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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 536

World Catalog of the Beach-Fly Family Canacidae (Diptera)

Wayne N. Mathis

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

Washington, D.C.

1992

ABSTRACT

Mathis, Wayne N. World Catalog of the Beach-Fly Family Canacidae (Diptera). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 536, 18 pages, 1992.—All genera and species of the dipterous family Canacidae, more commonly known as beach or surf flies, are cataloged. Included are 113 species and 12 genera that are arranged within a classification of two tribes and three subfamilies. The distribution of each species is given by major zoogeographic region(s) and country(ies) within each region. Information on the natural history, as available in the literature, and depository of primary types are also provided.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus).

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Mathis, Wayne N.

World catalog of the beach-fly family Canacidae (Diptera)

p. cm. - (Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 536)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. Canacidae—Classification. 2. Canacidae. I. Title. II. Series.

QL1.S54 no. 536 [QL537.C25] 1992 591 s–dc20 [595.77′4] 92-29981

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48—1984.

Contents

Introduction

Format

Faunal Treatments

Revisionary Treatments

Abbreviations

Acknowledgments

Catalog

Literature Cited

Index

Requirements for Smithsonian Series Publication

World Catalog of the Beach-Fly Family Canacidae (Diptera)

Wayne N. Mathis

____________

Wayne N. Mathis, Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.

Reviewers: F. Christian Thompson, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, in National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560; Willis W. Wirth, Systematic Entomology Lab (retired).

Introduction

True flies of the family Canacidae, more commonly known as beach or surf flies, are found in temperate and tropical zones throughout the world, usually in association with maritime beaches. The family has comparatively few species, at least by hexapod standards, and except for Wirth's review (1951), the family has never been treated comprehensively. Wirth's paper is now of limited use, especially at the species level, where less than one-third of the present species were treated (32 of 113 species). Most species and several genera have been described since 1951, and few comprehensive treatments are now available except on a regional level (see review of faunal and revisionary papers below). The purpose of this paper is to partially address the lack of comprehensive works through publication of this catalog, which is intended to have worldwide coverage and to include all taxa that have been described.

Catalogs or checklists are an indispensable tool for anyone needing an up-to-date reference to a currently accepted name and frequently to other pertinent information such as bibliographic and distributional data. This is so because most information is filed under a species’ scientific name, which then becomes the key to retrieval of information from the literature. The system, however, is dynamic and subject to interpretation. The taxonomic literature is constantly changing to reflect current work, and some species are known by several names. Thus a complete listing of names, including synonyms, is an important starting point for locating information, whether as the basis for applied and basic research or simply to satisfy a curiosity.

The information included in a catalog is usually arranged in a logical and organized format that allows for its convenient and rapid conveyance—in short, a quick and easy storage and retrieval system. The format and amount of information presented varies greatly, however, and these issues have in part led to semantic debates over differences between the terms “checklist” and “catalog” and attempts to obviate the issue through use of a more neutral term, such as database (Cogan et al., 1980; Thompson and Knutson, 1987). My use of the term catalog is intended to convey a more comprehensive treatment, including information on all valid names, synonyms, type species, and deposition of primary types. The bibliographic section includes complete references (author, date, original and most subsequent citations), and distributional and other biotic information, as available in the literature, are also provided. Not all citations that occur in the literature of beach flies are included in this catalog or the bibliography section, especially where I suspect that the species being treated was misidentified, and inclusion would further promulgate inaccurate distributional data.

The sequence of taxa, especially at the generic level and above, should not be interpreted to represent a phylogenetic scheme. Indeed, one subfamily, Zaleinae, comprising only three species, is only questionably included in the family and in this catalog. When McAlpine (1982, 1985) proposed Zaleinae he was unsure of its phylogenetic relationship, although he did associate it with the Canacidae. Others have followed that precedent (Mathis, 1989a), mostly for convenience and completeness. The phylogenetic relationships of Zaleinae remain enigmatic, however, and further study may reveal its placement elsewhere, such as with the Tethinidae.

FORMAT.—The format I have adopted follows that advocated by systematists from the Systematic Entomology Laboratory (United States Department of Agriculture) (Hodges, pers. comm.). Details are illustrated in the following hypothetical examples of generic and species entries (genera Xus and Yus and species albus and zeus). All valid generic and species names are indicated in bold face type.

Genus Xus Author(s) (number of species in the genus)

Xus Author(s), year:page. Type species: Xus albus Author(s), year, method of type designation.—Author(s), year:page [annotation(s)].

Yus Author(s), year:page. Type species: Yus zeus Author(s), year, method of type designation.—Author(s), year:page [annotation(s) such as “synonymy”].

albus Author(s). Geographic distribution by major faunal realm(s):Country (province or state).

Yus albus Author(s), year:page [primary type(s) and genders(s) (deposition information); type locality (Country. Province or state: specific locality (annotation(s) such as elevation or habitat)].—Author, year:page [annotation(s)].

Xus zeus Author(s), year: page [primary type(s) and gender(s) (deposition information); type locality (Country. Province or state: specific locality (annotation(s) such as elevation or habitat)].—Author, year:page [annotation(s) such as “synonymy”].

Yus zeus.—Author(s), year:page [annotation(s) such as “generic combination”].

Within a taxon, the subordinate taxa are listed alphabetically, i.e., genera within a tribe, species within a genus.

Although this is the first treatment of the family on a worldwide basis since Wirth (1951), there are several papers that treat beach flies on a regional basis. These may be of interest and use to the reader, and a summary of these and revisionary works are provided here.

FAUNAL TREATMENTS (papers listed chronologically under major faunal realms).—Afrotropical: Frey (1958b, fauna of the Cape Verde Islands); Wirth (1960, South African fauna); Mathis and Wirth (1979, Malagasy fauna); Cogan (1980, catalog); Canzoneri (1982, fauna of Sierra Leone); Canzoneri (1987, fauna of the Sudan); Mathis (1988b, fauna of the Seychelles); Mathis and Freidberg (1991, tribe Canacini and subfamily Nocticanacinae).

Australasian/Oceanian: Delfinado (1970, fauna of New Guinea); Hardy and Delfinado (1980, Hawaiian fauna); Mathis (1989a, catalog).

Nearctic: Wheeler (1952, fauna of the United States); Wirth (1965, catalog); Cole (1969, fauna of Western North America); Wirth (1987, general description and discussion of family, key to nearctic genera).

Neotropical: Wirth (1969b, fauna of the Galápagos Islands); Wirth (1975, catalog); Mathis (1989b, fauna of the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico).

Oriental: Delfinado (1975, Sri Lankan fauna); Delfinado and Wirth (1977, catalog).

Palearctic: Becker (1926, palearctic fauna); Séguy (1934, fauna of France); Frey (1936,1945, 1949,1958a, faunas of the Canary Islands, Azores, Madeira, and Canary Islands respectively); Miyagi (1963, Korean fauna); Stackelberg (1970, western palearctic fauna); Cogan (1976, checklist of the British fauna); Mathis (1982a, fauna of Israel); Mathis and Freidberg (1982, review of western palearctic species); Cogan (1984, catalog).

REVISIONARY TREATMENTS (papers listed chronologically).—Wirth (1964, Trichocanace Wirth); Wirth (1969a, Canaceoides Cresson); Wirth (1970, the snodgrassii group = Canacea Cresson); Mathis and Wirth (1978, Paracanace Mathis and Wirth); Mathis (1982a, Canace Haliday); Mathis (1982b, Isocanace Mathis); McAlpine (1982, Zale McAlpine = Zalea McAlpine, 1985); Mathis, 1989b, the texensis group of Nocticanace Malloch).

ABBREVIATIONS.—To economize on space I have used well-known acronyms for museums, especially to indicate the deposition of a primary type(s), and also for some locality data. These abbreviations are as follows:

AM

Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia

AMNH

American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA

ANSP

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

BBM

Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA

BMNH

former British Museum (Natural History), collections in The Natural History Museum, London, England

CAS

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA

DEI

former Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, collections in the Institut für Pflanzenschutzforschung, Zweigstelle Eberswalde, Abteilung Taxonomie der Insekten, Eberswalde, Germany

DCSA

Dipterorum Collectionis Strobl, Admont, Austria

HUS

Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

IOC

Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

LACM

Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Los Angeles, California, USA

MCV

Museo Civico di Storia Naturale de Venezia, Venice, Italy

MNHN

Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France

MRAC

Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (Koninklijk Museum voor Midden-Afrika), Tervuren, Belgium

NMI

National Museum of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland

NMP

Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa

NZAC

New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Entomology

Division, DSIR, Auckland, New Zealand

SUJ

Saikyo University, Kyoto, Japan

SMN

Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde in Stuttgart, Ludwigsburg, Germany

TMC

Transvaal Museum Collection, Pretoria, South Africa

UMO

University Museum, Oxford University, Oxford, England

USNM

former United States National Museum, collections in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA

ZIL

Zoological Institute, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

ZMA

Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoologie, Zoologisch Museum, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

ZMHU

Zoologisches Museum, Humboldt Universität, Berlin, Germany

Abbreviations for primary types: HT = Holotype, LT = Lectotype, ST = Syntype, T = Type (the specific status of the primary type is unknown).

Abbreviations for states of the USA: CA = California, FL = Florida, MA = Massachusetts, MD = Maryland, ME = Maine, NC = North Carolina, RI = Rhode Island, SC = South Carolina, TX = Texas, VA = Virginia, WA = Washington.

Abbreviations for Canadian provinces and territories: BC = British Columbia, NB = New Brunswick, PE = Prince Edward Island.

Abbreviations for Mexican states: BCN = Baja California Norte, BCS = Baja California Sur, QNR = Quintana Roo, TAB = Tabasco.

