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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 47

New Entocytherid Ostracods with a Key to the Genera of the Subfamily Entocytherinae

Horton H. Hobbs, Jr. and H. H. Hobbs III

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

CITY OF WASHINGTON

1970

ABSTRACT

Hobbs, Horton H., Jr., and H. H. Hobbs III. New Entocytherid Ostracods with a Key to the Genera of the Subfamily Entocytherinae. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 47:1–19, 1970.—Following a key to the genera of the subfamily Entocytherinae, keys to the species of each of the genera, Ascetocythere, Dactylocythere, and Geocythere precede the descriptions of new species, A. lita, D. coloholca, D. macroholca, D. pughae, and G. nessoides. Entocythere tyttha and a new genus and species, Lordocythere petersi, are also described, and Thermastrocythere harti is synonymized with T. riojai, new combination. All of the new species are from the southeastern part of the United States.

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New Entocytherid Ostracods with a Key to the Genera of the Subfamily Entocytherinae

Horton H. Hobbs, Jr. and H. H. Hobbs III

____________

Horton H. Hobbs, Jr., Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. H. H. Hobbs III, Department of Zoology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401

Presented here are a key to the genera of the subfamily Entocytherinae, descriptions of a new genus and seven new species, together with keys to the members of the genera Ascetocythere, Dactylocythere, the largest of the entocytherid genera, and Geocythere. The genus Lordocythere is proposed to receive an undescribed species, occurring in the Cumberland drainage system in southeastern Kentucky, which differs from all entocytherids in possessing, among other features, a posteriorly oriented penis. The remaining species, all also from the southeastern part of the United States, are assigned to Ascetocythere, Dactylocythere, Entocythere, and Geocythere.

The most recent key to the genera of the subfamily is that of Hobbs and Hart (1966:36). Following this publication, five additional genera, including that proposed herein, have been added, thus bringing the total to 19. Hobbs and Walton described the genera Thermastrocythere (1966:7) and Litocythere (1968:247); Hobbs (1967:2) added the genus Ornithocythere; Hobbs III (1969:167) proposed the genus Saurocythere; and one additional monotypic genus is described herein. The ranges of all of the genera proposed before 1968 are discussed by Hart and Hart (1969).

Listed below are the described genera together with the number of species assigned to each.

| Number
List of genera | of species
Ankylocythere, Hart, 1962:126 | 14
Ascetocythere, Hart, 1962:128 | 12
Cymocythere, Hart, 1962:128 | 3
Dactylocythere, Hart, 1962:129 | 31
Donnaldsoncythere, Rioja, 1942:686 | 10
Entocythere, Marshall, 1903:120 | 12
Geocythere, Hart, 1962:134 | 3
Harpagocythere, Hobbs III, 1965: 163 | 2
Litocythere, Hobbs and Walton, 1968:247 | 1
Lordocythere (new genus, herein) | 1
Okriocythere, Hart, 1964:243 | 1
Ornithocythere, Hobbs, 1967:2 | 2
Phymocythere, Hobbs and Hart, 1966: 48 | 1
Plectocythere, Hobbs III, 1965:161 | 2
Rhadinocythere, Hart, 1962:135 | 1
Sagittocythere, Hart, 1962:135 | 2
Saurocythere, Hobbs III, 1969:167 | 1
Thermastrocythere, Hobbs and Walton, 1966:7 | 1
Uncinocythere, Hart, 1962:136 | 21

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—We are grateful to Dabney G. and C. W. Hart, Jr., and Raymond B. Manning for their criticisms of the manuscript and to Jean E. Pugh and Daniel J. Peters for their assistance in collecting most of the crayfishes from which the type-specimens utilized in this paper were taken.

Key to the Genera of the Subfamily Entocytherinae

Key to the Genera of the Subfamily Entocytherinae—Continued

Genus Ascetocythere Hart, 1962

DIAGNOSIS.—Terminal tooth of mandible pectinate. Male copulatory complex without finger guard; peniferum extending ventrally much beyond clasping apparatus, elongate, comparatively slender, with subterminal bulbous enlargement bearing one to several projections; penis consisting of separate dorsal spermatic and ventral prostatic elements basally and directed anteriorly or anteroventrally; both elements always shorter than clasping apparatus; accessory groove lacking. Clasping apparatus well developed and may or may not be clearly divisible into vertical and horizontal rami; external border of horizontal ramus entire, internal border with two, three, or no teeth along apical half, if present, often grouped far distally with three apical denticles. Triunguis female lacking pectinate process on distal podomere of second antenna; genital complex consisting of genital papilla but lacking J-shaped rod and amiculum. (Slightly modified from Hobbs and Hart, 1966:37–38.)

TYPE-SPECIES.—Entocythere asceta Hobbs and Walton, 1962:43; by designation, Hart, 1962:128.

Key to the Species of the Genus Ascetocythere

(Modified from Hobbs and Hart, 1966)

Key to the Species of the Genus Ascetocythere—Continued

Ascetocythere lita, new species

FIGURES 1a–d

MALE.—Eye pigmented. Shell (Figure 1c) subovate with posterior region much higher than anterior, greatest height slightly posterior to midlength; ventral margin weakly concave anterior to midlength. Submarginal setae, although sparse, present anteriorly, posteriorly, and ventrally; absent dorsally.

