SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Emphasis upon publication as a means of “diffusing knowledge” was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: “It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge.” This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series:

Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology

Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics

Smithsonian Contributions to Botany

Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences

Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology

Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology

Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space

Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology

In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world.

Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the inside back cover.

S. Dillon Ripley

Secretary

Smithsonian Institution

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 305

Stomatopod Crustacea from the Eastern Mediterranean

Ch. Lewinsohn and Raymond B. Manning

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

City of Washington

1980

ABSTRACT

Lewinsohn, Ch., and Raymond B. Manning. Stomatopod Crustacea from the Eastern Mediterranean. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 305, 22 pages, 7 figures, 1980.—Five species of stomatopod Crustacea are reported, three of which are based on new records for the Israeli coast. Four of the five species are indigenous to the eastern Atlantic. The fifth, Oratosquilla massavensis (Kossmann), is a Lessepsian immigrant into the Mediterranean from the Red Sea.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus).

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Lewinsohn, Chanan.

Stomatopod Crustacea from the eastern Mediterranean.

(Smithsonian contributions to zoology; no. 305)

Bibliography: p.

1. Stomatopoda—Mediterranean Sea. 2. Crustacea—Mediterranean Sea. I. Manning, Raymond B., 1934—joint author. II. Title. III. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to zoology; no. 305.

QL1.S54 no. 305 [QL444.M375] 591′.08s [595′.382′0916384] 79-9248

Contents

Introduction

Acknowledgments

Family LYSIOSQUILLIDAE Giesbrecht, 1910

Nannosquilloides occulta (Giesbrecht, 1910)

Family SQUILLIDAE Latreille, 1803

Meiosquilla desmaresti (Risso, 1816)

Meiosquilla pallida (Giesbrecht, 1910)

Oratosquilla massavensis (Kossmann, 1880)

Squilla mantis (Linnaeus, 1758)

Literature Cited

Requirements for Smithsonian Series Publication

Stomatopod Crustacea from the Eastern Mediterranean

Ch. Lewinsohn and Raymond B. Manning

____________

Ch. Lewinsohn, Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel. Raymond B. Manning, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.

Introduction

Although nine species of stomatopods are known to occur in the Mediterranean Sea, only two species have been recorded so far from the Mediterranean coast of Israel. The most common Mediterranean species, Squilla mantis (Linnaeus, 1758), was first reported from Israel by Monod (1931). The second species, Oralosquilla massavensis (Kossmann, 1880), a Lessepsian immigrant (see Por, 1971, 1975) into the Mediterranean from the Red Sea via the Suez Canal, was first recorded from Israel by Steuer (1936). This latter species, now the most abundant stomatopod along the southeastern coast of the Mediterranean, apparently was not detected there until the 1930s; Gruvel (1936) and Steuer (1936) both provided the first records for the species from other localities in the southeastern Mediterranean.

A survey of the literature, which would have been much less complete without the assistance of L. B. Holthuis, revealed few records of stomatopods from the eastern Mediterranean before 1930. Squilla mantis was known to Aristotle, who called it squilla or crangon, from Greece (Thompson, 1910). Bodenheimer (1960) reported that a “sea locust,” which he identified with S. mantis, was found on Assyrian tablets. Guérin (1832) reported three species from Greece: Meiosquilla desmaresti (Risso, 1816), S. mantis, and Pseudosquillopsis cerisii (Roux, 1828). The first two of these also are represented in our collections from Israel; P. cerisii has not been recorded again from the eastern Mediterranean. There are two additional records of S. mantis from Greece (Panagiatopoulos, 1916; Athanassopoulos, 1917), both recording the species from Athens.

The larger crustaceans of the Israeli coast had received little attention prior to the 1930s, probably a reflection of the relative late exploration of that coast. Holthuis and Gottlieb (1958), who summarized the decapod fauna of the eastern Mediterranean, also stated that the first decapod to be reported by the name from Israel, Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758), was recorded as recently as 1924 by Fox. Like O. massavensis, P. pelagicus is an immigrant from the Red Sea. Insofar as the stomatopods are concerned, the fauna of the latter area has received far more attention than has the fauna of the eastern Mediterranean. There have been several recent accounts of the stomatopods of the Red Sea, including those by Ingle (1963) and Holthuis (1967b), who summarized the literature to that time, and Makarov (1971), who described a species of Oratosquilla and reported on several other species. The only paper that we have found dealing exclusively with stomatopods of the eastern part of the Mediterranean is that by Geldiay and Kocatas (1969), who reported O. massavensis and S. mantis from Turkey.

It is worthwhile to document the present distribution of the only Indo-West Pacific stomatopod in the Mediterranean fauna, O. massavensis, for we can foresee no barriers other than temperature, especially along the northern Mediterranean, which might keep it from spreading throughout the sea, and it will be interesting to follow the further spread of this species, if that occurs. Only one of the decapods that has entered the Mediterranean via the Suez Canal (for accounts of these species see Holthuis and Gottlieb, 1958; Lewinsohn and Holthuis, 1964; and Ramadam and Dowidar, 1976), Portunus pelagicus, is now known to occur in the western basin of the Mediterranean. This large portunid is well enough established in the harbor of Syracuse, Sicily, to support a commercial fishery there. A survey of the Tunisian fauna conducted by one of us (R.B.M.) from 1972 to 1974, including material from trawl samples in the southern Gulf of Gabès, near the Libyan border, yielded numerous S. mantis but no specimens of O. massavensis. As of 1974, it had not yet spread to the Tunisian coast from Egypt.

The Mediterranean stomatopod fauna comprises nine species representing three families: Allosquilla adriatica Manning and Froglia, 1979, Nannosquilloides occulta, and Platysquilla eusebia (Risso, 1816), family Lysiosquillidae; Parasquilla ferussaci (Roux, 1830) and Pseudosquillopsis cerisii, family Pseudosquillidae; and Meiosquilla desmaresti, M. pallida, O. massavensis, and S. mantis, family Squillidae. Five of these, N. occulta, M. desmaresti, M. pallida, O. massavensis, and S. mantis, are represented in our collections from Israel.

Accounts of eight of the Mediterranean species, including references to original descriptions and synonyms, were included in a recent report on the West African stomatopods (Manning, 1977a), for five of those species, N. occulta, P. ferussaci, P. cerisii, M. pallida, and S. mantis, also occur off tropical West Africa.

We give here a relatively complete account of O. massavensis, based on specimens from Mediterranean localities, as well as copies of good figures of the posterior part of the body of that species, and S. mantis, from the account of Dollfus (1938) (Figure 7), in the hope that this will facilitate recognition of these two species when they are taken in other areas. We hope that this will help to avoid the situation where two similar portunids, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1897, and Portunus pelagicus, both introduced into the Mediterranean from different regions, were confused in the past by various authors (see references in Holthuis and Gottlieb, 1958, Holthuis, 1961, and Froglia, 1972). Apparently the two Mediterranean species of Meiosquilla have been confused in the past (see Manning and Froglia, 1979, and Manning, 1978b, for references), so we have also included expanded accounts of these species.

Although there have been several reports, some from before the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, of the occurrence of one or more species of the tropical genus Gonodactylus from the Mediterranean (for references see Manning, 1977a:49), recent collections, including extensive surveys by the Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, as well as collections made by several organizations under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution and Hebrew University, Jerusalem, have yielded no specimens of Gonodactylus from the Israeli coast. The species in question, G. chiragra (Fabricius, 1781) and G. falcatus (Forskâl, 1775), are tropical Indo-West Pacific species that typically inhabit coral flats or coral rubble.

The genus Gonodactylus is not represented in the fauna of the tropical eastern Atlantic, although it comprises more than 30 species occurring in other tropical regions. In the eastern Atlantic it appears to have been replaced by two species of Protosquilla Brooks, 1886 (Manning, 1977a).

One stomatopod, O. massavensis, and more than 30 species of decapods (Holthuis and Gottlieb, 1958; Lewinsohn and Holthuis, 1964; Ramadan and Dowidar, 1976), including several shallow water species of alpheids and one xanthid crab, Atergatis roseus (Rüppell, 1830), are now well established in rocky shore habitats along the Israeli coast. The decapods that have entered the Mediterranean via the Suez now comprise about 10% of the entire Mediterranean decapod fauna. This clearly demonstrates that some kinds of littoral habitats for tropical species are available in the eastern Mediterranean. Level bottom, sublittoral habitats also have been colonized by numerous decapod immigrants off the Israeli coast (Gilat, 1974), as well as O. massavensis.

However, for inhabitants of shallow water coral rubble habitats like some species of Gonodactylus, as well as related genera in the Indo-West Pacific (see Dingle, Caldwell, and Manning, 1977), habitats are restricted or unavailable in Mediterranean localities (Por, 1971:154).

FIGURE 1.—Eastern Mediterranean localities from which Stomatopoda are known.

Temperature might well be a limiting factor for tropical stomatopods and/or their larvae. The tropical western Atlantic species Gondactylus oerstedii Hansen, 1895, is quite common in shallow water habitats in the Caribbean, but it does not occur north of Miami on the east coast of Florida (Manning, 1969), the northern limit for many tropical species. The larvae of G. oerstedii did not complete their larval development at 15°C and 20°C but did undergo metamorphosis to the postlarva at 25°C (Provenzano and Manning, 1978). Oren (1962:6) reported that the sea surface temperatures along the Mediterranean coast of Israel were equal to or higher than those recorded at Eylath in the Red Sea for five months of the year, from June through October. This undoubtedly is a contributing factor to the successful colonization of coastal habitats off Israel by decapod immigrants and could allow tropical stomatopod species to become established there if they do enter the Mediterranean. The fact that only one species has become established there suggests that the tropical stomatopods may be less tolerant of temperature changes than are some decapods or that suitable habitats are not available.

Bacescu and Mayer (1961:195) recorded a lysiosquillid larva from east of Crete and larvae, which they identified with Gonodactylus falcatus (as G. glabosus), from the Aegean Sea and commented that these larvae were immigrants from the Red Sea. There are no records of Red Sea species of lysiosquillids occurring in the Mediterranean, and Por (1971:154) pointed out that it is unlikely that transport through the Suez was made by larvae because of hydrographic conditions in the canal.

The basic work on larvae of Mediterranean stomatopods is that by Giesbrecht (1910), who identified larval stages of five species from the Gulf of Naples: Nannosquilloides occulta, Parasquilla ferussaci, Pseudosquillopsis cerisii, Meiosquilla desmaresti, and S. mantis. Most of his larval series were reconstructed from the plankton, and we are not aware that any of his stages have been verified by subsequent rearing experiments.

