SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Emphasis upon publication as a means of “diffusing knowledge” was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: “It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge.” This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series:

Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology

Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics

Smithsonian Contributions to Botany

Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences

Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences

Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology

Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology

Smithsonian Folklife Studies

Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space

Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology

In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world.

Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the inside back cover.

Robert McC. Adams

Secretary

Smithsonian Institution

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 530

Ostracoda (Halocypridina, Cladocopina) from Anchialine Caves in Jamaica, West Indies

Louis S. Kornicker and Thomas M. Iliffe

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

Washington, D.C.

1992

ABSTRACT

Kornicker, Louis S., and Thomas M. Iliffe. Ostracoda (Halocypridina, Cladocopina) from Anchialine Caves in Jamaica, West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 530, 22 pages, 11 figures, 1 table, 1992.—Three new species, Danielopolina elizabethae, Spelaeoecia jamaicensis, and Pontopolycope mylax, of halocyprid Ostracoda (Halocypridina, Cladocopina) are described from seven anchialine caves on the island of Jamaica, West Indies. These are the first records of troglobitic halocyprid ostracodes in Jamaica. The bristles of the 7th and 8th joints of the first antennae of Danielopolina, Spelaeoecia, and Deeveya, all genera of Halocypridina reported from anchialine caves, are compared. Keys are presented to species of Spelaeoecia and Danieloplina.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus).

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Kornicker, Louis S., 1919-

Ostracoda (Halocypridina, Cladocopina) from anchialine caves in Jamaica, Weat Indies/Louis S. Kornicker and/Thomas M. Iliffe.

p. cm.—(Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 530)

Includes Bibliographical references (p. ).

1. Halocyprida—Jamaica—Classification. 2. Cave fauna—Jamaica—Classification. I. Iliffe, Thomas M. II. Title. III. Series.

QL1.S54 no. 530 [QL444.085] 591 s–dc20 [595.3′3] 92-13243

art The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48—1984.

Ostracoda (Halocypridina, Cladocopina) from Anchialine Caves in Jamaica, West Indies

Louis S. Kornicker and Thomas M. Iliffe

_____________

Louis S. Kornicker, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Muscum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 20560. Thomas M. Iliffe, Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, P.O. Box 1675, Galveston, Texas 77553.

Introduction

Jamaica, the third largest island in the Caribbean after Cuba and Hispaniola, is 243 km long by 85 km wide (Figure 1). Because about art of Jamaica is underlain by limestones, and rainfall averages over 180 cm per year, numerous caves are present (Fincham, 1977). Although the age of limestones in the interior of the island dates back to the Mesozoic, the coral reef limestone along the north coast where the caves in this report are situated are in the Falmouth formation that is only about 125,000 years old (Lynton S. Land, pers. comm.).

Halocyprid ostracodes were found only in caves situated in a relatively small area along the north coast of Jamaica just east of Discovery Bay (Figure 1). Caves in which extensive collections were made but no halocyprids found include Green Grotto, a tourist show cave located east of Discovery Bay and containing at least 5 large anchialine pools; Jacksons Bay Cave, an extensive anchialine cave on the south coast; and several small inland anchialine caves at Negril on the west coast. Surface salinities in each of these latter cave pools were significantly lower than in the caves containing halocyprids (2 ppt at Green Grotto, 6.5 ppt at Jacksons Bay Cave, and 1–4 ppt at the Negril caves). Of these, only pools in the Green Grotto were deep enough to pass through a halocline. Perhaps more extensive collections there may yield halocyprids. Myodocopid ostracodes (Sarsiellinae, Cylindroleberidinae) that were not studied herein were collected in Joseph's Caves (Westmoreland Parish), which are fully marine with a salinity of 35 ppt, and consist of a series of erosional sea caves located in coastal limestone cliffs about halfway between the town of Negril and the lighthouse at the western tip of Jamaica. (Salinity was measured with a refractometer against distilled water and sea water standards; values should be correct to at least ± ppt.)

The biology of Jamaican caves has been discussed by Peck (1975), and Stock (1983) has reported on hypogean amphipods of the genus Metaniphargus collected from groundwaters in the vicinity of Discovery Bay.

The new ostracode species of Danielopolina Kornicker and Sohn, 1976, brings to seven the known species of the genus: one from the deep sea (South Atlantic) and six from anchialine caves (Bahamas, Canary Islands, Cuba, Galapagos Islands, Jamaica, and Yucatan, Mexico); the new species of Spelaeoecia Angel and Iliffe, 1987, brings to five the known species of the genus, all from anchialine caves (Bahamas, Bermuda, and Jamaica); and the new species of Pontopolycopa Chavtur, 1981, brings to 4 the known species of the genus, and is the first recorded from an anchialine cave.

Of interest is that Danielopolina elizabethae, new species, and Spelaeoecia jamaicensis, new species, were collected in different caves (Figure 1, Table 1). In the Bahama Islands Danielopolina has been collected in a cave on Eleuthera Island and Spelaeoecia in caves on Grand Bahama Island, Long Island, and South Andros Island (Kornicker and Iliffe, 1989a:4; Kornicker et al., 1990:2). This suggests that the 2 genera may not occur together; however, only a few specimens of Danielopolina were collected in the Jamaican caves, and their apparent absence in caves having Spelaeoecia could be the result of sampling error. Most samples collected in this study included both substrate and water column, but 2 restricted to the water column (Sta 9–033, 9–036) contained Danielopolina and Spelaeoecia indicating that both species occupy a similar ecological niche; i.e., swimming in pools of coastal but hydrologically isolated anchialine caves of relatively high salinity; whether they also may spend time on or in the substrate is not known with certainty. One species of Danielopolina has been collected in the deep sea, where it appears to be benthic. Two genera closely related to Danielopolina are Thaumatoconcha Kornicker and Sohn, 1976, and Thaumatocypris Muller, 1906; the former, which is cosmopolitan and has many species, is benthic at bathyal to abyssal depths, and the latter, which includes only 1 species, is pelagic at bathyal depths in the Indian Ocean and in the vicinity of Indonesia (Kornicker and Sohn, 1976:21).

FIGURE 1.—Locations of anchialine caves containing halocyprid ostracodes near Discovery Bay, Jamaica (Green Grotto which did not yield halocyprids is also shown). Caves: 1 = East Bull Cave; 2 = Air Strip Cave #5; 3 = South Bull Cave; 4 = Dairy Bull Cave; 5 = Air Strip Cave # 1; 6 = Air Strip Cave #2; 7 = Green Grotto. Species collected in caves: De = Danielopolina elizabethae, Pm = Pontopolycope mylox Sj = Spelaeoecia jamaicensis.

TABLE 1.—Species occurrence in Jamaican caves arranged according to increasing surface salinities (ppt). Samples from Sta 90–033 and 90–036 are from water column, others are from both water column and substrate. D. e. = Danielopolina elizabethae; P. m. = Pontopolycope mylax; S.j. = Spelaeoecia jamaicensis.

DESCRIPTIONS OF CAVES.—Air Strip Caves #1, #2, and #5 are among a series of 5 fissures located on the east side of Discovery Bay along a foot path running from the terminal area of the Discovery Bay air strip to the coast. All these fissure caves extend parallel to the coastline and probably originated from tectoninc movements along predominantly east-west trending faults. Fissures in the Galapagos Islands of similar nature, but situated in volcanic rocks and locally referred to as “grietas,” contain troglobitic ostracodes including a species of Danielopolina (Kornicker and Iliffe, 1989c). The type locality for Danielopolina orghidani (Danielopol, 1972) is a Cuban “grieta,” a karstic limestone fissure containing anchialine waters, and is similar to the Jamaican Air Strip Caves.

Air Strip Cave #1 is situated 450 m inland on the east side of the air strip trail (Figure 1). The cave consists of a 5 m deep open fissure, 15 m long and 1 m wide at water level. The pool, which extends along the length of the fissure, contains clear water up to 5 m deep. The bottom of the fissure is floored with breakdown covered by organic detritus consisting primarily of leaves and twigs. In addition to halocyprid ostracodes, copepods, tanaidaceans, podocopid ostracodes, and amphipods were collected in the pool.

Air Strip Cave #2 is situated 10 m northwest of Air Strip Cave #1 (Figure 1). A 1.5 m long by 0.5 m high opening under a ledge gives access to a downward sloping room 3 m in diameter. On the far side of this room a 4 m deep vertical fissure ends at a 4 m long by 60 cm wide and 5 m deep pool in total darkness. The pool contains clear water with a clean rocky bottom. In addition to halocyprid ostracodes the pool contained mysids, tanaidaceans, copepods, and shrimp.

