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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 322

Heteroptera or True Bugs of Ecuador: A Partial Catalog

Richard C. Froeschner

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

City of Washington

1981

ABSTRACT

Froeschner, Richard C. Heteroptera or True Bugs of Ecuador: A Partial Catalog. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 322, 147 pages, 1981.—This catalog lists a total of 584 species in 290 genera: from continental Ecuador, 496 species in 264 genera; from the Galapagos Islands, 101 species in 57 genera with just 3 genera restricted to those islands. Only 13 species are reported for both areas. For continental Ecuador the numbers appear to represent a small fraction of probable forms; for the Galapagos Islands the number of species represents a doubling during the dozen years since Linsley and Usinger's 1966 report of 43 species of Heteroptera from those islands. Inclusion of most species is based on literature records only, sometimes with additional data, and not a few species are included solely on specimen records. Zoogeographical conclusions are mostly deferred until further planned collecting reveals more fully the Ecuadorian fauna. Three nomenclatorial innovations are included: (1) Signoret's Pangaeus vicinus, described from Ecuador, is transferred from synonymy under the North American Pangaeus bilineatus (Say) to synonymy under the common South American Pangaeus aethiops (Fabricius); (2) Ectrichodia geniculosa Walker, described from Ecuador, is transferred for convenience to the new combination Rhiginia geniculosa; and (3) the spelling of the Tingidae tribal name Phatnomini is emended to Phatnomatini.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus).

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Froeschner, Richard C.

Heteroptera or true bugs of Ecuador.

(Smithsonian contributions to zoology; no. 322)

Bibliography: p.

Includes index.

1. Heteroptera—Ecuador—Catalogs and collections. 2. Heteroptera—Galapagos Islands—Catalogs and collections. 3. Insects—Catalogs and collections. 4. Insects—Ecuador—Catalogs and collections. 5. Insects—Galápagos Islands—Catalogs and collections. I. Title. II. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to zoology; no. 322.

QL1.S54 no. 322 [QL522.3.E2] 591s [595.7′5409866] 80-607912

Contents

Introduction

Zoogeographic Comments

Literature Useful for the Study of the Heteroptera of Ecuador

Explanations for the Catalog

Acknowledgments

Catalog

Family ACANTHOSOMATIDAE Signoret

Family ALYDIDAE Amyot and Serville

Family ANTHOCORIDAE Amyot and Serville

Family ARADIDAE Spinola

Family BELOSTOMATIDAE Leach

Family BERYTIDAE Fieber

Family CANOPIDAE Amyot and Serville

Family CERATOCOMBIDAE Fieber

Family CIMICIDAE Latreille

Family COLOBATHRISTIDAE Stal

Family COREIDAE Leach

Family CORIXIDAE Leach

Family CYDNIDAE Billberg

Family DINIDORIDAE Stal

Family DIPSOCORIDAE Dohrn

Family ENICOCEPHALIDAE Stal

Family GELASTOCORIDAE Champion

Family GERRIDAE Amyot and Serville

Family HEBRIDAE Amyot and Serville

Family HELOTREPHIDAE Esaki and China

Family HYDROMETRIDAE Billberg

Family LARGIDAE Amyot and Serville

Family LYGAEIDAE Shilling

Family MACROVELIIDAE McKinstry

Family MEGARIDIDAE McAtee and Malloch

Family MESOVELIIDAE Douglas and Scott

Family MIRIDAE Hahn

Family NABIDAE Costa

Family NAUCORIDAE Stal

Family NEPIDAE Latreille

Family NOTONECTIDAE Latreille

Family OCHTERIDAE Kirkaldy

Family PACHYNOMIDAE Stal

Family PENTATOMIDAE Leach

Family PHLOEIDAE Amyot and Serville

Family PHYMATIDAE Laporte

Family PIESMATIDAE Amyot and Serville

Family PLEIDAE Fieber

Family PLOKIOPHILIDAE China

Family POLYCTENIDAE Westwood

Family PYRRHOCORIDAE Amyot and Serville

Family REDUVIIDAE Latreille

Family RHOPALIDAE Amyot and Serville

Family SALDIDAE Amyot and Serville

Family SCHIZOPTERIDAE Reuter

Family SCUTELLERIDAE Leach

Family STENOCEPHALIDAE Dallas

Family TERMITAPHIDIDAE Silvestri

Family TESSARATOMIDAE Schilling

Family THAUMASTOCORIDAE Kirkaldy

Family THYREOCORIDAE Amyot and Serville

Family TINGIDAE Laporte

Family VELIIDAE Amyot and Serville

Family VIANAIDIDAE Kormiley

Literature Cited

Index

Requirements for Smithsonian Series Publication

Heteroptera or True Bugs of Ecuador: A Partial Catalog

Richard C. Froeschner

____________

Richard C. Froeschner, Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.

Introduction

The list offered here is a contribution toward a catalog, admittedly still very incomplete, of the Heteroptera of Ecuador, including the Galapagos Islands. Its preparation was prompted by the challenges encountered in attempting to identify heteropterous specimens captured during the Ecuador-Peace Corps-Smithsonian Institution Aquatic Insect Survey under the directorship of Dr. Paul J. Spangler of the Smithsonian Institution.

The list includes all literature records of Ecuadorian occurrence I have encountered plus the first reports on specimens of some of the terrestrial Heteroptera collected on the first two field trips of the survey. No new species are described herein; they will be made known in subsequent papers after allowing reasonable time for larger series to be collected. Also being worked for future publications are the aquatic forms. Additional collecting is planned and will be reported on later. As the list now stands it contains 584 identified species, of which 101 are known from the Galapagos Islands. Only 13 species, or about 2% of the total, are known from both areas.

Comparison of the 507 species of Heteroptera here recorded for continental Ecuador with numbers of species of that order for certain well-collected areas might be of interest and should indicate how much remains to be done to reveal fully the Heteroptera fauna of that physiographically and ecologically varied land. Unfortunately, there are no well-worked recent Heteroptera lists for tropical countries, so the comparison must be made with some of the better collected areas in the temperate part of the world. Accepting in a broad sense the observation that numbers of species in a group increases equatorward, one should certainly expect the Heteroptera fauna of Ecuador, which lies astride the Equator, to exceed that of temperate region areas like New York, which lies poleward of the 41st line of north latitude and occupies about half the area. At the same time, Ecuador, with its Andean elevations of more than 6100 meters, is subject to another generalization which notes that numbers of species decrease with increases in altitude.

Ecuador (present list)

270,681 sq km

507 species

British Isles (Southwood and Leston, 1959)

312,755 sq km

509 species

Florida (Blatchley, 1926)

151,670 sq km

548 species

New York (Leonard, 1928)

128,402 sq km

727 species

Zoogeographie Comments

The very incomplete state of our knowledge of the Heteroptera of continental Ecuador prevents serious efforts at zoogeographic conclusions based on that order of insects, conclusions that could err in making the absence of knowledge, rather than negative evidence, into scientific fact. Instead, such incomplete knowledge does serve as a challenge for careful and sustained collecting.

Whymper (1891) early generalized that the western lowlands of Ecuador had already received significant attention from collectors, but the difficulties of travel prevented ready access to the mountainous areas; limited evidence revealed that as one ascended the mountains he found that the individual insects were noticeably smaller and duller and were to be found only by “diligent searching.” In comments about the Hemiptera (or “Rhynchota,” as he termed them), he remarked that a straggler of the genus Emesa, a thread-legged assassin bug (Reduviidae), was taken at an elevation of about 5200 meters (more than 300 meters above the tree line) and was the only living thing found at that altitude. He further noted that the interior of Ecuador is rich in this order of insects.

The heteropterous fauna of Ecuador should be quite similar to that of the neighboring countries with which most of it is tied by several north-south bands of physiographic provinces that extend well beyond its borders. In addition, the southwest corner of the country receives the northernmost termination of the coastal desert which then extends south along Peru and Chile, and the eastern edge of Ecuador reaches onto the lands surrounding the headwaters of many of the rivers of the extensive Amazonian region. Further discussion of faunal relationships are appropriately deferred until later in the survey when more specimen data are available.

In contrast to the fragmentary knowledge of Heteroptera for continental Ecuador, the long sustained and intense interest in the Galapagos Islands (resulting in part from the islands' historical significance to Darwinism and in part from their own biogeographic peculiarities marked by many endemic species) has yielded much information about their heteropterous fauna. Darwin (1846:164) commented on the meager insect population of the islands, an observation which was corroborated by Banning (1933:18), who reported on the Hancock Expedition of 1933 to the Galapagos, and by Linsley and Usinger's (1966) summary of the 618 species of insects of the Galapagos Islands including 43 species of Heteroptera. Linsley's (1977) supplemental list plus the present catalog raises to 108 the number of species of Heteroptera on those islands—the number more than doubling in the dozen years since the 1966 list. Although many of these 108 species are known solely from the Galapagos Islands, only three of the heteropteran genera—Darwinysius Ashlock (Lygaeidae), Galapagocoris Carvalho (Miridae) and Galapagomiris Carvalho (Miridae)—are so restricted, a fact which supports the idea that the heteropterous fauna of these islands is in an early stage of evolution.

The origin of most of the Galapagos fauna is generally conceded to be in the Americas, especially in the tropical regions. Outstanding exceptions may be noted in Scudder's (1957) comments that in the entire animal kingdom only two genera have a Galapagos-Old World distribution—one in the Mollusca and one in the Heteroptera (see family Stenocephalidae, genus Dicranocephalus.) All other genera shared by the Old World and the Galapagos Islands have significant tropical American representation from which the Galapagos forms appear to have been derived. In spite of the general agreement that the Neotropics was the source of nearly all of the Galapagos biota, there exist many explanations as to how the ancestors of the present forms got there.

Agassiz (1892) described a means of passive migration when he reported that oceanic currents near Panama carried floating materials in excess of 100 kilometers per day toward the Cocos Islands and the Galapagos Islands.

Van Duzee (1937:112) generalized as follows:

The insect fauna of the Galapagos Islands is strictly tropical or subtropical American. Many of the species are identical, others, especially those that have migrated to the higher interior portions of the islands, have become differentiated into species more or less distinct from their continental relations. The area of distribution of the Galapagos insect fauna apparently embraces the West Indies and Panama with a smaller representation of the Peruvian and Ecuadorian fauna, possibly indicating a former land connection to the north rather than to the east.

In contrast, Van Dyke (1953:1–3) expressed the belief that the Galapagos Islands were once fused with each other and with the continent and were separated by “subsidence of the intervening area between the Islands and the mainland.” He claimed support by proposing that the Galapagos beetle (Coleoptera) fauna was derived from “barren grounds of western South America, especially Ecuador and Peru,” and that the evolution within the beetle fauna took place after the physical land connections of the various units were broken.

Apparently the matter is quite complex, and the present Galapagos Heteroptera fauna has relationships with species now living in a variety of directions from the Galapagos Islands. For instance, Polhemus (1968) for the Saldidae, and Froeschner (1976) for the Tingidae concluded that the endemic species found on the Galapagos were probably derived from ancestral forms that gave rise to the mainland species from Ecuador and southward rather than northward. But Ashlock (1972) found for the Orsilline Lygaeidae that while some endemic species are related to Ecuadorian and Colombian forms, one has its closest relative on the Lesser Antillean island of Guadeloupe, and the two species of the endemic genus Darwinysius are closest to another genus endemic to the more southerly Juan Fernandez Islands in the Pacific Ocean, nearly 650 kilometers west of central Chile. But with our present fragmentary knowledge of South American Heteroptera, for both modern and fossil species, such conclusions can only be most tentative. There is certainly a possibility that an earlier continental fauna, perhaps even a pre-Andean one, may have been ancestral to species in all of South America and the Galapagos Islands before its own characteristics underwent changes forced by timely geological events—for evolution does involve time as well as organisms and geography.

Kuschel (1963:94) summarized his investigations on the Galapagos and certain other islands with the following comments:

All the basement rock now visible on the islands is volcanic and young in geologic time, probably of the late Pliocene [ascertained by Cox and Dalrymple, 1966, to be about 2.4 million years old], and The date of the origin of life on the Galapagos is still an open field for speculation for, while the sea bottom soundings have provided no evidence for the presence of emerged land of any sort between the continent and the islands during the late Tertiary, the greater part of the Galapagos fauna, if not all of it, is relatively young.

This relative recency of formation of the Galapagos fauna is also concluded by Carlquist (1974:4), who states that the islands are “relatively young, relatively poor ecologically,” and that “with the exception of Darwin finches, the Galapagos biota best serves to show earlier stages in the evolution of insular groups.”

Literature Useful for the Study of the Heteroptera of Ecuador

Catalogs of the entire order or significantly large parts thereof are few and obsolete. These were Amyot and Serville's (1843) “Histoire naturelle des Hemipteres”; Dallas' (1851–1852) “List of the Specimens of Hemipterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum”; Dohrn's (1859) “Catalogus Hemipterorum”; Walker's (1867–1873) “Catalogue of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera in the Collection of the British Museum”; Stal's (1870–1876) “Enumeratio Hemipterorum”; and Lethierry and Severin's (1893–1896) three-part “Catalogue general des Hémiptères” with Bergroth's (1908, 1913) supplements to the first two parts. All records for Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands found in the above items are cited in the present list.

There are no comprehensive manuals or keys for identifying the heteropterous fauna of South America. The most useful works for that purpose include Stal's (1870–1876) now obsolete but still useful “Enumeratio Hemipterorum,” which contains many synopses of various groups offered in addition to the identification tables which he had scattered through his earlier studies—these earlier works containing keys to genera known to Stal will be referred to at the appropriate places in the following list. Other useful works on tropical American Heteroptera, but treating especially the Central American forms rather than the South American forms, are the two Rhynchotal parts of the Biologia Centrali-Americana: part I by Distant (1880–1893) and part II by Champion (1897–1901). These abundantly illustrated publications are of real value in gaining some appreciation for the habitus of each group, but in large part treat species which are geographically remote from the Ecuadorian insect fauna. Champion's volume is more helpful than Distant's because it includes keys for various groups and an index which also covers Distant's volume. Bachman (1977) presented a bibliography of the aquatic Heteroptera of southern South America, many of the included references actually having wider application for that continent.

Keys to the families of Heteroptera can be found in textbooks, including Costa Lima's (1940a:21–27) “Insectos do Brasil.” A comprehensive key to the families and subfamilies of the Heteroptera for the world was given by China and Miller (1959). Even though shifts of some of the categories up or down the taxonomic hierarchy have taken place, China and Miller's work is still very useful, especially if used in conjunction with subsequent papers on the status of the family-groups. Štys and Kerzhner (1975) summarized much of the nomenclatorial information dealing with family names and higher categories.

Several authors provided more-or-less order-wide coverage of the Heteroptera for certain South American countries, but all these works are now obsolete as to species included and to nomenclature. The series of contributions for Argentina by Berg (1877–1899) are of limited value for Ecuador because of the geographical remoteness of that country and because the series contains no keys or identification tables; for the same country, Pennington (1920–1922) presented a list of 531 species of known occurrence and a synopsis, with keys, to the family Coreidae in the broad sense. The early growth of knowledge of the Heteroptera of Chile is reflected in the studies by Spinola (1852, with descriptions of certain forms by Blanchard), Signoret (1863b), and Reed (1898–1901). The last of these would be of some use in Ecuador because it is more comprehensive and because Reed added occasional keys.

Attempts at order-wide coverage (all without keys) for continental Ecuador appeared in the following papers. Whymper (1891) included in the appendix to his “Travels” part of an illustrated paper by Distant on the Heteroptera of Ecuador, but this paper must be used in conjunction with Distant's (1893) later offering of original descriptions for the species designated as “new” in the 1891 paper [see below for explanation of this divided contribution]. Of special significance is a series of papers by Campos (1900–1932), especially his lists (1919 and 1925) summarizing the species he knew to occur in Ecuador. In these writings Campos sometimes mentioned specimens under the generic name without species identifications; examination of those specimens must be made to determine just which species were represented. Later Yust (1955, 1958) published lists of Ecuadorian insects, including Heteroptera, identified by himself or outside authorities. In the 1958 paper the pages were not numbered, but each species in each order received a number and often the prefix letter “L.” Yust explained that the prefix “L” meant “collected primarily in the coastal areas,” while those without that prefix were “primarily from the sierra.”

For the Galapagos Islands seven papers listing all the species of Heteroptera known from those islands at the time of publication were presented by Butler (1877), Barber (1925, 1934), Van Duzee (1933, 1937), Linsley and Usinger (1966), and Linsley (1977).

References to papers dealing with taxa for Ecuador or the Galapagos Islands at the family level or below will be presented at the appropriate places in the following list.

Comments on the Whymper-Distant matter mentioned above might save time and perplexity for future students. The list of “Rhynchota” offered by Whymper (1891:111–120) is clearly labelled as having been prepared by W. L. Distant. In a footnote to the title, Whymper wrote:

It was found necessary to publish Mr. Distant's contribution to the “Supplementary Appendix to Travels Amongst the Great Andes of the Equator” upon December 17, 1886, in advance of the volume. It is stated, however, that this paper contains errors; and as it has not been found possible either to obtain corrections of these errors, or the return of specimens upon which the descriptions were founded, the descriptions are now omitted.

In spite of the deletion of the formal descriptions, the designation “n. sp.” after various scientific names was retained. Where illustrations or adequate comparative statements accompanied these names the new species must be considered as valid from this work—as was done by Carvalho (1957–1960) in his world catalogue of the Miridae—and in the absence of such characterization the species must be considered nomina nuda.

Whymper's statement “found necessary to publish…upon December 17, 1886” is misleading. I found no evidence that such a Distant publication appeared in 1886. Instead, it was not until 1893 that Distant published the original descriptions with the following comments:

The following descriptions were written eight years ago at the request of Mr. Whymper for inclusion in the Natural History Appendix to his “Travels amongst the Great Andes of the Equator.” This publication appeared in the spring of the present year, and my species and genera are only indicated by name, as I was refused an opportunity of correcting proof with the woodcuts inserted in the text, and therefore declined to allow the sheets to go to press. It thus becomes a duty I owe to my brother students of the order to publish the full descriptions, while the above explanations will serve as comment to a footnote which Mr. Whymper has chosen to place to the first page of my contribution. I also correct some errors in what was thus printed without my supervision.

Distant, in this later paper, apparently believed that Whymper's deletion of the formal description of the new categories made all those names manuscript names. This is evident in his treatment wherein all the new names (except that of Nezara nebulosa, a true nomen nudum without illustration or descriptive comments) were repeated with the notation “n. sp. [or gen. nov.], Dist. in Whym. Trav. Great Andes, Append., p…..” He did not mark Nezara nebulosa in this fashion because, as he explained, further study had convinced him that the specimen actually represented “N. stictica Dallas,” the latter being catalogued below in the combination Pellaea stictica.

Explanations for the Catalog

The republic of Ecuador consists of two widely separated parts, the continental area and the Galapagos Islands, or Colon Territory, about 1000 kilometers west in the Pacific Ocean. Because of the special zoogeographic significance in this separation, the literature records of distribution given in the list below are presented either as “Ecuador” for the continental area or as “Galapagos Islands” for the archipelago.

The catalog is, for convenience of the user, arranged alphabetically by families (also subfamilies and tribes, if appropriate), genera, and species. It includes an entry for each family known to occur or likely to be found in Ecuador. Under each family are listed only those genera and species for which literature or specimen records are available.

In the synonymies under each species, for each case where the author was describing his material as a new species, the distributional data in the brackets includes the names of all countries from which the species was described and may include the word “type” or “lectotype” after the geographic name encompassing the type-locality—the absence of both of these words signifies that I have not yet located literature evidence that the type-locality has been fixed further than was done by the original author.

Those citations not indicating an original description deal only with records containing mention of Ecuador or the Galapagos Islands, kept separate in this list; all other countries mentioned are simply grouped under the inclusive abbreviation “etc.”

Specimen records are given in a separate paragraph with the heading “Survey Collection.”

Undoubtedly, examination of more specimens and more intensive study on each group will change some of the names used here and will add others.

Keys for identification of South American (here usually including Trinidad) genera of certain groups are inserted in appropriate places in the catalog to expand its usefulness, especially for recognition of local occurrence of genera not otherwise listed. Admittedly, inclusion of keys to all genera of Heteroptera from South America would be desirable, but due to the state of our knowledge of the order, preparation of such inclusive keys for all families would seriously delay making available the main offering of this publication—a preliminary list of species of Heteroptera known to occur in Ecuador. Additional keys are planned for subsequent papers.

Original taxonomic and nomenclatorial changes are kept to a minimum, but three seem necessary and are signaled here for attention: (1) transfer of Signoret's Pangaeus vicinus, described from Ecuador, from synonymy under the North American Pangaeus bilineatus (Say) to synonymy under the common South American Pangaeus aethiops (Fabricius); (2) transfer, for convenience, of Ectrichodia geniculosa Walker to the new combination Rhiginia geniculosa; and (3) a necessary spelling emendation called to my attention by Mr. George Steyskal, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture: the gender of the generic name Phatnoma is neuter and its stem is Phatnomat-, hence the tribal name based on it must be Phatnomatini.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—Most of the specimens reported in this paper were collected by members of the cooperative Ecuador–Peace Corps–Smithsonian Institution Aquatic Insects Survey of Ecuador under the guidance of Paul J. Spangler of the Smithsonian Institution. The persons involved are listed below and are hereby gratefully thanked for their efforts to include Heteroptera among their captures. To conserve space, their names are omitted from the records in the text.

Host-Country (Ecuador) investigators: Jose Donoso, Central University, Quito; Julio Molineros, Ministry of Agriculture, Quito. Peace Corps personnel: Tomas Guerrero P., Program Manager, Agriculture (Ecuador); Philip Lopes, former Peace Corps Country Director for Ecuador; Jeffrey Cohen, volunteer, Andrea Langley, volunteer. Smithsonian Institution personnel: Carlynne Nicholas, William Rowe, James Sherburne, Paul J. Spangler, Phyllis M. Spangler, Hollis Williams. Voluntary aides: Ashley B. Gurney, Patricia M. Turner, Paul Monnig.

Special thanks are gladly offered to J. C. M. Carvalho, L. H. Rolston, J. A. Slater, and P. Wygodzinsky for answers to taxonomic questions; to J. L. Herring and P. J. Spangler for reviewing the manuscript and making valuable suggestions; to J. F. Marquart and his staff at the Smithsonian Library for providing publication information as well as obtaining books and journals; and to S. B. West for patient and accurate typing of the manuscript. I also wish to thank those colleagues who, over the years, have kindly remembered the Hemiptera Reprint File with copies of their publications—copies which aided immensely with solving many of the literature problems accompanying this study.

Catalog

Family ACANTHOSOMATIDAE Signoret

The three species in three genera here reported for continental Ecuador, none for the Galapagos Islands, probably do not comprise a complete listing of the local representation of the Acanthosomatidae. But the family is small, so relatively few additional species can be expected. Campos' (1925a:53) record of two unidentified species of Acanthosoma from Ecuador cannot be placed in the current classification of this family without examination of his specimens. That genus is known only from the Old World, and the subfamily to which it belongs is not now recognized from the Neotropics.

The accompanying keys to the subfamilies and tribes in South America are adapted from Kumar's (1974) revision of the family. The keys to the genera of the same area are adapted partly from that work, partly from Rolston and Kumar's (1975) key to the genera of this family occurring in the Americas, and are in part based on original study of specimens.

Kumar (1974:3) explained why this family name should be credited to Signoret instead of to Stal as has generally been done.

Key to Subfamilies of Acanthosomatidae in South America

Subfamily BLAUDUSINAE Kumar

Key to Tribes of Blaudusinae in South America

Tribe BLAUDUSINI Kumar

Key to Genera of Blaudusini in South America

Genus Bebaeus Dallas

Bebaeus Dallas, 1851:197 [type-species: Bebaeus punctipes Dallas, only included species].

Bebaeus punctipes Dallas

Bebaeus punctipes Dallas, 1851:312 [Colombia (lectotype); Venezuela].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Although no specimens have been collected during the survey, the United States National Museum of Natural History has two specimens collected earlier in Ecuador: Guayas (Guayaquil, 7 Jun 1935); Tunguahura (Banos, 30 Feb 1937).

Genus Blaudus Stal

Blaudus Stal, 1872a:61 [type-species: Blaudus ruficornis Stal, only included species].—Kumar, 1974:32 [Kumar reported this genus from Colombia and Ecuador; since only one species is known for the genus, his records must pertain to it].

Blaudus ruficornis Stal

Blaudus ruficornis Stal, 1872a:62 [Colombia (type)].—Kumar, 1974:32 [Ecuador; etc.].

Tribe LANOPINI Kumar

Key to Genera of Lanopini in South America

Subfamily DITOMOTARSINAE Signoret

Tribe DITOMOTARSINI Signoret

Key to Genera of Ditomotarsini in South America

Genus Tolono Rolston and Kumar

Tolono Rolston and Kumar, 1975:275 [type-species: Tolono decoratus Rolston and Kumar, only included species].

Tolono decoratus Rolston and Kumar

Tolono decoratus Rolston and Kumar, 1975:276 [Ecuador (type)].

Family ALYDIDAE Amyot and Serville

Listed below are nine species in six genera, all from continental Ecuador and none from the Galapagos Islands. These totals may or may not include the three unidentified species listed under the genus Alydus by Campos; examination of his specimens must be made before species recognition of them is possible. Additional species probably will be found.

The following keys to the subfamilies, tribes, and 11 genera occurring in South America were compiled from a variety of sources and checked against specimens where convenient to do so. At this time there is no modern treatment of the family as a unit; Ahmad (1965) revised the subfamily Leptocorisinae, and his conclusions are adopted here.

Key to Subfamilies of Alydidae

Subfamily ALYDINAE Amyot and Serville

Key to Genera of Alydinae in South America

Genus Alydus Fabricius

Alydus Fabricius, 1803:248 [type-species: Cimex calcaratus Linnaeus, fixed by Curtis, 1831:369].—Campos, 1919:56, 1925a:57; 1932b:14 [Campos, reported a minimum of three unidentified species of “Alydus” from Ecuador; his specimens need reexamination].

Genus Hyalymenus Amyot and Serville

Hyalymenus Amyot and Serville 1843:223 [type-species: Alydus dentatus Fabricius, fixed by Van Duzee 1916:13].

Hyalymenus pulcher (Stal)

Alydus pulcher Stal 1854:235 [Honduras (type)].

“Hyalimenus” pulcher.—Campos 1919:55 [Ecuador].

Genus Megalotomus Fieber

Megalotomus Fieber, 1860:58 [type-species: Alydus limbatus Herrich-Schaeffer, a junior synonym of Cimex junceus, fixed by Oshanin, 1912:24].

Megalotomus rufipes (Westwood)

Alydus rufipes Westwood, 1842:19 [Central America (type)].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Manabi (59 km W Santo Domingo de los Colorados, 8 May 1975). Unusual variation and great extent of geographic range are attributed to this tropical American species. The present identification, based on a lone female, needs verification by examination of a male.

Subfamily LEPTOCORISINAE Stal

Ahmad (1965) published a very useful illustrated revision of the subfamily Leptocorisinae of the world. The following key to tribes and genera known to occur in South America is adapted from that work.

Key to the Tribes and Genera of Leptocorisinae in South America

Tribe LEPTOCORISINI Stal

Genus Stenocoris Burmeister

Stenocoris Burmeister, 1835–1839:1010 [type-species: Cimex tipuloides De Geer, fixed by Opinion 800 of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature, 1967:10–21].

Stenocoris americanus Ahmad

Stenocoris “americana” Ahmad, 1965:34 [Ecuador (type)].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Guayas (5 km N San Pablo, 27 Feb 1976); Los Rios (10 km N Babahoyo, 22 Jun 1975); Manabi (35 km SE Bahía de Caráquez, 10 May 1975; Santo Domingo de los Colorados, 8 May 1975).

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Napo (42 km W Santa Cecilia, 16 May 1975).

Stenocoris tipuloides (De Geer)

Cimex tipuloides De Geer, 1773:354 [Surinam (type)].

Gerris tipuloides.—Stal, 1870:218 [Ecuador; etc.].

Leptocoris tipuloides.—Lethierry and Severin, 1894:103 [Ecuador; etc.].—Campos 1919:56 [Ecuador]; 1925a:57 [Ecuador].

Stenocoris (Stenocoris) tipuloides.—Ahmad, 1965:62 [Ecuador; etc.].

Subfamily MICRELYTRINAE Stal

Kormilev (1953) reviewed the subfamily Micrelytrinae for Argentina and included (pp. 52–53) a key to the genera and species treated there. Combining that work with Stal's (1872a:85–86) offering yielded the following key.

Key to Genera of Micrelytrinae in South America

Genus Bactrophya Breddin

Bactrophya Breddin, 1901b:53.

Bactrophya aequatoriana Breddin

Bactrophya aequatoriana Breddin, 1901b:53 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1913:158 [Ecuador].

Genus Calamocoris Breddin

Calamocoris Breddin, 1901b:52.

Calamocoris erubescens Breddin

Calamocoris erubescens Breddin, 1901b:52 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1913:158 [Ecuador].

Calamocoris nigrolimbatus Breddin

Calamocoris nigrolimbatus Breddin, 1901b:52 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1913:158 [Ecuador].

Genus Cydamus Stal

Cydamus Stal, 1858:33 [type-species: Cydamus adspersipes Stal, only included species].

Cydamus inauratus Distant

Cydamus inauratus Distant, 1893a:374 [Panama (type)].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Pastas (12 km W Puyo, 5 Feb 1976); Tungurauna (32 km E Baños, 28 Jan 1976).

Family ANTHOCORIDAE Amyot and Serville

Listed below are seven species in six genera: two species for continental Ecuador and four others for the Galapagos Islands, the seventh species being reported for both areas. Certainly more species can be expected in the former.

The two comprehensive classical works on this family by Reuter (1884) and Poppius (1909b) were superseded by Carayon's (1972) redefinitions in the suprageneric classification of the family. A practical key to the nearly 20 genera known from South America is not readily made at this time. Herring (1966a) provided a list of this family as it occurs on the Galapagos Islands.

Subfamily ANTHOCORINAE Amyot and Serville

Tribe ORIINI Carayon

Genus Orius Wolff

Orius Wolff, 1811:161 [type-species: Salda nigra Wolff, original designation].—Herring, 1966b [revision of New World forms with key to species].

Orius florentiae Herring

Orius florentiae Herring, 1966a:1095 [Colombia (type); Ecuador; Bolivia; Peru].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Tungurahua (Baños, 24 Jan 1976, 2000 km elevation).

Subfamily LASIOCHILINAE Carayon

Genus Lasiochilus Reuter

Lasiochilus Reuter, 1871:562 [type-species: Lasiochilus pallidulus Reuter, only included species].

Lasiochilus pallidulus Reuter

Lasiochilus pallidulus Reuter, 1871:562 [United States (type)].—Herring 1966b:128 [Galapagos Islands; etc.].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Los Rios (Babahoyo, 21 Jun 1975; Quevedo, 11 May 1975).

Subfamily LYCTOCORINAE Reuter

Tribe CARDIASTETHINI Carayon

Genus Alofa Herring

Alofa Herring, 1976:150 [type-species: Cardiastethus sodalis White, only included species.]

Alofa sodalis (White)

Cardiastethus sodalis White, 1878:372 [Hawaiian Islands (type)].

Buchaniella sodalis.—Herring, 1966a:127 [Galapagos Islands].

Genus Amphiareus Distant

Amphiareus Distant, 1904c:220 [type-species: Xylocoris fulvescens Walker, a junior synonym of Xylocoris constrictus Stal, the only included species].

Amphiareus constrictus (Stal)

Xylocoris constrictus Stal, 1858:44 [Brazil (type)].

Buchananiella constrictus.—Herring, 1966a:127 [Galapagos Islands; etc.].

Genus Brachysteles Mulsant and Rey

Brachysteles Mulsant and Rey, 1852:104 [type-species: Brachysteles pilosicornis Mulsant and Rey, a junior synonym of Anthocoris parvicornis Costa, only included species].—Campos, 1925a:61 [Campos reported for Ecuador one unidentified species of this genus. As the modern concept of the genus restricts it to the Old World, Campos' specimens must be reexamined to ascertain its correct generic and specific placements].

Genus Cardiastethus Fieber

Cardiastethus Fieber, 1860:266 [type-species: Cardiastethus luridellus Fieber, fixed by Kirkaldy 1906a:121].

Cardiastethus aequinoctialis Poppius

Cardiastethus aequinoctialis Poppius, 1909b:18 [Ecuador (type)].

Cardiastethus limbatellus (Stal)

Xylocoris limbatellus Stal, 1858:44 [Brazil (type)].

Cardiastethus limbatellus.—Herring, 1966a:127 [Galapagos Islands].

Tribe SCOLOPINI Carayon

Genus Nidicola Harris and Drake

Nidicola Harris and Drake, 1941b:343 [type-species: Nidicola marginata Harris and Drake, only included species].—Drake and Herring, 1964 [revision of genus with key to species].

Nidicola mazda Herring

Nidicola mazda Herring, 1966a:129 [Galapagos Islands (type)].

Family ARADIDAE Spinola

The following list of 15 species of Aradidae in nine genera is undoubtedly far from a complete list for Ecuador. Exercise of the specialized collecting needed for obtaining insects of this group will certainly increase the list several fold.

The starting point for modern studies in South American Aradidae is Usinger and Matsuda's (1959) monograph which incorporates and synthesizes the earlier literature with much original information and thought. It provides keys to the genera of the world and to the species of a number of genera. Numerous subsequent papers by Kormilev add South American genera and species not known at the time of Usinger and Matsuda's study.

At this time a key to the more than fifty genera known to occur in South America is not practical.

Subfamily ANEURINAE Douglas and Scott

Štys (1974) published notes on this subfamily and included a list of the species of the world.

Genus Aneurus Curtis

Aneurus Curtis, 1825:86 [type-species: Acanthia laevis Fabricius, only included species].

Aneurus equatoriensis Kormilev

Aneurus equatoriensis Kormilev, 1973a:433 [Ecuador (type)].—Štys, 1974:101 [Ecuador].

Aneurus flavomaculatus Distant

Aneurus flavomaculatus Distant 1893b:92 [Ecuador (type). This species was listed for Ecuador by Distant, 1891:115, as a “n. sp.” but without description or figure, and hence was a nomen nudum there].—Lethierry and Severin, 1896:46 [Ecuador].—Campos, 1925a:62 [Ecuador].—Štys, 1974: 102 [Ecuador].

Subfamily MEZIRINAE Amyot and Serville

Genus Dysodius Le Peletier and Serville

Dysodius Le Peletier and Serville, 1825:654 [type-species:Acanthia lunata Fabricius, only included species].—Champion, 1898:86 [key to four of the five species recognized in the genus Dysodius].

Dysodius equatorianus Kormilev

Dysodius equatorianus Kormilev, 1975:9 [Ecuador (type)].

Dysodius lunatus (Fabricius)

Acanthia lunata Fabricius, 1794:72 [“Indii” in error, type-locality corrected to South America by Fabricius, 1803: 117].

Dysodius lunatus.—Campos, 1919:58 [Ecuador]; 1925a:61 [Ecuador].

Genus Mezira Amyot and Serville

Mezira Amyot and Serville, 1843:305 [type-species: Mezira granulata Amyot and Serville, preoccupied, a junior synonym of Brachyrhynchus abdominalis Stal, only included species].—Kormilev, 1971:282–292 [key to the species of Mezira in the Americas].

Mezira aequatoriana Kormilev

Mezira aequatoriana Kormilev, 1968:9 [Ecuador (type)].

Mezira “ecuatoriana”.—Kormilev, 1971:290 [Ecuador].

Mezira laeviventris (Champion)

Brachyrhynchus laeviventris Champion, 1898:94 [Panama (type)].

Mezira laeviventris.—Kormilev, 1975:21 [Ecuador].

Mezira obscura (Distant)

Cinyphus obscurus Distant, 1891:115 [Ecuador (type); figured, but not described as a “n. sp.” Redescribed on the same material as a “n. sp.” under the same name by Distant, 1893b:91].—Campos, 1919:58 [Ecuador]; 1925a:6 [Ecuador].

Brachyrhynchus obscurus.—Lethierry and Severin, 1896:43 [Ecuador].

Mezira obscura.—Kormilev, 1962b:264 [Ecuador]; 1971:289 [Ecuador].

Genus Miorrhynchus Champion

Miorrhynchus Champion, 1898:75 [type-species: Miorrhynchus longipes Champion, only included species].—Kormilev, 1973b:744 [key to the species of Miorrhynchus].

Miorrhynchus peruvianus Kormilev

Miorrhynchus peruvianus Kormilev, 1960:4 [Peru (type)]; 1973b:744 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Nannium Bergroth

Nannium Bergroth, 1898:100 [type-species: Nannium parvum Bergroth, original designation].

Nannium elongatum Bergroth

Nannium elongatum Bergroth, 1898:101 [Venezuela (type)].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Although no specimens have been collected during the survey, a specimen from Guayas (Guayaquil, May 1975) is in the United States National Museum.

Genus Neuroctenus Fieber

Neuroctenus Fieber, 1861:34 [type-species: Neuroctenus brasiliensis Mayr, a junior synonym of Brachyrhynchus punctulatus Burmeister, fixed by Van Duzee, 1916:17].—Kormilev, 1973b:736–738 [key to the Neotropical species of Neuroctenus].

Neuroctenus rossi Kormilev

Neuroctenus rossi Kormilev, 1975:15 [Ecuador (type)].

Neuroctenus schlingeri Kormilev

Neuroctenus schlingeri Kormilev, 1975:14 [Peru (type); Ecuador].

Genus Notapictinus Usinger and Matsuda

Notapictinus Usinger and Matsuda, 1959:361 [type-species: Pictinus dominicus Usinger, original designation].—Kormilev, 1967:7–9 [key to the species of Notapictinus known at that time].

Notapictinus equatoriensis Kormilev

Notapictinus equatoriensis Kormilev, 1973a:438 [Ecuador (type)].

Notapictinus quadraticeps (Champion)

Pictinus quadraticeps Champion, 1898:83 [Panama (type)].

Notapictinus quadraticeps.—Kormilev, 1975:6 [Ecuador].

Genus Ormenocoris Usinger and Matsuda

Ormenocoris Usinger and Matsuda, 1959:371 [type-species: Ormenocoris stylatus Usinger and Matsuda only included species; Ormenocoris contains only this one species].

Ormenocoris stylatus Usinger and Matsuda

Ormenocoris stylatus Usinger and Matsuda, 1959:373 [Ecuador (type)].

Genus Placogenys Usinger and Matsuda

Placogenys Usinger and Matsuda, 1959:352 [type-species: Placogenys cockerelli Usinger and Matsuda, only included species].—Kormilev, 1973a:436–437 [key to the species of Placogenys].

Placogenys constrictus Kormilev

Placogenys constricta Kormilev, 1973a:437 [Ecuador (type)].

Family BELOSTOMATIDAE Leach

The literature reports of Ecuadorian occurrence of five species in two genera of Belostomatidae probably does not represent the total numbers in the country—more than 50 species in three genera have been recorded for South America.

Significant family treatments of the Belostomatidae were given by Cummings (1933), and Lauck and Menke (1961). Those papers, particularly the latter, were the sources of information on which are based the keys offered below. In addition, a long series of papers by De Carlo contributed much to the taxonomy of various sections of the family, especially for South America.

Key to the Subfamilies and Genera of Belostomatidae in South America

Subfamily BELOSTOMATINAE Lauck and Menke

Genus Belostoma Latreille

Belostoma Latreille, 1807:144 [type-species: Belostoma testaceopallidum Latreille, only included species].—Lauck, 1962–1964 [Lauck revised this genus in a series of papers containing keys to the species which he arranged in species-groups].

Belostoma asiaticum (Mayr)

Zaitha asiatica Mayr, 1863:354 [“Borneo” in error; lectotype is without a locality label].

Zaitha anura.—Distant, 1891:118 [Ecuador].

Belostoma asiaticum.—Torre-Bueno, 1915:219 [Ecuador].—Campos, 1919:46 [Ecuador]; 1925b:49 [Ecuador]; 1926:7 [Ecuador].—Lauck, 1962:68 [Ecuador; etc.].

Belostoma species.—Brues, 1916:24 [Ecuador].

Zaitha boops.—Campos, 1919:49 [Ecuador].

Belostoma venezuela Lauck

Belostoma venezuela Lauck, 1962:76 [Venezuela (type); Ecuador].

Subfamily LETHOCERINAE Lauck and Menke

Genus Lethocerus Mayr

Lethocerus Mayr, 1852:15 [type-species: Lethocerus cordofanus Mayr, a junior synonym of Belostoma fakir Gistel; synonymized by Menke, 1976:176; only included species].—Brues 1916:160 [ a “huge Belostoma” from Ecuador].—Cummings, 1933:198–199 [key to the species of Lethocerus known from the Western Hemisphere at the time].

Lethocerus annulipes (Herrich-Schaeffer)

Belostoma annulipes Herrich-Schaeffer, 1845:28 [South America (type)].—Uhler, 1869:326 [Ecuador].

Amorgius annulipes.—Campos, 1919:48 [Ecuador]; 1925b:46 [Ecuador].

Lethocerus camposi (Montandon)

Amorgius camposi Montandon, 1900:561 [Ecuador (type)].—Torre-Bueno, 1906:55 [Ecuador].—Campos, 1919:48 [Ecuador]; 1925b:45 [Ecuador].

Lethocerus camposi.—Cummings, 1933:204 [Ecuador].—De Carlo, 1964b:341 [Ecuador].

Lethocerus (Lethocerus) camposi.—Menke, 1963b:267 [Ecuador].

Lethocerus jimenezasuai De Carlo

Lethocerus jimenezasuai De Carlo, 1957:51 [Ecuador (type)].

Family BERYTIDAE Fieber

The present list contains Ecuadorian records of four species of Berytidae in three genera; of these, the single species known from the Galapagos Islands apparently has not been reported from the continent. Certainly others of the nearly 20 species in eight genera known from South America will be found in this country.

No comprehensive study of the family is extant. There are several regional synopses of which only Stusak and Cobben's (1975) treats some Neotropical forms and those from the Netherlands Antilles. The partial key to South American genera given below was derived from a variety of sources, including the study of specimens.

Key to the Genera of Berytidae in South America

Genus Aknisus McAtee

Aknisus McAtee, 1919:81 [type-species: Aknisus calvus McAtee, by original designation].

Aknisus galapagensis Barber

Jalysus (Metacanthus) tenellus.—Heidemann, 1901:366 [Galapagos Islands].

Aknisus galapagensis Barber, 1934:284 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:134 [Galapagos Islands].

Genus Jalysus Stal

Jalysus Stal, 1862a:59 [type-species: Metacanthus macer Stal, fixed by Van Duzee, 1916:17].

Jalysus macer (Stal)

Metacanthus macer Stal, 1859b:236 [Ecuador (type). Stal originally gave the source of his material as “Puna prope Guayaquil,” not Brazil as reported by Lethierry and Severin, 1894:132, and certain later authors].

Jalysus sobrinus Stal

Jalysus sobrinus Stal, 1862a:60 [Brazil (type)].—Pennington, 1918:336 [Ecuador; etc.].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Cotopaxi (117 km W Latacunga, 1 Jul 1975; Los Rios (46 km E Quevedo, 12 May 1977); Manabi (59 km W Sto. Domingo de los Colorados, May 1975); Pastaza (Puyo, 1–7 Feb 1976); Tungurahua (13 km E Baños, 22 Jan 1976).

Genus Metacanthus Costa

Metacanthus Costa, 1847:258 [type-species: Berytus elegans Costa, only included species].

Metacanthus tenellus Stal

Metacanthus tenellus Stal, 1859b:236 [Ecuador (type)].—Stusak, 1964:109 [Ecuador].

Jalysus tenellus.—Stal, 1873:128 [Ecuador].—Barber, 1934:285 [Ecuador].—Harris, 1941:107 [Ecuador; etc.].

Family CANOPIDAE Amyot and Serville

Ecuadorian records are available for three species of the lone genus, Canopus Fabricius, of this family. McAtee and Malloch (1928a:12–14) furnished a key to the species of Canopus.

Genus Canopus Fabricius

Canopus Fabricius, 1803:27 [type-species, Canopus obtectus Fabricius, only included species].

Canopus caesus (Germar)

Chlaenocoris caesus Germar, 1839b:23 [“Middle America” (type)].

Canopus caesus.—McAtee and Malloch, 1928a:17 [Ecuador; etc.].

Canopus fabricii McAtee and Malloch

Canopus fabricii McAtee and Malloch, 1928a:14 [Panama (type); Ecuador; etc.].

Canopus germari McAtee and Malloch

Canopus germari McAtee and Malloch, 1928a:15 [Ecuador (type); etc.].

Family CERATOCOMBIDAE Fieber

No records of Ceratocombidae for Ecuador or the Galapagos Islands have yet been found. Nevertheless, it is probable that still-undiscovered species of this family of tiny, poorly known bugs do occur in both places. So far, three species of the genus Ceratocombus Signoret (1852) are the only members of the family reported for South America.

Assignment of this group to family status follows Štys (1970:41). His independent investigations on this family closely paralleled the appropriate parts of Emsley's (1969) study of the family Schizopteridae and its relatives, but differed principally in considering this group to represent a full family. The two papers mentioned above plus McAtee and Malloch's (1925a) paper form a helpful nucleus for studies in this family.

Family CIMICIDAE Latreille

To date there are records of two species of bed bugs, both in the genus Cimex, in Ecuador: the common bed bug, which also was reported from the Galapagos Islands, and the tropical bed bug.

Usinger (1966) presented a fully illustrated, broadly comprehensive monograph of the family Cimicidae. No effort is made here to abstract keys therefrom because the work is still available from the Thomas Say Foundation and is essential for any student of the group whether he be casually interested or vitally concerned. That work lists 11 species in eight genera for South America.

Subfamily CIMICINAE Latreille

Genus Cimex Linnaeus

Cimex Linnaeus, 1758:441 [type-species: Cimex lectularius Linnaeus, fixed by Opinion 81 of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature (1924:19)].

Cimex hemipterus (Fabricius)

Acanthia hemiptera Fabricius, 1803:113 [South America (type)].

Cimex rotundatus.—Campos, 1925a:1961 [Ecuador].

Cimex lectularius Linnaeus

Cimex lectularius Linnaeus, 1758:441 [Europe (type)].—Barber, 1934:281, 287 [Galapagos Islands].—Leon and Leon, 1953:54 [Ecuador].—Yust, 1958, nos. 196, 205 [Ecuador].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:135 [Galapagos Islands].—Usinger, 1966:313 [“cosmopolitan”—without detailed text references, but with Ecuador and Galapagos Island occurrences indicated on map fig. 11-2, p. 251].

Family COLOBATHRISTIDAE Stal

Only one species has been reported as possibly from continental Ecuador, and none have been listed for the Galapagos Islands. At least several more of the approximately 40 species in 11 genera that have been attributed to South America will eventually be found in continental Ecuador.

The following key to South American genera of Colobathristidae was based in part on the generic keys by Horvath (1904:118–120) and Kormilev (1951:82–83) and in part on the study of specimens.

Key to Genera of Colobathristidae Occurring in South America

Genus Peruda Distant

Peruda Distant, 1888:x [type-species, Peruda typica Distant, only included species].—Kormilev, 1949:382 [key to the species of Peruda].

Peruda monrosi Kormilev

Peruda monrosi Kormilev, 1949:378 [“Patria ignota (probablemente Peru o Ecuador)”].

Family COREIDAE Leach

The Coreidae, one of the large families of Heteroptera, is represented in the following list by 58 species in 30 genera for continental Ecuador and but one species for the Galapagos Islands. Certainly, many additional species will be found in mainland Ecuador. Without a modern catalog of this family, an estimation of the South American genera and species is difficult to make, but these numbers would certainly include a minimum of 100 genera.

The classical classification of the Coreidae, the one followed most closely here, is Stal's (1870, 1873) “Enumeratio” catalog (and its supporting literature) which has served as a base for approximately a century. Subsequent studies suggesting changes to be made in the classification are usually too fragmentary in their coverage of genera for complete acceptance. The most recent consideration for the Coreidae is Schaefer's (1964, 1965, and 1968) four-part study on “The Morphology and Higher Classification of the Coreoidea.” The structures used there suggested several changes in arrangement of forms, but since some of those characters are not readily available on undissected specimens and because some of the changes presented as desirable were not formalized by taxonomic names, the results are inappropriate for inclusion here.

The present state of knowledge about the taxonomy of this family makes impractical the construction of keys for large parts of its South American fauna; however, offered here is a key to the three subfamilies reported for the Americas and a key to the two tribes of the subfamily Meropachydinae. The only significant treatment of this family for a South American country was Pennington's (1921, 1922) two-part study of the Coreidae of Argentina. The keys offered therein are useful but, unfortunately, are quite incomplete for the family as it occurs in the northern half of the continent.

Key to the Subfamilies of Coreidae As They Occur in South America

Subfamily COREINAE Leach Tribe ACANTHOCEPHALINI Stal

Barber's (1939:308–310) key to the tribes of the subfamily Coreinae in the Americas is not repeated here because of the complexity of the wording and the difficulty of using it without much previous knowledge and experience. Hopefully a more practical key can be prepared for a later study of the Ecuadorian Coreidae.

Genus Acanthocephala Laporte

Acanthocephala Laporte, 1833:29 [type-species: Lygaeus compressipes Fabricius, a junior synonym of Cimex latipes Drury, only included species]—Campos, 1919:53 [two species for Ecuador, one unidentified, the other listed below].