Copulatory complex (Figures 1a, b) with peniferum bearing two prominences extending from subterminal expansion: anterior process straight and rodlike, its length subequal to that of anteroposterior plane of distal portion of peniferum, and directed anteriorly from upper surface of bulbous expansion; ventral process heavier than anterior process, broad at base and tapering anteroventrally, bearing longitudinal penial groove. Penis long, otherwise unremarkable. Clasping apparatus divisible into vertical and horizontal rami, former with subangular bend proximally; internal border of horizontal ramus with three teeth, proximal most prominent; external border entire, curving anterodorsally from junction of rami to level of proximal tooth on internal border, from there extending anteriorly to base of three apical denticles. Dorsal finger comparatively stout and terminating in simple seta directed ventrally; ventral finger slender, curved anteriorly parallel to anterior process of peniferum.

TRIUNGUIS FEMALE.—Eye pigmented. Shell (Figure 1d) of approximately same size and otherwise similar to that of male. Genital complex situated posterodorsally and consisting of sclerotized cone-shaped prominence tapering ventrally with orifice at ventral extremity; paired fingerlike projections lateral to cone directed ventrally; small sclerotized rod surrounded by granular mass located anterodorsally to cone.

Measurements (in millimeters) of ten males and two females:

| Holotype | Males | Allotype | Females
Length (range) | 0.42 | 0. 39-0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42
Average |  | 0.41 |  | 0.42
Height (range) | 0.25 | 0.23-0. 26 | 0.23 | 0. 23-0. 25
Average |  | 0.24 |  | 0.24

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Creek and burrows in seepage area (Cumberland River drainage system), 4.8 miles southwest of junction of U.S. Hwy. 25W and Interstate Hwy. 75 on U.S. Hwy. 25W, southwest of Corbin, Whitley County, Kentucky. This is the only locality from which A. lita has been collected.

DISPOSITION OF TYPES.—The holotypic male and allotype are deposited in the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution), numbers 126251 and 126252. Paratypes are in the collections of C. W. Hart, Jr. (1 art), H.H.H. III (1 art), and the Smithsonian Institution (2art, 1art).

HOSTS.—Cambarus sphenoides Hobbs and an unidentified species of the genus Cambarus.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Donnaldsoncythere tuberosa (Hart and Hobbs 1961: 182), Dactylocythere coloholca (see under the species), D. pughae (see under the species), and Lordocythere petersi (see under the species).

RELATIONSHIPS.—Ascetocythere lita unquestionably has its closest affinities with the members of the Asceta Group (Hobbs and Hart, 1966: 39) and is more closely allied to A. batchi than to any other member of the genus. It may be distinguished from all other species of the group by the major bend of the clasping apparatus occurring distal to the midlength, one of the characters utilized by Hobbs and Hart (op. cit.: 44) in defining the Coryphodes Group. In light of the fact that A. lita obviously is more closely related to A. asceta and its allies than to A. coryphodes and its relatives, this character must be deleted from the definition of the two groups. Like the members of the Asceta Group, the internal border of the clasping apparatus of A. lita has three teeth not grouped with the terminal denticles, and the distal portion of the peniferum is armed with projections.

FIGURE 1.—Ascetocythere lita, type-locality: a, copulatory complex of male; b, clasping apparatus of male; c, shell of male; d, shell of female.

ETYMOLOGY.—Litos (Greek) = plain; referring to the comparatively unadorned peniferum of the male copulatory complex.

Genus Dactylocythere Hart, 1962

DIAGNOSIS.—Terminal tooth of mandible pectinate. Male copulatory complex with finger guard; peniferum, except in D. leptophylax, never extending ventrally beyond clasping apparatus and never with bulbous enlargement or conspicuous terminal or subterminal processes nor terminating in barbed point; penis complex directed anteroventrally, simple, with spermatic and prostatic elements contiguous throughout their lengths and shorter than clasping apparatus; accessory groove conspicuous except in D. leptophylax. Clasping apparatus well developed, often divisible into vertical and horizontal rami; external border of horizontal ramus entire, and internal border with or without teeth. Triunguis female with second antenna lacking accessory pectinate process on distal podomere; genital complex including J-shaped rod and amiculum except in D. coloholca (see under the species).

TYPE-SPECIES.—Entocythere runki Hobbs, 1955: 330; by designation, Hart, 1962:129.

Key to the Species of the Genus Dactylocythere

Key to the Species of the Genus Dactylocythere—Continued

Key to the Species of the Genus Dactylocythere—Continued

Dactylocythere coloholca, new species

FIGURES 2a–d

MALE.—Eye pigmented, located approximately one-third shell length from anterior margin. Shell (Figure 2c) oblong-ovate with posterior region vaulted and posteroventral margin subangulate; margins entire. Submarginal setae moderate in number and evenly spaced anteriorly, posteriorly, and ventrally. Sternal spine lacking.

Copulatory complex (Figures 2a, b) with finger guard strongly concave posteriorly and slightly concave distally; peniferum heavy, tapering ventrally but with ventral surface truncate; accessory groove short, extending posterodorsally but not nearly reaching level of ventral extremity of loop of spermatic duct; peniferal groove opening ventrally, its apical width approximately two-thirds that of diameter of vertical ramus of clasping apparatus; penis L-shaped and situated in ventral third of peniferum; clasping apparatus, extending ventral to peniferum, divisible into vertical and horizontal rami, forming angle of less than 90 degrees, external borders of both rami and internal border of vertical ramus entire, internal border of horizontal ramus with three teeth, apex of ramus with three denticles; both dorsal and ventral fingers slender, latter more than twice length of former and gently curved throughout its length.

