

angustipennis (Melander). Nearctic: United States (CA).

Rhicnoessa angustipennis Melander, 1952:203 [United States. California: San Luis Obispo County, Morro Bay (dunes NW); ST (2, 2), USNM; figure of terminalia].—Cole, 1969:387 [distribution, diagnosis].

Tethina angustipennis.—Vockeroth, 1965:727 [generic combination, Nearctic catalog].

bermudaensis (Melander). Nearctic: Bermuda.

Rhicnoessa bermudaensis Melander, 1952:203 [Bermuda. Castle and Cooper Islands; ST 32 , USNM].

Tethina bermudaensis.—Vockeroth, 1965:727 [generic combination, Nearctic catalog].—Woodley and Hilburn, 1994:53–54 [list, Bermuda].

brasiliensis Prado and Tavares. Neotropical: Brazil (Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte).

Tethina brasiliensis Prado and Tavares, 1966:435 [Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: Ilha do Governador (Galeão); HT , IOC (13358); figures of and terminalia].—Foster, 1976b:2 [Neotropical catalog].

carioca Prado and Tavares. Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro).

Tethina carioca Prado and Tavares, 1966:433 [Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: Ilha do Governador (Galeão); HT , IOC (13356); figures of terminalia and wing].—Foster, 1976b:2 [Neotropical catalog].

Tethina albula of authors, not Loew, 1869 [misidentification].—Frey, 1919:15.

chilensis Malloch. Neotropical. Chile.

Tethina chilensis Malloch, 1934:455 [Chile. Antofagasta: Antofagasta; HT , USNM (allotype on same pin)].—Foster, 1976b:2 [Neotropical catalog].

cinerea (Loew). Palearctic: Canary Islands, Mediterranean subregion, Black Sea, northern Europe.

Rhicnoessa cinerea Loew, 1862:175 [Bulgaria. Varna; HT , ZMHU].—Loew, 1865:35 [revision].—Strobl, 1900:6 [discussion].—Becker, 1905b:252 [Palearctic catalog]; 1907a:405 [citation, Tunisia]; 1908:164 [citation, Canary Islands].—Hendel, 1934:46 [as a synonym of Anthomyza grisea Fallén].—de Meijere, 1939:162 [as a synonym of Anthomyza grisea Fallén].—Collin, 1966:25, 28 [key, discussion].—Soós, 1978:412 [Palearctic catalog]; 1984:109 [Palearctic catalog].—Szadziewski, 1983:46 [citation].—Beschovski, 1993:104, 106 [list, illustration of terminalia]; 1994b:18–20 [review, key to Bulgarian species, illustration of terminalia].—Carles-Tolr´, 1994:23 [list, Spain].

Tethina cinerea.—Czemy, 1928:4 [key, generic combination, revision].—de Meijere, 1928:79 [citation]; 1932:287 [discussion on taxonomic status].—Karl, 1930:69 [citation].—Séguy, 1934:400 [key, France].—Ringdahl, 1948:3 [citation].—Tiensuu, 1954:42 [citation].—Ardö, 1957:131 [citation].—Trojan, 1962:66 [key, figure of head].—Beschovski, 1964:263 [citation]; 1975:5 [citation].—Stackelberg, 1970:356 [citation].—Soós, 1981:135 [key].

czernyi (Hendel). Palearctic: North and east sea coasts of Europe, Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Spain, Transcaucasus, Turkey.

Rhicnoessa czernyi Hendel, 1934:46 [“TransKaspien, Kleinasien, Spanien, Berlin, Nord-und Ostseeküsten”; ST (1, 1), NMW].—Hennig, 1939:82 [figure of terminalia].—Collin, 1966:26, 28 [key, discussion].—Soós, 1978:411–412 [citation, Palearctic catalog]; 1984:109 [Palearctic catalog].

Tethina czernyi.—Soós, 1981:135 [generic combination, key, citation]; 1983:312 [citation, Hungary].—Szadziewski, 1983:46 [citation].—Beschovski, 1993:104–105 [list, illustration of terminalia]; 1994b:22 [review, illustration of terminalia, Bulgaria].

Tethina grisea.—sensu Czerny, 1928:4 [misidentification].—Hendel, 1934:46 [synonymy (nec Fallén)].

denudata (Melander). Nearctic: United States (CA).

Rhicnoessa denudata Melander, 1952:204 [United States. California: Santa Barbara County, Carpenteria (edge of dunes at seashore); ST (7, 18), USNM].

Tethina denudata.—Vockeroth, 1965:727 [generic combination, Nearctic catalog].

dubiosa (Collin). Palearctic: Italy.

Rhicnoessa dubiosa Collin, 1966:30 [Italy. Lido di Volano (near Ferrara); HT , MCV].—Soós, 1978:412 [Palearctic catalog]; 1984:109 [Palearctic catalog].

Tethina dubiosa.—NEW COMBINATION herein.

flavigenis (Hendel). Palearctic: Bulgaria, Denmark, England, Germany, Italy, Spain, Tunisia.

Rhicnoessa flavigenis Hendel, 1934:47 [Spain. “Algeciras, Andalusien”; ST (1, 4), DEI, NMW].—Collin, 1960:192–193 [citation]; 1966:26, 29 [key, discussion].—Rald, 1976:115–116 [key, Denmark, citation].—Soós, 1978:412 [Palearctic catalog]; 1984:109 [Palearctic catalog].—Gorczytza, 1988:307–308 [figure of head, citation, ecology].

Tethina flavigenis.—Cogan, 1976:87 [generic combination, citation, England].—Beschovski, 1993:104–105 [list, illustration of terminalia]; 1994b:22 [review, illustration of terminalia, Bulgaria].

grisea (Fallén). Palearctic: Azores, Canary Islands, England, Mediterranean subregion, European Atlantic, Black Sea.

Anthomyza grisea Fallén, 1823:7 [Sweden; ST NRS].—Czerny, 1902:255–256 [citation, descriptive notes, placement in Rhicnoessa].

Opomyza grisea.—Meigen, 1830:112 [generic combination].

Leptomyza grisea.—Macquart, 1835:581 [generic combination].

Anthophilina grisea.—Zetterstedt, 1848:2699 [generic combination].—Rondani, 1875:186 [key], 187 [citation].

Rhicnoessa grisea.—Strobl 1900:8 [generic combination, discussion, Spain].—Becker, 1905b:252 [Palearctic catalog].—Collin, 1911:234 [citation, England]; 1960:192 [citation]; 1966:25, 28 [key, discussion].—Hendel, 1934:42 [key], 46 [citation].—de Meijere, 1939:162 [citation].—Frey, 1945:80 [citation, Azores]; 1958a:52 [citation, Canary Islands].—Soós, 1978:412 [Palearctic catalog]; 1984:109 [Palearctic catalog].—Szadziewski, 1983:46 [citation].—Ferrar, 1987:399, 894 [description and figures of immature stages].—Gorczytza, 1988:307–308 [figure of head, citation, ecology].—Beschovski, 1993:104, 106 [list, illustration of terminalia]; 1994b:18–20 [key, illustration of terminalia].

Tethina grisea.—Wahlgren, 1927:375 [generic combination].—Czerny, 1928:4–5 [key, revision].—de Meijere, 1928:79 [citation]; 1932:287 [discussion on taxonomic status].—Karl, 1930:69 [citation].—Krogerus, 1932:118 [citation, Finland].—Séguy, 1934:400 [key, France].—Tiensuu, 1954:42 [citation].—Ardö, 1957:131 [citation].—Trojan, 1962:67 [key].—Beschovski, 1964:263 [citation].—Stackelberg, 1970:356 [citation].—Cogan, 1976:87 [citation, England].—Rald, 1976:113, 116 [key, Denmark, figure of head, citation].—Canzoneri et al., 1990:37 [citation, Pelagian Islands].

Rhicnoessa latigenis Becker, 1907a:405 [Tunisia. Tunis: La Marsa; Greece. Kandia (island near Crete); Spain. Canary Islands: Tenerife, Santa Cruz; ST , ZMHU]; 1908:165 [repeat of original description].—Hendel, 1934:46 [synonymy].

Tethina latigenis.—Czerny, 1928:3, 6 [generic combination, key, revision].—Karl, 1930:69 [citation].—de Meijere, 1932:287 [discussion of taxonomic status].—Séguy, 1934:400 [key, France].—Trojan, 1962:65 [key].

grossipes Becker. Afrotropical: Cape Verde Islands. Palearctic: Canary Islands.

Rhicnoessa grossipes Becker, 1908:165 [(Spain.) Canary Islands: Tenerife; HT , ZMHU].—Hendel, 1934:44 [key], 48 [citation].—Frey, 1958a:52 [citation, Canary Islands]; 1958b:38 [citation, Cape Verde Islands].—Soós, 1978:412 [Palearctic catalog]; 1984:109 [Palearctic catalog].

Tethina grossipes.—Czerny, 1928:3, 5 [generic combination, key, revision].—Cogan, 1980:693 [Afrotropical catalog].—Munari, 1994:27 [list, Afrotropics].

guttata Freidberg and Beschovski. Palearctic: Israel, Tunisia.

Tethina guttata Freidberg and Beschovski, 1996:103 [Israel. Bor Meshash; HT , TAU].

heringi (Hendel). Palearctic: Canary Islands.

Rhicnoessa heringi Hendel, 1934:49 [(Spain.) Canary Islands: Fuerteventura; ST (1, 1), NMW].—Frey, 1958a:52 [citation, Canary Islands].—Soós, 1978:413 [Palearctic catalog]; 1984:109 [Palearctic catalog].

Tethina heringi.—NEW COMBINATION herein.

horripilans (Melander). Nearctic: United States (WA).

Rhicnoessa horripilans Melander, 1952:204 [United States. Washington: Pacific County, Ilwaco; ST 170 (all 170 may not be syntypes), USNM].

Tethina horripilans.—Vockeroth, 1965:727 [generic combination, Nearctic catalog]; 1987:1076–1077 [figures of head, hind tibia, and wing].

illota (Haliday). Palearctic: Belgium, Canary Islands, Denmark, England, France, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Sweden.