The basic work on stomatopod larvae from the Red Sea was carried out by Gurney (1937), who studied the development of G. falcatus (as G. glabrous) and an unidentified lysiosquillid, and by Gohar and Al-Kholy (1957), who identified larval stages with three species: O. massavensis, an unidentified squillid, and G. falcatus (as G. glabrous).

Environmental conditions along the Israeli coast, from where most of our specimens originate, have been studied in some detail in recent years. Oren (1970) reported on seasonal changes in physical and chemical characteristics of Mediterranean waters off Israel, and Gilat (1964, 1974) studied bottom types and invertebrate communities there. Emery and George (1963) described inshore conditions of Lebanon. Ben-Tuvia (1966) related ecological factors to the distribution of fishes, with particular reference to immigrant species in the Mediterranean from the Red Sea. Por (1971, 1975) discussed the implications of invasions from the Red Sea and provided historical background to present distributional patterns.

Most of the material reported here, and all of that from Israel, was collected by staff and students from the Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University. Many of the specimens of O. massavensis and S. mantis are quite small, reflecting collecting methods used rather than a “dwarf” fauna. Most of the specimens were collected with a beam trawl with an opening of 1.20 meters, a net that large specimens can evade. Larger specimens of O. massavensis and S. mantis were taken with a commercial trawl; these two species are very common and can be collected with any commercial net.

In the synonymies given below, parenthetical comments on geography which follow page citations, such as “[Israel]” or “[Egypt],” show that that citation was based on material from the Mediterranean coast of Israel or Egypt.

Vertical distribution ranges of our material from the eastern Mediterranean, including available depth records from the literature, are summarized in tabular form below, under the account of Squilla mantis.

The size of our specimens indicated in the “Material” sections after the number of specimens is total length (in mm), measured from the anterior margin of the rostral plate to a line between the apices of the submedian marginal teeth of the telson.

Repositories are indicated in our “Material” sections under the following abbreviations:

MCSN

Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Milan

MNHN

Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris

NSor SLM

Tel Aviv University

USNM

United States National Museum collections (in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.)

In our sections on “Material” and Distribution,” coordinates not given in original data as well as alternate spellings, both taken from gazeteers of the United States Board on Geographic Names, are given in parentheses. Specimens from Israel are arranged from west to east off the Sinai and then from south to north. Most localities mentioned in the text are shown in Figures 1 and 2.

FIGURE 2.—Israeli localities mentioned in text.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—We thank F. D. Por, Department of Zoology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, for three specimens from Cyprus and E. Gilat, Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, for two of the specimens of Nannosquilloides. Most of the specimens from the Palmahim-Nizzanim areas and from Haifa Bay were collected by B. Galil and M. Tom during sampling programs that were part of their M. Sc. studies.

We also thank L. B. Holthuis, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, for his comments on the manuscript. Dr. Holthuis provided us with references to numerous older papers, which otherwise would have been overlooked.

All of the illustrations were prepared by Lilly King Manning.

Part of this study was supported by the Smithsonian Institution through a grant from its Foreign Currency Program to one of us (RBM). That support is gratefully acknowledged.

Family LYSIOSQUILLIDAE Giesbrecht, 1910

Nannosquilloides occulta (Giesbrecht, 1910)

FIGURE 3

Nannosquilla occulta.—Holthuis, 1967a:25 [references].

Nannosquilloides occulta.—Manning, 1977a:91, fig. 27 [West Africa].

MATERIAL.—ISRAEL: Off Khan Yunis, about 31°24′N, 34°15′E; 40 m; 5 Jan 1970; E. Gilat; USNM: 1, 17.5 mm. Off Nizzanim, 31°44′N, 34°28′E, 50 m; mud; 26 Jan 1977; Ch. Lewinsohn and B. Galil; NS 13623:1, 25 mm; 1, 24 mm. Same, 31°44′N, 34°28′E; 50 m; mud; 1 Jul 1977; Ch. Lewinsohn and B. Galil; USNM: 1, 23 mm. Off Ashdod, 31°50′N, 34°30′E; 45 m; 8 Dec 1969; E. Gilat; USNM: 1, 21 mm.

DIAGNOSIS.—Size small, maximum length less than 50 mm. Rostral plate quadrangular, with anterior spine, lacking median carina. Cornea bilobed. Anterolateral angles of carapace unarmed. Carapace, thorax, and abdomen lacking longitudinal carinae. Mandibular palp absent, 5 epipods present. Dactylus of claw with 8-9 teeth. Lateral process of fifth thoracic somite low, inconspicuous. Telson margin (Figure 3) with movable submedian and 2 other pairs of fixed teeth, 4 intermediate denticles present.

SIZE.—Our specimens are 17.5-25 mm long. The specimens studied by Giesbrecht (1910) also were small, the largest, juveniles, apparently having total lengths of 22-23 mm. Steuer (1933) recorded a specimen 36 mm long from the Adriatic; that, apparently, is the largest specimen known to date.

REMARKS.—These specimens, the first to be collected east of the Adriatic Sea, suggest that this species, like M. desmaresti and S. mantis, can be expected to occur throughout the Mediterranean.

The material from Israel agrees well with the account of the species given by Manning (1977a) based on collections from West Africa. As in those specimens there are four antennal papillae, two mesial and two ventral; there is a full complement of five epipods, and the mandibular palp has been suppressed. These features led one of us (R.B.M.) to establish the monotypic genus Nannosquilloides (Manning, 1977a:89) for this species, which had previously been assigned to Nannosquilla. In that genus there are no antennal papillae and there are four rather than five epipods.

FIGURE 3. Nannosquilloides occulta (Giesbrecht), female, TL 23 mm, Nizzanim: a, sixth abdominal somite and telson, dorsal view; b, telson, ventral view.

In addition, these specimens from Israel have 9-10 teeth on the claw, two slender posterior spines on the basal joint of each walking leg, four slender outer spines on the uropod, and the following complement of denticles on the telson: three to four submedian, four intermediate (innermost much the largest), and one lateral. On the posterior margin of the telson there are, on each side, two fixed teeth, an intermediate and a lateral, lateral to the movable submedian tooth (Figure 3a,b). In Platysquilla eusebia there are four pairs of fixed marginal teeth on the telson, and in Allosquilla adriatica there are nine submedian denticles on each side and three or four spatulate rather than slender spines on the outer margin of the uropodal exopod.

The color pattern is well preserved in the single male examined. The background is cream or off-white, completely covered with scattered black chromatophores, which in some of the females are aggregated into irregularly shaped middorsal patches. There is a dark posterior line on the posterior margin of each of the thoracic and abdominal somites. On the telson there are traces of dark pigment laterally and a pair of large, prominent submedian black spots on the posterior dorsal surface above the marginal armature (Figure 3a). The female (23 mm long) from off Nizzanim was bright orange when caught.

Nannosquilloides occulta is a sublittoral species, occurring so far off Israel in depths between 40 and 50 m on mud.

DISTRIBUTION.—Eastern Atlantic, from the Mediterranean Sea, including Naples, Italy, off Rovinj, Yugloslavia, in the Adriatic, and now Israel, and from the West African coast at localities between Sénégal and Angola. Sublittoral, in depths between 30-35 and 200 m.

It has not been recorded previously from Israel.

Family SQUILLIDAE Latreille, 1803

Meiosquilla desmaresti (Risso, 1816)

FIGURE 4a–g

Squilla desmaresti.—Guérin, 1832:43 [Greece].

?Squilla sp.—Steuer, 1936:13, 17, fig. 9; 1938:9, 14 [both Egypt; second pelagic larval stage].

Meiosquilla desmaresti.—Manning, 1977a:124, figs. 40, 41 [description].

MATERIAL.—ISRAEL: Off Palmahim, 31°56′N, 34°35′E; 50 m; mud; 2 May 1977; Ch. Lewinsohn and B. Galil; USNM: 1, 37 mm. Same, 31°56′N, 34°35′E; 50 m; 23 Oct 1977; B. Galil; NS 13881: 1, 27 mm. Haifa Bay (32°49′N, 35°00′E); 57 m; 14 Jul 1969; Ch. Lewinsohn; USNM: 1°, 26 mm. Same, 32°54′N, 34°56′E; 40 m; sand-silt-clay; 31 Aug 1974; Ch. Lewinsohn and M. Tom; NS 14345: 1, 31 mm.

CYPRUS: Famagusta (35°07′N, 33°57′E); 54 m; 21 May 1969; SLM 2017: 1, 52 mm. Akrotiri (34°36′N, 33°05′E); 36 m; 9 Nov 1969; USNM: 1, 52 mm.

DIAGNOSIS.—Size small to moderate, maximum length less than 90 mm. Rostral plate (Figure 4a) subtriangular, unarmed anteriorly, lacking median carina. Cornea bilobed. Carapace lacking median carina and anterolateral spines, thoracic and anterior 5 abdominal somites lacking submedian carinae. Mandibular palp absent, 4 epipods present. Dactylus of claw (Figure 4f,g) with 5 teeth. Lateral process of fifth thoracic somite (Figure 4c,d) an oblique, rounded lobe. Lateral carinae of fourth abdominal somite unarmed. Telson with movable apices on submedian teeth, 2 pairs of fixed teeth present laterally, prelateral lobes absent; postanal keel absent. Basal prolongation of uropod (Figure 4e) crenulate mesially.

SIZE.—Total lengths of our specimens range from 27 to 52 mm for males and 26 to 52 mm for females. Giesbrecht (1910) noted that maximum length was 7.5 cm for males, 8.5 cm for females.

REMARKS.—This is the first substantiated record for adults of M. desmaresti from the eastern border of the Mediterranean. The previous easternmost record for this species was from southern Greece (Guérin, 1832).

These specimens are of great interest in that they differ from all other specimens of M. desmaresti available to us and resemble material of M. pallida in having the antennular peduncle as long as or longer than the carapace and rostral plate combined and in having a much slenderer claw, with the greatest depth of the propodus at midlength rather than distally. The claw in all of our specimens from Israel resembles that shown in Figure 4f, differing from the claw found in specimens from the western Mediterranean (Figure 4g). The same type of claw is found in a West African species, M. calypso Manning, 1974, which, like M. pallida, has an elongate antennular peduncle. Meiosquilla calypso also has the rounded lateral process on the fifth thoracic somite but differs from the other eastern Atlantic species of the genus in having eight rather than five or six movable spines on the outer margin of the uropodal exopod. The South African Meiosquilla barnardi Manning, 1975, has a rounded lateral process on the fifth thoracic somite, a relatively broad claw, and five movable uropod spines, but it, unlike M. desmaresti, has a distinct postanal keel.