Abbreviations for Australian states: NSW = New South Wales, QLD = Queensland.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—The support and encouragement of numerous persons have directly contributed to the production of this catalog, and I gratefully acknowledge and thank them all for their efforts, time, and opinions. I have especially benefited from discussions on format and cataloging procedures from Drs. Brian V. Brown, Curtis W. Sabrosky, Ronald W. Hodges, F. Christian Thompson, Norman E. Woodley, and Amnon Freidberg. An earlier draft of this paper was critically reviewed by Drs. F. Christian Thompson and Willis W. Wirth. These reviews were invaluable, especially as Thompson is intimately acquainted with the literature on Diptera, and Wirth has contributed much to our knowledge of beach flies. The following curators provided access to collections, primary types in particular, and other information that has substantially enhanced the value of this work: Dr. David K. McAlpine (AM), Dr. Neal L. Evenhuis (BBM), Dr. Paul H. Arnaud, Jr. (CAS), Dr. S. Takagi (HUS), Drs. J. Decelle and R. Jocque (MRAC), Dr. Charles Hogue (LACM), Mr. Silvano Canzoneri (MCV), Dr. Loïc Matile (MNHN), Dr. James O'Connor (NMI), Dr. Brian Stuckenberg (NMP), Dr. Hugo Andersson (ZIL), Dr. H. Schumann (ZMHU).

Catalog

Family CANACIDAE Jones (113 species)

Canacenae Jones, 1906:170, 198 [as a subfamily of Ephydridae, incorrect formation of the family-group name]. Type genus: Canace Haliday, 1837.

Canaceidae.—Hendel, 1916:297 [incorrect formation of the family-group name].—Wirth, 1951:245–275 [revision].

Canacidae.—Enderlein, 1935:235.—Mathis, 1982b:1–29 [classification].

Subfamily CANACINAE Jones (32 species)

As above.

Canaceinae.—Hendel, 1913:93 [as a subfamily of Ephydridae, incorrect formation of the family-group name].

Canacinae.—Enderlein, 1914:326 [as a subfamily of Ephydridae].—Malloch, 1933:4 [as a subfamily of Ephydridae]..—Mathis, 1982b:2 [as a subfamily of Canacidae, phylogeny].

Tribe Canacini Jones (5 species)

As above.

Canacini.—Mathis, 1982b:3 [as a tribe of Canacinae].

Genus Canace Haliday (5 species)

Canace Haliday in Curtis, 1837:281 [published in synonymy; first made available by use in Haliday, 1839:411; see Thompson and Mathis, 1981]. Type species: Ephydranasica Haliday, 1839, by subsequent monotypy (Haliday, 1839:411).—Loew, 1860:29 [review]; 1874:76 [review],—Schiner, 1863:268 [review],—Rondani, 1875:176, 169 [review].—Becker, 1896:245 [review]; 1905:215 [catalog]; 1926:106 [review].—Wirth, 1951:259 [review].—Stackelberg, 1970:363 [key].—Cogan, 1980:694 [Afrotropical catalog]; 1984:125 [palearctic catalog].—Mathis, 1982a:58 [review, figures of and terminalia, heads].—Mathis and Freidberg, 1991:71–75 [review of Afrotropical fauna].

Ephydra (Canace).—Haliday, 1839:411.—Walker, 1853:268 [review].

actites Mathis. Palearctic: Spain (Canary and Madeira Islands).

Canace salonitana, in part (misidentification).—Wirth, 1951:264 [review, figure of terminalia].

Canace actites Mathis, 1982a:58 [HT (USNM 76783); Spain. Canary Islands: Teneriffe; figures of head, thorax, and terminalia].—Mathis and Freidberg, 1991:72 [key].

nasica (Haliday). Afrotropical: Cape Verde Islands, Senegal. Palearctic: Coast of western Europe (England, France, Ireland, and Spain), Mediterranean (Egypt), and islands of eastern Atlantic Ocean (Azores, Canary Islands, and Madeira Islands).

Ephydra (Canace) nasica Haliday, 1839:411 [“England.” Type(s) apparently lost (see Mathis, 1982a:60)].—Walker, 1853:269 [review].

Canace nasica.—Loew, 1860:29 [review]; 1874:80 [review],—Schiner, 1863:269 [review].—Rondani, 1875:170 [review].—Becker, 1896:247 [list]; 1903:183 [list]; 1905:215 [catalog]; 1926:106 [review].—Séguy, 1934:401 [review, figure of wing and head]; 1936:21 [list, Azores, Canary Islands].—Cresson, 1936:265 [discussion].—Frey, 1936:110 [review, Canary Islands]; 1945:81 [review, Azores]; 1949:37 [list, Madeira Islands]; 1958a:53 [list, Canary Islands]; 1958b:48 [list, Cape Verde Islands],—Wirth, 1951:262 [review, figure of terminalia]; 1956a: 161 [discussion].—Hinton, 1967:319 [natural history, especially of plastron respiration, figures of puparium],—Stackelberg, 1970:362 [list, English translation, 1988:603].—Cogan, 1976:87 [list, Great Britain]; 1980:694 [Afrotropical catalog]; 1984:124 [palearctic catalog].—Mathis, 1982a:60 [review, figures of head, and terminalia],—Mathis and Freidberg, 1991:72–73 [review].

Canace salonitana variety rufitarsis Strobl, 1902:503 [ST 3 (DCSA); Yugoslavia. Croatia: Fiume (= Rijeka)].—Strobl, 1904:564 [synonymy with Canace nasica].

rossii Canzoneri. Afrotropical: Sierra Leone.

Canace rossii Canzoneri, 1982:61 [HT (MCV); Sierra Leone. Western Area: Freetown, Lumley Beach di fronte a Juba; habitus].—Mathis and Freidberg, 1991:73 [review, figure of terminalia].

salonitana Strobl. Palearctic: Eastern Mediterranean (Crete, Egypt, Israel, Yugoslavia).

Canace salonitana Strobl, 1900:635 [HT (DCSA); Yugoslavia. Dalmatia (Salona)].—Becker, 1903:184 [review]; 1905:215 [catalog]; 1926:107 [review].—Mathis, 1982a:61 [review, figures of head, and terminalia].—Cogan, 1984:124 [palearctic catalog],

zvuv Mathis and Freidberg. Afrotropical: Cameroon.

Canace zvuv Mathis and Freidberg, 1991:73 [HT (USNM); Cameroon. Limbe (shore); figures of terminalia].

Tribe Dynomiellini Mathis (27 species)

Dynomiellini Mathis, 1982b:3 [as a tribe of Canacinae]. Type genus: Dynomiella Giordani Soika, 1956.

Genus Canacea Cresson (4 species)

Canacea [lapsus].—Malloch, 1924a:52–53 [description of C.macateei, diagnosis of genus, see next entry],—Johnson, 1925:276 [list].—Mathis, 1982a:58 [discussion],

Canacea Cresson, 1924:164. Type species: Canacea macateei Malloch, by original designation and monotypy; Cresson validated Malloch's name as an indication.—Mathis, 1982b:4–7 [review; discussion of nomenclatural status and reasons for selection of this genus-group name and author].

Canace, in part, of authors.—Malloch, 1933:4 [discussion],—Curran, 1934b:356 [discussion, generic key].—Cresson, 1936:264–265 [discussion, description of new species].—Wirth, 1951: 259–265 [review]; 1965:733 [nearctic catalog]; 1970:397–403 [revision as “snodgrassii group”]; 1975:1 [neotropical catalog].—Wheeler, 1952:90–91 [discussion].—Cole, 1969:391 [key, discussion].

aldrichi (Cresson). Nearctic: USA (CA).

Canace aldrichi Cresson, 1936:264 [HT (USNM 51848); USA. California: Santa Clara Co., Palo Alto].—Wirth, 1951:262 [review]; 1965:733 [nearctic catalog]; 1970:401 [review, figure of terminalia].—Wheeler, 1952:91 [distribution, key].—Cole, 1969:391 [list, Western North America].

Canace aldrich [sic, printing error],—Wirth, 1956a: 161 [discussion],

Canacea aldrichi.—Mathis, 1982b:6 [generic combination, catalog, key].

currani (Wirth). Neotropical: Panama (Canal Area, Darién, Panama), Ecuador (Guayas).

Canace currani Wirth, 1970:402 [HT (USNM 70341); Panama. Darién: Jaqué (light trap); figure of terminalia]; 1975:1 [neotropical catalog].—Arnaud, 1979:346 [list, type data].

Canacea currani.—Mathis, 1982b:6 [generic combination, catalog, key].

macateei Malloch.Nearctic: Canada (NB, PE), USA (Atlantic and Gulf Coasts from ME to TX). Neotropical: Belize, West Indies (Anguilla, Cuba).

Canacea macateei Malloch, 1924a:52 [HT (USNM 26883); USA. Georgia: Glynn Co., Jekyll Island].—Cresson, 1924:164 [discussion]; 1936:265 [discussion].—Johnson, 1925:276 [list, MA, RI]; 1930:145 [list, MA].—Mathis, 1982b:7 [catalog, key; figures of head, thorax, and leg].—Mathis, 1989b:592–593 [review],

Canace snodgrassii, in part (misidentification).—Johnson, 1910:807 [list, USA (NJ)].—Wirth, 1951:260 [review, synonymy, figure of and terminalia]; 1965:733 [nearctic catalog],

Canace macateei.—Malloch, 1933:5 [note].—Curran, 1934b:356 [status].—Wheeler, 1952:90–91 [distribution, key].—Wirth, 1970:399 [resurrection from synonymy, review, figure of terminalia].—Teskey and Valiela, 1977:545–547 [description of larva and puparium, natural history].

snodgrassii (Coquillett). Neotropical: Ecuador (Galápagos Islands), Panama (Canal Area).