TRIUNGUIS FEMALE.—Eye pigmented, located approximately one-fifth shell length from anterior margin. Shell (Figure 2d) distinctly larger than that of male, highly vaulted posteriorly, subangular posteroventrally, and with slight ventral concavity anterior to midlength. Submarginal setae as in male. Genital complex situated posterodorsally and consisting of posteroventrally directed rod surrounded by granular mass together with small ventrally directed papilla situated immediately posterodorsal to rod; J-shaped rod and amiculum absent. In lacking latter, triunguis female of this species unique in genus.

Measurements (in millimeters) of ten males and ten females:

| Holotype | Males | Allotype | Females
Length (range) | 0.44 | 0. 43-0.48 | 0.49 | 0. 49-0. 54
Average |  | 0.46 |  | 0.52
Height (range) | 0.26 | 0. 25-0. 27 | 0.32 | 0. 32-0. 34
Average |  | 0.27 |  | 0.33

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Creek and burrows in seepage area (Cumberland River drainage system) 4.8 miles southwest of junction of U.S. Hwy. 25W and Interstate Hwy. 75, on former, southwest of Corbin, Whitley County, Kentucky. This is the only locality from which D. coloholca has been collected.

DISPOSITION OF TYPES.—The holotypic male and allotype are deposited in the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution), numbers 126253 and 126254. Paratypes are in the collections of C. W. Hart, Jr. (1 art, 1 art), H.H.H. III (1art, 1art), and the Smithsonian Institution (4 art, 3art).

HOST.—Cambarus sphenoides Hobbs.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Ascetocythere lita, new species, Donnaldsoncythere tuberosa, Dactylocythere pughae (see under the species), and Lordocythere petersi (see under the species).

RELATIONSHIPS.—Dactylocythere coloholca appears to have its closest affinities with D. prinsi which resembles it in lacking a sternal spine and possessing a comparatively slender clasping apparatus in which the vertical and horizontal rami are clearly divisible, and in having a very short accessory groove in the peniferum. Except for the latter characteristic, D. myura also appears to be a near relative. Dactylocythere coloholca may be distinguished from D. prinsi by possessing a shorter finger guard and by the opening of the peniferal groove being directed ventrally, instead of posteriorly. Furthermore, the females differ from all other members of the genus in lacking a J-shaped rod and an amiculum.

ETYMOLOGY.—Kolos (Greek) = shortened, + holkos = furrow; so named because of the very short accessory groove of the peniferum.

FIGURE 2.—Dactylocythere coloholca, type-locality: a, copulatory complex of male; b, clasping apparatus of male; c, shell of male; d, shell of female.

Dactylocythere macroholca, new species

FIGURES 3a–d

MALE.—Eye pigmented, located approximately one-fifth shell length from anterior margin. Shell (Figure 3d) subovate with greatest height posterior to midlength; ventral margin with broad shallow concavity, otherwise entire. Submarginal setae present in limited numbers anteriorly, ventrally, and very sparse posteriorly. Sternal spine lacking.

Copulatory complex (Figures 3a, b) possessing finger guard with broad base tapering anteroventrally to fingerlike projection, ending without tubercles; peniferum elongate with greatest width at level of penis; distal apex of peniferum twisted and anteroventral portion with small mesially folded flange; accessory groove very long, extending well beyond dorsal extremity of spermatic loop and slightly beyond dorsal one-seventh of peniferum; apex of peniferal groove approximately one-fourth greatest width of vertical ramus of clasping apparatus; penis small and L-shaped and situated in ventral third of peniferum; clasping apparatus heavy, divisible into horizontal and vertical rami disposed at approximately 90 degrees; internal border of vertical ramus entire, its external border bearing prominent angular shoulder slightly proximal to midlength, and distal half of ramus approximately 1.5 times as broad as width immediately above shoulder; external border of horizontal ramus entire and tapering; internal border bearing four teeth, and apex of ramus with three denticles; both dorsal and ventral fingers slender, dorsal one bifurcate; ventral finger bent at midlength, forming angle of approximately 130 degrees.

TRIUNGUIS FEMALE.—Eye pigmented, located one-third shell length from anterior margin. Shell (Figure 3c) obovate, highly vaulted, and highest slightly posterior to midlength; submarginal setae as in male except more abundant posteriorly. Genital complex composed of large J-shaped rod and massive amiculum, latter protruding well beyond posterior margin of shell; two or three posterodorsally directed papillae situated between dorsal portion of J-shaped rod and amiculum.

Measurements (in millimeters) of three males and two females:

| Holotype | Males | Allotype | Females
Length (range) | 0.6 | 0. 58-0. 62 | 0.61 | 0.61
Average |  | 0.6 |  | 0.61
Height (range) | 0.41 | 0. 35-0.41 | 0.42 | 0. 40-0.42
Average |  | 0.39 |  | 0.41

FIGURE 3.—Dactylocythere macroholca, type-locality: a, copulatory complex of male; b, clasping apparatus of male; c, shell of female; d, shell of male.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Trammel Creek and tributary (Barren River drainage system), 3.6 miles south of Scottsville on U.S. Hwy. 31E, Allen County, Kentucky. This is the only known locality for the species.

DISPOSITION OF TYPES.—The holotypic male and allotype are deposited in the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution), numbers 126255 and 126256. Paratypes are in the collections of C. W. Hart, Jr. (1 art), H.H.H. III (1 art), and the Smithsonian Institution (1 art, 1 art).