Acanthocephala granulosa (Dallas)

Metapodius granulosus Dallas, 1852:430 [Honduras (type)].

Acanthocephala granulosa.—Campos, 1919:53 [Ecuador]; 1925a:54 [Ecuador].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Zamora (Zamora, 6–10 Jun 1976).

Genus Laminiceps Costa

Laminiceps Costa, 1863:250.

Laminiceps haenschi Breddin

Laminiceps haenschi Breddin, 1901b:42 [Ecuador (type)8].

Laminiceps “Haenschi”.—Bergroth, 1913:130 [Ecuador].

Laminiceps proximus Breddin

Laminiceps proximus Breddin, 1901b:42 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1913:130 [Ecuador].

Laminiceps viduus Breddin

Laminiceps viduus Breddin, 1901b:42 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1913:130 [Ecuador].

Genus Leptopetalops Breddin

Leptopetalops Breddin, 1901b:52 [type-species: Leptopetalops gracilis Breddin, only included species.].

Leptopetalops gracilis Breddin

Leptopetalops gracilis Breddin, 1901b:52 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1913:130 [Ecuador].

Genus Petalops Amyot and Serville

Petalops Amyot and Serville, 1843:201 [type-species: Nematopus elegans Serville, a junior synonym of Cimex thoracicus Thunberg, only included species].

Petalops distinguendus Breddin

Petalops distinguendus Breddin, 1901b:41 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1913:130 [Ecuador].

Petalops virago Breddin

Petalops virago Breddin 1901b:41 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1913:130 [Ecuador].

Tribe ANISOSCELIDINI Amyot and Serville

Genus Anisoscelis Latreille

Anisoscelis Latreille, 1829:197 [type-species: Lygaeus foliaceus Fabricius, fixed by Laporte, 1833:31].

Anisoscelis bilineatus (Fabricius)

Lygaeus bilineatus Fabricius, 1803:213 [Brazil (type)].

Anisoscelis bilineatus.—Campos, 1919:54 [Ecuador]; 1925a:55 [Ecuador].

Anisoscelis discolor (Stal)

Diactor discolor Stal, 1854:235 [“Taiti” (type); Stal himself queried this locality (1870:159)].

Anisoscelis discolor.—Campos, 1919:54 [Ecuador]; 1925a:55 [Ecuador].

Anisoscelis foliaceus (Fabricius)

Lygaeus foliaceus Fabricius, 1803:210 [“America meridionale” (type)].

Diactor foliaceus.—Uhler, 1869:323 [“between Napo and Maranon”].

Anisoscelis marginellus (Dallas)

Leptoscelis marginella Dallas, 1852:457 [Brazil (type)].

Anisoscelis marginella.—Campos, 1919:54 [Ecuador]; 1925a:54 [Ecuador].

Genus Belonomus Uhler

Belonomus Uhler, 1869:323 [type-species, Belonomus annulaticornis Uhler, only included species].

Belonomus annulaticornis Uhler

Belonomus annulaticornis Uhler 1869:323 [“between Napo and Maranon” (type)].

Genus Leptoglossus Guerin

Leptoglossus Gerin, 1831: Atlas, pl. 12, fig. 9 [type-species: Leptoglossus dilaticollis Guerin, only included species].—Allen, 1969:35–140 [revision; key to species, pages 54–60].

Leptoglossus gonagra (Fabricius)

Cimex gonagra Fabricius, 1775:708 [St. Thomas Island (type)].

Leptoglossus “gonager”.—Campos, 1919:54 [Ecuador]; 1925a:54 [Ecuador].

Leptoglossus ingens (Mayr)

Theognis ingens Mayr, 1865:434 [Brazil].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Tungurahua (Baños, 24 Jan 1976; all adults had a distinct, irregular, transverse cream-colored fascia crossing both elytra).

Leptoglossus stigma (Herbst)

Cimex stigma Herbst, 1784:258 [Surinam (type)].

Leptoglossus stigma.—Allen, 1969:120 [Ecuador; etc.].

Leptoglossus zonatus (Dallas)

Anisoscelis zonata Dallas, 1852:452 [Mexico (type)].

Leptoglossus zonatus.—Campos, 1919:54 [Ecuador]; 1925a:54 [Ecuador].—Allen 1969:110 [Ecuador; etc.].

Tribe COREINI Leach

Genus Acanthocerus Palisot de Beauvois

Acanthocerus Palisot de Beauvois, 1805–1821:205 [type-species: Acanthocerus crucifer Beauvois, fide O-Shea, 1973:63].

Acanthocerus clavipes (Fabricius)

Coreus clavipes Fabricius, 1803:196 [South America (type)].

Acanthocerus clavipes.—Campos, 1919:53 [Ecuador]; 1925a:54 [Ecuador].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Napo (18 km E Lago Agrio, 30 Aug 1975); Zamora (Yanzaza, 15–18 Jun 1976; Zamora, 1–9 Jun 1976; Zumbi, 10 Jun 1976).

Genus Archimerus Burmeister

Archimerus Burmeister, 1835–1839:321 [type-species: Archimerus squalus Burmeister, a junior synonym of Coreus alternatus Say, fixed by Van Duzee, 1916:11].

Archimerus camposi Montandon

Archimerus camposi Montandon, 1897:246 [Ecuador (type)].

Archimerus humeralis (Distant)

Sephina humeralis Distant, 1901a:420 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1913:148 [Ecuador].

Genus Capaneus Stal

Capaneus Stal, 1862b:277, 279 [type-species: Capaneus rubronotatus Stal, fixed by Van Duzee, 1916:11].

Capaneus obscuratus Montandon

Capaneus obscuratus Montandon, 1899a:191 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1913:144 [Ecuador].—Torre-Bueno, 1915:218 [Ecuador].—Campos, 1919:53 [Ecuador]; 1921: 91 [Ecuador]; 1925a:53 [Ecuador]; 1932b:13 [Ecuador].

Capaneus rubropictus Montandon

Capaneus rubropictus Montandon, 1897:248 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1913:144 [Ecuador].—Campos, 1919:52 [Ecuador]; 1925a:53 [Ecuador].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Zamora (Sabanilla, 3 Jun 1976); Napo (110–146 km W Lago Agrio, 18 May 1975); Pastaza (Puyo, 31 Jan 1976); Tungurahua (20 km E Banos, 28 Jan 1976).

Genus Machtima Amyot and Serville

Machtima Amyot and Serville, 1843:215 [type-species: Lygaeus crucigea Fabricius, only included species].

Machtima crucigera (Fabricius)

Lygaeus crucigea Fabricius, 1775:709 [Brazil (type)].

Machtima crucigera.—Torre-Bueno, 1915:218 [Ecuador; etc.].—Campos, 1919:55 [Ecuador]; 1925a:54 [Ecuador].

Genus Melucha Amyot and Serville

Melucha Amyot and Serville, 1843:195 [type-species: Melucha lineicollis Amyot and Serville, only included species].

Melucha aculeata Montandon

Melucha aculeata Montandon, 1895:5 [Brazil (type)].—Campos, 1925a:55 [Ecuador].

Genus Nematopus Latreille

Nematopus Latreille, 1829:197 [type-species: Nematopus nervosus Laporte, fixed by Laporte, 1832:30].—Campos, 1919:53 [two unidentified species from Ecuador]; 1925a:54 [two unidentified species from Ecuador]; 1932b:13 [two unidentified species from Ecuador].

Nematopus nigriventris Breddin

Nematopus nigriventris Breddin, 1904b:147 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1913:145 [Ecuador].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Napo (Misahualli, 28 Jun 1976).

Genus Pachylis Le Peletier and Serville

Pachylis Le Peletier and Serville, 1825:62 [type-species: Cimex pharaonis Herbst, fixed by Blanchard, 1845, pl. 89, fig. 4].

Pachylis laticornis (Fabricius)

Lygaeus laticornis Fabricius, 1798:538 [Brazil (type)].

Pachylis laticornis.—Uhler, 1869:323 [“between Napo and Maranon”].—Distant, 1881a:107 [Ecuador; etc.].—Lethierry and Severin, 1894:13 [Ecuador; etc.].—Torre-Bueno, 1915:218 [Ecuador; etc.].—Campos, 1919:52 [Ecuador]; 1925a:53 [Ecuador].

Genus Thasus Stal

Thasus Stal, 1865b:174 [type-species: Pachylis gigas Burmeister, fixed by Van Duzee, 1916:11].

Thasus heteropterus (Latreille)

Coreus heteropterus Latreille, 1811:189 [Colombia (type)].

Thasus heteropterus.—Yust, 1958; no. 32 [Ecuador].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Napo (Sta. Cecilia, 16 May 1975).

Tribe LEPTOSCELIDINI Stal

Genus Leptoscelis Laporte

Leptoscelis Laporte, 1833:31 [type-species: Lygaeus haemorrhoidalis Fabricius, a junior synonym of Cimex bipustulatus Linnaeus, original designation].—Campos, 1919:54 [unidentified species from Ecuador]; 1925a:55 [unidentified species from Ecuador].

Leptoscelis limbativentris Breddin

Leptoscelis limbativentris Breddin, 1901a:25 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1913:143 [Ecuador].

Leptoscelis militaris Distant

Leptoscelis militaris Distant, 1901a:418 [Ecuador, Colombia].—Bergroth, 1913:143 [Ecuador; etc.].

Leptoscelis saepifer Breddin

Leptoscelis saepifera Breddin, 1901a:25 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1913:143 [Ecuador].

Genus Malvana Stal

Malvana Stal, 1865b:183 [type-species: Malvana serrulata Stal, only included species].

Malvana lauta Breddin

Malvana lauta Breddin, 1903f:380 [Ecuador (type)].

Genus Phthia Stal

Phthia Stal, 1862b:294 [type-species: Cimex lunatus Fabricius, fixed by Van Duzee, 1916:11].—Campos, 1919:54 [two unidentified species for Ecuador, probably refers to two of the five species below; one of them undoubtedly being P. picta, because he reported it in 1925].

Phthia affinis Distant

Phthia affinis Distant, 1901a:419 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1913:143 [Ecuador].

Phthia femorata Breddin

Phthia femorata Breddin, 1901b:41 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1913:143 [Ecuador].

Phthia lunata (Fabricius)

Cimex lunatus Fabricius, 1787:289 [French Guiana (type)].

Coreus lunatus.—Latreille, 1811:187 [Ecuador].

Phthia lunata.—Distant, 1881a:128 [Ecuador, etc.].—Lethierry and Severin, 1894:51 [Ecuador; etc.].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Napo (65 km W, Lago Agrio, 18 May 1975).

Phthia picta (Drury)

Cimex pictus Drury, 1770:107 [Antigua (type)].

Phthia picta.—Campos, 1925a:55 [Ecuador].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Napo (Misahualli, 25 Jun 1976).

Phthia smaragdina (Walker)

Sphictyrtus smaragdinus Walker, 1871:137 [Ecuador (type)].

Phthia smaragdina.—Bergroth, 1913:143 [Ecuador].

Phthia sponsa Breddin

Phthia sponsa Breddin, 1901b:52 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth 1913:143 [Ecuador].

Tribe SPARTOCERINI Amyot and Serville

Genus Sephina Amyot and Serville

Sephina Amyot and Serville, 1843:185 [type-species: Lygaeus pustulatus Fabricius, only included species].

Sephina culta Distant

Selphina culta Distant, 1893b:84 [Ecuador (type)]. [This species combination was listed for Ecuador by Distant, 1891:112, as a “n. sp.” but without description or illustration and hence was a nomen nudum there].—Campos, 1919:54 [Ecuador]; 1925a:55 [Ecuador].

Sephina vinula Stal

Sephina vinula Stal, 1862b:273 [Mexico (type)].—Campos, 1925a:55 [Ecuador].

Sephina vinula “var.”—Campos, 1919:54 [Ecuador].

Genus Spartocera Laporte

Spartocera Laporte, 1833:43 [type-species: “Spartocerus” geniculatus Burmeister, a junior synonym of Cimex fusca Thunberg, fixed by Kirkaldy, 1903:232].—Campos, 1919:54 [one unidentified species, as well as the ortonedai listed below, for Ecuador].

Spartocera pantomima (Distant)

Sephina pantomima Distant, 1881b:393 [Colombia (type)].

Spartocera ortonedai Montandon, 1897:249 [Ecuador (type)].

Spartocera “Ortonedai”.—Campos, 1919:54 [Ecuador]; 1925a:55 [Ecuador].

Tribe SYRTOMASTINI Stal

Genus Althos Kirkaldy

Margus Dallas 1852:523 preoccupied [type-species: Margus pectoralis Dallas, fixed by Van Duzee, 1916:12].

Althos Kirkaldy, 1904b:280 [proposed as a new name for Margus Dallas, hence must take the same type-species].

Althos tibialis (Distant)

Margus tibialis Distant, 1893b:84 [Ecuador (type). Was a nomen nudum when listed for Ecuador by Distant, 1891:113, with neither description nor figure].—Campos, 1919:55 [Ecuador]; 1925a:55 [Ecuador].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Tungurahua (Banos, 27 Jan 1976; 39 km SE Baños, 25 Jan 1976).

Genus Anasa Amyot and Serville

Anasa Amyot and Serville, 1843:209 [type-species: Anasa cornuta Amyot and Serville, only included species].—Campos, 1925a:56 [in addition to A. andresii and A. trilineata (see below), two undetermined species were recorded for Ecuador].

Anasa andresii (Guerin)

Gonocerus andresii Guerin, 1857:383 [Cuba (type)].

Anasa “Andresii”.—Campos, 1919:55 [Ecuador]; 1925a:56 [Ecuador].

Anasa obscura Dallas

Anasa obscura Dallas, 1852:505 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Dohrn, 1859:30 [Galapagos Islands].—Stal, 1870:197 [Galapagos Islands].—Butler, 1877:88 [Galapagos Islands].—Lethierry and Severin, 1894:76 [Galapagos Islands].—Heidemann, 1901:365 [Galapagos Islands].—Champion, 1924:260 [Galapagos Islands],—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:133 [Galapagos Islands].

Anasa trilineata Stal

Anasa trilineata Stal, 1870:190 [Colombia (type)].—Campos, 1919:55 [Ecuador]; 1925a:56 [Ecuador].

Genus Catorhintha Stal

Catorhintha Stal, 1859c:470 [type-species: Lygaeus guttula Fabricius, fixed by Van Duzee, 1916:12].

Catorhintha guttula (Fabricius)

Lygaeus guttula Fabricius, 1794:162 [“Americae Insulis” (type)].

“Catorintha”guttula.—Campos. 1919:55 [Ecuador]; 1925a:56 [Ecuador].

Genus Cebrenis Stal

Cebrenis Stal, 1862b:298 [type-species: Hyselonotus pulchellus Herrich-Schaeffer, a junior synonym of Hypselonotus centrolineata Westwood, only included species].

Cebrenis haenschi Breddin

Cebrenis haenschi Breddin, 1901a:26 [Ecuador (type)].

Cebrenis “Haenschi”.—Bergroth, 1913:150 [Ecuador].

Genus Hypselonotus Hahn

Hypselonotus Hahn, 1833:186 [type-species: Cimex venosus Fabricius, a junior synonym of Cimex fulvus DeGeer, fixed by Brulle, 1835:371].—Horvath, 1913:365–372 [revision with key to species, pages 365–368].—Campos, 1932b; 14 [one unidentified species from Ecuador].—Whitehead, 1974: 223–233 [revision with key to species, page 224].

Note: The two most recent treatments of this genus differ markedly in concept of how many species are represented. Horvath (1913) considered it to contain 20 species, and several of these to have color varieties worthy of names. Whitehead (1974), accepting the same limits of the genus and making “a short study of chromatic variation,” redefined the species mostly on color characters and reduced the number to nine full species; while he did recognize some infraspecific units, he did not apply names to them. Identification of species through use of either paper is interfered with by variations in the degree of development of the denticles proximal to the subapical ventral spines on the anterior femora of some species and the great variation in color patterns as well as color details. Actually, available specimens include color variations excluded by the wording of the descriptive literature, but at this time none of them appear to merit a name.

A detailed revision of the genus, with study of type-specimens and controlled rearing experiments, probably will find Horvath's number of species excessive; but until that revision appears, the categories are here identified by his “splitting” method in the belief that later students will find it easier to combine the names than to reassemble the specimens for re-identification if that becomes necessary.

Hypselonotus aberrans Horvath

Hypselonotus aberrans Horvath, 1913:366, 367 [Ecuador; Peru; here erroneously credited to Breddin].—Bergroth, 1913: 150 [Ecuador; etc.].

Hypselonotus interruptus.—Whitehead, 1974:226 [Ecuador; etc.].

Hypselonotus aequatorialis Horvath

Hypselonotus aequatorialis Horvath, 1913:368, 371 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1913:150 [Ecuador].

Hypselonotus linea.—Whitehead, 1974:228 [Ecuador; etc.].

Hypselonotus andinus Breddin

Hypselonotus andinus Breddin, 1901a:25 [Ecuador (type)].—Horvath 1913:370 [Ecuador].—Bergroth. 1913:150 [Ecuador].

Hypselonotus interruptus.—Whitehead, 1974:226 [Ecuador: etc.].

Hypselonotus atratus Distant

Hypselonotus atratus Distant, 1881a:152 [Costa Rica (type)].—Campos, 1919:55 [Ecuador]; 1925a:56 [Ecuador].

Hypselonotus interruptus Hahn

Hypselonotus interruptus Hahn, 1833:187 [Brazil (type)].—Whitehead, 1974:226 [Ecuador; etc; here includes aberrans and andinus].

Hypselonotus linea (Fabricius)

Lygaeus linea Fabricius, 1803:220 [South America].

Hypselonotus linea.—Uhler, 1869:325 [Ecuador].—Campos, 1919:55 [Ecuador]; 1925a:56 [Ecuador].—Whitehead, 1974:228 [Ecuador; etc; here includes aequatorialis].

Hypselonotus lineatus Stal

Hypselonotus Stal, 1862b:297 [Mexico (type)].—Torre-Bueno, 1915:218 [Ecuador; etc.].—Whitehead, 1974:229 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Paryphes Burmeister

Paryphes Burmeister, 1835–1839:335 [type-species: Lygaeus laetus Fabricius, fixed by Kirkaldy, 1903:233].—Horvath 1913:344–359 [key to species pages 345–347].—Campos, 1925a:57 [two unidentified species for Ecuador].

Paryphes smaragdus Breddin

Paryphes smaragdus Breddin, 1901b:41 [Ecuador (type)].—Horvath, 1913:358 [Ecuador; etc.].—Bergroth, 1913:151 [Ecuador].

Paraphes smaragdus var. trimaculatus Blöte, 1935:202 [Ecuador].

Genus Sundarus Amyot and Serville

Sundarus Amyot and Serville, 1843:202 [type-species: Sundarus neniator Amyot and Serville, a junior synonym of Chariesterus regalis Westwood, only included species].—Horvath, 1913:359–360 [key to species of Sundarus].

Sundarus inca Breddin

Sundarus inca Breddin, 1901b:41 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1913:151 [Ecuador].

Sundarus muggei Schmidt

Sundarus muggei Schmidt, 1926: 142 [Ecuador (type)].

Sundarus splendidus (Distant)

Paryphes splendidus Distant, 1881b:395 [Ecuador (type)].—Lethierry and Severin, 1894:84 [Ecuador].—Bergroth, 1913:151 [Ecuador].

Sundarus splendidus.—Horvath, 1913:363 [Ecuador].

Genus Sphictyrtus Stal

Sphictyrtus Stal, 1859c:462.

Sphictyrtus sumtuosus (Stal)

Paryphes sumtuosus Stal, 1854:234 [Ecuador (type)]; 1859b: 232 [Ecuador].

Sphictyrtus sumtuosus.—Stal, 1859c:463 [Ecuador]; 1870:203 [Ecuador; etc.].—Campos, 1925a:56 [Ecuador].

Sphictyrtus “sumptuosus”.—Walker, 1871:137 [Ecuador].—Lethierry and Severin, 1894:83 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Zicca Amyot and Serville

Zicca Amyot and Serville, 1843:240 [type-species: Zicca massulata Amyot and Serville, a junior synonym of Cimex nigropunctatus (De Geer), only included species].

Zicca inornata Breddin

Zicca inornata Breddin, 1902b:2 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1913:150 [Ecuador].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Pichincha (29 km W Sto Domingo de los Colorados, 7 May 1975).

Zicca taeniola (Dallas)

Clavigralla taeniola Dallas, 1852:514 [Venezuela (type)].

Zicca taeniola.—Campos, 1919:55 [Ecuador]; 1925a:56 [Ecuador].

Subfamily MEROPACHYDINAE Stal

The tribal classification presented in the key below is adapted from Kormilev (1954).

Key to Tribes of Meropachydinae in South America

Tribe MEROCORINI Stal

Genus Merocoris Perty

Merocoris Perty, 1813:170 [type-species: Merorcoris tristis Perty, only included species].—Kormilev, 1954:157 [key to three species in South America].

Merocoris elevatus (Spinola)

Corynocoris elevatus Spinola, 1837:128 [Brazil (type)].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Manabi (Sto. Domingo de los Colorados, 8 May 1975); Tungurahua (32–39 km E Baños, 25–28 Jan 1976); Zamora (Zamora, 1–5 Jun 1976).

Subfamily PSEUDOPHLOEINAE Stal

The lone South American genus of Pseudo-phoeinae is Vilga Stal, which was revised recently by Dolling (1977, key to species on page 30).

Family CORIXIDAE Leach

The following list of 10 species in five genera includes eight species from continental Ecuador alone, one from both mainland Ecuador and the Galapagos Archipelago, and one only from the Galapagos Islands—the last two species both belong to the genus Trichocorixa. Of the 69 species in eight genera known from South America, additional species quite likely will be collected in Ecuador.

The older literature and definitions of groups in this family are so scattered, confused, and unreliable that a would-be scholar of the group is forced to arbitrarily skip over much of it to accept a more recent point of relatively clear definition from which to work forward as well as backward. Such a point is found in Hungerford's (1948) well-illustrated monograph which provides definitions and keys, and makes corrections of the older literature. This work was reprinted in 1977 almost exactly as in the original, except for Sailer's corrected key to the species of the genus Trichocorixa and an addendum to up-date the list of publications. The excellent illustrations and keys in Nieser's (1975) study of the Corixidae in the Guyana Region should be of considerable help to students of this family as it occurs in northern South America.

Key to Subfamilies of Corixidae in South America

Subfamily CORIXINAE Leach

Genus Centrocorisa Lundblad

Centrocorisa Lundblad, 1928a:68 [type-species: Corisa kollarii Fieber, only included species].

Centrocorisa kollarii (Fieber)

Corisa kollarii Fieber, 1851:227 [Brazil (lectotype); Cuba].

Corixa kollarii.—Kirkaldy, 1899a:2 [Ecuador; etc.].

Corixa (Callicorixa) kollarii.—Kirkaldy, 1899b:6 [Ecuador].—Campos, 1925a:44 [Ecuador].

Callicorixa kollarii.—Kirkaldy and Torre-Bueno, 1909:194 [Ecuador; etc.].

Centrocorisa kollarii.—Hungerford, 1948:442 [Ecuador; etc.].—Nieser, 1969a:142 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Neosigara Lundblad

Neosigara Lundblad, 1928b:222 [type-species: Neosigara columbiensis Lundblad, only included species].

Neosigara griffini (Kirkaldy)

Corixa (Callicorixa) “Griffini” Kirkaldy, 1899b:7 [Ecuador (type); 16 days before this original description, Kirkaldy, 1899a:2, listed the species under the name combination “Corixa Griffini,” which at that time was a nomen nudum].—Campos, 1925a:44 [Ecuador].

Corixa williamsi Hungerford, 1928b:175 [Ecuador (type)].

Sigara griffini.—Jaczewski, 1933:335 [Ecuador].—Hungerford, 1939:72 [Ecuador].

Neosigara griffini.—Hungerford, 1948:429 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Trichocorixa Kirkaldy

Arctocorisa subgenus Trichorixa Kirkaldy, 1908a:118 [type-species: Corisa pygmaea Fieber, only included species].—Sailer, 1948:289–407 [revision, key to species pages 302–305, in Hungerford, 1948]; 1977:289–407 [corrected key to species, p. 302–304a, in reprint of Hungerford, 1948].

Trichocorixa beebei Sailer

Trichocorixa species Hutchinson, 1931:474 [Galapagos Islands].

Trichocorixa beebei Sailer, 1948:306 [Galapagos Islands (type)].

Trichocorixa reticulata (Guerin)

Corisa reticulata Guerin, 1857:423 [Cuba (lectotype)].

Trichocorixa reticulata.—Sailer, 1948:343 [Ecuador; Galapagos Islands; etc.].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:136 [Galapagos Islands].—Nieser, 1969a:153 [Ecuador; Galapagos Islands; etc.]; 1970a:66 [Ecuador; Galapagos Islands; etc.]; 1975:217 [Ecuador; Galapagos Islands; etc.].

Subfamily HETEROCORIXINAE Hungerford

The Heterocorixinae contains the lone genus Heterocorixa White, which occurs in the Western Hemisphere.

Genus Heterocorixa White

Corixa (Heterocorixa) White, 1879a:272 [type-species: Corixa (Heterocorixa) hesperia White, only included species].

Heterocorixa.—Hungerford, 1928a:99.

Heterocorixa boliviensis Hungerford

Heterocorixa boliviensis Hungerford, 1928a:100 [Bolivia (type)]; 1948:121 [Ecuador; etc.].—Nieser, 1970a:53 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1975:222 [Ecuador; etc.].

Heterocorixa brasiliensis Hungerford

Heterocorixa brasiliensis Hungerford, 1928a:101 [Brazil (type)]; 1948:107 [map record for Ecuador on page 136, but text only says in Brazil].

Subfamily MICRONECTINAE Jaczewski

The Micronectinae is represented in the Western Hemisphere by the single genus Tenagobia Bergroth.

Genus Tenagobia Bergroth

Tenagobia Bergroth, 1899:282 [type-species: Tenagobia marmatata Bergroth, only included species].—Deay, 1935:403–477 [revision from which keys, descriptions, and plates were reproduced in Hungerford, 1948:54–98].—Nieser, 1977a: 1–56 [revision with keys to subgenera and species].

Tenagobia constricta Deay

Tenagobia constricta Deay, 1930:176 [Ecuador (type)]; 1935: 401–425 [Ecuador]; 1948:59 [Ecuador].

Tenagobia (Romanogobia) constricta.—Nieser, 1977a:33 [Ecuador].

Tenagobia schadei Lundblad

Tenagobia schadei Lundblad, 1928c:23 [Paraguay (type)].

Tenagobia (Schadegobia) schadei.—Nieser, 1977a:44 [Ecuador; etc.].

Tenagobia testacea Nieser

Tenagobia (Tenagobia) testacea Nieser, 1977a:11 [Colombia (type); Ecuador].

Tenagobia truncata Deay

Tenagobia truncata Deay, 1930:172 [Ecuador (type)]; 1935:407, 441 [Ecuador].

Tenagobia (Tenagobia) truncata.—Nieser, 1977a:12 [Ecuador; etc.].

Family CYDNIDAE Billberg

The following list of 10 species in four genera scarcely can be considered exhaustive for the Ecuadorian fauna of this family; one of these species also occurs on the Galapagos Islands.

The following keys to the subfamilies and genera occurring in South America are adapted basically from Froeschner's (1960) treatment of the family for the Western Hemisphere which also contains keys to the species of each genus. That work plus two later papers by Becker (1967) and Froeschner (1975) provide records and treatments of 73 species in 13 genera for South America.

Key to Subfamilies of Cydnidae in South America

Subfamily AMNESTINAE Hart

This subfamily contains but one genus.

Genus Amnestus Dallas

Amnestus Dallas, 1851:126 [type-species: Cydnus spinifrons Say, only included species].

Amnestus bolivari (Signoret)

Pachymeroides “Bolivari” Signoret, 1880:vii [Ecuador (type); type, the only known specimen, consists of but two legs].—Lethierry and Severin, 1893:75 [Ecuador].

Amnestus bolivari.—Froeschner, 1960:638 [Ecuador].

Amnestus pusio (Stal)

Magoa pusio Stal, 1858:14 [Brazil (type)].

Amnestus pusio.—Froeschner, 1960:654 [Ecuador; etc.].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Los Rios (Quevedo, 11 May 1975); Napo (3 km NE Lago Agrio, 17 May 1975; Sta. Cecilia, 16 May 1975); Pastaza (12 km W Puyo, 2 Feb 1976; 22 km W Puyo, 3 Feb 1976); Pichincha (20 km W Sto. Domingo de los Colorados, 7 May 1977).

Subfamily CYDNINAE Billberg

Key to Genera of Subfamily Cydninae in South America

Genus Cyrtomenus Amyot and Serville

Cyrtomenus Amyot and Serville 1843:90 [type-species: Cyrtomenus castaneus Amyot and Serville, a junior synonym of Pentatoma ciliata (Beauvois), fixed by Kirkaldy, 1903:230].

Cyrtomenus grossus Dallas

Cyrtomenus grossus Dallas 1851:111 [Colombia (type)].

Cyrtomenus (Syllobus) grossus.—Froeschner 1960:520 [Ecuador; etc.].

Cyrtomenus teter (Spinola)

Cydnus teter Spinola, 1837:332 [Brazil (type)].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Bolivar (7 km W Balzapamba, 20 Jun 1975, alt 1524 m).

Genus Dallasiellus Berg

Stenocoris Signoret, 1880:xliv preoccupied [type-species: Aethus longulus Dallas, only included species].

Dallasiellus Berg, 1901:281 [proposed as a new name for Stenocoris Signoret, hence takes the same type-species].

Dallasiellus levipennis (Signoret)

Geotomus levipennis Signoret, 1883:35 [French Guiana (type)].

Dallasiellus (Dallasiellus) levipennis.—Froeschner, 1960:609 [Ecuador; etc.].

Dallasiellus longulus (Dallas)

Aethus longulus Dallas, 1851:119 [(Brazil (type)].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Bolivar (7 km SW Balzapamba, 20 Jun 1975).

Dallasiellus lugubris (Stal)

Aethus lugubris Stal, 1858:13 [Brazil (type)].

Aethus nigrocinctus.—Distant, 1891:111 [Ecuador; etc.].

Geotomus nigrocincutus.—Campos, 1925a:49 [Ecuador].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Los Rios (Quevedo, 11 May 1975).

Dallasiellus murinus (Van Duzee)

Geotomus murinus Van Duzee, 1933:26 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Barber, 1934:282 [Galapagos Islands].

Dallasiellus (Dallasiellus) murinus.—Froeschner, 1960:616 [Ecuador; Galapagos Islands].

Dallasiellus murinus.—Froeschner, 1968:198 [Ecuador; Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:10 [Galapagos Islands].

Genus Ectinopus Dallas

Ectinopus Dallas, 1851:121 [type-species: Cydnus holomelas Burmeister, only included species].—Campos, 1919:50 [two unidentified species for Ecuador]; 1925a:49 [two unidentified species for Ecuador].

Genus Melanaethus Uhler

Melanaethus Uhler 1876:280 [type-species, Melanaethus elongatus Uhler, preoccupied, a synonym under Aethus subglaber Walker, only included species].

Melanaethus subglaber (Walker)

Aethus subglaber Walker 1867:150 [“North America” (type)].

Melanaethus subglaber.—Froeschner 1960:440 [Galapagos Islands; etc.]; 1968:192 [suggests specimen reported in 1960 record for Galapagos Islands probably mislabeled].—Linsley, 1977:10 [Galapagos Islands].

Genus Pangaeus Stahl

Pangaeus Stal, 1862b:95 [type-species: Aethus margo Dallas, a junior synonym of Cimex aethipos Fabricius, fixed by Van Duzee, 1914:378].

Pangaeus aethiops (Fabricius)

Cimex aethiops Fabricius, 1787:269 [French Guiana (type)].

“Pangoeus” vicinus.—Signoret, 1882:255 [Ecuador (type)]. [New synonymy.]

Pangaeus vicinus.—Lethierry and Severin, 1893:170 [Ecuador].—Campos, 1919:49 [Ecuador]; 1925a:49 [Ecuador].

Pangaeus (Homaloporus) bilineatus.—Froeschner, 1960:459 [Froeschner examined no Ecuadorian specimens but assigned Signoret's (supra) “Pangoeus” vicinus to this synonymy—see note below]

Pangaeus (Pangaeus) aethiops.—Froeschner, 1960:504 [Ecuador; etc.].

Note: Pangaeus vicinus was described from Guayaguil by Signoret. Froeschner (1960:459), on the basis of a Signoret-determined Mexican specimen in the Signoret collection, assigned it as a junior synonym of Pangaeus bilineatus (Say). The latter specimen, besides being far from the locality reported for Pangaeus vicinus, differed from the original description in several characters. Here reconsidering the matter and recognizing that a South American species is not likely to be a member of the Nearctic subgenus Homaloporus to which Pangeaus bilineatus belongs, I conclude that Signoret's Mexican specimen is simply misidentified, and that the true Pangaeus vicinus (type-specimen still unlocated) must belong to the South American nominate subgenus Pangaeus.

The significant features mentioned in the original description are the type-locality, the 7 mm length, the single costal setigerous puncture, and the presence of only two setigerous punctures on each jugum. Within the subgenus Pangaeus These characters combined to suggest the widely ranging Pangaeus aethiops, which is known to occur in Ecuador, and the Pangeaus laevigatus Signoret reported only from Brazil. Because the original description gives no significant character for separating Pangaeus vicinus from either of those species, I here simply elect to transfer it to synonymy under the older name, Pangaeus aethiops (Fabricius), a new synonymy.

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Guayaquil (Olon, 29 Feb 1976).

Pangaeus docilis (Walker)

Aethus docilis Walker, 1867:154 [Brazil (type)].

Pangaeus (Pangaeus) docilis.—Froeschner, 1960:484 [Ecuador; etc.].

Subfamily SCAPTOCORINAE Froeschner

The latest taxonomic revision of the Scaptocorinae was by Becker (1967), and the following key to genera is derived from it.

Key to the Genera of Scaptocorinae in South America

Family DINIDORIDAE Stal

No record for occurrence of this family in Ecuador or the Galapagos Islands was encountered during this study. The family is known in the Americas only by the genus Dinidor Latreille, which contains about five South American species. One or more of these might be looked for in Ecuador.

A key to the included genera with a checklist of species was presented by Schouteden (1913), who treated this group as subfamily of the family Pentatomidae.

Family DIPSOCORIDAE Dohrn

(CRYPTOSTEMMATIDAE Bergroth)

No Ecuadorian records of Dipsocoridae were encountered during preparation of this list. For South America, two species in the genus Cryptostemma have been reported. But this group of tiny insects is very poorly known, and undoubtedly specialized collecting will reveal many more species for South America and much of the rest of the world.

Family status for this group of insects is in keeping with Stys' (1970) studies. His findings closely agreed with those of Emsley (1969) except that the latter author considered this particular group to be a part of his more comprehensive “Cryptostemmatidae,” a name which is now assigned to synonymy under the older name Dipsocoridae. Two other groups in Emsley's “Cryptostemmatidae” were raised by Štys to family status as Ceratocombidae and Hypsipterygidae.

A helpful nucleus for studies in this group would include the two above-mentioned papers plus the revision by McAtee and Malloch (1925).

Family ENICOCEPHALIDAE Stal

The two species, each in a different genus, for which Ecuador records have been found [none for the Galapagos Islands] must be far less than the number of species occurring in that country. In fact, the listing of only a half dozen species in four genera for all South America does not compare well with other faunal areas. Recognition of the cryptic habits of these insects and use of the special collecting techniques needed for their capture will undoubtedly greatly increase the number of tropical American species.

Works helpful to a study of the South American members of this family include the two comprehensive works, Jeannel's (1942) “Monographie” with keys down to species, and Usinger's (1945) “Classification” with a key to the world genera (pages 324–325). More recently, Štys (1970) reanalyzed some of the morphology and proposed certain suprageneric changes; and Kritsky (1977) provided for the genera of the family in the Western Hemisphere a key from which the following was abstracted.

Key to the Subfamilies and Genera of Enicocephalidae in South America

Subfamily ENICOCEPHALINAE Stal

Genus Oncylocotis Stal

Oncylocotis Stal, 1855:44 [type-species: Oncylocotis nasutus Stal, only included species].—Kritsky, 1978:194–198 [review and key for the Neotropical species].

Oncylocotis concolor (Champion)

Henicocephalus concolor Champion, 1898:160 [Guatemala (type)].

Hymenocoris (Hymenocoris) concolor Jeannel, 1942:329 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Systelloderes Blanchard

Systelloderes Blanchard, 1852:224 [type-species: Systelloderes moschatus Blanchard, only included species].

Systelloderes moschatus Blanchard

Systelloderes moschatus Blanchard, 1852:224 [Chile (type)].—Yust 1955:427 [Ecuador]; 1958, no. 210 [Ecuador].

Family GELASTOCORIDAE Champion

Available records list 10 species in two genera for continental Ecuador; the family has not yet been reported for the Galapagos Islands. Certainly more species can be anticipated because the two known genera of this family have a combination of 28 species already reported for South America.

The following key to South American subfamilies and genera is adopted from Todd's (1955) well-illustrated work containing keys to and discussions of species. That paper and Todd's (1961) up-dated checklist are essential points of departure for studies on the Neotropical members of the family. Nieser (1975) adopted several modifications of Todd's studies, especially in resurrecting certain genera. At present, this list is following Todd's more comprehensive considerations.

Key to Subfamilies and and Genera of Gelastocoridae

Subfamily GELASTOCORINAE Champion

Genus Gelastocoris Kirkaldy

Galgulus Latreille, 1802:253, preoccupied [type-species: Naucoris oculata Fabricius, only included species].—Campos, 1919:49 [one unidentified species from Ecuador as well as G. flavus listed below as a synonym of G. major].

Gelastocoris Kirkaldy, 1897:258 [proposed as a new name for Galgulus Latreille, hence takes the same type-species].

Gelastocoris fuscus Martin

Gelastocoris fuscus Martin 1929:364 [Ecuador (type); etc.].—Todd, 1955:336 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1961:462 [Ecuador; etc.].—Nieser, 1975:37 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1977b:294 [Ecuador; etc.].

Gelastocoris major Montandon

Gelastocoris major Montandon, 1910:2 [no locality given].—Todd, 1955:327 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1957:147 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1961:463 [Ecuador; etc.].—Neiser, 1977b:294 [Ecuador; etc.].

Galgulus flavus.—Campos, 1919:49 [Ecuador]; 1925a:47 [Ecuador].

Gelastocoris duplicatus Martin, 1929:364 [Ecuador (type)].

Gelastocoris andinus Melin, 1929:159 [Mexico; Panama; Colombia; Ecuador; Brazil].

SURVEY COLLECTION—Santo Domingo de los Colorados (79 km W Manabi, 8 May 1975).

Gelastocoris nebulosus (Guerin)

Galgulus nebulosus Guerin, 1844:351 [Brazil (type); Bolivia].

Gelastocoris flavus.—Melin, 1929:161 [Ecuador; etc.].

Gelastocoris nebulosus.—Todd, 1955:331 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1961: 463 [Ecuador; etc.].

Subfamily NERTHRINAE Kirkaldy

Genus Nerthra Say

Nerthra Say, 1832:37 [type-species: Nerthra stygica Say, only included species].

Nerthra amplicollis (Stal)

Mononyx amplicollis Stal, 1854:239 [Colombia (type)].—Kirkaldy and Torre-Bueno, 1909:180 [Ecuador; etc.].

Nerthra amplicollis.—Todd, 1955:384 [Ecuador; etc.].—Nieser, 1977b:295 [Ecuador; etc.].

Nerthra ecuadorensis (Melin)

Mononyx amplicollis var. ecuadorensis Melin, 1929:185 [Ecuador (type); etc.].

Nerthra ecuadorensis Todd, 1955:387 [Ecuador; etc.].

Nerthra lata (Montandon)

Mononyx lata Montandon, 1899b:399 [Ecuador (type)].—Melin, 1929:186 [Ecuador; etc.].

Mononyx “latus”.—Torre-Bueno, 1906:50 [Ecuador; etc.].—Kirkaldy and Torre-Bueno, 1909:181 [Ecuador; etc.].—Campos, 1925a:47 [Ecuador].

Nerthra lata.—Todd, 1955:50 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1961:469 [Ecuador; etc.].

Nerthra peruviana (Montandon)

Mononyx peruvianus Montandon, 1905:403 [Peru (type)].

Nerthra peruviana.—Melin, 1929:184 [Ecuador].—Todd, 1955:375 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1961:471 [Ecuador; etc.].—Nieser, 1977b:296 [Ecuador; etc.].

Nerthra rudis (Melin)

Mononyx fuscipes variety rudis Melin, 1929:182 [Mexico (type); etc.].

Nerthra rudis.—Todd, 1955:391 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1957:150 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1961:472 [Ecuador; etc.].—Nieser, 1977b: 297 [Ecuador; etc.].

Nerthra tenebrosa Todd

Nerthra tenebrosa Todd, 1955:376 [Colombia (type); Ecuador; etc.]; 1961:474 [Ecuador; etc.].

Nerthra terrestris (Kevan)

Mononyx bipunctatus Melin, 1929:177, preoccupied [Trinidad; Brazil; French Guiana; Peru; Bolivia].

Mononyx terrestris Kevan, 1948:813 [new name for Mononyx bipunctatus Melin].

Nerthra terrestris.—Todd, 1957:149 [Ecuador]; 1961:474 [Ecuador; etc.].—Nieser, 1975:44 [Ecuador; etc.].

Family GERRIDAE Amyot and Serville

The following list of literature records for Ecuadorian occurrences of waterstriders includes 17 species in seven genera for the continental area and five species in the oceanic genus Halobates for the Galapagos Islands—three of those five species of Halobates are also found near the coast of the mainland (and are counted in the totals above). This appears to be considerably less representation than would be expected from the approximately 80 species in 17 genera known from South America.

A family-wide classification proposed by Hungerford and Matsuda (1960) consisted of keys to subfamilies, tribes, and genera; its was accompanied by a lengthier paper by Matsuda (1960) giving the morphological details and evolutionary sequences of that classification. Later Andersen (1975) modified the above classification by elevating to subfamilies all the tribes of Hungerford and Matsuda's (supra) subfamily Gerrinae and presented a reclassification, with key, to the genera of his newly restricted subfamily Gerrinae (i.e., the tribe Gerrini of Hungerford and Matsuda). Significant and useful to study of the South American members of the family are Drake and Harris' (1934) review of the Gerrinae of the Western Hemisphere with its keys through species and Kuitert's (1942) updating of some of those keys to species.

Subfamily CHARMOMETRINAE Matsuda

Genus Brachymetra Mayr

Brachymetra Mayr, 1865:455 [type-species: Halobates albinervus Amyot and Serville, only included species].—Shaw, 1934: 221–333 [revision with key to species].—Harris and Drake, 1945:211–212 [list of species].

Brachymetra albinerva (Amyot and Serville)

Halobates albinervus Amyot and Serville 1843:412 [Brazil (type)].

Brachymetra albinerva.—Shaw, 1934:228 [Ecuador; etc.].

Brachymetra “albinervis”.—Nieser, 1970c:121 [Ecuador; etc.].

Brachymetra kleopatra (Kirkaldy)

Gerris kleopatra Kirkaldy, 1899b:3 [Ecuador (type); in a paper which appeared 16 days earlier than this one (1899a:2), this combination, as a nomen nudum, was included in a list].

Brachymetra kleopatra.—Hungerford and Matsuda, 1957:19 [Ecuador; etc.; corrects Shaw's (supra) concept of this species].

Genus Charmometra Kirkaldy

Charmometra Kirkaldy, 1899a:509 [type-species: Brachymetra bakeri Kirkaldy, only included species].

Charmometra bakeri (Kirkaldy)

Brachymetra bakeri Kirkaldy, 1898:101 [Colombia (type)]; 1899c:509 [Ecuador; etc.—this species binomen is here a “lapsus” because it is placed under the generic heading “Charmatometra gen. n.” for which the type-species is cited as “C. bakeri”].—Kirkaldy and Torre-Bueno, 1909:211 [Ecuador; etc.].

Subfamily GERRINAE Amyot and Serville

Genus Eurygerris Hungerford and Matsuda

Eurygerris Hungerford and Matsuda, 1958:168 [type-species: Brachymetra fuscinervis Berg, original designation].—Drake, 1963:95 [list of species].

Eurygerris cariniventris (Champion)

Gerris cariniventris Champion, 1898:148 [Mexico; Guatemala; Costa Rica; Panama].—Kuitert, 1942:123 [Ecuador; etc.].

Eurygerris flavolineatus (Champion)

Gerris flavolineatus Champion, 1898:149 [Mexico; Guatemala].—Kirkaldy, 1899a:2 [Ecuador]; 1899b:1 [Ecuador].—Campos, 1925a:47 [Ecuador].—Drake and Harris, 1934:197 [Ecuador; etc.].

Eurygerris flavolineatus.—Drake, 1963:95 [Ecuador; etc.].

Eurygerris fuscinervis (Berg)

Brachymetra fuscinervis Berg, 1898:3 [Argentina (type)].

Gerris fuscinervis.—Kirkaldy, 1899c:507 [Ecuador].—Drake and Harris, 1934:198 [Ecuator; etc.]; 1938:204 [Ecuador; etc.].

Eurygerris fuscinervis.—Drake, 1963:95 [Ecuador; etc.].—Nieser, 1970c:114 [Ecuador; etc.].

Eurygerris kahli (Drake and Harris)

Gerris kahli Drake and Harris, 1934:199 [Venezuela (type)]—Kuitert, 1942:124 [Ecuador].

Eurygerris kahli.—Drake, 1963:95 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Gerris Fabricius

Gerris Fabricius, 1794:187 [type-species; Cimex lacustris Linnaeus, fixed by Latreille, 1810:434].—Kirkaldy, 1899b: 1 [from Ecuador, Kirkaldy reported two probable new species of “subgenus Limnometra” and “Nymphs” of one or two unidentified species].—Kuitert, 1942:117–119 [key to males of species in New World].

Genus Limnogonus Stal

Limnogonus Stal, 1868:132 [type-species, Hydrometra hyalina Fabricius, fixed by Stal, 1868:133].—Kuitert, 1942:125–127 [key to species of New World].

Limnogonus aduncus Drake and Harris

Limnogonus aduncus Drake and Harris, 1933:110 [Brazil (type)]; 1934:209 [Ecuador; etc.].—Nieser, 1970c: 106 [Ecuador; etc.].

Limnogonus hyalinus (Fabricius)

Hydrometra hyalina Fabricius, 1803:258 [South America].

Gerris hyalinus.—Kirkaldy, 1899a:2 [Ecuador].

Gerris (Limnogonus) hyalinus.—Kirkaldy 1899b:1 [Ecuador].—Campos, 1925a:48 [Ecuador].

Limnogonus hyalinus.—Drake and Harris; 1934:208 [Ecuador; etc.].—Nieser, 1970c:104 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Tachygerris Drake

Tachygonus Drake, 1957a:111 preoccupied [type-species: Tenagogonus adamsom Drake, original designation].

Tachygerris Drake, 1957b:193 [proposed as a new name for Tachygonus Drake, hence takes same type-species].

Tachygerris opacus (Champion)

Limnometra opaca Champion, 1898:150 [Panama (type)].

Tenagogonus opacus.—Kuitert, 1942:133 [Ecuador; etc.].

Tachygerris opacus.—Nieser, 1970c:115 [Ecuador; etc.].—Roback and Nieser, 1974:36 [Ecuador; etc.].

Subfamily HALOBATINAE Bianchi

Genus Halobates Eschscholtz

Halobates Eschscholtz, 1822:106 [type-species: Halobates micans Eschsholtz, fixed by Laporte, 1832:24].—Banning 1933: 20 [during exploration of Galapagos Islands and adjacent waters, “Halobates—attracted by the brillant light at the gangway of the ship” and several were taken in “nightly plankton hauls”].—Herring, 1961 [monograph with key (pages 241–246) to species].

Note: Geographic localization of animals of the open ocean is not always clear, but for convenience they may be associated as part of the fauna of the land to which they come close or onto which they sometimes are washed by strong winds. Such treatment is here accorded to the several species of Halobates which occur on the open ocean near Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands.

Halobates micans Eschscholtz

Halobates micans Eschscholtz, 1822:107 [South Atlantic Ocean (type)].—Barber, 1934:289 [Galapagos Islands]; 1943:80 [Galapagos Islands].—Usinger, 1938:83 [Galapagos Islands].—Herring, 1961:227, 246 [Ecuador; Galapagos Islands; etc.].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:136 [Galapagos Islands].

Halobates “Wuellersdorffi”.—Uhler, 1890:194 [Galapagos Islands].—Heidemann, 1901:369 [Galapagos Islands].

Halobates robustus Barber

Halobates robustus Barber, 1925:253 [Galapagos Islands (type); listed as “Halobates n. sp.” by Beebe, 1924:83, and Champion, 1924:260]; 1934:289 [Galapagos Islands].—Van Duzee, 1937:118 [Galapagos Islands].—Usinger, 1938:84 [Galapagos Islands].—Herring, 1961:229, 282 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:136 [Galapagos Islands].

Halobates “sp.” Heidemann, 1901:369 [Galapagos Islands; placed as H. robustus by Barber, 1934:289].—Beebe, 1924: 83–86, 432 [placed as H. robustus by Barber, 1925:253].