Canace snodgrassii Coquillett, 1901:378 [LT (designated by Cresson 1936:264; USNM 4430); Ecuador. Galápagos Islands: Albemarle Island (= Isabela)].—Cresson, 1936:264 [review].—Cole, 1969:391 [list, Galápagos Islands].—Wirth, 1969b:578 [review]; 1970:401–402 [review, figure of terminalia]; 1975:1 [neotropical catalog].

Canace snodgrassii, in part.—Wirth, 1951:260 [review, figure of and terminalia]; 1956a: 161 [discussion].

Canace snodgrassi [sic, lapsus].—Wirth, 1956b:48 [discussion].

Canacea snodgrassii.—Mathis, 1982b: 7 [generic combination, catalog, key].

Genus Chaetocanace Hendel (2 species)

Chaetocanace Hendel, 1914:98. Type species: Canace biseta Hendel, by original designation and monotypy.—Malloch, 1924b:333 [generic key].—Curran, 1934b:357 [generic key].—Wirth, 1951:265 [review].—Miyagi, 1963:122 [list, Korea].—Delfinado and Wirth, 1977:391 [Oriental catalog].—Mathis, 1982b:7–9 [review]; 1989a:670 [Australasian/oceanian catalog].—Cogan, 1984:124 [palearctic catalog].

biseta (Hendel). Australasian/oceanian: Australia (QLD), Papua New Guinea (Central). Oriental: Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Philippines (Davao, Luzon), Taiwan (Tainan). Palearctic: Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku), Korea (Seoul).

Canace biseta Hendel, 1913:95 [ST (undetermined number, DEI); Taiwan. Tainan].

Chaetocanace biseta.—Hendel, 1914:98 [generic combination].—Wirth, 1951:265 [review].—Miyagi, 1963:122, 125 [review, figures of and terminalia]; 1973b:82 [list, Philippines].—Delfinado, 1975:221–222 [comparison with C. brincki, figure of terminalia].—Delfinado and Wirth, 1977:391 [Oriental catalog].—Mathis, 1982b:9 [review, catalog, key; figures of head and thorax].—Cogan, 1984:124 [palearctic catalog].—Morimoto, 1989:833 [list, Japan].

Canace (Chaetocanace) biseta.—Hennig, 1941:158 [list of types, DEI].

brincki Delfinado. Austalasian/oceanian: Australia (QLD), Papua New Guinea (Central). Oriental: Sri Lanka (Northern Province).

Chaetocanace brincki Delfinado, 1975:221 [HT (ZIL); Sri Lanka. Northern Province: Mannar (16 km E), Nay Aru at Pallamadu].—Delfinado and Wirth, 1977:391 [Oriental catalog].—Mathis, 1982b:9 [catalog, key]; 1989a:670 [Australasian/oceanian catalog].

Genus Dynomiella Giordani Soika (4 species)

Dynomiella Giordani Soika, 1956:130. Type species: Dynomiella arenicola Giordani Soika (= Canace stuckenbergi Wirth, 1956b), by original designation and monotypy.—Mathis, 1982b:9–11 [review].

Canace, in part, of authors.—Wirth, 1956b:48–51 [revison, key]; 1960:390 [synonymy of Dynomiella with Canace].—Cogan, 1980:694 [Afrotropical catalog].

cala (Cresson). Afrotropical: South Africa (Cape).

Canace cala Cresson, 1934:220 [HT (TMC); South Africa. Cape: East London].—Wirth, 1951:264 [review]; 1956b:49–51 [key, review].—Cogan, 1980:694 [Afrotropical catalog].

Dynomiella cala.—Mathis, 1982b:11 [generic combination, catalog, key].

glauca (Wirth). Afrotropical: South Africa (Cape).

Canace glauca Wirth, 1956b:49 [HT (USNM 62712); South Africa. Cape: Port Elizabeth (56 km E), Gamtoos River (lower reaches, within 3 km of ocean)].—Cogan, 1980:694 [Afrotropical catalog].

Dynomiella glauca.—Mathis, 1982b: 11 [generic combination, catalog, key].

spinosa (Wirth). Afrotropical: South Africa (Cape).

Canace spinosa Wirth, 1956b:51 [HT (USNM 62714); South Africa. Cape: Port Elizabeth (56 km E), Gamtoos River (lower reaches, within 3 km of ocean)].—Cogan, 1980:694 [Afrotropical catalog].

Dynomiella spinosa.—Mathis, 1982b:11 [generic combination, catalog, key; figures of head, thorax, and leg].

Stuckenbergi (Wirth). Afrotropical: South Africa (Cape), Namibia (Walvis Bay).

Canace stuckenbergi Wirth, 1956b:50 [HT (USNM 62713); South Africa. Cape: Port Elizabeth (56 km E), Gamtoos River (lower reaches, within 3 km of ocean)].—Cogan, 1980:694 [Afrotropical catalog].

Dynomiella stuckenbergi.—Mathis, 1982b: 11 [generic combination, catalog, key].

Dynomiella arenicola Giordani Soika, 1956:130 [HT (MRAC); Namibia. Walfish Bay (= Walvis Bay)].—Wirth, 1960:391 [synonymy].

Genus Isocanace Mathis (4 species)

Isocanace Mathis, 1982b: 11. Type species: Isocanace briani Mathis, by original designation; 1989a:670 [Australasian/oceanian catalog].

Canace, in part, of authors.—Mathis and Wirth, 1979:786.

albiceps (Malloch). Australasian/oceanian: Australia (NSW, QLD).

Canace albiceps Malloch, 1925:87 [HT (AM); Australia. New South Wales: Sydney].—Wirth, 1951:262 [review].

Isocanace albiceps (Malloch).—Mathis, 1982b: 18 [generic combination; figures of head, thorax, and terminalia]; 1989a:670 [Australasian/oceanian catalog].

australis Mathis. Afrotropical: Kenya, South Africa (Cape).

Isocanace australis Mathis, 1982b: 14 [HT (NMP); South Africa. Cape: Port St. Johns; figure of head and terminalia].

briani Mathis. Afrotropical: Madagascar (Antseranana), Seychelles (Aldabra).

Canace stuckenbergi Mathis and Wirth, 1979:786 [HT (MNHN); Madagascar. Antseranana: Sambirano Lokobe Nosy Bé; figure of terminalia; junior primary homonym, see Wirth, 1956b:50].

Isocanace briani Mathis, 1982b:15 [new name for C. stuckenbergi Mathis and Wirth, 1979; figures of head, thorax, and terminalia].

flava (Canzoneri and Meneghini). Afrotropical: Zaire (Haut-Zaire).

Canace flava Canzoneri and Meneghini, 1969:184 [HT (MRAC); Zaire. Albert National Park: May ya Moto].—Cogan, 1980:694 [Afrotropical catalog].

Isocanace flava.—Mathis, 1982b: 17 [generic combination; figures of head, thorax, terminalia].

Genus Trichocanace Wirth (3 species)

Trichocanace Wirth, 1951:252. Type species: Trichocanace sinensis Wirth, by original designation and monotypy; 1964:225–227 [revision; key].—Wirth and Delfinado, 1977:392 [Oriental catalog].—Mathis and Wirth, 1979:795 [diagnosis, discussion].—Cogan, 1980:694 [Afrotropical catalog].—Mathis, 1982b:20–22 [review]; 1989a:670 [Australasian/oceanian catalog].

atra Wirth. Australasian/oceanian: Australia (QLD), Papua New Guinea (Central). Oriental: Philippines (Mindanao), Thailand (Cholburi).

Trichocanace atra Wirth, 1964:227 [HT (USNM 67135); Australia. Queensland: Cairns; figure of terminalia].—Delfinado and Wirth, 1977:392 [Oriental catalog].—Mathis 1982b:21 [catalog, key]; 1989a:670 [Australasian/oceanian catalog].

marksae Wirth. Australasian/oceanian: Australia (QLD).

Trichocanace marksae Wirth, 1964:226 [HT (USNM 67134); Australia. Queensland: Cairns (bayshore); figure of terminalia].—Mathis, 1982b:21 [catalog, key; figures of head and thorax]; 1989a:670 [Australasian/oceanian catalog].

sinensis Wirth. Afrotropical: Madagascar (Toliara). Australasian/oceanian: Australia (QLD). Oriental: China (Fukien), Malaysia (Negri Sembilan), Thailand (Bangkok).

Trichocanace sinensis Wirth, 1951:253 [HT (BMNH); China. Fukien: Foochow (= Minhow); figure of head, wing. terminalia]; 1964:225 [review].—Delfinado and Wirth, 1977:392 [Oriental catalog].—Mathis and Wirth, 1979:795 [review].—Cogan, 1980:694 [Afrotropical catalog].—Mathis, 1982b:22 [catalog, key]; 1989a:670 [Australasian/oceanian catalog].

Genus Xanthocanace Hendel (10 species)

Xanthocanace Hendel, 1914:98. Type species: Canace ranula Loew, by original designation.—Malloch, 1924b:334 [discussion, generic key].—Cresson, 1936:270 [synonymy, discussion].—Curran, 1934b:357 [generic key].—Wirth, 1951:249 [review, key].—Miyagi, 1963:123 [review, key].—Delfinado and Wirth, 1977:393 [Oriental catalog].—Cogan, 1980:694 [Afrotropical catalog]; 1984:125 [palearctic catalog].—Mathis, 1982b:22–25 [review]; 1989a:670 [Australasian/oceanian catalog].—Mathis and Freidberg, 1982: 97–104 [review of western palearctic species].