FIGURE 4.—Meiosquilla desmaresti (Risso), male, TL 52 mm, Akrotiri: a, anterior part of body; b, eye;c, lateral processes of exposed thoracic somites, dorsal view; d, lateral process of fifth somite, lateral view; e, basal prolongation of uropod; f, chela; g, male, TL 64 mm, Naples, chela. Meiosquilla pallida (Giesbrecht), female, TL 63 mm, Naples: h, lateral processes of exposed thoracic somites, dorsal view; i, lateral process of fifth somite, lateral view; j, basal prolongation of uropod. Male, TL 45 mm, off Palmahim: k, lateral processes of exposed thoracic somites, dorsal view; l, lateral process of fifth somite, lateral view; m, basal prolongation of uropod.

The claw of Meiosquilla barnardi, characterized by Manning (1975:366) as being broad, is similar to that of western Mediterranean specimens of M. desmaresti as well as that of M. africana from tropical West Africa (Manning, 1977a). The differences in claw shape in eastern Atlantic species of Meiosquilla are exceedingly subtle, as are most of the specific characters now used to distinguish species in the genus. Recognition of the species can be very difficult without comparative material. Manning (1975:366) was in error in characterizing the claw of M. desmaresti as slender. It is slender in specimens (at all sizes examined) from the eastern Mediterranean, but it is broad, apparently also at all sizes, in specimens from the western part of its range.

The corneal indices of our specimens from Israel, 360 at TL 26 mm (CL 5.4 mm), 355 at TL 37 mm (CL 7.7 mm), and 444 at TL 52 mm (CL 12.0 mm), are within the expected range of corneal indices as reported for M. desmaresti by Manning (1977a, table 3).

In other respects our specimens are typical of M. desmaresti, with a rounded, obliquely situated lateral process on the fifth thoracic somite (Figure 4d), which in M. pallida (Figure 4h) is flat dorso-ventrally and sharp laterally, and a crenulate inner margin on the basal uropod (Figure 4e); that margin is distinctly spined or serrate in M. pallida (Figure 4j,m).

One of the larger specimens examined, the male, TL 52 mm from Cyprus, has slight swellings at the bases of the marginal teeth of the telson. These swellings are usually found in males larger than 48 mm.

These specimens shared the following morphological features. The abdominal carinae are unarmed anterior to the fifth somite and the following abdominal carinae end in spines: submedian 6, intermediate 5-6, lateral 5-6, marginal (4) -5. There were 5-6, 9-12, 1 denticles on the telson and 5-6 slender movable spines on the outer margin of the proximal segment of the uropodal exopod. In none of the specimens is there a distinct postanal keel.

The color pattern was well marked on the female from Palmahim. There are traces of a dark band across the posterior third of the carapace; the posterior 3 thoracic and anterior 5 abdominal somites each have 2 dark, rectangular, submedian patches middorsally, merging anteriorly on some somites, and irregular patches laterally, with dark pigment concentrated lateral to the intermediate carinae on the thoracic somites, more scattered on the abdomen; the posterolateral angles of the sixth abdominal somite are dark; on the telson dark pigment is concentrated in a black border, with some dark chromatophores scattered over the surface; there is a dark patch on the outer edge of the proximal segment of the uropod and a dark patch dorsally at each articulation.

Off Israel M. desmaresti was collected in 40 m on sand-silt-clay and in 50 m on mud, suggesting a preference for soft bottoms. Manning and Froglia (1979) showed that in the Adriatic, M. desmaresti occurred in shallower water than did M. pallida; the former was taken in depths between 30 and 75-80 m, whereas the latter occurred in 104-285 m in the Adriatic, with one lot having been taken in 500 m off Sicily. In the present collections from the eastern Mediterranean, M. desmaresti was taken in depths between 36 and 54 m; two specimens of M. pallida were taken in 80 and 91.5 m.

The records of larvae of this species from off Egypt given by Steuer (1936, 1938) should be accepted with caution. Steuer compared his specimen with the account of the second pelagic stage of M. desmaresti given by Giesbrecht (1910). Steuer (1938:14) also suggested that both of the larvae recorded in his account might be those of O. massavensis.

DISTRIBUTION.—Eastern Atlantic, from the Mediterranean Sea and adjacent Atlantic, north of the southern North Sea. Shallow water to a depth of at least 75-80 m (Manning and Froglia, 1979). There are few substantiated depth records in the literature.

The only eastern Mediterranean record in the literature is Gulf of Calamata, Greece (Messiniakós Kólpos, 36°45′N, 22°10′E) (Guérin, 1832).

This species has not been recorded previously from off Israel or Cyprus.

Meiosquilla pallida (Giesbrecht, 1910)

FIGURE 4h–m

Squilla desmaresti.—Forest and Guinot, 1956:42 [Tunisia, 170-200 m]. [Not Squilla desmaresti Risso, 1816.]

Meiosquilla pallida.—Manning, 1977a:127, figs. 42, 43 [W Africa].

MATERIAL.—ISRAEL: Off Bardawil lagoon, opposite Mt. Cassius; 91.5 (50 fm); 4 Feb. 1969; SLM 178: 1 47 mm. Off Palmahim, 31°56′N, 34°34′E; 80 m: mud; 3 May 1977; Ch. Lewinsohn and B. Galil; NS 13626:1, 45 mm.

DIAGNOSIS.—Size small to moderate, maximum length less than 90 mm. Rostral plate triangular, unarmed anteriorly, lacking median carina. Cornea bilobed. Carapace lacking median carina and anterolateral spines, thoracic and anterior 5 abdominal somites lacking submedian carinae. Mandibular palp absent, 4 epipods present. Dactylus of claw with 5 teeth. Lateral process of fifth thoracic somite (Figure 4h,i,l) a flattened lobe, usually sharp laterally. Lateral carinae of fourth abdonimal somite armed. Telson with movable apices on submedian teeth, 2 pairs of fixed teeth present laterally, prelateral lobes absent; postanal keel present ventrally. Basal prolongation of uropod (Figure 4j,m) serrate or denticulate mesially.

SIZE.—Our single male specimen has a total length of 45 mm; the female is 47 mm long. Giesbrecht (1910) reported that males attained a length of 6.5 cm, females 7.3 cm.

REMARKS.—Meiosquilla pallida is very similar to M. desmaresti, differing in having the lateral process of the fifth thoracic somite sharp laterally (Figure 4h,k) rather than rounded (Figure 4c), the lateral carinae of the fourth abdominal somite armed posteriorly, and the basal prolongation of the uropod spinulose or serrate mesially (Figure 4j,m) rather than crenulate (Figure 4e).

In our single male specimen the corneal index is 487, the antennular peduncle is as long as the carapace and rostral plate combined, and the propodus of the claw is relatively stout, measuring 10.2 mm long, 3.1 mm wide.

The color pattern of our specimens is similar to that of M. desmaresti, with pigment overall less well marked and noticeably less pigment laterally on the abdomen, between the intermediate and lateral carinae.

This is the first record for this species from the eastern part of the Mediterranean; the previous easternmost records there were Tunisia (Forest and Guinot, 1956, as S. desmaresti) and the Adriatic (Manning and Froglia, 1979). As noted above, these latter authors and Manning (1978b) pointed out that records of M. desmaresti from depths greater than 100 m or so are probably referable to M. pallida, the deeper dwelling of the two species.

Off Israel Meiosquilla pallida was collected with one other stomatopod, S. mantis, off Palmahim in 80 m on mud.

DISTRIBUTION.—Eastern Atlantic, from scattered localities in the Mediterranean and from several localities off West Africa between Morocco and Sénégal. Sublittoral, in depths between about 80 and 500 m.

This species has not been recorded previously from off Israel.

Oratosquilla massavensis (Kossmann, 1880)

FIGURES 5, 6, 7b

Squilla africana.—Steuer, 1936: 13, figs. 9-15 [Egypt, Israel]; 1938:9, 10, figs. 9-15 [Egypt]. [Not Squilla africana Calman, 1917, preoccupied, = Squilla aculeata calmani Holthuis, 1959.]

Squilla massavensis.—Gruvel, 1936:177 [Egypt].—Monod, 1937:5 [Egypt], 18 [listed].—Steuer, 1937 [Nachtrag]: unnumbered page [Egypt].—Dollfus, 1938:186 [Egypt].—Tortonese, 1951:220, 240 [Egypt, Palestine].—Holthuis, 1961:63 [Turkey].—Ingle, 1963:15, figs. 3, 15, 32, 34 [all Israel], 62 [Red Sea] [Israel, Cyprus].—Gilat, 1964:16, 32, 37 [Israel].—Steinitz, 1967:167 [listed].—Geldiay and Kocatas, 1969:6, fig. la, c, figure on unnumbered plate [Turkey].—Gilat, 1974:B3, B4 [Israel].

Squilla massauensis.—Tortonese, 1952:5 [Lake Timsah, Egypt].

Squilla ?massavensis.—Williamson, 1967:61, fig. 18 [larvae; Israel].

Squilla massawensis.—Por, 1971:156, pl. 2: fig. 5.—Por, Steinits, Ferber, and Aron, 1972:470 [discussion].

Oratoquilla massavensis.—Manning, 1977a:130, fig. 44 [diagnosis].

MATERIAL.—EGYPT: Suez Canal, km 4–5; 27 Feb 1934; MNHN: 1, 140 mm, 1, 86 mm.