Halobates sericeus Eschscholtz

Halobates sericeus Eschscholtz, 1822:108 [Pacific Ocean “near the Equator” (type)].—Herring, 1961:227, 252 [Ecuador; Galapagos Islands; etc.].

Halobates sobrinus White

Halobates sobrinus White, 1883:46 [“Taiti” in error; known only from west coast of South America].—Herring, 1961:229, 251 [Ecuador; Galapagos Islands; etc.].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:136 [“near Galapagos” Islands].

Halobates splendens Witlaczil

Halobates splendens Witlaczil, 1886:178 [west coast of South America (type)].—Usinger, 1938:84 [“near the Galapagos” Islands].—Herring, 1961:229, 248 [Ecuador; Galapagos Islands; etc.].

Subfamily PTILOMERINAE Bianchi

Genus Potamobates Champion

Potamobates Champion, 1898:154 [type-species: Potamobates unidentatus Champion, fixed by Kirkaldy, 1906a: 155].—Kuitert, 1942:140 [key to species of New World].

Potamobates bidentatus Champion

Potamobates bidentatus Champion, 1898:155 [Mexico (type)].—Kirkaldy, 1899a:2 [Ecuador]; 1899b: 1 [Ecuador].—Campos, 1925a:48 [Ecuador].

Potamobates williamsi Hungerford

Potamobates williamsi Hungerford, 1932:228 [Ecuador (type)]; 1937:146 [Ecuador].—Drake and Harris, 1934: 228 [Ecuador].—Kuitert, 1942:141 [Ecuador].

Family HEBRIDAE Amyot and Serville

The family Hebridae is represented in the following list by literature records for four species in two genera from continental Ecuador and none from Galapagos Islands. Several additional species may be found in Ecuador.

Drake and Harris (1943) discussed this family as it occurs in the Western Hemisphere; the list of species was brought up-to-date by Drake and Chapman (1958:324–325), who enumerated 13 species in two genera for South America. The appended key based on classical separating characters should permit ready recognition of those two genera.

Key to Genera of Hebridae in South America

Genus Hebrus Curtis

Hebrus Curtis, 1833:198 [type-species: Lygaeus pusillus Fallen, only included species].

Hebrus camposi Drake and Chapman

Hebrus camposi Drake and Chapman, 1954:151 [Ecuador (type)]; 1958:325 [Ecuador].

Hebrus ecuadorensis Drake and Harris

Hebrus ecuadorensis Drake and Harris, 1943:55 [Ecuador (type)].—Drake and Chapman, 1958:325 [Ecuador].

Hebrus hungerfordi Drake and Harris

Hebrus hungerfordi Drake and Harris, 1943:58 [Ecuador (type)].—Drake and Chapman, 1958:325 [Ecuador].

Genus Merragata white

Merragata White, 1877:113. [type-species, Merragata hebroides White, only included species].

Merragata hebroides White

Merragata hebroides White, 1877:114 [Hawaiian Islands (type)].—Drake and Harris, 1943:43 [Ecuador; etc.].—Drake and Cobben, 1960b:36 [Ecuador; etc.].

Family HELOTREPHIDAE Esaki and China

The lack of Ecuadorian records for this family probably results from inadequate collecting rather than from its non-occurrence.

Two genera are known from South America. They can be separated by the following couplet abstracted from China's (1940:123–124) key to the genera of the subfamily Neotrephinae to which they both belong.

Key to the Genera of Helotrephidae in South America

Family HYDROMETRIDAE Billberg

The present list contains literature records of two species in a single genus for Ecuador and none for the Galapagos Islands. Surely more of South America's more than 20 species in three genera should be found there.

The starting points for study of South American forms of this family are Hungerford and Evan's (1934) monograph and Andersen's (1977) paper giving an up-dated key to subfamilies and genera of the world and a checklist of all known species.

Key to the Subfamilies and Genera of Hydrometridae in South America

Subfamily HYDROMETRINAE Billberg

Genus Hydrometra Latreille

Hydrometra Latreille, 1796:86 [type-species, Cimex stagnorum Linnaeus, fixed by Latreille, 1810:434].

Hydrometra caraiba Guerin

Hydrometra caraiba Guerin, 1857:413 [Cuba (type)].—Drake and Lauck, 1959:50 [Ecuador; etc.].—Nieser, 1970d:143 [Ecuador; etc.].

Hydrometra agenor Kirkaldy, 1902c:280 [Ecuador (type)].—Torre-Bueno, 1926:85 [Ecuador].—Hungerford and Evans, 1934:101 [Ecuador].

Hydrometra williamsi Hungerford and Evans

Hydrometra williamsi Hungerford and Evans, 1934:97 [Ecuador (type)].—Drake and Lauck, 1959:52 [Ecuador].

Family LARGIDAE Amyot and Serville

The following text contains records of four species in two genera of Largidae from continental Ecuador and none from the Galapagos Islands. Undoubtedly the list eventually will include more of the 60 species in seven genera that have been described from South America.

The family was cataloged by Hussey (1929) in its older traditional position as the subfamily Euryophthalminae of the family Pyrrhocoridae. China (1954:188–189) explained why Largidae is the proper name for this group. A particularly important paper dealing, in part, with the South American forms was published by Schmidt (1931).

The seven South American genera can be separated by the following key which is partly original and partly based on Stal's (1870:90–91) key.

Key to Genera of Largidae in South America

Genus Acinocoris Hahn

Acinocoris Hahn, 1834:113 [type-species, Acinocoris calidus Hahn, not Fabricius, a variety of Cimex lunaris Gmelin, only included species].—Schmidt, 1931:4–6 [key to species of Acinocoris].

Acinocoris includens Walker

Acinocoris includens Walker, 1873a:38 [Ecuador (type)].—Schmidt, 1931:11 [Ecuador; etc.].

Acinocoris bilineatus var. includens.—Hussey, 1929:12 [Ecuador].

Genus Largus Hahn

Largus Hahn, 1831:13 [type-species: Cimex humilis Drury, only included species].

Largus cinctus Herrich-Schaeffer

Largus cinctus Herrich-Schaeffer, 1842:6 [Mexico].

Largus “cinctus?”.—Campos, 1925a:59 [Ecuador].

Largus haenschi Schmidt

Largus “Haenschi” Schmidt, 1931:28 [Ecuador (type)].

Largus martinezi Bolivar

Largus martinezi Bolivar, 1879:141 [Ecuador (type)].

Euryophthalmus martinezi.—Hussey, 1929:18 [Ecuador].

Family LYGAEIDAE Shilling

For this large family, only 24 species in 17 genera are reported for continental Ecuador, and nine species in seven genera are reported for the Galapagos Islands; of these species just one, Cymoninus notabilis (Distant), is known from both areas. The total numbers involved are 33 species in 19 genera. The continental records were taken primarily from Slater's (1964) catalog which gives access to all the literature of the family; the Galapagos Islands' records were taken primarily from Ashlock's (1972) study of “The Lygaeidae of the Galapagos Islands,” which gives keys and discussions for all forms known from that archipelago.

As no comprehensive keys for the many genera of this large group in tropical America are available, none can be adapted, and the time and materials for making an original one are not now available.

Subfamily BLISSINAE Stal

Genus Blissus Burmeister

Blissus Burmeister, 1835–1839:290 [type-species: Blissus hirtulus Burmeister, by Opinion 705 of International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature, 1966].—Campos, 1919:57 [two unidentified species from Ecuador]; 1925a: 58 [two unidentified species from Ecuador].

Genus Ischnodemus Fieber

Ischnodemus Fieber, 1837:337 [type-species: Ischnodemus quadratus Fieber, only included species].—Campos, 1919:57 [one unidentified species from Ecuador]; 1925a:58 [one unidentified species from Ecuador].

Subfamily CYMINAE Baerensprung

Tribe NININI Barber

Genus Cymoninus Breddin

Cymoninus Breddin, 1907a:38. [type-species: Cymoninus subunicolor Breddin, a junior synonym of Ninus sechellensis Bergroth, original designation].

Cymoninus notabilis (Distant)

Ninus notabilis Distant, 1882:191 [Guatemala (type)].

Cymoninus notabilis.—Ashlock, 1972:97 [Galapagos Islands; Ecuador; etc.].—Linsley, 1977:11 [Galapagos Islands].

Subfamily GEOCORINAE Baerensprung

Genus Geocoris Fallen

Geocoris Fallen, 1814:10 [type-species: Cimex grylloides Linnaeus, fixed by Oshanin, 1912:30].—Campos 1919:57; [one unidentified species from Ecuador]; 1925a:58 [one unidentified species from Ecuador].

Subfamily LYGAEINAE Amyot and Serville

Genus Acroleucus Stal

Acroleucus Stal, 1874:99, 114 [type-species: Lygaeus coxalis Stal, fixed by Slater, 1964:11].

Acroleucus heros Breddin

Acroleucus heros Breddin, 1904b:148 [Ecuador (type)].—Slater, 1964:12 [Ecuador].

Acroleucus pothus Breddin

Acroleucus pothus Breddin, 1904b:148 [Ecuador (type)].—Slater, 1964:12 [Ecuador].

Genus Craspeduchus Stal

Craspeduchus Stal, 1874:105, 109 [type-species: Lygaeus xanthostaurus Herrich-Schaeffer, fixed by Van Duzee, 1916:18].

Craspeduchus aequatorialis (Breddin)

Spilostethus (Craspeduchus) aequatorialis Breddin, 1912:353 [Ecuador (type)].

Craspeduchus aequatorialis.—Slater, 1964:47 [Ecuador].

Genus Lygaeus Fabricius

Lygaeus Fabricius, 1794:113 [type-species: Cimex equestris Linnaeus, fixed by Curtis, 1833:481].—Campos, 1919:56 [two unidentified species from Ecuador; no clue as to a modernly restricted genus in which they would be placed today]; 1925a:58 [two unidentified species from Ecuador; see note for 1919].

Genus Nicuesa Distant

Nicuesa Distant, 1893a:385 [type-species: Nicuesa speciosa Distant, only included species].

Nicuesa affinis Distant

Nicuesa affinis Distant, 1901b:538 [Ecuador (type)].—Slater, 1964:151 [Ecuador].

Genus Ochrostomus Stal

Lygaeus (Ochrostomus) Stal, 1874:105, 110 [type-species: Lygaeus pulchellus Fabricius, fixed by Van Duzee, 1916:18].

Ochrostomus confraternus (Uhler)

Lygaeus confraternus Uhler, 1869:325 [“between Napo and Maranon” (type)].

Genus Oncopeltus Stal

Lygaeus (Oncopeltus) Stal, 1868:70, 75 [type species, Cimex

famelicus Fabricius, fixed by Distant 1904a:4].

Oncopeltus.—Stal, 1872b:40.

Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas)

Lygaeus fasciatus Dallas, 1852:538 [U.S.A.; Mexico; Brazil; British Guiana; Colombia].

Oncopeltus fasciatus.—Campos, 1919:56 [Ecuador]; 1925a:58 [Ecuador].

Oncopeltus (Erythrischius) fasciatus.—Slater, 1964:175 [Ecuador; etc.].

Oncopeltus varicolor (Fabricius)

Lygaeus varicolor Fabricius, 1794:149 [Trinidad (type)].

Oncopeltus varicolor.—Campos, 1919:56 [Ecuador]; 1925a:58 [Ecuador].

Oncopeltus (Oncopeltus) varicolor.—Slater, 1964:174 [Ecuador; etc.].

Subfamily ORSILLINAE Stal

Ashlock (1967) published a reclassification of the world genera of the subfamily Orsillinae with keys and numerous illustrations. His tribal arrangement of genera differs, in significant part, from that in the Slater catalog.

Tribe METRARGINI Breddin

Genus Darwinysius Ashlock

Darwinysius Ashlock, 1967:42 [type-species: Nysius marginalis Dallas, only included species].

Darwinysius marginalis (Dallas)

Nysius marginalis Dallas, 1852:556 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Dohrn, 1859:33 [Galapagos Islands].—Walker, 1872:142 [Galapagos Islands].—Stal, 1874:122 [Galapagos Islands].—Butler, 1877:88 [Galapagos Islands].—Lethierry and Severin, 1894:154 [Galapagos Islands].—Heidemann, 1901:366 [Galapagos Islands].—Champion, 1924:260 [Galapagos Islands].—Barber, 1934:285 [Galapagos Islands].—Van Duzee, 1937:114 [Galapagos Islands].—Slater, 1964:287 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:134 [Galapagos Islands].

Cymus galapagoensis Stal, 1859b:252 [Galapagos Islands].

Nysius (Cymus) marginalis.—Barber, 1925:245 [Galapagos Islands].

Darwinysius marginalis.—Ashlock, 1967:42 [Galapagos Islands]; 1972:95 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:11 [Galapagos Islands].

Darwinysius wenmanensis Ashlock

Darwinysius wenmanensis Ashlock, 1972:95 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Linsley, 1977:11 [Galapagos Islands].

Genus Xyonysius Ashlock and Lattin

Xyonysius Ashlock and Lattin, 1963:702 [type-species: Nysius californicus Stal, original designation].

Xyonysius californicus (Stal)

Nysius californicus Stal, 1859b:242 [United States (type)].—Yust, 1955:428 [Ecuador]; 1958, no. 148 [Ecuador].

Xyonysius naso (Van Duzee)

Nysius (Ortholomus) naso Van Duzee, 1933:27 [Galapagos Islands (type)].

Ortholomus naso.—Barber, 1934:285 [Galapagos Islands].

Nysius naso.—Usinger, 1941b:131 [Galapagos Islands]; 1942b:116 [Galapagos Islands].—Slater, 1964:288 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger 1966:134 [Galapagos Islands].

Xyonysius naso.—Ashlock, 1972:97 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:11 [Galapagos Islands].

Tribe NYSIINI Uhler

Genus Nysius Dallas

Nysius Dallas, 1852:551 [type-species: Lygaeus thymi Wolff, by Opinion 319 of International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature, 1955].

Nysius procerus Distant

Nysius procerus Distant, 1893b:86 [Ecuador (type); Distant (1891:113) listed this combination as a “n.sp.” from Ecuador but had neither a description nor an illustration, hence it was a nomen nudum there].—Campos, 1919:56 [Ecuador]; 1925a:58 [Ecuador].—Slater, 1964:291 [Ecuador].

Nysius usitatus Ashlock

Nysius usitatus Ashlock, 1972:89 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Linsley, 1977:10 [Galapagos Islands].

Tribe ORSILLINI Stal

Genus Ortholomus Stal

Nysius (Ortholomus) Stal, 1872b:43 [type-species: Heterogaster punctipennis Herrich-Schaeffer, only included species].

Ortholomus jamaicensis (Dallas)

Nysius jamaicensis Dallas, 1852:335 [Jamaica (type)].

Nysius spurcus.—Campos, 1919:56 [Ecuador]; 1925a:58 [Ecuador].

Ortholomus jamaicensis.—Slater, 1964:335 [Ecuador; etc.].

Ortholomus usingeri Ashlock

Ortholomus usingeri Ashlock, 1972:91 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Linsley, 1977:10 [Galapagos Islands].

Subfamily PACHYGRONTHINAE Stal

This subfamily was monographed by Slater (1955) with keys to genera and species.

Tribe PACHYGRONTHINI Stal

Genus Pachygrontha Germar

Pachygrontha Germar, 1837b:152 [type-species: Pachygrontha lineata Germar, only included species].

Pachygrontha oedancalodes carvalhoi Slater

Pachygrontha oedancalodes carvalhoi Slater, 1955:38 [Brazil (type); etc.]; 1956:5 [Ecuador]; 1964:725 [Ecuador; etc.].

Subfamily RHYPAROCHROMINAE Amyot and Serville

Tribe CLERADINI Stal

Genus Clerada Signoret

Clerada Signoret, 1863a:28 [type-species: Clerada apicicornis Signoret, only included species].

Clerada apicicornis Signoret

Clerada apicicornis Signoret, 1863a:28 [Reunion Island; St. Thomas Island; Venezuela].—Leon and Leon, 1953:54 [Ecuador; etc.]

Tribe LETHAEINI Stal

Genus Cistalia Stal

Cistalia Stal, 1874:164 [type-species: Lygaeus signoreti Guerin, fixed by Van Duzee, 1916:23].—Slater and Baranowski, 1973:264 [key to species of Cistalia].

Cistalia neotropicalis Slater and Baranowski

Cistalia neotropicalis Slater and Baranowski, 1973:267 [Venezuela (type); Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Cryphula Stal

Cryphula Stal, 1874:164 [type-species: Cryphula parallelogramma Stal, only included species].—Campos, 1919:57 [two unidentified species from Ecuador]; 1925a:59 [two unidentified species from Ecuador].—Scudder, 1962:766 [key to species].

Cryphula affinis (Distant)

Trapezus affinis Distant, 1901c:500 [Guatemala (type)].

Cryphula trimaculata.—Barber, 1955:137 [Ecuador; etc.].—Slater, 1964:815 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Paragonatus Barber

Paragonatus Barber, 1939:363 [type-species: Gonatas divergens Distant, original designation].

Paragonatas divergens (Distant)

Gonatas divergens Distant, 1882:219 [Guatemala; Panama].—Campos, 1919:57 [Ecuador]; 1925a:57 [Ecuador].

Genus Exptochiomera Barber

Exptochiomera Barber, 1928:175 [type-species: Lygaeus (Beosus) minimus Guerin, original designation].

Exptochiomera confusa Barber

Exptochiomera confusa Barber, 1953a:21 [United States (type); Ecuador; etc.].—Slater, 1964:1077 [Ecuador; etc.].

Exptochiomera fuscicornis (Stal)

Plociomera fuscicornis Stal, 1874:152 [United States (type)].—Campos, 1925a:58 [Ecuador].

Exptochiomera fuscicornis.—Slater, 1964:1079 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Heraeus Stal

Heraeus Stal, 1862b:314 [type-species: Lygaeus triguttatus Guerin, only included species].

Heraeus pacificus Barber

Heraeus pacificus Barber, 1925:245 [Galapagos Islands (type)]; 1934:286 [Galapagos Islands].—Slater, 1964:1083 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:134 [Galapagos Islands].—Ashlock, 1972:101 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:11 [Galapagos Islands].

Genus Myodocha Latreille

Mydodocha Latreille, 1807:126 [type-species: Myodocha serripes Latreille, fixed by Latreille, 1810:255].—Campos, 1919:57 [one unidentified species from Ecuador]; 1925a:59 [one unidentified species from Ecuador].

Genus Pachybrachius Hahn

Pachybrachius Hahn, 1826:18 [type-species: Pachybrachius luridus Hahn, only included species].

Pachybrachius albocinctus Barber

Pachybrachius albocinctus Barber, 1953b:216 [United States (type); Ecuador; etc.].—Slater, 1964:1110 [Ecuador; etc.].

Pachybrachius bilobatus (Say)

Pamera bilobata Say, 1832:17 [United States; Mexico]—Lethierry and Severin, 1894:192 [Ecuador; etc.].—Campos, 1919:57 [Ecuador]; 1925a:59 [Ecuador].

Rhyparochromus ochroceras Stal, 1859b:245 [Ecuador; etc.].

Pachybrachius bilobatus.—Slater, 1964:1113 [Ecuador; etc.].

Pachybrachius insularis (Barber)

Orthaea insularis Barber, 1925:246 [Galapagos Islands (type)]; 1934:286 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger 1966:134 [Galapagos Islands].

Pachybrachius insularis.—Slater, 1964:1127 [Galapagos Islands].—Ashlock, 1972:98 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:11 [Galapagos Islands].

Pachybrachius nesovinctus Ashlock

Pachybrachius nesovinctus Ashlock, 1972:98 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Linsley, 1977:11 [Galapagos Islands].

Pachybrachius procinctus (Breddin)

Pamera procincta Breddin, 1901c–1902a:59 [Ecuador (type)].

Pachybrachius procinctus.—Slater, 1964:1139 [Ecuador].

Pachybrachius recinctus (Breddin)

Pamera recincta Breddin, 1901c–1902a:59 [Ecuador (type)].

Pachybrachius recinctus.—Slater, 1964:1140 [Ecuador].

Pachybrachius vinctus (Say)

Pamera vincta Say, 1832:16 [United States (type)].

Rhyparochromus vinulus Stal, 1859b:246 [Ecuador; etc.]

Pamera parvula.—Distant, 1882:206 [Ecuador; etc.].–Campos, 1919:57 [Ecuador]; 1925a:59 [Ecuador].

Orthaea vincta.—Barber, 1923:27 [Ecuador; etc.].

Pachybrachius vinctus.—Slater, 1964:144 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Pephysena Distant

Pephysena Distant, 1882:211 [type-species: Pephysena levis Distant, fixed by Barber, 1954:218].

Pephysena picta Barber

Pephysena picta Barber, 1954:220 [Ecuador (type)].—Slater, 1964:1159 [Ecuador].

Family MACROVELIIDAE McKinstry

No member of this family is known from Ecuador. The only species reported from South America is the lone member of the genus Chepuvelia China (1963:17), and it may be confined to Chile.

Drake and Chapman (1963) presented keys to subfamilies, tribes, and genera of Macroveliidae.

Family MEGARIDIDAE McAtee and Malloch

The only genus belonging to this family, Megaris Stal, is restricted to tropical America where it ranges as far north as Trinidad and Mexico. Although there are as yet no literature records for Ecuador, the family undoubtedly will be found there.

McAtee and Malloch (1928a:5–6) presented a key to the species known to them and then (1928b:46) described an additional species from South America.

Family MESOVELIIDAE Douglas and Scott

At this time records are available for two species, each in a separate genus, from continental Ecuador and none from the Galapagos Islands. Certainly more of the seven South American species, all in the two genera mentioned above, will be found in Ecuador. This catalog follows Drake and Chapman (1963) and other authors who considered Mesoveliidae and Macroveliidae as separate families (see Macroveliidae earlier in this list).

Landmark literature treating this family as a unit includes Horvath's (1915) monograph and (1929) world catalog. For the Western Hemisphere the most recent checklist of species was given by Drake (1948b:147).

The following key to the two genera in South America was adapted from Hungerford's (1929:288–289) description of the genus Mesoveloidea.

Key to the South American Genera of Mesoveliidae

Genus Mesovelia Mulsant and Rey

Mesovelia Mulsant and Rey, 1852:138 [type-species: Mesovelia furcata Mulsant and Rey, only included species].

Mesovelia hambletoni Drake and Harris

Mesovelia hambletoni Drake and Harris, 1946:8 [Ecuador (type)].—Drake, 1948b:147 [Ecuador].

Genus Mesoveloidea Hungerford

Mesoveloidea Hungerford, 1929:288 [type-species: Mesoveloidea williamsi Hungerford, only included species].

Mesoveloidea williamsi Hungerford

Mesoveloidea williamsi Hungerford, 1929:289 [Ecuador (type)].—Jaczewski, 1931:64 [Ecuador].—Hungerford, 1938:218 [Ecuador; etc.].—Harris and Drake, 1941a:277 [Ecuador; etc.].—Drake and Harris, 1946:8 [Ecuador].—Drake, 1948b:147 [Ecuador; etc.].

Family MIRIDAE Hahn

Listed below are Miridae records for 60 species in 40 genera for continental Ecuador and 40 species in 16 genera from the Galapagos Islands. Of the species reported from the Galapagos Islands, 34 are known only from that archipelago; of the other five, three are virtually cosmopolitan and two are widespread in the Neotropics.

The number of species in the Miridae approaches all of the other Heteroptera together, hence many, many more can be expected in continental Ecuador and at least several more on the Galapagos Islands. Carvalho alone and with coworkers described many species and provided keys for parts of the family. His (1955) classical “Keys to the Genera of Miridae of the World” and his (1957–1960) “Catalogue of the Miridae of the World” must be used by any aspiring student of the family for previous literature. Significant modifications of parts of those world works, as they are important to Neotropical studies, will be referred to at appropriate points in the following list. The Galapagos Islands' Miridae fauna was reviewed by Carvalho and Gagne (1968) in a single paper with keys to species in which each author was individually responsible for large parts and joined in coauthorship for the remainder. A key to subfamilies based on nymphs was given by Akingbohungbe (1974:693).

For purposes of this list, the suprageneric classification of the Carvalho “Catalogue” is followed. Some of the subsequently proposed rearrangements may have merit, but an established comprehensive system is more easily followed than is piecemeal change.

Subfamily BRYOCORINAE Baerensprung

Tribe BRYOCORINI Baerensprung

Genus Cyrtocapsus Reuter

Cyrtocapsus Reuter, 1876:78 [type-species: Capsus caligineus Stal, only included species].

Cyrtocapsus andinus Carvalho

Cyrtocapsus andinus Carvalho, 1954a:13 [Peru (type); etc.].—Yust, 1955:438 [Ecuador]; 1958:190 [Ecuador].

Genus Eccritotarsus Stal

Eccritotarsus Stal, 1858:57 [type-species: Eccritotarsus nigrocruciatus Stal, fixed by Kirkaldy, 1906a: 135].—Yust, 1958, nos. 168, 169 [Yust reports two unidentified species as “sp. No. 1” and “sp. No. 2”].—Carvalho and Gomes, 1971b: 185–188 [key to known species].

Eccritotarsus ecuadorensis Carvalho

Eccritotarsus ecuadorensis Carvalho, 1966:233 [Ecuador (type)].

Eccritotarsus nigrocruciatus Stal

Eccritotarsus nigrocruciatus Stal, 1858:57 [Brazil (type)].—Carvalho, 1957:99 [Ecuador; etc.].

Eccritotarsus paracruciatus Carvalho and Gomes

Eccritotarsus ecuadorensis Carvalho and Gomes, 1969a:226, preoccupied [Ecuador (type)].

Eccritotarsus paracruciatus Carvalho and Gomes, 1971b:186 [proposed as new name for preoccupied combination Eccritotarsus ecuadorensis Carvalho and Gomes].

Genus Monalocoris Dahlbom

Monalocoris Dahlbom, 1851:209 [type-species: Cimex filicis Linnaeus, only included species].

Monalocoris neotropicalis Carvalho and Gomes

Monalocoris neotropicalis Carvalho and Gomes, 1969a:228 [Ecuador (type)].

Genus Neofurius Distant

Neofurius Distant, 1884:292 [type-species: Neofurius affinis Distant, fixed by Kirkaldy 1906a:147].—Campos, 1925a:60 [one unidentified species for Ecuador].

Neofurius discovittatus Carvalho and Hsiao

Neofurius discovittatus Carvalho and Hsiao, 1954:143 [Ecuador (type)].—Carvalho, 1957:114 [Ecuador].

Genus Pycnoderes Guerin

Pycnoderes Guerin, 1857:404 [type-species: Pycnoderes quadrimaculatus Guerin, only included species].—Yust, 1958, no. 202 [for Ecuador “Pycnoderes sp. new”].

Pycnoderes ecuadorensis Carvalho and Gomes

Pycnoderes ecuadorensis Carvalho and Gomes, 1971d:472 [Ecuador (type)].

Genus Tenthecoris Scott

Tenthecoris Scott, 1886:65 [type-species: Tenthecoris bicolor Scott, only included species].—Carvalho, 1948b:281–282 [key to species of Tenthocoris].

Tenthecoris ecuadorensis Carvalho

Tenthecoris ecuadorensis Carvalho, 1954b:104 [Ecuador (type)]; 1957:130 [Ecuador].

Tribe MONALONIINI Reuter

Genus Monalonion Herrich-Schaeffer

Monalonion Herrich-Schaeffer, 1853:168 [type-species, Monalonion parviventre Herrich-Schaeffer, only included species].—Carvalho, 1972:119–143 [revision, key to known species pp. 121–122].

Monalonion annulipes Signoret

Monalonion annulipes Signoret, 1858b:500 [Mexico (type)].—Carvalho, 1972:121, 123 [Ecuador; etc.].

Monalonion atratum Distant

Monalonion atratum Distant, 1883:247 [Panama (type)].—Kirkaldy, 1902a:264 [Ecuador].—Carvalho, 1957:137 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1972:121, 127 [Ecuador; etc.].

Monalonion pilosipes Kirkaldy, 1902a:264 [Ecuador (type)].

Monalonion dissilmulatum Distant

Monalonion dissimulatum Distant, 1883:247 [Guatemala (type)].—Carvalho, 1972:121, 134 [Ecuador; etc.].

Monalonion megiston Kirkaldy, 1902a:264 [Amazon (type); Ecuador].—Distant, 1917:382 [Ecuador; etc.].—Carvalho, 1957:139 [Ecuador; etc.].

Tribe CYLAPINI Kirkaldy

Genus Peltidocylapus Poppius

Cylapus (Peltidocylapus) Poppius, 1909a:12 [type-species: Valdasus rugosus Distant, fixed by Carvalho, 1957:31].

Peltidocylapus.—Carvalho and Fontes, 1968b:275–277 [elevated to full genus; reviewed; list of species].

Peltidocylapus scutellaris (Poppius)

Cylapus (Peltidocylapus) scutellaris Poppius, 1909a:12 [Ecuador (type)].—Carvalho, 1957:31 [Ecuador].

Peltidocylapus scutellaris.—Carvalho and Fontes, 1968b:276 [Ecuador].

Tribe FULVIINI Uhler

Schmitz and Stys (1973:401) elevated this tribe to subfamily status.

Genus Fulvius Stal

Fulvius Stal, 1862b:322 [type-species: Fulvius anthocorides Stal, only included species].

Fulvius brevicornis Reuter

Fulvius brevicornis Reuter, 1895:138 [France, on ship from Senegal].—Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:153 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Galapagos Islands].

Fulvius geniculatus Van Duzee

Fulvius geniculatus Van Duzee, 1933:29 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Barber, 1934:281, 287 [Galapagos Islands].—Carvalho, 1957:17 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:135 [Galapagos Islands].—Carvalho and Gagne, 1968: 152 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Galapagos Islands].

Subfamily DERAEOCORINAE Douglas and Scott

Tribe CLIVINEMATINI Reuter

Carvalho and Gomes (1971a:89–90) provided an updated key to genera of “Clivinemini.” Steyskal (1973:204) gave an explanation for the spelling of the tribal name.

Genus Admetus Distant

Admetus Distant, 1883:250 [type-species: Admetus fimbriatus Distant, only included species].

Admetus sulinus Carvalho and Gomes

Admetus sulinus Carvalho and Gomes 1969a:225 [Ecuador (type)].

Tribe HYALIODINI Carvalho and Drake

Genus Antias Distant

Antias Distant, 1884:298 [type-species: Antias subaeratus Distant, fixed by Kirkaldy, 1906a:146].

Antias gaucha Carvalho and Gomes

Antias gaucha Carvalho and Gomes 1972:147 [Brazil (type); Ecuador].

Genus Hyaliodocoris Knight

Hyaliodocoris Knight, 1943:119 [type-species: Hyaliodocoris frosti Knight, only included species].

Hyaliodocoris frosti Knight

Hyaliodocoris frosti Knight, 1943:119 [Ecuador (type)].—Carvalho, 1957:49 [Ecuador].

Genus Knightonia Carvalho and Drake

Knightiella Carvalho and Drake, 1943:87, preoccupied [type-species: Knightiella knighti Carvalho and Drake, only included species].

Knightonia Carvalho and Drake, 1944:239 [proposed as a new name for Knightiella Carvalho and Drake, hence takes same type-species].

Knightonia knighti (Carvalho and Drake)

Knightiella knighti Carvalho and Drake, 1943:87 [Ecuador (type)].

Knightonia knighti.—Carvalho, 1953c:171 [Ecuador]; 1957:49 [Ecuador].

Genus Lyde Distant

Lyde Distant, 1891:113 [type-species: Lyde translucida Distant, only included species].

Lyde translucida Distant

Lyde translucida Distant, 1891:114 [Ecuador (type); figured but not described, except for length]; 1893b:90 [Ecuador; described as a “n. sp.”].—Campos, 1925a:61 [Ecuador].

Subfamily MIRINAE Hahn

Tribe MIRINI Hahn

Genus Adphytocoris Carvalho and Gomes

Adphytocoris Carvalho and Gomes, 1969b:430 [type-species: Calocoris montanus Distant, original designation].

Adphytocoris collinus (Distant)

Lygus collinus Distant, 1893b:89 [Ecuador (type); Distant's (1891:114) record as a “n. sp.” from Ecuador had neither a description nor an illustration and hence was a nomen nudum there].—Campos, 1925a:60 [Ecuador].—Carvalho, 1959:118 [Ecuador].

Adphytocoris longilineus Carvalho and Gomes

Adphytocoris longilineus Carvalho and Gomes, 1969b: 432 [Ecuador (type)].

Adphytocoris montanus (Distant)

Calocoris montanus Distant, 1893b:89 [Ecuador (type). Distant's (1891:114) record as a “n. sp.” from Ecuador had neither a description nor an illustration and hence was a nomen nudum there].—Campos, 1925a:60 [Ecuador].—Carvalho, 1959:42 [Ecuador].

Adphytocoris montanus.—Carvalho and Gomes, 1969b:431 [Ecuador].

Genus Alda Reuter

Alda Reuter, 1909b:4 [type-species: Alda fuscipennis Reuter, only included species].

Alda ecuatoriana Carvalho and Gomes

Alda ecuatoriana Carvalho and Gomes 1969b:427 [Ecuador (type)].

Alda pechinchana Carvalho and Gomes

Alda pechinchana Carvalho and Gomes 1969b:429 [Ecuador (type)].

Genus Creontiades Distant

Creontiades Distant, 1883:237 [type-species: Megacoelum rubrinerve Stal, only included species].

Creontiades castaneus Van Duzee

Creontiades castaneum Van Duzee, 1933:27 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Barber, 1934:288 [Galapagos Islands].—Carvalho, 1959:74 [Galpagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:136 [Galapagos Islands].—Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:190 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:14 [Galapagos Islands].

Creontiades citrinus Carvalho

Creontiades citrinus Carvalho in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968: 192 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Gagne in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:192 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:14 [Galapagos Islands].

Creontiades fernandinus Carvalho

Creontiades fernandinus Carvalho in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968: 192 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Gagne in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:193 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:14 [Galapagos Islands].

Creontiades fuscosus Barber

Creontiades fuscosus Barber, 1925:248 [Galapagos Islands (type)]; 1934:288 [Galapagos Islands].—Van Duzee, 1937: 115 [Galapagos Islands].—Carvalho, 1959:75 [Galapagos Islands].—Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:194 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:14 [Galapagos Islands].

Creontiades “fucosus”.—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:136 [Galapagos Islands].

Creontiades punctatus Carvalho

Creontiades punctatus Carvalho in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968: 196 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Linsley, 1977:14 [Galapagos Islands].

Creontiades vittatus Carvalho

Creontiades vittatus Carvalho in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968: 196 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Gagne in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:197 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:14 [Galapagos Islands].

Creontiades willowsi Van Duzee

Creontiades willowsi Van Duzee, 1933:28 [Galapagos Islands (type)]; 1937:115 [Galapagos Islands].—Barber, 1934:288 [Galapagos Islands].—Carvalho, 1959:78 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:136 [Galapagos Islands].

—Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:197 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:14 [Galapagos Islands].

Genus Dagbertus Distant

Dagbertus Distant, 1904b:203 [type-species: Capsus darwini Butler, fixed by Kirkaldy, 1906a: 123].—Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:218 [for Galapagos Islands, three unnamed species as species A, B, and C].

Dagbertus darwini (Butler)

Capsus darwini Butler, 1877:89 [Galapagos Islands (type):cb.

Dagbertus darwini.—Distant, 1904b:203 [Galapagos Islands].—Champion, 1924:260 [Galapagos Islands].—Barber, 1934:287 [Galapagos Islands]. Carvalho, 1957:87 [Galapagos Islands]; 1959:80 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:135 [Galapagos Islands].—Carvalho and Gagne 1968:206 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:15 [Galapagos Islands].

Dagbertus figuratus Gagne

Dagbertus figuratus Gagne in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:217 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Linsley, 1977:15 [Galapagos Islands].

Dagbertus formosus Carvalho

Dagbertus formosus Carvalho in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968: 207 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Gagne in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:209 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:15 [Galapagos Islands].

Dagbertus lineatus Gagne

Dagbertus lineatus Gagne in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:216 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Linsley, 1977:15 [Galapagos Islands].

Dagbertus marmoratus Carvalho

Dagbertus marmoratus Carvalho in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968: 209 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Gagne, in Carvalho and Gagne 1968:209 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:15 [Galapagos Islands].

Dagbertus nigrifrons Gagne

Dagbertus nigrifrons Gagne in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:214 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Linsley, 1977:15 [Galapagos Islands].

Dagbertus pallidus Gagne

Dagbertus pallidus Gagne in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:212 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Linsley, 1977:15 [Galapagos Islands].

Dagbertus quadrinotatus (Walker)

Capsus quadrinotatus Walker, 1873a: 113 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Butler, 1877:89 [Galapagos Islands].

Resthenia quadrinotatus.—Atkinson, 1890:60 [Galapagos Islands].

Dagbertus quadrinotatus.—Champion, 1924:260 [Galapagos Islands].—Barber, 1934:288 [Galapagos Islands].—Carvalho, 1959:80 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:135 [Galapagos Islands],—Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:210 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:15 [Galapagos Islands].

Dagbertus spoliatus (Walker)

Capsus spoliatus Walker, 1873a: 112 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Butler 1877:89 [Galapagos Islands].

Resthenia spoliatus.—Atkinson, 1890:61 [Galapagos Islands].

Dagbertus spoliatus.—Champion, 1924:260 [Galapagos Islands].—Barber, 1934:288 [Galapagos Islands]—Carvalho, 1959:80 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:135 [Galapagos Islands].—Carvalho and Gagne, 1968a:212 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:15 [Galapagos Islands].

Genus Galapagomiris Carvalho

Galapagomiris Carvalho in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:187 [type-species: Galapagomiris longirostris Carvalho, only included species].

Galapagomiris longirostris Carvalho

Galapagomiris longirostris Carvalho in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:188 [Galapagos Island].—Linsley, 1977:14 [Galapagos Islands].

Genus Garganus Stal

Garganus Stal, 1862b:231 [type-species: Garganus albidivittis Stal, fixed by Kirkaldy, 1906a:137].—Carvalho, 1945a:1–15 [revision; key to species, page 9].

Garganus gracilentus (Stal)

Cyllecoris gracilentus Stal, 1858:53 [Brazil (type)].

Garganus gracilentus.—Yust, 1958, no. L166 [Ecuador].

Garganus magnus Carvalho and Gomes

Garganus magnus Carvalho and Gomes, 1969a:230 [Ecuador (type)].

Genus Horcias Distant

Horcias Distant, 1884:277 [type-species: Horcias variegatus Distant, fixed by Kirkaldy, 1906a:141].—Carvalho and Jurberg, 1974:49–65 [classical genus Horcias broken into three genera separated in a key to six closely related genera].

Horcias albiventris Distant

Horcias albiventris Distant, 1904b:200 [Ecuador (type)].—Carvalho, 1959:100 [Ecuador].

Horcias chiriquinus Distant

Horcias chiriquinus Distant, 1884:278 [Panama (type)].—Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:198 [Galapagos Islands; etc.].—Linsley, 1977:14 [Galapagos Islands].

Horicas lateiclavus Distant

Horcias lateiclavus Distant, 1904b:200 [Ecuador (type)].—Carvalho, 1959:102 [Ecuador].

Genus Horciasinus Carvalho and Jurberg

Horciasinus Carvalho and Jurberg, 1974:49 [type-species: Capsus signoreti Stal, original designation]; 1976:811–834 [revision, key to known species].

Horciasinus amazonicus Carvalho and Jurberg

Horciasinus amazonicus Carvalho and Jurberg, 1976:815 [Brazil (type); Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Lygus Hahn

Lygus Hahn, 1833:47 [type-species: Cimex pratensis Linnaeus, fixed by Opinion 667 of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature, 1966].

Lygus excelsus Distant

Lygus excelsus Distant, 1893b:90 [Ecuador (type); Distant's (1891:114) listing of this as a “n. sp.” from Ecuador had neither a description nor an illustration and hence was a nomen nudum there].—Carvalho, 1959:119 [Ecuador].

Lygus sublimatus Distant

Lygus sublimatus Distant, 1893b:89 [Ecuador (type). Distant's (1891:114) listing of this as a “n. sp.” from Ecuador had neither a description nor an illustration and hence was a nomen nudum there].—Campos, 1925a:61 [Ecuador],—Carvalho, 1959:129 [Ecuador].

Genus Phytocoris Fallen

Phytocoris Fallen, 1814:10 [type-species, Cimex populi Linnaeus, fixed by Westwood, 1840:12].—Yust, 1955:428 [unidentified species reported from Ecuador]; 1958, no. L133 [unidentified species reported from Ecuador],—Carvalho and Gomes, 1970:115–117 [key to subgenera; list of Neotropical species; the species “Phytocoris sugestivus” listed on p. 116 from Ecuador has been confirmed by Carvalho (in correspondence) as a nomen nudum].

Phytocoris lojaensis Carvalho and Gomes

Phytocoris lojaensis Carvalho and Gomes, 1969b:421 [Ecuador (type)]; 1970:115 [Ecuador].

Phytocoris rioleonensis Carvalho and Gomes

Phytocoris rioleonensis Carvalho and Gomes, 1969b:423 [Ecuador (type)]; 1970:116 [Ecuador].

Phytocoris variegatus (Distant)

Dioniza variegata Distant, 1891:114 [Ecuador (type); figured but not described except for length]; 1893b:88 [Ecuador; described as a “n. sp.”].—Campos, 1925a:60 [Ecuador].

Phytocoris variegatus.—Carvalho, 1959:220 [Ecuador],—Carvalho and Gomes, 1970:116 [Ecuador].

Phytocoris vilis (Distant)

Compsocerocoris vilis Distant; 1893a:260 [Guatemala; Panama].

Phytocoris vilis.—Carvalho and Gomes, 1969b:424 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1970;116 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Piasus Distant

Piasus Distant, 1883:242 [type-species: Piasus illuminatus Distant, a junior synonym of Deraeocoris cribricollis Stal, only included species].

Piasus cribricollis (Stal)

Deraeocoris cribricollis Stal, 1858:48 [Brazil (type)].

Piasus cribricollis.—Bergroth, 1922:12 [Ecuador; etc.].—Carvalho, 1946:16 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1959:225 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Polymerus Hahn

Polymerus Hahn, 1831:27 [type-species: Polymerus holosericeus Hahn, only included species].—Carvalho and Gomes, 1969c:478 [key to species in Chile].

Poeciloscytus.—Van Duzee, 1937:117 [in addition to Poeciloscytus vegatus, a junior synonym of nigritulus as listed below, Van Duzee reported an unidentified species from Ecuador].

Polymerus nigritulus (Walker)

Capsus nigritulus Walker, 1873a:112 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Champion, 1924:260 [Galapagos Islands].—Barber, 1934:288 [Galapagos Islands].

Resthenia nigritulus.—Atkinson, 1890:59 [Galapagos Islands].

Poeciloscytus vegatus Van Duzee, 1933:28 [Galapagos Islands (type)]; 1937:117 [Galapagos Islands].

Polymerus vegatus.—Barber, 1934:288 [Galapagos Islands].—Carvalho, 1959:242 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:136 [Galapagos Islands].

Polymerus nigritulus.—Carvalho, 1959:238 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:136 [Galapagos Islands].—Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:200 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:15 [Galapagos Islands].

Polymerus testaceipes (Stal)

Deraeocoris testaceipes Stal, 1858:50 [Brazil (type)].

Polymerus “testaceips”.—Yust, 1959, no. L133 [Ecuador].

Genus Proba Distant

Proba Distant, 1884:269 [type-species: Proba gracilis Distant, only included species].

Proba sallei (Stal)

Lygus sallei Stal, 1862b:321 [Mexico (type)].

Proba sallei.—Yust, 1955:428, 440 [Ecuador]; 1958, nos. 84, 149, 267, 293 [Ecuador].

Genus Quitocoris Carvalho and Gomes

Quitocoris Carvalho and Gomes, 1969b:425 [type-species: Quitocoris quitoensis Carvalho and Gomes, only included species].

Quitocoris quitoensis Carvalho and Gomes

Quitocoris quitoensis Carvalho and Gomes, 1969b:426 [Ecuador (type)].

Genus Taedia Distant

Taedia Distant, 1883:263 [type-species, Taedia bimaculata Distant, preoccupied, renamed by Carvalho, 1954c:426, as Taedia distantina, only included species].—Carvalho, 1975b:167–206 [review, key to known species].

Taedia pacifica Carvalho and Gomes

Taedia pacifica Carvalho and Gomes, 1971c:250, 252, 272 [Ecuador (type); etc.].—Carvalho, 1975b:182 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Taylorilygus Leston

Lygus (Taylorilygus) Leston, 1952a:219 [type-species: Lygus simonyi Reuter, original designation].

Taylorilygus.—Kelton, 1955:281.

Taylorilygus pallidulus (Blanchard)

Phytocoris pallidulus Blanchard, 1852:193 [Chile (type)].

Taylorilygus pallidulus.—Carvalho in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:203 [Galapagos Islands; etc.].—Gagne in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:204 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:15 [Galapagos Islands].

Tribe RESTHENINI Reuter

Note: Carvalho and Fontes (1971:141–144) presented an illustrated key to genera of this tribe.

Genus Lampsophorus Reuter

Lampsophorus Reuter, 1909a:6 [type-species: Lampsophorus caesarius Reuter, only included species].—Carvalho and Ferreira, 1968:207–211 [review of genus].

Lampsophorus ecuadorensis Carvalho and Ferreira

Lampsophorus ecuadorensis Carvalho and Ferreira, 1968:209 [Ecuador (type)].

Genus Mimoncopeltus Kirkaldy

Lygdus Distant, 1883:242, preoccupied [type-species: Lygus simulans Distant, only included species].

Mimoncopeltus Kirkaldy, 1906b:374 [proposed as a new name for Lygdus Distant, hence takes same type-species].

Mimoncopeltus albidofasciatus (Reuter)

Lygdus albidofasciatus Reuter, 1910:16 [Ecuador (type)].

Mimoncopellus albidofasciatus.—Carvalho, 1959:327 [Ecuador; etc.].

Mimoncopeltus ecuadorensis Carvalho

Mimoncopeltus ecuadorensis Carvalho, 1953b:82 [Ecuador (type)]; 1959:327 [Ecuador].

Mimoncopeltus variabilis Carvalho

Mimoncopeltus variabilis Carvalho, 1953b:85 [Ecuador (type)]: 1959: 328 [Ecuador].

Genus Prepops Reuter

Resthenia (Prepops) Reuter, 1905:15 [type-species: Resthenia (Prepops) frontalis Reuter, only included species].

Prepops.—Bergroth 1922:4.

Prepops cruxnigra (Reuter)

Platylylellus cruxnigrum Reuter, 1910:31 [Ecuador (type)].

Prepops cruxnigrum.—Carvalho, 1959:334 [Ecuador].—Carvalho, Fontes, and Ferreira, 1968:390 [Ecuador].

Genus Resthenia Spinola

Resthenia Spinola, 1837:185 [type-species, Resthenia scutata Spinola, only included species].—Campos, 1919:57 [from Ecuador, an unidentified species of Resthenia, a name used in a more inclusive sense at that time]; 1925a:60 [see note for 1919].—Carvalho and Fontes, 1968a:235–242 [review of genus].

Resthenia poppiusi Reuter

Resthenia poppiusi Reuter, 1912a:39 [Ecuador (type)].—Carvalho, 1953b:80 [Ecuador]; 1959:345 [Ecuador].—Carvalho and Fontes, 1968:237 [Ecuador].

Tribe STENODEMINI China

Carvalho (1975a:121–122) presented a key to the Neotropical genera of Stenodemini.

Genus Collaria Provancher

Collaria Provancher, 1872:79 [type-species: Collaria meilleurii Provancher, only included species].

Collaria oleosa (Distant)

Trachelomiris oleosus Distant, 1883:238 [Guatemala; Panama].

Collaria oleosa.—Yust 1958, no. L133 [Ecuador].

Genus Dolichomiris Reuter

Dolichomiris Reuter, 1882a:29 [type-species: Dolichomiris linearis Reuter, only included species].—Eyles and Carvalho, 1975:257–260 [revision, key to species, pp. 258–259]

Dolichomiris linearis Reuter

Dolichomiris linearis Reuter, 1882a:29 [Ghana (lectotype)].—Carvalho, 1959:287 [Galapagos Islands; etc.].—Carvalho in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968a: 183 [Galapagos Islands; etc.].—Gagne in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:185 [Galapagos Islands].—Eyles and Carvalho, 1975:260 [Galapagos Islands; etc.].

Genus Neotropicomiris Carvalho and Fontes

Neotropicomiris Carvalho and Fontes, 1969:332 [type-species: Neotropicomiris pilosus Carvalho and Fontes, original designation; key to known species].

Neotropicomiris ecuadorensis Carvalho and Fontes

Neotropicomiris ecuadorensis Carvalho and Fontes, 1969:336 [Ecuador (type)].

Neotropicomiris nordicus Carvalho and Fontes

Neotropicomiris nordicus Carvalho and Fontes, 1969:338 [Venezuela (type); Ecuador].—Carvalho, 1975a:122 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Ophthalmomiris Berg

Ophthalmomiris Berg, 1883:6 [type-species: Ophthalmomiris reutei Berg, only included species].

Ophthalmomiris spurius (Stal)

Miris spurius Stal, 1859b:254 [Ecuador (type)].—Walker, 1873a:52 [Ecuador].—Atkinston, 1890:35 [Ecuador].

Stenodema spuria.—Bergroth, 1922:2 [Ecuador].

Ophthalmomiris spurius.—Carvalho, 1959:298 [Ecuador].