Dinomyia Becker, 1926:107. Type species: Canace ranula Loew, by monotypy; preoccupied, Martynov, 1909 (Trichoptera), and Dyar, 1919 (Diptera).—Séguy, 1934:401 [generic key].—Cresson, 1936:270 [synonymy with Xanthocanace].—Stackelberg, 1970:362 [key].

Myioblax Enderlein, 1935:235. Type species: Canace ranula Loew, by original designation; 1936:172 [review.—Cresson, 1936:270 [synonymy with Xanthocanace].

capensis Wirth. Afrotropical: South Africa (Cape).

Xanthocanace capensis Wirth, 1956b:47 [HT (USNM 62711); South Africa. Cape: Port Alfred, Kleinemonde River (sea water)].—Miyagi, 1963:125–126 [distribution, key].—Cogan, 1980:694 [Afrotropical catalog].—Mathis, 1982b:24 [catalog, key].

kaplanorum Mathis and Freidberg. Palearctic: Egypt (Sinai), Oman.

Xanthocanace kaplanorum Mathis and Freidberg, 1982:100 [HT (USNM 100203); Egypt. Sinai: Nabek; figures of head, terminalia].

magna (Hendel). Oriental: Taiwan (Anping).

Canace magna Hendel, 1913:95 [ST (2, DEI); Taiwan (Formosa). Anping].

Xanthocanace magna.—Hendel, 1914:98 [generic combination].—Malloch, 1924b:334 [list].—Wirth, 1951:250 [review].—Miyagi, 1963:125–126 [distribution, key].—Delfinado and Wirth, 1977:393 [Oriental catalog].—Mathis, 1982b:24 [catalog, key].

Canace (Xanthocanace) magna.—Hennig, 1941:158 [listing of syntypes in DEI].

nigrifrons Malloch. Australasian/oceanian: Australia (NSW, QLD).

Xanthocanace nigrifrons Malloch, 1924b:334 [HT (AM); Australia. New South Wales: Woy Woy; figures of head].—Wirth, 1951:250 [review].—Miyagi, 1963:125–126 [distribution, key].—Griffiths, 1972:256 [discussion of terminalia].—Mathis, 1982b:24 [catalog, key, figures of head and thorax]; 1989a:670 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].

orientalis (Hendel). Oriental: China (Fukien), India (Bombay), Taiwan (Alikang, Anping), Thailand (Bangphra).

Canace orientalis Hendel, 1913:94 [ST (14, DEI); Taiwan (Formosa). Anping].

Xanthocanace orientalis.—Hendel, 1914:98 [generic combination].—Malloch, 1924b:334 [list].—Wirth, 1951:251 [review, figures of terminalia].—Miyagi, 1963:125–126 [distribution, key].—Delfinado and Wirth, 1977:393 [Oriental catalog].—Mathis, 1982b:24 [catalog, key].

Canace (Xanthocanace) orientalis.—Hennig, 1941:158 [listing of syntypes in DEI].

pollinosa Miyagi. Oriental: Malaysia (Negri Sembilan, Perak). Palearctic: Japan (Hokkaido), Korea (Seoul).

Xanthocanace pollinosa Miyagi, 1963:124 [HT (USNM); Korea. Seoul; figures of terminalia].—Mathis, 1982b:24 [catalog, key].—Cogan, 1984:126 [palearctic catalog].—Morimoto, 1989:833 [list, Japan].

ranula (Loew). Palearctic: Belgium, Denmark, England, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Spain (Canary Islands).

Canace ranula Loew, 1874:81 [ST (number undetermined): Germany. coast of North Sea, Cuxhaven (ZMHU). Ireland. Kerry, Rossbegh creek and Smerwick Bay (NMI or UMO)].—Gercke, 1887:1–4 [discussion, mouthparts].—Becker, 1896:247 [review, figures of head and wing]; 1905:215 [palearctic catalog].—Czemy and Strobl, 1909:266 [list, Spain].—Frey, 1921:140–142 [discussion, figures of mouthparts].

Xanthocanace ranula.—Hendel, 1914:98 [generic combination]; 1928:108 [list, figures of head and wing].—Malloch, 1924b:334 [list].—Wirth, 1951:250 [review].—Miyagi, 1963:125 [distribution, key].—Rald, 1976:77–79 [list, Denmark, figure of head and mouthparts, key].—Cogan, 1976:87 [list, British insects]; 1984:126 [palearctic catalog].—Mathis, 1982b:24 [catalog, key].—Mathis and Freidberg, 1982:101 [review, figures of terminalia].

Dinomyia ranula.—Becker, 1926:110 [generic combination, review].—Séguy, 1934:401 [review].—Goetghebuer, 1942:8 [list, Belgium].—Stackelberg, 1970:363 [list, North Sea].

Myioblax ranula.—Enderlein, 1935:235 [generic combination]; 1936:172 [key].

Canace nasica (misidentification).—Haliday, 1855:64 [review, figure of head and habitus (dorsal aspect)].

sabroskyi Mathis and Freidberg. Palearctic: Egypt (Sinai).

Xanthocanace sabroskyi Mathis and Freidberg, 1982:100 [HT (USNM 100204); Egypt. Sinai: Nabek; figures of head, terminalia].

seoulensis Miyagi. Palearctic: Korea (Seoul).

Xanthocanace seoulensis Miyagi, 1963:123 [HT (USNM); Korea. Seoul; figures of terminalia].—Mathis, 1982b:25 [catalog, key].

zeylanica Delfinado. Oriental: Sri Lanka (Northwestern Province).

Xanthocanace zeylanica Delfinado, 1975:223 [HT (ZIL); Sri Lanka. Northwestern Province: Puttalan (5 km N, salt pan)].—Delfinado and Wirth, 1977:393 [Oriental catalog].—Mathis, 1982b:25 [catalog, key].

Subfamily NOCTICANACINAE Mathis (78 species)

Nocticanacinae Mathis, 1982b:3. Type genus: Nocticanace Malloch, 1933.

Genus Canaceoides Cresson (9 species)

Canaceoides Cresson, 1934:221. Type species: Canace nudata Cresson, 1926, by original designation.—Wirth, 1951:266–269 [revision]; 1954:59 [notes, comparison with Nocticanace]; 1965:733 [nearctic catalog]; 1969a:551–570 [revision]; 1975:1–5 [neotropical catalog].—Wheeler, 1952:91 [notes on synonymy].—Cole, 1969:391 [key, discussion].—Hardy and Delfinado, 1980:384–388 [revision of Hawaiian species].—Mathis, 1989a:669 [Australasian/oceanian catalog].

Procanace Curran, 1934a: 160. Type species: Procanace panamensis Curran, 1934a, by original designation; preoccupied, Hendel, 1913 (Diptera).

Neocanace Curran, 1934b:357. Type species: Procanace panamensis Curran, 1934a, automatic; new name for Procanace Curran, 1934.—Wirth, 1951:266 [synonymy with Canaceoides].

angulatus Wirth. Australasian/oceanian: Hawaii (Hawaii, Kauai, Oahu). Nearctic: Mexico (BCN). Neotropical: Ecuador (Galápagos Islands), Peru (Lima).

Canaceoides nudatus, in part (misidentification), of authors.—Bryan, 1926:69 [list]; 1934:432, 455 [list].—Hardy, 1952:466 [list].

Canaceoides angulatus Wirth, 1969a:556 [HT (USNM 69932); Hawaii: Oahu, Waimea (intertidal rocks); figures of and terminalia]; 1969b:590 [review]; 1975:2 [neotropical catalog].—Arnaud, 1979:346 [list, type data].—Hardy and Delfinado, 1980:384 [revision, figures of head, and terminalia, larvae].—Mathis, 1989a:669 [Australasian/oceanian catalog].

balboai Wirth. Neotropical: Panama (Canal Area, Darién).

Canaceoides balboai Wirth, 1969a:559 [HT (USNM 69933); Panama. Darién: Jaqué figures of and terminalia]; 1975:2 [neotropical catalog].

hawaiiensis Wirth. Australasian/oceanian: Hawaii (Hawaii, Maui, Oahu).

Canaceoides hawaiiensis Wirth, 1969a:561 [HT (BBM); Hawaii. Maui: Hana; figures of and terminalia].—Hardy and Delfinado, 1980:387 [revision, figures of and terminalia].—Mathis, 1989a:669 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].

nudatus (Cresson). Nearctic: Mexico (BCN), USA (CA, WA).

Canace nudata Cresson, 1926:257 [HT (ANSP 6307); USA. California: Los Angeles Co.].—Malloch, 1933:114 [note].—Williams, 1938:108 [natural history].—Amaud, 1979:346 [list, type data].

Canaceoides nudatus.—Cresson, 1934:221 [generic combination].—Wirth, 1951:266 [revision, figures of terminalia]; 1954:60 [notes]; 1965:733 [nearctic catalog]; 1969a:562 [revision, figures of and terminalia]; 1975:2 [neotropical catalog].—Wheeler, 1952:92 [notes].—Cole, 1969:391 [list, CA, WA].

panamensis (Curran). Neotropical: Panama (Canal Area).

Procanace panamensis Curran, 1934a:161 [HT (AMNH); Panama. Canal Area: Patilla Point].

Canaceoides panamensis.—Wirth, 1951:268 [revision, generic combination; figures of terminalia]; 1969a:563 [revision, figures of and terminalia]; 1975:2 [neotropical catalog].

scutellatus Wirth. Nearctic: Mexico (BCS).