ISRAEL: Off N Sinai, 31°15′N, 32°41′E; 16 m; sand-stones; 31 Oct 1975; Ch. Lewinsohn; NS 13630: 2, 42–86 mm. Same, 31°23′N, 33°16′E; 30–32 m; 2 Nov 1975; Ch. Lewinsohn; NS 13631: 1, 137 mm. Same, 31°20′N, 33°22′E; 18 m; mud; 2 Nov 1975; Ch. Lewinsohn; NS 13629: 1, 88 mm, 1, 33 mm. Same, 31°22′N, 33°36′E; 36–56 m; 30 Oct 1975; Ch. Lewinsohn; USNM: 2, 115–125 mm, 1, 75 mm. Same, 31°26′N, 34°11′E; 36 m; mud; 30 Oct 1975; Ch. Lewinsohn; NS 13632: 4, 29–83 mm. Off Bardawil lagoon (Sirbonian lagoon, 31°10′N, 33°10′E), N Sinai; 9–18 m; 1–3 Jul 1977; M. Tom; NS 13583 (2, 2, USNM): 12, 77–113 mm, 10, 82–104 mm. Same; 14.5–27 m; 14–20 Nov 1977; M. Tom; NS 13880: 38, 60–151 mm (most ca. 120 mm), 81, 67–167 mm (most ca. 130 mm). Off Nizzanim, 31°44′N, 34°31′E; 35 m; 26 Jan 1977; B. Galil; NS 13662: 1, 54 mm. Off Palmahim, 31°55′N, 34°39′E; 35 m; 24 Jan 1977; B. Galil; USNM: 2 (1 broken), 20 mm, 4, 19–56 mm, 4 postlarvae (2, 2), 17–18 mm. Same, 31°55′N, 34°39′E; 35 m; 24 Jan 1977; B. Galil; NS 13668: 3, 17–22 mm. Same, 31°56′N, 34°39′E; 35 m; 25 Jan 1977; B. Galil; NS 13666: 2, 20–31 mm. Same, 31°55′N, 34°39′E; 35 m; 25 Jan 1977; B. Galil; NS 13667: 2, 19–23 mm. Same, 31°35′N, 34°39′E; 35 m; 2 May 1977; B. Galil; NS 13664: 2, 35–53 mm, 2, 33–56 mm. Same, 31°56′N, 34°39′E; 35 m; 3 May 1977; B. Galil; NS 13663: 1, 57 mm, 4, 34–54 mm. Same, 31°35′N, 34°39′E; 35 m; 3 May 1977; B. Galil; USNM: 1, 40 mm, 1, 66 mm. Same, 31°55′N, 34°35′E; 50 m; 3 May 1977; B. Galil; NS 13665: 2, both 38 mm. Haifa Bay, 32°52′N, 34°58′E; 24 m; 25 Dec 1974; M. Tom; USNM: 1 postlarva, 15 mm. Same, 32°52′N, 34°58′E; 25 m; sand; 17 Sep 1975; M. Tom; USNM: 1 postlarva, 17 mm. Same, 32°52′N, 34°58′E; 25 m; sand; 17 Sep 1975; M. Tom; NS 13548: 2, 24–33 mm, 2, 23–53 mm. Same, 32°53′N, 34°59′E; 31 m; silt-sand; 13 Feb 1975; M. Tom; NS 15448: 3, 30–40 mm, 9, 23–47 mm. Same, 32°53′N, 34°59′E; 31 m; silt-sand; 13 Feb 1975; M. Tom; NS 15488: 1, 64 mm. Same, 32°53′N, 34°59′E; 31 m; sand-silt; 13 Feb 1975; M. Tom; USNM: 1 damaged . Same, 32°53′N, 34°59′E; 31 m; silt-sand; 17 Sep 1975; M. Tom; USNM: 1, 17 mm. Same, 32°54′N, 34°56′E; 45 m; 25 Dec 1974; M. Tom; NS 15484: 1, 18 mm. Same, 32°54′N, 34°56′E; 46 m; 17 Sep 1975; M. Tom; NS 15220: 1, 30 mm. Same, 32°54′N, 34°54′E; 70 m; silt-clay; 17 Sep 1975; M. Tom; USNM: 1, 54 mm, 1 mm. Same, 32°54′N, 34°53′E; 75 m; silt-clay; 24 Dec 1974; M. Tom; NS 15438: 1, 37 mm. Same, 32°56′N, 34°55′E; 74 m; silt-clay; 24 Dec 1974; M. Tom; USNM: 7, 21–32 mm, 4, 24–33 mm.

LEBANON: St. George's Bay (33°54′N, 35°33′E); C. George; USNM: 39, 55–148.5 mm, 40, 52–119 mm (in 16 lots).

TURKEY: 1–2 km off S coast, between Lara and Zincir, 10–18 km S of Antalya (36°53′N, 30°42′E); 15–20 m; fine sand; Leiden University; 25 Apr 1959; USNM: 1, 116 mm.

CYPRUS: Famagusta (35°07′N, 33°57′E); 28 Sep 1956; USNM: 1, 69 mm. Koma-tou-Yialou (Komialik, 35°25′N, 34°08′E); 22 Oct 1968; SLM 902: 1, 132 mm.

DIAGNOSIS.—Size moderate to large, maximum length more than 200 mm. Rostral plate (Figure 5a) subtriangular, unarmed anteriorly, lacking median carina. Cornea (Figure 5b) bilobed. Carapace with median carina, anterior bifurcation reduced or absent, anterolateral spines present. Thoracic and abdominal somites with submedian carinae. Mandibular palp and 4 epipods present. Dactylus of claw with 6 teeth. Lateral process of fifth thoracic somite (Figure 5d) bilobed. Telson (Figure 5e) with fixed apices on submedian teeth, 2 pairs of fixed teeth present laterally, prelateral lobes present; dorsal surface of telson with rows of erect tubercles in adults.

SIZE.—Our specimens have total lengths ranging from 17 to 157 mm for males and 17 to 167 mm for females. The total lengths of postlarvae range from 15 to 18 mm, so that the sizes of postlarvae and juveniles overlap slightly. Our specimens are considerably smaller than specimens from Suez studied by Tattersall (1921:356), who saw material of both sexes with total lengths of 216 mm.

REMARKS.—Oratosquilla massavensis, the only Indo-West Pacific component of the Mediterranean stomatopod fauna, is now well established in the eastern Mediterranean, where it is known to occur between Alexandria, Egypt, and Turkey, including Cyprus. It apparently can occur together with Squilla mantis, the only other large Mediterranean stomatopod, although off Israel, at least, O. massavensis is found in shallower habitats. Our samples from Israel suggest that O. massavensis rather than the widely distributed S. mantis is the dominant stomatopod along the Sinai shore of the eastern Mediterranean, a status it has achieved since penetrating the Mediterranean after the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. So far as we can determine, this species was not recognized in the Mediterranean prior to the 1930s. Its abundance, however, suggests that it has been established there for some time. Por (1971:148) characterized it as “a most successful Red Sea immigrant.”

The two large squillids in the Mediterranean, S. mantis and O. massavensis, are quite easy to distinguish, even in preserved material. In freshly collected specimens the paired dark circles on the telson allow S. mantis to be recognized immediately. In preserved specimens O. massavensis differs from S. mantis as follows: The rostral plate lacks a median carina, the anterior bifurcation on the median carina of the carapace is poorly developed or absent, there are only four epipods, the lateral process of the fifth thoracic somite is bilobed, and there are two (three in very large specimens) rows of erect tubercles on the telson that converge under the apex of the median carina. The presence of only four epipods led A. Steuer (1936) to identify material of this species from Alexandria with the West African Squilla africana Calman; he corrected the name in an addendum (Nachtrag, dated 1937) to his 1936 paper. The name used by Calman for the West African species proved to be preoccupied; it is now known as S. aculeata calmani Holthuis, 1959 (see Manning, 1977a:133).

We have included a relatively complete account of this species, based on specimens from Israel, for although the species has been well illustrated by earlier authors (Gravier, 1938; Dollfus, 1938, 1959), most of those accounts are based on specimens from the Red Sea; an exception is in the report by Ingle (1963), who based all but one of his figures of O. massavensis on specimens from the Mediterranean coast of Israel. In spite of the relatively large number of accounts of this species (Holthuis, 1967b: 39, listed 16 citations in his synonymy), few authors have given any information on variability or growth changes, and, in the only account of the larval development of the species (Gohar and Al-Kholy, 1957), no information was given on the postlarva. Our material includes several postlarvae and young juvenile stages, allowing us to show differences between these stages.

FIGURE 5.—Oratosquilla massavensis (Kossmann), male, TL 105 mm, off Bardawil lagoon: a, anterior part of body; b, eye; c, carpus of claw; d, lateral processes of exposed thoracic somites; e, sixth abdominal somite, telson, and uropod; f, basal prolongation of uropod. Basal prolongation of uropod of specimens from off Palmahim: g, TL 40 mm; h, TL 54 mm; i, TL 66 mm.

Our material of O. massavensis from off Israel includes four male and two female postlarvae ranging in length from 15 to 18 mm; features of a female 18 mm long are shown in Figure 6a-e. Postlarvae typically differ from adults in that there is a reduction of numbers of spines on the abdomen, the body carination is less developed, and, in species in which the submedian teeth of the telson have fixed apices in the adult, the apices are clearly movable in the postlarvae. The postlarvae of O. massavensis have relatively large eyes and lack anterolateral spines on the carapace (Figure 6a), have relatively low carinae on the body, have poorly developed lateral processes on the exposed thoracic somites (Figure 6c), and have distinct movable apices on the submedian teeth of the telson (Figure 6d). In postlarvae as well as in juveniles (see below) the lobe between the spines of the basal prolongation of the uropod is a sharp spine (Figure 6e,j). The spine formula for the abdomen in our larvae is: submedian 6, intermediate 5-6, lateral (3) 4-6, and marginal 2-5. Only one specimen has the lateral carinae of the third abdominal somite armed, and, in that specimen, which may represent a second stage postlarva, there are anterolateral spines on the carapace and the lateral processes of the thoracic somites are better developed, but the movable apices of the submedian teeth have been retained.

FIGURE 6.—Oratosquilla massavensis (Kossmann), female postlarva, TL 18 mm, off Palmahim: a, anterior part of body; b, eye; c, lateral processes of exposed thoracic somites; d, telson; e, basal prolongation of uropod. Juvenile female, TL 19 mm, off Palmahim: f, anterior part of body; g, eye; h, lateral processes of exposed thoracic somites; i, telson; j, basal prolongation of uropod.

The pigment pattern of preserved postlarvae also is reduced. There are a few dark spots on the carapace, the most prominent on the middle of the posterior margin. On the abdomen the dark color is reduced to a short line on the posterior margin near the lateral carina and a second short line on the anterior margin, accompanied by a diffuse spot in some specimens, near the intermediate carina. On the telson there are three dark spots anteriorly and one dark spot posteriorly on the median carina and there are several curved rows of dark spots on the surface.

The postlarvae of O. massavensis, and very likely those of S. mantis as well, superficially resemble Meiosquilla spp., particularly in lacking anterolateral spines on the carapace and in having movable apices on the submedian teeth of the telson. However, the postlarvae of O. massavensis can readily be distinguished from species of Meiosquilla by the presence of the mandibular palp and six teeth on the dactylus of the claw; a further distinguishing feature is the sharp lobe between the spines of the basal prolongation of the uropod (Figure 6e).

In juvenile specimens, 17 to 26 mm long (Figure 6f-j), the anterolateral angles of the carapace are distinctly spined, the lateral processes of the thoracic somites are better developed, and the carination of the abdomen and telson are much better developed than in the postlarva. The apices of the submedian teeth of the telson are clearly fixed in specimens this size. The abdominal spine formula in these juveniles is: submedian 6, intermediate (4)5-6, lateral (3)4-6, and marginal 1-5. Smaller specimens lack the spines on the intermediate carinae of the fourth somite and the lateral carinae of the third. These specimens still have a prominent spine between the spines of the basal prolongation of the uropod (Figure 6j). The color pattern is better developed in these specimens, with each somite now having the entire posterior margin dark.