Genus Stenodema Laporte

Stenodema Laporte, 1833:40 [type-species: Miris virens Fabricius, a junior synonym of Cimex virens Linnaeus, only included species].—Yust, 1955:428 [one unidentified species from Ecuador]; 1958, nos. 150, 210 [one unidentified species from Ecuador].—Carvalho, 1975a:137 [key to neotropical species].

Stenodema andina Carvalho

Stenodema andina Carvalho, 1975a:122, 128 [Argentina (type); Ecuador; etc.].

Stenodema praecelsa (Distant)

Neomiris praecelsus Distant, 1891:113 [Ecuador (type); figured but not described except for length]; 1893b:87 [described from Ecuador as a “n. sp.”].—Campos, 1925a:60 [Ecuador].

Stenodema (Stenodema) praecelsus.—Carvalho, 1959:306 [Ecuador].—Carvalho and Fontes, 1969:331 [Ecuador; etc.].—Carvalho, 1975a:123, 125 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Trigonotylus Fieber

Trigonotylus Fieber, 1858:302 [type-species: Miris ruficomis Fallen, a junior synonym of Cimex ruficoris Geoffroy, only included species].

Trigonotylus lineatus (Butler)

Miris lineatus Butler, 1877:89 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Heidemann, 1901:366 [Galapagos Islands].—Champion, 1924:260 [Galapagos Islands].—Barber, 1934:287 [Galapagos Islands].

Trigonotylus lineatus.—Carvalho and Wagner, 1957:135 [Galapagos Island].—Carvalho, 1959:314 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:135 [Galapagos Islands].—Carvalho in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:185 [Galapagos Islands].

Subfamily ORTHOTYLINAE Van Duzee

Tribe ORTHOTYLINI Van Duzee

Genus Falconia Distant

Falconia Distant, 1884:298 [type-species: Falconia caduca Distant, a junior synonym of Falconia poetica Distant, fixed by Kirkaldy, 1906a:146].

Falconia andina Carvalho

Falconia andina Carvalho, 1953a:35 [Ecuador (type)]: 1958b: 61 [Ecuador].

Falconia minor Carvalho

Falconia minor Carvalho, 1945b:184 (Brazil (type)].

Falconia “major” Yust, 1958, no. 29 [Ecuador; in the absence of a species name “Falconia major,” this record is assigned to minor in the tentative belief that an inadvertent substitution of the opposite term was made].

Genus Galapagocoris Carvalho

Galapagocoris Carvalho in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:179 [type-species: Diaphnidia crockeri Van Duzee, only included species].

Galapagocoris crockeri (Van Duzee)

Diaphnidia crockeri Van Duzee, 1933:29 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Barber, 1934:287 [Galapagos Islands].—Carvalho, 1958b:56 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:135 [Galapagos Islands].

Galapagocoris crockeri.—Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:180 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:14 [Galapagos Islands].

Genus Hyalochloria Reuter

Hyalochloria Reuter, 1907:18 [type-species, Hyalochloria caviceps Reuter, fixed by Van Duzee, 1916:218].

Hyalochloria denticornis Hsiao

Hyalochloria denticorne Hsiao, 1945:24 [Peru (type)].—Yust. 1955:429 [Ecuador]; 1958, no. 127 [Ecuador].

Genus Paraproba Distant

Paraproba Distant, 1884:270 [type-species: Paraproba fasciata Distant, fixed by Kirkaldy, 1906a:138].

Paraproba singularis Carvalho and Gomes

Paraproba singularis Carvalho and Gomes, 1969a:228 [Ecuador (type)].

Subfamily PHYLINAE Douglas and Scott

Tribe DICYPHINI Reuter

Genus Cyrtopeltis Fieber

Cyrtopeltis Fieber, 1860:76, 323 [type-species: Cyrtopeltis geniulata Fieber, fixed by Fieber, 1861:323].

Cyrtopeltis affinis Gagne

Cyrtopeltis (Engytatus) affinis Gagne in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:175 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Galapagos Islands].

Cyrtopeltis arida Gagne

Cyrtopeltis (Engytatus) arida Gagne in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:176 [Galapagos Islands, (type)].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Galapagos Islands].

Cyrtopeltis floreana Gagne

Cyrtopeltis (Engytatus) floreana Gagne in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:176 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Galapagos Islands].

Cyrtopeltis gummiferae Gagne

Cyrtopeltis (Engytatus) gummiferae Gagne in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:172 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Galapagos Islands].

Cyrtopeltis helleri Gagne

Cyrtopeltis (Engytatus) helleri Gagne in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:174 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Galapagos Islands].

Cyrtopeltis modesta (Distant)

Neosilia modestus Distant, 1893a:447 [Guatemala (type)].

Engytatus geniculatus.—Van Duzee, 1937:116 [Galapagos Islands; etc.].

Cyrtopeltis (Engytatus) “modestus”.—Carvalho, 1959a:186 [Ecuador; Galapagos Islands].

Cyrtopeltis modesta.—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:136 [Galapagos Islands].

Cyrtopeltis (Engytatus) modesta.—Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:177 [Galapagos Islands; etc.].—Linsley, 1977:14 [Galapagos Islands].

Genus Dicyphus Fieber

Dicyphus Fieber, 1858:326 [type-species: Capsus pallidus Herrich-Schaeffer, fixed by Kirkaldy, 1906a:127].

Dicyphus cucurbitaceus (Spinola)

Phytocoris cucurbitaceus Spinola, 1852:196 [Chile (type)].

Dicyphus cucurbitaceus.—Yust, 1955:440, 442 [Ecuador]; 1958, No. 293 [Ecuador].

Dicyphus “curubitaceus”.—Yust, 1958, nos. 87, 293 [Ecuador].

Genus Macrolophus Fieber

Macrolophus Fieber, 1858:326 [type-species: Capsus nubilus Herrich-Schaeffer, fixed by Kirkaldy, 1906a:129].—Yust, 1958, no. 108 [one unidentified species from Ecuador].

Macrolophus innotatus Carvalho

Macrolophus innotatus Carvalho in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:167 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Gagne in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:167 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Galapagos Islands].

Macrolophus praeclarus (Distant)

Pandama praeclarus Distant, 1884:271 [Guatemala (type)].

Macrolophus praeclarus.—Yust, 1955:441 [Ecuador].

Macrolophus “pareclarus”.—Yust, 1958, no. L86 [Ecuador].

Macrolophus punctatus Carvalho

Macrolophus punctatus Carvalho in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:168 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Gagne in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:170 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Galapagos Islands].

Tribe PHYLINI Douglas and Scott

Genus Campylomma Reuter

Campylomma Reuter, 1878:52 [type-species: Campylomma nigronasuta Reuter, fixed by Distant, 1904a:483].

Campylomma citrinum Carvalho

Campylomma citrina Carvalho in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:156 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Gagne in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:157 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Galapagos Islands].

Genus Psallus Fieber

Psallus Fieber, 1858:321 [type-species: Cimex roseus Fabricius, fixed by Distant, 1904a:482].

Psallus insularis Barber

Psallus insularis Barber, 1925:250 [Galapagos Islands (type)]; 1934:287 [Galapagos Islands].—Carvalho, 1958b:122 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:135 [Galapagos Islands].—Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:163 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Galapagos Islands].

Psallus longirostris Carvalho

Psallus longirostris Carvalho in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:158 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Gagne in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:159 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Galapagos Islands].

Psallus mella (Van Duzee)

Europiella mella Van Duzee, 1937:117 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Carvalho, 1958a:46 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:136 [Galapagos Islands].

Psallus mella.—Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:159 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Galapagos Islands].

Psallus usingeri Carvalho

Psallus usingeri Carvalho in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:162 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Gagne in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:162 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Galapagos Islands].

Genus Rhinacloa Reuter

Rhinacloa Reuter, 1876:88 [type-species: Rhinachloa forticornis Reuter, only included species].

Rhinacloa aricana Carvalho

Rhinacloa aricana Carvalho, 1948a:9 [Chile (type); etc.].—Yust, 1955:433, 440 [Ecuador]; 1958, nos. 80, 88 [Ecuador].

“Chinacloa arica”.—Yust, 1958, no. 70 [Ecuador].

Rhinacloa forticornis Reuter

Rhinacloa forticornis Reuter, 1876:89 [United States (type)].—Yust, 1955:428 [Ecuador]; 1958, nos. 267, 293 [Ecuador].

Rhinacloa rubescens Carvalho

Rhinacloa rubescens Carvalho in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:164 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Gagne in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:166 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Galapagos Islands].

Rhinacloa subpallicornis Knight

Rhinacloa subpallicornis Knight, 1926:225 [United States (type)].—Yust, 1955:429 [Ecuador]; 1958, no. 128 [Ecuador].

Tribe PHYLINI Douglas and Scott

Genus Campylomma Reuter

Campylomma Reuter, 1878:52 [type-species: Campylomma nigronasuta Reuter, fixed by Distant, 1904a:483].

Campylomma citrinum Carvalho

Campylomma citrina Carvalho in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:156 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Gagne in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:157 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Galapagos Islands].

Genus Psallus Fieber

Psallus Fieber, 1858:321 [type-species: Cimex roseus Fabricius, fixed by Distant, 1904a:482].

Psallus insularis Barber

Psallus insularis Barber, 1925:250 [Galapagos Islands (type)]; 1934:287 [Galapagos Islands].—Carvalho, 1958b:122 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:135 [Galapagos Islands].—Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:163 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Galapagos Islands].

Psallus longirostris Carvalho

Psallus longirostris Carvalho in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:158 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Gagne in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:159 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Galapagos Islands].

Psallus mella (Van Duzee)

Europiella mella Van Duzee, 1937:117 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Carvalho, 1958a:46 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:136 [Galapagos Islands].

Psallus mella.—Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:159 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Galapagos Islands].

Psallus usingeri Carvalho

Psallus usingeri Carvalho in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:162 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Gagne in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:162 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Galapagos Islands].

Genus Rhinacloa Reuter

Rhinacloa Reuter, 1876:88 [type-species: Rhinachloa forticornis Reuter, only included species].

Rhinacloa aricana Carvalho

Rhinacloa aricana Carvalho, 1948a:9 [Chile (type); etc.].—Yust, 1955:433, 440 [Ecuador]; 1958, nos. 80, 88 [Ecuador].

“Chinacloa arica”.—Yust, 1958, no. 70 [Ecuador].

Rhinacloa forticornis Reuter

Rhinacloa forticornis Reuter, 1876:89 [United States (type)].—Yust, 1955:428 [Ecuador]; 1958, nos. 267, 293 [Ecuador].

Rhinacloa rubescens Carvalho

Rhinacloa rubescens Carvalho in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:164 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Gagne in Carvalho and Gagne, 1968:166 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Galapagos Islands].

Rhinacloa subpallicornis Knight

Rhinacloa subpallicornis Knight, 1926:225 [United States (type)].—Yust, 1955:429 [Ecuador]; 1958, no. 128 [Ecuador].

Family NABIDAE Costa

Of the approximately 35 species of Nabidae in six genera reported for South America, only four species in two genera are listed below for Ecuador; another three species in one of these genera have been reported for the Galapagos Islands. Many more species should be found in Ecuador.

The following key to subfamilies is adapted from China and Miller (1959), while the keys to genera are a combination of original effort and adaptations from several sources. The genus Aphelonotus Uhler is now considered as a member of the family Pachynomidae. The genus Nabis is keyed in its former broad sense as a practical expedience. More study and more specimens of South American species of this “genus” are needed before a practical key to its modern components can be offered in a subsequent paper. The species of the Galapagos Islands were treated by Kerzhner (1968).

Key to Subfamilies of Nabidae

Subfamily ARACHNOCORINAE Reuter

Contains the lone genus Arachnocoris Scott which is restricted to the American tropics. China (1946:121–122) provided a key to the known species.

Subfamily CARTHASINAE Blatchley

Contains the lone genus Carthasis Champion which is confined to the American tropics. Harris (1928:75–76) provided a key to the known species.

Subfamily GORPINAE Reuter

Contains two Old World genera and one New World genus, Neogorpis Barber, with its sole species known only from the Greater Antilles.

Subfamily NABINAE Reuter

Key to Genera of Nabinae in the Neotropics

Genus Nabis Latreille

Nabis Latreille, 1802:248 [type-species: Cimex ferus Linnaeus, fixation by Westwood, 1840:120, accepted by International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature Opinion 104, 1928].—Campos, 1918:18 [two unidentified species from Ecuador]; 1919:59 [two unidentified species from Ecuador]; 1925a:63 [two unidentified species from Ecuador].—Yust, 1958, no. 210 [one unidentified species from Ecuador].—Kerzhner, 1968:85–91 [review of Nabis for Galapagos Islands with synonymies of species recorded from there].

Nabis capsiformis Germar

Nabis capsiformis Germar, 1837b:132 [South Africa].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Manabi (59 km W Sto. Domingo de los Colorados, 8 May 1975).

Nabis consimilis (Reuter)

Reduviolus consimilis Reuter, 1912a:23 [Ecuador (type)].

Nabis punctipennis.—Heidemann, 1901:366 [Galapagos Islands].—Barber, 1925:251 [Galapagos Islands]; 1934:287 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:135 [Galapagos Islands].

Nabis consimilis.—Kerzhner, 1968:85 [Ecuador; Galapagos Islands; etc.].—Linsley, 1977:12 [Galapagos Islands].

Nabis galapagoensis Kerzhner

Nabis galapagoensis Kerzhner, 1968:86 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Linsley, 1977:12 [Galapagos Islands].

Nabis nigriventris Stal

Nabis nigriventris Stal, 1862a:458 [Mexico (type)].

Nabis “prob, nigriventris”.—Yust, 1958, no. 267 [Ecuador].

Nabis reductus Kerzhner

Nabis reductus Kerzhner, 1968:90 [Galapagos Islands (type)].

Nabis spinicrus (Reuter)

Acanthonabis spinicrus Reuter, 1890:305, 309 [Brazil (type)].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Zam-Chin (Sabanilla, 3 Jun 1976).

Subfamily PROSTEMMINAE Reuter

Key to Genera of Prostemminae Represented in the Neotropics

Genus Phorticus Stal

Phorticus Stal 1858:69 [type-species, Phorticus viduus Stal, fixed by Distant 1904a:395].

Phorticus collaris Stal

Phorticus collaris Stal 1873:109 [Texas (type)].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Los Rios (Quevedo, 11 May 1975; 1 agrees well with Mexican specimens).

Family NAUCORIDAE Stal

Only two species in two genera are here listed for Ecuador. None have been reported for the Galapagos Islands. The discovery of many more species in Ecuador can be expected because more than 100 species in 10 genera have been credited to South America.

The present treatment follows La Rivers' (1971) “Catalogue” and his two supplements (1974 and 1976) to it. He followed Usinger's (1941a) classification, but did make some changes of his own and acknowledged Popov's (1970, 1971a, and 1971b) review of the superfamily.

Subfamily AMBRYSINAE Usinger

Genus Ambrysus Stal

Ambrysus Stal, 1862b:459 [type-species: Ambrysus signoreti Stal, fixed Kirkaldy, 1906a:151].

Ambrysus fossatus Usinger

Ambrysus fossatus Usinger, 1946a:191 [Ecuador (type)].—De Carlo, 1950a:11 [Ecuador].—Roback, 1966:214 [Ecuador; etc.].—La Rivers, 1971:66 [Ecuador]; 1976:1 [Ecuador; etc.].—Roback and Nieser, 1974:36 [Ecuador; etc.].

Subfamily CRYPHOCRICINAE Montandon

Genus Cryphocricos Signoret

Cryphocricos Signoret, 1850:290 [type-species: Cryphocricos barozzi Signoret, only included species].

Cryphocricos breddini Montandon

“Cryphocricus” breddini Montandon, 1911:88 [Ecuador (type)].—Usinger, 1947:341 [Ecuador; etc.].—La Rivers, 1971:79 [Ecuador; etc.].

Subfamily NAUCORINAE Stal

Genus Pelocoris Stal

Pelocoris Stal, 1876:142 [type-species: Naucoris femoratus Beauvois, fixed by Kirkaldy, 1906a:150].—Campos, 1919:49 [one unidentified species from Ecuador]; 1926:6 [one unidentified species from Ecuador].

Family NEPIDAE Latreille

The following Ecuadorian records of four species in two genera of Nepidae must represent only a small fraction of the species that might be expected, because South America is already known to have nearly one hundred species in four genera. The family is not known to occur on the Galapagos Islands.

For a useful but admittedly incomplete nucleus of works with which to begin a study of South American Nepidae, the following may be consulted: De Carlo (1946, 1951, and 1956) and Nieser (1975). The supra-generic classification within the Nepidae was discussed by Menke and Stange (1964), and by Lansbury (1974).

Key to the Subfamilies, Tribes, and Genera of Nepidae in South America

Subfamily NEPINAE Latreille

Tribe NEPINI Latreille

Genus Telmatotrephes Stal

Telmatotrephes Stal, 1854:241 [type-species: Telmatotrephes sculpticollis Stal, only included species].—Lansbury, 1972:271–286 [revision; key to species, page 273].

Telmatotrephes ecuadorensis Lansbury

Telmatotrephes ecuadorensis Lansbury, 1972:273, 279 [Ecuador (type)].

Subfamily RANATRINAE Douglas and Scott

Genus Ranatra Fabricius

Ranatra Fabricius, 1790:213 [type-species: Nepa linearis Linnaeus, fixed by Latreille, 1810:434].

Ranatra attenuata Kuitert

Ranatra attenuata Kuitert, 1949:24 [Ecuador (type)].—De Carlo, 1964a:189 [Ecuador].

Ranatra camposi Montandon

Ranatra camposi Montandon, 1907:59 [Ecuador (type)].—Campos, 1926:5 [Ecuador].—De Carlo, 1946:16 [Ecuador]; 1964a:159 [Ecuador].—Drake and De Carlo, 1953:116 [Ecuador].

Ranatra “Camposi”.—Campos, 1919:48 [Ecuador]; 1921:91 [Ecuador]; 1925a:45 [Ecuador]; 1925b:49 [Ecuador].

Ranatra ecuadorensis De Carlo

Ranatra annulipes.—De Carlo, 1946:14 [Ecuador records only].

Ranatra ecuadorensis De Carlo, 1950b:525 [Ecuador (type)]; 1964a:160 [Ecuador].

Family NOTONECTIDAE Latreille

The number of species listed below for continental Ecuador—six species in two genera—most certainly will increase greatly with study of the aquatic Heteroptera taken during the survey. No report of any species for the Galapagos Islands was found.

The higher classification of the Notonectidae rests on studies by Hungerford (1933) which were accepted by Truxal (1949) and China and Miller (1959), and modified by Lansbury (1965b). The present key is adapted from those works. Each of the three genera known to have species in South America has a relatively recent revision referred to below under the appropriate generic name. Štys and Kerzhner (1975) pointed out that Latreille, and not Leach, deserves authorship of this family-group name.

Key to the Subfamilies, Tribes, and Genera of Notonectidae in South America

Subfamily ANISOPINAE Hutchinson

Genus Buenoa Kirkaldy

Buenoa Kirkaldy, 1904a:120 [type-species: Anisops antigone Kirkaldy, original designation].—Truxal, 1953:1351–1523 [revision with key to species].

Buenoa antigone (Kirkaldy)

Anisops antigone Kirkaldy, 1899d:30 [Jamaica (type)]; 1899a:2 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1899b:8 [Ecuador].

?Anisops sp. 2 (immature) Kirkaldy, 1899b:8 [Ecuador].—Nieser, 1968:130 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1969b:92 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1970b:81 [Ecuador; etc.].

?Anisops sp. 3 (imperfect) Kirkaldy, 1899b:8 [Ecuador].

Buenoa antigone.—Kirkaldy, 1904a:122 [Ecuador; etc.].—Kirkaldy and Torre-Bueno, 1909:200 [Ecuador; etc.].

Anisops “Antigone”.—Campos, 1925a:44 [Ecuador].

Buenoa antigone antigone.—Truxal, 1953:1376 [Ecuador; etc.].—Nieser, 1968:130 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1969b:92 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1970b:81 [Ecuador; etc.].

Buenoa crassipes (Champion)

Anisops crassipes Champion, 1901:374 [Guatemala (type)].

Buenoa crassipes.—Truxal, 1953:1414 [Ecuador; etc.].

Buenoa pallens (Champion)

Anisops pallens Champion, 1901:374 [Guatemala (type)].

Buenoa pallens.—Truxal, 1953:1414 [Ecuador; etc.].—Nieser, 1969b:94 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1975:190 [Ecuador; etc.].

Buenoa pallipes (Fabricius)

Notonecta pallipes Fabricius, 1803:103 [“Americae Insulis” (type)].

?Anisops elegans.—Kirkaldy, 1899a:2 [Ecuador; etc.; Truxal (1953:1453) reported the type-specimen of Anisops elegans Fieber, 1851, is a true Anisops and agrees with an African species; thus its locality for tropical America must be erroneous. Assignment of subsequent American records before examination of their base specimens is uncertain and is arbitrarily made here]; 1899b:9 [Ecuador].—Campos, 1925a:45 [Ecuador].

Buenoa pallipes.—Kirkaldy, 1904a:123 [Ecuador; etc.].—Kirkaldy and Torre-Bueno, 1909:201 [Ecuador; etc.].

Subfamily NOTONECTINAE Latreille

Genus Notonecta Linnaeus

Notonecta Linnaeus, 1758:439 [type-genus: Notonecta glauca Linnaeus, fixed by Latreille, 1810:434].—Hungerford, 1933:5–195 [world revision; Western Hemisphere, pp. 65–145].

Tribe NYCHINI Hungerford

Genus Martarega White

Martarega White, 1879a:271 [type-species: Martarega membranacea White, only included species].—Truxal, 1949:1–24 [revision with key to species on pages 6–7].

Martarega membranacea White

Martarega membranacea White, 1879a:272 [Brazil (type)].—Kirkaldy, 1899a:2 [Ecuador]; 1899b:9 [Ecuador]; 1904a:126 [Ecuador; etc.].—Kirkaldy and Torre-Bueno, 1909:201 [Ecuador; etc.].—Roback and Nieser, 1974:46 [Ecuador; etc.].—Nieser, 1968:119 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1970b:76 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1975:203 [Ecuador; etc.].

Martarega williamsi Truxal

Martarega williamsi Truxal, 1949:13 [Ecuador (type); etc.].—Nieser, 1970b:79 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1975:205 [Ecuador; etc.].

Family OCHTERIDAE Kirkaldy

Ecuadorean records for four species in two genera compare well with the five species in only two genera reported from South America. No reports of this family on the Galapagos Islands have been found.

The latest revision of the family in the Western Hemisphere was by Schell (1943), who provided keys to and discussions of the species. In a subsequent paper Drake and Menor described the second South American genus of the family.

Key to Genera of Ochteridae in South America

Genus Ochterus Latreille

Ochterus Latreille, 1807:142 [type-species: Ochterus marginatus Latreille, only included species].—Drake, 1952b:74–75 [list of species].

Ochterus aeneifrons (Champion)

Pelogonus aeneifrons Champion, 1901:344 [Mexico; Guatemala; Panama; Grenada; St. Vincent].

Ochterus aeneifrons.—Schell, 1943:43 [Ecuador; etc.].

Ochterus parvus Schell

Ochterus parvus Schell, 1943:39 [Ecuador (type)].—Drake, 1952b:74 [Ecuador].

Ochterus perbosci (Guerin)

Pelogonus perbosci Guerin, 1843:113 [Mexico (type)].

Ochterus perbosci.—Schell, 1943:33 [Ecuador; etc.].—Nieser, 1975:28 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Ocyochterus Drake and Gomez-Menor

Ocyochterus Drake and Gomez-Menor, 1954:157 [type-species: Pelogonus victor Bolivar, only included species].

Ocyochterus victor (Bolivar)

Pelogonus victor Bolivar, 1879:144 [Ecuador (type)].—Champion, 1901:344 [Ecuador].

Pelogonus splendidulus Montandon, 1898:73 [Ecuador (type)].—Campos, 1925a:47 [Ecuador].

Ochterus victor.—Torre-Bueno, 1906:50 [Ecuador].—Kirkaldy and Torre-Bueno, 1909:179 [Ecuador].—Schell, 1943:46].—Drake, 1952b:75 [Ecuador].

Pelogonus “Victor”.—Campos, 1925a:47 [Ecuador].

Ochterus splendidulus.—Schell, 1943:33 [Ecuador].—Drake, 1952b:75 [Ecuador].

Ocyochterus victor.—Drake and Gomez-Menor, 1954:158 [Ecuador].—Nieser, 1975:25 [Ecuador].

Family PACHYNOMIDAE Stal

Records are given below for two species in one genus in Ecuador (none in the Galapagos Islands).

The family Pachynomidae, as defined by Carayon and Villiers' (1968) study, reported about nine species in two genera, including Aphelonotus Uhler, which had formerly been in the Nabidae, for South America. Probably a few more of these, and possibly some new ones, will be found in Ecuador. The following key was abstracted from descriptions in literature and tried on specimens at hand.

Key to Subfamilies and Genera of Pachynomidae in South America

Subfamily APHELONOTINAE Carayon and Villiers

Genus Aphelonotus Uhler

Aphelonotus Uhler, 1894:208 [type-species: Aphelonotus simplus Uhler, only included species].—Carayon and Villiers 1968:733 [placed in family Pachynomidae].

Aphelonotus fraterculus Harris

Aphelonotus fraterculus Harris, 1931:18 [Panama (type); Ecuador; etc.]; 1943:261 [Ecuador; etc.].

Aphelonotus simplus Uhler

Aphelonotus simplus Uhler, 1894:209 [Grenada (type)].—Kirkaldy, 1901a:225 [Ecuador].

Family PENTATOMIDAE Leach

This catalog lists 87 species in 46 genera for Ecuador and eight species in six genera for the Galapagos Islands; of these, three species in two genera have been reported for both are as while a total of five genera is shared by them. The totals involved are 92 species in 47 genera. Comparison with Kirkaldy's (1909) “Catalogue” of about 1000 species in nearly 90 genera for South America strongly suggests many more should be found in Ecuador.

The large size of this family and the confusion resulting from the diverse concepts of its contents as used by various authors have combined to make difficult a comprehensive synopsis of the group. Stal (1867) published a series of keys to genera of Pentatomidae in the New World and later (1872) cataloged the family for the same region. The more recent catalog of the family for the world was by Kirkaldy (1909), who used “Cimicidae” for the name of the family. Other authors have presented revisions of various parts of the family and of these, the ones that include treatments of the Neotropical members of Pentatomidae will be mentioned at the appropriate places in the following list.

Several records of Ecuadorian occurrence of certain Pentatomidae cannot be placed in the present partial list for the reasons given below. Walker (1867:415) described the genus Ebora for four species, three from Australia and the new species E. plana from Ecuador; the genus Ebora with its Australian species was synonymized under the genus Notius Dallas by Kirkaldy (1909:186) without assigning E. plana to a genus. Hopefully, specimens will be collected during the survey so that this species might be placed in an appropriate genus. Campos (1919:52) reported for Ecuador a badly broken specimen indicated as probably representing a new genus of the subfamily Phyllocephalinae; because that subfamily is otherwise known only from the Old World, Campos' specimen must be assumed to belong to some other subfamily, probably the Pentatominae. Campos (1919:50) also reported for Ecuador two unidentified species of the genus Podops Laporte, a genus whose modern definition restricts it also to the Old World; because Campos did not report these forms in subsequent papers and because the subfamily Graphosomatinae to which the genus Podops belongs has no other reported representation in South America, the assumption must be made here also that his material belongs to another subfamily, most likely to the Pentatominae.

Subfamily ASOPINAE Amyot and Serville

Schouteden (1907) presented a generic synopsis, with keys to genera, and lists of the species of this subfamily for the world.

Genus Alcaeorrhynchus Bergroth

Mutyca Stal, 1862a:58, preoccupied [type-species: Canthecona grandis Dallas, only included species].

Alcaeorrhynchus Bergroth, 1891:235 [proposed as new name for preoccupied Mutyca Stal, hence takes same type-species].

Alcaeorrhynchus grandis (Dallas)

Canthecona grandis Dallas, 1851:91 [Colombia; Mexico].

“Mutica” grandis.—Campos, 1925a:53 [Ecuador].

Alcaeorrhynchus grandis.—Barber, 1934:281, 283 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:133 [Galapagos Islands].—Becker and Grazia-Vieira, 1977:63 [Galapagos Islands; etc.].

Genus Apateticus Dallas

Apateticus Dallas, 1851:105 [type-species: Apateticus halys Dallas, a junior synonym of Halys lineolatus Herrich-Schaeffer, only included species].

Apateticus lineolatus (Herrich-Schaeffer)

Halys lineolatus Herrich-Schaeffer, 1840:69 [Mexico (type)].

Podisus lineolatus.—Campos, 1919:50 [Ecuador]; 1925a:49 [Ecuador].

Genus Euthyrhynchus Dallas

Euthyrhynchus Dallas, 1851:77 [type-species: Cimex floridanus Linnaeus, fixed by Schouteden, 1907:56 ].

Euthyrhynchus floridanus (Linnaeus)

Cimex floridanus Linnaeus, 1767:719 [“Carolina” (type)].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Pastaza (16 km W Puyo, 3 Feb 1976).

Genus Mineus Stal

Mineus Stal, 1867:498 [type-species: Podisus strigipes Herrich-Schaeffer, only included species].

Mineus triangularis (Walker)

Strachia triangularis Walker, 1867:323 [Ecuador (type)].

Mineus triangularis.—Schouteden, 1907:61 [Ecuador].—Kirkaldy, 1909:17 [Ecuador].

Genus Oplomus Spinola

Oplomus Spinola, 1837:355 [type-species: Cimex tripustulatus Fabricius, a junior synonym of Asopus salamandra Burmeister, fixed by Schouteden, 1907:34].

Oplomus chrysomela Breddin

Oplomus chrysomela Breddin, 1901b:53 [Ecuador (type)].—Schouteden, 1907:35 [Ecuador].—Kirkaldy, 1909:7 [Ecuador].

“Hoplomus” chrysomela.—Bergroth, 1908:180 [Ecuador].

Oplomus salamandra (Burmeister)

Asopus salamandra Burmeister, 1835:381 [Peru (type)].

Oplomus chrysomelas Walker, 1867:121 [Ecuador (type)].

Oplomus tripustulatus.—Distant, 1880:30 [Ecuador; etc.].—Lethierry and Severin, 1893:205 [Ecuador; etc.].—Kirkaldy, 1909:8 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Podisus Herrich-Schaeffer

Podisus Herrich-Schaeffer, 1851:296 [type-species: Podisus vittipennis Herrich-Schaeffer, a junior synonym of Arma nigrispina Dallas, fixed by Kirkaldy, 1908b:124].

Podisus argilliventris Bergroth

Podisus argilliventris Bergroth, 1891:218 [Ecuador (type)].—Lethierry and Severin, 1893:217 [Ecuador].—Schouteden, 1907:71 [Ecuador].—Kirkaldy, 1909:18 [Ecuador].

Podisus neniator Breddin

Podisus neniator Breddin, 1904b:154 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1908:183 [Ecuador].—Kirkaldy, 1909:20 [Ecuador].

Podisus sordidus (Stal)

Arma sordida Stal, 1859b:221 [Galapagos Islands (type)].

Podisus (Podisus) sordidus.—Stal, 1870:51 [Galapagos Islands].

Podisus sordidus.—Lethierry and Severin, 1893:219 [Galapagos Islands].—Heidemann, 1901:364 [Galapagos Islands].—Barber, 1934:283 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley in Linsley and Usinger, 1966:133 [Galapagos Islands].

Apateticus (Eupodisus) sordidus.—Schouteden, 1907:72 [Galapagos Islands; etc.].

Apateticus (Podisus) sordidus.—Kirkaldy, 1909:21 [Galapagos Islands; etc.].

Podisus (Arma) sordidus.—Barber, 1925:241 [Galapagos Islands].

Genus Stiretrus Laporte

Stiretrus Laporte, 1833:67, 75 [type-species: Stiretrus decemguttatus Le Peletier and Serville, fixed by Schouteden, 1907: 7].—Piran, 1963b:313–320 [review; key to species of subgenus Stiretroides].

Stiretrus bifrenatus Breddin

Stiretrus bifrenatus Breddin, 1906:194 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1908:180 [Ecuador].

Stiretrus (Stiretroides) bifrenatus.—Schouteden, 1907:9 [Ecuador].—Kirkaldy, 1909:33 [Ecuador].—Piran, 1963b:317 [Ecuador].

Genus Supputius Distant

Supputius Distant, 1889:321 [type-species: Telepta pulchricornis Stal, fixed by Schouteden, 1907:59].

Supputius obscurus Breddin

Supputius obscurus Breddin, 1904b:154 [Ecuador (type)].—Schouteden, 1907:59 [Ecuador].—Bergroth, 1908:183 [Ecuador].—Kirkaldy, 1909:16 [Ecuador].—Piran, 1956:2 [Ecuador].

Subfamily CYRTOCORINAE Distant

Horvath (1916) and Kormilev (1955b) reviewed the subfamily, the latter giving a key to three of the four known genera, omitting the Brazilian Pseudocyrtocoris of Jensen-Haarup (1926:53).

Genus Cyrtocoris White

Coptosoma (Oxynotus) Laporte, 1832:74 preoccupied [type-species, Tetyra gibba Fabricius, only included species].

Cyrtocoris White, 1842:89 [proposed as a replacement name for Oxynotus Laporte, hence takes same type-species].

Cyrtocoris trigonus (Gemar)

Oxynotus trigonus Germar, 1839b:44 [Brazil].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Napo (3 km NE Lago Agrio, 17 May 1975).

Subfamily DISCOCEPHALINAE Fieber

Genus Alcippus Stal

Alcippus Stal, 1867:500 [type-species, Coriplatus reticulatus Stal, fixed by Stal, 1872a: 10, first included species].

Alcippus dimidiatus Ruckes

Alcippus dimidiatus Ruckes 1959:97 [Ecuador (type)].

Genus Antiteuchus Dallas

Antiteuchus Dallas, 1851:152, 163 [type-species: Dinidor variolosus Westwood, fixed by Kirkaldy, 1909:217].—Ruckes, 1964:49–102 [revision; keys to species].

Antiteuchus maculosus Ruckes

Antiteuchus maculosus Ruckes, 1964:81 [Ecuador (type)].

Antiteuchus marmoratus (Erichson)

Cimex marmoratus Erichson, 1848:609 [British Guiana (type)].

Dinocoris marmoratus.—Campos, 1919:50 [Ecuador]; 1925a:49 [Ecuador].

Genus Braunus Distant

Braunus Distant, 1899:422 [type-species: Coriplatus sciocorinus Walker, only included species].

Braunus sciocorinus (Walker)

Coriplatus sciocorinus Walker, 1867:197 [Ecuador (type)].

Braunus sciocorinus.—Distant, 1899:422 [Ecuador].—Bergroth, 1908:151 [Ecuador].—Kirkaldy, 1909:220 [Ecuador].

Genus Callostethus Ruckes

Callostethus Ruckes, 1961:153 [type-species: Edessa guttatopunctatus Fabricius, only included species].

Callostethus guttatopunctatus (Fabricius)

Edessa guttatopunctatus Fabricius, 1803:152 [South America (type)].

Antiteuchus fraternus Uhler, 1869:321 [“near the Napo River” (type); [type-specimen not located, but description allows confident placement here].

Genus Discocephalessa Kirkaldy

Platycarenus (Discocephalessa) Kirkaldy, 1909:215 [type-species: Discocephala notulata Stal, original designation].

Discocephalessa.—Ruckes, 1966b:13.

Discocephalessa andina (Breddin)

Discocephala andina Breddin, 1904b:58 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1913:180 [Ecuador].

Platycarenus (Discocephalessa) andina.—Kirkaldy, 1909:215 [Ecuador].

Discocephalessa andina.—Ruckes, 1966b:21 [Ecuador].

Genus Dryptocephala Laporte

Dryptocephala Laporte, 1833:55–56 [type-species: Dryptocephala brullei Laporte, only included species].—Ruckes, 1966c:1–31 [revision; key to species, pages 5–7].

Dryptocephala obtusiceps Stal

Dryptocephala obtusiceps Stal, 1872a:4 [Columbia (type)].—Ruckes, 1966c:24 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Eurystethus Mayr

Eurystethus Mayr, 1864:907 [type-species: Eurystethus nigropunctatus Mayr, only included species].—Ruckes, 1966a:6–8 [keys to subgenera and species].

Eurystethus nigricornis Ruckes

Eurystethus nigricornis Ruckes, 1966a:25 [Ecuador (type)].

Genus Mecistorhinus Dallas

Mecistorhinus Dallas, 1851:162 [type-species: Mecistorhinus rufescens Dallas, only included species].

Mecistorhinus variegatus Ruckes

Mecistorhinus variegatus Ruckes, 1966d:223 [Ecuador (type)].

Genus Platycarenus Fieber

Platycarenus Fieber 1860:77 [type-species: Cydnus umbraculatus Fabricius, designated by Fieber 1861:327, first included species].—Ruckes, 1966b:1–42 [revision; key (pp. 10–11) to this and related genera].

Platycarenus umbraculatus (Fabricius)

Cydnus umbraculatus Fabricius 1803:186 [South America (type)].

Platycarenus umbraculatus.—Ruckes 1966b:13 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Trincavellius Distant

Trincavellius Distant, 1900:163 [type-species: Sciocoris galapagoensis Butler, only included species].

Trincavellius galapagoensis (Butler)

Sciocoris galapagoensis Butler, 1877:88 [Galapagos Islands (type)].

Trincavellius galapagoensis.—Distant, 1900:163 [Galapagos Islands].—Bergroth, 1908:151 [Galapagos Islands].—Kirkaldy, 1909:214 [Galapagos Islands].—Champion, 1924: 260 [Galapagos Islands].—Barber, 1934:281–282 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:133 [Galapagos Islands].

Subfamily PENTATOMINAE Leach

Tribe EDESSINI Kirkaldy

Genus Edessa Fabricius

Edessa Fabricius, 1803:145 [type-species: Cimex cervus Fabricius].—Uhler, 1869:323 [“Aceratodes sp.” from “between Napo and Maranon”; cannot be better placed at this time].—Campos, 1919:52 [four unidentified species, in addition to E. helix included below, from Ecuador].

Edessa addax Breddin

Edessa addax Breddin, 1903e:132 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1908:178 [Ecuador].—Kirkaldy, 1909:154 [Ecuador].

Edessa bibos Breddin

Edessa bibos Breddin, 1903e:132 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1908:178 [Ecuador].—Kirkaldy, 1909:154 [Ecuador].

Edessa brontes Kirkaldy

Edessa gazella Breddin, 1903e:131, preoccupied [Ecuador (type); not “Columbia” as given by Kirkaldy, 1909:155].—Bergroth, 1908:178 [Ecuador].

Edessa brontes Kirkaldy, 1909:155 [proposed as new name for Edessa gazella Breddin].

Edessa cervus (Fabricius)

Cimex cervus Fabricius, 1787:282 [French Guiana (type)].

Edessa cervus.—Uhler, 1869:323 [“between Napo and Maranon”].

Edessa civilis Breddin

Edessa civilis Breddin, 1903e:139 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1908:178 [Ecuador].—Kirkaldy, 1909:156 [Ecuador].

Edessa cordifera (Walker)

Aceratodes cordifer Walker, 1868:452 [Mexicico (type)].

Edessa cordifera.—Piran, 1963a:108 [Ecuador].

Edessa dolosa Breddin

Edessa dolosa Breddin, 1907b:336 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1908:195 [Ecuador].—Kirkaldy, 1909:368 [Ecuador].

Edessa dorcas Breddin

Edessa graminicolor Breddin

Edessa graminicolor Breddin, 1903e:139 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1908:178 [Ecuador].—Kirkaldy, 1909:154 [Ecuador].

Edessa haedulus Breddin

Edessa haedulus Breddin, 1904b:178 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1908:178 [Ecuador].—Kirkaldy, 1909:158 [Ecuador].

Edessa helix Erichson

Edessa helix Erichson, 1848:610 [British Guiana (type)].—Campos, 1919:52 [Ecuador]; 1925a:52 [Ecuador].

Edessa ibex Breddin

Edessa ibex Breddin, 1903e:131 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1908:178 [Ecuador].—Kirkaldy, 1909:158 [Ecuador].

Edessa incomis Breddin

Edessa incomis Breddin, 1907b:329 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1908:195 [Ecuador].—Kirkaldy, 1909:368 [Ecuador].

Edessa leucoryx Breddin

Edessa leucoryx Breddin, 1903e:132 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1908:179 [Ecuador].—Kirkaldy, 1909:160 [Ecuador].

Edessa necopinata Breddin

Edessa necopinata Breddin, 1907b:337 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1908:195 [Ecuador].—Kirkaldy, 1909:368 [Ecuador].

Edessa obscuricornis Stal

Edessa obscuricornis Stal, 1858:27 [Brazil (type)].—Campos, 1925a:52 [Ecuador].

Edessa pacifica Breddin

Edessa pacifica Breddin, 1903e:139 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1908:179 [Ecuador].—Kirkaldy, 1909:161 [Ecuador].

Edessa pugil Breddin

Edessa pugil Breddin, 1903e:139 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1908:179 [Ecuador].—Kirkaldy, 1909:163 [Ecuador].

Edessa quadridens Fabricius

Edessa quadridens Fabricius, 1803:148 [South America (type)].—Breddin, 1904a:140 [Ecuador; etc.].—Kirkaldy, 1909:163 [Ecuador; etc.].

Edessa reversa Walker

Edessa reversa Walker, 1868:439 [Ecuador (type)].—Kirkaldy, 1909:163 [Ecuador].

Edessa rufomarginata (DeGeer)

Cimex rufomarginatus DeGeer, 1773:330 [America (type)].

Edessa rufomarginata.—Campos, 1925a:52 [Ecuador].

Edessa rupicapra Breddin

Edessa rupicapra Breddin, 1903e:139 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1908:179 [Ecuador].—Kirkaldy, 1909:164 [Ecuador].

Edessa sternalis Breddin

Edessa sternalis Breddin, 1903d:123 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1908:179 [Ecuador].—Kirkaldy, 1909:165 [Ecuador].

Edessa tragelaphus Breddin

Edessa civilis Breddin, 1903e:139 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1908:178 [Ecuador].—Kirkaldy, 1909:156 [Ecuador].

Edessa urus Breddin

Edessa urus Breddin, 1903e:139 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1908:179 [Ecuador].—Kirkaldy, 1909:166 [Ecuador].

Edessa vernicosa Breddin

Edessa vernicosa Breddin, 1904b:178 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1908:179 [Ecuador].—Kirkaldy, 1909:166 [Ecuador].

Edessa vinula Stal

Edessa vinula Stal, 1862a:115 [Mexico (type)].—Campos, 1925a:52 [Ecuador].

Tribe HALYINI Stal

Genus Lincus Stal

Lincus Stal, 1867:524 [type-species: Pentatoma rufospilota Westwood, only included species].—Kirkaldy, 1909:186 [“Ecuador” record for Lincus securiger Breddin apparently in error as the species was originally described from “Bolivia,” a locality not listed by Kirkaldy].

Lincus dentiger Breddin

Lincus dentiger Breddin, 1904b:154 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1908:152 [Ecuador].—Kirkaldy, 1909:185 [Ecuador].

Genus Melanodermus Stal

Melanodermus Stal, 1867:524 [type-species: Ochlerus circummaculatus Stal, fixed by Kirkaldy 1909:185].

Melanodermus dilutipes Breddin

Melanodermus dilutipes Breddin, 1904:154 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1908:152 [Ecuador].—Kirkaldy, 1909:185 [Ecuador].

Genus Tetrochlerus Breddin

Tetrochlerus Breddin, 1904:153 [type-species: Tetrochlerus fissiceps Breddin, only included species].

Tetrochlerus fissiceps Breddin

Tetrochlerus fissiceps Breddin, 1904:153 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1908:152 [Ecuador].—Kirkaldy, 1909:185 [Ecuador].

Genus Typhoeocoris Breddin

Typhoeocoris Breddin, 1903d:122 [type-species: Typhoeocoris fulvifemur Breddin, only included species].

Typhoeocoris fulvifemur Breddin

Typhoeocoris fulvifemur Breddin, 1903d:122 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1908:152 [Ecuador].

“Typnoeocoris” fulvifemur.—Kirkaldy, 1909:368 [Ecuador].

Tribe PENTATOMINI Leach

Genus Acrosternum Fieber

Acrosternum Fieber, 1860:79 [type-species: Acrosternum heegeri Fieber, first included species, Fieber, 1861:331].

Acrosternum laetum (Stal)

Rhaphigaster laetus Stal, 1859b:228 [Ecuador (type)].

Nezara (Acrosternum) laeta.—Kirkaldy, 1909:119 [Ecuador].

Nezara laeta.—Campos, 1919:51 [Ecuador]; 1925a:51 [Ecuador].

Acrosternum marginatum (Beauvois)

Pentatoma marginata Beauvois, 1817:147 [Santo Domingo (type)].

Nezara marginata.—Campos, 1919:51 [Ecuador]; 1925a:51 [Ecuador].

Acrosternum runaspis (Dallas)

Rhaphigaster runaspis Dallas, 1851:280 [Ecuador (type)].—Dohrn, 1859:17 [Ecuador].

Nezara runaspis.—Stal, 1872a:43 [Ecuador].

Nezara “Runaspis”.—Lethierry and Severin, 1893:166 [Ecuador].

Nezara (Acrosternum) runaspis.—Kirkaldy, 1909:121 [Ecuador].

Acrosternum viridans (Stal)

Rhaphigaster viridans Stal, 1859b:228 [Galapagos Islands; Panama].

Nezara (Acrosternum) viridans.—Stal, 1872a:41 [Galapagos Islands; etc.].—Kirkaldy, 1909:120 [Galapagos Islands; etc.].—Stal, 1872a:41.

Nezara viridans.—Distant, 1880:79 [Galapagos Islands; etc.].—Uhler 1890:194 [Galapagos Islands].—Lethierry and Severin, 1893:166 [Galapagos Islands; etc.]—Heidemann, 1901:365 [Galapagos Islands; etc.].—Van Duzee, 1937:113 [Galapagos Islands].

Acrosternum (Nezara) viridans.—Barber, 1925:241 [Galapagos Islands; etc.].

Acrosternum viridans.—Barber, 1934:281–282 [Galapagos Islands; etc.].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:133 [Galapagos Islands].

Genus Agroecus Dallas

Agroecus Dallas 1851:193, 199 [type-species: Agroecus griseus Dallas, fixed by Kirkaldy 1909:63].—Jensen-Haarup, 1937:170–171 [revision; key to species page 171].—Buckup, 1957:5–20 [revision; key to species, pages 8–9].

Agroecus ecuadoriensis Jensen-Haarup

Agroecus ecuadoriensis Jensen-Haarup 1937:171 [Ecuador (type)].

Agroecus “ecuadorienses”.—Buckup 1957:17 [Ecuador].

Genus Arocera Spinola

Arocera Spinola, 1837:316 [type-species: Arocera aurantiaca Spinola, a junior synonym of Pentatoma acroleuca Perty, only included species].

Arocera apta (Walker)

Strachia apta Walker, 1867:323 [“Amazon Region” (type)].

Arocera apta.—Campos, 1919:50 [Ecuador]; 1925a:51 [Ecuador].—Piran, 1963a: 107 [Ecuador].

Arocera (Euopta) apta.—Becker and Grazia-Vieira, 1977:55 [Ecuador; etc.].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Pastaza (16 km W Puyo, 3 Feb 1976); Zamora-Chinchipe (Yanzaza, 15–16 Jun 1976).

Arocera crucigera Haglund

Arocera crucigera Haglund, 1868:157 [“Amazon” (type)].—Campos, 1919:51 [Ecuador]; 1925a:51 [Ecuador].

Arocera protea Distant

Arocera protea Distant, 1880:73 [Guatemala (type)].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Napo (Largo Agria, 16 Aug 1975).

Arocera splendens (Blanchard)

Pentatoma splendens Blanchard, 1841:148 [Colombia (type)].

Arocera splendens.—Distant, 1891:112 [Ecuador; etc.].—Campos, 1919:50 [Ecuador]; 1925a:51 [Ecuador].

Genus Arvelius Spinola

Arvelius Spinola, 1837:344 [type-species: Cimex gladiator Fabricius, a junior synonym of Cimex albopunctatus De Geer, fixed by Kirkaldy, 1909:150].

Arvelius albopunctatus (De Geer)

Cimex albopunctatus De Geer, 1773:331 [Surinam (type)].

Arvelius “albo-punctatus”.—Campos, 1919:52 [Ecuador].

Arvelius albopunctatus.—Campos, 1925a:52 [Ecuador].

Genus Banasa Stal

Banasa Stal, 1858:24 [type-species: Banasa induta Stal, fixed by Kirkaldy 1909:115].—Campos, 1925a:52 [two unidentified species from Ecuador].

Genus Berecynthus Stal

Berecynthus Stal 1862b:101 [type-species: Proxys crenatus Amyot and Serville, a junior synonym of Cimex delicator Fabricius, only included species].

Berecynthus imitator Jensen-Haarup

Berecynthus imitator Jensen-Haarup 1937:324 [Ecuador (type)].

Genus Brachystethus Laporte

Edessa (Brachystethus) Laporte, 1833:63 [Type-species: Edessa (Brachystethus) marginatus Laporte, a junior synonym of Cimex geniculatus Fabricius, fixed Kirkaldy, 1909:152].