Canaceoides scutellatus Wirth, 1969a:563 [HT (CAS 10156); Mexico. Baja California Sur: Gulf of California, Isla de Sanildefonso; figures of and terminalia]; 1975:2 [neotropical catalog].—Amaud, 1979:347 [list, type data].

setosus Wirth. Nearctic: Mexico (BCS).

Canaceoides setosus Wirth, 1969a:565 [HT (CAS 10157); Mexico. Baja California Sur: Gulf of California, Isla de Santa Catalina; figures of and terminalia]; 1975:2 [neotropical catalog].—Amaud, 1979:347 [list, type data].

spinosus Wirth. Nearctic: Mexico (BCS).

Canaceoides spinosus Wirth, 1969a:567 [HT (CAS 10158); Mexico. Baja California Sur: Cabo San Lucas; figures of and terminalia]; 1975:2 [neotropical catalog].—Amaud, 1979:347 [list, type data].

tenuistylus Wirth. Nearctic: Mexico (BCS).

Canaceoides tenuistylus Wirth, 1969a:568 [HT (CAS 10159); Mexico. Baja California Sur: Gulf of California, Isla San Francisco; figures of and terminalia].—Amaud, 1979:347 [list, type data].

Genus Nocticanace Malloch (33 species)

Nocticanace Malloch, 1933:4. Type species: Nocticanace peculiaris Malloch, 1933, by original designation.—Wirth, 1951:269–274 [revision]; 1954:59 [notes]; 1969b:581–590 [revision of species from Galápagos Islands, discussion]; 1975:2–3 [neotropical catalog].—Miyagi, 1965b:299–303 [revision of Japanese species].—Cole, 1969:391 [key, discussion].—Delfinado and Wirth, 1977:391–392 [Oriental catalog].—Mathis and Wirth, 1979:788–790 [diagnosis, discussion].—Cogan, 1980:694 [Afrotropical catalog]; 1984:124 [palearctic catalog].—Mathis, 1989a:669 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog]; 1989b:594–599 [review of Caribbean and nearby fauna].

actites Mathis and Wirth. Afrotropical: Madagascar (Tomasina), Seychelles (Aldabra).

Nocticanace actites Mathis and Wirth, 1979:790 [HT (MNHN); Madagascar. Toamasina: Fénérive (= Fenoarivo Atsinanana; beach); figures of terminalia].—Mathis and Freidberg, 1991:76 [review].

arnaudi Wirth. Nearctic. USA (CA).

Nocticanace arnaudi Wirth, 1954:59 [HT (USNM 61608); USA. California: Monterey Co., Point Lobos].—Wirth, 1965:734 [nearctic catalog].—Cole, 1969:391 [list, CA].—Amaud, 1979:347 [list, type data].

ashlocki Wirth. Neotropical: Ecuador (Galápagos Islands).

Nocticanace ashlocki Wirth, 1969b:589 [HT (CAS 10160); Ecuador. Galápagos Islands: Isla Santa Cruz, Academy Bay (coastal rocks and beach); figures of wing, and terminalia]; 1975:2 [neotropical catalog].—Amaud, 1979:347 [list, type data].

caffraria (Cresson). Afrotropical: South Africa (Cape).

Canaceoides caffraria Cresson, 1934:222 [HT (TMC); South Africa. Cape: East London].

Nocticanace caffraria.—Wirth, 1951:273 [revision, generic combination]; 1956b:51 [review].—Cogan, 1980:694 [Afrotropical catalog].—Mathis and Freidberg, 1991: 76–77 [review].

cancer Wirth. Neotropical: Ecuador (Galápagos Islands).

Nocticanace cancer Wirth, 1969b: 586 [HT (SMN); Ecuador. Galápagos Islands: Isla Pinta (on crabs); figures of terminalia]; 1975:2 [neotropical catalog].

chilensis (Cresson). Neotropical: Chile, Panama.

Canace chilensis Cresson, 1931:116 [HT (BMNH); Chile. Chiloe Island, Ancud].

Canaceoides chilensis.—Cresson, 1934:221 [generic combination].—Stuardo Ortiz, 1946:146 [catalog, Chile].—Wirth, 1951:269 [review, figures of terminalia].

Nocticanace chilensis.—Wirth, 1954:61 [review; generic combination]; 1975:2 [neotropical catalog].

curioi Wirth. Neotropical: Ecuador (Galápagos Islands).

Nocticanace galapagensis (misidentificaion).—Curio, 1964:794–797 [habits].

Nocticanace curioi Wirth, 1969b:583 [HT (SMN); Ecuador. Galápagos Islands: Isla Wolf (from crabs); figures of leg, and terminalia]; 1975:2 [neotropical catalog].

cyclura Mathis and Wirth. Afrotropical: Madagascar (Toliara).

Nocticanace cyclura Mathis and Wirth, 1979:791 [HT (MNHN); Madagascar. Toliara: Sud-Est Sainte Luce, Fort Dauphin (= Taolanaro; 10 m); figures of terminalia].—Mathis and Freidberg, 1991:77 [review].

danjoensis Miyagi. Palearctic: Japan (Kyushu).

Nocticanace danjoensis Miyagi, 1973d: 174 [HT (HUS); Japan. Kyushu: Nagasaki, Danjo Islands, Meshima; figures of and terminalia].—Cogan, 1984:125 [palearctic catalog].—Morimoto, 1989:833 [list, Japan].

darwini Wirth. Neotropical: Ecuador (Galápagos Islands).

Nocticanace darwini Wirth, 1969b:585 [HT (SMN); Ecuador. Galépagos Islands: Isla Genovesa (on crabs); figures of leg, and terminalia]; 1975:3 [neotropical catalog].

flavipalpis Mathis and Wirth. Afrotropical: Madagascar (Toamasina), Seychelles (Aldabra, Cosmoledo).

Nocticanace flavipalpis Mathis and Wirth, 1979:792 [HT (MNHN); Madagascar. Toamasina: Est Ivontaka, Mananara (15 m); figures of terminalia].—Mathis and Freidberg, 1991:77 [review].

galapagensis (Curran). Neotropical: Ecuador (Galépagos Islands).

Procanace galapagensis Curran, 1934a: 160 [HT (CAS 3804); Ecuador. Galápagos Islands: Albemarle Island (= Isabela), Tagus Cove].—Amaud, 1979:348 [list, type data].

Nocticanace galapagensis.—Wirth, 1951:274 [revision, generic combination]; 1969b:581 [revision, figures of and terminalia]; 1975:3 [neotropical catalog].—Curio, 1964:794 [in part, habits].

hachijuoensis Miyagi. Palearctic: Japan (Honshu).

Nocticanace hachijuoensis Miyagi, 1965b:302 [HT (HUS); Japan. Honshu: Hachijo-jima; figures of and terminalia].—Cogan, 1984:125 [palearctic catalog].—Morimoto, 1989:833 [list, Japan].

japonica Miyagi. Palearctic: Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu).

Nocticanace japonicus Miyagi, 1965b:300 [HT (HUS); Japan. Hokkaido: Otaru; figures of and terminalia]; 1973d: 175 [list].—Cogan, 1984:125 [palearctic catalog].—Morimoto, 1989:833 [list, Japan].

litoralis Delfinado. Oriental: Taiwan.

Nocticanace litoralis Delfinado, 1971:119 [HT (BBM); Taiwan. Yehliu Beach, Taipei Hsien; figures of and terminalia].—Delfinado and Wirth, 1977:391 [Oriental catalog].

littorea Mathis and Freidberg. Afrotropical: Kenya.

Nocticanace littorea Mathis and Freidberg, 1991:77 [HT (USNM); Kenya. Takaungu (50 km N Mombasa); figure of terminalia].

mahensis (Lamb). Afrotropical: Seychelles (Mahé).

Canace mahensis Lamb, 1912:328 [HT (BMNH); Seychelles (Mahé)].

Nocticanace mahensis.—Wirth, 1951:274 [generic combination, review].—Cogan, 1980:694 [Afrotropical catalog].—Mathis, 1982c:423 [revision, figures of terminalia].—Mathis and Freidberg, 1991:78 [review].

malayensis Miyagi. Oriental: Malaysia.

Nocticanace malayensis Miyagi, 1973c: 169 [HT (HUS); Malaysia. Penang; figures of and terminalia].—Delfinado and Wirth, 1977:391 [Oriental catalog].

marshallensis Wirth. Australasian/oceanian: Marshall Islands.

Nocticanace marshallensis Wirth, 1951:272 [HT (USNM 59968); Marshall Islands. Ailinglapalap Atoll: Bigatyeling Island; figure of terminalia].—Amaud, 1979:348 [list, type data].—Mathis, 1989a:669 [Australasian/oceanian catalog].

pacifica Sasakawa. Oriental: Japan (Ryukyu), Taiwan. Palearctic: Japan (Kyushu).

Nocticanace pacificus Sasakawa, 1955:367 [HT (SUJ); Japan. Ryukyu Islands: Tokara Islands, Nakanoshima Island; figures of and terminalia].—Miyagi, 1965b:302 [revision, figures of and terminalia; 1973a:81 [list, Taiwan].—Delfinado and Wirth, 1977:391 [Oriental catalog].—Morimoto, 1989:833 [list, Japan].

panamensis Mathis. Neotropical: Panama (Canal Area).

Nocticanace panamensis Mathis, 1989b: 599 [HT (USNM); Panama. Canal Area: Mojinga Swamp, Ft. Sherman; figures of terminalia].

peculiaris Malloch. Australasian/oceanian: Austral Islands, Marianas Islands, Marquesas, Mangareva. Oriental: Japan (Okinawa).