Air Strip Cave #5 is located about 200 m inland on the east side of the air strip trail (Figure 1). A 3 m long by 3 m wide by 3 m deep anchialine pool extends in near total darkness along one side of a fissure partially filled with breakdown. Water in the pool was clear with a rock bottom. Copepods, mysids, tanaidaceans, and podocopid ostracodes were also collected from the pool.

Dairy Bull Cave is situated about 30 m inland from the coast and 200 m west of East Bull Cave (Figure 1). The cave is entered through a 10 m long, 2 m deep collapse sink (Figure 2). From the bottom of the sink an upward squeeze to the south leads to a 20 m diameter room with interconnected anchialine pools on three sides. By free diving through 2 underwater passages (sumps), each about 10 m in length, a series of other air rooms and pools can be reached. Small skylights, 50 cm or less in diameter, are present in each of these rooms and very old guano deposits cover the rocks in the largest chamber. A third sump continuing for at least 15 m extends from the last air room. Noticeable tidal currents were observed in several places in the cave but no sponges or other encrusting organisms were present. The water was very clear with sand or breakdown covering the floor of the pools. Maximum depths were between 3 and 4 m. In addition to halocyprid ostracodes, specimens collected include copepods, podocopid ostracodes, isopods, mites, shrimp, and gobiid fish. The fish were particularly abundant and appeared to constitute the largest animal biomass observed in the cave.

East Bull Cave is a mostly open limestone sinkhole located about 3 km east of Discovery Bay and 30 m inland from the sea on the west side of a dirt road ending at the coast (Figure 1). The sink contains a 2 m long by 1 m wide and 2 m deep anchialine pool partially extending under an overhanging ledge. The water is clear but floating debris and small pieces of wood cover the surface of one side of the pool. The bottom is floored with breakdown rubble and gravel. Also collected from this pool were copepods, isopods, amphipods, archiannelids, podocopid ostracodes, and mites.

South Bull Cave is located about 200 m inland in the area south of Dairy Bull Cave (Figure 1). The shallow sinkhole entrance to the cave is 10 m north of the road running parallel to the coast, opposite the newest and eastern-most house. A collapse chamber in the cave extends down to a 8 m long, 3 m wide anchialine pool. The coral bedrock in the cave is crumbly and contains many shallow-water fossils. A 3 m deep underwater passage connects with an isolated 4 m diameter “air bell pool” (water-filled cave except for an isolated pocket of air trapped below the ceiling). The water is very clear and only carbonate-derived sand sediments are on the bottom. In addition to the ostracode Spelaeoecia jamaicensis, a single specimen of a harpacticoid copepod was collected.

DISPOSITION OF SPECIMENS.—All specimens have been deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, and have been assigned USNM numbers.

ABBREVIATIONS.—In the figures, Arabic numerals indicate limbs 1–7, as well as individual joints of each limb (the location of the numeral indicating whether a limb or joint is indicated). Roman numerals I—III indicate the endites.

The following abbreviations are used in the illustrations and legends.

a.m. | central adductor muscle attachments
ant | antenna
B.O | Bellonci organ
bas | basale
c.o | copulatory organ
cox | coxale
end | endopodite
epip | eipodite
esop | esophagus
ex | exopodite
fu | furca
gl | gland
i.m. | inner margin of infold
junc | juncture
l | left
l.l. | lower lip
l.p. | lamellar prolongation of selvage
l.v | left valve
lv | lateral view
md | mandible
mv | medial view
mx | maxilla
precox | precoxale
protop | protopodite
r | right
r.v. | right valve
ret | reticule
u.l | upper lip

FIGURE 2.—Map of Dairy Bull Cave, Discovery Bay, Jamaica, shown in relation to coastline.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—The specimens were collected by Thomas M. Iliffe and Serban Sarbu during the 1990 Jamaica Marine Cave Expedition. This research was supported by grants from the Explorers Club to Thomas Iliffe and Serban Sarbu, and from the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, to Serban Sarbu. Special appreciation is extended to Alan G. Fincham of the University of Southern California, Jeremy D. Woodley of the Discovery Bay Marine Laboratory, and David Lee of the Jamaica Police Department Forensic Division for providing logistical assistance and information on Jamaican caves. We thank Elizabeth Harrison-Nelson, Smithsonian Institution, for preparing the literature cited section, lettering figures, cataloging specimens, and preparing the final draft of the manuscript on a word processor. Sarbu and Iliffe surveyed Dairy Bull Cave; the map of the cave (Figure 2) was drafted by Sarbu and inked by Paul Gonzales. Penciled camera lucida taxonomic illustrations drawn by Kornicker were inked by Randy S. Moore, Texas A&M University at Galveston. The cave location map was prepared by Iliffe from topographic maps supplied by Lynton S. Land, The University of Texas, Austin. This paper is a contribution of the Discovery Bay Marine Laboratory of the University of the West Indies.

Order HALOCYPRIDA Dana, 1853

Suborder HALOCYPRIDINA Dana, 1853

Comparison of 7th and 8th Joints of the 1st Antennae of Spelaeoecia, Deeveya, and Danielopolina

Spelaeoecia and Deeveya are known only from anchialine caves; Danielopolina is known both from anchialine caves and the deep sea (3459 m). The bristle terminology used here is that proposed for Spelaeoecia and Deeveya by Kornicker and Iliffe (1989a:1), which was modified slightly from that proposed for Deeveya by Kornicker and Palmer (1987:610) and for Spelaeoecia by Kornicker (1989:314). Spelaeoecia and Deeveya comprise the subfamily Deeveyinae in the Halocyprididae (superfamily Halocypridoidea), and have 3 bristles (a-, b-, and c-bristles) on the 7th joint and 4 bristles (d-, e-, f-, and g-bristles) on the 8th joint of the 1st antenna (Figure 3a-e). Danielopolina is in the Thaumatocyprididae (superfamily Thaumatocypridoidae), and has either 2 bristles (b- and c-bristles) (Figure 3f,g) or 3 bristles (a-, b-, and c-bristles) on the 7th joint (Figure 3h) and 3 bristles (d-, e-, and f-bristles) on the 8th joint (Figure 3f-h). Of the bristles of the 7th joint, the a-bristle is bristle-like and the b- and c-bristles filament-like. On Deeveya the d-bristle is lateral whereas on Spelaeoecia it is either medial or slightly medial relative to the e-bristle. The d-bristle is lateral on Danielopolina but is bristle-like, not filament-like as it is on both Spelaeoecia and Deeveya. The e-bristle is lateral and filament-like on all 3 genera and is stouter and longer than the other bristles of the 8th joint. The f-bristle is medial and filament-like on the 3 genera but is angled slightly ventrally only on Spelaeoecia and Deeveya. The g-bristle is absent on Danielopolina; the interpretation of the g-bristle rather than the f-bristle being absent is based on the distinctly medial position of the bristle. The g-bristle is filament-like and lateral to the f-bristle, and is either adjacent to, or slightly medial of, the e-bristle.

Superfamily HALOCYPRIDOIDEA Dana, 1853

Family HALOCYPRIDOIDEA Dana, 1853

Subfamily DEEVEYINAE Kornicker and Iliffe, 1985

Spelaeoecia Angel and Iliffe, 1987

TYPE SPECIES.—Spelaeoecia bermudensis Angel and Iliffe, 1987.

COMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION.—The genus includes 5 species from anchialine caves: S. bermudensis Angel and Iliffe (Bermuda); S. capax, S. sagax, S. styx Kornicker (Bahamas); and S. jamaicensis, new species (Jamaica).

Revised Key to the Species of Spelaeoecia

Spelaeoecia jamaicensis, new species

FIGURES 3a, 4–6

ETYMOLOGY.—From the island on which the species was collected.

MATERIAL.—Sta 90–010, Air Strip Cave #5, Discovery Bay (type locality): USNM 193961, 1 partly dissected A–1 or A–2 male on slide (right 1st antenna and maxilla) and in alcohol (holotype); USNM 193966, 1 undissected juvenile in alcohol. Sta 90–032, South Bull Cave, Discovery Bay: USNM 193964, 1 A–1 or A–2 female on slide and in alcohol; USNM 193965, 5 undissected juveniles in alcohol. Sta 90–035, Air Strip Cave #1, Discovery Bay: USNM 193967, 1 undissected juvenile in alcohol. Sta 90–036: Air Strip Cave #2, Discovery Bay: USNM 193968, 1 undissected juvenile in alcohol.