HOSTS.—All specimens were recovered from a collection of crayfishes containing Orconectes juvenilis (Hagen), Cambarus diogenes subsp., C. tenebrosus Hay, C. striatus Hay, and an unidentified member of the genus Cambarus.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Donnaldsoncythere hiwasseensis (Hobbs and Walton, 1961:381), Dactylocythere cooperorum, and Uncinocythere zancla Hobbs and Walton, 1963:456.

RELATIONSHIPS.—Only two other entocytherids have such long accessory grooves in the peniferum as is exhibited by Dactylocythere macroholca: D. amicula and D. mecoscapha. Both of these have similarly constructed finger guards and clasping apparatus, and the amiculum of D. amicula protrudes from the shell even more conspicuously than does that of D. macroholca. Neither, however, has an angular shoulder on the external border of the vertical ramus of the clasping apparatus, and, although the finger guard of D. mecoscapha is broad basally, it terminates in two ventrally directed tubercles and the amiculum of the female is not nearly so conspicuous. Of the three, only D. amicula has a prominent sternal spine.

ETYMOLOGY.—Macro (Greek) = large, + holkos = furrow; name chosen because of the extremely long accessory groove of the peniferum.

Dactylocythere pughae, new species

FIGURES 4a–d

MALE.—Eye pigmented, located approximately one-fourth shell length from anterior margin. Shell (Figure 4c) shaped similarly to those of members of cladoceran genus Daphnia, but with posteroventral prominence, and with shallow ventral concavity anterior to midlength. Marginal setae sparse anteriorly, posteriorly, and ventrally, and absent dorsally. Sternal spine well developed and curved with apex directed anteroventrally.

Copulatory complex (Figures 4a, b) with finger guard slender, elongate, undulate, and slightly concave distally; posteroventral portion of peniferum rounded, not forming sharp apex or rounded prominence; accessory groove short, reaching dorsally only to ventralmost level of spermatic loop; apex of peniferal groove wider than least diameter of vertical ramus of clasping apparatus; penis L-shaped, less than half width of peniferum, and situated in ventral third of peniferum; clasping apparatus, extending ventrally beyond peniferum, not clearly divisible into horizontal and vertical rami, and with proximal and distal portions directed at angle of approximately 60 degrees; external border of vertical ramus strongly convex with distinct bend distal to midlength; external borders of both rami and internal border of vertical ramus entire; internal border of horizontal ramus possessing three teeth, proximal one rounded and distal two acute; distal extremely terminating in three denticles; dorsal and ventral fingers slender, each terminating in single seta, with basal third of ventral finger straight and distal two-thirds gently curved.

TRIUNGUIS FEMALE.—Eye pigmented, situated one-fourth shell length from anterior margin. Shell (Figure 4d) markedly similar to that of male, but larger. Genital complex posterodorsal and consisting of J-shaped rod and amiculum; J-shaped rod “S-shaped” with horizontal arm long and straight, ends of both arms anteriorly recurved; amiculum suspended from ventral arm.

| Holotype | Males | Allotype | Females
Length (range) | 0.56 | 0. 47-0. 56 | 0.60 | 0.53-0.60
Average |  | 0.53 |  | 0.57
Height (range) | 0.30 | 0. 26-0.32 | 0.37 | 0. 34-0.38
Average |  | 0.30 |  | 0.36

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Creek and burrows in seepage area (Cumberland River drainage system), 4.8 miles southwest of junction of U.S. Hwy. 25W and Interstate Hwy. 75 on U.S. Hwy. 25W, southwest of Corbin, Whitley County, Kentucky. This is the only locality from which D. pughae has been collected.

DISPOSITION OF TYPES.—The holotypic male and allotype are deposited in the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution), number 126257. Paratypes are in the collections of C. W. Hart, Jr. (1 art, 1 art), Daniel J. Peters (1 art, 1 art), H.H.H. III (1 art, 1 art), and the Smithsonian Institution (3 art, 20 art).

FIGURE 4.—Dactylocythere pughae, type-locality: a, copulatory complex of male; b, clasping apparatus of male; c, shell of male; d, shell of female.

HOSTS.—Cambarus sphenoides Hobbs, Cambarus diogenes subsp., and an unidentified member of the genus Cambarus.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Ascetocythere lita, new species, Donnaldsoncythere tuberosa, Dactylocythere coloholca, new species, and Lordocythere petersi (see under the species).

RELATIONSHIPS.—Dactylocythere pughae shares with D. daphnioides a posteroventral projection of the shell, a prominent sternal spine, and a similar clasping apparatus; however, it differs from the latter, among other features, in possessing a shorter accessory groove, a slenderer and undulating finger guard, and the J-shaped rod of the female is greatly produced horizontally.

ETYMOLOGY.—This species is named in honor of our good friend and one of the collectors of the species, Dr. Jean E. Pugh.

Genus Entocy there Marshall (1903)

DIAGNOSIS.—Terminal tooth of mandible not pectinate (except in E. ruibali Rioja, 1955, and E. tyttha, new species) but occasionally with two or three cusps proximal to apex. Male copulatory complex without finger guard or accessory groove and having variously shaped ventral portion of peniferum; latter usually rounded and partially sclerotized, frequently with sclerotized spine posteroventrally; penis directed anteroventrally or obliquely mesially, simple, with spermatic and prostatic elements contiguous throughout their lengths and much shorter than clasping apparatus. Clasping apparatus well developed, extending ventrally well beyond peniferum, with rami seldom forming angle greater than 90 degrees (except in E. dorsorotunda Hoff, 1944: 341); external border of horizontal ramus entire, internal border with three to eight serrations, and distal extremity of ramus with three to six denticles. Triunguis female with second antenna bearing pectinate process on distal podomere; genital area lacking J-shaped rod and amiculum.