Nocticanace peculiaris Malloch, 1933:4 [HT (BBM); Marquesas. Eiao: Vaituha].—Wirth, 1951:270 [revision, figures of and terminalia].—Cole, 1969:391 [list, Marquesas].—Mathis, 1989a:669 [Australasian/oceanian catalog].

propristyla Miyagi. Oriental: Malaysia.

Nocticanace propristyla Miyagi, 1973c:170 [HT (HUS); Malaysia. Port Dickson; figures of and terminalia].—Delfinado and Wirth, 1977:391 [Oriental catalog].

scapania Wirth. Neotropical: Ecuador (Galápagos Islands).

Nocticanace scapanius Wirth, 1969b:586 [HT (CAS, 10161); Ecuador. Galápagos Islands: Isla Femandina: Punta Espinosa (intertidal rocks); figures of and terminalia]; 1975:3 [neotropical catalog].—Amaud, 1979:348 [list, type data].

sinaiensis Mathis. Palearctic: Egypt, Israel.

Nocticanace sinaiensis Mathis, 1982a:64 [HT (USNM 76784); Israel. Sinai: Ras Burka; figures of head, thorax, and terminalia].

sinensis Delfinado. Oriental: China (Hong Kong).

Nocticanace sinensis Delfinado, 1971:120 [HT (BBM); Hong Kong. N.T. Sai Kung Station; figures of terminalia].—Delfinado and Wirth, 1977:392 [Oriental catalog].—Mathis, 1982c:424 [review, figure of terminalia].

spinicosta Wirth. Neotropical: Ecuador (Galápagos Islands).

Nocticanace spinicosta Wirth, 1969b:589 [HT (CAS 10162); Ecuador. Gal´pagos Islands: Isla Fernandina: Punta Espinosa (intertidal rocks); figures of and terminalia]; 1975:3 [neotropical catalog].—Arnaud, 1979:348 [list, type data].—Cogan, 1984:125 [palearctic catalog].

takagii Miyagi. Palearctic: Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu).

Nocticanace takagii Miyagi, 1965b:302 [HT (HUS); Japan. Honshu: Kumano, Kii, Wakayama-ken; figures of and terminalia]; 1973d:175 [list].—Morimoto, 1989:833 [list, Japan].

taprobane Mathis. Oriental: Sri Lanka.

Nocticanace taprobane Mathis, 1982c:421 [HT (USNM 100224); Sri Lanka. Galle District: Mirigama; figures of terminalia].

texensis (Wheeler). Nearctic. USA (FL, NC, TX). Neotropical. Belize, Mexico (TAB), West Indies (Antigua, Dominica, St. Vincent).

Canaceoides texensis Wheeler, 1952:92 [HT (CAS 6311); USA. Texas: Galveston Co., Galveston].—Arnaud, 1979:347 [list, type data].

Nocticanace texensis.—Wirth, 1954:62 [review; generic combination]; 1965:734 [nearctic catalog]; 1975:3 [neotropical catalog].—Mathis, 1989b:595–598 [revision, figures of terminalia].

usingeri Wirth. Neotropical: Ecuador (Galápagos Islands).

Nocticanace usingeri Wirth, 1969b:587 [HT (CAS 10163); Ecuador. Galápagos Islands: Isla Fernandina: Punta Espinosa; figures of and terminalia]; 1975:3 [neotropical catalog].—Arnaud, 1979:348 [list, type data].

wirthi Mathis. Nearctic: Bermuda, USA (FL). Neotropical: West Indies (Cuba).

Nocticanace wirthi Mathis, 1989b:598 [HT (USNM); USA. Florida: Palm Beach Co., Boyton Beach; figures of terminalia].

zimmermani Wirth. Australasian/oceanian: Rapa Island.

Nocticanace zimmermani Wirth, 1951:272 [HT (BBM); Rapa Island. Karapo Rahi Islet; figure of and terminalia].—Arnaud, 1979:348 [list, type data].—Mathis, 1989a:669 [Australasian/oceanian catalog].

Genus Paracanace Mathis and Wirth (7 species)

Paracanace Mathis and Wirth, 1978:524. Type species: Paracanace hoguei Mathis and Wirth, 1978, by original designation.—Mathis, 1989b:600–603 [review of Caribbean and nearby fauna].

Canace, in part, of authors.—Wirth, 1975:1 [neotropical catalog].

aicen Mathis and Wirth. Nearctic: USA (FL). Neotropical: Belize, Mexico (QNR), West Indies (Cuba, Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent).

Paracanace aicen Mathis and Wirth, 1978:533 [HT (USNM 75304); Dominica. Calibishie; figures of wing, terminalia].—Mathis, 1989b:601–603 [review].

blantoni (Wirth). Neotropical: Panama (Darién).

Canace blantoni Wirth, 1956a:162 [HT (USNM 63002); Panama. Darién: Jaqué]; 1975:1 [neotropical catalog].

Paracanace blantoni.—Mathis and Wirth, 1978:524 [generic combination], 527 [key].

cavagnaroi (Wirth). Neotropical: Ecuador (Galápagos Islands).

Canace cavagnaroi Wirth, 1969b:579 [HT (CAS 10155); Ecuador. Galápagos Islands: Isla Santa Cruz: Academy Bay (beach and coastal collecting); figure of terminalia, spermatheca]; 1975:1 [neotropical catalog].—Amaud, 1979:346 [list, type data].

Paracanace cavagnaroi.—Mathis and Wirth, 1978:524 [generic combination], 527 [key].

hoguei Mathis and Wirth. Neotropical: Costa Rica (Cocos Island).

Paracanace hoguei Mathis and Wirth, 1978:527 [HT (LACM); Costa Rica. Cocos Island: Wafer Bay; figures of legs, wing, terminalia].

lebam Mathis and Wirth. Neotropical: West Indies (Jamaica).

Paracanace lebam Mathis and Wirth, 1978:530 [HT (USNM 75303); Jamaica. Runaway Bay; figures of head, terminalia].—Mathis, 1989b:603 [review].

maritima (Wirth). Neotropical: Ecuador (Galápagos Islands).

Canace maritima Wirth, 1951:263 [HT (USNM 59967); Ecuador. Galápagos Islands: Bartolomé Island (edge mangrove); figure of and terminalia]; 1956a: 162 [key]; 1969b:578 [review]; 1975:1 [neotropical catalog].

Paracanace maritima.—Mathis and Wirth, 1978:524 [generic combination], 527 [key].

oliveirai (Wirth). Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro).

Canace oliveirai Wirth, 1956a: 164. [HT (IOC); Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: Ilha Guaiba, Baia de Sepetiba]; 1975:1 [neotropical catalog].

Paracanace oliveirai.—Mathis and Wirth, 1978:524 [generic combination], 527 [key].

Genus Procanace Hendel (29 species)

Procanace Hendel, 1913:93. Type species: Procanace grisescens Hendel, by original designation.—Wirth, 1951: 253–259 [revision].—Miyagi, 1965a:85 [revision of Japanese species].—Delfinado, 1970:527–531 [revision of species from New Guinea].—Delfinado and Wirth, 1977:392 [Oriental catalog].—Mathis and Wirth, 1979:794 [diagnosis, discussion].—Hardy and Delfinado, 1980:388–406 [revision of Hawaiian species].—Cogan, 1984:125 [palearctic catalog].—Mathis, 1989a:669–670 [Australasian/oceanian catalog]; 1989b:603–607 [review of Caribbean and nearby fauna].

acuminata Hardy and Delfinado. Australasian/oceanian: Hawaii (Hawaii).

Procanace acuminata Hardy and Delfinado, 1980:389 [HT (BBM); Hawaii. Hawaii: east slope of Mauna Kea, Kapue Stream (1000 ft [= 300 m]); figures of wing, and terminalia, larvae].—Mathis, 1989a:669 [Australasian/oceanian catalog].

aestuaricola Miyagi. Palearctic: Japan (Shikoku).

Procanace aestuaricola Miyagi, 1965a:89 [HT (HUS); Japan. Shikoku: Matsuyama; figures of and terminalia].—Cogan, 1984:125 [palearctic catalog].—Morimoto, 1989:833 [list, Japan].

bifurcata Hardy and Delfinado. Australasian/oceanian: Hawaii (Oahu).

Procanace bifurcata Hardy and Delfinado, 1980:392 [HT (BBM); Hawaii. Oahu: Opaeula Stream (1150 ft [= 350 m]); figures of and terminalia].—Mathis, 1989a:669 [Australasian/oceanian catalog].

canzonerii Mathis and Freidberg. Afrotropical: Cameroon.

Procanace canzonerii Mathis and Freidberg, 1991:79 [HT (USNM);Cameroon. Limbe(shore);figuresof terminalia].

cogani Mathis. Afrotropical: Seychelles (Mahé).

Procanace cogani Mathis, 1988:24 [HT (USNM); Seychelles. Mahé: Anse aux Pins; figures of terminalia].—Mathis and Freidberg, 1991:83 [review].

confusa Hardy and Delfinado. Australasian/oceanian: Hawaii (Hawaii).

Procanace confusa Hardy and Delfinado, 1980:394 [HT (BBM); Hawaii. Hawaii: Akaka Falls (stream above); figures of and terminalia].—Mathis, 1989a:669 [Australasian/oceanian catalog].

constricta Hardy and Delfinado. Australasian/oceanian: Hawaii (Molokai).

Procanace constricta Hardy and Delfinado, 1980:396 [HT (BBM); Hawaii. Molokai: Halawa Valley (wet rocks in swift moving stream); figures of and terminalia].—Mathis, 1989a:669 [Australasian/oceanian catalog].

cressoni Wirth. Oriental: China. Palearctic: Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu).