At about 30 mm, specimens begin to exhibit an abdominal spine formula similar to that of adults: submedian 5-6, intermediate (3) 4-6, lateral (2) 3-6, marginal 1-5. This formula can be found in specimens ranging in length from 30 to 148.5 mm, but generally, in larger specimens (total length greater than 100 mm), the formula is: submedian 4-5, intermediate (2) 3-6, lateral 1-6, marginal 1-5.

The spined lobe between the spines of the basal prolongation of the uropod is retained by smaller specimens but diminishes in size and sharpness with increasing size of specimens (Figure 5f-i). At a size of 80 mm or so and larger the lobe is very low and indistinct (Figure 5i).

The spined lobe between the spines of the basal prolongation of the uropod also appears to be characteristic of two other species of the Woodmasoni group of Oratosquilla (Manning, 1971, 1978a), O. hesperia (Manning, 1968), and O. woodmasoni (Kemp, 1911). Tirmizi and Manning (1968, fig. 17c-e) showed that in O. hesperia, which apparently replaces O. massavensis in western Indian Ocean localities outside of the Red Sea, this spine was present in small specimens (TL 52 mm), but was replaced by a low, inconspicuous lobe in larger specimens. Oratosquilla tweediei Manning, 1971, characterized in part by the presence of this spine, was shown by Manning (1978a:36) to be a synonym of O. woodmasoni. In that species the spine also is distinctive at small sizes, but in larger specimens it is replaced by a larger lobe, which may be scarcely discernible in very large adults.

Adults of O. massavensis generally have three lines of raised tubercles on each side of the midline of the telson (Figure 5e); these are characteristic for the species. Two of these lines of tubercles flank the median carina; there is one line on each side of the curved row of pits lateral to that carina. The inner row of tubercles may be detected in specimens as small as 22 mm, but they are very well developed in specimens 50 mm long. At a size of 75-90 mm, both rows of tubercles are generally developed. The third row, shorter than and situated lateral to the other rows, toward the anterior margin of the telson, is generally developed in larger specimens (total length more than 110 mm or so).

The following color notes were made on freshly collected specimens of O. massavensis. The basic body color is ochre (beige) to yellow-brown-gray, with lighter and darker variations occurring together. The antennules and antennae are similar to this, but the antennal scale differs in having a darkly pigmented margin and being orange brown proximally near the articulation. The raptorial claw is whitish, with the outer margin of the propodus and merus usually yellow, the inner margin of the carpus and its articulation to the merus also yellow. The rostral plate has an orange margin laterally. On the carapace the median carina, the gastric grooves, the posterior reflected part of the marginal carina, and the posterior margin are orange red; the other carinae show hardly any orange color. The submedian carinae and lateral and posterior margins of the exposed thoracic somites are red; the intermediate carinae are pale red. On the abdomen the submedian and intermediate carinae and the posterior margin of the anterior four somites are red, the posterior margins of the last two somites are paler orange, and the lateral and marginal carinae are pale orange yellow. Parallel and anterior to the red margin there is a black line on each somite. The second to fifth somites each have two pin-sized red spots, in a line, on the midline; the first and last somites lack these spots. The median carina and the carinate bases of the marginal teeth, except for the greenish prelateral lobe of the telson, are red, the distal parts of the marginal teeth are whitish, and the denticles yellow. The rows of tubercles next to the median carina are marked here and there with yellow. The proximal segment of the uropod is beige, lacking dark pigment, with the inner half of the distal margin, including the distal spine, red. The proximal segment of the exopod is beige yellow proximally, blue black distally, bluer near the bases of the outer spines, which are whitish pink. The distal segment of the exopod is dark gray black, with the outer third yellow gray. The distal third of the endopod is dark, the remainder beige. The outer spine of the basal prolongation is whitish, the inner orange, with an orange carina proximally. The ventral surface of the uropod is darkly pigmented.

The color pattern in preservative of large specimens of O. massavensis is not particularly distinctive. The entire body appears dusky, with small, black chromatophores scattered over the lighter surface. The carinae, grooves, and margins of the carapace are outlined in dark pigment. Some speciments have a dark, U-shaped patch, open anteriorly, on the middle of the carapace anterior to the cervical groove. The carinae and posterior margins of the thoracic and abdominal somites are outlined by dark pigment. There is usually a dark, rectangular bar middorsally on the second abdominal somite. The posterior part of the abdomen and the telson appear darker than the remainder of the body. The telson lacks the large, black circles anteriorly, which are characteristic of S. mantis, but is usually ornamented with a dark patch posteriorly on the median carina and with a dark spot at the base of each of the marginal teeth. Most of the uropod is black; on the exopod, the proximal third of the proximal segment and the outer fourth of the distal segment is light, and the proximal part of the endopod and the basal prolongation are light. Some specimens show traces of green pigment on the carinae of the marginal teeth of the telson, with the spines of the telson and basal prolongation of the uropod and some of the posterior carinae of the abdomen orange.

Occurrences of O. massavensis together with S. mantis are discussed below under the account of the latter species.

Williamson (1967:61, fig. 18) tentatively identified 17 larvae taken off Natanya [32°20′N, 34°51′E], Israel, with O. massavensis but pointed out some differences between Israeli specimens and larvae of that species from the Red Sea as described by Gohar and Al-Kholy (1957). Specimens that Williamson believed to be in the last larval stage were 19-22 mm long, somewhat larger than the postlarvae we examined, which are 15-18 mm long. It is not unusual for postlarvae to be smaller than the last pelagic larva (Alikunhi, 1967).

Gruvel (1936:177) reported this species for the first time from localities within the Suez Canal and noted that it was common in the markets of Suez and Ismailia, whereas S. mantis was found in the markets of Port Said and Alexandria. Dollfus (1938) reported that both species were found together at km 4-5 in the canal.

The largest lot we examined, comprising 119 specimens, from off the Bardawil lagoon in November 1977, was taken during a cruise on a commercial vessel. Not one specimen of S. mantis was taken on the cruise.

Off Israel this species was taken on bottoms of mud, sand-stones, silt-sand, and silt-clay. Gilat (1964) found it on sand in 9-18 m and on sand-mud in 35-42 m off southern Israel. Steuer (1936, 1938) reported that off Alexandria it occurred on fine sand with little mud, Amphioxus-ground bottom with few algae, in 15 fms (27 m). Holthuis (1961) reported it from 10 m on sand and 15-20 m on fine sand off Turkey. The majority of our specimens from Israel were taken in depths of less than 50 m.

Gilat (1964, 1974), in his study of the benthic animal communities on the Israeli continental shelf, noted that the substratum varied with depth, with sandy bottoms predominating inshore, where O. massavensis is most abundant, silt and clay offshore, where S. mantis is common. In depths of 5-10 fms (9-18 m) sand constituted 93%–99% of the soil particles, but at depths of 75-100 fms (137-183 m) sand reached a minimum of 2%–4% of the soil. At depths of 5-10 fms the percentage of silt and clay in the substrate was less than 5% each. Silt reached a maximum concentration of 49%–56% at 40 fms (73 m), whereas the maximum concentration of clay, 54%–56%, was found in slightly deeper water, 79-100 fms (146-183 m).

Although stomatopods are not fished commercially off Israel, Squilla mantis is a relatively important commercial species in the western part of the Mediterranean (Forest, 1973); judging from its abundance in our samples, O. massavensis may well have fishery potential off Israel.

DISTRIBUTION.—Red Sea and eastern basin of the Mediterranean between Egypt and Turkey (Holthuis, 1967b). The following eastern Mediterranean records are in the literature:

EGYPT: Alexandria (31°12′N, 29°54′E) (Gruvel, 1936; Tortonese, 1951). Off Alexandria, 15 fms (27 m) (Steuer, 1936, 1938). Suez Canal (Gruvel, 1936; Monod, 1937); at km 4–5 (Dollfus, 1938). Port Said (Gruvel, 1936). Lake Timsah (Tortonese, 1952).

ISRAEL: Palestine (Tortonese, 1951). Mediterranean coast of Israel (Ingle, 1963). El-Arish (31°08′N, 33°48′E), 9-15 m and 18 m (Gilat, 1974). Khan Yunis (31°21′N, 34°19′E), 5 m (Steuer, 1936). Between Ashdod (31°49′N, 34°39′E) and Bat-Yam (32°01′N, 34°45′E), 9, 9–18, 35–40, and 36–42 m (Gilat, 1964).

LEBANON: No specific locality (Manning, 1977a). Beirut (33°53′N, 35°30′E) (Holthuis, 1961).

TURKEY: Iskenderun Körfezi (Gulf of Iskanderun, 36°30′N, 36°08′E), 18–20 m; Antalya Körfezi (Gulf of Antalya, 36°30′N, 31°00′E), 55–60 m (Geldiay and Kocatas, 1969). 5 km off SE coast near Mersin (36°48′N, 34°38′E), 10 m; 1–2 km off S coast, between Lara and Zincir, 10–18 km S of Antalya (36°53′N, 30°42′E), 15–20 m (Holthuis, 1961).

CYPRUS: Famagusta (35°07′N, 33°57′E) (Ingle, 1963).

Squilla mantis (Linnaeus, 1758)

FIGURE 7a

Squilla mantis.—Guérin, 1832:43 [Greece].—Thompson, 1910: 525b, 22, fig. [Greece].—Panagiatopoulos, 1916:581 [Greece].—Athanassopoulos, 1917:32 [Greece].—Fox, 1929:857 [footnote; Egypt].—Monod, 1931:430 ([Egypt, Israel, Syria].—Bodenheimer, 1935:468, Pl. 68: fig. 2 [Palestine].—Gruvel, 1936:177 [Egypt].—Steuer, 1936:13, 17, figs. 9, 16 [Egypt].—Bodenheimer, 1937:281 [listed; Palestine].—Monod, 1937:5, 18 [listed; Egypt].-Maldura, 1938:465 [Rhodes].—Steuer, 1938:8, 9, 13, figs. 9, 16 [Egypt].—Dollfus, 1938:186, fig. 1 [Egypt].—Parisi, 1940:3 [Egypt].—Tortonese, 1947a:888 [Rhodes]: 1947b: 18 [Rhodes]; 1951:220, 240 [Egypt, Palestine].—Demir, 1954:444, pl. 9 fig. 6 [?Turkey].—Holthuis, 1961:63 [Greece].—Bacescu and Mayer, 1961:195 [larvae; S of Cretel].—Ingle, 1963:15, figs. 4, 13 [Israel].—Gilat, 1964: 34, 37 [Israel].—Williamson, 1967:60 [larvae; Israel]. Holthuis, 1969:222.—Geldiay and Kocatas, 1969:4, fig. 1b,d, figure on unnumbered plate; 1972:22 [both Turkey].—Por, Steinitz, Ferber, and Aron, 1972:470 [discussion].—Manning, 1977a: 146, fig. 48 [West Africa].