FIGURE 3.—Joints 7 and 8 of first antennae: Spelaeoecia: a, S. jamaicensis, new species, USNM 193964, paratype, A–1 or A–2 female, right limb, mv; b, S. bermudensis Angel and Iliffe, 1987, USNM 193483, adult male, left limb, 1v. Deeveya: c, D. jillae Komicker and Iliffe, 1989a, USNM 193298, holotype, A–1 male, right limb, 1v; d, D. spiralis Komicker and Iliffe, 1985, USNM 193117, holotype, adult female, right limb, 1v; e, D. bransoni Komicker and Palmer, 1987, USNM 193301, holotype, adult female, right limb, 1v. Danielopolina: f, D. elizabethae, new species, USNM 193963, paratype, adult male, right limb, 1v; g, D. carolynae Komicker and Sohn, 1976, USNM 143789, holotype, adult female, right limb, 1v; h, D. bahamensis Komicker and Iliffe, 1989a, USNM 193285, holotype, adult male, right limb, 1v. (For letters on bristles see text.)

DESCRIPTION OF A–1 OR A–2 FEMALE (Figures 3a, 4, 5).—Carapace elongate with dorsal margin straight and ventral margin convex but fairly straight at midlength; ventral edge of rostrum at midheight and inner end slightly overlapping valve (Figure 4a). Anterior of rostrum viewed from inside with anterior edge broadly rounded (Figure 4b); anterior part of valve overreaching rostrum to form broadly rounded extension of rostrum; inner side of extended rostrum with small process(Figure 4b). Posterodorsal corner of right valve extends past posterodorsal corner of left valve (Figure 4a).

Ornamentation: Outer surface lineate (lineations oblique across rostrum, slightly curving and vertical in vicinity of midlength, and sinuate and vertical at posterior end (similar to that of A–1 or A–2 male illustrated in Figure 6a–c)). Posterodorsal corners of both left and right valves with minute digitations (Figure 4c,d). Surface with few long single bristles (1 shown in Figure 4c).

Infold: List forming sclerotized bar just posterior to posterior hinge juncture, then extending ventrally as narrow line intersecting posterior edge of valve at about midheight (Figure 4c,d); list not observed along ventral margin.

Glands (Figure 4a,c,d): Small gland in posterodorsal corner of right valve, and a smaller gland in same position on left valve.

Selvage: Narrow bare lamellar prolongation extends from point just ventral to incisur to posterodorsal corner; selvage terminates at ventral end of digitations of posterodorsal corner (Figure 4d).

Hingement: Each valve with narrow sclerotized bar along list posterior to posterior juncture of hinge (bars with closely spaced lines in Figure 4c,d). Edge of valve anterior to anterior juncture of hinge sclerotized (sclerotized area indicated with closely spaced lines in Figure 4b).

Central Adductor Muscle Attachments: Indistinct (location of attachments of A–1 or A–2 male illustrated in Figure 4a).

Carapace Size: USNM 193964, length 1.28 mm, height 0.64 mm.

First Antenna (Figures 3a, 4e,f): With 8 joints but 3rd and 4th joints partly fused (boundary indicated by ventral and dorsal indentations and discontinuity in sclerotization at ventral and dorsal margins). 1st joint with terminal ventral lobe with numerous short spines. 2nd joint short with well-defined dorsal bristle and distal medial spines (not shown). 3rd joint bare, longer than 4th. 4th joint with 2 bristles (1 ventral, 1 dorsal). 5th joint with long unringed ventral filament. 6th with dorsal edge shorter than ventral edge, bare. 7th joint with short ringed dorsal a-bristle (rings not shown), ventral b-bristle about art length of c-bristle, and long ventral c-bristle. 8th joint small with 4 terminal bristles (anterior medial d-bristle more than twice length of a-bristle; long lateral e-bristle about same length as c-bristle, stout with indistinct rings and widely spaced minute marginal spines (rings and spines not shown); medial f-bristle about half length of e-bristle and oriented obliquely ventrally; and g-bristle lateral to f-bristle and about same length).

Second Antenna (Figure 4g,h): Protopodite bare. Endopodite 3-jointed but 2nd and 3rd joints fused (Figure 4g,h): 1st joint with slender ringed spinous a- and b-bristles (rings not shown); 2nd joint with lateral f-bristle shorter and slenderer than medial g-bristle; g-bristle weakly ringed proximally (rings not shown); 3rd joint with filament-like h-, i-, and j-bristles, and minute medial pointed process adjacent to h-bristle (Figure 4h). Exopodite with 9 joints: 1st joint with short distal part with slender bristle (with ventral spines and dorsal natatory hairs) reaching well past 9th joint; bristle of 2nd joint much longer than bristle of 1st joint, with long slender ventral spines and dorsal natatory hairs; bristles of joints 3–8 with natatory hairs, no spines; 9th joint with 3 bristles (dorsal bristle short with minute spines; middle bristle about twice length of dorsal bristle, with minute spines; ventral bristle long, with dorsal spines and ventral natatory hairs); all long bristles with 2 long proximal segments followed by closely spaced rings.

Mandible (Figure 5a-d): Coxale endite with proximal and distal sets of teeth separated by gap (Figure 5a-c): proximal set comprising 4 broad cusps; surface between cusps with slender spines; 1 small indistinct spinous bristle at each end of set; 2 spinous bristles adjacent to smooth tooth in gap between proximal and distal sets; distal set of teeth comprising 2 flat teeth each with 7 or 8 cusps; 1 stout dentate process and 1 small spinous bristle proximal to flat teeth. Basale (Figure 5a,d): distal edge with 5 terminal triangular cusps and 1 smaller posterior cusp; lateral surface near distal edge with sharp tooth near midwidth; distal lateral side with 5 or 6 bristles (2 or 3 short, 3 long); anterior margin with 1 long distal bristle and 1 small bristle near insertion of endopodite (Figure 5d); posterior margin with 2 short distal bristles (distal of these tubular); proximal lateral surface near insertion of endopodite with 1 very long bristle; medial side near dorsal margin with 2 broad fragile bristles (Figure 5a) (these 2 bristles broke off both limbs during dissection of mandibles of USNM 193964, but are shown in Figure 5a). Endopodite with 3 joints (Figure 5a): 1st joint with 3 distal bristles (1 ventral, 1 dorsal, 1 lateral); 2nd joint broadening distally, with 4 terminal bristles (1 ventral, 3 dorsal); 3rd joint with 7 bristles (2 longest lateral, claw-like, with ventral spines, 1 slender ringed lateral, 4 slender ringed medial in row along terminal edge), and medial spines. A ganglion is attached to the posterior edge of the coxale at about midlength (Figure 5a).

Maxilla (Figure 5e,f): Endite I with 2 proximal and 11 terminal bristles (5 tubular); endite II with 2 proximal and about 11 terminal bristle (about 6 tubular); endite III with 1 proximal and 5 terminal bristles (2 tubular) (Figure 5f). Coxale with plumose dorsal bristle. Basale fused to 1st endopodial joint except for suture in sclerotized dorsal rim, with long plumose ventral bristle (Figure 5e). 1st endopodial joint with about 11 bristles. 2nd endopodial joint with 2 stout claw-like bristles and 5 slender ringed bristles (rings not shown). (Rings shown only on tubular bristles.)

Fifth Limb (Figure 5g): Epipodite with 15 long plumose bristles forming 3 groups (ventral group with 5, middle group with 6, dorsal group with 4). Protopodite with 2 ventral endites: endite I with 2 spinous bristles and 1 tubular bristle; endite II with 1 proximal medial bristle (could be on endite I) and 3 ventral bristles (incuding 1 tubular). Basale with 7 bristles (1 proximal medial, 1 plumose anterior lateral, and 5 ventral including 1 claw-like pectinate, and 3 tubular). Endopodite with 9 bristles (1 long plumose lateral anterior, 1 short bare medial near dorsal margin, 2 proximal lateral, and 5 on or near ventral margin (including 2 claw-like, and 3 tubular)). Exopodite: 1st joint not divided into broad proximal and narrower distal parts, with 12 bristles (3 distal dorsal (2 plumose, 1 very long slender), 2 plumose lateral near joint midheight, 1 medial just ventral to midheight, and 6 on or near ventral margin); 2nd joint with distal dorsal bristle and 3 distal bristles on or near ventral margin; 3rd joint with 2 stout claw-like bristles (dorsal with few indistinct distal rings; ventral stouter and slightly longer) and 1 slender ringed ventral bristle (rings not shown). (Rings shown only on tubular bristles; 2 claw-like bristles of endopodite stippled.)