Procanace cressoni Wirth, 1951:256 [HT (BMNH); China. Fukien: Foochow (= Minhow); figures of terminalia].—Miyagi, 1965a:97 [revision, figures of and terminalia].—Delfinado and Wirth, 1977:392 [Oriental catalog].—Morimoto, 1989:833 [list, Japan].

dianneae Mathis. Nearctic: Bermuda, USA (FL, MD, NC, SC, VA).

Procanace dianneae Mathis, 1988a:330 [HT (USNM); USA. Virginia: Westmoreland Co., Westmoreland State Park (banks of Potomac River); figures of terminalia].—Mathis, 1989b:606–607 [review].

flavescens Miyagi. Palearctic: Japan (Kyushu).

Procanace flavescens Miyagi, 1965a:88 [HT (HUS); Japan. Kyushu: Ibusuki, Kagoshima-ken; figures of and terminalia].—Cogan, 1984:125 [palearctic catalog].—Morimoto, 1989:833 [list, Japan].

flaviantennalis Miyagi. Oriental: Japan (Ryukyu Islands).

Procanace flaviantennalis Miyagi, 1965a:90 [HT (HUS); Japan. Ryukyu Islands: Ishigaki-jima; figures of and terminalia].—Morimoto, 1989:833 [list, Japan].

fulva Miyagi. Palearctic: Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu).

Procanace fulva Miyagi, 1965a:91 [HT (HUS); Japan. Hokkaido: Okoppe; figures of and terminalia].—Cogan, 1984:125 [palearctic catalog].—Morimoto, 1989:833 [list, Japan].

gressitti Delfinado. Australasian/oceanian: Papua New Guinea.

Procanace gressitti Delfinado, 1970:527 [HT (BBM); Papua New Guinea. NE Wonerara (1450 m); figures of and terminalia].—Mathis, 1989a:669[Australasian/oceanian catalog].

grisescens Hendel. Afrotropical: Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Zaire. Australasian/oceanian: Papua New Guinea, Yap Islands. Oriental: Bangladesh, Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Malaysia, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, West Pakistan.

Procanace grisescens Hendel, 1913:93 [ST and (NMW); Taiwan. Anping].—Wirth, 1951:258 [revision, figures of terminalia].—Miyagi, 1965a:96 [revision, figures of and terminalia]; 1973b:82 [list].—Delfinado, 1970:528 [list, New Guinea, figures of and terminalia].—Delfinado and Wirth, 1977:392 [Oriental catalog].—Cogan, 1984:125 [palearctic catalog].—Morimoto, 1989:833 [list, Japan].—Mathis, 1989a:669 [Australasian/oceanian catalog].—Mathis and Freidberg, 1991:83–84 [review].

Procanace fluvialis Canzoneri, 1987:95 [HT (MCV); Sudan. Khartoum (Nile River); habitus figure].—Mathis and Freidberg, 1991:83 [synonymy].

hendeli Delfinado. Oriental: Taiwan.

Procanace hendeli Delfinado, 1971:119 [HT (BBM); Taiwan. Wulai, Taipei Hsien (150 m); figures of terminalia].—Delfinado and Wirth, 1977:392 [Oriental catalog].

macquariensis Womersley. Australasian/oceanian: Macquarie Island.

Procanace macquariensis Womersley, 1937:78 [HT (BMNH); Macquarie Island].—Wirth, 1951:259 [review].—Mathis, 1989a:669 [Australasian/oceanian catalog].

nakazatoi Miyagi. Oriental: Japan (Ryukyu Islands).

Procanace nakazatoi Miyagi, 1965a:95 [HT (HUS); Japan. Ryukyu Islands: Okinawa, Nago; figures of and terminalia].—Morimoto, 1989:833 [list, Japan].

nigroviridis Cresson. Australasian/oceanian: Hawaii (Kauai).

Procanace nigroviridis Cresson, 1926:277 [HT (BBM); Hawaii. Kauai].—Bryan, 1934:432, 455 [list].—Wirth, 1951:254 [revision, figures of and terminalia].—Hardy and Delfinado, 1980:398 [figures of head, and terminalia].—Mathis, 1989a:669 [Australasian/oceanian catalog].

novaeguineae Delfinado. Australasian/oceanian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya). Oriental: Philippines.

Procanace novaeguineae Delfinado, 1970:529 [HT (BBM); Indonesia (Irian Jaya). Waris (S of Hollandia, 450–500 m); figures of and terminalia].—Miyagi, 1973b:82 [list, Philippines].—Delfinado and Wirth, 1977:392 [Oriental catalog].—Mathis, 1989a:669 [Australasian/oceanian catalog].

opaca de Meijere. Oriental: Indonesia.

Procanace opaca de Meijere, 1916:272 [T (number and sex undetermined; ZMA); Indonesia. Java: Wonosobo District].—Wirth, 1951:258 [review].—Delfinado and Wirth, 1977:392 [Oriental catalog].

pauliani Mathis and Wirth. Afrotropical: Madagascar (Toliara).

Procanace pauliani Mathis and Wirth, 1979:794 [HT (MNHN); Madagascar. Toliara: Saint Augustin (6 m); figure of terminalia].—Mathis and Freidberg, 1991:84 [review, figures of terminalia].

pninae Mathis and Freidberg. Afrotropical: Kenya.

Procanace pninae Mathis and Freidberg, 1991:81 [HT (USNM); Kenya. Takaungu (50 mi N [= 80 km] Mombasa); figures of terminalia].

quadrisetosa Hardy and Delfinado. Australasian/oceanian: Hawaii (Kauai).

Procanace quadrisetosa Hardy and Delfinado, 1980:401 [HT (BBM); Hawaii. Kauai: Waipoo Falls, Waimea Canyon, Kokee (on wet rocks); figures of terminalia].—Mathis, 1989a:669 [Australasian/oceanian catalog].

rivalis Miyagi. Palearctic: Japan (Hokkaido).

Procanace rivalis Miyagi, 1965a:86 [HT (HUS); Japan. Hokkaido: Katsurasawa; figures of and terminalia].—Cogan, 1984:125 [palearctic catalog].—Morimoto, 1989:833 [list, Japan].

suigoensis Miyagi. Palearctic: Japan (Honshu).

Procanace suigoensis Miyagi, 1965a:93 [HT (HUS); Japan. Honshu: Suigo, Chiba-ken; figures of and terminalia].—Cogan, 1984:125 [palearctic catalog].—Morimoto, 1989:833 [list, Japan].

taiwanensis Delfinado. Oriental: Taiwan.

Procanace taiwanensis Delfinado, 1971:118 [HT (BBM); Taiwan. Yehliu Beach, Taipei Hsien; figures of and terminalia].—Delfinado and Wirth, 1977:392 [Oriental catalog].

Procanace formosaensis Miyagi, 1973a:80 [HT (HUS); Taiwan. Keelung; figures of and terminalia].—Delfinado and Wirth, 1977:392 [synonymy].

townesi Wirth. Australasian/oceanian: Marshall Islands.

Procanace townesi Wirth, 1951:255 [HT (USNM 59966); Marshall Islands. Ailinglapalap Atoll: Bigatyelang Island; figures of and terminalia].—Mathis, 1989a:669 [Australasian/oceanian catalog].

williamsi Wirth. Australasian/oceanian: Hawaii (Oahu). Palearctic: Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu).

Procanace williamsi Wirth, 1951:257 [HT (USNM 59965); Hawaii. Oahu: Kalihi, Honolulu; figures of terminalia].—Hardy, 1952:466 [list].—Miyagi, 1965a:96 [revision, figures of and terminalia].—Hardy and Delfinado, 1980:402 [revision, figures of head, and terminalia].—Cogan, 1984:125 [palearctic catalog].—Mathis, 1989a:670 [Australasian/oceanian catalog].—Morimoto, 1989:833 [list, Japan].

wirthi Hardy and Delfinado. Australasian/oceanian: Hawaii (Oahu).

Procanace wirthi Hardy and Delfinado, 1980:404 [HT (BBM); Hawaii. Oahu: Maunawili Stream (800 ft [= 240 m], on wet rocks); figures of and terminalia].—Mathis, 1989a:670 [Australasian/oceanian catalog].

Subfamily ZALEINAE McAlpine (3 species)

Zalinae McAlpine, 1982:116. Type genus: Zale McAlpine, 1982 [junior homonym, Hübner, 1818 (Lepidoptera)].

Zaleinae McAlpine, 1985:81 [new name for Zalinae McAlpine, 1982]. Type genus: Zalea McAlpine, 1985.

Genus Zalea McAlpine (3 species)

Zale McAlpine, 1982:108. Type species: Zale minor McAlpine, 1982, by original designation; preoccupied, Hübner, 1818 (Lepidoptera).

Zalea McAlpine, 1985:82 [new name for Zale of McAlpine, 1982]. Type species: Zale minor McAlpine, 1982, automatic.—Mathis, 1989a:670 [Australasian/oceanian catalog].

horningi (Harrison). Australasian/oceanian: New Zealand.

Tethina horningi Harrison, 1976:143 [HT (NZAC); New Zealand. Snares Islands: Seal Cove (on supralittoral rocks); figure of wing].

Zalea horningi.—McAlpine, 1985:82 [generic combination, discussion].

major (McAlpine). Australasian/oceanian: Australia (NSW).

Zale major McAlpine, 1982:112 [HT (AM); Australia. New South Wales: Bundeena, Port Hacking; figures of head].

Zalea major.—McAlpine, 1985:82 [generic combination].—Mathis, 1989a:670 [Australasian/oceanian catalog].

minor (McAlpine). Australasian/oceanian: Australia (NSW).