Squilla sp.—Steuer, 1936:13, 17, fig. 9; 1938:9, 13, fig. 9 [both larvae; Egypt].

“Sea locust” Bodenheimer, 1960:114 [identified with S. mantis: from Assyrian tablets].

MATERIAL.—EGYPT: Port Said; 5 Jun 1924; MCSN: 3, 130–147 mm. Same; no other data; MCSN: 3, 101–130 mm; 1, 138 mm. Suez Canal, km 4–5; 27 Feb 1934; MNHN: 1, 138 mm.

ISRAEL: Off N Sinai, 31°22′N, 33°36′E; 36–56 m; 2 Nov 1975; Ch. Lewinsohn; NS 13634 (2 2 USNM): 11, 85–165 mm, 12, 66–165 mm. Off Bardawil lagoon (Sirbonian lagoon, 31° 10′N, 33° 10′E), N Sinai; 9–18 m; 1–3 Jul 1977; M. Tom; USNM: 1, 139 mm. Off Palmahim, 31°55′N, 34°35′E; 50 m; mud; 24 Jan 1977; B. Galil; NS 13635: 1, 40 mm. Same, 31°56′N, 34°36′E; 63 m; mud; 25 Jan 1977; B. Galil; USNM: 1, 41 mm. Same; 31°55′N, 34°33′E; 80 m; mud; 3 May 1977; B. Galil; NS 13637: 1, 110 mm. Off Tel Aviv (32°04′N, 34°46′E); 106–112 m; 3 Nov 1977; O. Karman; NS 13882: 5, 155–165 mm. Haifa Bay, 32°54′N, 34°56′E; 47 m; sand-silt-clay; 26 Dec 1974; M. Tom; NS 14781: 1, 55 mm. Same, 32°54′N, 34°53′E; 75 m; silt-clay; 24 Dec 1974; M. Tom; NS 14758: 1, 37 mm. Same; 32°54′N, 34°54′E; 70 m; silt-clay-stones; 17 Sep 1975; M. Tom; NS 15257: 1, 89 mm. Same, 32°56′N, 34°55′E; 74 m; deep, viscous silt-clay; 24 Dec 1974; M. Tom; USNM: 1 juvenile , 35 mm. Same; 32°58′N, 34°56′E; 71 m; deep, viscous silt-clay; 17 Sep 1975; M. Tom; NS 15312: 1, 64 mm, 1, 134 mm.

TURKEY: Izmir; channel markers of polluted inner harbor (= Izmir Limani, 38°26′N, 27°07′E); mud; 19 Jun 1973; M. J. Sweeney; USNM: 1, 142 mm.

DIAGNOSIS.—Size moderate to large, maximum length less than about 200 mm. Rostral plate subtriangular, unarmed anteriorly, with median carina. Cornea bilobed. Carapace with anterior bifurcation on median carina, anterolateral spines present. Thoracic and abdominal somites with submedian carinae. Mandibular palp and 5 epipods present. Dactylus of claw with 6 teeth. Lateral process of fifth thoracic somite a slender, single spine. Telson with fixed apices on submedian teeth, 2 pairs of fixed teeth present laterally, prelateral lobes present; dorsal surface of telson (Figure 7a) lacking rows of erect tubercles.

SIZE.—The total lengths of our males range from 35 to 165 mm, of females 37 to 165 mm. Giesbrecht (1910) recorded males as long as 20 cm and females as long as 19 cm.

REMARKS.—Although Squilla mantis appears to be relatively common in sublittoral habitats off Israel, it is not nearly so abundant there as O. massavensis. Like M. desmaresti, S. mantis usually is found on soft, level bottoms. Off Israel it has been collected on bottoms of mud and silt-clay, including sand-silt-clay and silt-clay-stones, in depths ranging from 9-18 to 112 m. With one exception (9-18 m), our specimens were collected in depths of 47 m or more. In the Bardawil lagoon in areas of irregular sedimentation, sandy or muddy areas may be found in depths of 9-27 m. This could explain the shallower occurrence of S. mantis there.

FIGURE 7.—Posterior somites of abdomen and telsons: a, Squilla mantis (Linnaeus); b, Oratosquilla massavensis (Kossmann). (From Dollfus, 1938, figs. 1, 3.)

Squilla mantis generally occurs in deeper waters off Israel than does O. massavensis, as shown below, although both species were taken together off Bardawill lagoon, N Sinai, in 9-18 m and at three stations in Haifa Bay, in depths of 70, 74, and 75 m. Squilla mantis also was taken at one station with M. desmaresti, as noted above.

TABLE 1.—Records of stomatopods at different depths from the eastern Mediterranean

Squilla mantis and O. massavensis have been collected together several times in the past. The most interesting of these occurrences is that from between kilometer markers 4 and 5 in the Suez Canal proper at Port Said (Dollfus, 1938), indicating, as predicted by Monod (1937:5), that the species could be encountered together. The species also have been taken off Israel in 35-40 m and 26-42 m (Gilat, 1964) and off Turkey, in the Gulf of Iskanderum, 18-20 m, and Gulf of Antalya, 55-60 m (Geldiay and Kocatas, 1969).

Fox (1929:857, footnote) had noted that S. mantis was “very common in the Port Said Market, but was not taken in the canal” [by the 1924 Cambridge Expedition].

In the Golfe du Lion, northwestern Mediterranean, S. mantis is fished commercially on sand and sandy mud bottoms in 10-25 m; there the temperature ranges from 11°to 22°C, with the minimum in February, maximum in August and September (Do Chi, 1973, 1975). Do Chi also noted (1978:5) that Maurin (1962, 1968) had found S. mantis in deeper waters on detritic coastal bottoms of sand or sandy mud in two other areas, off Algeria in 80 to 280 m and in the Atlantic off NW Africa in 40-50 m; it may not be fished commercially in either of those areas. The fishing grounds in the Adriatic, however, like those studied by Do Chi, appear to be in shallower water. Piccineti and Piccinetti Mantrin (1970, 1971) studied S. mantis from depths of 6, 10, 13, and 16 m in the Adriatic, off Fano, Italy, and found that abundance fluctuated with temperature and depth. There the temperature at a depth of 16 m ranged from 8.6°C in February to 22.4°C in August; the temperature at 6 m in August reached 26.8°C.

According to Oren (1970) surface temperatures off Israel reach a maximum of about 28°C in August, about 17°C in February, and the water is almost homothermous, the surface and bottom at 200 m differing rarely by more than 0.5°C.

Thus off Israel, water temperature, although somewhat higher, is within the general range of temperatures encountered by S. mantis in other areas within the Mediterranean, but here it is abundant in somewhat deeper waters than in the Golfe du Lion or the Adriatic off Fano and apparently lives on softer sediments.

Whether temperature, bottom type, or pressure from O. massavensis, or a combination of these is responsible for its depth distribution off Israel remains to be determined.

Manning (1977b:291, fig. 1) has suggested that S. mantis may be represented by two distinct forms in the Mediterranean, one with a relatively long rostral plate, in which the submedian carinae of the fifth abdominal somite are unarmed, and one with a short, blunt rostral plate, which also has spines on the submedian carinae of the fourth abdominal somite. Both forms were found in material from Naples in the collection of the Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva. All of our specimens are the form with the long rostral plate.

Even the smallest specimens examined can be distinguished readily from O. massavensis by the presence of five rather than four epipods and the characteristic pair of dark circles on the telson. Numerous features distinguish adults of the two species, even when the spots on the telson have faded. In S. mantis there is a carina on the rostral plate, the anterior bifurcation of the median carina of the carapace is always present, five epipods are present, the lateral process of the fifth thoracic somite is single, and the dorsal surface of the telson lacks erect tubercles.

The larger specimens of S. mantis that were examined showed the following color pattern in preservative. The carinae and grooves of the carapace are outlined by dark pigment. There is a broad, oblique submedian patch of dark pigment on the carapace anterior to the cervical groove. The posterior margin of the carapace, the posterior three thoracic somites, and all abdominal somites each have a dark posterior line. There is a dark, rectangular bar middorsally on the second abdominal somite; these may also be present, but less well developed, on the following somites. Some specimens show traces of dark pigment anteriorly on each somite between the intermediate and lateral carinae. The telson is ornamented with a prominent pair of dark black circles anteriorly, often edged in white or lighter pigment, and the posterior margin of the telson is darker than its dorsal surface. Most of the distal segment of the uropodal exopod is black.

The large male from off Bardawil lagoon, TL 139 mm, has the bases of the marginal teeth slightly swollen, a secondary sexual character.

Larvae identified with this species have been recorded from off the eastern harbor, Alexandria, Egypt by Steuer (1936, 1938), who studied two specimens corresponding to the 10th pelagic stage; from off Ashkelon [31°40′N, 34°35′E], Israel, by Williamson (1967), who had material representing pelagic stages 7–10; and by Bacescu and Mayer (1961), who reported two larvae, 4 and 15 mm long, from off Crete at 34°17′N, 27°33.5-35.5′E.

DISTRIBUTION.—Mediterranean Sea and adjacent Atlantic coast of southern Europe, Canary Islands, and West Africa from Morocco to southern Angola; shore to a depth of more than 200 m (186-247 m), generally in 120 m or less (Manning, 1977a). Makarov (1977:15) recently reported one lot of this species taken off Morocco, 34°07′N, 07°46′W, in 370-378 m. Eastern Mediterranean records are as follows:

EGYPT: No specific locality (Tortonese, 1951). Bay of Abukir (31°30′N, 30°15′E), near Alexandria, in 10, 23, and 25 fms (18, 41, and 45 m) (Steuer, 1936, 1938). Suez Canal (Monod, 1937); km 4–5 (Dollfus, 1938). Port Said (31°16′N, 32°18′E) (in market, Fox 1929; Monod, 1931; Gruvel, 1936; Parisi, 1940).

ISRAEL: No specific locality (Monod, 1931; Ingle, 1963). Palestine (Bodenheimer, 1935, 1937; Tortonese, 1951). Between Ashdod (31°49′N, 34°39′N) and Bat Yam (32°01′N, 34°45′E). 35–40 to 91 m (Gilat, 1964).

SYRIA: No specific locality (Monod, 1931).

TURKEY: No specific locality (?) (Demir, 1954), Iskenderum Körfezi (Gulf of Iskenderum, 36°30′N, 36°08′E), 18-20 m; Antalya Köfezi (Gulf of Antalya, 36°30′N, 31°00′E, 55–60 m (Geldiay and Kocatas, 1969). Hekim Adasi Aciklari (38°26′N, 26°46′E.), 40–50 m (Geldiay and Kocatas, 1972).