FIGURE 4.—Spelaeoecia jamaicensis, new species, USNM 193964, paratype, A–1 or A–2 female: a, complete specimen from left side (dashed line is ventral edge of right valve), length 1.28 mm; b, inside view of rostrum of left valve (note small process on rostrum near midwidth and midheight); c, inside view of posterior of carapace; d, detail from c; e, Bellonci organ and right 1st antenna, lv;f, anterior of body showing Bellonci organ, 1st joint of left 1st antenna, and upper and lower lips; g, endopodite of left 2nd antenna, mv; h, detail from g.

FIGURE 5.—Spelaeoecia jamaicensis, new species, USNM 193964, paratype, A–1 or A–2 female: a, left mandible, mv; b, distal end of coxale endite of right mandible, lv; c, distal end of coxale endite of left mandible, mv; d, basale of left mandible, lv; e, left maxilla, mv; f, endites of left maxilla, mv; g, right 5th limb, lv; h, left 6th limb, mv; i, left 7th limb, lv; j, left lamella of furca, lv.

FIGURE 6.—Spelaeoecia jamaicensis. new species, USNM 193961, holotype, A-1 or A-2 male: a, complete specimen from left side (only representative lineations shown), length 1.16 mm; b,c, details from a showing surface lineations; d, inside view of posterior end of carapace with valves partly open; e, anterior of body from right side showing Bellonci organ, right 1st antenna (only proximal part of 4 bristles shown), and esophagus;f, endopodite of right 2nd antenna, mv; g, posterior of body from left side showing copulatory organ and left lamella of furca; h, posterior of body from left side showing 7th limb, copulatory organ and proximal organ (stippled), and left lamella of furca (only claw 1 shown); i, posterior of body from right side showing organ (stippled) proximal to copulatory organ (not shown) and right lamella of furca (only claw 1 shown); j, dorsal part of body near anterior end from left side showing protopodite of left 2nd antenna and ganglion (stippled).

Sixth Limb (Figure 5h): Epipodite with 17 plumose bristles forming 3 groups (ventral and middle group each with 5 long bristles; dorsal group with 6 long and 1 short (dorsal) bristles). Precoxale and coxale fused, with total of 7 ventral bristles. Basale with 8 bristles (1 distal medial near dorsal margin, 7 near ventral margin). Endopodite well developed, with 5 long bristles (3 plumose, 2 bare). Exopodite with 3 joints: 1st joint with 2 ventral bristles and 0 or 1 dorsal bristle; 2nd joint with 3 bristles (2 ventral, 1 dorsal); 3rd joint with 3 bristles (middle bristle claw-like).

Seventh Limb (Figure 5i): Elongate with 1 long and 2 shorter terminal bristles.

Furca (Figure 5j): Each lamella with 6 bare claws; 2 posterior claws weakly ringed distally; unpaired bristle ringed bare.

Bellonci Organ (Figure 4e,f): Bifurcate with tip of dorsal branch rounded, and longer ventral branch with drawn-out pointed tip.

Lips (Figure 4f): Tip of upper lip projecting posteriorly. Anterior face of upper lip with small spine at each side. Lower lip with triangular process at each side of mouth.

Genitalia: Indistinct structure anterior to furca of USNM 193964 could be incipient genitalia, but may not be.

Remarks: The A-1 or A-2 male described below has a fairly well-developed copulatory organ, absent on the specimen described above. The male has 6 furcal claws on each lamella, the same number that is on the specimen described above. This information formed the basis for interpreting the specimen described above to be a female at the same stage as the male. The development of the copulatory organ of the male indicates that it is not younger than an A-2 instar. It is not as well developed as that of an A-1 instar of 5. bermudensis illustrated by Komicker and Iliffe (1989b, fig. 29j,q,r).

DESCRIPTION OF A-1 OR A-2 MALE (Figure 6).—Carapace similar in shape to that of female described above (Figure 6a-d).

Ornamentation (Figure 6a-c): Similar to that of female.

Central Adductor Muscle Attachments: Indistinct (very approximate representation shown in Figure 6a).

Carapace Size: USNM 193961, length 1.16 mm, height 0.61 mm.

First Antenna (Figure 6e): Similar to that of female (bristles of joint 8 not shown).

Second Antenna: Protopodite and exopodite similar to that of female. Endopodite with 3 joints (Figure 6f): 1st joint with dorsal a- and b-brisdes similar to those of female; 2nd joint with long f- and g-bristles and minute bristle lateral to f-bristle (minute bristle could be on 3rd joint); 3rd joint with suture separating it from 2nd joint extending part way across base on medial side; on lateral side distal edge of joint continues across 2nd joint (dashed line in Figure 6f); distal edge with h-, i-, and j-bristles similar to those on female plus 2 short lateral bristles.

Furca (Figure 6g): Similar to that of female.

Bellonci Organ (Figure 6e): Differs from that of female in both branches being same length; tip of upper branch appears more rounded than lower branch but not clearly resolved.

Copulatory Organ (Figure 6h): With 2 short lobes located slightly left of midwidth. 2 organs (1 on each side of body midwidth) extend toward copulatory organ (Figure 6h,t).

Ganglion (Figure 6j): A U-shaped ganglion with brown oval masses present in left and right sides of body just posterior to protopodite of 2nd antenna.

COMPARISONS.—The 1st antenna of S. jamaicensis bears a ventral bristle on the 4th joint; only S. bermudensis also bears a bristle in that position. The 6th limb of S. jamaicensis differs from that of S. bermudensis in having 5 rather than 4 brisdes on the endopodite, and the furca differs in that the 2nd furcal claw is not broken off near its base. The carapace of S. jamaicensis differs from those of previously described species in having a posterodorsal gland on the left as well as the right valve (the gland of the left valve is smaller than that of the right and is indistinct on some specimens).

Superfamily THAUMATOCYPRIDOIDEA Müller, 1906

Family THAUMATOCYPRIDIDAE Müller, 1906

Danielopolina Komicker and Sohn, 1976

TYPE SPECIES.—Danielopolina carolynae Komicker and Sohn, 1976.

COMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION.—The genus includes 7 species: D. carolynae Komicker and Sohn, 1976 (South Adantic near the equator, 3459 m); D. orghidani (Danielopol, 1972) (saline grotto in Cuba); D. wilkensi Hartmann, 1985 (marine lava tunnel in the Canary Islands); D. bahamensis Komicker and Iliffe, 1989a (anchialine cave in Eleuthera, Bahamas); D. mexicana Komicker and Iliffe, 1989a (anchialine cave on the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico); D. styx Komicker and Iliffe, 1989c (anchialine pool in the Galapagos Islands); and D. elizabethae new species (anchialine cave in Jamaica).

CORRECTION.—Iliffe (1990:94) inadvertantly stated: “Among the members of the Galapagos cave fauna are included the ostracod Danielopolina also with species in Cuba, the Bahamas, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and Bermuda…” The sentence should have been: “Among the members of the Galapagos cave fauna are included the ostracod Danielopolina also with species in Cuba, the Bahamas, and Yucatan; the shrimp Typhlatya, also from Yucatan, Cuba, the Bahamas, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic and Bermuda…” Danielopolina has not been reported from either Puerto Rico or the Dominican Republic.

Revised Key to the Species of Danielopolina

Danielopolina elizabethae, new species

FIGURES 3f, 7–9

ETYMOLOGY.—Named for Elizabeth Harrison-Nelson who has assisted the senior author in the present contribution as well as in many others.

MATERIAL.—Sta 90–005, East Bull Cave, Discovery Bay: USNM 193963, 1 adult male on slide and in alcohol. Sta 90–033, Dairy Bull Cave, Discovery Bay (type locality): USNM 193962, 1 undissected late juvenile in alcohol (holotype).

DESCRIPTION OF ADULT MALE (Figures 3f, 7, 8).—Carapace subround in lateral view with straight dorsal margin in vicinity of hinge and also straight margin between anterior and anteroventral processes (Figure 7a); ventral and posterior margins as well as anterior margin dorsal to anterior process evenly rounded. Short anterior and anteroventral processes with bases just lateral to valve edge; each process bearing small cylindrical terminal process and fragile spine-bearing frill that easily breaks off at slight touch with dissecting needle leaving smaller firm triangular protuberance (Figure 7c); a similar posterodorsal process on each valve (Figure 7b). Outer surface with scattered slender undivided hairs more numerous near posterior margin (Figure 7c. Valve glands absent.