Opomyza (Tethina) illota Haliday, 1838:188 [Ireland. Dublin: Killiney Bay; ST , NMI (apparently lost)].

Tethina illota.—Becker, 1905a:234 [generic combination, Palearctic catalog].—Collin, 1911:234 [discussion, citation, England]; 1960:192 [citation]; 1966:22 [key, citation, discussion].—Hendel, 1917:46 [citation in key]; 1934:39 [key, citation].—Sturtevant, 1923:6 [discussion].—Czerny, 1928:3, 5–6 [key, revision].—de Meijere, 1928:79 [citation]; 1932:286 [discussion]; 1939:162 [citation].—Karl, 1930:69 [citation].—Séguy, 1934:399 [key, France].—Ardö, 1957:131 [citation].—Trojan, 1962:65–66 [key, figure of head].—Stackelberg, 1970:356 [citation].—Cogan, 1976:87 [citation, England].—Rald, 1976:113–114, 116 [key, Denmark, figure of head, citation].—Soós, 1978:412 [Palearctic catalog]; 1981:134 [figure of head, key]; 1984:109 [Palearctic catalog].—Gorczytza, 1988:307–308 [figure of head, citation, ecology].—Beschovski, 1993:104 [list].

Madiza griseola van der Wulp, 1871:198 [Netherlands. Scheveningen; ST , ZMA].—Hendel, 1934:40 [synonymy].

Rhicnoessa griseola.—Becker, 1907a:405 [generic combination]; 1908:166 [citation, Canary Islands].

Tethina griseola.—de Meijere, 1928:78 [generic combination, discussion].—Karl, 1930:69 [citation].—Trojan, 1962:65 [key].

incisuralis (Macquart). Afrotropical: Cape Verde Islands. Palearctic: Canary Islands, England, North Africa, Spain, Syria.

Chlorops incisuralis Macquart, 1851:278 [Egypt; ST , MNHN].

Rhicnoessa incisuralis.—Collin, 1949:201 [generic combination, synonymy of R. pictipes Becker]; 1960:192–193 [citation]; 1966:27, 29 [key, discussion].—Frey, 1958a:52 [citation, Canary Islands]; 1958b:38 [citation, Cape Verde Islands].—Hennig, 1971:14 [figure of antenna (as R. incisurata)].—Soós, 1978:413 [Palearctic catalog]; 1984:110 [Palearctic catalog].

Tethina incisuralis.—Cogan, 1976:87 [generic combination, citation, England]; 1980:693 [Afrotropical catalog].—Rald, 1976:115 [key].—Beschovski, 1993:104–105 [list, illustration of terminalia].—Munari, 1994:27 [as T. incinsuralis; list, Afrotropics].

Rhicnoessa pictipes Becker, 1903:185 [Egypt. Cairo and Siala; ST 13 , ZMHU]; 1905b:252 [Palearctic catalog].—Hendel, 1934:45 [key], 50 [citation].—Collin, 1949:201 [synonymy]; 1966:32 [discussion].

Tethina pictipes.—Czerny, 1928:4, 7 [generic combination, key, revision].—de Meijere, 1928:79 [citation].—Karl, 1930:69 [citation].—Séguy, 1934:400 [key, France].—Ardö, 1957:131 [citation].—Trojan, 1962:66 [key].

inopinata Munari and Canzoneri. Palearctic: Greece.

Tethina (Tethina) inopinata Munari and Canzoneri, 1992:35 [Greece. Salonika: Sithoniá Peninsula (Calcid.), Isola Diaporos; HT , MCV].

insulans Curran. Neotropical: Ecuador (Galápagos Islands).

Tethina insulans Curran, 1932:358 [Ecuador. Galapagos Islands: Floreana, Post Office Bay (seaside); HT , ZMO].—Foster, 1976b:2 [Neotropical catalog].

intermedia Collin. Palearctic: Tunisia.

Tethina intermedia Collin, 1966:21 [Tunisia. Tunis: La Marsa; HT , MCV].—Soós, 1978:412 [Palearctic catalog]; 1984:109 [Palearctic catalog].

karatasensis Munari. Palearctic: Turkey.

Tethina karatasensis Munari, 198la:139 [Turkey. Karatàs; HT , MCV].—Soós, 1984:109 [Palearctic catalog].—Freidberg and Beschovski, 1996:105 [revision].

lavendula (Melander). Nearctic: United States (CA).

Rhicnoessa lavendula Melander, 1952:205 [United States. California: Orange County, Huntington Beach and Balboa; ST (2, 1), USNM].

Tethina lavendula.—Vockeroth, 1965:727 [generic combination, Nearctic catalog].

longirostris (Loew). Palearctic: Algeria, Azores, Egypt, Italy, Spain, Tunisia.

Rhicnoessa longirostris Loew, 1865:36 [Italy. Sicily; ST (5, 3), ZMHU].—Becker, 1905b:252 [Palearctic catalog]; 1907a:405 [citation, Algeria, Tunisia].—Hendel, 1934:44 [key], 50 [citation].—Frey, 1945:80 [citation, Azores].—Collin, 1966:26, 29 [key, discussion].—Soós, 1978:413 [Palearctic catalog]; 1984:110 [Palearctic catalog].

Tethina longirostris.—Czemy, 1928:4, 6 [generic combination, key, revision, misidentification (see T. strobliana (Mercier))].—de Meijere, 1928:79 [citation].—Beschovski, 1993:104–105 [list, illustration of terminalia]; 1994b:24, 27 [review, illustrations of terminalia and head].

marmorata (Becker). Palearctic: Canary Islands.

Rhicnoessa marmorata Becker, 1908:164 [(Spain.) Canary Islands: Tenerife, Orotava; ST 12 , ZMHU].—Hendel, 1934:44 [key], 48 [citation].—Frey, 1958a:52 [citation, Canary Islands].—Soós, 1978:413 [Palearctic catalog]; 1984:110 [Palearctic catalog].

Tethina marmorata.—Czemy, 1928:3, 6–7 [generic combination, key, revision].—Beschovski, 1993:104–106 [list, illustrations of terminalia].

milichioides (Melander). Nearctic: United States (CA, OR, WA).

Rhicnoessa milichioides Melander, 1913:299 [United States. Washington: King County, Seattle, Alki Point; LT (designated by Foster, 1976a:346), USNM].—Hendel, 1934:43 [key], 48 [citation].

Tethina milichioides.—Sturtevant, 1923:6 [generic combination],—Foster, 1976a:345 [revision].

Phycomyza milichioides.—Melander, 1952:198, 212 [generic combination, figure of terminalia].—Vockeroth, 1965:727 [Nearctic catalog].—Cole, 1969:386 [distribution, diagnosis].

munarii Carles-Tolrá Palearctic: Spain.

Tethina (Rhicnoessa) munarii Carles-Tolrá, 1993:251 [Spain. Gerona, Cadaqués; HT , CTC]; 1994:23 [list, Spain].

nigripes Czemy. Palearctic: Germany, Italy, Lebanon, Poland.

Tethina nigripes Czemy, 1928:7 [Germany. Sülldorf; and Lebanon. Beirut; ST , deposition unknown].—Karl, 1930:69 [citation].—Ardö, 1957:131 [citation].—Trojan, 1962:67 [key].—Rald, 1976:115 [key].—Soós, 1981:136 [key].

Rhicnoessa nigripes.—Hendel, 1934:46 [key], 50 [generic combination, citation],—Collin, 1966:27, 30 [key, discussion],—Soós, 1978:413 [Palearctic catalog]; 1984:110 [Palearctic catalog].—Szadziewski, 1983:46–47 [citation, figure of terminalia].

nigriseta Malloch. Australasian/Oceanian: Australia (NSW, QLD).

Tethina nigriseta Malloch, 1924:337 [Australia. New South Wales: Woolgoolga; HT , AM].—Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:668 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].

Rhicnoessa nigriseta.—Hendel, 1934:43 [key], 47 [citation].

Tethina (Tethina) nigriseta.—Malloch, 1935:92 [citation].

ochracea (Hendel). Afrotropical: Senegal, Seychelles (Aldabra), South Africa. Oriental: Taiwan. Palearctic: Bulgaria, Egypt, Italy, Spain, Turkey.

Rhicnoessa ochracea Hendel, 1913:109 [Taiwan. Anping; LT (designated by Munari, 1991a:166], NMW].—Malloch, 1914:308 [citation].—Hendel, 1934:45 [key], 50 [citation].

Tethina ochracea.—Steyskal and Sasakawa, 1977:395 [generic combination, Oriental catalog].—Munari, 1991a:166 [discussion]; 1994:23, 27 [citation, Egypt and South Africa, list, Afrotropics].—Carles-Tolrá, 1992:349 [citation, Spain]; 1994:23 [list, Spain].—Beschovski, 1993:104, 106 [list, illustrations of terminalia]; 1994b:24–25 [review, illustration of terminalia and head, Bulgaria].

Tethina canzonerii Munari, 1981a:142 [Turkey. Karatàs; HT , MCV]; 1990:60, 68 [citation, Seychelles, South Africa, figures of terminalia].—Soós, 1984:108 [Palearctic catalog].—Canzoneri et al., 1990:37 [citation. Pelagian Islands],—Munari, 1991a:165 [synonymy].

orientalis (Hendel). Australasian/Oceanian: Mariana Islands (Guam). Oriental: China (Hong Kong), Japan (Ryukyus), Taiwan.

Rhicnoessa orientalis Hendel, 1934:47 [Taiwan. Anping; HT , NMW].

Tethina orientalis.—Sasakawa, 1974:1 [generic combination, revision]; 1981:520 [citation]; 1986:433, 437 [key, citation]; 1995:54–55 [revision, Micronesia].—Steyskal and Sasakawa, 1977:395 [Oriental catalog].—Morimoto, 1989:833 [list, Japan].

pallidiseta Malloch. Australasian/Oceanian: Australia (NSW).