Zale major McAlpine, 1982:112 [HT (AM); Australia. New South Wales: Sydney Harbour, Vaucluse, Nielsen park, Bottle and Glass Rocks; figures wing, and terminalia].

Zalea minor.—McAlpine, 1985:82 [generic combination],—Mathis, 1989a:670 [Australasian/oceanian catalog].

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1863.   Die Fliegen (Diptera). In Fauna Austriaca, 2: 658 pages. Wien.

Stackelberg, A. A.

1970.   92, Family Canaceidae. In G. Ya. Bei-Bienko, editor, [Keys to the Insects of the European Part of the USSR; Diptera and Siphonaptera], 5(II):362–363. St. Petersburg (formerly Leningrad): Zoological Institute, Akademiia Nauk SSSR. [In Russian; English translation published in 1988 by the Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation. The family Canaceidae is treated on pages 602–603. New Delhi: Amerind Publishing Company, Pvt. Ltd.]

Strobl, P.G.

1900.   Dipterenfauna von Bosnien, Hercegovina und Dalmatien. Wissenschaftliche Mittheilungen aus Bosnien und der Hercegovina, 7:552–670.

1902.   Novi prilozi fauni diptera balkanskog poluostrava. Glasnik Zemaljskog Museja u Bosni i Hercegovini, Sarajevo, 14:461–517. [In Serbian and Latin. Reprinted separately in 1902 with pagination 1–57.]

1904.   Neue Beiträge zur Dipterenfauna der Balkanhalbinsel. Wissen schaftliche Mitteilungen aus Bosnien und der Herzegowina, 9:519–581. [German translation of Strobl (1902) with modifications.]

Stuardo Ortiz, Carlos

1946.   Catalogo de los Dipteros de Chile. 253 pages. Santiago: Ministério de Agricultura.

Teskey, H.J., and I. Valiela

1977.   The Mature Larva and Puparium of Canace macateei (Diptera: Canacidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 109:345–347, 7 figures.

Thompson, F.C., and L. Knutson

1987.   Catalogues, Checklists and Lists: A Need for Some Definitions, New Words and Ideas. Antenna, 11(4):131–134, 2 figures.

Thompson, F.C., and Wayne N. Mathis

1981.   Haliday's Generic Names of Diptera First Published in Curtis’ A Guide to…British Insects (1837). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 70(2): 80–89.

Walker, F.

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Wheeler, M.R.

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Williams, F.X.

1938.   Biological Studies in Hawaiian Water-loving Insects, III: Diptera or Flies—A, Ephydridae and Anthomyiidae. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 10:85–119, 1 figure, 9 plates.

Wirth, W.W.

1951.   A Revision of the Dipterous Family Canaceidae. Occasional Papers of Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 20(14):245–275, 6 figures.

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1956a.  Two New Neotropical Species of Surf Flies of the Genus Canace (Diptera, Canaceidae). Revista Brasileira Entomologica, 5:161–165, 2 figures.

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Index

actites Mathis, Canace, 3

actites Mathis and Wirth, Nocticanace, 8

acuminata Hardy and Delfinado, Procanace, 11

aestuaricola Miyagi, Procanace, 11

aicen Mathis and Wirth, Paracanace, 10

albiceps (Malloch), Isocanace, 6

aldrichi (Cresson), Canacea, 4

angulatus Wirth, Canaceoides, 7

arenicola Giordani Soika, Dynomiella, 5

arnaudi Wirth, Nocticanace, 8

ashlocki Wirth, Nocticanace, 8

atra Wirth, Trichocanace, 6

australis Mathis, Isocanace, 6

balboai Wirth, Canaceoides, 7

bifurcata Hardy and Delfinado, Procanace, 11

biseta (Hendel), Chaetocanace, 5

blantoni (Wirth), Paracanace, 10

briani Mathis, Isocanace, 6

brincki Delfinado, Chaetocanace, 5

caffraria (Cresson), Nocticanace, 8

cala (Cresson), Dynomiella, 5

Canace Haliday, 3

Canacea Cresson, 4

Canaceidae Jones, 3

Canaceinae Jones, 3

Canacenae Jones, 3

Canaceoides Cresson, 7

Canacidae Jones, 3

Canacinae Jones, 3

Canacini Jones, 3

cancer Wirth, Nocticanace, 8

canzonerii Mathis and Freidberg, Procanace, 11

capensis Wirth, Xanthocanace, 6

cavagnaroi (Wirth), Paracanace, 10

Chaetocanace Hendel, 5

chilensis (Cresson), Nocticanace, 8

cogani Mathis, Procanace, 11

confusa Hardy and Delfinado, Procanace, 11

constricta Hardy and Delfinado, Procanace, 11

cressoni Wirth, Procanace, 11

curioi Wirth, Nocticanace, 8

currani (Wirth), Canacea, 4

cyclura Mathis and Wirth, Nocticanace, 9

danjoensis Miyagi, Nocticanace, 9

darwini Wirth, Nocticanace, 9

dianneae, Mathis, Procanace, 11

Dinomyia Becker, 6

Dynomiella Giordani Soika, 5

Dynomiellini Mathis, 4

flava (Canzoneri and Meneghini), Isocanace, 6

flavescens Miyagi, Procanace, 11

flaviantennalis Miyagi, Procanace, 11

flavipalpis Mathis and Wirth, Nocticanace, 9

fluvialis Canzoneri, Procanace, 11

formosaensis Miyagi, Procanace, 12

fulva Miyagi, Procanace, 11

galapagensis (Curran), Nocticanace, 9

glauca (Wirth), Dynomiella, 5

gressitti Delfinado, Procanace, 11

grisescens Hendel, Procanace, 11

hachijuoensis Miyagi, Nocticanace, 9

hawaiiensis Wirth, Canaceoides, 8

hendeli Delfinado, Procanace, 11

hoguei Mathis and Wirth, Paracanace, 10

horningi (Harrison), Zalea, 12

Isocanace, Mathis, 5

japonica Miyagi, Nocticanace, 9

kaplanorum Mathis and Freidberg, Xanthocanace,

lebam Mathis and Wirth, Paracanace, 10

litoralis Delfinado, Nocticanace, 9

littorea Mathis and Freidberg, Nocticanace, 9

macquariensis Womersley, Procanace, 11

macateei Malloch, Canacea, 4

magna (Hendel), Xanthocanace, 6

mahensis (Lamb), Nocticanace, 9

major (McAlpine), Zalea, 12

malayensis Miyagi, Nocticanace, 9

maritima (Wirth), Paracanace, 10

marksae, Wirth, Trichocanace, 6

marshallensis Wirth, Nocticanace, 9

minor (McAlpine), Zalea, 13

Myioblax Enderlein, 6

nakazatoi Miyagi, Procanace, 11

nasica (Haliday), Canace, 4

Neocanace Curran, 7

nigrifrons Malloch, Xanthocanace, 7

nigroviridis Cresson, Procanace, 12

Nocticanace Malloch, 8

Nocticanacinae Mathis, 7

novaeguineae, Delfinado, Procanace, 12

nudatus (Cresson), Canaceoides, 8

oliveirai (Wirth), Paracanace, 10

opaca de Meijere, Procanace, 12

orientalis (Hendel), Xanthocanace, 7

pacifica Sasakawa, Nocticanace, 9

panamensis (Curran), Canaceoides, 8

panamensis Mathis, Nocticanace, 9

Paracanace Mathis and Wirth, 10

pauliani Mathis and Wirth, Procanace, 12

peculiaris Malloch, Nocticanace, 9

pninae, Mathis and Freidberg, Procanace, 12

pollinosa Miyagi, Xanthocanace, 7

Procanace Curran, 7

Procanace Hendel, 10

propristyla Miyagi, Nocticanace, 9

quadrisetosa Hardy and Delfinado, Procanace, 12

ranula (Loew), Xanthocanace, 7

rivalis Miyagi, Procanace, 12

rossii Canzoneri, Canace, 4

salonitana variety rufitarsus Strobl, Canace, 4

sabroskyi Mathis and Freidberg, Xanthocanace, 7

salonitana Strobl, Canace, 4

scapania Wirth, Nocticanace, 9

scutellatus Wirth, Canaceoides, 8

seoulensis Miyagi, Xanthocanace, 7

setosus Wirth, Canaceoides, 8

sinaiensis Mathis, Nocticanace, 9

sinensis Delfinado, Nocticanace, 10

sinensis Wirth, Trichocanace, 6

snodgrassii (Coquillett), Canacea, 5

spinicosta Wirth, Nocticanace, 10

spinosa (Wirth), Dynomiella, 5

spinosus Wirth, Canaceoides, 8

suigoensis Miyagi, Procanace, 12

stuckenbergi Mathis and Wirth, Isocanace, 6

stuckenbergi (Wirth), Dynomiella, 5

taiwanensis Delfinado, Procanace, 12

takagii Miyagi, Nocticanace, 10

taprobane, Mathis, Nocticanace, 10

tenuistylus Wirth, Canaceoides, 8

texensis (Wheeler), Nocticanace, 10

townesi Wirth, Procanace, 12

Trichocanace Wirth, 6

usingeri Wirth, Nocticanace, 10

williamsi Wirth, Procanace, 12

wirthi Mathis, Nocticanace, 10

wirthi Hardy and Delfinado, Procanace, 12

Xanthocanace Hendel, 6

Zale McAlpine, 12

Zalea McAlpine, 12

Zaleinae McAlpine, 12

Zalinae McAlpine, 12

zeylanica Delfinado, Xanthocanace, 7

zimmermani Wirth, Nocticanace, 10

zvuv Mathis and Freidberg, Canace, 4

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