TYPE-SPECIES.—Entocythere cambaria Marshall, 1903: 120; by monotypy.

A key to the species of the genus Entocythere will be included in a review of the entocytherid ostracods of Mexico and Cuba currently being prepared by the senior author.

Entocythere tyttha, new species

FIGURES 5a–e

MALE.—Eye pigmented, located one-fourth shell length from anterior margin. Shell (Figure 5d) subovate with margins entire. Marginal setae moderate in number and evenly spaced along anterior, posterior, and ventral margins. Terminal tooth of mandible pectinate.

Copulatory complex (Figures 5a–c) with peniferum sclerotized and truncate ventrally, possessing acute projection at anteroventral extremity and low, rounded protuberance posteroventrally; penis comparatively large, located in distal third of peniferum; clasping apparatus with horizontal and vertical rami joined by gentle arc; vertical ramus convex anteriorly and with longitudinal groove on proximal external border; internal border of vertical ramus and external border of horizontal ramus entire; internal border of horizontal ramus bearing five teeth; distal extremity terminating in three denticles; dorsal and ventral fingers slender; dorsal finger bifurcate distally; ventral finger anteriorly convex proximally and with subangular bend of approximately 90 degrees near midlength, thus paralleling contour of clasping apparatus.

TRIUNGUIS FEMALE.—Eye pigmented, located as in male; shell (Figure 5e) slightly larger than that of male but with submarginal setae similarly dispersed. Genital complex consisting of prominent tubercle, partially surrounded by coiled amorphous mass, and long, slender anteroventrally projecting process.

Measurements (in millimeters) of four males and two females:

| Holotype | Males | Allotype | Females
Length (range) | 0.46 | 0.41-0.46 | 0.48 | 0.48
Average |  | 0.43 |  | 0.48
Height (range) | 0.25 | 0. 22-0. 26 | 0.29 | 0. 28-0. 29
Average |  | 0.24 |  | 0.29

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Tributary of the Obion River, 6.0 miles southwest of Wingo on U.S. Hwy. 45, Graves County, Kentucky. This is the only known locality for the species.

DISPOSITION OF TYPES.—The holotypic male and allotype are deposited in the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution), number 126258. Paratypes are in the collections of C. W. Hart, Jr. (1 art), H.H.H. III (1 art), and the Smithsonian Institution (1 art, 1art).

HOST.—Fallicambarus hedgpethi (Hobbs)

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATE.—Ankylocythere harmani Hobbs, 1966:71.

RELATIONSHIPS.—Entocythere tyttha has a very close relative in E. dentata Crawford, 1965:151. Not only does the latter have a similar clasping apparatus but also has three lateral cusps on the distal tooth of the mandible, thus approaching the pectinate condition found in E. tyttha. In addition, the female genital complex in the two is remarkably similar. The two species differ, however, in that the clasping apparatus of E. dentata is more angular and lacks a longitudinal groove on the external border of the vertical ramus, and, as pointed out immediately above, the mandible is not pectinate.

FIGURE 5.—Entocythere tyttha, type-locality: a, copulatory complex of male; b, c, clasping apparatus of male; d, shell of male; e, shell of female.

ETYMOLOGY.—Tytthos (Greek) = small; name chosen because this species is one of the smallest, if not the smallest, representative of the genus.

Genus Geocythere Hart, 1962

DIAGNOSIS.—Terminal tooth of mandible pectinate. Male copulatory complex lacking finger guard and accessory groove; peniferum with ventral portion large, extending ventrally considerably beyond clasping apparatus, and with conspicuous anteriorly or anterodorsally directed projection; projection obliquely truncate and extending from anterior surface rather than being continuous with ventral margin; penis large, U-shaped, extending anteriorly from base but curved with apex directed posteroventrally and with spermatic and prostatic elements contiguous throughout their lengths. Clasping apparatus somewhat L-shaped, but only in G. nessoides, new species, clearly divisible into vertical and horizontal rami; internal border entire except near distal extremity where annulate or emarginate; external border with one to four prominences variously situated along distal half of apparatus. Triunguis female with second antenna lacking accessory pectinate process on distal podomere; genital complex without J-shaped rod or amiculum but possessing heavily sclerotized genital papilla posterodorsally.

TYPE-SPECIES.—Geocythere geophila Hart, 1959: 159; by designation, Hart, 1962:135.

Key to the Species of the Genus Geocythere

Geocythere nessoides, new species

FIGURES 6a–d, 8

MALE.—Eye pigmented, located one-fourth shell length from anterior margin. Shell (Figure 6c) sub-elliptical with greatest height slightly posterior to midlength. Submarginal setae scarce but somewhat evenly distributed anteriorly, posteriorly, and ventrally.

Copulatory complex (Figures 6a, b) with peniferum extending ventrally beyond clasping apparatus for distance greater than length of vertical ramus of apparatus; portion ventral to level of dorsal margin of loop of spermatic duct 1.5 times longer than portion dorsal to loop; ventral swollen portion with (1) heavy, obliquely truncate, and horizontally grooved projection extending anteriorly, and (2) much smaller subacute tuberculiform prominence directed posteroventrally from ventral surface. Clasping apparatus with distinct vertical and horizontal rami forming angle of approximately 90 degrees, former third longer than latter with margins entire (although internal border strongly convex) and slender proximal fourth bent posterodorsally; horizontal ramus with external border bearing four rounded prominences along proximal half, distal half of ramus with three annulations and single apical denticle. Dorsal finger with single apical seta; ventral finger slender and sinuous, resembling contour of anterior margin of peniferum.