Tethina (Tethina) pallidiseta Malloch, 1935:92 [Australia. New South Wales: Collary; HT , AM].—Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:668 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].

pallipes (Loew). Afrotropical: Cape Verde Islands. Palearctic: Azores, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, Mediterranean subregion.

Rhicnoessa pallipes Loew, 1865:37 [“Griechenland [Greece]” and “griechischen Inseln”; ST 3 , ZMHU].—Becker, 1905b:252 [Palearctic catalog]; 1907a:405 [citation, Tunisia]; 1908:164 [citation, Canary Islands].—Hendel, 1934:45 [key], 50 [citation].—Frey, 1945:81 [citation, Azores]; 1958a:52 [citation, Canary Islands]; 1958b:38 [citation. Cape Verde Islands].—Collin, 1966:28, 32 [key, discussion].—Soós, 1978:413 [Palearctic catalog]; 1984:110 [Palearctic catalog].

Tethina pallipes.—Czerny, 1928:4, 7 [generic combination, key, revision].—de Meijere, 1928:79 [citation].—Séguy, 1934:400 [key, France].—Cogan, 1980:693 [Afrotropical catalog].—Beschovski, 1993:104, 106 [list, illustration of terminalia]; 1994b:22–25 [review, illustration of terminalia, Bulgaria].—Munari, 1994:28 [list, Afrotropics].

parvula (Loew). Nearctic: Canada (QB). United States (CA, CT, DE, MA, MD, ME, NC, NJ, NY, RI, VA, WA).

Rhicnoessa parvula Loew, 1869:45 [United States. Rhode Island: New Port County, Newport; ST , MCZ].—Hallock and Parker, 1926:3 [citation].—Hendel, 1934:43 [key], 48 [citation].—Melander, 1952:201, 205 [key, citation].

Tethina parvula.—Hendel, 1911:43 [generic combination, misidentification, see Pelomyiella melanderi (Sturtevant)].—Sturtevant, 1923:7 [citation].—Johnson, 1925:286 [citation]; 1930:156 [citation].—Vockeroth, 1965:727 [Nearctic catalog]; 1987:1073 [habitus figure].

Rhicnoessa whitmani Melander, 1913:298 [United States. Massachusetts: Barnstable County, Woods Hole; HT , USNM].—Sturtevant, 1923:7 [synonymy].

pictipennis Freidberg and Beschovski. Palearctic: Morocco.

Tethina pictipennis Freidberg and Beschovski, 1996:107 [Morocco. Larache (40 km S); HT , UZMC].

prognatha (Melander). Nearctic: United States (CA).

Rhicnoessa prognatha Melander, 1952:206 [United States. California: San Luis Obispo County, Morro Bay (dunes west); HT , USNM],

Tethina prognatha.—Vockeroth, 1965:728 [generic combination, Nearctic catalog].

quadricephala Freidberg and Beschovski. Palearctic: Egypt.

Tethina quadricephala Freidberg and Beschovski, 1996:108 [Egypt. El Arish; HT TAU].

saigusai Sasakawa. Palearctic: Japan (Honshu, Hokkaido).

Tethina saigusai Sasakawa, 1986:434 [Japan. Honshu: Kyoto, Kunda Peninula, Shimakage Bay; HT , KPU (234)].—Morimoto, 1989:833 [list, Japan].

seriata (Melander). Nearctic: United States (FL).

Rhicnoessa seriata Melander, 1952:206 [United States. Florida: Dade County, Miami, Matecumba; Collier County, Naples; ST (2, 4), USNM].

Tethina seriata.—Vockeroth, 1965:728 [generic combination, Nearctic catalog].

setulosa Malloch. Neotropical: Chile (Tarapaea to Antofagasta).

Tethina setulosa Malloch, 1934:454 [Chile. Antofagasta: Tocopilla; HT , USNM].—Foster, 1976b:2 [Neotropical catalog].

Rhicnoessa setulosa.—Hennig, 1937:139 [generic combination, citation].

shalom Freidberg and Beschovski. Palearctic: Israel.

Tethina shalom Freidberg and Beschovski, 1996:109 [Israel. Elat; HT , TAU].

simplex (Collin). Palearctic: Czech Republic, England, Hungary, Slovakia, Spain.

Rhicnoessa simplex Collin, 1966:32 [England. Norfolk: Holme-by-sea; HT UMO]; 1960:192–193 [misidentified as Rhicnoessa strobliana Mercier].—Soós, 1978:413 [Palearctic catalog]; 1984:110 [Palearctic catalog].

Tethina simplex.—Cogan and Dear, 1975:179 [generic combination].—Cogan, 1976:87 [citation, England].—Rald, 1976:115 [key].—Carles-Tolrá, 1992:349 [citation, Spain]; 1994:23 [list, Spain].—Roháček, 1992:130 [as ? simplex, Czech Republic and Slovakia].—Beschovski, 1993:104, 106 [list, illustration of terminalia]; 1994b:24 [review, illustrations of terminalia and head, Hungary].

soikai Munari. Afrotropical: Senegal.

Tethina soikai Munari, 1981a:141 [Senegal. Rufisque; HT , MCV]; 1994:28 [list, Afrotropics].

sonorensis (Melander). Neotropical: Mexico (BCN, SON).

Rhicnoessa sonorensis Melander, 1952:207 [Mexico. Baja California Norte and Sonora: Rocky Point Marsh; LT (designated by Foster, 1976b:2), USNM].—Cole, 1969:387 [distribution, diagnosis].

Tethina sonorensis.—Foster, 1976b:2 [generic combination. Neotropical catalog].

spinulosa Cole. Nearctic: California. Neotropical: Mexico (BCN).

Tethina spinulosa Cole, 1923:478 [Mexico. Baja California Norte: Las Animas Bay; HT , CAS (1356)].—Hendel, 1934:41 [citation].—Vockeroth, 1965:728 [Nearctic catalog],—Foster, 1976b:2 [Neotropical catalog].

Rhicnoessa spinulosa.—Melander, 1952:202, 208 [key, generic combination, citation].

steyskali Foster. Nearctic: United States (CA).

Tethina steyskali Foster, 1976a:344 [United States. California: San Luis Obispo County, Pismo Beach; HT , USNM (73639)].

strobliana (Mercier). Palearctic: Denmark, England, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Madeira, Poland, Spain.

Rhicnoessa strobliana Mercier, 1923:18 [“Espagne (Algeciras, Alicante), France (côte du Calvados; mare saumâtre à Bénouville, dune de Courseulles, juinjuillet)”; ST (sex ?), MNHN].—Hendel, 1934:45 [key], 50 [citation].—Frey, 1945:81 [citation, Azores]; 1949:36[citation, Madeira].—Collin, 1960:192–193 [citation, in part]; 1966:27, 30 [key, discussion].—Soós, 1978:413 [Palearctic catalog]; 1984:110 [Palearctic catalog].—Szadziewski, 1983:46 [citation].

Tethina strobliana.—Czerny, 1928:6 [as Tethina longirostris (Loew), revision].—Cogan, 1976:87 [generic combination, citation, England].—Rald, 1976:115 [key].—Soós, 1981:134, 136–137 [figures of head and habitus, key, citation]; 1983:312 [citation, Hungary].—Canzoneri et al., 1990:38 [citation, Pelagian Islands].—Beschovski, 1993:104, 106 [list, illustration of terminalia].

Tethina longirostris of authors, not Loew, 1865 [misidentification].—Collin, 1911:234 [citation, England].—Czerny, 1928:6 [revision].

Rhicnoessa penita Collin, 1966:31 [England. Suffolk: Aldeburgh; HT , UMO]; 1960:192–193 [as Rhicnoessa strobliana Mercier].—Soós, 1978:413 [Palearctic catalog]; 1984:110 [Palearctic catalog].—Beschovski, 1993:104 [synonymy].

Tethina penita.—Cogan and Dear, 1975:179 [generic combination].—Cogan, 1976:87 [citation, England].—Rald, 1976:115–116 [key, Denmark, citation].

subpunctata Beschovski. Palearctic: Tunisia.

Tethina subpunctata Beschovski, 1994a: 198 [Tunisia. Sousse (15 km N); HT , UMO].

texana (Malloch). Nearctic: United States (TX).

Rhicnoessa texana Malloch, 1913:148 [United States. Texas: Nueces County, Corpus Christi; HT , USNM (15807)].—Hendel, 1934:50 [citation].—Melander, 1952:202, 208 [key, citation].

Tethina texana.—Sturtevant, 1923:7 [generic combination].—Vockeroth, 1965:728 [Nearctic catalog].

thula Sasakawa. Palearctic: Japan (Hokkaido).

Tethina thula Sasakawa, 1986:436 [Japan. Hokkaido: Notsuke-gun, Bekkai Beach; HT , KPU (235)].—Morimoto, 1989:833 [list, Japan].

variseta (Melander). Australasian/Oceanian: Hawaii (Hawaii, Kahoolawe, Kauai, Maui, Oahu). Nearctic: United States (CA).

Rhicnoessa variseta Melander, 1952:209 [United States. California: Los Angeles and Orange Counties, Long Beach, Seal Beach, Huntington Beach, Balboa, and Corona del Mar; ST 19 , USNM].

Tethina variseta.—Vockeroth, 1965:728 [generic combination, Nearctic catalog].—Hardy and Delfinado, 1980:378–379 [citation, figures of head, terminalia, spermathecae; French Frigate Shoal, Hawaii, Kahoolawe, Kauai, Maui, Oahu].—Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:668 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].

willistoni (Melander). Neotropical: West Indies (Jamaica, St. Vincent).

Anthomyza cinerea Williston, 1896:444 [West Indies. St. Vincent; ST 12 (sex ?), BMNH; preoccupied, Loew, 1862].

Rhicnoessa cinerea.—Czemy, 1902:256 [generic combination].

Rhicnoessa willistoni Melander, 1913:298 [new name for A. cinerea of Williston, 1896, not Loew, 1862].—Hendel, 1934:51 [citation].—Melander, 1952:201, 209 [key, citation].