Brachystethus.—Herrich-Schaeffer, 1845:1.—Campos, 1919:52 [two unidentified species, plus B. vicinus (see below), from Ecuador].

Brachystethus cribrus (Fabricius)

Cimex cribrum Fabricius, 1781:357 [America (type)].

Brachystethus “cribrum”.—Campos, 1925a:52 [Ecuador].

Brachystethus geniculatus (Fabricius)

Cimex geniculatus Fabricius, 1787:292 [French Guiana (type)].

Brachystethus geniculatus.—Uhler, 1869:323 [Ecuador].

Brachystethus tricolor Bolivar

Brachystethus tricolor Bolivar, 1879:138 [Ecuador (type)].—Kirkaldy, 1909:152 [Ecuador].

Brachystethus vicinus Signoret

Brachystethus vicinus Signoret, 1851:344 [Brazil (type)].—Campos, 1919:52 [Ecuador]; 1925a:52 [Ecuador].

Genus Chlorocoris Spinola

Chlorocoris Spinola, 1837:288 [type-species: Chlorocoris tau Spinola, only included species].—Campos, 1919:51 [one unidentified species, as well as C. depressus, from Ecuador].

Chlorocoris depressus (Fabricius)

Halys depressus Fabricius, 1803:182 [South America (type)].

Chlorocoris depressus.—Campos, 1919:51 [Ecuador]; 1925a:51 [Ecuador].

Genus Euschistus Dallas

Euschistus Dallas, 1851:193, 201 [type-species: Euschistus apicalis Dallas, a junior synonym of Cimex heros Fabricius, fixed by Kirkaldy, 1909:63].—Campos, 1919:51 [six unidentified species from Ecuador]; 1925a:50 [six unidentified species from Ecuador]; 1932b:13 [one unidentified species from Ecuador].

Euschistus bifibulus (Beauvois)

Pentatoma bifibula Beauvois, 1817:148 [Santo Domingo (type)].

Euschistus bifibulus var. guayaquilinus Kuhlgatz, 1903:254 [Ecuador (type); listed from Ecuador by Therese von Bayern, 1903:247, without description].

Euschistus bifibulus.—Kirkaldy, 1909:64 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Eysarcoris Hahn

Eysarcoris Hahn, 1834:66 [type-species: Cimex aeneus Scopoli, fixed by Opinion 313, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1954].—Campos, 1925a:53 [two unidentified species from Ecuador placed in this Old World genus; correct generic placement awaits reexamination of the specimens].

Genus Lopadusa Stal

Lopadusa Stal, 1858:25 [type-species: Lopadusa augur Stal, only included species].—Becker and Grazia, 1970:217–237 [revision; key to subgenera, page 221].

Lopadusa fuscopunctata (Distant)

Bothrocoris fuscopunctatus Distant, 1880:84 [Panama; Guiana].—Piran, 1963a:108 [Ecuador; etc.].

Lopadusa (Bothrocoris) fuscopunctatus.—Becker and Grazia, 1970:229 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Loxa Amyot and Serville

Loxa Amyot and Serville, 1843:137 [type-species: Cimex flav icollis Drury, fixed by Kirkaldy, 1909:96].—Horvath, 1925:307–324 [revision; key to species, pp. 308–310].

Loxa flavicollis (Drury)

Cimex flavicollis Drury, 1773b:67 [Jamaica (type)].

Loxa flavicollis.—Campos, 1919:51 [Ecuador]; 1925a:51 [Ecuador].—Becker and Grazia-Vieira, 1977:59 [Ecuador; Galapagos Islands; etc.].

Loxa picticornis Horvath

Loxa picticornis Horvath, 1925:312 [Brazil; Ecuador; Galapagos Islands; Panama].

Genus Mormidea Amyot and Serville

Mormidea Amyot and Serville, 1843:134 [type-species: Cimexypsilon Linnaeus, fixed by Kirkaldy, 1903:231].—Campos, 1925a:50 [two unidentified species from Ecuador].

Mormidea montandoni Kirkaldy

Mormidea montandoni Kirkaldy, 1902b:165 [Ecuador (type)]; 1909:61 [Ecuador].

Mormidea “Montandoni”.—Bergroth, 1908:162 [Ecuador].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Tungurahua (20, 29, and 39 km E Baños, 25–28 Jan 1976).

Genus Nezara Amyot and Serville

Nezara Amyot and Serville, 1843:143 [type-species: Cimex smaragdulus Fabricius, a junior synonym of Cimex viridula Linnaeus, fixed by Kirkaldy, 1903:231].

Nezara viridula (Linnaeus)

Cimex viridulus Linnaeus, 1758:444 [India (type)].

Nezara viridula.—Campos, 1919:51 [Ecuador]; 1925a:51 [Ecuador].

Genus Oebalus Stal

Oebalus Stal, 1862b: 102 [type-species: Cimex typhoeus Fabricius, a junior synonym of Cimex pugnax (Fabricius), fixed by Kirkaldy, 1909:61].—Sailer, 1944:105–127 [revision (using generic name Solubea), key to species, pp. 108–109]; 1957:41–42 [validates use of generic name Oebalus].

Oebalus poecilus (Dallas)

Mormidea poecila Dallas, 1851:213 [North America (type)].

Solubea poecila.—Sailer, 1944:121 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Padaeus Stal

Padaeus Stal, 1862b: 101 [type-species: Cimex irroratus Herrich-Schaeffer, preoccupied, a synonym of Mormidea vidua Vol lenhoven, fixed by Kirkaldy, 1909:68].

Padaeus viduus (Vollenhoven)

Mormidea vidua.—Vollenhoven, 1868:180 [Guatemala (type)].

“Padaeus irroratus?”.—Campos, 1925a:50 [Ecuador].

Genus Pellaea Stal

Nezara (Pellaea) Stal, 1872a:40 [type-species: Rhaphigaster sticticus Dallas, fixed Kirkaldy, 1909:115].

Pellaea stictica (Dallas)

Rhaphigaster sticticus Dallas, 1851:281 [British Guiana; Colombia; Mexico].

Nezara nebulosa Distant, 1891:112 [Ecuador (type)].—Campos, 1919:51 [Ecuador]; 1925a:52 [Ecuador].

Nezara stictica.—Distant, 1893b:83 [Ecuador; etc.].—Campos, 1919:51 [Ecuador]; 1925a:51 [Ecuador].

Genus Pharypia Stal

Pharypa Stal, 1861b: 139 [type-species: Cimex pulchellus Drury, only included species].

Pharypia pulchella (Drury)

Cimex pulchellus Drury, 1782:67 [“Bay of Honduras” (type)].

Pharypia pulchella.—Campos, 1919:52 [Ecuador]; 1925a:51 [Ecuador].

Genus Piezodorus Fieber

Piezodorus Fieber, 1860:78 [type-species: Piezodorus degeeri Fieber, a junior synonym of Cimex lituratus Fabricius, fixed by Fieber, 1861:329, first included species].

Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood)

Rhaphigaster guildinii Westwood, 1837:31 [St. Vincent, West Indies (type)].

Piezodorus “Guildinii”.—Distant, 1891:112 [Ecuador; etc.].—Campos, 1925a:52 [Ecuador].

Genus Proxys Spinola

Proxys Spinola, 1837:325 [type-species: Cimex victor Fabricius, only included species].—Campos, 1919:51 [Campos reported P. victor and one undetermined species from Ecuador]; 1925a:50 [repeat of 1919 information].

Proxys victor (Fabricius)

Cimex victor Fabricius, 1775:705 [Brazil (type)].

Proxys victor.—Campos, 1919:51 [Ecuador]; 1925a:50 [Ecuador].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Pichincha (Sto. Domingo de los Colorados, May 1975).

Genus Runibia Stal

Runibia Stal, 1861b: 140 [type-species: Cimex perspicuus Fabricius, fixed by Kirkaldy, 1909:110].

Runibia decorata (Dallas)

Strchia decorata Dallas, 1851:266 [Brazil (type)].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Pastaza (Puyo, 31 Jan 1976).

Genus Sibaria Stal

Sibaria Stal, 1872b:23 [type-species: Mormidea armata Dallas, only included species].—Rolston, 1976:218–225 [review; key to species page 220].

Sibaria andicola Breddin

Sibaria andicola Breddin, 1904b:49 [Ecuador; Peru].—Bergroth, 1908:16 [Ecuador; etc.].—Kirkaldy, 1909:62 [Ecuador].—Rolston, 1976:224 [Ecuador; etc.].

Sibaria armata (Dallas)

Mormidea armata Dallas, 1851:215 [Brazil (type)].

Sibaria armata.—Rolston, 1976:223 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Thyanta Stal

Thyanta Stal, 1862a:58 [type-species: Cimex perditor Fabricius, fixed by Kirkaldy, 1909:94].—Jensen-Haarup, 1928:185–191 [review; key to species, pp. 186–189].

Thyanta antiguensis (Westwood)

Pentatoma antiguensis Westwood, 183:36 [Antigua (type)].—Torre-Bueno, 1915:218 [Ecuador; etc].—Campos, 1925a: 50 [Ecuador].

Thyanta humilis Bergroth

Thyanta humilis Bergroth, 1891:226 [Brazil (type)].

Thyanta humilis var. viridescens Kuhlgatz, 1903:256 [“zwischen Panama und Guayaquil”].—Therese, 1903:247 [Ecuador].

Thyanta perditor (Fabricius)

Cimex perditor Fabricius, 1794:102 [Insular America (type)].

Thyanta perditor.—Distant, 1891:111 [Ecuador; etc.].—Therese, 1903:247 [Ecuador; etc.].—Campos, 1925a:50 [Ecuador].

Thyanta setigera Ruckes

Thyanta perditor.—Heidemann, 1901:365 [Galapagos Islands].—Barber, 1934:282 [Galapagos Islands].—Van Duzee, 1937:112 [Galapagos Islands].

Thyanta setigera Ruckes, 1957:179 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:133 [Galapagos Islands].

Thyanta similis Van Duzee

Thyanta similis Van Duzee, 1933:26 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Barber, 1934:282 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:133 [Galapagos Islands].

Genus Tibilis Stal

Tibilis Stal, 1858:26 [type-species: Tibilis subconspersa Stal, only included species].

Tibilis glabriuscula Breddin

Tibilis glabriuscula Breddin, 1903f:371 [Ecuador (type)].—Bergroth, 1980:175 [Ecuador].—Kirkaldy, 1909:140 [Ecuador].

Genus Tibraca Stal

Tibraca Stal, 1858:18 [type-species: Tibraca limbativentris Stal, only included species].

Tibraca simillima Barber

Tibraca simillima Barber, 1941:110 [Ecuador (type)].

Family PHLOEIDAE Amyot and Serville

No Ecuadorian reference to occurrence of this South American family has been encountered. Whether or not any of the three included species actually occurs in Ecuador remains to be seen.

Leston's (1953) review of the family was expanded by Lent and Jurberg (1965); each work gave a key to genera.

Key to the Genera of Phloeidae

Family PHYMATIDAE Laporte

The present placement of this group as a full family follows the contentions of the specialist on it, N.A. Kormilev, and reflects the frequent textbook treatment at that level. Nevertheless, there is a general tendency among heteropterists to follow Carayon, et al. (1958) and place it as a subfamily of the Reduviidae.

As encountered to date, the only Ecuadorian records for the family are those of Campos, who reported three unidentified species in two genera. There are no indications that it is represented on the Galapagos Islands. The reported South American occurrence of nearly 90 species in six genera suggests numerous species, especially of the genera Phymata and Macrocephalus, should be found in Ecuador.

Two subfamilies occur in South America. For the subfamily Phymatinae, Kormilev (1962a) gave keys for and treatments of the genera, subgenera, and species; for the Macrocephalinae, one must return to the monograph by Handlirsch (1897) for a comprehensive-at-the-time point of departure.

Key to Subfamilies of Phymatidae in South America

Subfamily MACROCEPHALINAE Handlirsch

Key to Genera of Macrocephalinae in South America

Genus Macrocephalus Swederus

Macrocephalus Swederus, 1787:183 [type-species: Macrocephalus cimicoides Swederus, only included species].—Campos, 1925a:62 [one unidentified species, “proxima a la M. cimicoides Swed.,” from Ecuador].

Subfamily PHYMATINAE Laporte

Key to Genera of Phymatinae in South America

Genus Phymata Latreille

Phymata Latreille, 1802:247 [type-species: Acanthia crassipes Fabricius, only included species].—Campos, 1919:58 [one unidentified species from Ecuador]; 1925a:62 [two unidentified species from Ecuador].

Family PIESMATIDAE Amyot and Serville

Only two species, each in a different genus of the subfamily Piesmatinae, have been reported from South America. The Chilean species Miespa Drake may be confined to that country; but the Pan-American form, Piesma cinereum (Say), reported from southern Canada south to Argentina, undoubtedly will be found in continental Ecuador.

Drake and Davis (1958) reviewed the family morphologically, taxonomically, and biologically and presented keys to the world genera and to the American species. The following key is adapted therefrom.

Subfamily PIESMATINAE

Key to the Genera of Piesmatinae in South America

Family PLEIDAE Fieber

As yet no records of occurrence of Pleidae in Ecuador or on the Galapagos Islands have been found. The only genus known from South America, Neoplea Esaki and China, is credited with having five species on that continent—undoubtedly some of them will be found in Ecuador.

The classical cosmopolitan genus Plea Leach was divided into three subgenera by Esaki and China (1928:166); all of these were elevated to full generic status by Drake and Maldonado (1956:53).

Family PLOKIOPHILIDAE China

No records of the existence of this family in Ecuador have been found.

Štys (1967, 1972) provided a discussion and redefinition of the family and reduced its contents to three monotypic genera, two of which occur in South America. The three genera are keyed in Štys' earlier paper; a modified verison of that key follows.

Key to the South American Genera of Plokiophilidae

Family POLYCTENIDAE Westwood

The absence of reports of this family for Ecuador will probably continue until the necessary examination of their hosts, the bats, is performed. The single genus known for the Western Hemisphere, Hesperoctenes Kirkaldy, already includes nine species from South America (for key to species see Ronderos, 1960:179–181). Unquestionably, some of these have been carried into Ecuador by their host bats.

The points of departure for studies within this family are Ferris and Usinger's (1939) copiously illustrated monograph, a world catalog by Usinger (1946b), and an updated checklist with bibliography by Ryckman and Casdin (1977). The first two contain considerable discussion and extensive bibliographies. Subsequent studies on South American Polyctenidae were published by Ferris and Usinger (1945) and by Ronderos (1960, 1962, 1964).

Family PYRRHOCORIDAE Amyot and Serville

Recorded in the following list are 14 species from a single genus. Of these, 13 occur on the continent and one is shared by the continent and the Galapagos Islands; a second species known from the Galapagos Islands has not yet been reported from continental Ecuador.

Hussey (1929) listed but one genus of the Pyrrhocoridae (in the restricted sense) from South America, Dysdercus Guerin, which was subsequently revised by Doesburg (1968) with a key to species. Previous literature records not placed by Doesburg and subsequent records based on them are here given (with a preceding question mark) an apparently appropriate species assignment.

Campos (1919:57) reported one undescribed species of “Pyrrhocoris” from Ecuador, but the proper generic placement of that species is an up-to-date classification is not possible at this time—Pyrrhocoris now being restricted to the Eurasian land mass.

Genus Dysdercus Guerin

Dysdercus Guerin, 1831:Atlas, pl. 12, fig. 16 [type-species:Dysdercus peruvianus Guerin, only included species].—Doesburg, 1968:1–215 [monograph, including dorsal photograph of each species, host plants, natural enemies, and key to species, pp. 19–23].

Dysdercus basialbus Schmidt

Dysdercus basialbus Schmidt, 1932:268 [Colombia (type)].

Dysdercus basialbus silaceus Doesburg, 1968:170 [Bolivia (type); Ecuador; etc.].

Dysdercus bimaculatus Stal

Dysdercus bimaculatus Stal, 1854:236 [no locality given, see Doesburg, 1968]; 1859b:253 [Ecuador; etc.].—Sailer, 1947:15–19 [Sailer restored D. bimaculatus as valid species; attempted to sort out and correctly place literature records resulting from former treatment of this species as a synonym under D. obliquus Herrich-Schaeffer—these placements are followed in the present paper because subsequent literature did not dispute them].—Doesburg, 1968:75 [Panama (lectotype); Ecuador, text p. 79 but not on map on p. 79; etc.].

Dysdercus obliquus.—Stal, 1870:121 [part of records, including Ecuador].—Distant 1883:232 [Ecuador record credited to Stal 1859, 1870].—Lethierry and Severin, 1894:254 [part of records, including Ecuador].—Hussey, 1929:97 [part of records, including Ecuador].—Beccari and Gerini, ?1970:45, 61 [Ecuador; etc.; this paper probably in press when Doesburg's paper appeared.].

Dysdercus bloetei Doesburg

Dysdercus bloetei Doesburg, 1968:39 [Ecuador (type)].

Dysdercus chaquensis Freiberg

Dysdercus chaquensis Freiberg, 1948:121 [Argentina (type)].—Doesburg, 1968:134 [Ecuador; etc.].

Dysdercus collaris Blöte

Dysdercus collaris Blöte, 1931:119, 134 [Colombia (type)].—Yust, ?1955:429 [Ecuador; quite possibly correct because Doesburg, 1968:25, maps it for Columbia almost at its border with Ecuador]; ?1958, no. 48 [Ecuador].

Dysdercus concinnus Stal

Dysdercus concinnus Stal, 1861a:198 [Mexico (type)].—Campos,? 1919:58 [Ecuador]; ?1925a:59 [Ecuador].—Barber, ?1925:248 [Galapagos Islands; etc.]; ?1934:286 [Galapagos Islands; etc.].—Hussey, 1929:88 [Ecuador; etc.].—Linsley and Usinger, ?1966:134 [Galapagos Islands].—Beccari and Gerini, ?1970:34, 61 [Ecuador; etc; this paper probably in press when Doesburg's paper appeared].

Dysdercus concinnus mundus.—Doesburg, 1968:72 [Ecuador; etc.].

Dysdercus imitator Blote

Dysdercus imitator Blöte, 1931:123 [Peru (type); etc.].—Doesburg, 1968:26 [Ecuador; etc.].

SURVEY COLLECTION:—Napo (Mishualli, 25 Jun 1976); Zamora-Chinchipe (Cumbaratza, 12 Jun 1976; Yanzaza, 15 Jun 1976; Zumbi, 10 Jun 1976).

Dysdercus lunulatus Uhler

Dysdercus lunulatus Uhler, 1861:24 [Mexico (neotype)].—Doesburg, 1968:88 [Galapagos Islands; etc.].

Dysdercus maurus Distant

Dysdercus maurus Distant, 1901d:590 [Brazil (type)].—Doesburg, 1968:128 [Ecuador on map, p. 132, but not in text; etc.].

Dysdercus mimuloides Blöte

Dysdercus mimuloides Blöte, 1933:599 [Panama (type)].—Doesburg, 1968:58 [Ecuador; etc].

Dysdercus mimus (Say)

Capsus mimus Say, 1832:20 [Mexico (neotype)].

Dysdercus ruficollis.—Walker, ?1872:183 [Ecuador; etc.].—Berg, ?1878:265 [Ecuador record probably based on Walker, 1872:183; etc.].; ?1879:114 [Ecuador (see 1878:265); etc.].—Distant, 1883:233 [Ecuador record credited to Berg, 1879:114; etc.].—Lethierry and Severin, ?1894:254 [Ecuador; etc.].—Therese, ?1903:249 [Ecuador record credited to Distant, 1883:233; etc.].—Torre-Bueno, ?1915:219 [Ecuador; etc.].—Campos, ?1919:58 [Ecuador]; ?1925a:60 [Ecuador].—Hussey, 1929:101 [Ecuador record credited to 3 of authors above; etc.]. [Ecuador records under the frequently misapplied name D. rupicollis are placed here, but reexamination of specimens involved might discover they belong to other species.]

Dysdercus albidiventris.—Hussey, 1927:235 [Ecuador].

Dysdercus mimus distanti.—Doesburg, 1968:34 [Ecuador; etc.].

Dysdercus mimus ecuadorensis Doesburg, 1968:39 [Ecuador (type)].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Numerous specimens of the subspecies D. mimus ecuadorensis: Los Rios (10 km N Babahoyo, 22 Jun 1975; Quevedo, 11 May 1975); Manabi (35 km SE Bahía de Caráquez, 10 May 1975); Pichincha (29 km W Sto. Domingo de los Colorados, 7 May 1975).

Dysdercus obscuratus Distant

Dysdercus obscuratus Distant, 1883:230 [Costa Rica (lectotype); etc.].

Dysdercus incertus Distant, 1883:230 [Costa Rica (type)].

Dysdercus incertus var. flavipenuis Blöte, 1931:126 [Panama (type)].

Dysdercus lugubris Schmidt, 1932:274 [Ecuador (type)].

Dysdercus obscuratus flavipenuis.—Doesburg, 1968:103 [Ecuador; etc.].

Dysdercus obscuratus incertus.—Doesburg, 1968:103 [Ecuador; etc.].

Dysdercus obscuratus lugubris.—Doesburg, 1968:104 [Ecuador; etc.].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Specimens of subspecies D. obscuratus incertus: Los Rios (Quevedo, 11 May 1975); Pichincha (29 km W Sto. Domingo de los Colorados, 7 May 1975).

Dysdercus peruvianus Guerin

Dysdercus peruvianus Guerin, 1831:pl. 12, fig. 16 [Peru (type)].—Stal, ?1870:121 [Ecuador; etc.].—Walker, 1872:184 [Ecuador; etc.].—Lethierry and Severin ?1894:254 [Ecuador; etc.].—Hussey, 1929:99 [Ecuador record credited to Stal, 1870:121; etc.].—Doesburg, 1968:144 [Ecuador; etc.].—Beccari and Gerini, 1970:47, 61 [Ecuador; etc.; this paper probably in press when Doesburg's paper appeared].

Dysdercus ruficeps (Perty)

Lygaeus ruficeps Perty, 1833:172 [Brazil (type)].

Dysdercus ruficeps.—Uhler, 1869:326 [“near the Napo River”].—Hussey, 1929:100 [Ecuador; etc.].—Doesburg, 1968:60 [Ecuador; etc.].—Beccari and Gerini, 1970:49, 61 [Ecuador; etc.; this paper probably in press when Doesburg's paper appeared].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Napo (Napo, 27 June 1976).

Family REDUVIIDAE Latreille

In spite of the number of species of Reduviidae identified from continental Ecuador and from the Galapagos Islands, no species or genus of the family appears to be shared by the two areas. The numbers involved are 66 species in 35 genera for Ecuador and eight species in three genera for the Galapagos Islands.

Combining Wygodzinsky's (1949) list of American Reduviidae with his (1966) monograph of the Emesinae produced a total of nearly 800 South American species in more than 60 genera. Further collecting and study should bring the total of Ecuadorian species of Reduviidae to several times the numbers reported here.

Studies on the suprageneric classification of the superfamily Reduvioidea during the past few decades resulted in some disagreement as to the number of such categories to be recognized and the hierarchical status to be assigned to them. Recognition of this unsettled state and the absence of a comprehensive practical key to the categories in a present-day concept leads me to use Usinger's (1943) classification of the Reduvioidea. The chief subsequent modifications affecting the American members of Usinger's classification [and not used here] are Carayon et al.'s (1958) treatment of the classical family Phymatidae as a subfamily of the Reduviidae and Davis' (1969) devaluation of the old subfamily Apiomerinae to tribal status under the subfamily Harpactorinae. The key to subfamilies presented below was derived from a variety of sources including Usinger (1943), but in considerable part from specimens on which most characters were verified.

Key to the Subfamilies of Reduviidae in South America

Subfamily APIOMERINAE Amyot and Serville

A key to the genera of this subfamily was given by Costa Lima, Hathaway, and Seabra (1948: 761–763). Davis (1969:84) reduced this group to a tribe under the subfamily Harpactorinae.

Genus Apiomerus Hahn

Apiomerus Hahn, 1831:29 [type-species: Reduvius hirtipes Fabricius, only included species].—Costa Lima, Seabra, and Hathaway, 1951:273–442 [revision; keys to species, p. 284–298 (Spanish), 299–312 (English)].

Apiomerus lobulatus Breddin

Apiomerus lobulatus Breddin, 1904b:148 [Ecuador (type)].—Wygodzinsky, 1949:17 [Ecuador].—Costa Lima, Seabra, and Hathaway, 1951:397 [Ecuador].

Apiomerus pilipes (Fabricius)

Reduvius pilipes Fabricius, 1787:309 [French Guiana (type)].

Apiomerus pilipes.—Campos, 1925a:66, 1928:69 [Ecuador].—Leon and Leon, 1953:54 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Heniartes Spinola

Heniartes Spinola, 1837:109 [type-species: Heniartes erythromerus Spinola, fide Wygodzinsky, 1947a:8].—Wygodzinsky, 1947a: 1–56 [revision; key to species p. 8–9].

Heniartes cachabi Wygodzinsky

Heniartes cachabi Wygodzinsky, 1947a:37 [Ecuador (type)]; 1949:19 [Ecuador].

Heniartes distinguendus Wygodzinsky

Heniartes distinguendus Wygodzinsky, 1947a:40 [Ecuador (type)]; 1949:19 [Ecuador]; 1953:373 [Ecuador].

Subfamily ECTRICHODIINAE Spinola

Wygodzinsky (1951:35–36) provided a key to the American genera of this subfamily.

Genus Rhiginia Stal

Rhiginia Stal, 1859d:176, 181 [type-species: Reduvius lateralis Le Peletier and Serville, only included species].—Campos, 1918:18 [two undetermined species of “Ectrichodia” from Ecuador probably belong in Rhiginia, Ectrichodia no longer recognized from the New World]; 1919:59 [three undetermined species of “Ectrichodia”; from Ecuador, see note for 1918:18].

Rhiginia bimaculata Breddin

Rhiginia bimaculata Breddin, 1914:59 [Ecuador (type)].—Wygodzinsky, 1949:24 [Ecuador].

Rhiginia conspersa Breddin

Rhiginia conspersa Breddin, 1901c:75 [Ecuador (type)].—Wygodzinsky, 1949:24 [Ecuador].

Rhiginia crudelis Stal

Rhiginia crudelis Stal, 1862b:455 [Mexico (type)].

Ectrichodia “ruficollis?”.—Campos, 1925a:63 [Ecuador]; 1928: 69 [Ecuador].

Rhiginia geniculosa (Walker), new combination

Ectrichodia geniculosa Walker, 1873c:59 [Ecuador (type)].—Wygodzinsky, 1949:25 [Ecuador; but of uncertain generic placement].

Rhiginia haenschi Breddin

Rhiginia haenschi Breddin, 1903a:65 [Ecuador (type)].—Wygodzinsky, 1949:24 [Ecuador].

Rhiginia immarginata Stal

Rhiginia immarginata Stal, 1866:302 [Ecuador (type)].—Wygodzinsky, 1949:24 [Ecuador].

Ectrichodia immarginata.—Stal, 1872a: 102 [Ecuador].—Campos, 1925a:63 [Ecuador]; 1928:69 [Ecuador].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Pastaza (Santa Clara, 30 Jun 1976).

Genus Santainezia Miller

Santainezia Miller, 1956:4 [type-species: Santainezia bicolor Miller, only included species].

Santainezia bicolor Miller

Santainezia bicolor Miller, 1956:5 [Ecuador (type)].

Genus Zirta Stal

Zirta Stal, 1859d:175 [type-species: Reduvius hirticornis Fabricius, only included species].

Zirta granulata (Walker)

Ectrichodia granulaia Walker, 1873c:58 [Ecuador (type)].—Wygodzinsky, 1949:24 [Ecuador].

Subfamily EMESINAE Amyot and Serville

Wygodzinsky (1966) provided a well-illustrated, definitive monograph of this subfamily in which are supplied clear keys to tribes, genera and species.

Several of the records of Emesinae for Ecuador reported by Campos (1919:59; 1925a:62–63; 1928:63) were made with generic but no specific determinations. At present some of these records, because of the generic names used by Campos, are confusing, and for convenience are here entered in apparently appropriate places; Campos' specimens must be studied before more confidently accurate placements can be made.

Tribe ECMESINI Amyot and Serville

Genus Gardena Dohrn

Gardena Dohrn, 1860:214 [type-species: Gardena melinarthrum Dohrn, only included species].

Emesa.—Distant, 1891:117 [“Emesa sp.” from Ecuador; because Distant noted this specimen as allied to E. longipes, his “sp.” is here placed in the genus Gardena to which E. longipes is now assigned].—Campos, 1925a:62 [ Campos cites Whymper's (actually Distant's) 1891:117, Ecuadorian record of “Emesa sp.”]; 1928:63 [three species of “Emesa” from Ecuador and citation of Whymper's (actually Distant's), 1891:117, Ecuadorian record of “Emesa sp.”].

Genus Stenolemus Signoret

Stenolemus Signoret, 1858a:251 [type-species: Stenolemus spiniventris Signoret, only included species].

Stenolemus anduzei Wygodzinsky

Stenolemus anduzei Wygodzinsky, 1947b:131 [Venezuela (type)]; 1966:322 [Ecuador; etc.].

Tribe LEISTARCHINI Stal

Genus Ploiaria Scopoli

Ploiaria Scopoli, 1786:60 [type-species: Ploiaria domestica Scopoli, only included species].—Campos, 1919:59 [one unidentified species of Ploiaria from Ecuador]; 1925a:63 [two unidentified species of Ploiaria from Ecuador]; 1928:63 [four unidentified species of Ploiaria from Ecuador].

“Gen. Emesina”.—Campos 1919:59 [three unidentified species of “Gen. Emesina” from Ecuador; “Emesina” is not a generic name but a junior synonym of the tribal name Leistarchini, a tribe represented in the Western Hemisphere only by the genus Ploiaria]; 1925a:62 [comments under 1919:59 apply here].

Emesodema.—Campos, 1919:59 [two unidentified species from Ecuador]; 1925a:63 [two unidentified species from Ecuador].

Ploiaria macrophthalma (Dohrn)

Luteva macrophthalma Dohrn, 1860:244 [Brazil; Colombia].

Ploiaria macrophthalma.—Villiers, 1970:229 [Galapagos Islands; etc.].—Linsley, 1977:11 [Galapagos Islands].

Tribe METAPTERINI Stal

Genus Barce Stal

Barce Stal, 1865a:163 [type-species: Ploiaria fraterna Say, only included species].

Barce fraterna (Say)

Ploiaria fraterna Say, 1832:33 [United States of America (type)].

Barce fraterna.—Wygodzinsky, 1966:441 [Ecuador; etc.].—Cobben and Wygodzinsky, 1975:3 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Ghinallelia Wygodzinsky

Ghinallelia Wygodzinsky, 1966:485 [type-species: Ghilianella globifera Bergroth, original designation].—Villiers, 1970: 230–237 [in addition to four species listed below, Villiers reported two unidentified nymphs: one previously reported by McAtee and Malloch, 1925a:100, as Ghilianella galapagensis Heidemann here listed as “Ghilianella sp. A”; the other as “Ghinalellia sp. B”].—Villiers, 1978:49–50 [key to species on Galapagos Islands].

Ghinallelia galapagensis (Heidemann)

Ghilianella galapagensis Heidemann, 1901:367 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—McAtee and Malloch, 1925a:100 [Galapagos Islands].—Barber, 1934:286 [Galapagos Islands].—Wygodzinsky, 1949:28 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:135 [Galapagos Islands].

Ghinallelia galapagensis.—Wygodzinsky, 1966:488 [Galapagos islands].—Linsley, 1977:11 [Galapagos Islands].

Ghinallelia leleuporum Villiers

Ghinallelia leleuporum Villiers, 1970:231 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Linsley, 1977:11 [Galapagos Islands].

Ghinallelia schaeferi Villiers

Ghinallelia schaeferi Villiers, 1978:49 [Galapagos Islands].

Ghinallelia usingeri Villiers

Ghinallelia usingeri Villiers, 1970:235 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Linsley, 1977:11 [Galapagos Islands].

Ghinallelia vagvolgyiana Villiers

Ghinallelia vagvolgyianus Villiers, 1978:46 [Galapagos Islands]

Ghinallelia wygodzinskyi Villiers

Ghinallelia wygodzinskyi Villiers, 1970:233 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Linsley, 1977:11 [Galapagos Islands].

Subfamily HARPACTORINAE Amyot and Serville

Genus Arilus Hahn

Arilus Hahn, 1831:33 [type-species: Cimex serratus Fabricius, a junior synonym of Cimex carinatus Forster, only included species].

Arilus carinatus (Forster)

Cimex carinatus Forster, 1771:72 [Brazil (type)].

Prionotus carinatus.—Distant, 1891:115 [Ecuador].—Campos, 1919:61 [Ecuador]; 1925a:64 [Ecuador]; 1928:69 [Ecuador].

Prionotus serratus.—Campos, 1918:20 [Ecuador].

Arilus gallus (Stal)

Prionotus gallus Stal, 1872a:72 [Colombia (type)].—Campos, 1925a:64 [Ecuador]; 1928:69 [Ecuador].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Cotopaxi (117 km W Latacunga, 1 Jul 1975).

Genus Corcia Stal

Corcia Stal, 1859d:368 [type-species: Corcia columbica Stal, fide Wygodzinsky, 1949:37].

Corcia aequatoria Breddin

Corcia aequatoria Breddin, 1901c:59 [Ecuador (type)].—Wygodzinsky, 1949:37 [Ecuador].

Corcia columbica Stal

Corcia columbica Stal, 1859d:369 [Colombia (type)].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Napo (Baeza, 72 km E 16 May 1975; Lago Agrio 110 km W, 18 May 1975); Pastaza (22 km W Puyo, 5 Feb 1976); Tungurahua (32 km E Baños, 28 Jan 1976; 39 km E Baños, 25 Jan 1976).

Genus Doldina Stal

Doldina Stal, 1859d:366, 368 [type-species: Doldina carinulata Stal, only included species].—Hussey and Elkins, 1956: 261–278 [revision; key to species, pp. 276–277].

Doldina penalea Hussey and Elkins

Doldina penalea Hussey and Elkins, 1956:269 [Honduras (type); Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Heza Amyot and Serville

Heza Amyot and Serville, 1843:374 [type-species: Reduvius binotatus Le Peletier and Serville, only included species].—Maldonado, 1976b:403–433 [revision; key to species, pp. 406–414].

Heza similis Stal

Heza similis Stal. 1859d:199 [Colombia (type)].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Los Rios (20 km N Babahovo, 22 Jun 1975).

Genus Montina Amyot and Serville

Montina Amyot and Serville, 1843:363 [type-species: Reduvius sinuosus Le Peletier and Serville, only included species].—Campos, 1919:62 [one unidentified species from Ecuador]; 1925a:66 [one unidentified species from Ecuador]; 1928:70 [one unidentified species from Ecuador].

Montina fumosa (Stal)

Aristippus fumosus Stal, 1866:300 [Brazil (type)].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Pastaza (Santa Clara, 4 Jul 1976); Zamora-Chinchipe (Yanzaza, 16 Jun 1976).

Genus Ploeogaster Amyot and Serville

Ploeogaster Amyot and Serville, 1843:363 [type-species, Ploeogaster mammosus Amyot and Serville, fixed by Wygodzinsky, 1949:6].

Ploeogaster pallidula (Walker)

Helonotus pallidulus Walker, 1873c:90 [Ecuador (type)].

Ploeogaster pallidulus.—Wygodzinsky, 1949:44 [Ecuador].

Genus Repipta Stal

Repipta Stal, 1859d:366, 369 [type-species: Zelus taurus Fabricius, fide Van Duzee, 1916:31].

Repipta annulipes Barber

“Cosmoclopius (Harpactor) sp.?” Heidemann, 1901:366 [Galapagos Islands].

Repipta annulipes Barber, 1925:250 [Galapagos Islands (type)]; 1934:287 [Galapagos Islands].—Van Duzee, 1937: 115 [Galapagos Islands].—Wygodzinsky, 1949:45 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:135 [Galapagos Islands].

“Cosmoclopius sp.?” Barber, 1934:287 [Galapagos Islands].

Genus Ricolla Stal

Ricolla Stal, 1859d:366, 367 [type-species: Cimex quadrispinosus Linnaeus fixed by Wygodzinsky, 1949:6].

Ricolla pallidinervis Stal

Ricolla pallidinervis Stal, 1859d:367 [Venezuela (type)].—Fracker and Bruner, 1924:172 [Ecuador].

Genus Sinea Amyot and Serville

Sinea Amyot and Serville, 1843:375 [type-species: Reduvius diadema Fabricius, fide Van Duzee, 1916:31].—Caudell, 1901:11 [revision; key to species, pp. 2–3].—Campos, 1919:61 [Sinea raptoria as listed below and an unidentified species of Sinea from Ecuador]; 1925a:66 [same as 1919: 61]; 1928:70 [same as 1919:61].

Sinea raptoria Stal

Sinea raptoria Stal, 1862b:444 [Mexico (type)].—Campos, 1918:20 [Ecuador]; 1919:61 [Ecuador]; 1925a:66 [Ecuador]; 1928:70 [Ecuador].

Genus Zelus Fabricius

Zelus Fabricius, 1803:281 [type-species: Cimex longipes Linnaeus, fixed by Latreille, 1810:433].—Torre-Bueno, 1915: 219 [one unidentified species of Zelus (Diplodus) from Ecuador].—Campos, 1918:18 [three unidentified species of Zelus from Ecuador]; 1919:58 [three unidentified species of Zelus from Ecuador]; 1925a:63 [four unidentified species of Zelus from Ecuador]; 1928:69 [four unidentified species of Zelus from Ecuador].—Yust, 1958, no. 99 [one unidentified species of Zelus from Ecuador].

Zelus filicauda Bergroth

Zelus filicauda Bergroth, 1893:63 [Ecuador (type)].—Lethierry and Severin, 1896:152 [Ecuador].—Wygodzsinsky, 1949:49 [Ecuador].

Subfamily MICROTOMINAE Schumacher

Genus Homalocoris Perty

Platycoris Perty, 1833:175 [type-species: Platycoris varia Perty, only included species].

Homalocoris Perty, 1833:216 [proposed as replacement name for Platycoris Perty, hence takes same type-species].

Homalocoris maculicollis Stal

Homalocoris maculicollis Stal, 1872:101 [Mexico (type)].—Campos, 1918:20 [Ecuador]; 1919:62 [Ecuador]; 1925a:60 [Ecuador]; 1928:70 [Ecuador].

Subfamily PHIMOPHORINAE Handlirsch

The following genus contains the only New World member of this subfamily.

Genus Phimophorus Bergroth

Phimophorus Bergroth, 1886:53 [type-species: Phimophorus spissicornis Bergroth, only included species].

Phimophorus spissicornis Bergroth

Phimophorus spissicornis Bergroth, 1886:54 [Brazil (type)].—Carayon, et al., 1958:270 [Ecuador; etc.].

Subfamily PEIRATINAE Amyot and Serville

The long-used “Piratinae” must yield to the above spelling because, as Kerzhner (1974:92, of translation) pointed out, the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature make it necessary to use Serville's (1831:213) original spelling of the type-genus, Peirates, and to include under it as a junior synonym Burmeister's (1835:239) emended spelling “Pirates.”

The following key to genera is a modified version of Stal's (1872a:104–105) key to which is added the subsequently described genus Eidmannia Taeuber.

Key to Genera of Peiratinae in South America

Genus Melanolestes Stal

Melanolestes Stal, 1866:251, 259 [type-species: Pirates picipes Herrich-Schaeffer, fide Van Duzee, 1916:29].

Melanolestes argentinus Berg

Melanolestes argentinus Berg, 1879:163 [Argentina (type)].—Campos, 1918:20 [Ecuador]; 1919:61 [Ecuador]; 1925a:66 [Ecuador]; 1928:69 [Ecuador].

Melanolestes morio (Erichson)

Pirates morio Erichson, 1848:613 [British Guiana (type)].

Melanolestes morio.—Torre-Bueno, 1915:219 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Rasahus Amyot and Serville

Rasahus Amyot and Serville, 1843:325 [type-species: Peirates sulcicollis Serville, fide Van Duzee, 1916:29].

Rasahus hamatus (Fabricius)

Reduvius hamatus Fabricius, 1781:381 [French Guiana (type)].

Rasahus hamatus.—Campos, 1918:18 [Ecuador]; 1919:61 [Ecuador]; 1925a:65 [Ecuador]; 1928:68 [Ecuador].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Manabi (Bahía de Caráquez, 9 May 1975).

Rasahus sulcicollis (Serville)

Peirates sulcicollis Serville, 1831:219 [French Giana (type)].

Rasahus sulcicollis.—Campos, 1918:19 [Ecuador]; 1919:61 [Ecuador]; 1920:53 [Ecuador]; 1925a:65 [Ecuador]; 1928: 68 [Ecuador].

Genus Sirthenea Spinola

Sirthenea Spinola, 1837:100 [type-species: Reduvius carinatus Fabricius, only included species].

Sirthenea anduzei Drake and Harris

Sirthenea anduzei Drake and Harris, 1945:55 [Venezuela (type); etc.].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Napo (Lago Agrio, 17 May 1975, 22 Aug 1975); Pastaza (Puyo, 8–11 Feb 1976).

Subfamily REDUVIINAE Latreille

Lent and Wygodzinsky (1947b:342–343) presented a key to the American genera of Reduviinae.

Genus Opisthacidius Berg

Spiniger (Opisthacidius) Berg, 1879:172 [type-species: Platymeria rubroptica Herrich-Schaeffer, only included species].

Opisthacidius.—Lent and Wygodzinsky, 1947b:351 [elevated to genus; revision; key to species, pp. 353–354].

Opisthacidius pertinax (Breddin)

Spiniger pertinax Breddin, 1903b:114 [Bolivia (type)].

Zelurus domesticus.—Lent and Wygodzinsky, 1946:263 [Ecuador; etc.].

Opisthacidius pertinax.—Lent and Wygodzinsky, 1947b:356 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1955:135 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1956:332 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1966:153 [Ecuador].

Genus Zelurus Hahn

Zelurus Hahn, 1826, pl. 6 [type-species: Zelurus ocellatus Hahn, a junior synonym of Reduvius eburneus Le Peletier and Serville, only included species].—Campos, 1918:18 [Campos reported five species of “Spiniger”—a junior synonym of Zelurus—from Ecuador, including four undetermined species plus the “Spiniger limbatus” listed below as a junior synonym of Z. circumcinctus]; 1919:60 [same as 1918:18]; 1925a:64 [same as 1918:18].—Costa Lima, 1940:1–123 [revision; keys to subgenera, pp. 7–9 to species, pp. 14–27].

Zelurus alcides (Stal)

Spiniger alcides Stal, 1863:56 [Brazil (type)].

Zelurus alcides.—Lent and Wygodzkinsky, 1957:22 [Ecuador; etc.].

Zelurus anthracinus Lent and Wygodzinsky

Zelurus anthracinus Lent and Wygodzinsky, 1968:324 [Ecuador (type)].

Zelurus audax (Breddin)

Spiniger audax Breddin, 1901c:83 [Ecuador (type)].

Spiniger (Spiniger) audax.—Costa Lima, 1940b:55 [Ecuador].

Zelurus audax.—Wygodzinsky, 1949:59 [Ecuador].—Lent and Wygodzinsky, 1955:135 [Ecuador]; 1966:148 [Ecuador; etc.].

Zelurus camposi Lent and Wygodzinsky

Zelurus camposi Lent and Wygodzinsky, 1955:138 [Ecuador (type)]; 1957:24 [Ecuador].

Zelurus circumcinctus (Hahn)

Reduvius limbatus Le Peletier and Serville, preoccupied, 1825: 275 [Brazil (type)].

Acrocoris circumcinctus Hahn, 1835, pl. LXXX, fig. 246 [no locality given].

Spiniger limbatus.—Campos, 1918:18 [Ecuador]; 1925a:64 [Ecuador]; 1928:68 [Ecuador].

Spiniger (Spiniger) circumcinctus.—Costa Lima, 1940b:92 [Ecuador; etc.].

Zelurus circumcinctus.—Lent and Wygodzinsky, 1955:135 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1957:24 [Ecuador; etc.].

Zelurus fugax (Breddin)

Spiniger fugax Breddin, 1903b:114 [Ecuador (type)].

Spiniger (Spiniger) fugax.—Costa Lima, 1940b:97 [Ecuador].

Zelurus fugax.—Wygodzinsky, 1949:60 [Ecuador].—Lent and Wygodzinsky, 1955:135 [Ecuador]; 1966:159 [Ecuador].

Zelurus nugax (Breddin)

Spiniger nugax Breddin, 1903b:108 [Ecuador (type)].

Spiniger (Spiniger) nugax.—Costa Lima, 1940b:82 [Ecuador].

Zelurus nugax.—Wygodzinsky, 1949:61 [Ecuador].—Lent and Wygodzinsky, 1951:6 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1955:135 [Ecuador]; 1957:35 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1966:151 [Ecuador]; 1968: 319 [Ecuador].

Zelurus petax (Breddin)

Spiniger petax Breddin, 1901c:75 [Ecuador (type)].

Spiniger (Spiniger) petax.—Costa Lima, 1940b:52 [Ecuador].

Zelurus petax.—Wygodzinsky, 1949:61 [Ecuador].—Lent and Wygodzinsky, 1951:4 [Ecuador]; 1955:135 [Ecuador]; 1966:146 [Ecuador]; 1968:319 [Ecuador].

Zelurus tenax (Breddin)

Spiniger tenax Breddin, 1901c:83 [Ecuador (type)].

Spiniger (Spiniger) tenax.—Costa Lima, 1940b:72 [Ecuador].

Zelurus saileri Lent and Wygodzinsky, 1947a:348 [Ecuador (type)]; 1951:27 [Ecuador]; 1955:135 [Ecuador]; 1957:38 [Ecuador; etc.].—Wygodzinsky, 1949:61 [Ecuador].

Zelurus tenax.—Wygodzinsky, 1949:62 [Ecuador].—Lent and Wygodzinsky, 1955:135 [Ecuador]; 1966:146 [Ecuador].

Zelurus vorax (Breddin)

Spiniger vorax Breddin, 1903b:114 [Ecuador (type)].

Spiniger (Spiniger) vorax.—Costa Lima, 1940b:68 [Ecuador].

Zelurus vorax.—Wygodzinsky, 1949:62 [Ecuador].—Lent and Wygodzinsky, 1955:135 [Ecuador]; 1966:161 [Ecuador].

Subfamily SAICINAE Stal

The following key to the American genera of the subfamily Saicinae was adapted from Monte (1943:361).

Key to American Genera of Saicinae

Genus Oncerotrachelus Stal

Oncerotrachelus Stal, 1868:130 [type-species: Reduvius acuminatus Say, only included species].

Oncerotrachelus acuminatus (Say)

Reduvius acuminatus Say, 1832:32 [United States of America (type)].

Oncerotrachelus “acuminatus var.”.—Campos, 1925a:64 [Ecuador]; 1928:63 [Ecuador].

Genus Saica Amyot and Serville

Saica Amyot and Serville, 1843:371 [type-species: Saica rubella Amyot and Serville, a junior synonym of Zelus recurvatus Fabricius, only included species].

?Saica fokkeri Montandon

Saica “Fokkeri”.—Campos, 1925a:64 [Ecuador; species credited to Montandon, but I have not yet found a published description of the species]; 1928:64 [Ecuador; see note for 1925a:64].

Saica ochracea Distant

Saica ochracea Distant, 1902b:175 [Ecuador (type)].—McAtee and Malloch, 1923:252 [Ecuador].—Wygodzinsky, 1949: 63 [Ecuador].

Subfamily STENOPODAINAE Amyot and Serville

Barber's (1929–1930) revision of this subfamily for the New World was followed by a key to the neotropical genera given by Costa Lima and Seabra (1945:507–510) [in the United States National Museum reprint copies of the latter appears a handwritten correction interchanging “Pnohirmus” from couplet 1 with “Pnirontis” from couplet 7].

To resolve a conflict with the Crustacean name Stenopodidae, the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature ruled in Opinion 868 (1969) that the name for this group of insects should be spelled Stenopodainae.

Genus Oncocephalus Klug

Reduvius (Oncocephalus) Klug, 1830:2 [type-species: Oncocephalus notatus Klug, fide Distant, 1903:227].

Oncocephalus.—Fieber, 1861:42.—Reuter, 1882b:673–758 [monograph; key to species, pp. 674–682].—Campos, 1925a:64 [two unidentified species of Oncocephalus from Ecuador].

Oncocephalus antipodus Reuter

Oncocephalus antipodus Reuter, 1882a:41 [Ecuador (type)].—Lethierry and Severin, 1896:86 [Ecuador].—Barber, 1930: 228 [Ecuador; etc.].—Wygodzinsky, 1949:67 [Ecuador].—Cobben and Wygodzinsky, 1975:14 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Pnirontis Stal

Pnirontis Stal, 1859d:381 [type-species: Pnirontis scutellaris Stal, fixed by Van Duzee, 1916:28].

Pnirontis infirma Stal

Pnirontis infirma Stal, 1859d:382 [United States (type)].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Napo (Sta. Cecilia, 16 May 1975).

Pnirontis pallescens Stal

Pnirontis pallescens Stal, 1859d:382 [Brazil (type)].—Campos, 1925a:63 [Ecuador]; 1928:64 [Ecuador].

Genus Pnohirmus Stal

Pnohirmus Stal, 1859d:384 [type-species: Pnohirmus violentus Stal, only included species].

Pnohirmus whymperi Distant

Pnohirmus whymperi Distant, 1891:117 [Ecuador (type); illustrated but not described].—Barber, 1930:182 [Ecuador].—Wygodzinsky, 1949:68 [Ecuador].