Ornamentation (Figure 7c): Surface finely reticulate with reticulation walls formed of discontinous ridges. (When shell is in orginal alcohol preservative reticulations are distinct, but when shell is placed in a drop of glycerin for 2 or 3 days (possibly fewer) the reticulations are no longer visible when viewed in either transmitted or reflected light, phase contrast optics, Normarski interference contrast optics, or dark field optics. Some of the reticulations reappear if the shell is stained with dilute silver nitrate, which also makes surface bristles more visible, but adversely appears to completely remove frills on processes.)

FIGURE 7.—Danielopolina elizabethae, new species, USNM 193963, paratype, adult male: a, complete specimen from right side, length including anterior process 0.70 mm; b, outside view of posterodorsal process of left valve (anterior of valve to left); c, detail from a showing some surface reticulations plus endopodites of 2nd antenna; d, view of body from left side showing location of some appendages (not all parts of limbs shown; curved line along bottom represents ventral edge of right valve); e, Bellonci organ and left 1st antenna (only proximal part of bristles shown), lv; f. left 1st antenna (sclerotized dorsal edges of joints 3 and 4 stippled), mv;g, anterior of body from left side showing Bellonci organ, joint 1 of left 1st antenna, and upper and lower lips; h, left 2nd antenna (only proximal part of long bristles shown), lv; i, protopodite and proximal ends of exopodite and endopodite of right 2nd antenna, lv; j, endopodile of left 2nd antenna (only proximal part of long bristles shown), mv; k, joints 2 and 3 of endopodile of right 2nd antenna (only proximal part of long bristles shown), lv.

Carapace Size: USNM 193963: length excluding anterior process 0.67 mm, length including anterior process 0.70 mm, height 0.61 mm.

First Antenna (Figures 3f, 7e-g): 1st joint with 2 bristles (1 very long ventral bristle ringed distally and with few indistinct marginal hairs, and 1 fairly long dorsal bristle with weak rings and few indistinct minute marginal hairs). 2nd joint with distal medial spines. 3rd joint with few indistinct distal ventral spines; joint distinctly separated from 4th joint on dorsal margin, less so on ventral margin, and with indistinct suture on medial and lateral surfaces. 4th joint with 2 unequal long bare filament-like ventral bristles. 5th joint with 3 long filament-like ventral bristles (1 lateral with 8 distal fairly long widely-separated marginal hairs (hairs not shown); 2 medial bristles shorter, slenderer, bare). 6th joint bare. 7th joint with 2 long filament-like ventral bristles (medial b-bristle and longer lateral c-bristle) with widely separated minute marginal spines (spines not shown), and without dorsal a-bristle. 8th joint with 3 bristles (filament-like ventral medial f-bristle with widely separated minute marginal spines; longer stouter filament-like ventral lateral e-bristle with widely separated minute spines, and 1 short dorsal d-bristle with small marginal spines; all bristles weakly ringed proximally (rings not shown)).

Second Antenna (Figure 7c,d,h-k): Protopodite with spines forming row at posteroventral comer (Figure 7i). Endopodite 3-jointed (Figure 7c.h-k):): 1st joint with 2 ringed dorsal a- and b-bristles (a-bristle with indistinct marginal hairs); 2nd joint broadening distally, with 1 short spinous ringed dorsal bristle (with base on lateral side), and row of 4 filament-like terminal bristles near ventral margin (dorsal of these bristles shortest, ventral longest; all with widely separated minute marginal spines (not shown on all illustrations)); 3rd joint small with long terminal process with knob at tip with 2 small terminal unringed bristles (stippled area in Figure 7k indicates sclerotization); proximal edge of knob with row of minute teeth (Figure 7h,k). Exopodite 8 jointed (Figure 7h): 1st joint divided weakly into long proximal and short distal parts; bristle of joint 2 with slender ventral spines and dorsal natatory hairs; bristles of joints 3–7 with only natatory hairs (distal hairs longer; ventral hairs on bristles of joints 5–7 stouter and longer than dorsal hairs); 8th joint with 2 bristles (ventral long with long ventral hairs and shorter slenderer dorsal hairs; dorsal shorter with small slender dorsal spines, no natatory hairs).

Mandible (Figure 7d, 8a-e): Coxale endite with proximal and distal sets of teeth separated by space; proximal set comprising 4 broad cusps plus triangular tooth close to distal set of teeth (Figure 8b,c); surface between cusps and medial and lateral surfaces just proximal to cusps with slender spines; 1 or 2 spinous bristles with bases just proximal and another bristle just distal to triangular tooth; distal set of teeth consisting of 2 flat teeth, each having 5 or 6 cusps (Figure 8b-e): 1 slender spinous bristle with base proximal to distal set of teeth (Figure 8b). Basale (Figure 8a): tooth of endite with 5 triangular cusps (anterior 4 with marginal teeth); posterior edge of endite spinous, with 2 short ringed distal bristles (distal of these tubular); anterior margin of endite with 1 long ringed bristle near midlength; lateral side of endite with spines near posterior edge and 5 ringed bristles (4 long, 1 short) near midlength and 1 short ringed distal bristle with bare spine at tip; medial side of endite with long spines near posterior edge, row of long spines near midlength, and 2 rows of shorter distal spines; medial side of basale near dorsal margin with 2 long ringed bristles (ventral of these on small mound bearing long spines). Endopodite 3-jointed (Figure 8a): 1st joint with medial and lateral spines and 1 ringed dorsal bristle at midlength; 2nd joint spinous, with 1 ringed terminal ventral bristle, 2 ringed medial bristles near ventral margin, and 2 ringed dorsal bristles; 3rd joint with dorsal and medial spines, 2 terminal lateral bristles (1 at midwidth about twice length of endopodite, with distal spines; 1 at ventral edge about half length of bristle at midwidth, with distal spines (longest spines at midlength)), 3 shorter ringed terminal medial bristles, and 1 ringed bristle on ventral margin. (Rings not shown on most bristles of illustrated limb.)

Maxilla (Figures 7d, 8g,h): Endite 1 with 10 bristles (4 tubular); endite II with 6 bristles (3 tubular); endite III with 5 bristles (2 tubular) (Figure 8h). Coxale with long stout plumose dorsal bristle. Basale with 2 long bristles (1 proximal ventral near base of endite III, plumose; 1 on terminal edge, tubular) (Figure 8g). Endopodite (Figure 8g): 1st joint with 3 long ringed distal anterior (dorsal) bristles, 1 long distal ringed lateral bristle, and 2 ringed posterior (ventral) bristles (shorter tubular); 2nd joint spinous, with 1 anterior stout straight nonarticulated terminal claw with minute marginal teeth, and 4 slender ringed bristles (ventral of these stouter, with marginal spines). (Only tubular bristles shown with rings in illustrations; some bristles with minute papilla at tip (papillae not shown).)

Fifth Limb (Figure 7d, 8i): Epipodite (not shown) with plumose bristles forming 3 groups: proximal dorsal group and middle group each with 4 bristles; distal ventral group with 3. Protopodite with 5 bristles (1 tubular). Basale with 6 bristles (1 short stout, 1 short slender medial proximal, 2 long plumose lateral, 2 tubular). Endopodite with 6 bristles (1 small medial tubular, 2 stout ventral claw-like, 1 long ventral tubular, 2 long plumose anterior). Exopodite 3-jointed: 1st joint with 7 bristles on or near ventral margin and 1 long terminal dorsal bristle; 2nd joint with 2 ventral bristles at midlength; 3rd joint with 3 bristles (middle bristle 59%-62% and smallest bristle 35%-37% length of longest bristle). (Only tubular bristles shown with rings in illustration.) (Terminology of joints adapted from that used by Komicker et al. (1990, fig. 19a) for Deeveya styrax.)

Sixth Limb (Figures 7d, 8j,k): Epipodite with plumose bristles forming 3 groups (Figure 8k): proximal dorsal group with 4 or 5 bristles, middle group with 4, distal ventral group with 5. Precoxale with 3 plumose bristles (Figure 8j). Coxale with 2 plumose bristles. Basale with 2 long bristles (1 bare, 1 plumose). Small endopodite with 2 long plumose bristles. Exopodite: 1st and 2nd joints fused, with 2 bare bristles at midlength; 3rd joint with 2 bristles (shorter 34%–37% of longer bristle).

FIGURE 8.—Danielopolina elizabethae, new species, USNM 193963, paratype, adult male: a, basale and endopodite of right mandible, lv; b,c, distal end of coxale endite of right and left mandibles, respectively, posterior view; d,e, distal teeth of coxale endite of left mandible, from c;f, terminal bristle of 2nd endopodial joint of right maxilla showing attached protistan or foreign egg sac; g, left maxilla (endite bristles not shown), mv; h, endites of left maxilla, mv; i, right 5th limb (epipodite not shown), mv; j, left 6th limb (epipodial bristles not shown), mv; k, epipodite of right 6th limb (distal bristles towards left), mv; l, 7th limb; m, left lamella of furca, lv; n, copulatory limb, anterior to left.