Tethina willistoni.—Foster, 1976b:3 [generic combination, Neotropical catalog].

woodi Foster. Nearctic: United States (WA).

Tethina woodi Foster, 1976a:342 [United States. Washington: Pacific County, Ilwaco; HT , USNM (73640)].

xanthopoda (Williston). Nearctic: Bermuda. Neotropical: West Indies (St. Lucia, St. Vincent).

Anthomyza xanthopoda Williston, 1896:445 [West Indies. St. Vincent; ST 3 (sex ?), BMNH].—Czerny, 1902:256 [citation, placement in Rhicnoessa].

Rhicnoessa xanthopoda.—Czerny, 1902:256 [generic combination].—Melander, 1913:298 [key]; 1952:202, 209 [key, citation].—Hendel, 1934:51 [citation].

Tethina xanthopoda.—Foster, 1976b:3 [generic combination, Neotropical catalog].—Woodley and Hilburn, 1994:54 [list, Bermuda].

yaromi Freidberg and Beschovski. Palearctic: Spain.

Tethina yaromi Freidberg and Beschovski, 1996:110 [Spain. Almeria, Cabo de Gata; HT , TAU].

Genus Tethinosoma Malloch (1 species)

Tethinosoma Malloch, 1930:335. Type species: Agromyza fulvifrons Hutton, by original designation.—Harrison, 1959:150 [revision].—D.K. McAlpine, 1967:75 [citation, assigned to Tethinidae].

fulvifrons (Hutton). Australasian/Oceanian: New Zealand.

Agromyza fulvifrons Hutton, 1901:93 [New Zealand. Christchurch (on sea beach); HT , NZAC (formerly in CANT)].

Tethinosoma fulvifrons.—Malloch, 1930:335 [generic combination].—Harrison, 1959:150–151 [revision].—Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:668 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].

Subfamily ZALEINAE D.K. McAlpine

Zalinae D.K. McAlpine, 1982:116. Type genus: Zale D.K. McAlpine, 1982 [junior homonym, Hübner, 1818 (Lepidoptera)].

Zaleinae D.K. McAlpine, 1985:81 [new name for Zalinae D.K. McAlpine, 1982]. Type genus: Zalea D.K. McAlpine, 1985.

Genus Suffomyia Freidberg (1 species)

Suffomyia Freidberg, 1995:448. Type species: Suffomyia scutellaris Freidberg, 1995, by original designation.

scutellaris Freidberg. Palearctic: Egypt, Israel.

Suffomyia scutellaris Freidberg, 1995:448 [Egypt. Sinai: Nueiba (10 km N); HT , TAU].

Genus Zalea D.K. McAlpine (3 species)

Zale D.K. McAlpine, 1982:108 [preoccupied, Hübner, 1818 (Lepidoptera)]. Type species: Zale minor D.K. McAlpine, 1982, by original designation.

Zalea D.K. McAlpine, 1985:82 [new name for Zale of D.K. McAlpine, 1982]. Type species: Zale minor D.K. McAlpine, 1982, automatic.—Mathis, 1989:670 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog]; 1992:12–13 [catalog].

horningi (Harrison). Australasian/Oceanian: New Zealand.

Tethina horningi Harrison, 1976:143 [New Zealand. Snares Islands: Seal Cove (on supralittoral rocks); figure of wing; HT , NZAC].—Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:668 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].

Zalea horningi.—D.K. McAlpine, 1985:82 [generic combination, discussion].—Mathis, 1992:12 [catalog].

major (D.K. McAlpine). Australasian/Oceanian: Australia (NSW).

Zale major D.K. McAlpine, 1982:112 [Australia. New South Wales: Bundeena, Port Hacking; figures of head; HT , AM].

Zalea major.—D.K. McAlpine, 1985:82 [generic combination].—Mathis, 1989:670 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].—Mathis, 1992:12 [catalog].

minor (D.K. McAlpine). Australasian/Oceanian: Australia (NSW).

Zale minor D.K. McAlpine, 1982:110 [Australia. New South Wales: Sydney Harbour, Vaucluse, Nielsen Park, Bottle and Glass Rocks; figures of wing, and terminalia; HT , AM].

Zalea minor.—D.K. McAlpine, 1985:82 [generic combination].—Mathis, 1989:670 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].—Mathis, 1992:13 [catalog].—Freidberg, 1995:454–455 [discussion].

Literature Cited

Aldrich, J.M.

1931.   New Acalyptrate Diptera from the Pacific and Oriental Regions. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 7(3):395–399.

Ardö P.

1957.   Studies in the Marine Shore Dune Ecosystem with Special Reference to the Dipterous Fauna. Opuscula Entomologica, Supplementum, 14:1–255, 82 figures, 9 tables.

Bährmann, R.

1982.   Zur Vorkommen sogenannter halophiler Dipteren-Arten in einer industriell belasteten Immissiongebiet. Entomologische Nachrichten Berichte, 26(2):75–78.

Becker, Th.

1896.   Dipterologische Studien IV: Ephydridae. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 41 (2):91–276.4 plates.

1903.   ägyptische Dipteren gesammelt und beschrieben. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 2(3):67–195, 4 plates.

1905a. Geomyzidae. In Th. Becker et al., editors, Katalog der paläarktischen Dipteren, 4:224–234.   Budapest.

1905b. Agromyzinae. In Th. Becker et al., editors, Katalog der paläarktischen Dipteren. 4:240–260.   Budapest.

1907a. Die Ergebnisse meiner dipterologischen Frühjahrsreise nach Algier und Tunis, 1906.   Zeitschrift für Systematische Hymenopterologie und Dipterologie, 7(5):33–61, 97–128, 225–256, 369–407, 454.

1907b. Zur Kenntniss der Dipteren von Central-Asien, I: Cyclorrhapha schizophora holometopa and Orthorrhapha brachycera. Annuaire du Musée Zoologique de l'Académie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersburg, 1907:253–317.

1908.   Dipteren der Kanarischen Inseln. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 4(1):1–180.

Beschovski, V.L.

1964.   Beitrag zum Studium der halobionten und halophilen Diptera Brachycera vom Bulgarischen Küstenbereich des Schwarzen Meeres. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 172(4):261–264.

1975.   The Black Sea Coast Inundated by Waves and Its Dipterous Fauna (Diptera, Brachycera). Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Hydrobiology, 2:3–18.   [In Bulgarian.]

1993.   Taxonomic and Systematic Notes on the Genera Tethina Haliday, 1838, and Rhicnoessa Loew, 1862 (Insecta: Diptera: Tethinidae). Reichenbachia, 30(16):103–107, 20 figures.

1994a. Tethina subpunctata sp. nov., a New Species from Tunisia (Diptera, Tethinidae). Entomofauna, 15(16): 197–204, 7 figures.

1994b. Contribution to the Study of the West Palaearctic Tethinidae (Diptera). Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 47:16–29, 7 plates.

Bezzi, M.

1908.   6, Simuliidae, Bombyliidae, Empididae, Syrphidae, Tachinidae, Muscidae, Phycodromidae, Borboridae, Trypetidae, Ephydridae, Drosophilidae, Geomyzidae, Agromyzidae, Conopidae. In Leonhard Schultze, Zoologische und Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Südafrika ausgeführt in den Jahren 1903–1905, Erster Band: Systematik und Tiergeographie; IV: Insecta (Erste Serie), D: Diptera (I). Denkschriften der Medicinisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena. 13:179–201.

1928.   Diptera Brachycera and Athericera of the Fiji Islands, Based on Material in the British Museum (Natural History). 220 pages, 54 figures. London: British Museum (Natural History), Entomology.

Canzoneri, S., K. Gorodkov, N.P. Krivosheina, L. Munari, E. Nartshuk, L. Papp, and L. Süss

1995.   Diptera Opomyzoidea, Carnoidea, Sphaeroceroidea. In A. Minelli. S. Ruffo, S. La Posta, editors, Checklist delle specie della fauna Italiana, 75:3, 6, 7, 14, 15.   Bologna: Edizioni Calderini.

Canzoneri, S., M. Orlandini, and G. Raffone

1990.   Contributo alla conoscenza della fauna ditterologica della Isole Pelagie (Fam. Hybotidae, Dolichopodidae, Ephydridae, Canacidae, Tethinidae, Muscidae, (Gen. Lispe)) (Diptera, Brachycera). Società Veneziana di Scienze Naturali, Lavori, 15:29–38, 4 figures.

Carles-Tolrá. M.

1992.   New and Interesting Records of Diptera Acalyptrata from Spain, Part l: Acartophthalmidae, Opomyzidae, Anthomyzidae, Asteiidae, Carnidae, Tethinidae, Milichiidae and Cryptochetidae. Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale d'Entomologique de Belgique, 128:343–353.

1993.   Two New Species of Psilidae and Tethinidae from Spain (Diptera). Bollettino della Societàd Entomologica Italiana, Genova, 124(3): 250–253, 7 figures.

1994.   Lista preliminar de 34 familias de dípteros acalfpteros de Catalufla (España) (Diptera, Acalyptrata). Sessió Conjunta d' Entomologia Institució Catalana d'Historia Natural-Societat Catalana de Lepidoptera, 8(1993): 17–28.

Cogan, B.H.

1976 (“1975”).   71, Tethinidae. In G.S. Kloet and W.D. Hincks, editors, A Check List of British Insects. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, second edition, 11(5):87.   London: Royal Entomological Society of London. [Date on title page is 1975; actually published in 1976.]

1980.   78, Family Tethinidae. In R. Crosskey et al., editors, Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region, page 693.   London: British Museum (Natural History).

Cogan, B.H., R.W. Crosskey, A.C. Pont, and K.G.V. Smith

1980.   An Agonised Clamour from London. Antenna, 4(2):40–41.

Cogan, B.H., and J.P. Dear

1975.   Additions and Corrections to the List of British Acalypterate Diptera. The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 110:173–181, 9 figures.

Cole, F.R.