TRIUNGUIS FEMALE.—Eye pigmented and situated as in male. Shell (Figure 6d) similar to that of male but with concavity on ventral margin anterior to midlength. Genital complex consisting of small posterodorsally situated conical papilla, surrounded by amorphous mass, directed anteroventrally.

Measurements (in millimeters) of ten males and ten females:

| Holotype | Males | Allotype | Females
Length (range) | 0.46 | 0.42-0.47 | 0.45 | 0.35-0.50
Average |  | 0.45 |  | 0.45
Height (range) | 0.27 | 0. 25-0. 27 | 0.25 | 0.23-0.29
Average |  | 0.26 |  | 0.26

FIGURE 6.—Geocythere nessoides, type-locality: a, copulatory complex of male; b, clasping apparatus of male; c, shell of male; d, shell of female.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Burrows in roadside ditch (Biloxi River drainage) along U.S. Hwy. 49, 0.7 mile north of Harrison, Stone County, Mississippi.

DISPOSITION OF TYPES.—The holotypic male and allotype are deposited in the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution), numbers 126259 and 126260. Paratypes are in the collections of NMNH (1 art), C. W. Hart, Jr. (1 art), Daniel J. Peters (1 art), H.H.H. III (5 art), and the Smithsonian Institution (2 art, 1 art).

FIGURE 7.—Copulatory complexes of males; a, Geocythere geophila; b, Geocythere gyralea.

HOSTS.—Cambarus diogenes diogenes Girard, C. d. ludovicianus Faxon, and Fallicambarus hedgpethi (Hobbs).

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Ankylocythere harmani, an undescribed species of each of the genera Ankylocythere and Ornithocythere.

RANGE.—This ostracod is associated with one or two of the burrowing crayfishes listed above in several localities in the following: MISSISSIPPI—Amite, Jefferson Davis, Lincoln, Marion, Rankin, Scott, and Stone counties; LOUISIANA—East Feliciana, St. Helena, and Tangipahoa parishes (see Figure 8). All of these localities are in the Lake Pontchartrain, Pearl, and Biloxi drainage systems.

RELATIONSHIPS.—Geocythere nessoides is perhaps more closely allied to G. geophila than to the only other member of the genus, G. gyralea; however, the latter two are distinctly more similar to each other than is either to G. nessoides. The most obvious similarities between G. geophila and G. gyralea are seen in the much longer clasping apparatus and the longer peniferum in which the portion ventral to the dorsal level of the spermatic loop is approximately 2.5 times longer than the portion dorsal to the loop. The external border of the clasping apparatus with several prominences, instead of only one, and the shorter penis, together with the occasional occurrence of a very small ventral tuberculiform prominence on the peniferum suggest a closer affinity of G. nessoides to G. geophila than to G. gyralea. The distinguishing characters of the three are summarized in the preceding key.

ETYMOLOGY.—Nessa (Greek) = duck + oides = like; alluding to the resemblance of the distal portion of the peniferum to the head of a duck.

Lordocythere, new genus

DIAGNOSIS.—Terminal tooth of mandible pectinate. Copulatory complex of male without finger guard; peniferum extending ventrally slightly beyond clasping apparatus with portion ventral to base of latter slender, its distal fifth tapering to subacute apex, and posterior margin with distinct acute eminence at level of penis. Penis C-shaped, consisting of contiguous prostatic and spermatic elements, and directed posteroventrally. Clasping apparatus slightly curved and tapering from base with one small subapical tooth on internal border and four apical denticles; external border entire. Dorsal finger heavy and two-thirds as long as clasping apparatus; ventral finger slender and disposed subparallel to clasping apparatus. Triunguis female with second antenna lacking accessory pectinate process on distal podomere; genital complex consisting of large vertically disposed acute projection suspended in posterodorsal portion of body.

GENDER.—Feminine.

TYPE-SPECIES.—Lordocythere petersi, new species.

ETYMOLOGY.—Lordos (Greek) = bent backward, in combination with generic name Cythere—referring to the uniquely posteriorly directed penis of the type-species.

FIGURE 8.—Ranges of the members of the genus Geocythere; G. gyralea is also known to occur in southern Illinois and Indiana, and in Marshall County, Kentucky.

Lordocythere petersi, new species

FIGURES 9a–d

MALE.—Eye pigmented, located one-fifth shell length from anterior margin. Shell (Figure 9c) highly arched dorsally with posterior portion noticeably higher than anterior, and posterior margin sloping rather sharply anteroventrally, thus shortening flattened portion of ventral margin; greatest height almost at midlength. Submarginal setae present anteriorly, ventrally, and posteriorly. Copulatory complex (Figures 9a, b) as described in generic diagnosis.

TRIUNGUIS FEMALE.—Eye pigmented, located approximately one-sixth shell length from anterior margin. Shell (Figure 9d) more highly vaulted than that of male with posterior margin partially vertically disposed and bearing slight concavity; ventral margin also with shallow concavity anterior to midlength; greatest height posterior to midlength; submarginal setae as in male. Genital complex described in generic diagnosis.