Seventh Limb (Figures 7d, 8l): Elongate with 2 long bare terminal bristles.

Furca (Figures 7d, 8m): Each lamella with 1 long anterior articulated claw (with spines along concave margin, few distal spines on convex margin, and weakly ringed distally) and 3 short ventral nonarticulated claws with spines along anterior and posterior edges; each lamella with medial and lateral spines (not all shown). Stout unpaired process on posterior of body just proximal to lamellae.

Bellonci Organ (Figure 7g,e): Diaphanous, elongate, with rounded tip. (Because of being diaphanous this organ easily could be overlooked; organ is now attached to mounted right 1st antenna of USNM 193963.)

Lips (Figure 7g): Each side of tip of upper lip with a small process oriented posteriorly; anterior face of lip with minute spine on each side pointing anteriorly. Lower lip a triangular process at each side of mouth.

Copulatory Organ (Figure 8n): Anterior part with long recurved process tapering to narrow tip; posterior styliform process with small tooth on anterior edge proximal to tip; tip diaphanous and morphology not resolved because of debris on mounted organ of USNM 193963.

Epizoa: USNM 193963 with stemmed oval protistan, or egg sac, attached to bristle of maxilla (Figure 8f) and between claws of furcal lamella (the stem longer on ovals attached to furca).

Gut Content: Brown unidentified particles.

DESCRIPTION OF JUVENILE (sex undetermined) (Figure 9).—Carapace similar to that of adult male but smaller (Figure 9a).

Carapace Size: USNM 193962, length excluding anterior process 0.46 mm, length including anterior process 0.50 mm, height 0.39 mm.

Furca (Figure 9b): Each lamella with 1 long anterior claw and 2 short nonarticulated claws followed by minute triangular node (incipient claw). Stout unpaired process on posterior of body just proximal to lamellae.

COMPARISONS.—Only D. elizabethae and D. styx have 1 nonarticulated anterior claw on each lamella of the furca; other known species have 2. The carapace of D. elizabethae differs from that of D. styx in having surface reticulations formed of discontinuous ridges rather than rows of pustules, and in having a posterodorsal process on each valve absent on D. styx. Each lamella of the furca of the adult D. elizabethae has 3 nonarticulated ventral claws compared to more than 3 on D. styx. The 1st antenna of D. styx bears a dorsal bristle (a-bristle) on the 7th joint absent on D. elizabethae. The adult male is known for only D. bahamensis and D. elizabethae: the 3rd joint of the endopodite (clasper) of the 2nd antenna of D. elizabethae bears 2 small terminal bristles absent on D. bahamensis. Danielopolina elizabethae bears a Bellonci organ similar to that of D. mexicana; the furca of the latter species has 2 articulated anterior claws and more than 3 nonarticulated ventral claws on each lamella.

FIGURE 9.—Danielopolina elizabethae, new species, USNM 193962, holotype, late juvenile (sex undetermined): a, complete specimen from left side, length including anterior process 0.50 mm; b, posterior of body showing left lamella of furca.

Suborder CLADOCOPINA Sars, 1866

Superfamily POLYCOPOIDEA Sars, 1866

Family POLYCOPIDAE Sars, 1866

Subfamily POLYCOPINAE Sars, 1866

COMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION.—The Polycopinae include 14 living cosmopolitan marine genera of which 2 (Micropolycope Chavtur, 1979, and Polycopissa Chavtur, 1979) have representatives in Bermudan caves (Kornicker and Iliffe, 1989b). Pontopolycope Chavtur, 1981, previously known only from open seas, is recorded in a Jamaican cave herein.

Pontopolycope Chavtur, 1981

TYPE SPECIES.—Polycope rostrata Müller, 1894.

COMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION.—Chavtur (1981:58) referred 3 species to this genus: P. rostrata (Müller, 1894) (Bay of Naples); P. dentata (Müller, 1894) (Bay of Naples); and P. moenia (Joy and Clark, 1977) (Canadian Basin, Artic Ocean). A new species from Jamaica described here is the first report of the genus from an anchialine cave.

Pontopolycope mylax, new species

FIGURES 10, 11

ETYMOLOGY.—From the Latin mylax (millstone).

MATERIAL.—Sta 90-006, Dairy Bull Cave, Discovery Bay (type locality): USNM 193971, USNM 193972, 2 adult females, each with appendages on slide and shell remnants in alcohol; USNM 193973, 1 adult male with appendages on slide and shell in alcohol; USNM 193974, 1 undissected adult female in alcohol (holotype); USNM 193975, 46 undissected adults and juveniles in alcohol.

TERMINOLOGY OF APPENDAGES.—To conform to terminology of the 1st antenna proposed by Kornicker and Iliffe (1989b:50) the 1st antenna of P. mylax is interpreted to have 8 joints, but joints 1–5 are either fused or partly fused, and joints 7 and 8 are fused.

DESCRIPTION OF ADULT MALE (Figures 10, 11).—Carapace oval in lateral view with anterior concavity just ventral to rostrum (Figure 10a,b). Triangular rostrum lateral to shell edge. Outer surface reticulate (only 1 reticulation shown in Figure 10a) similar to that of female (Figure 11a). Surface within reticule with pebbly texture (Figure 10a). Straight posterodorsal hinge indented (Figure 10b). Selvage with broad serrated lamellar prolongation along outer edge except at hinge (not shown). (After being in glycerine for a week the surface reticulations as well as the rostrum are less visible.)

Central Adductor Muscle Attachments (Figure 10a): Comprising 3 individual scars at contact surface of muscles with shell, but just medial to contact surface (towards midline of body) each muscle subdivides into additional bundles (not shown).

Carapace Size: USNM 193973, length including rostrum 0.24 mm, length excluding rostrum 0.22 mm, height 0.20 mm.

First Antenna (Figure 10c): Joints 1–5 with dorsal spines. Joints 1 and 2 mostly fused but partly separated by sinuous margins of 2 lobes; joint 2 with terminal dorsal bristle; indistinct weak suture partly separating 2nd and 3rd joints. Joints 3 and 4 without bristles. Joint 5 with indistinct short ventral bristle. Joint 6 broadening distally, with 3 ventral bristles (2 well-defined, 1 shorter indistinct) and 1 short dorsal bristle. 7th and 8th joints fused with total of 4 bristles (ventral art length and dorsal art length of 2 long bristles).

Second Antenna: Protopodite bare (Figure 10d). Exopodite with 9 joints: joints 1–8 each with long bristle with natatory hairs; joint 9 with 2 bristles (ventral short). Endopodite 3-jointed (Figure 10e): 1st joint with short cylindrical terminal lateral process (stippled); 2nd joint short with small indistinct dorsal bristle, small rounded sclerotized dorsal process, and 5 long terminal bristles; 3rd joint short with 4 long bristles.

Mandible (Figure 10f): Coxale endite elongate with serated tip. Basale with 3 or 4 long spinous bristles on or near ventral margin. Exopodite broadening distally, with 1 or 2 indistinct terminal processes difficult to clearly resolve. Endopodite 2-jointed: 1st joint with 3 spinous ventral bristles and 2 spinous distal dorsal bristles; 2nd joint with 2 spinous terminal bristles (dorsal stouter, somewhat claw-like).

Maxilla (Figure 10g): Precoxale and coxale well defined. Endite of precoxale with about 7 or 8 spinous bristles. Coxale with 2 endites with total of about 6 bristles. Basale: ventral margin with 2 spinous distal bristles; dorsal margin with proximal hump with internal muscles (not shown) extending into exopodite. Exopodite undivided, with 8 long terminal bristles. Endopodite 3-jointed: 1st joint with 1 spinous ventral bristle at midlength; 2nd joint with 4 or 5 spinous bristles (2 or 3 ventral, 2 dorsal); 3rd joint with 4 terminal bristles. (Spines not shown on all bristles.)

Fifth Limb (Figure 10h): Epipodite with about 10 plumose bristles. Coxale with 2 dorsal bristles. Basale, exopodite, and endopodite fused, with total of about 8 bristles. (Spines not shown on all bristles.)

Furca (Figure 10i,j): Each lamella with 7 articulated claws with slender spines along posterior edge. Small nonarticulated process between adjacent claws except for claws 6 and 7. Single nonarticulated pointed process anterior to claw 1 of each lamella. Unpaired pointed process on body proximal to posterior claw. Anterior margin of left lamella with cluster of stout proximal spines (Figure 10j).