1923.   Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Gulf of California in 1921; Diptera from the Islands and Adjacent Shores of the Gulf of California, II: General Report Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 12(25):457–481, 16 figures.

Cole, F.R. (with the collaboration of E.T. Schlinger)

1969.   The Flies of Western North America, xi + 693 pages, 360 figures. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Collin. J.E.

1911.   Additions and Corrections to the British List of Muscidae Acalyptratae [part]. The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 47: 229–234.

1949.   Results of the Armstrong College Expedition to Siwa Oasis (Libyan Desert), 1935, under the Leadership of Prof. J. Omer-Cooper; Diptera Empididae, Dolichopodidae, Aschiza and Acalypterae. Bulletin de la Société Fouad 1″ Entomologie, 33:175–225, 13 figures.

1960.   British Tethinidae (Diptera). Entomologist. 93:191–193.

1966 (“1963”).   A Revision of the Palaearctic Species of Tethina and Rhicnoessa. Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia. 16:19–32.   [Date on title page is 1963; actually published in 1966.]

Curran, C.H.

1932.   The Norwegian Zoological Expedition to the Galapagos Islands

1925, Conducted by Alf Wollebaek, IV: Diptera (Excl. of Tipulidae and Culicidae). Meddelelser fra det Zoologiske Museum, Oslo, 30:347–366.

1934.   The Families and Genera of North American Diptera 512 pages. New York: The Ballou Press.

Curtis, J.

1837.   A Guide to an Arrangement of British Insects; Being a Catalogue of All the Named Species Hitherto Discovered in Great Britain and Ireland. vi + 294 pages. London.

Czerny, L.

1902.   Bemerkungen zu den Arten der Gattungen Anthomyza Fll. und Ischnomyia Lw. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 21(10):249–256.

1928.   55, Tethinidae. In E. Lindner, editor, Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region, 5(2): 1–8, 5 figures. Stuttgart.

1930 (“1929”).   Synonymische Bemerkungen über Tethiniden. Konowia, 8(4):450.   [Date on title page is 1929; actually published in 1930.]

de Meijere, J.C.H.

1928.   Vierde Supplement op de Nieuwe Naamlijst van Nederlandsche Diptera. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 71:11–83.

1932.   Einige Notizen zu Czerny: Anthomyzidae, Opomyzidae, Tethinidae; Lief. 28 von Lindner, Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 75:284–288.

1939.   Naamlijst van Nederlandsche Diptera, afgesloten 1 April 1939.   Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 82:137–174.

Eaton, A.E.

1875.   Breves Dipterarum uniusque Lepidopterarum insulae Kerguelensi indigenarum diagnoses. The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 12:58–61.

Enderlein, G.

1909 (“1908”).   Die Insekten des Antarktischen Gebiets. In E. von Drygalski. editor, Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903 im Auftrage des Reichsamtes des Innern. 10(Zoologie II)4:361–528, plates 40–63.   Berlin: Druck und Verlag von Georg Reimer. [Date on title page is 1908; actually published in 1909.]

Fallén, C.F.

1823.   Agromyzides Sveciae. 10 pages. Berling, Lundae [= Lund].

Ferrar, P.

1987.   A Guide to the Breeding Habits and Immature Stages of Diptera Cyclorrhapha. Entomonograph 8(1): 1–478 (text pages), 8(2):479–907 (figure pages). Leiden, Copenhagen: E.J. Brill/Scandinavian Science Press.

Foster, G.A.

1976a. Notes on the Phylogeny of the Nearctic Tethinidae and a Review of the Genus Neopelomyia Hendel, and the Tethina milichioides Group (Diptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 78(3):336–352, 17 figures.

1976b. 74, Family Tethinidae. In N. Papavero, editor, A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States, pages 1–4.   Sāo Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sāo Paulo.

Franz, H.

1989.   Diptera Cyclorapha. In Die Nordost-Alpen im Spiegel ihrer Landtierwelt, Eine Gebietsmonographie. Volume 6, number 2: 445 pages. Innsbruck: Universitātsverlag Wagner.

Freidberg, Amnon

1995.   A Study of Zaleinae, a Taxon Transitional between Canacidae and Tethinidae (Diptera), with the Description of a New Genus and Species. Entomologica Scandinavica, 26:447–457, 18 figures, 1 table.

Freidberg, A., and V. Beschovski

1996.   A New Species Group within Tethina Haliday (Diptera: Tethinidae) with Descriptions of Six New Mediterranean Species. Israel Journal of Entomology, 30:91–113.

Frey, R.

1919.   Mitteilungen über südamerikanische Dipteren. Vetenskaps-Societetens Förhandlingar, 60A(14): 1–35.

1945.   Tiergeographische Studien über die Dipterenfauna der Azoren; I: Verzeichnis der bisher von den Azoren bekannten Dipteren, Unter Mitwirkung von H. Schmitz, Ragnar Storá und L. Tiensuu. Commentationes Biologicae, 8(10): 1–114, 33 figures, 4 plates.

1949.   Die Dipterenfauna der Insel Madeira. Commentationes Biologicae, 8(16): 1–47, 5 figures.

1958a. Kanarische Diptera brachycera p.p., von Hákan Lindberg gesammelt. Commentationes Biologicae, 17(4):1–63.

1958b. Zur Kenntnis der Diptera brachycera p.p. der Kapverdischen Inseln. Commentationes Biologicae, 18(4):1–61.

Gorczytza, H.

1988.   Die Tethiniden der Nordseeinseln Mellum und Memmert (Diptera: Tethinidae). Drosera, 1988(1–2):303–310, 8 figures.

Griffiths, G.C.D.

1972.   The Phylogenetic Classification of Diptera Cyclorrhapha, with Special Reference to the Structure of the Male Postabdomen. Series Entomologica, 8:1–340, 154 figures, 2 plates.

Hackman, W.

1980.   A Check List of the Finnish Diptera, II: Cyclorrhapha. Notulae Entomologicae, 60:117–162.

Haliday, A.H.

1837.   Notes &c. upon Diptera. Entomological Magazine, 4(2): 147–152.

1838.   New British Insects Indicated in Mr. Curtis's Guide [part]. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 2:183–190.

Hallock, H.C., and L.B. Parker

1926.   Supplement to Smith's 1909 Diptera List. State of New Jersey, Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Statistics and Inspection, 103:1–20.

Hardy, D.E.

1952.   Addition and Corrections to Bryan's Check List of the Hawaiian Diptera. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 14(3):443–484-D.

1962.   Insects of Macquarie Island, Diptera: Coelopidae. Pacific Insects, 4(4):963–971, 4 figures.

Hardy, D.E., and M.D. Delfinado

1980.   Diptera: Cyclorrhapha, III: Tethinidae. In D.E. Hardy and M.D. Delfinado, editors, Insects of Hawaii, 13:369–379.   Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii.

Harrison, R.A.

1953.   The Diptera of the Antipodes and the Bounty Islands. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 81(2):269–282, 15 figures.

1959.   Acalypterate Diptera of New Zealand. Bulletin of the New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, 128:1–382, 438 figures.

1976.   The Arthropoda of the Southern Islands of New Zealand, 9: Diptera. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 6(2): 107–152, 6 figures.

Hendel, F.

1902.   Ueber die systematische Stellung der Dipteren-gattungen Pseudopomyza Strobl u. Rhicnoëssa Lw. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 21(10):261–264.

1907.   Neue und interessante Dipteren aus dem Kaiserl. Museum in Wien. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 26(7–9):223–245, 3 figures.

1911.   über von Professor J. M. Aldrich erhaltene und einige andere amerikanische Dipteren. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 30(2–3): 19–46, 4 figures.

1913.   Acalyptrate Musciden (Dipt), II. In H. Sauter, editor, Formosa-Ausbeute. Supplementa Entomologica, 2:77–112.

1916.   Beiträge zur Systematik der Acalyptraten Musciden (Dipt.). Entomologische Mitteilungen, 5(9–12):294–299.

1917.   Beiträge zur Kenntnis der acalyptraten Musciden. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1917(1):33–47, 3 figures.

1934.   Revision der Tethiniden (Dipt. Muscid. acal.). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 1934:37–54.

Hennig, W.

1937 (“1936”).   Systematisch-tiergeographische Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Tethiniden (Dipt., Acalypt.). Entomologischen Rundschau, 54(9): 136–140, 3 figures. [Date on paper is 1936; actually published in 1937.]

1939.   Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Kopulationsapparates und der Systematik der Acalyptraten, II: Tethinidae, Milichiidae, Anthomyzidae und Opomyzidae (Diptera). Arbeiten über Morphologische und Taxonomische Entomologie aus Berlin-Dahlem, 6(2):81–94.

1958.   Die Familien der Diptera Schizophora und ihre phylogenetischen Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen. Beiträge zur Entomologie, 8(): 505–688.

1965.   Diptera Acalyptratae aus dem Iran. Stuttgarter Beigräge zur Naturkunde aus dem Staatlichen Museum f¨r Naturkunde in Stuttgart, 139:1–6, 4 figures.

1971.   Neue Untersuchungen über die Familien der Diptera Schizophora (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, 226:1–76, 108 figures.

Hulst, G.D.

1896.   A Classification of the Geometrina of North America, with Descriptions of New Genera and Species. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 23:245–386, 21 figures.

Hutton, F.W.

1901.   Synopsis of the Diptera Brachycera of New Zealand. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 33:1–95.

1902.   On a Small Collection of Diptera from the Southern Islands of New Zealand. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 34:169–175.

Johnson, C.W.

1910.   Order Diptera. In J.B. Smith, editor, The Insects of New Jersey. New Jersey State Museum Annual Report, 1909, pages 703–814, figures 293–340.

1913.   Insects of Florida, I: Diptera. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 32(3):37–90.

1925.   Fauna of New England, 15: List of the Diptera or Two-winged Flies. Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Natural History, 7:326, 1 figure.

1930.   A List of the Insect Fauna of Nantucket, Massachusetts. The Nantucket Maria Mitchell Association, 3(2): 1–175.

Karl, O.