GREECE: No specific locality (Thompson, 1910). Rhodes (Nisos Ródhos, 36°10′N, 28°00′E) (Maldura, 1938; Tortonese, 1947a, b). Napoli (Nauplion or N´vplion, 37°34′N. 22°48′E) “et dans les iles” (of Greece) (Guérin, 1832). Near Athens (Athinai, 37°59′N, 23°44′E) (Pangiatopoulos, 1916). Athens, market (Athanassopoulos, 1917). Aegean coast, near harbor of Porto Lago (41°01′N, 25°07′E), Thraki, in 0–2 m (Holthuis, 1961).

Literature Cited

Alikunhi, K. H.

1967. An Account of the Post-larval Development, Moulting, and Growth of the Common Stomatopods of the Madras Coast. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Crustacea, Marine Biological Association of India, 11:824–939. figures 1–194, plates 1–3. Mandapam Camp.

Athanassapoulos, G. D.

1917. Quelques éléments de recherches hydrobiologiques en Grèce. 40 pages, 8 plates. Athens: Station d'Hydrobiologie Marine.

Bacescu, M., and R. Mayer

1961. Malacostracés (Mysidacea, Euphausiacea, Decapoda, Stomatopoda) du plancton diurne de la Méditerranée: Étude basée sur le matériel du Lamont Géological Observatory-Washington. In Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Réunions, Commission Internationale pour l'exploration scientifique de la Mer Méditerranée (Monaco), 16(2): 183–202, figures 1–5.

Ben-Tuvia, A.

1966. Red Sea Fishes Recently Found in the Mediterranean. Copeia, 2:254–275, figures 1, 2.

Bodenheimer, F. S.

1935. Animal Life in Palestine: An Introduction to the Problems of Animal Ecology and Zoogeography. 506 pages. Jerusalem.

1937. Prodromus faunae Palestinae: Essai sur les éléments zoogéographiques et historiques du sud-ouest dù sous-règne Paléarctique. Mémoires de l'Institut d'Égypte, 33:i-ii, 1–286, figures 1–4.

1960. Animal and Man in Bible Lands. Collection de Travaux de l'Académie Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences, 10: vii+232 pages.

Demir, Muzaffer

1954. Bogaz ve Adalar Sahillerinin Omurgasiz Dip Hayvanlari, part 2. Istanbul Universitesi fen Fakültesi Hidrobiologi, Arastirma Enstitüsü Yayinlarindan Sayi, 3:321–615, 3 unnumbered pages, figures 125–235, plates 6–15. [In Turkish.]

Dingle, Hugh, Roy L. Caldwell, and Raymond B. Manning

1977. Stomatopods of Phuket Island, Thailand. Phuket Marine Biological Center, Research Bulletin, 20:1–20, figures 1–11.

Do Chi. T.

1975. Biométrie de la reproduction de Squilla mantis (L.) (Crustacé Stomatopode) dans le golfe d'AiguesMortes (Méditerranée nordoccidentale). In VIII European Marine Biology Symposium, Sorrento (Naples) 1973. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 39 (supplement): 114–139, figures 1–7.

1978. Modeles cinétiques et structuraux en dynamique des populations exploitées: Application aux squilles, Squilla mantis (L.) (Crustacé Stomatopode) du Golfe du Lion. 272 pages. Thesis, Académie de Montpellier, Université des Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc.

Dollfus, R. Ph.

1938. Stomatopoda (II): Catalogue synonymique des espèces jusquä présent récoltées dans la Mer Rouge, y compris la partie sud du Canal de Suez et le Golfe d'Aden. In Mission Robert Ph. Dollfus en Égypte, 37:185–236, figures 1–23.

1959. Stomatopoda (III): Mission Robert Ph. Dollfus en Égypte (Société Misr pour les Pécheries)), XXX. In Mission Robert Ph. Dollfus en Égypte (Décembre 1927-Mars 1929), S.S. “Al Sayad,” Résultats Scientifiiques, 3(XXIII–XXXIV): 241–245, figures 9, 12, 24, 25.

Emery, K. O., and Carl J. George

1963. The Shores of Lebanon. The American University of Beirut, Miscellaneous Papers in the Natural Sciences, 1:1–10, figures 1–4.

Forest, J.

1973. Crustaceans. In W. Fischer, editor, FAO Species Identification for Fishery Purposes, Mediterranean and Black Sea (Fishing Area 37), 2:45 pages, figures [pagination variable]. Rome: FAO.

Forest, J., and D. Guinot

1956. Sur une collection de Crustacés Décapodes et Stomatopodes de mers tunisiennes. Bulletin Station Océanographique Salammbô, 53:24—43, figures 1–5.

Fox, H. M.

1924. The Migration of a Red Sea Crab through the Suez Canal. Nature, 113:714, 715.

1929. Summary of Results: Zoological Results of the Cambridge Expedition to the Suez Canal, 1924, XXXIX. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 22(6): 843–863, figures 232, 233.

Froglia, C.

1972. Segnalazione di alcuni crostacei nuovi o rari per l'Adriatico. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Tecnologia della Pesca, anno 3, 1(3):43–52, figures 1–8.

Giesbrecht, W.

1910. Stomatopoden, Erster Theil. Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel, 33: 239 pages, figures 1–12, plates 1–11. Berlin.

Geldiay, R., and A. Kocatas

1969. Stomatopods of Turkey: Squilla mantis (Linnaeus) and Squilla massavensis Kossmann. Scientific Reports of the Faculty of Science, Ege University, 71:1–11, figure 1, 1 plate. [Text in Turkish.]

1972. Note préliminaire sur les peuplements benthiques du golfe d'Izmir. Scientific Monographs of the Faculty of Science, Ege University, 12:1–34, figure 1.

Gilat, E.

1964. The Macrobenthic Invertebrate Communities on the Mediterranean Continental Shelf of Israel. Bulletin de l'lnstitut Océanographique (Monaco), 62(1290): 1–46, figures 1–6.

1974. Macrobenthic Communities off the Sinai Peninsula in the Mediterranean. Proceedings of the Fifth Scientific Conference of the Israel Ecological Society (Tel Aviv), 8–9 May, 1974:B1–B15.

Gohar, H. A. F., and A. A. Al-Kholy

1957. The Larval Stages of the Three Stomatopod Crustacea. Publications of the Marine Biological Station, Al-Ghardaqa, Red Sea, 9:85–130, plates 1–23.

Gravier, Ch.

1938. Stomatopodes (I): Les stomatopodes du Golfe de Suez. In Mission Robert Ph. Dollfus en Egypte, IX. Mémoires de l'Institut d'Égypte, 37:163–183, figures A-D, 1–5.

Gruvel, A.

1936. Contribution à l'étude de la bionomie générale et de l'exploitation de la faune du Canal Suez. Mémoires de l'Institut d'Égypte, 29: vii + 255 pages, figures 1–62. plates 1–25, 1 map.

Guérin, F. E.

1832. lre Classe, Crustacés. In A. Brullé, Des animaux articulées. In Expédition Scientifique de M orée, Section des Sciences Physiques, 3(1)(zoology, section 2):30–50, plate 27.

Gurney, R.

1937. Notes on Some Decapod and Stomatopod Crustacea from the Red Sea, III-IV. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, (B)1937(3):319–336, plates 1–8.

Holthuis, L. B.

1961. Report on a Collection of Crustacea Decapoda and Stomatopoda from Turkey and the Balkans. Zoologische Verhandelingen, uitgegeven door het Rijks museum van Natuurlijke Historie te Leiden, 47:1–67, figures 1–15, plates 1–2.

1967a. Fam. Lysiosquillidae et Bathysquillidae: Stomatopoda I. In H.-E. Gruner and L. B. Holthuis, editors, Crustaceorum Catalogus, 1:1–28. The Hague: W. Junk.

1967b. The Stomatopod Crustacea Collected by the 1962 and 1965 Israel South Red Sea Expeditions. In The Second Israel South Red Sea Expedition, report no. 1. Israel Journal of Zoology, 16:1–45, figures 1–7.

1969. Indication of a Neotype for Cancer mantis L., 1758 (Stomatopoda, Squillidae). Crustaceana, 16(2):221–223.

Holthuis, L. B., and E. Gottlieb

1958. An Annotated List of the Decapod Crustacea of the Mediterranean Coast of Israel, with an Appendix Listing the Decapoda of the Eastern Mediterranean. Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel, 7B (1–2): 1–126, figures 1–15, plates 1–3, maps 1, 2. [Also issued as Bulletin Sea Fisheries Research Station (Haifa), number 18.]

Ingle, R. W.

1963. Crustacca Stomatopoda from the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. In Contributions to the Knowledge of the Red Sea, number 26, Bulletin Sea Fisheries Research Station (Haifa), 33:1–69, figures 1–73.

Lewinsohn, Ch., and L. B. Holthuis

1964. New Records of Decapod Crustacea from the Mediterranean Coast of Israel and the Eastern Mediterranean. Zoologische Mededelingen, uitgegeven door het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie te Leiden, 40(8): 45–63, figures 1–5.

Makarov, R. R.

1971. Fauna and Distribution of Red Sea Stomatopods. In V. A. Vodianitsky, editor, Benthos shel'fa Krasnogo moria [Benthos of the Shelf of the Red Sea], pages 141–155. Kiev: Akademia nauk SSSR. [In Russian.]

1977. Stomatopoda in the Collections of the Research Vessel Academician Knipovich Expeditions. Biologiya Morya, 3, 1977:14–23, figures 1–3. [In Russian. English translation published in The Soviet Journal of Marine Biology, 3 (3): 178–181, 1978, by Plenum Publishing Corporation.]

Maldura, C. M.

1938. La pesca nelle Isole Italiane dell'Egeo. Bollettino di Pesca, Piscicoltura e Idrobiologia (Rome), 14:460–481, figures 1–7, 2 maps.

Manning, Raymond B.

1969. Stomatopod Crustacea of the Western Atlantic. Studies in Tropical Oceanography (Miami), 8: viii+380 pages, figures 1–91.

1971. Keys to the Species of Oratosquilla (Crustacea: Stomatopoda), with Descriptions of Two New Species. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 71:1–16, figures 1–4.

1975. A New Species of Meiosquilla (Crustacea, Stomatopoda) from South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 67(9):363–366, figure 1.

1977a. A Monograph of the West African Stomatopod Crustacea. Atlantide Report, 12:25–181, figures 1–57.

1977b. Stomatopod Crustacea in the Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 84(2): 279–295. figure 1.

1978a. Further Observations on Oratosquilla, with Accounts of Two New Genera and Nine New Species. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 272:1–44, figures 1–25.

1978b. Additional Records for Two Eastern Atlantic Stomatopod Crustaceans. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 91 (2):450–452.