Bellonci Organ (Figure 10d,k): 2 plumose slender bristles.

Upper Lip (Figure 10k): Helmet shaped.

Copulatory Organ (Figure 10i,l,m): About same size as furcal lamella (Figure 10i). With hirsute lobe adjacent to divided sclerotized toothed lobe (1 part with 3 teeth, other with 7 (detail in Figure 10m)).

Posterior of Body: With few segments dorsal to furca (Figure 10i).

DESCRIPTION OF ADULT FEMALE (Figure 11).—Carapace similar to that of adult male (Figure 11a,b,f). (Pebbly surface within reticules not shown in Figure 11a; reticules not shown in Figure 11f.)

Carapace Size: USNM 193972, length including rostrum 0.26 mm, length excluding rostrum 0.23 mm, height 0.21 mm; USNM 193971, length including rostrum 0.26 mm, length excluding rostrum 0.24 mm, height 0.21 mm.

First Antenna (Figure 11c,g): Joints 1–5 similar to those of adult male. Joint 6 without bristles. Joints 7 and 8 fused, with total of 5 bristles (2 long, 1 medium (anterior) and 2 short).

Second Antenna: Protopodite and exopodite similar to those of adult male (Figure 11c). Endopodite (Figure 11h): 1st joint bare; 2nd joint with 6 bristles (1 short dorsal, 5 long terminal and ventral); 3rd joint with 4 long bristles.

Mandible (Figure 11c,d,e,i): Basale with 4 ventral bristles and exopodite with only 1 cylindrical terminal process (Figure 11e,i), otherwise similar to that of adult male. Left limb of USNM 193971 aberrant in having spinous bristle in place of exopodite (Figure 11d).

FIGURE 10.—Pontopolycope mylax, new species, USNM 193973, paratype, adult male: a, complete specimen from left side, carapace length including rostrum 0.24 mm; b, inside view of right valve; c, left 1st antenna (only proximal part of long bristles shown; limb mounted with ventral margin at top), lv; d, Bellonci organ and protopodite of left 2nd antenna, lv; e, endopodite of right 2nd antenna (only proximal part of long bristles shown), mv; f, left mandible, mv; g, left maxilla (only proximal part of long bristles shown), mv; h, 5th limb; i, posterior of body from left side showing copulatory organ and left lamella of furca (see j for cluster of spines on anterior margin of lamella); j, left lamella of furca, lv; k, anterior of body from left side showing Bellonci organ and outline of upper lip; l, copulatory organ from right side and right lamella of furca (only claw 1 shown); m, detail of copulatory organ from right side, from l.

FIGURE 11.—Pontopolycope mylax, new species, USNM 193971, paratype, adult female: a, complete specimen from left side, carapace length including rostrum 0.26 mm; b, inside of anterior of left valve (part outside of selvage stippled); c, body from left side showing location of appendages (not all parts of limbs shown); d, left mandible, lv; e, exopodite of right mandible, mv. USNM 193972, paratype, adult female: f, complete specimen from left side (surface reticulations not shown; not all bristles shown on projecting limbs), carapace length including rostrum 0.26 mm; g, bristles of Bellonci organ and right 1st antenna, lv; h, endopodite of left 2nd antenna (only proximal part shown of long bristles), mv; i, left mandible (not all spines shown on bristles), lv; j, posterior of body from right side showing right lamella of furca.

Maxilla (Figure 11c): Similar to that of adult male.

Fifth Limb (Figure 11c): Obscured but in general similar to that of adult male.

Furca (Figure 11c,j): Similar to that of adult male, except anterior margin of left lamella bare, not with cluster of stout proximal spines present on male.

Eggs: USNM 193971 with unextruded mass of minute amber-colored globules in posterior part of body that may be related to egg formation (dashed oval in Figure 11c).

COMPARISONS.—Pontopolycope moenia is known only from its shell, which is more elongate than that of P. mylax. The shell of P. dentata is punctate, not reticulate like that of P. mylax, and the rostrum is narrower (tooth-like). The shell of P. rostrata has lateral and marginal spines not present on P. mylax.

Appendix

Station Data with Specimens Examined

(in chronological order)

Sta 90-005, 11 Jun 1990, East Bull Cave, Discovery Bay, St. Ann Parish; salinity 14.5 ppt (surface and bottom); collected with a 93 μm mesh plankton net from the water column and gravel bottom in 0–2 m depths.

    Danielopolina elizabethae: 1 adult male, USNM 193963.

Sta 90-006, 11 Jun 1990, Dairy Bull Cave, Discovery Bay, St. Ann Parish; salinity 16.5 (surface)–22.5 (bottom) ppt, collected with a 93 μm mesh plankton net from the water column and gravel and sand bottom of the pool extending around the perimeter of the first room in 0–2.5 m depths.

    Pontopolycope mylax: 3 adult females, USNM 193971, 193972, 193974; 1 adult male, USNM 193973; 46 adults and juveniles, USNM 193975.

Sta 90-010, 13 Jun 1990, Air Strip Cave #5, Discovery Bay, St. Ann Parish; salinity 26 (surface)–29.5 (bottom) ppt, collected with a 93 μm mesh plankton net from the water column and rocky bottom in 0–3 m depths.

    Spelaeoecia jamaicensis: 1 A–1 or A–2 male, USNM 193961; 1 juvenile (sex unknown), USNM 193966.

Sta 90-032, 30 Jun 1990, South Bull Cave, Discovery Bay, St. Ann Parish; salinity 18 (surface)–22.5 (bottom) ppt, collected with a 280 μm mesh plankton net from the water column and sandy bottom sediments in 0–3 m depths.

    Spelaeoecia jamaicensis: 1 A–1 or A–2 female, USNM 193964; 5 juveniles (sex unknown), USNM 193965.

Sta 90-033, 30 Jun 1990, Dairy Bull Cave, Discovery Bay, St. Ann Parish; salinity 16.5 (surface)–22.5 (bottom) ppt, 2 specimens (1 lost) collected with a 280 μm mesh plankton net from the water column at 0–3 m depths.

    Danielopolina elizabethae: 1 late juvenile, USNM 193962.

Sta 90-035, 30 Jun 1990, Air Strip Cave #1, Discovery Bay, St. Ann Parish; salinity 25 (surface)–29.5 (bottom) ppt, collected wilh a 280 μm mesh plankton net from the water column and organic detritus on the bottom in 0–5 m depths.

    Spelaeoecia jamaicensis: 1 juvenile (sex unknown), USNM 193967.

Sla 90-036. 30 Jun 1990, Air Strip Cave #2. Discovery Bay, St. Ann Parish; salinity 25 (surface)–28 (bottom) ppt, collected with a 280 μm mesh plankton net from the water column in 0–5 m depths.

    Spelaeoecia jamaicensis: 1 juvenile (sex unknown), USNM 193968.

Literature Cited

Angel, Martin V., and Thomas M. Iliffe

1987.   Spelaeoecia bermudensis, New Genus, New Species, a Halocyprid Ostracod from Marine Caves in Bermuda. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 7(3):541–553, figures 1–7, tables 1–3.

Chavtur, V.G.

1979.   [New Data on Ostracodes of the Polycopidae Family (Ostracoda-Cladocopa) for Eastern Seas.] In Investigations of Pelagic and Bottom Organisms from the Far-Eastem Seas. Transactions of the Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Science Center, Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. (Vladivostok), 15:91–105, figures 1–8. [In Russian; translated by Dr. Ervin G. Otvos.]

1981.   [On the Systematic Position of the Modern Ostracoda in the Family Polycopidae (Ostracoda, Cladocopinae).] Trudy Institute Okeanologiia, 115:53–60. [In Russian; translated by Dr. Ervin G. Otvos.]

Dana, J.D.

1853.   Tribe III: Cyproidea = Ostracoda. In Crustacea. In United States Exploring Expedition during the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, under the Command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N., with Atlas of 96 plates, 14(2):1277–1304, plates 90, 91. Philadelphia: C. Sherman.

Danielopol, D.L.

1972.   Sur la Presence de Thaumatocypris orghidani n.sp. (Ostracoda-Myodocopida) dans une Grotto de Cuba. Compte Rendu de l’Academie des Sciences (Paris), 274:1390–1393, figures A-D.