1930.   XI, e_2: Thalassobionte und thalassophile Diptera Brachycera. Die Tierwelt der Nord-und Ostsee, 19(2):33–84, 93 figures, 7 tables. Leipzig.

Krogerus, R.

1932.   Über die Ökologie und Verbreitung der Arthropoden der Triebsandgebiete an den K¨sten Finnlands. Acta Zoologica Fennica, Helsingfors, 12:1–308, 27 maps, 12 graphs, 29 tables.

Kuntze, A.

1897.   II, Tethina illota Hal. Abhandlungen der Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Isis in Dresden, 1897:19–20.

Lamb, C.G.

1914.   The Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905, under the Leadership of Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner, M.A., Volume V, Number XV: Diptera: Heteroneuridae, Ortalidae, Trypetidae, Sepsidae, Micropezidae, Drosophilidae, Geomyzidae, Milichidae. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, series 2 (Zoology), 16:307–372, 61 figures, 3 plates.

Loew, H.

1862.   Ueber einige bei Varna gefangene Dipteren. Wiener Entomologische Monatschrift, 6(6):161–175.

1865.   Ueber die europäischen Arten der Gattung Rhicnoëssa. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 9:34–39.

1866 (“1865”).   Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena, Centuria sexta. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 9:127–186.   [Date on title page is 1865; actually published in 1866.]

1869.   Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 13:1–52.

Macquart, P.J.M.

1835.   Histoire Naturelle des Insectes, Diptères. In N.E. Roret, editor, Collection des suites ä Buffon. formant avec les oeuvres de cet auteur un cours complet d'histoire naturelle, 2: 703 pages, 12 plates. Paris.

1851.   Diptères exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus; Suite du 4e supplement publié dans les mémoires de 1849 (concl.). Mémoires de la Société Royale des Sciences, de l'Agriculture et des Arts de Lille, 1850:134–294.   [Reprinted separately with pagination 161–336, including the combined legends and indices from parts 1 and 2.   There is also an index to the entire “Diptéres exotiques noveaux ou peu connus” that is not included in the original journal.]

Malloch, J.R.

1913.   A Synopsis of the Genera of Agromyzidae, with Descriptions of New Genera and Species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 46:127–154, plates 4–6.

1914.   Formosan Agromyzidae. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 12:306–336, 18 figures.

1924.   Notes on Australian Diptera, No. III. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 49(3):329–338.

1930.   New Zealand Muscidae Acalyptratae. Records of the Canterbury Museum, 3(5):333–344, 1 plate.

1933.   Some Acalyptrate Diptera from the Marquesas Islands. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin, 114:3–31, 9 figures.

1934.   Tethinidae. In F.W. Edwards, editor, Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile, 6(5):452–460.   London: British Museum (Natural History).

1935.   Notes on and Descriptions of New Species of Australian Diptera. Australian Zoologist, 8(2):87–95.

1948.   Key to the Families of Acalyptrata, with Notes on Some of the Families. In F.W. Edwards, editor, Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. 6(4):491–499.   London: British Museum (Natural History).

Mathis, Wayne N.

1989.   103, Family Canacidae. In N.L. Evenhuis, editor, Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian Regions, pages 669–670.   Honolulu: E.J. Brill and B.P. Bishop Museum special publication 86.

1992.   World Catalog of the Beach-Fly Family Canacidae (Diptera). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 536: iv + 18.

Mathis, Wayne N., and M. Sasakawa

1989.   102, Family Tethinidae. In N.L. Evenhuis, editor. Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian Regions, pages 667–668, 803–804. Honolulu: E.J. Brill and B.P. Bishop Museum special publication 86.

McAlpine, D.K.

1967.   The Australian Species of Diplogeomyza and Allied Genera (Diptera, Heleomyzidae). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 92(1):74–106.

1982.   A New Genus of Australian Littoral Flies (Diptera: ? Canacidae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington, 10:108–117, 8 figures, 1 table.

1985.   Taxonomic Notes on the Genus Zale McAlpine (Diptera: Canacidae). Australian Entomological Magazine, 11(6):81–82.

McAlpine, J.F.

1989.   116, Phylogeny and Classification of the Muscomorpha. In J.F. McAlpine, editor, Manual of Nearctic Diptera, 3:1397–1518. Ottawa: Research Branch Agriculture Canada, Monograph 32.

Meigen, J.W.

1830.   Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweifl¨geligen Insekten. Volume 6, xi + 401 pages, plates 55–66. Hamm.

Melander, A.L.

1913.   A Synopsis of the Dipterous Groups Agromyzinae, Milichinae, Ochthiphilinae and Geomyzinae. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 21(4):283–300, 8 figures.

1952.   The North American Species of Tethinidae (Diptera). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 59(4):187–212, 6 figures.

Mercier, L.

1923.   Dipères de la Côte du Calvados, IVme liste. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 63(1):9–20.

1925.   Dipères de la Côte du Calvados (Ve liste). Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 65(5):171–182.

Morimoto, Katsura

1989.   Diptera. In Y. Hirashima, editor, A Check List of Japanese Insects, 2: 1088 pages. Fukuoka: Isseido Printing Company for the Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University and Japan Wildlife Research Center. [In Japanese.]

Munari. L.

1981a (“1980”).   Tre nuove Tethina Haliday raccolte dal Prof. A. Giordani Soika in Asia minore e Senegal (Diptera, Tethinidae). Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia, 31:139–144, 3 figures. [Date on title page is 1980; actually published in 1981.]

1981b. Sul genere Pseudorhicnoessa Malloch, 1914 (Diptera Tethinidae). Società Veneziana di Scienze Naturali, Lavori, 6:91–96, 6 figures.

1986.   Contributo alla conoscenza dei Tethinidae aftotropicali, II: Considerazioni tassonomiche sulla sottofamiglia Horaismopterinae Sabr. e descrizione di un genere e due specie nuove (Diptera, Tethinidae). Società Veneziana di Scienze Naturali, Lavori, 11:41–52, 12 figures.

1988.   Contributo alla conoscenza dei Tethinidae afrotropicali, III: I Tethinidae dell'arcipelago delle Seychelles (Diptera, Cyclorrhapha). Società Veneziana di Scienze Naturali, Lavori, 13:41–53, 13 figures.

1990.   Contributo alla conoscenza dei Tethinidae afrotropicali, IV: Tethinidae raccolti ad Aldabra dalla “Aldabra Atoll Royal Society Expedition (1967–68)” e nel Sud Africa da R.E. Turner e B. & P. Stuckenberg, con descrizione di due nuove specie (Diptera, Acalyptratae). Società Veneziana di Scienze Naturali, Lavori, 15:51–68, 19 figures.

1991a. ontributo alla conoscenza dei Tethinidae afrotropicali, V: Aggiornamenti sistematici e biogeografici (Diptera Acalyptratae). Bollettino della Società Entomologica Italiana. Genova, 123(2): 165–170, 3 figures.

1991b. Contribution to the Knowledge of Afrotropical Tethinidae, VI: A New Species of Afrotethina Munari, 1986 from Namibia, with a Key to the Species of the Genus and New Records of Tethinidae (Diptera) from the Afrotropical Region. Annals of the Natal Museum, 32:179–185, 4 figures.

1994.   Contribution to the Knowledge of Afrotropical Tethinidae, VII: New Species and Records, with a Check-list of Afrotropical Species (Diptera, Acalyptratae). Società Veneziana di Scienze Naturali, Lavori, 19:15–28, 11 figures.

Munari, L., and S. Canzoneri

1992.   Polimorfismo postaddominale e variabilità chetocromatica in Tethina (Tethina) albosetulosa (Strobl, 1900) con proposta di alcune nuove sinonimie e descrizione di Tethina (Tethina) inopinata sp. nov. (Diptera, Tethinidae). Società Veneziana di Scienze Naturali, Lavori, 17:25–40, 6 figures.

Papp, L.

1983.   Taxonomic Notes on Some Flies of the Crozet Islands (Diptera). Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 44(2):271–281, 13 figures.

Prado, A.P. do, and O. Tavares

1966.   Sôbre duas espécies novas do gênero “Tethina” Haliday, 1838 (Diptera, Tethinidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 26(4):429–439, 24 figures.

Rald, E.

1976.   De danske saltfluer. Entomologiske Meddelelser, 44(2):111–117.

Ringdahl, O.

1948.   Nya fynd av holometopa flugor. Entomologisk Tidskrift (Stockholm), 69(1–2):1–4.

Roháček, J.

1983.   New Records of Tethinidae (Diptera) from Slovakia. Faunistické Správy, 38(1):1021–1023.

1986.   Cel'ad': Tethinidae. In J. Cepelák, editor, Diptera Slovenska, II: Cyclorrhapha, pages 1–435.   Bratislava: Veda.

1987.   Tethinidae. In J. Jezek, editor, Enumeratio insectorum bohemoslovakiae. [Check list of Czechoslovak Insects II (Diptera).] Acta Faunistica Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 18:260.

1992.   Tethinidae (Diptera) of Czechoslovakia: A Faunistic Survey. Casopis Slezského Musea v Opave, (series A), 41:127–131.

Rondani, C.

1875.   Species italicae ordinis Dipterorum (Muscaria Rndn.) collectae et observatae. Bullettino della Società Entomologica Italiana, 7(3):166–191.

Rossi, W.

1988.   New or Interesting Laboulbeniales (Ascomycetes) Parasitic on Diptera. Webbia, 42(2):171–178, 6 figures.

Sabrosky, C.W.

1978.   The Family Position of the Peculiar Genus Horaismoptera (Diptera: Tethinidae). Entomologica Germanica, 4():327–336, 4 figures.

Sasakawa, M.

1974.   Oriental Tethinidae (Diptera). Akitu, 1:1–6, 8 figures.

1981.   The Tethinid Flies from Japan (Diptera, Tethinidae). Kontyd, 49(3):520.

1986.   A Revision of the Japanese Tethinidae (Diptera). Kontyd, 54(3): 433–441, 4 figures.

1995 (“1994”).   Insects of Micronesia, Volume 14, no. 8: Diptera: Tethinidae. Micronesica, 27(1–2):51–72, 9 figures, 1 table. [Date on title page is 1994; actually published in 1995.]