Manning, Raymond B., and C. Froglia

1979. Description of a New Allosquilla with Notes on Other Adriatic Stomatopod Crustacea. Quadernodel Laboratorio di Tecnologia della Pesca. 2(4): 177–190, figures 1–3.

Maurin, C.

1962. Etude des fonds chalutables de la Mediterranee occidentale (ecologie et peche): Résultats des campagnes des navires océanographiques “Président-Théodore-Tissier” 1957 à 1960 et “Thalassa” 1960 et 1961. Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Pèches Maritimes, 26(2): 163–218, figures 1–16.

1968. Écologie ichthyologique des fonds chalutables Atlantiques (de la Baie Ibéro-Marocaine a la Mauritanie) et de la Méditerranée occidentale. Revue des Travaux de l'institut des Péches Maritimes, 32(1): 3–147, figures 1–61.

Monod, Th.

1931. Crustacés de Syrie. In A. Gruvel, Les États de Syrie: Richesses marines et fluviatiles, exploitation actuelle. Bibliothèque de la Faune des Colonies Françaises, 3:397–435, figures 1–27.

1937. Crustacés. In Missions A. Gruvel dans le Canal de Suez, I. Mémoires de l'lnstitut d'Égypte, 34:1–19, figures 1–11.

Oren, O. H.

1962. A Note on the Hydrography of the Gulf of Eylath. Contributions to the Knowledge of the Red Sea, number 21. Bulletin Sea Fisheries Research Station (Haifa). 30:1–14.

1970. Seasonal Changes in the Physical and Chemical Characteristics and the Prodouction [sic] in the Low Trophic Level of the Mediterranean Waters off Israel. 240 pages. Haifa: Sea Fisheries Research Station.

Pangiatopoulos, P.

1916. Katalogos ydrobion zoon. In Pangiatopoulos, P., Ecthesis peri tou udrob. stathmou, pages 581–586. [In Greek.]

Parisi, B.

1940. Gli Stomatopodi raccolti dal Prof. L. Sanzo nella Campagna idrografica nel Mar Rosso della R. N. Ammiraglio Magnaghi 1923–1924 (Memoria 16.a della Campagna). R. Comitato Talassografico Italiano, 275:1–7.

Piccinetti, C., and G. Piccinetti Manfrin

1970. Osservazione su alcuni aspetti della biologia di Squilla mantis L. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 38(supplement): 119–124.

1971. Osservazioni sulla pesca di Squilla mantis L. Note del Laboratorio di Biologia Marine e Pesca-Fano, 4(2): 25–38.

Por, F. D.

1971. One Hundred Years of Suez Canal, a Century of Lessepsian Migration: Retrospect and Viewpoints. Systematic Zoology, 20(2): 138–159.

1975. Pleistocene Pulsation and Preadaptation of Biotas in Mediterranean Seas: Consequences for Lessepsian Migration. Systematic Zoology, 24:72–78.

Por, F. D., H. Steinitz, I. Ferber, and W. Aron

1972. The Biota of the Red Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean (1967–1972): A Survey of the Marine Life of Israel and Surroundings. In Contributions to the Knowledge of Suez Canal Migration. Israel Journal of Zoology, 21:459–523, maps 1–5.

Provenzano, Anthony J., Jr., and Raymond B. Manning

1978. The Later Larval States of Gonodactylus oerstedii Hansen Reared in the Laboratory. In Studies on Development of Stomatopod Crustacea, II, Bulletin of Marine Science, 28(2):297–315, figures 1–6.

Ramadam, S. E., and N. M. Dowidar

1976. Brachyura (Decapoda, Crustacea) from the Mediterranean Waters of Egypt. Thalassia Jugoslavica, 8(1) (1972): 127–139, figure 1.

Steinitz, H.

1967. A Tentative List of Immigrants Via the Suez Canal. Israel Journal of Zoology, 16:166–169.

Steuer, A.

1933. Uber das Vorkommen von Lysiosquilla occulta Giesbr. 1910 in der Adria. Notizen des Deutsch-Italienischen Institutes für Meeresbiologie in Rovigno d'Istria, 11:1–12, figures 1–10.

1936. Cumacea und Stomatopoda von Alexandrien in Ägypten. Notizen des Deutsch-Italienischen Institutes für Meeresbiologie in Rovigno d'Istria, 21:1–19, figures 1–16. Nachtrag, 1937: 1 page.

1938. Cumacea, Stomatopoda, Leptostraca. In The Fishery Grounds near Alexandria, 16. Hydrobiology and Fisheries Directorate Notes and Memoirs, (Cairo), 26:1–16, figures 1–16.

Tattersall, W. M.

1921. Report on the Stomatopoda and Macrurous Decapoda Collected by Mr. Cyril Crossland in the Sudanese Red Sea. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 34:345–398, plates 27, 28.

Thompson, d'Arcy Wentworth

1910. The Works of Aristotle Translated into English. Historia Animalium, 4:xv+633b pages. Oxford.

Tirmizi, N., and Raymond B. Manning

1968. Stomatopod Crustacea from West Pakistan. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 125(3666): 1–48, figures 1–17.

Tortonese, E.

1947a. Biological Investigations in the Aegean Sea. Nature, 159(4052):887–888.

1947b. Note intorno alla fauna e flora marine dell'Isola di Rodi (Mar Egeo). Bollettino di Pesca, Piscicoltura e Idrobiologia (Rome), anno 23, new series, 2(1): 13–20 [pages 1–12 on separate].

1951. I caratteri biologici del Mediterraneo orientale e i problemi relativi. Attualità Zoologiche (supplement), Archivo Zoologico Italiano, 7:207–251.

1952. Some Field-Notes on the Fauna of the Suez Canal (Timsah and Bitter Lakes). Istanbul Universitesi Fen Fakültesi Hidrobiologi, Arastirma Enstitüsü Yayinlarindan, series B, 1(1): 1–5.

Williamson, D. I.

1967. On a Collection of Planktonic Decapoda and Stomatopoda (Crustacea) from the Mediterranean Coast of Israel. Sea Fisheries Research Station Bulletin (Haifa), 45:32–64, figures 1–18.

REQUIREMENTS FOR SMITHSONIAN SERIES PUBLICATION

Manuscripts intended for series publication receive substantive review within their originating Smithsonian museums or offices and are submitted to the Smithsonian Institution Press with approval of the appropriate museum authority on Form SI–36. Requests for special treatment—use of color, foldouts, casebound covers, etc.—require, on the same form, the added approval of designated committees or museum directors.

Review of manuscripts and art by the Press for requirements of series format and Style, completeness and clarity of copy, and arrangement of all material, as outlined below, will govern, within the judgment of the Press, acceptance or rejection of the manuscripts and art.

Copy must be typewritten, double-spaced, on one side of standard white bond paper, with 1¼″ margins, submitted as ribbon copy (not carbon or xerox), in loose sheets (not stapled or bound), and accompanied by original art. Minimum acceptable length is 30 pages.

Front matter (preceding the text) should include: title page with only title and author and no other information, abstract page with author/title/series/etc., following the established format, table of contents with pubs reflecting the heads and structure of the paper.

First page of text should carry the title and author at the top of the page and an unnumbered footnote at the bottom consisting of author's name and professional mailling address.

Center heads of whatever level should be typed with initial caps of major words, with extra space above and below the head, but with no other preparation (such as all caps or underline). Run-in paragraph heads should use period/dashes or colons as necessary.

Tabulations within text (lists of data, often in parallel columns) can be typed on the text page where they occur, but they should not contain rules or formal, numbered table heads.

Formal tables (numbered, with table heads, boxheads, stubs, rules) should be submitted as camera copy, but the author must contact the series section of the Press for editorial attention and preparation assistance before final typing of this matter.

Taxonomic keys in natural history papers should use the alined-couplet form in the zoology and paleobiology series and the multi-level pub form in the botany series. If cross-referencing is required between key and text, do not include page references within the key, but number the keyed-out taxa with their corresponding heads in the text.

Synonymy in the zoology and paleobiology series must use the short form (taxon, author, year:page), with a full reference at the end of the paper under “Literature Cited,” For the botany series, the long form (taxon, author, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, page, year, with no reference in the “Literature Cited”) is optional.

Footnotes, when few in number, whether annotative or bibliographic, should be typed at the bottom of the text page on which the reference occurs. Extensive notes must appear at the end of the text in a notes section. If bibliographic footnotes are required, use the short form (author/brief title/page) with the full reference in the bibliography.

Text-reference system, (author/year/page within the text, with the full reference in a “Literature Cited” at the end of the text) must be used in place of bibliographic footnotes in all scientific series: and is strongly recommended in the history and technology series: “(Jones, 1910:122)” or “…. Jones (1910:122).”

Bibliography, depending upon use, is termed “References,” “Selected References,” or “Literature Cited.” Spell out book, journal, and article titles, using initial caps in all major words. For capitalization of titles in foreign languages, follow the national practice of each language. Underline (for italics) book and journal titles. Use the colon-parentheses system for volume/number/page citations: “10(2):5–9.” For alinement and arrangement of elements, follow the format of the series for which the manuscript is intended.

Legends for illustrations must not be attached to the art nor included within the text but must be submitted at the end of the manuscript—with as many legends typed, double-spaced, to a page as convenient.

Illustrations must not be included within the manuscript but must be submitted separately as original art (not copies). All illustrations (photographs, line drawings, maps, etc.) can be intermixed throughout the printed text. They should be termed Figures and should be numbered consecutively. If several “figures” are treated as components of a single larger figure, they should be designated by lowercase italic letters (underlined in copy) on the illustration, in the legend, and in text references: “Figure 9b.” If illustrations are intended to be printed separately on coated stock following the text, they should be termed Plates and any components should be lettered as in figures: “Plate 9b.” Keys to any symbols within an illustration should appear on the art and not in the legend.

A few points of style: (1) Do not use periods after such abbreviations as “mm, ft, yds, USNM, NNE, AM, BC.” (2) Use hyphens in spelled-out fractions: “two-thirds.” (3) Spell out numbers “one” through “nine” in expository text, but use numerals in all other cases if possible. (4) Use the metric system of measurement, where possible, instead of the English system. (5) Use the decimal system, where possible, in place of fractions. (6) Use day/month/year sequence for dates: “9 April 1976.” (7) For months in tabular listings or data sections, use three-letter abbreviations with no periods: “Jan, Mar, Jun,” etc.

Arrange and paginate sequentially EVERY sheet of manuscript—including ALL front matter and ALL legends, etc., at the back of the text—in the following order: (1) title page, (2) abstract, (3) table of contents, (4) foreword and/or preface, (5) text, (6) appendixes, (7) notes, (8) glossary, (9) bibliography, (10) index, (11) legends.