Pnohirmus “Whymperi” Distant, 1893b:93 [Ecuador (type); described as a “n. sp.”].—Lethierry and Severin: 1896:84 [Ecuador].—Campos, 1919:61 [Ecuador]; 1925a:63 [Ecuador]; 1928:64 [Ecuador].

Genus Pygolampis Germar

Pygolampis Germar, 1817:286 [type-species: Acanthia denticulata Rossi, a junior synonym of Cimex bidentatus Goeze, only included species].—Campos, 1918:18 [in addition to Pygolampis spurca listed below, Campos reported an unidentified species from Ecuador]; 1919:59 [see notes under 1918:18].

Pygolampis spurca Stal

Pygolampis spurca Stal, 1859d:379 [Surinam (type)].—Campos, 1918:18 [Ecuador]; 1919:59 [Ecuador]; 1925a:64 [Ecuador]; 1928:64 [Ecuador].

Genus Stenopoda Laporte

Stenopoda Laporte, 1833:26 [type-species: Stenopoda cinerea Laporte, only included species].—Campos, 1919:60 [in addition to Stenopoda scutellata listed below, Campos reported an unidentified species of Stenopoda from Ecuador]; 1925a: 63 [see note for 1919:60]; 1928:64 [see note for 1919: 60].—Maldonado, 1976a:357–360 [modified generic limits].

Stenopoda cana Stal

Stenopoda cana Stal, 1859d:384 [Brazil (type)].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Pastaza (27 km N Puyo, 4 Feb 1976).

Stenopoda scutellata Distant

Stenopoda scutellata Distant, 1891:116 [Ecuador (type); illustrated but not described]; 1893b:92 [Ecuador (type), described as a “n. sp.”].—Lethierry and Severin, 1896:84 [Ecuador].—Campos, 1919:60 [Ecuador]; 1925a:63 [Ecuador]; 1928:64 [Ecuador].—Barber, 1930:202 [Ecuador].—Wygodzinsky, 1949:70 [Ecuador].

Subfamily TRIATOMINAE Jeannel

The following key to tribes and genera resulted from adjusting Usinger's (1944:27–28) key by incorporating Martinez and Carcavallo's (1977) new subfamily, by deleting and adding certain genera, and by testing characters and their descriptions against specimens when possible. (See Lent and Wygodzinsky, 1979.)

Key to Tribes and Genera of Triatominae in South America

Genus Eratyrus Stal

Eratyrus Stal, 1859a:101, 103 [type-species: Eratyrus mucronatus Stal, fide Wygodzinsky, 1949:71].—Lent and Jurberg, 1970:297–312 [review; key to species, p. 309].

Eratyrus cuspidatus Stal

Eratyrus cuspidatus Stal, 1859a:103, 104 [Colombia (type)].—Lent and Jurberg, 1970:306 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Panstrongylus Berg

Panstrongylus Berg, 1879:167 [type-species: Panstrongylus “Guntheri” Berg, only included species].—Lent and Pifano, 1940:631 [tabular key to species].—Lent, 1960:168–169 [key to species].—Lent and Jurberg, 1975:379–438 [revision; no key, but illustration of external genitalia of both sexes].

Panstrongylus chinai Del Ponte

Panstrongylus chinai Del Ponte, 1929:4 [Peru (type)].—Leon and Leon, 1953:53 [Ecuador; etc.].—Lent, 1960:167 [Ecuador, on map].—Lent and Jurberg, 1975:386 [Ecuador; etc.].

Panstrongylus geniculatus (Latreille)

Reduvius geniculatus Latreille, 1811:225 [Peru (type)].

Panstrongylus geniculatus.—Leon and Leon, 1953:52 [Ecuador; etc.].—Lent, 1960:167 [Ecuador, on map].—Lent and Jurberg, 1968:499 [Ecuador; etc.].

Panstrongylus howardi Neiva

Triatoma howardi Neiva, 1911:240 [Africa (type)].

Panstrongylus howardi.—Lent, 1960:164 [Ecuador, correction of original locality].—Lent and Jurberg, 1975:404 [Ecuador].

Panstrongylus rufotuberculatus (Champion)

Lamus rufotuberculatus Champion, 1899:210 [Panama (type)].

Triatoma “coxo-rufa”.—Campos, 1932a:1, 3 [Ecuador].—Neiva and Lent, 1936:170, 184 [Ecuador].—Costa Lima, 1940a:186 [Ecuador].

Panstrongylus rufotuberculatus.—Neiva and Lent, 1936:177 [Ecuador; etc.].—Lent and Pifano, 1940:633, 638 [Ecuador; etc.].—Neiva and Lent, 1941:86 [Ecuador; etc.].—Leon and Leon, 1953:50 [Ecuador; etc.].—Lent, 1960:167 [Ecuador, on map].—Lent and Jurberg, 1975:426 [Ecuador; etc.].

Mestor rufotuberculatus.—Usinger, 1944:45 [Ecuador; etc.].—Leon, 1949:574 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Rhodnius Stal

Rhodnius Stal, 1859a:104 [type-species: Rhodnius prolixus Stal, fide Neiva and Lent 1941:70].—Lent and Jurberg, 1969:487–560 [revision; key to species, pp. 499–500].

Rhodnius ecuadoriensis Lent and Leon

Rhodnius ecuadoriensis Lent and Leon, 1958:181 [Ecuador (type)].—Lent and Jurberg, 1969:498, 510 [Ecuador; etc.].

Rhodnius pictipes Stal

Rhodnius pictipes Stal, 1872a:110 [Brazil (type)].—Dias, 1952:320, 323 [Ecuador; etc.].—Leon and Leon, 1953:53 [Ecuador; etc.].—Lent, 1954:244 [Ecuador; etc.; on map fig. 11, not in text].—Lent and Jurberg, 1969:498, 535 [Ecuador; etc.].

Rhodnius prolixus Stal

Rhodnius prolixus Stal, 1859a:104 [Venezuela (type)].—Da Matta, 1919:611 [Ecuador].—Leon, 1949:574 [Ecuador, etc.].—Dias, 1952:320, 323 [Ecuador; etc.].—Leon and Leon, 1953:53 [Leon and Leon refuted Da Matta's 1919 record for Ecuador].—Lent, 1954:244 [Ecuador; etc.; on map fig. 11, not in text].—Lent and Jurberg, 1969:498, 540 [Ecuador; etc.].

Rhodnius robustus Larrousse

Rhodnius robusts Larrousse, 1927:85 [French Guiana; Brazil].—Lent and Jurberg, 1969:498, 550 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Triatoma Laporte

Triatoma Laporte, 1832:11 [type-species: Nabis gigas Fabricius, a junior synonym of Cimex rubrofasciatus De Geer, only included species].

Conorhinus.—Campos, 1919:61 [two unidentified species of Conorhinus from Ecuador, the Naranjapata specimen later designated by Lent (1950) as holotype of his new species Triatoma dispar].

Triatoma carrioni Larrousse

Triatoma carrioni Larrousse, 1926:136 [Ecuador (type)].—Pinto, 1931:87 [Ecuador].—Mazzotti and Leon, 1942:56 [Ecuador].—Leon, 1949:57 [Ecuador; etc.].—Wygodzinsky, 1949:74 [Ecuador].—Leon and Leon 1953:49 [Ecuador].—Dias, 1952:320 [Ecuador].

Triatoma “Carrioni”.—Campos, 1928:65 [Ecuador].

Eutriatoma “Carrioni”.—Pinto, 1931:87 [Ecuador].

Eutriatoma carrioni.—Hase, 1932:597 [Ecuador].—Neiva and Lent, 1936:169, 184 [Ecuador]; 1941:74, 91 [Ecuador].

Triatoma (Eutriatoma) carrioni.—Costa Lima, 1940a:199 [Ecuador].

Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille)

Reduvius dimidiatus Latreille, 1811:223 [Peru (type)].

Conorhinus dimidiatus.—Stal, 1859a:110 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1872a:111 [Ecuador; etc.].—Walker, 1873c:16 [Ecuador; etc.].—Distant, 1891:115 [Ecuador]—Lethierry and Severin, 1896:116 [Ecuador; etc.].—Champion, 1899:206 [Ecuador; etc.].—Campos, 1918:19 [Ecuador]; 1919:60 [Ecuador].

Triatoma dimidiata.—Neiva, 1914:36 [Ecuador; etc.].—Del Ponte, 1921:39 [Ecuador; etc.].—Campos, 1923:2 [Ecuador]; 1925a:65 [Ecuador]; 1928:65 [Ecuador]; 1931:111 [Ecuador].—Fracker and Bruner, 1924:165 [Ecuador].—Arteaga, 1930:92 [Ecuador].—Pinto, 1925:66 98 [Ecuador]; 1931:63 [Ecuador].—Hase, 1932:596 [Ecuador; etc.].—Neiva and Lent, 1936:170, 184 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1941:76, 91 [Ecuador; etc.].—Usinger, 1940:461 [Ecuador; etc.].—Leon, 1954:88 [Ecuador].—Alvarez, 1944:111 [Ecuador]; 1947:311 [Ecuador].—Dias, 1952:319, 323 [Ecuador; etc.].—Leon and Leon, 1953;46 [Ecuador].

Triatoma dimidiata maculipennis.—Hussey, 1922:114 [Ecuador; etc.].

Triatoma dimidiata capitata.—Leon, 1949:574 [Ecuador].—Dias, 1952:319, 323 [Ecuador].—Leon and Leon, 1953:48 [Ecuador].

Triatoma dispar Lent

Conorhinus.—Campos, 1919:61 [of three unidentified specimens reported, the Naranjapata specimen was designated by Lent (1950) as holotype of his new species Triatoma dispar].

Eutriatoma venosa.—Del Ponte, 1930:904 [Ecuador].—Pinto, 1931:104 [Ecuador; etc.].—Neiva and Lent, 1941:88, 91 [Ecuador; etc.].

Triatoma venosa.—Neiva and Lent, 1936:179, 184 [Ecuador; etc.].—Usinger 1944:61 [Ecuador; etc.].—Dias, 1952:320, 323 [Ecuador].—Leon and Leon, 1953:50 [Ecuador; etc.].

Triatoma (Eutriatoma) venosa.—Costa Lima, 1940a:198 [Ecuador; etc.].

Triatoma “venonosa”.—Leon, 1949:574 [Ecuador; etc.].

Triatoma dispar Lent, 1950:437 [Ecuador (type)].—Dias, 1952:320, 323 [Ecuador; etc.].

Subfamily VESCIINAE Fracker and Bruner

Wygodzinsky's (1943) well-illustrated work on this group was followed by China and Usinger's (1949b) review and list of the Vesciinae; the latter was modified by Wygodzinsky (1950), who transferred the genus Mirambulus from the subfamily Reduviinae to the Vesciinae.

Genus Mirambulus Breddin

Mirambulus Breddin, 1901c:74 [type-species: Mirambulus niger Breddin, only included species].—Wygodzinsky, 1950:265–268 [transferred genus Mirambulus from subfamily Reduviinae to subfamily Vesciinae].

Mirambulus niger Breddin

Mirambulus niger Breddin, 1901c:75 [Ecuador (type)].—Wygodzinsky, 1949:56 [Ecuador]; 1950:266 [Ecuador; etc.].

Family RHOPALIDAE Amyot and Serville

Listed below are seven species in four genera for Ecuador and three species in three genera for the Galapagos Islands; three genera, but as yet no species, have been reported from both areas. Additional species can be expected from Ecuador because more than 30 species in five genera of Rhopalidae are already known for South America.

A classification, including useful keys, for the Rhopalidae from genus upward was presented by Chopra (1967). It was from that paper that the following key to subfamilies, tribes, and genera in South America was adapted.

Key to the Subfamilies, Tribes, and Genera of Rhopalidae in South America

Subfamily RHOPALINAE Amyot and Serville

Tribe HARMOSTINI Stal

Genus Harmostes Burmeister

Harmostes Burmeister, 1835:307 [type-species: Harmostes dorsalis Burmeister, only included species].—Harris 1944:192–195 [included list of species and a key to 27 of the 30 known species].

Harmostes corazonus Distant

Harmostes corazonus Distant, 1893b:85 [Ecuador (type); Distant, 1891:113, listed this as a “n. sp.” for Ecuador with neither description nor figure, hence as a nomen nudum].—Campos, 1925a:57 [Ecuador].

Harmostes disjunctus Barber

Harmostes serratus.—Heidemann, 1901:365 [Galapagos Islands].

Harmostes disjunctus Barber, 1925:241 [Galapagos Islands (type)]; 1934:283 [Galapagos Islands].—Harris, 1944:195 [Galapagos Islands].

Harmostes montivagus Distant

Harmostes montivagus Distant, 1893b:85 [Ecuador (type); Distant, 1891:113, listed this as a “n. sp.” for Ecuador with neither description nor figure, hence as a nomen nudum].—Campos, 1925a:57 [Ecuador].

Harmostes serratus (Fabricius)

Acanthia serrata Fabricius 1775:695 [no locality given].

Harmostes reflexulus.—Torre-Bueno, 1915:219 [Ecuador; etc.].—Campos, 1925a:57 [Ecuador].

Tribe NIESTHRINI Chopra

Genus Niesthrea Spinola

Niesthrea Spinola, 1837:245 [type-species: Lygaeus sidae Fabricius, only included species].

Niesthrea pictipes (Stal)

Rhopalus pictipes Stal, 1859b.239 [Brazil (type)].

Corizus pictipes.—Campos, 1919:56 [Ecuador]; 1925a:57 [Ecuador].

Niesthrea sidae (Fabricius)

Lygaeus sidae Fabricius, 1794:169 [South America (type)].

Rhopalus sidae.—Torre-Bueno, 1915:219 [Ecuador; etc.].—Campos, 1925a:56 [Ecuador].

Tribe RHOPALINI Amyot and Serville

Genus Liorhyssus Stal

Corizus (Liorhyssus) Stal, 1870:222 [type-species: Lygaeus hyalinus Fabricius, fixed by Reuter, 1888:763].

Liorhyssus.—Stal, 1872b:55.—Göllner-Scheiding, 1976:181–206 [revision; key to species, pp. 204–205].

Liorhyssus hyalinus (Fabricius)

Lygaeus hyalinus Fabricius, 1794:168 [“Americae Insulis” (type)].

Rhopalus lugens Stal, 1859b:240 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:134 [Galapagos Islands].

Corizus lugens Signoret, 1859:92 [Galapagos Islands (type); described but indicated as a “Stal, Mss.” name].—Berg, 1879:95 [Galapagos Islands]; 1884:47 [Galapagos Islands].—Lethierry and Severin, 1894:118 [Galapagos Islands; etc.].—Barber, 1934:284 [Galapagos Islands; etc.].

Corizus (Liorhyssus) lugens.—Stal, 1870:222 [Galapagos Islands].

Corizus hyalinus.—Barber, 1925:245 [Galapagos Islands]; 1934:284 [Galapagos Islands].

Liorhyssus hyalinus.—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:134 [Galapagos Islands].

Liorhyssus lineatoventris (Spinola)

Merocoris “lineato-ventris” Spinola, 1852:168 [Chile (type)].

Rhopalus “rufescens”.—Torre-Bueno, 1915:219 [Ecuador; etc.].—Campos, 1925a:56 [Ecuador].

Subfamily SERINETHINAE Stal

Genus Jadera Stal

Jadera Stal, 1862a:59 [type-species: Cimex sanguinolenta Fabricius, fixed by Van Duzee, 1916:15].

Jadera aeola (Dallas)

Serinetha aeola Dallas, 1852:463 [Mexico (type)].

Jadera aeola.—Campos, 1919:56 [Ecuador]; 1925a:57 [Ecuador].

Jadera sanguinolenta (Fabricius)

Cimex sanguinolentus Fabricius, 1775:721 [“America” (type)].

Jadera sanguinolenta.—Heidemann, 1901:365 [Galapagos Islands; etc.].—Barber, 1934:284 [Barber noted Heidemann's Galapagos Islands specimens too damaged to confirm identification].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:134 [Galapagos Islands].

Family SALDIDAE Amyot and Serville

The present catalogue includes for Saldidae records of three species in two genera for continental Ecuador, and two species in two genera for the Galapagos Islands; no species and only one genus are reported as occurring in both areas. Polhemus (1968a) reported on the Saldidae fauna of the Galapagos Islands. Undoubtedly, more species will be found in Ecuador because about 30 species in six genera are known to occur in South America.

Several authors working in this group give indications of pending changes, hence no attempt will be made here to construct a generic key to the family as it occurs in South America. However, the present arrangement follows Cobben's (1959) suprageneric classification.

Subfamily CHILOXANTHINAE Cobben

Genus Pentacora Reuter

Pentacora Reuter, 1912b:10 [type-species: Acanthia signoreti Guerin, original designation].

Pentacora sphacelata (Uhler)

Salda sphacelata Uhler, 1877:434 [United States of America (type)].

Salda rubromaculata Heidemann, 1901:368 [Galapagos Islands (type)].

Acanthia rubromaculata.—Kirkaldy and Torre-Bueno, 1909:179 [Galapagos Islands].

Pentacora rubromaculata.—Barber, 1934:289 [Galapagos Islands].—Drake, 1949:189 [Galapagos Islands].

Pentacora sphacelata.—Drake and Hottes, 1954:5 [Galapagos Islands; etc.].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:136 [Galapagos Islands].—Polhemus, 1968a:21 [Galapagos Islands; etc.].—Linsley, 1977:16 [Galapagos Islands].

Subfamily SALDINAE Amyot and Serville

Tribe CHARTOSCIRTINI Cobben

Genus Pseudosaldula Cobben

Pseudosaldula Cobben, 1961:96 [type-species: Acanthia rogeri Kirkaldy, original designation].

Pseudosaldula andensis (Distant)

Acanthia andensis Distant, 1891:118 [Ecuador (type); figured as “n. sp.” but not described]; 1893b:93 [Ecuador; described as “n. sp.”].—Kirkaldy and Torre-Bueno, 1909:175 [Ecuador].

Salda andensis.—Lethierry and Severin, 1896:216 [Ecuador].

Saldula andensis.—Drake and Hoberlandt, 1950:7 [Ecuador].

Orekora andensis.—Drake, 1962:122 [Ecuador; etc.].

Pseudosaldula bucayana (Drake)

Pentacora bucayana Drake, 1955:157 [Ecuador (type)].

Genus Saldula Van Duzee

Saldula Van Duzee, 1914:387 [type-species: Cimex saltatorius Linnaeus, original designation].

Saldula galapagosana Polhemus

Saldula galapagosana Polhemus, 1968a:22 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Linsley, 1977:16 [Galapagos Islands].

Saldula sectilis (Hodgden)

Salda sectilis Hodgden, 1949:160 [Panama Canal Zone (type)].

Saldula sectilis.—Polhemus, 1968a:22 [Ecuador].

Family SCHIZOPTERIDAE Reuter

As yet no Ecuadorian records of the Schizopteridae have been encountered, but the probability of its presence cannot be doubted. Some 60 species of these tiny infrequently collected insects in 11 genera already have been reported for South America. Specialized collecting probably will increase that number several fold.

The two most comprehensive studies for this family in the Western Hemisphere are those by McAtee and Malloch (1925b), and Emsley (1969). McAtee and Malloch presented partial keys to the genera and species known to them from the New World, a coverage which is quite incomplete when compared to our modern knowledge of the family. Emsley discussed numerous characters and suggested a subfamily classification into which he assigned most of the genera; however his only keys are to genera and species known to occur on Trinidad. A practical key to the described genera in South America has yet to be made.

Family SCUTELLERIDAE Leach

The following list contains six species of Scutelleridae in four genera from Ecuador and none for the Galapagos Islands. Certainly many more of the 73 species in 23 genera reported for South America in the Kirkaldy (1909) “Catalogue” will be found in Ecuador.

A world review of the group, as a subfamily of Pentatomidae, containing keys down to genera and subgenera and lists of species, was published by Schouteden (1904). Leston's (1952b) examination of the genitalia of this group found the suprageneric units to be of unequal value and led him to rearrange the suprageneric hierarchy.

Subfamily TETYRINAE Amyot and Serville

Genus Homaemus Dallas

Homaemus Dallas, 1851:4, 36 [type-species: Pachycoris exilis Herrich-Schaeffer, a junior synonym of Scutellera aeneifrons (Say), fixed by Schouteden, 1904:59].—Campos, 1925a: 52 [two unidentified species from Ecuador].

Genus Pachycoris Burmeister

Pachycoris Burmeister, 1835:348, 391 [type-species: Pachycoris fabricii Burmeister, a junior synonym of Cimex torridus Scopoli, fide Kirkaldy, 1903:213].—Campos, 1919:50 [three unidentified species from Ecuador]; 1925a:49 [three unidentified species from Ecuador].

Pachycoris chrysomelinus Walker

Pachycoris chrysomelinus Walker, 1867:52 [Ecuador (type)].—Schouteden, 1904:49 [Ecuador].—Kirkaldy, 1909:285 [Ecuador].

Genus Polytes Stal

Polytes Stal, 1867:492 [type-species: Polytes hebraicus Stal, a junior synonym of Pachycoris lineolatus Dallas, only included species].

Polytes granulatus (Walker)

Symphylus granulatus Walker, 1868:516 [Ecuador (type)].

Polytes granulates.—Kirkaldy, 1909:286 [Ecuador].

Polytes rubromaculatus Distant

Polytes rubromaculatus Distant, 1911:243 [Ecuador (type)].

Genus Symphylus Dallas

Symphylus Dallas, 1851:5, 37 [type-species: Symphylus obtusus Dallas, fixed by Schouteden, 1904:60].

Symphylus deplanatus (Herrich-Schaeffer)

Pachycoris deplanatus Herrich-Schaeffer, 1837:3 [Brazil (type)].

Symphylus deplanatus.—Torre-Bueno, 1915:218 [Ecuador; etc.].

Symphylus lativittatus Breddin

Symphylus lativittatus Breddin, 1903c:57 [Ecuador (type)].—Schouteden, 1904:61 [Ecuador].—Bergroth, 1908:142 [Ecuador].—Kirkaldy, 1909:280 [Ecuador].

Subfamily SCUTELLERINAE Leach

Genus Augocoris Burmeister

Augocoris Burmeister, 1835:349, 396 [type-species: Augocoris gomesii Burmeister, fixed by Brulle, 1835:404].

Augocoris gomesii Burmeister

Augocoris gomesii Burmeister, 1835:396 [Brazil (type)].

Augocoris “Gomesii” Campos, 1919:50 [Ecuador]; 1925a:49 [Ecuador].

Family STENOCEPHALIDAE Dallas

The family Stenocephalidae appears to be restricted to the Old World except for the species Dicranocephalus insularis (Dallas), which is reported only from the Galapagos Islands. Scudder (1957: 156), after confirming the generic assignment of this species, remarked:

This confirmation of the generic assignment of the Galapagos species is rather surprising as such an Old World plus Galapagos distribution is unknown elsewhere in the animal kingdom except for one instance in the Mollusca. One would suspect this family is also present but as yet undiscovered or unrecognized in the New World.

After a history of conflicting assignments in classifications of the Heteroptera, this group now appears to be firmly established as a full family. The most recent revision of the Stenocephalidae was by Lansbury (1965a–1966), who discussed the morphology, distribution, and infrafamilial taxonomy; he included keys to genera and species (pp. 62–63).

Genus Dicranocephalus Hahn

Dicranocephalus Hahn, 1826:1 [type-species: Coreus nugax Fabricius, a junior synonym of Cimex agilis Scopoli, only included species].

Dicranocephalus insularis (Dallas)

Stenocephalus insularis Dallas, 1852:482 [Galapagos Islands (lectotype)].—Dohrn, 1859:29 [Galapagos Islands].—Stal, 1870:218 [Galapagos Islands].—Lethierry and Severin, 1894:98 [Galapagos Islands].—Heidemann, 1901:365 [Galapagos Islands].—Barber, 1925:241 [Galapagos Islands]; 1934:282 [Galapagos Islands].

Dicranocephalus insularis.—Sailer, 1952:302 [Galapagos Islands].—Scudder, 1957:156 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:133 [Galapagos Islands].—Lansbury, 1965a:71 [Galapagos Islands].

Note: Lansbury (1965a: 72) remarked that this species, even after the lapse of a century and a quarter, is still known only from two specimens collected on the Galapagos Islands by Charles Darwin in the 1830's during the famous voyage of the Beagle! Absence of subsequent collections raises questions about it truly being a member of that archipelago's fauna or simply another case of mislabelling. Even if the latter were true, there still is no explanation for the lack of additional specimens from the Old World. Collectors should be alert to rediscover this species.

Family TERMITAPHIDIDAE Silvestri

No records of this termitophilous family of bugs in Ecuador have been encountered.

The two known genera of this family occur in the American tropics, including South America, and may be separated by the following couplet abstracted from Usinger's (1942a: 158) revision of the Termitaphididae, which also gives keys to the species of the two genera (pp. 158–159).

Key to the Genera of Termitaphididae

Family TESSARATOMIDAE Schilling

One of the two South American species of this family has been reported from Ecuador.

A series of papers by Leston (1954, 1955), Kumar (1969a, 1969b), and Kumar and Ghauri (1970) has changed in various ways the concept of this group as catalogued by Kirkaldy (1909: 343–361), including elevating it from subfamily to family status, transferring the American group Pantochlorini to the Pentatomidae, and leaving two of the species of the genus Piezosternum as the only New World members of the family.

Subfamily ONCOMERINAE Stal

Genus Piezosternum Amyot and Serville

Piezosternum Amyot and Serville, 1843:161 [type-species: Pentatoma mucronata Beauvois, a junior synonym of Cimex subulatus (Thunberg), only included species].

Piezosternum subulatum (Thunberg)

Cimex subulatus Thunberg, 1783:41 [no locality].

Piezosternum subulatum.—Campos, 1925a:52 [Ecuador].

Family THAUMASTOCORIDAE Kirkaldy

No Ecuadorian records for this family have been found.

The two genera of the subfamily Xylastodorinae occur in the Western Hemisphere, and of these, only Discocoris Kormilev (1955a:8) has been reported from South America (Argentina). A comprehensive review of the Thaumastocoridae with keys to subfamilies, genera, and species was given by Drake and Slater (1957).

Family THYREOCORIDAE Amyot and Serville

So far, this lists accounts for a single species of Thyreocoridae in Ecuador and none for the Galapagos Islands. The probable existence of many more species in Ecuador is evident from the numbers, 135 species in six genera, reported for South America in McAtee and Malloch's (1933) “Revision” of the group as a subfamily of Pentatomidae.

The above-mentioned revision includes keys down to subspecies and many useful illustrations. The key to genera presented below was adapted therefrom and checked against specimens.

Key to the Genera of Thyreocoridae in South America

Genus Corimelaena White

Corimelaena White, 1839:539 [type-species: Tetyra lateralis Fabricius, original designation].—Torre-Bueno, 1939:186 [Torre-Bueno reduced McAtee and Malloch's (1933:358) generic name Allocoris to a junior synonym of Corimelaena].—Sailer, 1945:129 [Sailer explains synonymy of Allocoris under Corilmelaena].

Corimelaena tibialis (Fabricius)

Tetyra tibialis Fabricius, 1803:144 [South America (type)].

Allocoris (Allocoris) tibialis.—McAtee and Malloch, 1933:379 [Ecuador; etc.].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Manabi (Sto. Domingo de los Colorados, May 1975).

Family TINGIDAE Laporte

The following list contains 33 species of lace bugs in 17 genera from continental Ecuador and five species in two genera from the Galapagos Islands. So far, the two areas share two genera but no species. The above numbers do not comprise a very large percentage of the more than 450 species in 55 genera already reported from South America; undoubtedly, many more species of the family will be found in Ecuador. The Galapagos Islands lace bug fauna was treated in a synposis by Drake and Froeschner (1967), and the subsequent description of a fifth species by Froeschner (1976).

Most of the following literature records were taken from the Drake and Ruhoff (1965) world catalog of Tingidae, a work that is indispensable for studies in the family and includes keys to subfamilies and tribes (pp. 16–17); a few subsequent papers are cited also. A key to the world genera is in preparation, but it is not yet complete enough to adapt as a guide to all the genera known from South America.

Subfamily CANTACADERINAE Stal

Tribe PHATNOMATINI Drake and Davis, new emendation

Genus Phatnoma Fieber

Phatnoma Fieber, 1844:57 [type-species: Phatnoma laciniata Fieber, only included species].

Phatnoma biordinatum Froeschner

Phatnoma biordinatum Froeschner, 1976:183 [Galapagos Islands (type)].

Phatnoma ecuadoris Drake

Phatnoma ecuadoris Drake, 1941:141 [Ecuador (type)]; 1944: 141 [Ecuador]; 1950:165 [Ecuador].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965:36 [Ecuador].

Phatnoma eremaeum Drake and Froeschner

Phatnoma eremaea Drake and Froeschner, 1967:83 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Linsley, 1977:12 [Galapagos Islands].

Subfamily TINGINAE Laporte

Tribe TINGINI Laporte

Genus Acanthocheila Stal

Monanthia (Acanthocheila Stal, 1858:61 [type-species: Monanthia (Acanthocheila) armigera Stal, fixed by Van Duzee, 1916:26].

Acanthocheila Stal, 1873:127.

Acanthocheila armigera (Stal)

Monanthia (Acanthocheila) armigera Stal, 1858:61 [Brazil (type)].

Acanthocheila armigera.—Drake and Hambleton, 1945:359 [Ecuador].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965:56 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Amblystira Stal

Amblystira Stal, 1873:120, 129 [type-species: Monanthia pallipes Stal, only included species].

Amblystira machalana Drake

Amblystira machalana Drake, 1948a:22 [Ecuador (type)].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965:80 [Ecuador; etc.].

“Amblystira machalana.—Yust, 1958, nos. 1–165 [Ecuador].

Genus Ambotingis Drake and Ruhoff

Ambotingis Drake and Ruhoff, 1960:29 [type-species: Monanthia senta Drake and Hambleton, only included species].

Ambotingis senta (Drake and Hambleton)

Monanthia senta Drake and Hambleton, 1942:329 [Peru (type)]; 1945:356 [Ecuador].

Ambotingis senta.—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965:83 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Atheas Champion

Atheas Champion 1898:44 [type-species, Atheas nigricornis Champion, fixed by Van Duzee 1916:26].

Atheas nigricornis Champion

Atheas nigricornis Champion 1898:45 [Mexico; Guatemala].—Drake and Ruhoff 1965:93 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Corythaica Stal

Corythaica Stal, 1873:120, 128 [type-species: Tingis monacha Stal, only included species].—Hurd, 1945:79–99 [monograph; key to species pp. 81–82].

Corythaica costata Gibson

Corythaica costata Gibson, 1919:99 [Peru (type)].—Monte, 1940:284 [Ecuador; etc.].—Drake and Hambleton, 1942: 330 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1945:366 [Ecuador; etc.].—Hurd, 1945:94 [Ecuador; etc.].—Yust, 1955:439, 441–442 [Ecuador]; 1958, nos. 104, 129, L75, L86 [Ecuador].—Drake and Ruhoff 1965:137 [Ecuador; etc.].

Corythaica cytharina (Butler)

Monanthia cytharina Butler, 1877:90 [Galapagos Islands (type)].

Leptostyla cytharina.—Distant, 1902a:354 [Galapagos Islands].—Champion, 1924:260 [Galapagos Islands].

Corythaica renormata Barber, 1925:251 [Galapagos Islands (type)].

Corythaica cytharina.—Barber, 1934:286 [Galapagos Islands].—Monte, 1941:88 [Galapagos Islands].—Drake and Hambleton, 1942:330 [Galapagos Islands].—Hurd, 1945:82, 86 [Galapagos Islands].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965:138 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:134 [Galapagos Islands].—Drake and Froeschner, 1967:84 [Galapagos Islands].—Froeschner, 1976:182 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:12 [Galapagos Islands].

Corythaica darwiniana Drake and Froeschner

Corythaica darwiniana Drake and Froeschner, 1967:89 [Galapagos Islands].–Froeschner, 1976:182 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:12 [Galapagos Islands].

Corythaica wolfiana Drake and Froeschner

Corythaica wolfiana Drake and Froeschner, 1967:89 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Froeschner, 1976:182 [Galapagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:12 [Galapagos Islands].

Genus Corythucha Stal

Corythucha Stal, 1873:119, 122 [type-species: Tingis fusciger Stal, fixed by Van Duzee, 1916:25].

Corythucha globigera Breddin

Corythucha globigera Breddin, 1901c:82 [Ecuador (type)].—Monte, 1941:90 [Ecuador].—Drake and Hambleton, 1944:129 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1945:366 [Ecuador; etc.].—Drake and Ruhoff 1965:149 [Ecuador; etc.].

Corythucha gossypii (Fabricius)

Acanthia gossypii Fabricius, 1974:78 [“Americae meridionalis, Insulin Dom.” (type)].

Corythucha gossypii.—Drake and Hambleton, 1945:366 [Ecuador; etc.].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965:149 [Ecuador; etc.].

Corythucha nocens Drake and Hambleton

Corythucha nocentis Drake and Hambleton, 1942:330 [Peru (type)]; 1945:366 [Ecuador; etc.].

Corythucha nocens.—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965:156 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Dictyla Stal

Dictyla Stal, 1874:57 [type-species: Monanthia platyoma Fieber, only included species].

Dictyla berryi (Drake)

Monanthia berryi Drake, 1943; 141–142 [Peru (type)].—Drake and Hambleton, 1945:357 [Ecuador; etc.].

Dictyla berryi.—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965:182 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Gargaphia Stal

Monanthia (Gargaphia) Stal, 1862b:324 [type-species: Monanthia (Phyllonlochila) patricia Stal, fixed by Van Duzee, 1916: 25].

Gargaphia.—Stal, 1873:119, 124.

Gargaphia neivai Drake and Poor

Gargaphia neivai Drake and Poor, 1940:227 [Paraguay (type); Ecuador].—Drake and Hambleton, 1945:365 [Ecuador; etc.].—Yust, 1958, no. 202 [Ecuador; etc.].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965:228 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Leptobyrsa Stal

Leptobyrsa Stal, 1873:119, 123 [type-species: Tingis steini Stal, only included species].

Leptobyrsa decora Drake

Leptobyrsa decora Drake, 1922:375 [Colombia (type); Ecuador].—Drake and Poor, 1937:164 [Ecuador; etc.].—Monte, 1938:130 [Ecuador].—Yust, 1958, no. 207 [Ecuador].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965:258 [Ecuador; etc.].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Cotopaxi (117 mi W Latacunga, 1 Jul 1975).

Genus Leptodictya Stal

Leptodictya Stal, 1873:121, 127 [type-species: Monanthia ochropa Stal, fixed by Oshanin, 1912:45].

Note: All the species listed below belong to the subgenus Hanuala Kirkaldy, 1905:217 [type-species: Hanuala leinahoni Kirkaldy, only included species].

Leptodictya bambusae Drake

Leptodictya bambusae Drake, 1918:175 [Puerto Rico (type)].—Drake and Hambleton, 1945:362 [Ecuador; etc.].

Leptodictya (Hanuala) bambusae Drake and Ruhoff, 1965:261 [Ecuador; etc.].

Leptodictya circumcincta Champion

Leptodictya circumcincta Champion, 1897:24 [Panama (type)].

Leptodictya (Hanuala) circumcincta Drake and Ruhoff, 1965: 261 [Ecuador; etc.].

Leptodictya colombiana Drake

Leptodictya colombiana Drake, 1928:48 [Colombia (type)].

Leptodictya (Hanuala) colombiana Drake and Ruhoff, 1965:261 [Ecuador; etc.].

Leptodictya ecuadoris Drake and Hambleton

Leptodictya ecuadoris Drake and Hambleton, 1945:362 [Ecuador; (type)].

Leptodictya (Hanuala) ecuadoris Drake and Ruhoff, 1965:263 [Ecuador; etc.].

Leptodictya formositis Drake

Leptodictya formosatis Drake, 1928:50 [Ecuador (type)]; 1931a: 121 [Ecuador].—Monte, 1941:108 [Ecuador].

Leptodictya (Hanuala) formositis.—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965: 263 [Ecuador].

Leptodictya leinahoni (Kirkaldy)

Hanuala leinahoni Kirkaldy, 1905:217 [Bolivia (type); Peru].

Leptodictya (Hanuala) leinahoni.—Drake, 1931a: 121 [Ecuador; etc.].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965:264 [Ecuador; etc.].

Leptodictya luculenta Drake

Leptodictya luculenta Drake, 1928:49 [Ecuador (type)].—Monte, 1941:108 [Ecuador].

Leptodictya (Hanuala) luculenta.—Drake, 1931a: 121 [Ecuador].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965:265 [Ecuador].

Leptodictya vulgata Drake

Leptodictya vulgata Drake, 1928:46 [Ecuador (type)].—Monte, 1941:108 [Ecuador].

Leptodictya (Hanuala) vulgata.—Drake, 1931a: 121 [Ecuador].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965:269 [Ecuador; etc.].

Leptodictya williamsi Drake

Leptodictya williamsi Drake, 1928;47 [Ecuador (type)].—Monte, 1941:108 [Ecuador].

Leptodictya (Hanuala) williamsi.—Drake 1931a: 121 [Ecuador].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965:269 [Ecuador].

SURVEY COLLECTION.—Cotopaxi (117 km S Latacunga, 1 Jul 1975); Napo (Lago Agnio, 18 May 1975); Tungurahua (trail S of Baños, 27 Jan 1976).

Genus Leptopharsa Stal

Leptopharsa Stal, 1873:122, 126 [type-species: Leptopharsa elegantula Stal, fixed by Drake, 1922:370].

Leptopharsa deca Drake and Hambleton

Leptopharsa deca Drake and Hambleton, 1945:359 [Ecuador (type)].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965:272 [Ecuador].

Leptopharsa elegantula Stal

Leptopharsa elegantula Stal, 1873:126 [Colombia (type)].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965:274 [Ecuador; etc.].

Leptopharsa jubaris Drake and Hambleton

Leptopharsa jubaris Drake and Hambleton, 1945:361 [Ecuador (type].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965:278 [Ecuador].

Leptopharsa lauta Drake and Hambleton

Leptopharsa lauta Drake and Hambleton, 1945:361 [Ecuador (type)].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965:278 [Ecuador].

Leptopharsa luxa Drake and Hambleton

Leptopharsa luxa Drake and Hambleton, 1945:361 [Ecuador (type)].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965:279 [Ecuador].

Leptopharsa machalana Drake and Hambleton

Leptopharsa machalana Drake and Hambleton, 1946:12 [Ecuador (type)].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965:279 [Ecuador].

Genus Nyctotingis Drake

Nyctotingis Drake, 1922:362 [type-species: Nyctotingis osborni Drake, only included species].

Nyctotingis osborni Drake

Nyctotingis osborni Drake, 1922:363 [Brazil (type)]; 1928:42 [Ecuador].—Monte, 1938:132 [Ecuador; etc.].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965:307 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Oedotingis Drake

Oedotingis Drake 1942:19 [type-species: Australotingis williamsi Drake, only included species].

Oedotingis williamsi (Drake)

Australotingis williamsi Drake, 1928:51 [Ecuador (type)].

Oedotingis williamsi.—Drake, 1942:20 [Ecuador].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965:308 [Ecuador].

Genus Phymacysta Monte

Phymacysta Monte, 1942:106 [type-species: Leptostyla tumida Champion, original designation].

Phymacysta tumida (Champion)

Leptostyla tumida Champion, 1897:14 [Guatemala (type)].

Phymacysta tumida.—Drake and Hambleton, 1945:362 [Ecuador; etc.].—Drake and Cobben, 1960a:85 [Ecuador; etc.].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965:327 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Sphaerocysta Stal

Sphaerocysta Stal, 1873:120 [type-species: Tingis globifera Stal, only included species].

Sphaerocysta nosella Drake and Hambleton

Sphaerocysta nosella Drake and Hambleton, 1945:358 [Ecuador (type)].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965:352 [Ecuador].

Genus Teleonemia Costa

Teleonemia Costa, 1864:144 [type-species: Teleonemia funerea Costa, only included species].

Teleonemia prolixa (Stal)

Laccometopus prolixus Stal, 1858:65 [Brazil (type)].

Teleonemia prolixa.—Drake, 1929:35 [Ecuador; etc.].—Drake and Hambleton, 1945:358 [Ecuador].—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965:381 [Ecuador; etc.].

Teleonemia tricolor (Mayr)

Monanthia (Gargaphia) tricolor Mayr, 1865:442 [Venezuela (type)].

Teleonemia dispersa Drake, 1931b:227 [Ecuador (type)].

Teleonemia tricolor.—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965:385 [Ecuador; etc.].

Family VELIIDAE Amyot and Serville

The 15 species in three genera here reported for Ecuador—plus one species for the Galapagos Islands—certainly must be a fraction of the number that should be expected when considering the 150 or more species in 10 genera already described from South America.

Comprehensive keys to subfamilies and genera were given by China and Usinger (1949a). Since that time, the subfamily Macroveliinae has been elevated to full family status, Macroveliidae, a status which is utilized in this catalog of Ecuadorian Heteroptera. Štys' (1976) modifications of that study are important, but do not affect this list because he continues to accept the family Macroveliidae.

Genus Microvelia Westwood

Microvelia Westwood, 1834, pl. 6, fig. 5 [type-species: Microvelia pulchella Westwood, only included species, as explained by Drake and Hussey, 1955:96–97].—Drake and Hussey, 1955:113–115 [list of American species].

Microvelia ashlocki Polhemus

Microvelia ashlocki Polhemus, 1968b:129 [Galapagos Islands (type)].—Linsley, 1977:16 [Galapagos Islands].

Microvelia braziliensis McKinstry

Microvelia braziliensis McKinstry, 1937:36 [Brazil (type)].—Drake and Hussey, 1951:143 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1955:113 [Ecuador; etc.].

Microvelia longipes Uhler

Microvelia longipes Uhler, 1894:219 [Grenada (type)].—Drake, 1952a:13 [Ecuador; etc.].—Drake and Hussey, 1955:114 [Ecuador; etc.].

Microvelia mimula White

Microvelia mimula White, 1879b:487 [Brazil (type)].—Drake and Hussey, 1951:144 [Ecuador; etc.]; 1955:114 [Ecuador; etc.].—Drake and Plaumann, 1953:414 [Ecuador; etc.].

Microvelia pulchella Westwood

Velia (Microvelia) “Pulchella” Westwood, 1834, pl. 6, fig. 5 [St. Vincent (type); described later on p. 647].

Microvelia pulchella.—Campos, 1925a:48 [Ecuador].

Microvelia stellata Kirkaldy

Microvelia stellata Kirkaldy, 1902c:281 [Ecuador (type)].—Campos, 1925a:48 [Ecuador].—Drake and Hussey, 1955: 115 [Ecuador; etc.].

Genus Paravelia Breddin

Paravelia Breddin, 1898:159 [type-species: Paravelia basalis Breddin, original designation].—Polhemus, 1976:509–513 [Polhemus noted the American species assigned to Velia Latreille (1804) were not congeneric with Old World members of that genus and had to be transferred in part to Paravelia and in part to Stridulivelia Hungerford].

Paravelia inveruglas (Kirkaldy)

Velia inveruglas Kirkaldy, 1899b:4 [Ecuador (type); in a paper which appeared 16 days earlier than this one, Kirkaldy, 1899a:2, used the combination Paravelia inveruglas, but then it was a nomen nudum].—Hungerford, 1930:120 [Ecuador].

Paravelia inveruglas.—Campos, 1925a:48 [Ecuador].—Polhemus, 1976:512 [Ecuador].

Genus Rhagovelia Mayr

Rhagovelia Mayr, 1865:445 [type-species Velia nigricans Burmeister, fixed by Kirkaldy, 1901b:285].—Bacon, 1956: 695–913 [revision; keys to species scattered in text].

Rhagovelia augustipes Uhler

Rhagovelia angustipes Uhler, 1894:215 [Grenada, West Indies (type)].—Gould, 1931:15 [Ecuador; etc.].—Bacon, 1956: 713 [Ecuador].

Rhagovelia castanea Gould

Rhagovelia castanea Gould, 1931:9 [Ecuador (type)].—Bacon, 1956:782 [Ecuador].

Rhagovelia festae Kirkaldy

Rhagovelia festae Kirkaldy, 1899b:4 [Ecuador (type); in a paper which appeared 16 days earlier than this one, 1899a:2, this combination, as a nomen nudum, was included in a list].—Gould, 1931:37 [Ecuador].—Bacon, 1956:723 [Ecuador].

Rhagovelia “Festae”.—Campos, 1925a:48 [Ecuador].

Rhagovelia longipes Gould

Rhagovelia longipes Gould, 1931:35 [Ecuador (type)]; 1933: 469 [Ecuador].—Bacon, 1956:729 [Ecuador; etc.].

Rhagovelia sinuata Gould

Rhagovelia sinuata Gould, 1931:42 [Ecuador (type)].—Bacon, 1956:806 [Ecuador].

Rhagovelia spinosa Gould

Rhagovelia spinosa Gould, 1931:43 [Ecuador (type)].—Bacon, 1956:737 [Ecuador; etc.].—Drake and Hussey, 1957:1 [Ecuador; etc.].

Rhagovelia tenuipes Champion

Rhagovelia lenuipes Champion, 1898:137 [Mexico (type)].—Bacon, 1956:741 [Ecuador; etc.].—Roback and Nieser, 1974:36 [Ecuador; etc.].

Rhagovelia confusa Gould, 1931:23 [Ecuador (type)].

Rhagovelia obscura Gould, 1931:38 [Ecuador].

Rhagovelia trista Gould

Rhagovelia trista Gould, 1931:45 [Ecuador (type)].—Bacon, 1956:763 [Ecuador].

Rhagovelia williamsi Gould

Rhagovelia williamsi Gould, 1931:47 [Ecuador (type)].—Bacon, 1956:812 [Ecuador].

Family VIANAIDIDAE Kormilev

No records of this family are available for either continental Ecuador or the Galapagos Islands—but, because both known genera occur on the South American continent, there is a probability that these small, myrmecophilous insects may be discovered in Ecuador.

The Vianaididae and Tingidae are generally conceded to be closely allied, but their exact relationship is still unsettled. Drake and Ruhoff (1965:443) followed Drake and Davis (1960:88) and others in cataloging the group as a subfamily of the Tingidae; Štys and Kerzhner (1975:71) called attention to the contradictory studies and then listed it as a full family. Drake and Ruhoff's (1965:18) key to the genera and species accounted for all the forms except the species subsequently described from Surinam by Doesburg (1977:185).

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1890.   Catalogue of the Insecta, II: Order Rhynchota, Suborder Hemiptera-Heteroptera, Family Capsidae. Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 58(2):25–199 (1889).

Bachman, A.O.

1977.   Heteroptera. In S. H. Hurlbert, editor, Biota acuática de Sudamérica Austral, una recopilación de bibliografías taxonómicas referentes a la fauna y flora de aguas, continentales sur de Sudamérica, pages 189–212. San Diego, California: San Diego State University.

Bacon, J. A.

1956.   A Taxonomic Study of the Genus Rhagovelia (Hemiptera, Veliidae) of the Western Hemisphere. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 38(1)(10):695–913.

Banning, G. H.

1933.   Hancock Expedition of 1933 to the Galapagos Islands, General Report. Bulletin of the Zoological Society of San Diego, 10:1–30.

Barber, H. G.

1923.   Report on Certain Families of Hemiptera-Heteroptera Collected by the Barbados-Antigua Expedition from the University of Iowa in 1918. University of Iowa Studies in Natural History, 10(3): 17–29.

1925.   Hemiptera-Heteroptera from the Williams Galapagos Expedition. Zoologica, 5(21):241–254.

1928.   Revision of the Genus Ptochiomera Say (Hemiptera, Lygaeidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 36(2): 175–177.

1930.   Essay on the Subfamily Stenopodinae of the New World. Entomologica Americana, 10(3–4): 149–238.

1934.   The Norwegian Zoological Expedition to the Galapagos Islands, 1925, Conducted by Alf Wolle-baek, XI: Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, 74:281–289. [Reprinted in Med-deleslser fra det Zoologiske Museum, (Oslo), 42:281–289.]

1939.   Insects of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands—Hemiptera-Heteroptera (excepting the Miridae and Corixidae). Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, New York Academy of Sciences, 14(3): 263–441.

1941.   A New Species of Tibraca, Injurious to Rice in Ecuador (Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 43(5): 110–111.

1943.   Halobates. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication, 555:77–84.

1953a.  A Second Revision of the Genus Ptochiomera Say and Its Allies (Hemiptera, Lygaeidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 55(1): 19–27.

1953b.  The Genus Pachybrachius in the United States and Canada with the Description of Two New Species (Hemiptera, Lygaeidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 60(4):211–220.

1954.   Some Neotropical “Lygaeidae.” Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 14(2):215–224.

1955.   The Genus Cryphula Stal, with the Descriptions of Two New Species (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 63:135–137.

Beauvois, A. M. F. J. Palisot de

1805–1821.   Insectes Recueillis en Afrique et an Amerique, dans les Royaimes d'Oware et de Benin, à Saint-Domingue et dans les Etats-Unis, pendant les années 1786–1797. 15 parts. Paris: Faine et Compagnie. [Griffin (1937) and Menke (1963a) agree upon the dates of the parts containing Hemiptera as follows: 1805, (1–2): 1–40; 1806, (3):41–56; 1807, (4–5):57–72, 73–88; 1811, (7–8): 101–120, 121–136; 1817, (9–10): 137–156, 157–172; 1818, (11–12):173–192, 193–208; 1820, (13–14):209–224, 225–240; 1821, (15): 241–276].