Fincham, Alan

1977.   Jamaica Underground. 247 pages. Kingston: Geological Society of Jamaica.

Hartmann, Gerd

1985.   Danielopolina wilkensi n. sp. (Halocyprida, Thaumatocyprididae), ein neuer Ostracode aus einem marinen Lava-Tunnel auf Lanzarote (Kanarische Inseln). Mitteilung aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischer Museum und Institut, 82:255–261, figures 1–8.

Iliffe, Thomas M.

1990.   Crevicular Dispersal of Marine Cave Faunas. Mémoires de Biolspéologie, 17:93–96.

Joy, James L., and David L. Clark

1977.   The Distribution, Ecology, and Systematics of the Benthic Ostracoda of the Central Arctic Ocean. Micropaleontology, 23(2): 129–154, plates 1–3, tables 1–3

Kornicker, Louis S.

1989.   The Adult Male of the Troglobitic Ostracode Spelaeocia bermudensis Angel and Iliffe, 1987, from an Anchialine Cave in Bermuda (Crustacea: Ostracoda: Halocypridoidea). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 102(2):313–323, figures 1–5.

Kornicker, Louis S., and Thomas M. Iliffe

1985.   Deeveyinae, a New Subfamily of Ostracoda (Halocyprididae) from a Marine Cave on the Turks and Caicos Islands. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 92(2):476–493, figures 1–13.

1989a. New Ostracoda (Halocyprida: Thaumatocyprididae and Halocyprididae) from Anchialine Caves in the Bahamas, Palau, and Mexico. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 470: 47 pages, 22 figures, 8 tables.

1989b. Ostracoda (Myodocopina, Cladocopina, Halocypridina) Mainly from Anchialine Caves in Bermuda. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 475: 88 pages, 49 figures, 22 tables.

1989c. Troglobitic Ostracoda (Myodocopa: Cypridinidae, Thaumatocyprididae) from Anchialine Pools on Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos Islands. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 483: 38 pages, 17 figures, 15 tables.

Kornicker, Louis S., and R.J. Palmer

1987.   Deeveya bransoni, a New Species of Troglobitic Halocyprid Ostracode from Anchialine Caves on South Andros Island, Bahamas (Crustacea: Ostracoda). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 100(3):610–623, figures 1–6, table 1.

Kornicker, Louis S., and I.G. Sohn

1976.   Phylogeny, Ontogeny, and Morphology of Living and Fossil Thaumatocypridacea (Myodocopa: Ostracoda). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 219: 124 pages, 93 figures, 14 tables.

Kornicker, Louis S., Jill Yager, and Dennis Williams

1990.   Ostracoda (Halocyprididae) from Anchialine Caves in the Bahamas. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 495: 51 pages, 30 figures, 4 tables.

Müller, G.W.

1894.   Die Ostracoden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. In Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel, 21:404 pages, 40 plates.

1906.   Ostracoda. In Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutsche Tiefsee-Expedition…1898–1899, 8(2): 154 pages, 31 plates.

Peck, Stewart B.

1975.   The Invertebrate Fauna of Tropical American Caves, Part III: Jamaica, an Introduction. International Journal of Speleology, 7(4):303–326.

Sars, G.O.

1866.   Oversigt af Norges marine Ostracoder. Forhandlinger Videnskabs-Selskabeti Christiania, 8: 130 pages. [Preprint: 1865.]

Stock, Jan H.

1983.   The Stygobiont Amphipoda of Jamaica. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 53(2):267–286.

REQUIREMENTS FOR SMITHSONIAN SERIES PUBLICATION

Manuscripts intended for series publication receive substantive review (conducted by their originating Smithsonian museums or offices) and are submitted to the Smithsonian Institution Press with Form SI-36, which must show the approval of the appropriate authority designated by the sponsoring organizational unit. Requests for special treatment—use of color, foldouts, case-bound covers, etc.—require, on the same form, the added approval of the sponsoring authority.

Review of manuscripts and art by the Press for requirements of series format and style, completeness and clarity of copy, and arrangement of all material, as outlined below, will govern, within the judgment of the Press, acceptance or rejection of manuscripts and art.

Copy must be prepared on typewriter or word processor, double-spaced, on one side of standard white bond paper (not erasable), with 1art″ margins, submitted as ribbon copy (not carbon or xerox), in loose sheets (not stapled or bound), and accompanied by original art. Minimum acceptable length is 30 pages.

Front matter (preceding the text) should include: title page with only title and author and no other information, abstract page with author, title, series, etc., following the established format; table of contents with indents reflecting the hierarchy of heads in the paper; also, foreword and/or preface, if appropriate.

First page of text should carry the title and author at the top of the page; second page should have only the author's name and professional mailing address, to be used as an unnumbered footnote on the first page of printed text.

Center heads of whatever level should be typed with initial caps of major words, with extra space above and below the head, but no other preparation (such as all caps or underline, except for the underline necessary for generic and specific epithets). Run-in paragraph heads should use period/dashes or colons as necessary.

Tabulations within text (lists of data, often in parallel columns) can be typed on the text page where they occur, but they should not contain rules or numbered table captions.

Formal tables (numbered, with captions, boxheads, stubs, rules) should be submitted as carefully typed, double-spaced copy separate from the text, they will be typeset unless otherwise requested. If camera-copy use is anticipated, do not draw rules on manuscript copy.

Taxonomic keys in natural history papers should use the aligned-couplet form for zoology and may use the multi-level indent form for botany. If cross referencing is required between key and text, do not include page references within the key, but number the keyed-out taxa, using the same numbers with their corresponding heads in the text.

Synonymy in zoology must use the short form (taxon, author, year:page), with full reference at the end of the paper under “Literature Cited.” For botany, the long form (taxon, author, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, page, year, with no reference in “Literature Cited”) is optional.

Text-reference system (author, year:page used within the text, with full citation in “Literature Cited” at the end of the text) must be used in place of bibliographic footnotes in all Contributions Series and is strongly recommended in the Studies Series: “(Jones. 1910:122)” or “…Jones (1910:122).” If bibliographic footnotes are required, use the short form (author, brief title, page) with the full citation in the bibliography.

Footnotes, when few in number, whether annotative or bibliographic, should be typed on separate sheets and inserted immediately after the text pages on which the references occur. Extensive notes must be gathered together and placed at the end of the text in a notes section.

Bibliography, depending upon use, is termed “Literature Cited,” “References,” or “Bibliography.” Spell out titles of books, articles, journals, and monographic series. For book and article titles use sentence-style capitalization according to the rules of the language employed (exception: capitalize all major words in English). For journal and series titles, capitalize the initial word and all subsequent words except articles, conjunctions, and prepositions. Transliterate languages that use a non-Roman alphabet according to the Library of Congress system. Underline (for italics) titles of journals and series and titles of books that are not part of a series. Use the parentheses/colon system for volume (number): pagination: “10(2):5–9.” For alignment and arrangement of elements, follow the format of recent publications in the series for which the manuscript is intended. Guidelines for preparing bibliography may be secured from Series Section. SI Press.

Legends for illustrations must be submitted at the end of the manuscript, with as many legends typed, double-spaced, to a page as convenient.

Illustrations must be submitted as original art (not copies) accompanying, but separate from, the manuscript. Guidelines for preparing art may be secured from Series Section, SI Press. All types of illustrations (photographs, line drawings, maps, etc.) may be intermixed throughout the printed text. They should be termed Figures and should be numbered consecutively as they will appear in the monograph. If several illustrations are treated as components of a single composite figure, they should be designated by lowercase italic letters on the illustration; also, in the legend and in text references the italic letters (underlined in copy) should be used: “Figure 9b.” Illustrations that are intended to follow the printed text may be termed Plates, and any components should be similarly lettered and referenced: “Plate 9b.” Keys to any symbols within an illustration should appear on the art rather than in the legend.

Some points of style: Do not use periods after such abbreviations as “mm, ft, USNM, NNE.” Spell out numbers “one” through “nine” in expository text, but use digits in all other cases if possible. Use of the metric system of measurement is preferable; where use of the English system is unavoidable, supply metric equivalents in parentheses. Use the decimal system for precise measurements and relationships, common fractions for approximations. Use day/month/year sequence for dates: “9 April 1976.” For months in tabular listings or data sections, use three-letter abbreviations with no periods: “Jan, Mar, Jun.” etc. Omit space between initials of a personal name: “J.B. Jones.”

Arrange and paginate sequentially every sheet of manuscript in the following order:(1) title page. (2) abstract, (3) contents, (4) foreword and/or preface, (5) text, (6) appendixes, (7) notes section, (8) glossary, (9) bibliography. (10) legends, (11) tables. Index copy may be submitted at page proof stage, but plans for an index should be indicated when manuscript is submitted.