Measurements (in millimeters) of ten males and ten females:

| Holotype | Males | Allotype | Females
Length (range) | 0.46 | 0.43-0.47 | 0.49 | 0.43-0.49
Average |  | 0.45 |  | 0.46
Height (range) | 0.28 | 0. 26-0. 38 | 0.3 | 0.26-0.29
Average |  | 0.27 |  | 0.28

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Creek and burrows in seepage area (Cumberland River drainage system), 4.8 miles southwest of junction of U.S. Hwy. 25W and Interstate Hwy. 85 on U.S. Hwy. 25W, southwest of Corbin, Whitley County, Kentucky.

DISPOSITION OF TYPES.—The holotypic male and allotype are deposited in the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution), numbers 126262 and 126263. Paratypes are in the collections of C. W. Hart, Jr. (1 art, 1 art), Daniel J. Peters (1 art, 1 art), H.H.H. III (1 art, 1 art), and the Smithsonian Institution (3 art, 7 art).

HOSTS.—Cambarus sphenoides Hobbs and Cambarus diogenes subsp. served as hosts in the type-locality. In the only other known locality, it was associated with C. diogenes subsp. and an undescribed member of the same genus.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—In the type-locality it was collected with Ascetocythere lita, Donnaldsoncythere tuberosa, Dactylocythere coloholca, and D. pughae, and in the Tennessee locality with Donnaldsoncythere tuberosa and Dactylocythere brachystrix.

RANGE.—Lordocythere petersi is known from only two localities, that cited above and a tributary of the Big South Fork of the Cumberland River, 8.6 miles north of Oneida on U.S. Hwy. 27, Scott County, Tennessee.

RELATIONSHIPS.—This ostracod has no close affinities with any other, and while the arclike clasping apparatus of the male somewhat resembles that of certain members of the genera Ascetocythere, Plectocythere, and Donnaldsoncythere, in the former two, not only is the penis directed anteriorly rather than posteriorly, but also it consists of widely separated prostatic and spermatic elements. Whereas the members of the genus Donnaldsoncythere have a penis in which the two elements are combined as they are in L. petersi, it is much more massive, highly sclerotized, and directed anteriorly or anteroventrally (at least basally); furthermore, only in the monotypic Rhadinocythere serrata (Hoff, 1944:322) is the peniferum nearly so attenuated ventrally. This, to us, seems to be a very superficial resemblance, for the serrate condition of the internal border of the clasping apparatus, the highly sclerotized ventral portion of the peniferum of the latter, together with the anteriorly directed penis pose a combination of characters which together are pose a combination of characters which together are as unique as are those of L. petersi. As has been indicated above, L. petersi is the only entocytherid known in which the penis is, from its base, directed posteriorly.

ETYMOLOGY.—We are pleased to name this species in honor of our mutual friend, Daniel J. Peters, who assisted in collecting the specimens on which this species is based.

Genus Thermastrocythere Hobbs and Walton, 1966

DIAGNOSIS.—Terminal tooth of mandible pectinate. Male copulatory complex lacking finger guard and accessory groove; peniferum never extending ventrally beyond clasping apparatus, and, although slightly swollen ventrally, never with conspicuous terminal or subterminal process or barbed point; penis large, undulating, somewhat S-shaped, consisting of contiguous spermatic and prostatic elements, and directed anteroventrally; penis together with acute thickening of posteroventral margin of peniferum rendering forcipate appearance to ventral portion of peniferum. Clasping apparatus well developed with distinct vertical and horizontal rami; external border of both rami and internal border of vertical ramus entire, internal border of horizontal ramus with two widely separated teeth and apex of apparatus with four denticles. Triunguis female with second antenna lacking accessory pectinate process on distal podomere; genital complex consisting of slender ductule bearing hyaline cap suspended from sclerotized area with large, apparently delicate, tuberculiform lobe anteriorly.

FIGURE 9.—Lordocythere petersi, type-locality: a, copulatory complex of male; b, clasping apparatus of male; c, shell of male; d, shell of female.

TYPE-SPECIES.—Thermastrocythere harti Hobbs and Walton, 1966:8 [= Thermastrocythere riojai (Hoff, 1943:276)].

REMARKS.—Recently, Dabney G. Hart and the senior author were examining some of the type-specimens of entocytherids deposited in the Smithsonian Institution by C. Clayton Hoff and discovered that among the paratypes of his Entocythere riojai are two species. Because the holotype is the male member of a copulating pair, certain features of the copulatory complex are somewhat obscured, and in the mount of Hoff’s partially dissected male, from which his illustrations of the species were made, the penifera are not arranged so that a lateral view can be obtained, thus giving an erroneous impression of the details of the peniferum. Consequently, our previous concept of the species was based partially on the other two paratypic males in the series, both of which are members of an undescribed species of the genus Uncinocythere. The holotype and the partially dissected paratypic male were discovered to be almost identical to the holotype of Thermastrocythere harti, which, therefore, becomes a subjective junior synonym of Hoff’s Entocythere riojai. Because we feel that the generic designation of Hobbs and Walton is appropriate, we offer the following synonymy for the single species of this genus.

Thermastrocythere riojai (Hoff, 1943)

Entocythere (Cytherites) riojai Hoff, 1943:276–282, fig. 1 A–L.

Uncinocythere riojai.—Hart, 1962:138.

Thermastrocythere harti Hobbs and Walton, 1966: 8–9, figs. 2e–g.