Beccari, F., and V. Gerini

1970.   Cataloho delle species appartenenti al genere Dysdercus Boisduval (Rhynchota, Pyrrhocoridae). Rivista di Agricoltura Subtropicale e Tropicale, 64:20–72.

Becker, M.

1967.   Estudos sobre a sufamília Scaptocorinae no Região Neotropical (Hemiptera: Cydnidae). Arquivos de Zoologia, 15(4):291–325.

Becker, Miriam, and Jocelia Grazia-Vieira

1970.   Sôbre os gêneros Lopadusa Stal e Bothrocoris Mayr (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatomini). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 30(2):217–232.

1977.   The Pentatomoidea [Heteroptera] Collected in French Guiana by the Expedition of the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Annales de la Societe' Entomologique de France, series 13, l(l):53–66.

Beebe, W. T.

1924.   Galapagos, World's End. xxii + 433 pages. New York and London: C. P. Putnam's Sons.

Berg, C.

1878–1879.   Hemiptera Argentina: Ensayo de una monografia de los Hemipteros Heteropteros y Homopteros de la Republica Argentina. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, 1878, 5(5):231–260, (6): 297–314; 6(1):23–36, (2):82–89, (3): 129–141, (4): 179–192, (5):223–333, (6):261–284; 7(1):41–47, (2):86–92, (5):225–236, (6):262–278; 1879, 8(1): 19–33, (2):71–80, (3):135–144, (4):178–192, (5): 209–226, (6):241–272. [Published separately in 1879 with modified title, “Hemiptera Argentina, Enumeravit Speciesque Novas,” with continuous pagination, i–viii, 9–316, and the “Addenda” and “Index,” which did not appear in the “Anales” until 1880, 9(1):5–25; (2):58–75.]

1883–1884.   Addenda et emendata ad Hemiptera Argentina. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, 1883, 15(5): 193–217, (6):241–269; 16(1):5–32, (2):73–87, (3):105–125, (4):180–191, (5):231–241, (6): 285–294. 1884, 17(1):20–41, (2):97–118, (3): 166–176. [Reprinted as a separate publication in 1884 with continuous pagination, 1–213.]

1898.   Descriptiones Hydrometridarum novarum Republicae Argentinae. Comunicaciones del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, 1(1):3–6.

1901.   Substitution d'un nom generique d'Hemiptera. Comunicaciones del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, 1:281.

Bergroth, E.

1886.   Zur Kenntnis der Aradiden. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 36:53–60.

1891.   Contributions à l'étude des Pentatomides. Revue d'Entomologie, 10:200–235.

1893.   Descriptions of some Rhynchota of Geographical Interest. Entomologists Monthly Magazine, 29:61–63.

1898.   Diagnoses of Some New Aradidae. Entomologists Monthly Magazine, 34:100–101.

1899.   A New Genus of Corixidae. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 35:282.

1908.   Enumeratio Pentatomidarum post catalogum Bruxellensem descriptarum. Mémoires de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 15:131–200.

1913.   Supplementum Catalogi Heteropterorum Bruxellensis, II: Coreidae, Pyrrhocoridae, Colobathristidae, Neididae. Mémoires de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 15:131–200.

1922.   On the South American Miridae Described by C. Stal. Arkiv for Zoologi, 14(22):1–25.

Blanchard, C. E.

1841.   Hemipteres. In F. L. Laporte, editor, Histoire naturelle des Animaux Articules, Annelides, Crustaces, Arachnides, Myriapodes, et Insectes, 3:85–218, plates 115. Paris: P. Dumenil.

1845.   Les Insectes: Hemiptera. In G. Cuvier, editor, Le règne animal distribués son organisation (Disciples edition), 2:27–28, plates 87–99. [Sherborn (1922: 555–556) presented a series of dates marked on the various parts of this work as they were received in the Geological Library of the British Museum (Natural History). The parts on the Hemiptera were listed as being received in 1845 and are so dated here. China (1943:277), who called attention to the Sherborn paper, wrote “the date for the Heteroptera is 1838,” apparently a lapsus using the first date for the entire work, 1838–1849.]

1852.   Orden VII: Hemipteros. In C. Gay, editor, Historia fisica y politica de Chile. Zoologia, 7:113–320. Paris: E. Blanchard.

Blatchley, Willis S.

1926.   Heteroptera or True Bugs of Eastern North America, with Especial Reference to the Faunae of Indiana and Florida. 1116 pages. Indianapolis: Nature Publishing Company.

Blöte, H. C.

1931.   Catalogue of the Pyrrhocoridae in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie. Zoologische Medeelingen, Leiden, 14(1–2):97–136.

1933.   New Pyrrhocoridae in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 10, 11(62): 588–602.

1935.   Catalogue of the Coreidae in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Part II: Coreinae, first part. Zoologische Mededeelingen, Leiden, 18(1–3): 181–227.

Bolivar, Ignacio

1879.   Hemipteros nuevos del Museo de Madrid. Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural, 8(1): 133–146.

Breddin, G.

1898.   Studia Hemipterologica, IV. Jahresbericht und Abhandlungen des naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Magadeburg, 2:149–163.

1901a.  Neue Coreiden und Pyrrhocoriden. Societas Entomologica, 16(4): 25–26.

1901b.  Neue neotropische Wanzen. Societas Entomologica, 16(6):41–42, (7):52–53.

1901c–1902a.   Neue neotropische Wanzen und Zirpen. Societas Entomologica, 1901c, 16(8):59–60, (10):74–76, (11):82–84, (12):90–91, (13): 100–101, (14): 107–108, (16): 123–124, (18): 138–139; 1902a, 16(23): 177–179; 17(1):2–3.

1902b.   Neue neotropische Wanzen und Zirpen. Societas Entomologica, 17(1):2–3.

1903a.  Einige neue suedamerikanische Ectrichodiien. Societas Entomologica, 18(9):65–66.

1903b.  Südamerikanische Raubwanzen. Societas Entomologica, 18(14): 108, (15); 114–115.

1903c.  Über einige Tetyriden. Societas Entomologica, 18(8): 57–59.

1903d.  Neue Rhynchoten aus den Anden. Societas Entomologica, 18(16): 122–124.

1903e.  Neue Arten der Gattung Edessa Fab. Societas Entomologica, 18(17): 131–132, (18): 139–140.

1903f.  Beiträge zur Hemiptern-Fauna der Anden. Sitzungs-Berichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, (8):366–383.

1904a.  Beiträge zur Systematik der Rhynchoten. Sitzungs-Berichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, (6): 135–153.

1904b.  Neue Rhynchotenausbeute aus Süd-Amerika. Societas Entomologica, 18(19): 147–149, (20): 153–154, (23): 177–178; 19(7):49–50, (8):58.

1906.   Rhynchotographische Beiträge. Weiner Entomologische Zeitung, 25(5–7): 188–200.

1907a.  Berytiden und Myodochiden von Ceylon aus der Sammelausbeute von Dr. W. Horn (Rhynch. het.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeilschrift, (1):34–47.

1907b.  Beiträge zur Systematik der Pentatomiden Südameriks: I. Silzungs-Berichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, (1):327–348.

1912.   Hemiptera tria neotropica. Entomologische Mitteilungen, 1(11):351–353.

1914.   Neue oder wenig bekannte neotropische Hemiptera. Abhandlungen Senckenbergische Naturfoschende Gesellschaft, 36(1):53–59.

Brues, C. T.

1916.   [Notes in minutes.] Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 24(2): 160–161.

Brullé, A.

1835.   Hemiptera. In F. L. Castelnau, editor, Histoire Naturelle des Insectses, 9:231–415. Paris: Pillot.

Buckup, Ludwig

1957.   Pentatomideos neotropicais, I: Sôbre o gênero Agroecus Dallas, 1851 com a descricão de duas espécies novas (Hem.-Pentatomidae). Iheringia, 6: 1–20.

Burmeister, H. C. C.

1835–1839.   Handbuch der Entomologie. Volume 2, 1835, (1): i–xii + 1–400; 1838, (2):397–756 (first half) [page numbers overlap with part 1]; 1839, (2):757–1050 (second half). Berlin: T. Enslin.

Butler, A. G.

1877.   Account of the Zoological Collection Made during the Visit of H.M.S. “Peterel” to the Galapagos Islands, X: Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera. Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the Year 1877, pages 86–91.

Campos, R. F.

1918.   Contribucion al conocimiento de los Reduviidae del Ecuador. Revista de la Escuela de Medicina, Ecuador, pages 16–20.

1919.   Contribucion al estudio de los Rincotos Heteropteros. Revista del Colegio Nacional Vicente Rocafuerte, 1:47–62, 2 plates.

1920.   De mis excursiones entomologicas, I: La vida bajo una piedra! Revista del Colegio Nacional Vicente Rocafuerte, 2:51–54.

1921.   Entomologia regional: Especies nuevas de insectos Ecuatorianos. Revista del Colegio Nacional Vicente Rocafuerte, 3:84–92.

1923.   Notas biologicas sobre el Triatoma dimidiata Latr. (Insecto Hemiptero de la Fam. Reduviidae). Revista del Colegio Nacional Vicente Rocafuerte, 5(13–14): 1–6, 2 plates.

1925a.   Nueva contribucion al estudio de las Rincotos Heteropteros del Ecuador. Revista del Colegio Nacional Vicente Rocafuerte, 7(19–20):43–67.

1925b.   Estudios biologicos sobre los Mosquiteo de Guayaquil y Alrededores. Revista del Colegio Vicente Rocafuerte, 7 (21–22): 3–49.

1926.   Notas biologicas sobre algunos insectos cautivos. Revista del Colegio Nacional Vicente Rocafuerte, 8(23–24): 1–14.

1928.   Contribucion al conocimiento de los Reduvidos del Ecuador. Revista del Colegio Nacional Vicente Rocafuerte, 10(32–35):61–72.

1931.   Entomologoa medica: La chinche sanguinofilia Triatoma dimidiata Latr. y su amplia intraurbana: Peligros que entrana su propagacion-medios de combatirla. Revista del Colegio Nacional Vicente Rocafuerte, 13(44): 107–111.

1932a.   Una nueva especie del genero Triatoma (Hemiptera-Heteroptera de la fam. Reduviidae, subfam. Acanthaspinae). Revista del Colegio Nacional Vicente Rocafuerte, 14(46–47):3–6.

1932b.   Estudio sobre una pequena coleccion de insectos de Puna Vieja y Archipielago de Galapagos. Revista del Colegio Nacional Vicente Rocafuerte, 14(46–47):9–14.

Carayon, J.

1972.   Caractèrs systématiques et classification des Anthocoridae (Hemipt.). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, new series, 8(2):309–349.

Carayon, J., R. L. Usinger, and P. Wygodzinsky

1958.   Notes on the Higher Classification of the Reduviidae, with Description of a New Tribe of the Phymatinae. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 57(3–4):256–281.

Carayon, J., and A. Villiers

1968.   Étude sur les Hémiptères Pachynomidae. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, new series, 4(3): 703–739.

Carlquist, S. H.

1974.   Island Biology. ix + 66 pages. New York: Columbia University Press.

Carvalho, J. C. M.

1945a.  Mirídeos neotropicais, XVI: Revisão do gênero Garganus Stal (Hemiptera). Boletim do Museu Nacional, new series (Zoologia), 45:1–15.

1945b.  Mirídeos neotropicais: Gêneros Dionizia Distant, Neella Reuter, Collaria Provancher, Falconia Distant e Ophthalmomiris Berg, com descricões de species novas (Hemiptera). Revista de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, 15(1–2): 158–187.

1946.   Mirídeos neotropicais, XXI: Gêneros “Piasus” Distant e “Euchilocoris” Reuter (Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 6(1): 15–21.

1948a.  Mirídeos neotropicais, XXX: Gêneros Ellenia Reuter, Eurychilopterella Reuter, e Rhinacloa Reuter, com descriçōes de espécies novas (Hemiptera). Boletim do Museu Nacional, new series, (Zoologia), 85:1–22.

1948b.  Mirídeos neotropicais, XXXII: Duas espécies novas do género Tenthecoris Scott (Hemiptera). Revista de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, 19(1–2):279–282.

1953a.  Neotropical Miridae, LVIII: A New Genus and New Species from South America (Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 13(1):33–40.

1953b.  Neotropical Miridae, LIX: New Species of Resthenia Spinola and Mimoncopeltus Kirkaldy (Hemiptera). Revista Brasilera de Biologia, 13(1): 77–86.

1953c.  Neotropical Miridae, LXIII: Genus Knightonia Carvalho and Drake with Description of a New Species. Anais Academia Brasilera de Ciencias, 25(2): 171–173.

1954a.  Neotropical Miridae, LXXI: Genus Cyrtocapsus Reuter with Descriptions of Four New Species (Hemiptera). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 49(1): 12–17.

1954b.  Neotropical Miridae, LXXIII: A New Genus and Four New Species of Bryocorini (Hemiptera). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 27(3): 100–104.

1954c.  Neotropical Miridae, LXXVII: Miscellaneous Observations in Some European Museums (Hemiptera). Anais Academia Brasilera de Ciências, 26(3–4): 423–427.

1955.   Keys to the Genera of Miridae of the World (Hemiptera). Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, 11(2):1–151.

1957–1960.   A Catalogue of the Miridae of the World,

[1958a.]  parts 1–5. Arquivos do Museu Nacional Rio de

[1958b.]  Janeiro, 1957, part 1, 44:1–158; 1958a, part 2, 45: 1–216; 1958b, part 3, 47:1–161; 1959, part 4, 48: 1–384; 1960, part 5, 51:1–194.

1966.   Neotropical Miridae, XCVII: New Species of Eccritotarsus Stal of the Collection of the United States National Museum and Remarks on Odontocerocoris Carvalho and China (Hemiptera). Revista Brasilera de Biologia, 26(3): 231–238.

1972.   Mirídeos neotropicais, CXLI: Gênero Monalonion H.-S., 1853 (Hemiptera). Anais Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 44(1): 119–143.

1975a.  Neotropical Miridae, CLXXXVIII: On the Genera Dolichomiris Reuter, Megaloceroea Fieber, Stenodema Laporte, Trigonotyliscus, new genus, and Trigonolylus Fieber (Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 35(1): 121–140.

1975b.  Mirídeos neotropicais, CLXXXIX: Descrições de espécies novas de Poeas e Taedia (Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 35(2): 167–206.

Carvalho, J. C. M., and C. J. Drake

1943.   A New Genus and Two New Species of Neotropical Dicyphinae (Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 3(1):87–89.

1944.   Knightonia, nov. nom. (Hemiptera, Miridae). Revista de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, 15(1–2): 239.

Carvalho, J. C. M., and P. S. F. Ferreira

1968.   Mirídeos neotropicais, CII: Sôbre os gêneros “Lampsophorus” Reuter e “Mabelia” Kirkaldy, com descrição de especie nova (Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 28(2):207–213.

Carvalho, J. C. M., and A. V. Fontes

1968a.  Mirídeos neotropicais, CIII: Revisão do gênero “Resthenia” Spinola (Hemiptera). Revista Brasilera de Biologia, 28(3):235–242.

1968b.  Mirídeos neotropicais, CI: Revisão do complexo “Cylapus” Say, com descriçōes de gêneros e espécies novos (Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 28(3):272–282.

1969.   Mirídeos neotropicais, CX: Sôbre a posição sistemática de algunas gêneros da tribo Stenodemini China (Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 29(3): 329–350.

1971.   Mirídeos neotropicais, CXXIX: Chave sistemica para os gêneros da tribo Restheninini Reuter (Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira Biologia, 31(2): 141–144.

Carvalho, J. C. M., A. V. Fontes, and P. S. F. Ferreira

1968.   Mirídeos neotropicais, CIV: Revisão de tipos do Museu de Historia Natural de Budapeste, Hungria (Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 28(4): 383–401.

Carvalho, J. C. M., and W. C. Gagne

1968.   Miridae of the Galapagos Islands (Heteroptera). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, series 4, 36(7): 147–219.

Carvalho, J. C. M., and I. P. Gomes

1969a.  Mirídeos neotropicais, CVII: Descrições de cinco espécies novas adicinais da república do Equador (Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 29(2): 225–230.

1969b.  Mirídeos neotropicais, CIX: Novas especies e ocorrências para la república do Equador (Hemiptera). Anais Academia Brasilera de Ciencias, 41(3): 421–433.

1969c.  Mirídeos neotropicais, CXII: Especies do gênero “Polymerus” Hahn que ocorrem no Chile (Hemiptera). Revista Brasilera de Biologia, 29(4):477–486.

1970.   Mirídeos neotropicais, CXIV: Algumas especies de Phytocoris Fallen da Argentina, Brasil, Colombia, e Paraguai (Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 30(1): 115–136.

1971a.  Mirídeos neotropicais, CVIII: A tribo Clivinemini Reuter, no Brasil, com revisão do gênero Guanabarea (Carvalho, 1948). Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, 54:89–93.

1971b.  Mirídeos neotropicais, CXXX: Novas pesquisas no gênero Eccritotarsus Stal (Hemiptera). Revista Brasilera de Biologia, 31(2): 175–188.

1971c.  Mirídeos Neotropicais, CXXI: Revisão do gèero Taedia Distant, 1883, no região neotrópica (Hemiptera). Anais Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 43(1):249–286.

1971d.  Mirídeos neotropicais, CXXIV: Quatro gêneros e dezesseis especies novos tribo Bryocorini Douglas e Scott (Hemiptera). Anais Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 43(2):461–478.

1972.   Mirídeos Neotropicais, CXXXV: Novas espécies da tribo Hyaliodini Carvalho e Drake (Hemiptera). Anais Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 44(1): 145–153.

Carvalho, J. C. M., and T. Y. Hsiao

1954.   Neotropical Miridae, LXXII: Genus Neofurius Distant with Descriptions of New Species (Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 1:139–149.

Carvalho, J. C. M., and J. Jurberg

1974.   Neotropical Miridae, CLXXX: On the Horcias Complex (Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 34(1):49–65.

1976.   Mirídeos neotropicais, CCVI: Revisão do gênero Horciasinus Carvalho e Jurberg (Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 36(4):811–834.

Carvalho, J. C. M., and E. Wagner

1957.   A World Revision of the Genus Trigonolylus Fieber (Hemiptera-Heteroptera, Miridae). Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, 43:121–155.

Caudell, A. N.

1901.   The Genus Sinea Amyot and Serville. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 9(1): 1–11, plates 1–2.

Champion, G. C.

1897–1901.   Insecta: Rhynchota (Hemiptera-Heteroptera), volume II. In Godwin and Salvin, editors, Biologia Centrali Americana, xvi + 416 pages, 22 plates. London. [1897:1–32; 1898:33–192; 1899: 193–304; 1900:305–344; 1901:i–xvi + 345–416.]

1924.   The Insects of the Galapagos Islands. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 60(726):259–260.

China, W. E.

1940.   New South American Helotrephidae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 11, 5(9):106–126, plus chart.

1946.   A New Species of the Genus Arachnocoris Scott, with a Key to the Known Species of the Genus (Hemiptera, Nabidae). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 11, 13(15):119–122.

1954.   Notes on the Nomenclature of the Pyrrhocoridae (Hemiptera Heteroptera). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 90:188–189.

1963.   Hemiptera-Heteroptera Collected by the Royal Society Expedition to South Chile 1958–1959. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 13, 5(72):705–723 (1962).

China, W. E., and N. C. E. Miller

1959.   Check-list and Keys to the Families and Subfamilies of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology, 8(1):1–45.

China, W. E., and R. L. Usinger

1949a.  Classification of the Veliidae (Hemiptera) with a New Genus from South Africa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 12, 2(27):343–354.

1949b.  A New Species of Chopardita Villiers from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan with Notes on the Subfamily Vesciinae (Hemiptera-Reduviidae). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 12, 1(42):598–604 (1948).

Chopra, N. P.

1967.   The Higher Classification of the Family Rhopalidae (Hemiptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 119(12):363–399.

Cobben, R. H.

1959.   Notes on the Classification of Saldidae with Description of a New Species from Spain. Zoologische Mededeelingen, 36(22):303–316.

1961.   A New Genus and Four New Species of Saldidae (Heteroptera). Entomologische Berichten, 21(6):96–107.

1965.   A New Shore-bug from Death Valley, California (Heteroptera: Saldidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 41(3):180–185.

Cobben, R. H., and P. Wygodzinsky

1975.   The Heteroptera of the Netherlands Antilles, IX: Reduviidae (Assassin Bugs). Studies of the Fauna of Curacao and Other Caribbean Islands, 48(158):1–62, illustrated.

Costa, A.

1844–1862.   Cimicum regni Neapolitani centuriae. Atti del Reale Istituto d'Incorragiamento alle Scienze Naturali, parts 1–5. [1844 (separate), part 1, 7:143–216, plate (figs. 1–12) (Centuria prima, journal 1847); 1847 (separate), parts 2–3, 7:239–279, plates 1–2, 7:365–405, plates 3–4 (Centuria secunda, journal 1847); 1853 (separate), part 4, 8:225–299 (Centuriae tertia et quartae, journal 1855); 1862 (separate), part 5, 10:329–367 (journal 1863).] [Dates for parts follow Kerzhner, 1974:91.]

1863.   Illustrazione di taluni Emitteri stranieri all'Europa. Rendiconto della Adunanze e de' Lavori della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Napoli, 2:190–191, 250–261.

1864.   Descrizione di taluni insetti stranieri all'Europa. Annuario del Museo Zoologica della Reale Universita di Napoli, 2:139–153.

Costa Lima, Angelo M. da

1940a.  Hemiptera. In Insectos do Brasil, volume 2, 351 pages. Rio de Janeiro: Ecola Nacional de Agronomia.

1940b.  Sobre es species de Spiniger (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 35(1):1–123, plates 1–10.

Costa Lima, A. da, C. R. Hathaway, and C. A. Seabra

1948.   Sobre algumas especies de Apiomerinae representades nas nossas colecaes (Hemiptera-Reduviidae-Apiomerinae). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 45(4):761–772 (1947).

Costa Lima, A. da, and C. A. Seabra

1945.   Stenopodinae da colecao do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Hemiptera: Reduvioidea, Reduviidae). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 41(3):507–510.

Costa Lima, A. da, C. A. C. Seabra, and C. R. Hathaway

1951. Estudo dos Apiômeros (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 49(3):273–442.

Cox, A., and G. B. Dalrymple

1966.   Paleomagnetism and Potassium-Argon ages of Some Volcanic Rocks from the Galapagos Islands. Nature, 209(5025):776–777.

Cummings, Carl

1933.   The Giant Water Bugs (Belostomatidae, Hemiptera). University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 21(9):197–219.

Curtis, John

1823–1840.   British Entomology; Being Illustrations and Descriptions of the Genera of Insects Found in Great Britain and Ireland; Containing Coloured Figures from Nature of the Most Rare and Beautiful Species, and in Many Instances of the Plants upon Which They Are Found. 769 plate-sheets. [Plate-sheets issued and numbered without regard to orders or families; author's suggestions included assembling plates of Hemiptera as volume 7 when binding.] London: Author.

Dahlborn, A. G.

1851.   Anteckningar öfver insekter, som blifvit observerade på Gottland och i en del of Calmar Län, under sommaren, 1850. Kongliga Svenska Velenskaps Akademien Handlingar, 1850:155–229.

Dallas, W. S.

1851.   List of the Specimens of Hemipterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part I, i + 368 pages, 11 plates. London: R. Taylor.

1852.   List of the Specimens of Hemipterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part II, pages 369–592. London: Taylor and Francis Incorporated.

Da Matta, A.

1919.   Un nouveau Reduvide de l'Amazone, Rhodnius brethesi, new species. Bulletin de la Societe Pathologie Exotique, pages 611–612.

Darwin, C.

1846.   Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the Countries Visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. “Beagle” round the World, under the Command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N. Volume II, v + 324 pages. New York: Harper and Brothers.

Davis, N. T.

1969.   Contribution to the Morphology and Phylogeny of the Reduvioidea, Part IV: The Harpactoroid Complex. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 62(1):74–94.

Deay, H. O.

1930.   Six New Species of Tenagobia Bergroth (Hemiptera, Corixidae). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 25(3):171–181.

1935.   The Genus Tenagobia Bergroth (Corixidae, Hemiptera). University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 22(14): 403–477. [Reprinted in Hungerford, H. B., 1948.]

1948.   The Genus Tenagobia Bergroth. In H. B. Hungerford, editor, The Corixidae of the Western Hemisphere (Hemiptra). University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 32:54–98.

De Carlo, J. A.

1946.   Los Ranatridae de Sud America (Hemiptera).Anales del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, 42(161):1–38.

1950a.  Géneros y especies de la subfamilia Ambrysinae Usinger. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, 150(1):3–27.

1950b.  Descripción de especies nuevas de “Ranatridae” y “Belostomatidae” y algunas aclaraciones referentes a otras conocidas (Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 10(4):521–532.

1951.   Nepidos de America (Hemiptera-Nepidae). Revista del Instituto de Investigacion de las Ciencias Naturales, 1(9):385–421.

1956.   Nuevas especies de los generos Curicta Stal y Telmatotrephes Stal (Nepidae-Hemiptera). Boletin de Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia, 1:1–6, plates 1–5.

1957.   Especies nuevas de la familia Belostomatidae (Hem.) y algunas consideraciones sobre otras poco conocidas. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 19:51–55 (1956).

1964a.  Los “Ranatridae” de America (Hemiptera). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia (Entomologia), 1(2):133–215, plates 1–6.

1964b.  Genero Lethocerus Mayr (Hemiptera-Belostomatidae). Physis, 24(68):337–350.

De Geer, C.

1773.   Mémoires pour servir á l'histoire des insectses. Volume 3, i–ii + 696 pages, 44 plates. Stockholm: L. L. Grefing.

Del Ponte, E.

1921.   Contribución al estudio del género Triatoma Lap., II. Revista del Instituto Bacteriologica, 2(6):1–64, plates XIII–XV, plus map.

1929.   Algunas especies nuevas del genero Triatoma Lap. Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 1(4):3–8, 1 plate.

1930.   Catalogo descriptivo de los generos Triatoma Lap., Rhodnius Stal y Eratyrus Stal. Revista del Instituto Bacteriologica, Buenos Aires, 5(8):855–937, plates 41–53.

Dias, E.

1952.   Doença de Chagas nas Americas. Revista Brasileira de Malariolgia e Doencas Tropicais, 4(4):319–325, 3 plates.

Distant, W. L.

1880–1893a.   Insecta, Rhynchota: Hemiptera-Heterop-

[1881a.] tera, volume I. In Goodman and Salvin, editors,

[1893a.] Biologia Centrali-Americana, 46:xx + 462 pages, 39 plates. London. [1880:1–88; 1881a:89–168; 1882:169–224; 1883:225–264; 1884:265–304; 1889:305–328; 1893a:i–xx + 329–462.]

1881b.  Neotropical Pentatomidae and Coreidae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, (24):391–396.

1888.   Enumeration of the Van Volxem Collection of Rhynchota Contained in the Brussels' Museum, part II. Bulletin de las Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 32:vii–xii.

1891.   Rhynchota. In E. Whymper, editor, Supplemental Appendix to Travels amongst the Great Andes of the Equator, pages 111–120, 1 plate. London: John Murray.

1893b.  Description of New Genera and Species of Neotropical Rhynchota. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, (1):83–96.

1899.   Rhynchotal Notes, III, Heteroptera: Discocephalinae and Pentatominae (Part). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 4:421–445.

1900.   Undescribed Genera and Species Belonging to the Rhynchotal Family Pentatomidae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, (1):163–174, plate II.

1901a.  Rhynchotal Notes, IX, Heteroptera: Fam. Coreidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7(53):416–432.

1901b.  Rhynchotal Notes, X, Heteroptera: Fam. Lygaeidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7:531–541.

1901c.  Rhynchotal Notes, XI, Heteroptera: Fam. Lygaeidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 8(59):464–486, 497–510.

1901d.  Contributions to a Knowledge of the Rhynchota. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, (18):581–592, plate 16.

1902a.  Rhynchotal Notes, XIII, Heteroptera: Families Tingididae, Phymatidae, and Aradidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 9(59):353–362.

1902b.  Rhynchotal notes, XIV, Heteroptera: Families Hydrometeridae, Henicocephalidae, and Reduviidae (Part). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 10(27):173–194.

1903–1904a.   Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma (Rhynchota). Volume 2, xvii + 503 pages. London: Taylor and Francis. [1903:1–242; 1904a: i–xvii + 243–503.]

1904b.  Rhynchotal Notes, XXI. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 13(21):194–206.

1904c.  Rhynchotal Notes, XXV. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 14(33):219–222.

1911.   Rhynchotal Notes, LIII: Neotropical Pentatomidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 8, 7(28):242–258.

1917.   On Some Rhynchota of Economic Importance from Colombia. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 7(4):381–382, plate 5.

Doesburg, P. H. van, Jr.

1968.   A Revision of the New World Species of Dysdercus Guerin-Meneville (Heteroptera, Pyrrhocoridae).Zoologische Verhandelingen, 97:1–215, plates 1–16.

1977.   A New Species of Thaumamannia from Surinam (Heteroptera, Tingidae, Vianaidinae). Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden, 52(14):185–189.

Dohrn, Anton

1859.   Catalogus Hemipterorum, iv + 112 pages. Stettin: Herrcke and Lebeling.

1860.   Beiträge zu einer monographischen Bearbeitung der Familie der Emesina. Linnaea Entomologica, 14:206–255, 1 plate.

Dolling, W. R.

1977.   A Revision of the Neotropical Genus Vilga Stal (Hemiptera: Coreidae). Systematic Entomology, 2(1):27–44.

Drake, C. J.

1918.   Two New Tingids from the West Indies (Hem.-Het.) Ohio Journal of Science, 18(5):175–177.

1922.   Neotropical Tingitidae with Descriptions of Three New Genera and Thirty-two New Species and Varieties (Hemiptera). Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum, 9(2):351–378, plate 34.

1928.   New and Little-known Neotropical Tingitidae. Iowa State College Journal of Science, 3(1):41–56.

1929.   Some Tingitoidea from Central and South America. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 24(1):35–37.

1931a.  Concerning the Genus Leptodictya Stal (Hemiptera, Tingitidae). Boletin de Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, 7(2):119–122.

1931b.  Neotropical Tingitidae (Hemiptera). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 10, 8(29):225–227.

1941.   Three New American Tingitidae (Hemiptera).Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 17(3):139–141.

1942.   New Tingitidae (Hemiptera). Iowa State College Journal of Science, 17(1):1–21.

1943.   A List of Species of Monanthia Lep. and Serv. of the Western Hemisphere, Including Description of a New Species (Hemiptera: Tingidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 45(6):141–142.

1944.   Concerning the American Cantacaderinids (Hemiptera: Tingitidae). Boletin de Entomologia Venezolana, 3(3):139–142.

1948a.  New American Tingidae (Hemiptera). Boletin de Entomologica Venezolana, 7(1–2):20–25.

1948b.  Two New Mesoveliidae, with Check List of American Species (Hemiptera). Boletin de Entomologia Venezolana, 7(3–4):145–147.

1949.   Some American Saldidae (Hemiptera). Psyche, 56(4):187–193.

1950.   Concerning the Cantacaderinae of the World (Hemiptera: Tingidae). Arthropoda, 1(2–4):153–166.

1952a.  Two new Microvelia Westwood (Hemiptera: Veliidae). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 47(1):13–15.

1952b.  Concerning American Ochteridae (Hemiptera). Florida Entomologist, 35(2):72–75.

1955.   New South American Saldidae (Hemiptera). Journal of Kansas Entomological Society, 28(4):152–158.

1957a.  New Neotropical Water-striders (Hemiptera). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 70:111–118.

1957b.  A Necessary Correction in the Nomenclature of Water-striders (Hemiptera). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 70:193.

1962.   Synonymic Data and Two New Genera of Shorebugs (Hemiptera: Saldidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 75:115–124.

1963.   A New Neotropical Water-strider (Hemiptera; Gerridae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 36(2):93–95.

Drake, C. J., and H. C. Chapman

1954.   New American Waterstriders (Hemiptera). Florida Entomologist, 37(3):151–155.

1958.   New Neotropical Hebridae, Including a Catalogue of the American Species (Hemiptera). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 48(10):317–326.

1963.   A New Genus and Species of Waterstrider from California (Hemiptera: Macroveliidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 76:227–234.

Drake, C. J., and R. H. Cobben

1960a.  The Heteroptera of the Netherlands Antilles, V:Tingidae (Lace Bugs). Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 10(54):67–97.

1960b.  Hebridae in the Heteroptera of the Netherlands Antilles, II. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and Other Caribbean Islands, 11:35–43.

Drake, C. J., and N. T. Davis

1958.   The Morphology and Systematics of the Piesmatidae (Hemiptera), with Keys to the World Genera and American Species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 51(6):567–581.

1960.   The Morphology, Phylogeny, and Higher Classification of the Family Tingidae, Including the Description of a New Genus and Species of the Subfamily Vianaidinae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Entomologica Americana, 39;1–100.

Drake, C. J., and J. A. De Carlo

1953.   American Species of Ranatra annulipes Stal Group (Hemiptera: Ranatridae). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 43(4):109–117.

Drake, C. J., and R. C. Froeschner

1967.   Lace Bugs of the Galapagos Archipelago (Hemiptera: Tingidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 69(1):82–91.

Drake, C. J., and J. Gomez-Menor

1954.   A New Genus of American Ochteridae (Hemiptera). Eos, 30(1–2):157–159.

Drake, C. J., and E. J. Hambleton

1942.   Two New Peruvian Tingitidae (Hemiptera). Iowa State College Journal of Science, 16(2):329–330.

1944.   Concerning Neotropical Tingitidae (Hemiptera). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 34(4):120–129.

1945.   Concerning Neotropical Tingitidae (Hemiptera). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 35(11):356–367.

1946.   New Species and New Genera of American Tingidae (Hemiptera). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 59:9–16.

Drake, C. J., and H. M. Harris

1933.   Some Miscellaneous Gerridae in the Collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology (Hemiptera). Psyche, 39(4):107–112 (1932).

1934.   The Gerrinae of the Western Hemisphere (Hemiptera). Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 23:179–240, plates 21–26.

1938.   “Veliidae” y “Gerridae” Sudamericanos descriptos por Carlos Berg. Notas del Museo de la Plata, 3:199–204.

1943.   Notas sobre Hebridae del Hemisferio Occidental (Hemiptera). Notas del Museo de la Plata, 8:41–58.

1945.   Two New Species of American Sirthenea (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Boletin de Entomologia Venezolana, 4(2):55–58.

1946.   A New Mesoveliid from Ecuador (Hemiptera, Mesoveliidae). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 41(1):8–9.

Drake, C. J., and J. L. Herring

1964.   The Genus Nidicola (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae).Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 77:53–63.

Drake, C. J., and L. Hoberlandt

1950.   Catalogue of Genera and Species of Saldidae (Hemiptera). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 26(376):1–12.

Drake, C. J., and F. C. Hottes

1954.   Synonymic Data and Description of a New Saldid (Hemiptera). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 553:1–5.

Drake, C. J., and R. F. Hussey

1951.   Concerning Some American Microvelia (Hemiptera: Veliidae). Florida Entomologist, 34(4):137–145.

1955.   Concerning the Genus Microvelia Westwood, with Descriptions of Two New Species and a Check-list of the American Forms (Hemiptera: Veliidae). Florida Entomologist, 38(3):95–115.

1957.   Notes on Some American Rhagovelia, with Descriptions of Two New Species (Hemiptera: Veliidae). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 580:1–6, plate 1.

Drake, C. J., and D. R. Lauck

1959.   Descriptions, Synonymy, and Check-List of American Hydrometridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera).Great Basin Naturalist, 19(2–3):43–52.

Drake, C. J., and J. Maldonado Capriles

1956.   Some Pleids and Water-striders from the Dominican Republic (Hemiptera). Bulletin of the Brooklin Entomological Society, 51(2):53–56.

Drake, C. J., and F. Plaumann

1953.   A New Waterstrider from Brazil (Hemiptera: Veliidae). Dusenia, 4(5–6):414–416.

Drake, C. J., and M. E. Poor

1937.   Concerning the Genus Leptobyrsa Stal (Hemiptera).Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 50:163–166.

1940.   Six New South American Tingitidae (Hemiptera).Revista de Entomologica, Rio de Janeiro, 11(1–2):226–231.

Drake, C. J., and F. A. Ruhoff

1960.   Tingidae: New Genera, Species, Homonyms, and Synonyms (Hemiptera). Great Basin Naturalist, 20(1–2):29–38.

1965.   Lacebugs of the World: A Catalog (Hemiptera:Tingidae). United States National Museum Bulletin, 243:i-viii, 1–634.

Drake, C. J., and J. A. Slater

1957.   The Phylogeny and Systematics of the Family Thaumastocoridae (Hemiptera:Heteroptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 50(4):353–370.

Drury, D.

1770–1782.   Illustrations of Natural History, Wherein Are Exhib-

[1773a.] ited Upwards of Two Hundred and Forty Figures of

[1773b.] Exotic Insects, etc. Volumes 1–3. London: B. White. [1770–1773a, 1:i–xxvii, 1–130 (i-ii), plates 1–50 (Westwood (1837:v) says lists of scientific names at end of volume I was issued in 1773, not in 1770 as is true for rest of volume, and thus scientific names must take date 1773); 1773b, 2:i–xiii, 1–76 (i-ii), plates 1–50; 1782, 3:i–vii, 1–90 (i–ii), plates 1–50.]

Dupuis, C.

1953.   Priorité de quelques noms d'Hétéroptères de Guérin-Méneville (1831). Bulletin de la Société Zoologique, 77:447–454(1952).

Emsley, M. G.

1969.   The Schizopteridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) with the Description of New Species from Trinidad. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 25:1–154.

Erichson, W. F.

1848.   Hemiptera. In R. Schomburgk, editor, Reisen in Britisch-Guiana in den Jahren 1840–1844, (3):609–617. Leipzig: J. J. Weber.

Esaki, T., and W. E. China

1928.   A Monograph of the Helotrephidae, Subfamily Helotrephinae (Hem. Heteroptera). Eos 4(2):129–172.

Eschscholtz, J. F.

1822.   Hemiptera. In Entomographien, 1:99–111, plate 2. Berlin: K. Reimer.

Eyles, A. C., and J. C. M. Carvalho

1975.   Revision of the Genus Dolichomiris, with a Revised Key to the Genera of Stenodemini (Heteroptera:Miridae). Journal of Natural History, 9(3):257–269.

Fabricius, J. C.

1775.   Systema entomologiae, sistens insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species, etc. xxxii + 832 pages. Flensburg and Leipzig.

1781.   Classis VII: Rynchota. In Species insectorum exhibentes eorum differentias specificas, synonyma auctorum, loca nalalia, metamorphosin adjectis observationibus, descriptionibus, 2:313–397. Hamburg and Koln: C. Ernst.

1787.   Classis VII: Ryngota. In Mantissa insectorum sistens eorum species nuper deleclas: Adjectis characteribus genericis, differentiis specificis, emendationibus, observationibus, 2:260–320, 382. Kiel.

1790.   Nova Insectorum Genera. Skrifter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet, 1(1):213–228. Copenhagen.

1794.   Classis X: Ryngota. In Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta, 4(iii):1–229. Copenhagen: Proft, Fil.

1798.   Classis XII: Ryngota. In Supplementum Entomologiae Systematicae, pages 511–546. Copenhagen: Proft and Storch.

1803.   Systema Rhyngotorum secundum ordines, genera, species, adjectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. x + 314 pages. Brunswick: Carolum Reichard.

Fallén, C. F.

1814.   Specimen novam Hemiptera disponendi methodum exhibens. 26 pages. Lund: Berling.

Ferris, G. F., and R. L. Usinger

1939.   The Family Polyctenidae. Microentomology, 4(1):1–50.

1945.   Notes and Descriptions of American Polyctenidae.Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 21(4):121–124.

Fieber, F. X.

1837.   Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Schnabelkerfern, IV: Familie Lygaeodea. Beiträge zur gesammten Naturund Heilwissenschaft, 1:337–355.

1844.   Entomologische Monographien. 138 pages, 10 plates. Leipzig: J. A. Barth.

1851.   Species generis Corisa monographice dispositae.Abhandlung der königlische böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaftein in Prag, series 5, 7:213–260, plates 1–2.

1858.   Critirien zur generischen Theilung der Phytocoriden (Capsini aut.). Wiener Entomologische Monatshrift, 2(10):289–327; (11):329–347, plate 6.

1860–1961.   Die europäischen Hemiptera: Halbflügler (Rhynchota, Heteroptera). vi + 44 pages, 2 plates. Vienna: Gerold's Sohn. [1860, 1–108; 1861, i–vi, 109–444. Dating follows Horn and Schenkling, 1928:354, except for i–vi, which they do not mention.]

Forster, J. R.

1771.   Novae species insectorum, Centuria I. viii + 100 pages. London: White.

Fracker, S. B., and S. C. Bruner

1924.   Notes on Some Neotropical Reduviidae. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 17(2):163–174.

Freiberg, M. A.

1948.   Una nueva especie de “Dysdercus” (Hemipt., Pyrrhoc.), “chinche tintorea” del algodonero. Physis, 20:121–123.

Froeschner, R. C.

1960.   Cydnidae of the Western Hemisphere. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 111(3430):337–680.

1968.   Burrower Bugs from the Galapagos Islands Collected by the 1964 Expedition of the Galapagos Scientific Project. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 70(2):192.

1975.   Three New Species of Burrowing Bugs Found in Association with Ants in Brazil. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 48(1):105–110.

1976.   Galapagos Lace Bugs: Zoogeographic Notes and a New Species of Phatnoma, (Hemiptera: Tingidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 78(2):181–184.

Germar, E. F.

1817–1847.   Fauna insectorum Europae. Fascicles 3–24.

[1837a.]   Halle: Kummel. [Fascicle: 1817, 3; 1821, 4; 1822,

[1839a.]   5–7; 1824, 8–10; 1825, 11–12; 1827, 13; 1831, 14–15; 1837a, 16–17; 1836, 18–19; 1838, 20; 1839a, 21; 1842, 22; 1845, 23; 1847, 24.]

1837b.  Hemiptera Heteroptera Promontorii Bonae Spei: Nundum Descripta, Quae Collegit C. F. Drege. Revue-Entomologique (Silbermann), 5:121–192.

1839b.  Beiträge zur einer Monographie der Schildwanzen. Zeitschrift für die Entomologie, 1:i–viii, 1–146, plates 1–4.

Gibson, E. H.

1919.   The Genera Corythaica and Dolichocysta (Tingidae: Heteroptera). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 32:97–104.

Gollner-Scheiding, U.

1976.   Revision der Gattung Liorhyssus Stal, 1870 (Heteropera, Rhopalidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, new series, 23(1–3): 181–206.

Gould, G. E.

1931.   The Rhagovelia of the Western Hemisphere with Notes on World Distribution. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 20(1):5–61.

1933.   Some Notes on the Genus Rhagovelia with Description of a New Species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 26(3):465–470.

Griffin, F. J.

1937.   A Further Note on “Palisot de Beauvois, Insectes Rec. Afr. Amer.,” 1805–1821. Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History, 1(4):121–122.

Guerin-Meneville, F. E.

1831.   Hemipteres. In L. J. Duperrey, editor, Voyage autour du monde, Zoologie, 2: Atlas, plates 10–12 [Atlas published in 1831, text in 1838. See Dupuis (1953: 447–449).]

1843.   Note sur la Naucoris rugosa de J. Desjardins, formant un nouveau genre d'Hémiptères, et description de plusiers espèces des genres Pelogonus et Mononyx. Revue et Magasin Zoologie, 6:112–114.

1844.   Les Hemipteres. In Iconographie du Regne Animal de G. Cuvier, 2:343–831, plates 55–59.

1857.   Ordre des Hémiptères Latr. In Sagra's Historie physique, politique et naturelle de l'Ile de Cuba, 7:359–435. Paris: A. Bertrand.

Haglund, C. J. E.

1868.   Hemiptera nova. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 29(4–6):150–163.

Hahn, C. W.

1826.   Icones ad monographium Cimicum. 1 page, 24 plates. Nürnberg: Lechner.

1831–1836.   Die Wanzenartigen Insekten. Volumes 1–3. Nürnberg: C. H. Zeh'schen. [1831, 1:1–36; 1832, 1:37–118; 1833, 1:119–236, 2:1–32; 1834, 2:33–120; 2:121–142, 3:1–16; 1836, 3:17–34. For subsequent parts see Herrich-Schaeffer, G. A. W. 1836–1853.]

Handlirsch, A.

1897.   Monographie der Phymatiden. Annalen des Kaiserlich-königlichen Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 36:53–60.

Harris, H. M.

1928.   A Monographic Study of the Hemipterous Family Nabidae As It Occurs in North America. Entomologica Americana, 9(1–2):1–97.

1931.   The Genus Aphelonotus (Hemiptera, Nabidae). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 26(1):13–20.

1942.   Concerning Neididae, with New Species and New Records for North America. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 36(3):105–109.

1943.   Notes on Some Species of Aphelonotus (Hemiptera: Nabidae). Entomological News, 54(10):259–261.

1944.   A New Harmostes, with a Provisional Key and a Check List to the Species (Hemiptera: Rhopalidae). Iowa State College Journal of Science, 18(2):191–197.

Harris, H. M., and C. J. Drake

1941a.  Notes on the Family Mesoveliidae (Hemiptera) with Descriptions of Two New Species. Iowa State College Journal of Science, 15(3):275–277.

1941b.  A New Genus and Species of Anthocoridae (Hemiptera). Iowa State College Journal of Science, 15(3):343–344.

1945.   A New Brachymetra from Peru with a List of Known Species (Hemiptera, Gerridae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 47(7):211–212.

Hase, Albrecht

1932.   Beobachtungen an venezolanischen Triatoma-Arten, sowie zur allgemeinen Kenntnis der Familie der Triatomidae. (Hemipt.-Heteropt.). Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde, 4(4):585–652, plate IV.

Heidemann, O.

1901.   Hemiptera. In Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos Expedition, 1898–1899. Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Science, 3:364–370.

Hemming, F., and D. Noakes

1958.   Official List of Works Approved as Available for Zoological Nomenclature, First Installment: Names 1–38. xi + 12 pages. London.

Herbst, J. F. W.

1784.   Kurze Einleitung zur Kennlniss der Insekten fur Ungeubte und Anfanger. Volume 6, plates 1–48. Berlin: Lange.

Herrich-Schaeffer, G. A. W.

1836–1853.   Die Wanzenartigen Insekten. Volumes 3–9. Nurnberg: C. H. Zeh'schen. [1836, 3:35–114; 1837, 4:1–32; 1838, 4:33–92; 1839, 4:93–108,5:1–60; 1840, 5:61–108, 6:1–36; 1841, 6:37–72; 1842, 6:73–118, 7:1–16; 1843, 7:17–40; 1844, 7:41–134; 1845, 8:1–48; 1846, 8:49–100; 1847, 8:101–130; 1849, 9:1–44; 1850, 9:45–256; 1851, 9:257–348; 1853, 9:1–210.]

Herring, J. L.

1961.   The Genus Halobates (Hemiptera: Gerridae). Pacific Insects, 3(2):223–305.

1966a.  The Anthocoridae of the Galapagos and Cocos Island. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 68(2):127–130.

1966b.  The Genus Orius in the Western Hemisphere (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 59(6):1093–1109.

1976.   Keys to Genera of Anthocoridae of America North of Mexico, with Description of a New Genus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Florida Entomologist, 59(2):143–150.

Hodgden, B. B.

1949.   New Saldidae from the Western Hemisphere (Hemiptera). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 22(4):149–165.

Horn, W., and S. Schenkling

1928–1929.   Index Litteraturae Entomologicae: Die Welt-Literatur uber die gesamte Entomologie bis inklusive 1863. xxi + 1426 pages, 4 plates. Berlin-Dahlem: Walther Horn. [1928, (1–3): 1–1056, plates 1–3; 1929, Vorwort, i-xxii, (4):1057–1426, plate 4.]

Horvath, G.

1904.   Monographia Colobathristinarum. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 2(1):117–172.

1913.   Revisio critica generis Paryphes Burm. et Affinium. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungerici, 11(1):344–373.

1915.   Monographie des Mésovéliides. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 13(2):535–556.

1916.   Revisio Cyrtocorinarum. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 14(1):219–224.

1925.   De Pentatomidarum genere Loxa Am. Serv. et de nova genere ei affini. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 22:307–328, plates 4, 5.

1929.   Mesoveliidae. In General Catalogue of the Hemiptera, 2:i–viii + 144 pages. Northampton: Smith College.

Hsiao, T-Y

1945.   A New Plant Bug from Peru, with Note on a New Genus from North America. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 47(1):24–27.

Hungerford, H. B.

1928a.  Notes on the Genus Heterocorixa White with the Description of Some New Species (Hemiptera: Corixidae). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society of Washington, 23(2):99–103.

1928b.  Some South American Corixidae. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 23(4):174–182.

1929.   A New Genus of Semi-aquatic Hemiptera. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 25(5):288–291.

1930.   Concerning Velia inveruglas Kirkaldy and Related Forms (Veliidae-Hemiptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 23(1):120–124, plate 1.

1932.   A New Potamobates (Gerridae). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 27(5):228–230.

1933.   The Genus Notonecta of the World. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 21(9):5–195, colored plates 1–5.

1937.   A Second New Potamobates from Peru, S.A., with Notes on Other Species (Hemiptera-Gerridae). Bulleton of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 32(4): 144–147.