Saunders, L.G.

1928.   Some Marine Insects of the Pacific Coast of Canada. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 21(4):521–545, 9 figures.

Séguy, E.

1933.   Contributions à l'étude de la faune du Mozambique; Voyage de M.P. Lesne (1928–1929), 13e Note.—Diptères (2e partie). Memórias e Estudos do Museu Zoológico da Universidade de Coimbra, series 1, 67:1–78, 19 figures.

1934.   Diptéres (Brachycères) (Muscidae Acalypterae et Scatophagidae). Faune de France, volume 28, 832 pages, 27 plates. Paris: Paul Lechevalier.

1940.   IV, Diptères. In R. Jeannel, editor, Croisière du Bougainville auxîies australes françaises. Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, new series, 14:203–267, 139 figures.

Soós, A.

1978.   Tethiniden aus der Mongolei mit einern Verzeichnis der Paläarktischen Arten (Diptera: Acalyptratae). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 24(3–4):407–413.

1981.   60, család: Tethinidae—Szikilegyek. Fauna Hungarica, 149:129–137.   Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.

1983.   Data on Muscidae Acalyptratae (Diptera) in the Hortobágy National Park, II. The Fauna of the Hortobágy National Park, pages 309–312.   Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.

1984.   Family Tethinidae. In Á. Soós, editor, Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera, 10:107–110.   Budapest: Hungarian Academy of Science.

Stackelberg, A.A.

1970.   90, Family Tethinidae. In G. Ya. Bei-Bienko, editor [Keys to the Insects of the European Part of the USSR; Diptera and Siphonaptera], 5(2):355–356.   Leningrad: Zoological Institute, Akademiia Nauk SSR. [In Russian; English translation published in 1988 by the Smithsonian Institution Libraries and the National Science Foundation. New Delhi: Amerind Publishing Company, Pvt. Ltd. The family Tethinidae is treated on pages 591–592.]

Steyskal, G.C.

1976.   The Terminology of Bristles on the Upper Back of the Head in the Higher Diptera. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 49(2): 155–159, 4 figures.

Steyskal, G.C., and M. Sasakawa

1977.   Family Tethinidae. In M.D. Delfinado and D.E. Hardy, editors, A Catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental Region, III: Suborder Cyclorrhapha (excluding Division Aschiza), pages 394–395.   Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii.

Strobl, G.

1900.   Spanische Dipteren. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 19:1–10.

1906.   Spanische Dipteren, II: Beitrag. Memorias de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural, 3(5)(1905):271–422.

Sturtevant, A.H.

1923.   New Species and Notes on Synonymy and Distribution of Muscidae Acalypteratae (Diptera). American Museum Novitates, 76:1–12.

Szadziewski, R.

1983.   Flies (Diptera) of the Saline Habitats of Poland. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 53:31–76, 20 figures, 2 tables.

Thompson, F.C., and L. Knutson

1987.   Catalogues, Checklists and Lists: A Need for Some Definitions, New Words and Ideas. Antenna. 11(4):131–134, 2 figures.

Thompson. F.C., and W.N. Mathis

1981.   Haliday's Generic Names of Diptera First Published in Curtis' A Guide to…British Insects (1837). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 70(2):80–89.

Tiensuu, L.

1954.   Some Diptera from the Lagoon of Venice Collected by A. Giordani Soika. Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia, 7:39–52.

Tonnoir, A.L., and J.R. Malloch

1926.   New Zealand Muscidae Acalyptratae, I: Ephydridae. Records of the Canterbury Museum, 3(1): 1–26.

Tréhen, P., M. Bouché, Ph. Vernon, and Y. Frenot

1985.   Organization and Dynamics of Oligochaeta and Diptera on Possession Island. In W.R. Siegfried, P.R. Condy, and R.M. Laws, editors, Antarctic Nutrient Cycles and Food Webs, pages 606–613.   Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Tréhen, P., and P. Vernon

1982.   Peuplement diptérologique d une Île subantarctique: la Possession (46°S, 51°E; Îles Crozet). Revue d'Écologie et de Biologie du Sol. 19(1): 105–120.

Trojan, P.

1962.   Odiniidae, Clusiidae, Anthomyzidae, Opomyzidae, Tethinidae. Klucze do Oznaczania Owadów Polski. 28(54–58): 1–68.

Vanschuytbroeck, P.

1976.   22, Fam. Tethinidae. In La Faune Tenestre de l'lle de Sainte-Hélène. Annales, Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, series IN-8 (Sciences Zoologiques), 215: page 106.

Vockeroth, J.R.

1965.   Family Tethinidae. In A. Stone et al., editors, A Catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico, pages 726–728.   Washington, D.C.: USDA Agricultural Handbook, number 276.

1987.   101, Tethinidae. In J.F. McAlpine, editor. Manual of Nearctic Diptera. 2:1073–1078, 14 figures. Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, monograph 28.

1995.   Validation of Nomina Nuda of Nearctic Tethinidae, Scathophagidae, and Muscidae Proposed in Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 97(3):732–734.

Wahlgren, E.

1927.   Diptera, 2: Andra Underordiningen. Flugor. Cyclorapha. Andra Gruppen. Schizophora. Fam. 21–26.   Svensk Insektfauna, Entomologiska Fōreningen i Stockholm, 11:323–416.   Stockholm.

Walker, F.

1853.   Insecta Britannica, Diptera. Volume 2, pages 1–297, 20 plates. London: Reeve and Benham.

Watson, K.C.

1967.   The Terrestrial Arthropoda of Macquarie Island. Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions Scientific Reports, series B(1) (Zoology), 99: i–xii + 1–90, 12 plates.

Williston, S.W.

1893.   List of Diptera of the Death Valley Expedition. North American Fauna, 7:253–259.

1896.   XI, On the Diptera of St. Vincent (West Indies). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. 3:253–446, 170 figures.

1908.   Manual of North American Diptera. Third edition, 405 pages, 163 figures. New Haven: James T. Hathaway.

Woodley, Norman E., and Daniel J. Hilburn

1994.   The Diptera of Bermuda. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 28(2): ii + 64, 1 table.

Wulp, F.M. van der

1871.   Dipterologische Aanteekeningen No. 3, VI: Muscidae Acalypterae. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 14:186–210.11 figures.

Zatwarnicki, T.

1991.   Changes in Nomenclature and Synonymies of Some Genera and Species of Ephydridae (Diptera). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 38(4–5):295–333, 53 figures.

Zetterstedt, J.W.

1848.   Diptera Scandinaviae, Disposita et Descripta. Volume 7:2581–2934.   Lundae.

1860.   Diptera Scandinaviae. Disposita et Descripta. Volume 14:6191–6609.   Lundae.

Zuska. J., and P. Laštovka

1969.   Species-composition of the Dipterous Fauna in Various Types of Food-processing Plants in Czechoslovakia. Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca. 66:201–221, 4 tables.