For complete references to the species prior to 1962, see Hart, 1962:138. To our knowledge, no reference to the species has appeared in any publication since Hart’s generic revision.

RANGE.—Thermastrocythere riojai is now known to occur from Minnesota and Wisconsin southward to New Mexico, Louisiana, and Tennessee.

Literature Cited

Crawford, Edward A., Jr.

1959. Five New Ostracods of the Genus Entocythere (Ostracoda, Cytheridae) from South Carolina. University of South Carolina Publications, Series III, Biology, 2(4): 149–189, 5 plates.

1961. Three New Species of the Genus Entocythere (Ostracoda, Cytheridae) from North and South Carolina. American Midland Naturalist, 65(1): 236–245, 21 figures.

1965. Three New Species of Epizoic Ostracods (Ostracoda, Entocytheridae) from North and South Carolina. American Midland Naturalist, 74(1): 148–154, 16 figures.

Hart, C. W., Jr.

1959. The Ostracods of the Genus Entocythere from the Lower Chattahoochee-Flint Basin: With a Review of the Occurrence of the Genus in Florida, and Descriptions of Two New Species. Bulletin, Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences, 4(6): 193–204, 19 figures.

1962. A Revision of the Ostracods of the Family Entocytheridae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 114(3): 121–147, 18 figures.

1964. Two New Entocytherid Ostracods from the Vicinity of Washington, D.C. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 77:243–246, 4 figures.

1965. New Entocytherid Ostracods and Distribution Records for Five Midwestern States. Transactions of the American Microscopial Society, 84(2): 255–259, 5 figures.

Hart, C. W., Jr., and Dabney G. Hart

1966. Four New Entocytherid Ostracods from Kentucky, with Notes on the Troglobitic Sagittocythere barri. Notulae Naturae, 338:1–10, 13 figures.

1969. Evolutionary Trends in the Ostracod Family Entocytheridae, with Notes on the Distributional Patterns in the Southern Appalachians. In Holt, Perry C., Richard L. Hoffman, and C. Willard Hart, Jr., editors, The distributional history of the biota of the Southern Appalachians. Part 1: Invertebrates. Research Division Monograph 1, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, pp. 179–190, 21 figures.

Hart, C. W., Jr., and Horton H. Hobbs, Jr.

1961. Eight New Troglobitic Ostracods of the Genus Entocythere (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the Eastern United States. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 113(8): 173–185, 32 figures.

Hobbs, Horton H., Jr.

1955. Ostracods of the Genus Entocythere from the New River System in North Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 74(4): 325–333, 10 figures.

1966. An Illustrated Key to the Species of the Genus Ankylocythere with a Description of a New Species from Louisiana (Ostracoda, Entocytheridae). Proceedings of the Louisiana Academy of Sciences, 29: 67–75, 18 figures.

1967. A New Genus and Three New Species of Ostracods with a Key to Genus Dactylocythere (Ostracoda: Entocytheridae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 122 (3587): 1–9, 1 figure.

Hobbs, Horton H., Jr., and C. W. Hart, Jr.

1966. On the Entocytherid Ostracod Genera Ascetocythere, Plectocythere, Phymocythere (gen. nov.), and Cymocythere, with Descriptions of New Species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 118(2): 35–61, 37 figures.

Hobbs, Horton H., Jr., and Margaret Walton

1960. Three New Ostracods of the Genus Entocythere from the Hiwassee Drainage System in Georgia and Tennessee. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, 35(1): 17–23, 20 figures.

1961. Additional New Ostracods from the Hiwassee Drainage System in Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 80(4):379–384, 8 figures.

1962. New Ostracods of the Genus Entocythere from the Mountain Lake Region, Virginia (Ostracoda, Entocytheridae). Virginia Journal of Science, new series, 13(2):42–48, 12 figures.

1963. Three New Ostracods (Ostracoda, Entocytheridae) from the Duck River Drainage in Tennessee. American Midland Naturalist, 69(2): 456–461, 10 figures.

1966. A New Genus and Six New Species of Entocytherid Ostracods (Ostracoda, Entocytheridae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 119(3542): 1–12, 2 figures.

1968. New Entocytherid Ostracods from the Southern United States. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 120(6):237–252, 3 figures.

1970. New Entocytherid Ostracods from Tennessee and Virginia. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 82:851–863, 3 figures.

Hobbs, H. H., III

1965. Two New Genera and Species of the Ostracod Family Entocytheridae with a Key to the Genera. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 78:159–164, 6 figures.

1969. A New Genus and Two New Species of Entocytherid Ostracods from Alabama and Mississippi. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 82:167–170, 5 figures.

Hoff, C. Clayton

1943. Two New Ostracods of the Genus Entocythere and Records of Previously Described Species. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 33(9): 276–286, 2 figures.

1944. New American Species of the Ostracod Genus Entocythere. American Midland Naturalist, 32(2): 327–357, 33 figures.

Marshall, W. S.

1903. Entocythere cambaria n. g. n. sp., a Parasitic Ostracod. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, 14(1): 117–144, plates X–XIII, 30 figures.

Rioja, Enrique

1942. Estudios carcinologicos. XIII. Consideraciones y datos acerca del género Entocythere (Crust. Ostracodos) y algunas de sus especies, con descripción de una nueva. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, México, 13(2):685–697, 21 figures.

1955. Estudios carcinologicos. XXXII. Primeros datos acerca de las especies del género Entocythere (Crustaceos Ostracodos) de la Isla de Cuba. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, México, 26(1): 193–197, 9 figures.

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