Index

acrostichalis Freidberg and Beschovski, Tethina, 14

aemiliani Munari, Afrotethina, 11

Afrotethina Munari, 11

albipsila Mercier, Tethina, 14

albissima Collin, Tethina, 14

alboguttata Strobl, Tethina, 14

albosetulosa (Strobl), Tethina, 14

albosetulosa variety beckeri Strobl, Tethina, 14

albula (Loew), Tethina, 14

angustifacies de Meijere, Pelomyiella, 10

angustifrons Melander, Tethina, 14

angustipennis (Melander), Tethina, 14

antipoda Harrison, Apetaenus, 7

Apetaeninae Mathis and Munari, 7

Apetaenus Eaton, 7

asymbasia Sasakawa, Dasyrhicnoessa, 12

aurisetulosa (Lamb), Afrotethina, 11

australis (Hutton), Apetaenus, 7

bermudaensis (Melander), Tethina, 15

boninensis Sasakawa, Dasyrhicnoessa, 12

brasiliensis Prado and Tivares. Tethina, 15

brevicostata Munari, Afrotethina, 11

canzonerii Munari, Tethina, 17

carioca Prado and Tavares, Tethina, 15

chilensis Malloch, Tethina, 15

cinerea (Loew), Tethina, 15

cinerea Williston, Tethina, 19

cinerella (Haliday), Pelomyiella, 10

coronata (Loew), Pelomyia, 9

cruciata Hendel, Pelomyia, 9

czernyi (Hendel), Tethina, 15

Dasyrhicnoessa Hendel, 11

denudata (Melander), Tethina, 15

diversa Collin, Tethina, 14

dubiosa (Collin), Tethina, 15

femoralis (Munari), Afrotethina, 11

ferruginea Lamb, Dasyrhicnoessa, 12

flavigenis (Hendel), Tethina, 15

freidbergi Munari, Dasyrhicnoessa, 12

fulva (Hendel), Dasyrhicnoessa, 12

fulvescens Malloch, Dasyrhicnoessa, 12

fulvifrons (Hutton), Tethinosoma, 19

grisea (Fattén), Tethina, 15

grisea Séguy, Horaismoptera, 8

griseola (van der Wulp), Tethina, 16

grossipes Becker, Tethina, 16

guttata Freidberg and Beschovski, Tethina, 16

hennigi Sabrosky, Horaismoptera, 8

heringi (Hendel), Tethina, 16

Horaismoptera Hendel, 8

Horaismopterinae Sabrosky, 8

horningi (Harrison), Zalea, 20

horripilans (Melander), Tethina, 16

hungarica (Czerny), Pelomyiella, 10

illota (Haliday), Tethina, 16

incisuralis (Macquart), Tethina, 16

inopinata Munari and Canzoneri, Tethina, 16

insulans Curran, Tethina, 17

insularis Aldrich, Dasyrhicnoessa, 12

intermedia Collin, Tethina, 17

intermedia Malloch. Pelomyia, 9

kaplanae Munari, Afrotethina, 11

karatasensis Munari, Tethina, 17

kurttzei Czerny, Pelomyiella, 10

lasiophthalma Malloch, Dasyrhicnoessa, 12

latigenis Becker, Tethina, 16

lavendula (Melander), Tethina, 17

Listriomastax Enderlein, 8

litoralis Eaton, Apetaenus, 8

litorea Enderlein, Listriomastax, 8

littoreus (Hutton), Apetaenus, 8

longicerca Foster, Neopelomyia, 8

longirostris (Loew), Tethina, 17

Macrocanace Tonnoir and Malloch, 7

Macrotethina Malloch, 13

major (D.K. McAlpine), Zalea, 20

mallochi (Sturtevant), Pelomyiella, 10

maritima (Melander), Pelomyiella, 11

marmorata (Becker), Tethina, 17

Masoniella Vockeroth, 13

melanderi (Sturtevant), Pelomyiella, 11

microphthalma (Bezzi), Horaismoptera, 8

milichioides (Melander), Tethina, 17

minor (D.K. McAlpine), Zalea, 20

mixta Collin, Tethina, 14

mongolica Soós, Pelomyiella, 11

munarii Carles-Tolrá, Tethina, 17

Neopelomyia Hendel, 8

nigra Soós, Pelomyiella, 11

nigripes Czemy, Tethina, 17

nigriseta Malloch, Tethina, 17

nubila Melander, Pelomyia, 9

obscurior (Becker), Pelomyiella, 11

occidentalis Munari, Dasyrhicnoessa, 13

occidentalis Williston, Pelomyia, 9

ochracea Hendel, Tethina, 17

Oestroparea Séguy, 8

opacula (Zetterstedt), Pelomyiella, 11

orientalis (Hendel), Tethina, 17

pallidiseta Malloch, Tethina, 17

pallipes Loew, Tethina, 18

parvula (Loew), Tethina, 18

penita (Collin), Tethina, 19

Pelomyia Williston, 9

Pelomyiella Hendel, 10

Pelomyiinae Foster, 8

persimilis Munari, Afrotethina, 11

peruviana Malloch, Pelomyia, 9

Phycomyza Melander, 14

phyllodes Sasakawa, Dasyrhicnoessa, 12

pictipennis Freidberg and Beschovski, Tethina, 18

pictipes Becker, Tethina, 16

platypes Sasakawa, Dasyrhicnoessa, 12

prognatha (Melander), Tethina, 18

Pseudorhicnoessa Malloch, 13

quadricephala Freidberg and Beschovski, Tethina, 18

rattii Munari, Pseudorhicnoessa, 13

Rhicnoessa Loew, 13

richardsi Vockeroth, Masoniella, 13

rostrata (Hendel), Neopelomyia, 9

saigusai Sasakawa, Tethina, 18

scutellaris Freidberg, Suffomyia, 20

Selidacantha Bezzi, 8

seriata (Melander), Tethina, 18

serratula Malloch, Dasyrhicnoessa, 12

setulosa Malloch, Tethina, 18

sexseriata Hendel, Dasyrhicnoessa, 12

shalom Freidberg and Beschovski, Tethina, 18

simplex (Collin), Tethina, 18

soikai Munari, Tethina, 18

sonorensis (Melander), Tethina, 18

spinipes Malloch, Pseudorhicnoessa, 13

spinulosa Cole, Tethina, 18

steyskali Foster, Tethina, 18

steyskali Hardy and Delfinado, Pelomyia, 9

strobliana (Mercier), Tethina, 18

stuckenbergi Munari, Afrotethina, 11

subpunctata Beschovski, Tethina, 19

Suffomyia Freidberg, 20

Tethina Haliday, 13

Tethininae Hendel, 11

Tethinosoma Malloch, 19

texana (Malloch), Tethina, 19

thula Sasakawa, Tethina, 19

tibiseta (Malloch), Pseudorhicnoessa, 13

tripunctata Sasakawa, Dasyrhicnoessa, 12

trivittata Malloch, Pelomyia, 9

variseta (Melander), Tethina, 19

viedmae Malloch, Pelomyia, 10

vockerothi Hardy and Delfinado, Dasyrhicnoessa, 12

vulpina Hendel, Horaismoptera, 8

watsoni Hardy, Apetaenus, 8

whitmani (Melander), Tethina, 18

willistoni (Melander), Tethina, 19

woodi Foster, Tethina, 19

xanthopoda (Williston), Tethina, 19

yaromi Freidberg and Beschovski, Tethina, 19

yoshiyasui Sasakawa, Dasyrhicnoessa, 13

Zale D.K. McAlpine, 20

Zalea D.K. McAlpine, 20

Zaleinae D.K. McAlpine, 19

Zalinae D.K. McAlpine, 19

REQUIREMENTS FOR SMITHSONIAN SERIES PUBLICATION

Manuscripts intended for series publication receive substantive review (conducted by their originating Smithsonian museums or offices) and are submitted to the Smithsonian Institution Press with Form SI-36, which must show the approval of the appropriate authority designated by the sponsoring organizational unit. Requests for special treatment—use of color, foldouts, case-bound covers, etc.—require, on the same form, the added approval of the sponsoring authority.

Review of manuscripts and art by the Press for requirements of series format and style, completeness and clarity of copy, and arrangement of all material, as outlined below, will govern, within the judgment of the Press, acceptance or rejection of manuscripts and art.

Copy must be prepared on typewriter or word processor, double-spaced, on one side of standard white bond paper (not erasable), with 1″ margins, submitted as ribbon copy (not carbon or xerox), in loose sheets (not stapled or bound), and accompanied by original art. Minimum acceptable length is 30 pages.

Front matter (preceding the text) should include: title page with only title and author and no other information; abstract page with author, title, series, etc., following the established format; table of contents with indents reflecting the hierarchy of heads in the paper; also, foreword and/or preface, if appropriate.

First page of text should carry the title and author at the top of the page; second page should have only the author's name and professional mailing address, to be used as an unnumbered footnote on the first page of printed text.

Center heads of whatever level should be typed with initial caps of major words, with extra space above and below the head, but no other preparation (such as all caps or underline, except for the underline necessary for generic and specific epithets). Run-in paragraph heads should use period/dashes or colons as necessary.

Tabulations within text (lists of data, often in parallel columns) can be typed on the text page where they occur, but they should not contain rules or numbered table captions.

Formal tables (numbered, with captions, boxheads, stubs, rules) should be submitted as carefully typed, double-spaced copy separate from the text; they will be typeset unless otherwise requested. If camera-copy use is anticipated, do not draw rules on manuscript copy.

Taxonomic keys in natural history papers should use the aligned-couplet form for zoology and may use the multi-level indent form for botany. If cross referencing is required between key and text, do not include page references within the key. but number the keyed-out taxa, using the same numbers with their corresponding heads in the text.

Synonymy in zoology must use the short form (taxon, author, year:page), with full reference at the end of the paper under “Literature Cited.” For botany, the long form (taxon, author, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, page, year, with no reference in “Literature Cited”) is optional.

Text-reference system (author, year:page used within the text, with full citation in “Literature Cited” at the end of the text) must be used in place of bibliographic footnotes in all Contributions Series and is strongly recommended in the Studies Series: “(Jones, 1910:122)” or “…Jones (1910:122).” If bibliographic footnotes are required, use the short form (author, brief title, page) with the full citation in the bibliography.

Footnotes, when few in number, whether annotative or bibliographic, should be typed on separate sheets and inserted immediately after the text pages on which the references occur. Extensive notes must be gathered together and placed at the end of the text in a notes section.

Bibliography, depending upon use, is termed “Literature Cited,” “References,” or “Bibliography.” Spell out titles of books, articles, journals, and monographic series. For book and article titles use sentence-style capitalization according to the rules of the language employed (exception: capitalize all major words in English). For journal and series titles, capitalize the initial word and all subsequent words except articles, conjunctions, and prepositions. Transliterate languages that use a non-Roman alphabet according to the Library of Congress system. Underline (for italics) titles of journals and series and titles of books that are not part of a series. Use the parentheses/colon system for volume (number):pagination: “10(2):5–9.” For alignment and arrangement of elements, follow the format of recent publications in the series for which the manuscript is intended. Guidelines for preparing bibliography may be secured from Series Section, SI Press.

Legends for illustrations must be submitted at the end of the manuscript, with as many legends typed, double-spaced, to a page as convenient.

Illustrations must be submitted as original art (not copies) accompanying, but separate from, the manuscript. Guidelines for preparing art may be secured from the Series Section, SI Press. All types of illustrations (photographs, line drawings, maps, etc.) may be intermixed throughout the printed text. They should be termed Figures and should be numbered consecutively as they will appear in the monograph. If several Illustrations are treated as components of a single composite figure, they should be designated by lowercase italic letters on the illustration; also, in the legend and in text references the italic letters (underlined in copy) should be used: “Figure 9b.” Illustrations that are intended to follow the printed text may be termed Plates, and any components should be similarly lettered and referenced: “Plate 9b.” Keys to any symbols within an illustation should appear on the art rather than in the legend.

Some points of style: Do not use periods after such abbreviations as “mm, ft, USNM, NNE.” Spell out numbers “one” through “nine” in expository text, but use digits in all other cases if possible. Use of the metric system of measurement is preferable; where use of the English system is unavoidable, supply metric equivalents in parentheses. Use the decimal system for precise measurements and relationships, common fractions for approximations. Use day/month/year sequence for dates: “9 April 1976.” For months in tabular listings or data sections, use three-letter abbreviations with no periods: “Jan, Mar, Jun,” etc. Omit space between initials of a personal name: “J.B. Jones.”

Arrange and paginate sequentially every sheet of manuscript in the following order: (1) title page, (2) abstract, (3) contents. (4) foreword and/or preface, (5) text, (6) appendices. (7) notes section. (8) glossary, (9) bibliography, (10) legends, (11) tables. Index copy may be submitted at page proof stage, but plans for an index should be indicated when the manuscript is submitted.