1938.   Mesoveloidea williamsi Hungerford: A Note on Its Distribution. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 33(5):218.

1939.   A Note on Sigara griffini (Kirk.). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 12(2):72.

1948.   The Corixidae of the Western Hemisphere (Hemiptera). University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 32:1–327. [Reprinted 1977 by Entomological Reprint Specialists, Los Angeles, California, with a corrected key to the species of Trichocorixa and an addendum to update the list of publications.]

Hungerford, H. B., and N. E. Evans

1934.   The Hydrometridae of the Hungarian National Museum and Other Studies in the Family (Hemiptera). Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 28:31–112.

Hungerford, H. B., and R. Matsuda

1957.   Description of Two Species of the Genus Brachymetra (Gerridae, Hemiptera). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 30(1):19–25.

1958.   Concerning Gerris (Gerrisella) Poison and a New Genus for some New World Gerris Species. Florida Entomologist, 41(4):165–168.

1960.   Keys to the Subfamilies, Tribes, Genera, and Subgenera of the Gerridae of the World. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 41(1):3–23.

Hurd, M. P.

1945.   A Monograph of the Genus Corythaica Stal (Hemiptera: Tingidae). Iowa State College Journal of Science, 20(1):79–99.

Hussey, R. F.

1922.   A Bibliographical Notice on the Reduviid Genus Triatoma (Hemip.). Psyche, 29(3):109–123.

1927.   On Some American Pyrrhocoridae (Hemiptera). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 22(4): 227–235.

1929.   Pyrrhocoridae. In General Catalogue of the Hemiptera, fascicle III, 144 pages. Northampton: Smith College.

Hussey, R. F., and J. C. Elkins

1956.   Review of the Genus Doldina Stal. Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences, 18(4):261–278 (1955).

Hutchinson, G. E.

1931.   On the Occurrence of Trichocorixa Kirkaldy (Corixidae, Hemiptera-Heteroptera) in Salt Water and Its Zoogeographic Significance. The American Naturalist, 65(701):573–574.

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

1924.   Opinion 81: The Genotype of Cimex, Acanthia, Clinocoris, and Klinophilos. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 73(2):19–32.

1928.   Opinion 104: 57 Generic Names Placed on the Official List. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 73(5):25–28.

1954.   Opinion 313: Designation under the Plenary Powers of a Type Species for the genus “Eysarcoris” Hahn, 1834 (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera), in Harmony with Accustomed Nomenclatorial Usage. Opinions and Declarations Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 9(2):61–70.

1955.   Opinion 319: Designation under the Plenary Powers of the Type Species for the Nominal Genera “Nysius” Dallas, 1851, and “Artheneis” Spinola, 1837 (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera), in Harmony with Accustomed Usage. Opinions and Declarations Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 9(9):131–146.

1963.   Opinion 667: Lygus Hahn, 1833 (Insecta, Hemiptera), Designation of a Type-species under the Plenary Powers. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 20(4):270–271.

1966.   Opinion 705: Blissus Burmeister, 1835 (Insecta, Hemiptera), Added to the Official List of Generic Names. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 21(3): 198–201.

1967.   Opinion 800: Leptocorixa Berthold, 1827 (Insecta, Hemiptera), Suppressed under the Plenary Powers in Favour of Leptocorisa Latreille, 1829. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 24(1):10–12.

1969.   Opinion 868: Stenopodainae in Insecta and Stenopodidae in Crustacea, Use of the Plenary Powers to Remove Homonymy. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 25(4–5):154–155

Jaczewski, T.

1931.   The Male of Mesoveloidea williamsi Hungerford (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 33(3):64–65.

1933.   Notes on Some South and Central American Corixidae. Annales Musei Zoologici Polonici, 9(21):329–339, plate 46.

Jeannel, R.

1942.   Les Hénicocéphalides: Monographie d'un groupe d'Hémiptères Hématophages. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 110:273–368.

Jensen-Haarup, A. C.

1926.   Hemipterological Notes and Descriptions IV. Entomologiske Meddeleser, 16(2):41–56.

1928.   Hemipterological Notes and Descriptions, V. Entomologiske Meddelelser, 16(4):185–202.

1937.   Einige neue Pentatomidenarten aus der Sammlung des Zoologischen Museums in Hamburg (Hem. Het.). Entomologische Rundschau, 54(15):169–171, (26):321–324.

Kelton, L. A.

1955.   Genera and Subgenera of the Lygus Complex (Hemiptera: Miridae). Canadian Entomologist, 87(7):277–300.

Kerzhner, I. M.

1968.   Insects of the Galapagos Islands (Heteroptera, Nabidae). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, series 4, 36(4):85–91.

1974.   On the Dates of Publication of A. Costa's Work “Cimicum Regni Neapolitani Centuriae” and the Family-Group Names Placed in this Work (Heteroptera). Revue d'Entomologie de l'URSS, 53(4): 854–860. [English summary; Russian text, title translated into English. English translation in Entomological Review, 35(4):90–93.]

Kevan, D. K. McE.

1948.   A Note on Mononyx bipunctatus Melin, 1930 (Mononychidae, Hemipt.-Heteropt.). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 11, 14(73):812–813.

Kirkaldy, G. W.

1897.   Synonymic Notes on Aquatic Rhynchota. Entomologist, 30(413):258–260.

1898.   Notes on Aquatic Rhynchota, 2. Entomologist, 31(420):101–103.

1899a.  On some Aquatic Rhynchota from South America in the Collections of the Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy of the Royal University of Turin. Bollettino dei Musei de Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Università di Torino, 14(347):1–2 (9 May 1899).

1899b.  Viaggio del Dr. Enrico Festa nell'Ecuador e Regioni Vicine, XIX: Aquatic Rhynchota. Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata, della R. Universitá di Torino, 14(350): 1–9(25 May 1899).

1899c.  Aquatic Rhynchota in the Collection of the Royal Museum of Belgium. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 43(10):505–510 (6 November 1899).

1899d.  On Some Aquatic Rhynchota from Jamaica. Entomologist, 32(429):28–30.

1901a.  Anmerkungen ü bemerkenswerte Nabinen (Rhynchota). Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 20(10): 219–225.

1901b.  Notes on the Division Veliiaria (Rhynchota) = Subfam. Velidae Leth. et Sev. Entomologist, 34(461):285–286, (462):308–310.

1902a.  Memoir upon the Rhynchotal Family Capsidae Auctt. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1902(2):243–270, plates 5, 6.

1902b.  Miscellanea Rhynchotalia, 4. Entomologist, 35(469):164–167.

1902c.  Miscellanea Rhychotalia, 5. Entomologist, 35(474): 280–284, 315–316.

1903.   On the Nomenclature of the Genera of the Rhynchota; Heteroptera and Auchenorrhynchous Homoptera. Entomologist, 36(483):213–216, (484):230–233.

1904a.  Über Notonectiden (Hemiptera). Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 23(6):93–110, (7):111–135.

1904b.  Bibliographical and Nomenclatorial Notes on the Hemiptera, 3. Entomologist, 37(498):279–283.

1905.   Quelques tingides nouveaux ou peu connus [Hem.]. Bulletin Société Entomologique de France, pages 216–217.

1906a.  List of the Genera of the Pagiopodous Hemiptera-Heteroptera, with Their Type Species, from 1758 to 1904 (and Also of the Aquatic and Semiaquatic Trochalopoda). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 32(2):117–156b.

1906b.  Notes on the Classification and Nomenclature of the Hemipterous Superfamily Miroidea. Canadian Entomologist, 38(11):369–376.

1908a.  Notes on Corixidae, I. Canadian Entomologist, 40(4): 117–120.

1908b.  Bibliographical and Nomenclatorial Notes on the Hemiptera, 8. Entomologist, 41(540):123–124.

1909.   Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera) with Biological and Anatomical References, Lists of Foodplants and Parasites, etc., Prefaced by a Discussion on Nomenclature, and an Analytical Table of Families, Volume I: Cimicidae (= Pentatomidae). xi + 392 pages. Berlin: F. L. Dames.

Kirkaldy, G. W., and J. R. de la Torre-Bueno

1909.   A Catalogue of American Aquatic and Semiaquatic Hemiptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 10(3–4):173–215.

Klug, J.C.F.

1829–1845.   Symbolae physicae, seu icones et descriptiones insectorum, quae ex itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam F. G. Hemprich et C. H. Ehrenberg studio novae illustratae redierunt. Parts 1–5. Berlin: Mittler. [1829, 1:a–i, 10 colored plates; 1830, 2:a–f, 10 colored plates; 1832, 3:a–1, 10 colored plates; 1834, 4:a–1, 10 colored plates; 1845, 5:a–1, 10 colored plates.]

Knight, H. H.

1926.   A New Rhinacloa and Three New Species of Lepidopsallus (Hemiptera, Miridae). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 20(5):225–228.

1943.   Hyaliodinae, New Subfamily of Miridae (Hemiptera). Entomological News, 54(5):119–121.

Kormilev, N. A.

1949.   La familia “Colobathristidae” Stal en la Argentina con la descriptión de tres especies nuevas neotropicales (Hemiptera). Acta Zoologica Lilloana del Instituto Miguel Lillo, 7:359–383.

1951.   Notas sobre “Colobathristidae” neotropicales (Hemiptera), con la descripción de tres Gêneros y siete especies nuevas. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 11(1):63–84.

1953.   Revisión de Micrelytrinae de la Argentina, con descripción de un genero y siete especies nuevos de Argentina, Brasil, y Bolivia. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 16(2):49–66.

1954.   Notas sobre Coreidae neotropicales, II (Hemiptera), Merocorinae de la Argentina y países limítrofes. Revista Ecuatoriana de Entomologia y Parasitologia, 2(1–2):153–187.

1955a.  Una curiosa familia de Hemipteros nueva para la fauna Argentina, Thaumastotheriidae (Kirkaldy), 1907. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 18(1–2):5–10.

1955b.  La subfamilia Cyrtocorinae Distant en la Argentina (Hemiptera, Pentatomoidea). Revista Ecuatoriana de Entomologia y Parasitologia, 2(3–4):321–334, 2 plates.

1960.   Notas sobre Aradidae neotropicales, X (Hemiptera). Revista de la Sociedad Uruguaya de Entomologia, 4:3–17.

1962a.  Revision of Phymatinae (Hemiptera, Phymatidae). Philippine Journal of Science, 89(3–4):287–486, plates 1–19(1960).

1962b.  Notes on Aradidae in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm. Arkiv fór Zoologi, series 2, 15(14):255–273.

1967.   On some Aradidae from Brasil, Argentina, and Laos (Hemiptera, Heteroptera). Opuscula Zoologica, 100:1–10.

1968.   Notes on Aradidae in the U.S. National Museum, V (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 125(3651):1–16.

1971.   Key to the American Species of the Genus Mezira. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 73(3):282–292.

1973a.  Notes on Neotropical Aradidae, XXI [Hem. Heteroptera]. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, new series, 9(2):433–439.

1973b.  Neotropical Aradidae in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, new series, 9(3):735–746.

1975.   Neotropical Aradidae in the Collections of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 122:1–28.

Kritsky, G.

1977.   Two New Genera of Enicocephalidae (Hemiptera). Entomological News, 88(7–8):161–168.

Kuhlgatz, T.

1903.   Beschreibung der neuen Arten und Varietaten und erganzende Beschreibung einiger schon beschreibener Arten. In Von Ihre Königliche Hoheit der Prinzessin Therese von Bayern auf einer Reise in Südamerika gesammelte Insekten: Rhychoten, Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 47(3–4):243–275.

Kuitert, Louis C.

1942.   Gerrinae in the University of Kansas Collections. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 28(7):113–143.

1949.   Some New Ranatra from the Americas. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 22(1):24–34.

Kumar, R.

1969a.  Morphology and Relationships of the Pentatomidea (Heteroptera), III: Natalicolinae and Some Tessaratominae of Uncertain Position. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 62(4):681–695.

1969b.  Morphology and Relationships of the Pentatomidea (Heteroptera), IV: Oncomerinae (Tessaratomidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, 17(3):553–606.

1974.   A Revision of World Acanthosomatidae (Heteroptera; Pentatomoidea): Keys to and Descriptions of Subfamilies, Tribes, and Genera, with Designation of Types. Australian Journal of Zoology, supplemented series, 34:1–60.

Kumar, R., and M. S. K. Ghauri

1970.   Morphology and Relationships of the Pentatomoidea (Heteroptera), 2: World Genera of Tessaratomini (Tessaratomidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 17(1–3):1–32.

Kuschel, G.

1963.   Composition and Relationship of the Terrestrial Faunas of Easter, Juan Fernandez, Desventuradas, and Galapagos Islands. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 44:79–95.

Lansbury, I.

1965a–1966.   A Revision of the Stenocephalidae Dallas, 1852 (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 101:52–92 (1965a); 73–160 (1966).

1965b.  A New Tribe and Genus of Notonectinae (Heteroptera: Notonectidae) from Borneo. Pacific Insects, 7(2):327–332.

1972.   A Revision of the Genus Telmatotrephes Stal (Hemiptera-Heteroptera, Nepidae). Zoologica Scripta, 1(6):271–286.

1974.   A New Genus of Nepidae from Australia with a Revised Classification of the Family (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 13(3):219–227.

Laporte, F. L.

1832–1833.   Essai d'une classification systematique de l'ordre des Hémiptères (Hémiptères-Hétéroptères Latr.). Magazin de Zoologie (Guerin), 52–55, supplement, 1832:1–16; 1833:17–88. [See Hemming and Noakes (1958:7), followed here, for dates in International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature Direction 63 (1957).]

La Rivers, I.

1971.   Studies of Naucoridae (Hemiptera). Biological Society of Nevada Memoire, 2:1–120.

1974.   Catalogue of Taxa Described in the Family Naucoridae (Hemiptera), supplement 1: Corrections, Emendations, and Additions, with Descriptions of New Species. Biological Society of Nevada Occasional Papers, 38:1–17.

1976.   Supplement 2 to the Catalogue of Taxa Described in the Family Naucoridae (Hemiptera), with Descriptions of New Species. Biological Society of Nevada Occasional Papers, 41:1–17.

Larrousse, F.

1926.   Description de deux espèces nouvelles du genre Triatoma: T. carrioni, new species et T. pintoi, new species. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee, 4(2):136–139.

1927.   Etude biologique et systematique du genre Rhodnius Stal (Hemipteres, Reduviidae). Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee, 5(1):63–88.

Latreille, P. A.

1796.   Class Troisieme: Hémiptères. In Précis des charactéres générique des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel, pages 83–95. Brive: Bordeaux.

1802.   Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des Crustacés et des Insectes: Hemiptera. In G. de Buffon, editor, Histoire Naturelle, new edition, volume 3. Paris: Dufart.

1807.   Genera Crustaceorum et insectorum secundum ordinem naturalem in familias deposita, iconibus, exemplisque plurimis explicata: Hempitera IIV. Volume 3, pages 109–176. Paris: Konig.

1810.   Ordre III: Hemiptera, Section Heteroptera. In Considérations générales sur l'ordre naturel des animuax composant les classes des Crustacés, des Arachnides et des insectes avec un tableau méthodique de leurs genres disposés en familles, pages 250–251, 254–261, 421, 433–434. Paris: Schoell.

1811.   Insectes de l'Amerique Equinoxiale, recueillis pendant la voyage de MM. d'Humboldt et Bonpland. In A. Humboldt and A. Bonpland, editors, Recueil d'Observationis de Zoologie et d'anatomie comparée; Faites dans l'océan Atlantique, dans l'intérieur du nouveau continent et dans la mer du Sud, pendant les années 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, et 1803, part 2, 1:127–304. Paris: Levrault, Schoell and Company.

1829.   Les Hemipteres. In G. C. L. Cuvier, editor, Le Règne Animal distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base a l'histoire naturelle des animaux, 5:189–233. Paris: Baillere.

Lauck, David R.

1962.   A Monograph of the Genus Belostoma (Hemiptera), I: Introduction and B. dentatum and subspinosum Groups. Bulletin of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, 11(3):34–81.

1963.   A Monograph of the Genus Belostoma (Hemiptera), II: B. aurivillianum, stollii, testaceopallidum, dilatatum, and discretus Groups. Bulletin of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, 11 (4):82–101.

1964.   A Monograph of the Genus Belostoma (Hemiptera), III: B. triangulum, bergi, minor, bifoveolatum, and flumineum Groups. Bulletin of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, 11 (5): 102–154.

Lauck, David R., and A. S. Menke

1961.   The Higher Classification of the Belostomatidae (Hemiptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 54(5):644–657.

Lent, H.

1950.   Nova espécie de “Triatoma” Laporte, 1833 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 10(4):437–440.

1954.   Coment´rios sôbre o g^nero “Rhodnius” Stal, com descriçāo de uma nova espécie do Brasil (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 14(3):237–247.

1960.   Sôbre dois pretensos Reduvídeos hematófagos africanos do gênero “Panstrongylus” Berg, 1879 (Reduviidae, Triatominae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 20(2): 163–170.

Lent, H., and J. Jurberg

1965.   Contribução ao conhecimento dos Phloeidae Dallas, 1851, com um estudo sôbre genit´lia (Hemiptera, Pentatomoidea). Revista Brasileira Biologia, 25(2): 123–144.

1968.   Estudo morphológico comparativo de “Panstrongylus geniculatus” (Latreille, 1811) e “Panstrongylus megistus” (Burmeister, 1835) e suas genitalias externas (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 28(4):499–520.

1969.   O gênero “Rhodnius” Stal, 1859, com um estudo sôbre a genitália das espécies (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae). Revista Brasileira Biologia, 29(4):487–560.

1970.   O gânero Eratyrus Stal, 1859, com um estudo sôbre a genitália externa (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 30(2):297–312.

1975.   O gênero Panstrongylus Berg, 1879, com um estudo sôbre a genitália externa das espécies (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 35(3):379–438.

Lent, H., and L. A. Leon

1958.   Um novo “Rhodnius” Stal do Ecuador (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 18(2): 181–185.

Lent, H., and C. C. Pifano

1940.   Sobre a identidade dos generos Panstrongylus Berg, 1879, e Mestor Kirkaldy, 1904: Redescriçāo de Panstrongylus rufotuberculatus encontrado, na Venezuela, naturalmente infestado pelo Schizotrypanumcruzi Revista de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, 11(3): 629–639.

Lent, H., and P. Wygodzinsky

1946.   Contribuiçāo ao conhecimento do gênero Zelurus Hahn (Spiniger auct.) (Reduviidae, Hemiptera). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 43(2):205–269.

1947a.  Note on Some Assassin Bugs of the Genus Zelurus from the Collections of the United States National Museum. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 97(3217):343–349, plates 4–7.

1947b.  Contribuição conhecimento dos “Reduviinae” Americanos (Reduviidae, Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 7(3): 341–368.

1951.   Estudos s^bre o gênero “Zelurus” Hahn (Reduviidae, Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 11(1): 1–28.

1955.   Espécies de Zelurus Hahn e Opisthacidius Berg de Colômbia, Ecuador, e Peru (Reduviidae, Hemiptera). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 53(1): 135–142.

1979.   Revision of the Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae), and Their Significance as Vectors of Chagas' Disease. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 163(3): 123–150.

1956.   Situação atual do gênero “Opisthacidius” Berg, 1879 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 16(3):327–334.

1957.   Notas sôbre “Zelurus” Hahn (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 17(1):21–42.

1966.   Os tipos de G. Breddin de “Spiniger” (= “Zelurus” Hahn) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 26(2): 145–164.

1968.   Situação atual das espécies de “Zelurus” Hahn du grupo “Formosus” (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 28(3):317–326.

Leon, L. A.

1949.   Información sobre el problema de la enfermedad de Chagas en el Ecuador. Boletin Pan-Americano de Sanidad de la Oficina Sanitaria Internacional, 28:569–585.

1954.   Comentarios sobre la distribucion geográfica de la enfermedad de Chagas en el Ecuador. Revista Ecuatoriana de Entomologia y Parasitologia, 2(1–2):87–99.

Leon, L. A., and B. C. de Leon

1953.   Transmisores naturales y experimentales del Trypanosoma cruzi en al Ecuador. Revista Ecuatoriana de Entomologia y Parasitologia, 1(4): 45–62, 2 plates.

Leonard, Mortimer D.

1928.   A List of the Insects of New York, with a list of the Spiders and Certain Other Allied Groups. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Memoir, 101:1–1121.

Le Peletier, A. L. M., and J. G. A. Serville

1825–1828.   [Articles on Hemiptera] In G. A. Olivier, editor, Encyclopédie Méthodique, volume 10, 833 pages. Paris: Agasse. [Pages 1–344 published in 1825; 345–833 in 1828.]

Leston, Dennis

1952a.  On Certain Subgenera of Lygus Hahn, 1833 (Hem., Miridae), with a Review of the British Species. Entomologist's Gazette, 3(4):213–230.

1952b.  Notes on the Ethiopian Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera): VIII, Scutellerinae Leach of Angola, with Remarks upon the Male Genitalia and Classification of the Subfamily. Publiçōes Culturais de Companhia de Diamantes de Angola (separate), 16:1126.

1953.   “Phloeidae”   Dallas: Systematics and Morphology, with Remarks on the Phylogeny of “Pentatomoidea” Leach and upon the Position of “Serbana” Distant (Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 13(2): 121–140.

1954.   Notes on the Ethiopian Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera): XVII, Tessaratominae, Dinidorinae, and Phyllocephalinae of Angola. Publicaçōes Culturais da Companhia de Diamantes de Angola, 24:11–22.

1955.   A Key to the Genera of Oncomerini Stai (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae, Tessaratominae), with Description of a New Genus and Species from Australia and New Synonymy. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London, series B (Taxonomy), 24(3–4):62–68.

Lethierry, L., and G. Severin

1893–1896. Catalogue général des Hémiptères. Volumes 1–3. Bruxelles and Berlin: F. Hayez, [1893, l:i-x, 1286; 1894, 2:1–277; 1896, 3:1–275.

Linnaeus, C.

1758.   Hemiptera. In Systema naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locia, 1:434–457. Stockholm: L. Salvii.

1767.   Hemiptera. In Systema naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum charactribus, differentiis, synonymis, locia edito duodecim, reformata, 3:687–743. Stockholm: L. Salvii.

Linsley, E. G.

1977.   Insects of the Galapagos (Supplement). Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 125:1–50.

Linsley, E. G., and R. L. Usinger

1966.   Insects of the Galapagos Islands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, series 4, 33(7): 113–196.

Lundblad, O.

1928a.  Monographic der bis jetzt bekannten Arten der neotropischen Corixidengattung Heterocorixa. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 49(2):66–83.

1928b.  Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Corixiden. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 49(4):219–243, plates IV–VI.

1928c.  Zur Kenntnis der Gattung Tenagobia Bergroth. Arkiv för Zoologi, 20(7): 1–28, plate 1.

Maldonado Capriles, J.

1976a.  A Remarkable Stenopoda from Jamaica (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 78(3):357–360.

1976b.  The Genus Heza (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico, 60(3): 403–433.

Martin, C. H.

1929.   An Exploratory Survey of Characters of Specific Value in the Genus Gelastocoris Kirkaldy and Some New Species. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 18(4):351–369.

Martinez, A., and R. U. Carcavallo

1977.   Un nuevo Triatominae neotropical (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Folia Entomologica Mexicana, 38:109–118.

Matsuda, R.

1960.   Morphology, Evolution and a Classification of the Gerridae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 41(2):25–632.

Mayr, G. L.

1852.   Zwei neue Wanzen aus Kordofan. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-königlichen Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wein, 2(1):14–18, plates 1–2.

1863.   Hemipterologische Studien: Die Belostomiden. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-königlichen Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 13(l–2):399–364, plate 11.

1864.   Diagnosen neuer Hemipteren, II. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-köneighlichen Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 14(4):903–914.

1865.   Diagnosen neuer Hemipteren, II. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-köneighlichen Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 15:429–446.

Mazzotti, L., and L. A. Leon

1942.   Infeccion experimental por trypanosoma cruzi de Triatoma carrioni del Ecuador. Boletin Ecuador Ministerio de Prevision Social, 11:56–58.

McAtee, W. L.

1919.   Key to the Nearctic Genera and Species of Berytidae (Heteroptera). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 27(1):79–92.

McAtee, W. L., and J. R. Malloch

1923.   Notes on American Bactrodinae and Saicinae (Heteroptera: Reduviidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 16(3):247–255.

1925a.  Revision of the American Bugs of the Reduviid Subfamily Ploiariinae. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 67(1:2573):1–153.

1925b.  Revision of Bugs of the Family Cryptostemmatidae in the Collection of the United States National Museum. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 67(13:2585):1–42, plates 1–4.

1928a.  Synopsis of Pentatomid Bugs of the Subfamilies Megaridinae and Canopinae. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 72(25):1–21, plates 1–2.

1928b.  A New Bicolored Species of Megaris (Pentatomidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 30(3):46.

1933.   Revision of the Subfamily Thyreocorinae of the Pentatomidae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 21(4):i–vii, 191–141, plates IV–XVII.

McKinstry, A. P.

1937.   Some New Species Microvelia (Veliidae, Hemiptera). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 10(1):30–41.

Melin, D.

1929.   Hemiptera from South and Central America, I: Revision of the Genus Gelastocoris and the American Species of Mononyx. Zoologiska Bidrag Uppsala, 12:151–198.

Menke, A. S.

1963a.  The Dates of Publication of Palisot de Beauvois' “Insectes Recueilles en Afrique et en Amerique.” Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 13, 5: 701–702 (1962).

1963b.  A Review of the Genus Lethocerus in North and Central America, Including the West Indies (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 56(3):261–267.

1976.   The Status of Belostomatid Names Published by J. N. F. X. Gistel (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae). Entomological News, 87(5–6): 167–170.

Menke, A. S., and L. A. Stange

1964.   A New Genus of Nepidae from Australia with Notes on the Higher Classification of the Family. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 75(9): 67–72, plate 7.

Miller, N. C. E.

1956.   New Genera and Species of Ethiopian, Oriental, and Neotropical Reduviidae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Beiträge zur Entomologie, 6(1–2):1–9.

Montandon, A. L.

1895.   Nouvelles espèces de Coreides de l'Amérique intertropicale. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 64:5–14, plate 1.

1897.   Hémiptères-Héteroptèra de l'Equateur: Trois espèces nouvelles de la fam. Coreidae. Bulletin de la Société des Sciences de Bucarest-Roumanie, 6(2):246–253.

1898.   Hémiptères Hétéroptères nouveaux des collections du Museum de Paris. Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle 1898(2):72–75.

1899a.  Hemiptera Heteroptera, Fam. Coreidae: Notes et descriptions de trois nouvelles espèces américaines. Bulletin de la Société des Sciences de Bucarest-Roumanie, 8(1–2):190–195.

1899b.  Hemiptera Cryptocerata, S. Fam. Mononychinae: Notes et descriptions d'espèces nouvelles. Bulletin de la Société des Sciences de Bucharest-Roumanie, 8(4–5):392–407, 774–780.

1900.   Description d'une nouvelle espéce du genre Amorgius. Bulletin de la Société des Sciences de Bucarest-Roumanie, 9(5):561–562.

1905.   Trois nouvelles espèces d'Hémiptères Cryptocérates des collections du Musée national hongrois. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 3(1):403–406.

1907.   Quelques espèces de genre Ranatra des collections du Muséum de Paris. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 76(1):49–66.

1910.   Quelques type d'Hémiptères de Guérin-Ménéville des collections du Musée Zoologique de l'Université de Naples (notes, synonymiques, et observations diverses). Annuario del Museo della Reale Universita di Napoli, new series, 3(10):1–4.

1911.   Nouvelles espèces d'Hydrocorises appartenant aux collections du Muséum Entomologique de Berlin. Bulletin de la Société des Sciences de Bucarest-Roumanie, 20(1):83–94.

Monte, O.

1938.   Tingitídeos neotrópicos. Boletim Biologico, new series, 3(3–4):127–132.

1940.   Tingitideos novos ou pouco conhecidos de fauna Americana. Archivos do Instituto Biologico, São Paulo, 11(34):283–300.

1941.   Catálogo dos Tingitídeos do Brasil. Archivos de Zoologia do Estado de São Paulo, 2(3):65–174 (1940).

1942.   Crítica sobre alguns gêneros e espécies de Tingitídeos. Papéis Avulsos do Departamento Zoologia, São Paulo, 2(6):103–115.

1943.   Notas sôbre Saicinae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 3(3):361–364.

Mulsant, E., and C. Rey

1852.   Description de quelques Hémiptères Hétéroptères nouveaux ou peu connus. Annales de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon, 1850–1852:76–141.

Neiva, A.

1911.   Zwei neue afrikanische Arten des Genus Triatoma (oder Conorhinus) Laporte. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 13(4):239–240.

1914.   Revisão do genero Triatoma Lap. 80 pages. Rio de Janeiro: Rodrigues and Company.

Neiva, A., and H. Lent

1936.   Notas e commentarios sobre Triatomideos: Lista de especies e sua distribuição geographica. Revista de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, 6(2):153–190.

1941.   Sinopse dos Triatomideos. Revista de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, 12(1–2):61–92.

Nieser, N.

1968.   Notonectidae of Suriname, with Additional Records of other Neotropical Species. Studies on the Fauna of Suriname and Other Guyanas, 10:110–136.

1969a.  The Heteroptera of the Netherlands Antilles, VII. Studies on the Fauna of Curaçao and Other Caribbean Islands, 28:135–164.

1969b.  Notes on Antillean Notonectidae. Studies on the Fauna of Curaçao and Other Caribbean Islands, 30:88–98.

1970a.  Corixidae of Suriname and the Amazon, with Records of other Neotropical Species. Studies of the Fauna of Suriname and Other Guyanas, 12(45):43–70.

1970b.  Records of South America Notonectidae, Mainly from the Amazon region. Studies on the Fauna of Suriname and Other Guyanas, 12(46):71–93.

1970c.  Gerridae of Suriname and the Amazon. Studies of the Fauna of Suriname and Other Guyanas, 12(47):94–138.

1970d.  Hydrometridae of Suriname and the Amazon, with Additional Records of Other Neotropical Species. Studies on the Fauna of Suriname and Other Guyanas, 12(48):139–151.

1975.   The Water Bugs (Heteroptera: Nepomorpha) of the Guyana Region. Studies on the Fauna of Suriname and Other Guyanas, 59:1–310, plates I–XXIV.

1977a.  A Revision of the Genus Tenagobia Bergroth (Heteroptera: Corixidae). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 12(1):1–56.

1977b.  Gelastocoridae in the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 24(4–5):293–303.

Oshanin, B. F.

1912.   Katalog der paläarktischen Hemipteren (Heteroptera, Homoptera; Auchenorhyncha und Psylloideae). Pages xvi + 187. Berlin: R. Friedlander and Sohn.

O'Shea R.

1973.   Crinocerus Burmeister, 1839 (Insecta: Hempitera-Heteroptera: Coreidae): A Request for the Validation of the Commonly Used Type-species. The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 30(1):63–64.

Pennington, M. S.

1918.   Un Hemiptero nuevo para la Argentina. Physis, 4(17):332–336.

1920–1921a.   Lista de los Hemipteros Heteropteros de la Republica Argentina. 1920, part 1, 1–16; 1921a, part 2, 17–28, part 3, 29–47. [Privately pubished?]

1921b–1922.   Notas sobre Coreidos Argentinos. Physis, 1921, 5(19):28–39; 1922, 5(20);125–170.

Perty, M.

1833.   Hemiptera In Delectus animalium articulatorum, quae in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX, jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I, Bavariae regis augustissimi peracto, collegerunt Dr. J. B. de Spix et Dr. C. F. Ph. de Martius, pages 164–175, plates 33, 34. Monaco.

Pinto, C.

1925.   Ensaio monographico dos Reduvideos hematophagos ou “Barbeiros.” vii + 118 pages. Rio de Janeiro: Paulo Pongetti and Company.

1931.   Valor do rostro e antenas na characterizoção dos generos de Triatomideos: Hemiptera, Reduvioidea. Boletim Biologico, 19:45–136, 1 fold-out chart.

Piran, A. A.

1956.   Dos nuevos especies del genero Supputius Dist., 1899 (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Asopinae). Communicaciones Zoologicas des Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo, 4(74):1–4, plate 1.

1963a.  Hemiptera neotropica VIII: Especies nuevos o poco conocidas de las faunas de Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia, y Paraguay. Physis, 24(67):107–112.

1963b.  Sinopsis del subgénero Stiretroides Schouteden (Pentatomidae, Asopinae). Revista de Investigaciones Agricolas, 17(3):313–320.

Polhemus, John T.

1968a.  A Report on the Saldidae Collected by the Galapagos International Scientific Project, 1964. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 70(1):21–24.

1968b.  A new Microvelia from the Galapagos (Hemiptera: Veliidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 70(2):129–132.

1976.   A Reconsideration of the Status of the Genus Paravelia Breddin, with Other Notes and a Check List of Species (Veliidae: Heteroptera). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 49(4):509–513.

Popov, Y. A.

1970.   Notes on the Classification of the Recent Naucoridae (Heteroptera, Nepomorpha). Bulletin de Academie Polonaise de Sciences, Serie des Sciences Biologiques, 18:93–98.

1971a.  Historical Development of Hemiptera Infraorder Nepomorpha. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta, Akademia Nauk SSSR, 129:1–229.

1971b.  Origin and Main Evolutionary Trends of Nepomorpha Bugs. Proceedings of the XIII International Congress of Entomology 1968, 1:282–283.

Poppius, B.

1909a.  Zur Kenntnis der Miriden-Unterfamilie Cylapina Reut. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae, 37(4):1–45, 1 plate.

1909b.  Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Anthocoriden. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae, 37(9):1–43.

Provancher, L.

1872.   Descriptions de plusieurs Hémiptères nouveaux. Naturaliste Canadien, 4(3):73–79, (4):103–108, (10):319–320, (11):350–352, (12):376–379.

Reed, E. C.

1898–1901.   Sinopsis de los Hemipteros de Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 1898, 2(5):47–52, (6):65–68, (7):80–87, (9):110–113, (10–11):128–138, (12):153–160; plate 1; 1899, 3(1–2):5–14, (3–4):37–49; 1900, 4(7):93–101, (8):121–126, (9):141–146, (10):157–160, (11):173–181; 1901, 5(2):42–49, (3):64–70, (4):92–94, (5–6):109–110.

Reuter, O. M.

1871.   Acanthiidae americanae. Öfversigt af Kongliga Svenska Veternskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar, 28(5):557–568, plate 7.

1876.   Capsinae ex America boreali in Museo Holmiensi asservatae, descriptae ab. Ofversigt af Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar, 32(9):59–92 (1875).

1878.   Hemiptera Gymnocerata Europae: Hémiptères Gymnocérates d'Europe, du bassin de la Méditerranée et de I'Asie russe, I. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae, 13:1–188, 8 plates.

1882a.  Ad cognitionem Heteropterorum Africae Occidentalis. Öfversigt af Finska Vetenskaps-Societatens Förhandlingar, 25:1–43.

1882b.  Monographia generis Oncocephalus proximeque affinium. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae, 12:673–758, plates 1–3.

1884.   Monographia anthocoridarum orbis terrestris. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae, 14:555–758.

1888.   Revisio synonymica Heteropterorum Palaearcticorum quae descripserunt auctores vetustiores (Linneaus 1758–Latreille 1806), Parts 1–2. Acta Societatis Scientarum Fennicae, 15:243–313, 445–812. [Also published separately in 1888 with continuous pagination, 1–458.]

1890.   Ad cognitionem Nabidarum. Revue d'Entomologie, 9:289–309.

1895.   Zur Kenntniss der Capsiden-Gattung Fulvius Stal. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 16:129–154.

1905.   Capsidae in Venezuela a D:o D:re Fr. Meinert collectae enumeratae novaeque species descriptae. Öfversigt af Finska Vetenskaps-Societatens Förhandlingar, 47(20):1–39.

1907.   Capsidae novae in insula Jamaica mense Aprilis 1906 a D. E. P. Van Duzee collectae. Öfversigt af Finska Vetenskaps-Societatens Förhandlingar, 49(5):1–27.

1909a.  Genera quatour nova Divisionis Capsidarum Restheniaria. Öfversigt af Finska Vetenskaps-Societetens Förhandlingar, 51(24):1–12.

1909b.  Capsidae tres novae in Brasilia a D:o D:re R. F. Sahlberg Collectae. Öfversigt af Finska Vetenskaps-Societetens Förhandlingar, 51(25):1–6.

1910.   Diagnoses praecursoriae Miridarum divisionis Restheniaria. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 8(1):15–33.

1912a.  Hemipterologische miscellen. Öfversigt af Finska Vetenskaps-Societetens Förhandlingar, 54(7):1–76.

1912b.  Zur generischen Teilung der palaarktischen und nearktischen Acanthiaden. Öfversigt af Finska Ventenskaps-Societetens Förhandlingar, 54(12):1–24.

Roback, S. S.

1966.   The Catherwood Foundation Peruvian-Amazon Expedition, VIII: Aquatic Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 14: 201–233.

Roback, S. S., and N. Nieser

1974.   Aquatic Hemiptera (Heteroptera) from the LLanos of Colombia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 126(4):29–49.

Rolston, L. H.

1976.   A New Species and Review of Sibaria (Hemiptera:Pentatomidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 83(4):218–225 (1975).

Rolston, L. H., and R. Kumar

1975.   [1974.] Two New Genera and Two New Species of Acanthosomatidae (Hemiptera) from South America, with a Key to the Genera of the Western Hemisphere. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 82(4):271–278[1974].

Ronderos, R. A.

1960.   Polyctenidae Americanos, I (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Actas y Trabajos del Primer Congreso Sudamericano de Zoologia, 1959, 3:175–186.

1962.   Polyctenidae Americanos II (Hemiptera). Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 18:259–262.

1964.   Consideraciones sobre estadios ninfales en Polyctenidae (Hemiptera). Anais do Segundo Congreso Latino-Americano de Zoologia, 1962, 1:219–236.

Ruckes, H.

1957.   Three New Species of Thyanta Stal (Heteroptera:Pentatomidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 33(4):175–180.

1959.   A New Species of Alcippus Stal from Ecuador (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 32(3):97–100.

1961.   Notes on the Mecistorhinus-Antiteuchus Generic Complex of Discocephalinae Pentatomids (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 69(3):147–156.

1964.   The Genus Antiteuchus Dallas, with Descriptions of New Species (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Discocephalinae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 127(2):47–102.

1966a.  The genus Eurystethus Mayr, with the Descriptions of New Species (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Discocephalinae). American Museum Novitates, 2254:1–37.

1966b.  An Analysis and a Breakdown of the Genus Platycarenus (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Discocephalinae). American Museum Novitates, 22255:1–42.

1966c.  The Genus Dryptocephala Laporte (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Discocephalinae). American Museum Novitates, 2256:1–31.

1966d.  A New Mecistorhinus from Ecuador (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 73(4):223–224.

Ryckman, R. E., and M. A. Casdin

1977.   The Polyctenidae of the World, a Checklist with Bibliography. California Vector News, 24(7–8):25–31.

Sailer, R. I.

1944.   The Genus Solubea (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 46(5): 107–127.

1945.   The Status of Corimelaena White, 1839, Eucoria Mulsant and Rey, 1865, and Allocoris McAtee and Malloch, 1933 (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 47(5):129–135.

1947.   Dysdercus bimaculatus Stal, 1854, Restored (Hemiptera, Pyrrhocoridae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 49(1):15–19.

1948.   The Genus Trichocorixa (Corixidae, Hemiptera). In H. B. Hungerford, editor, The Corixidae of the Western Hemisphere (Hemiptera). University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 32:289–407.

1952.   The identity of Stenocephalus mexicanus Ashmead (Hemiptera, Coreidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 54(6):301–303.

1957.   Solubea Bergroth, 1891, a Synonym of Oebalus Stal, 1862, and A Note Concerning the Distribution of O. ornatus (Sailer). Proceedings of the Endomological Society of Washington, 59(1):41–42.

1977.   [Corrected Key to Species of Trichocorixa Kirkaldy and update of list of publications.] In H. B. Hungerford, editor, The Corixidae of the Western Hemisphere (Hemiptera), pages vi–viii, 302–304a. [Reprint.]

Say, T.

1832.   Descriptions of New Species of Heteropterous Hemiptera of North America. 39 pages. New Harmony, Indiana. [Reprinted by Fitch, 1857, Trans. New York State Agric. Soc., 17:795–812: and by Leconte, 1859, The Complete Writings of Thomas Say on the Entomology of North America, 1:310–368.]

Schaefer, C. W.

1964.   The Morphology and Higher Classification of the Coreoidea (Hemiptera-Heteroptera): Parts I and II. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 57(6): 670–684.

1965.   The Morphology and Higher Classification of the Coreoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera): Part III, the families Rhopalidae, Alydidae, and Coreidae. Miscellaneous Publications, Entomological Society of America, 5(1):1–76.

1968.   The Morphology and Higher Classification of the Coreoidea (Hemiptera-Heteroptera): Part IV, the Acanthocephala-group and the Position of the Stenoscelidea Westwood (Coreidae). University of Connecticut Occasional Papers, Biological Science Series, 1(3):153–199.

Schell, D. V.

1943.   The Ochteridae (Hemiptera) of the Western Hemisphere. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 16(1):29–36, (2):37–47.

Schmidt, E.

1926.   Neue südamerikanische Coreiden (Hem. Heteropt.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1926(2): 137–144.

1931.   Zur Kenntnis der Familie Pyrrhocoridae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera), Part I. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 92(1):1–51.

1932.   Zur Kenntnis der Famille Pyrrhocoridae Fieber, II (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 49(4):236–281.

Schmitz, G., and P. Stys

1973.   Howefulvius elytratus, new genus, new species (Heteroptera, Miridae, Fulviinae) from Lord Howe Island in the Tasman Sea. Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca, 70(6):400–407.

Schouteden, H.

1904.   Heteroptera, Family Pentatomidae, Subfamily Scutellerinae. Genera Insectorum, 24:1–98, plates 1–5.

1907.   Heteroptera, Fam. Pantatomidae, Subfam. Asopinae (Amyoteinae). Genera Insectorum, 52:1–82, plates 1–5.

1913.   Heteroptera, Family Pentatomidae, Subfamily Dinidorinae. Genera Insectorum, 153:1–18, plates 1–2.

Scopoli, J. A.

1786–1788.   Deliciae faunae et florae Insubricae, seu novae aut minus cognitae species plantarum et animalium quas in Insubria austriaca tam spontaneas quam exoticas vidit, descipsit, et aeri incidi curavit. Parts 1–3. Pavia. [1786, part 1:ii–ii, 1–85, plates 1–25; 1787, part 2: i–ii, 1–115, plates 1–25; 1788, part 3:i–ii, 1–87, plates 1–25.]

Scott, J.

1886.   Description of a New Genus and Species of Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 23:64–65.

Scudder, G. G. E.

1957.   The Systematic Position of Dicranocephalus Hahn, 1826, and Its Allies (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London, series A, 32(10–12):147–158.

1962.   The World Rhyparochrominae (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), I: New Synonymy and Generic Changes. Canadian Entomologist, 94(7):764–773.

Serville, M.

1831.   Description du genre Peirate, de l'ordre des Hemipteres, famille des Geocorises, tribu des Nudicolles. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 23:213–221.

Shaw, J. Gilbert

1934.   A Study of the Genus Brachymetra (Hemiptera, Gerridae). University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 21(9):221–233.

Sheborn, D.

1922.   On the Dates of Cuvier, ‘Le Règne Animal, etc.’ (Disciples edition). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 9, 10:555–556.

Signoret, V.

1850.   Description d'un genre nouveau de l'ordre des Hémiptères Hétéroptères, et de la section des Hydrocorises. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquee, 2(2):289–291.

1851.   Description de nouvelles espèces d'Hémiptères. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, series 2, 9:329–348, plate 10.

1852.   Notice sur quelques Hémiptères nouveaux ou peu connus. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, series 2, 10:539–544, plate 16.

1858a.  Description d'un Nouveau Genre de la Tribu des Longicoxes, Amyot et Serville. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, series 3, 6:251–253.

1858b.  Note sur les Hémiptères Hétéroptères de la Famille des Unicellules. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, series 3, 6:499–502.

1859.   Monographie du genre Corizus. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, series 3, 7:75–105.

1863a.  Hémiptères In I. Maillard, editor, Notes sur l'Ile de la Reunion (Bourbon), Annexe J:26–31. Paris: Dentu.

1863b.  Revision des Hémiptères du Chili. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, series 4, 3:541–588, plates 11–13.

1880.   [Notes and descriptions.] Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, series 5, 10:vii–viii, xliv.

1881–1884.   Revision du groupe Cydnides de la famille des Pantatomoides, Parts 1–13. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, series 6, 1881, parts 1–4, 1: 25–52, 193–218, 319–332, 423–436, plates 1, 2, 6–12; 1882, parts 5–8, 2:23–42, 145–168, 241–266, 465–484, plates 1, 2, 6–9, 13, 14; 1883, parts 9–12, 3:33–60, 207–220, 357–374, 517–534, plates 2–5, 9, 10, 15, 16; 1884, part 13, 4:45–62, plates 2, 3; table alphabetique, pages 117–128.

Slater, J. A.

1955.   A Revision of the Subfamily Pachygronthinae of the World (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). Philippine Journal of Science, 84(1):1–160, plates 1–4.

1956.   Neotropical Pachygronthinae in the American Museum of Natural History (Hemiptera, Lygaeidae). American Museum Novitates, 1769:1–5.

1964.   A Catalogue of the Lygaeidae of the World. Volume 1, pages i–xviii, 1–778; volume 2, pages 779–1668. Storrs: University of Connecticut.

Slater, J. A., and R. M. Baranowski

1973.   A Review of the Genus Cistalia Stal (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). Florida Entomologist, 56(4):263–272.

Southwood, T. R. E., and D. Leston

1959.   Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles. xi + 436 pages, 63 plates. London and New York: Frederick Warne and Co. Ltd.

Spinola, M.

1837.   Essai sur les genres d'insects appartenants a l'ordre des Hémiptères, Lin. ou Rhynchotes, Fab., et a la section des Hétéroptères, Dufour. 383 pages, 15 tables. Geneva: Yves Graviers.

1852.   Hemipteros. In C. Gay, editor, Historia fiscia y politica de Chile. Zoologia, 7:113–320.

Stal, C.

1854.   Nya Hemiptera. Öfversigt af Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar, 11(8):231–255.

1855.   Hemiptera från Kafferlandet. Öfversigt af Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akadamiens Forhandlingar, 12(1):27–46.

1858–1862a. Bidrag til Rio Janeiro-Traktens Hemipter-Fauna. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 1858, 2(7):1–84; 1862a, 3(6):1–75.

1859a.  Monographie der Gattung Conorhinus und Verwandten. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 3(2–3):99–117, plate 6.

1859b.  Hemiptera: Species novas descripsit. Konglika Svenska Fregattens Eugenics Resa Omkring Jorden, III (Zoologi, Insekter). Pages 219–298, plates 3–4.

1859c.  Till kannadomen on Coreida. Ofversigt af Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar, 16(10):449–475.

1859d.  Till Kannedomen om Reduvini. Ofversigt af Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar, 16(4):175–204, (8):363–386.

1861a.  Nova methodus familias quasdam Hemipterorum disponendi. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Academiens Förhandlingar, (4):195–212.

1861b.  Miscellanea Hemipterologica. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 22(4–6):129–153.

1862b.  Hemiptera Mexicana enumeravit speciesque novas descripsit. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 23(1–3):81–118, (4–6):273–281, (7–9):289–325, (11–12):437–462.

1863.   Formae speciesque novae Reduviidum. Annales de la Société entomologique France, series 4, 3:25–58.

1865a.  Hemiptera africana. Volume 3, 200 pages Stockholm.

1865b.  Hemiptera nova vel minus cognita. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, series 4, 5:163–168.

1866.   Bidrag till Raduviidernas kannedom. Öfversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar, 23(9): 235–302.

1867.   Bidrig till Hemipterernas Systematik. Öfversigt af Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar, 24(7):491–560.

1868.   Hemiptera Fabriciana, Part I. Konliga svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 7(11):1–148.

1870–1876.   Enumeratio Hemipterorum: Bidrag till en

[1872a.]   foreteckning ofver alla hittils kanda Hemiptera, jemte systematiscka meddelanden, Parts 1–5. Kongliga Svanska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 1870, part 1, 9(1):1–232; 1872a, part 2, 10(4):1–159; 1873, part 3, 11(2):1–163; 1874, part 4, 12(1):1–186, 1876, part 5, 14(4):1–162.

1872b.  Genera Lygaeidarum Europae Disposuit. Öfversigt af Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar, 29(7):37–62.

Steyskal, G. C.

1973.   The Grammar of Names in the Catalogue of the Miridae (Heteroptera) of the World by Carvalho, 1957–1960. Studia Entomologica, 16(1–4):203–208.

Studak, Josef M.

1964.   Ammerkung zu drei Arten tropischer Berytiden. Reichenbachia, 3(6):107–112.

Stusak, J. M., and R. R. Cobben

1975.   The Heteroptera of the Netherlands Antilles, X: Berytinidae (Stilt Bugs). Studies on the Fauna of Curaçao and other Caribbean Islands, 48(159):63–78.

Štys, P.

1967.   Lipokophila chinai Gen. N., Sp., N.—A New Genus of Plokiophilidae (Heteroptera) from Brasil. Acata Entomologica Bohemoslovaca, 64(4):248–258.

1970.   Three New Aberrant Species of Systelloderes Blanch from the Old World, and Notes on the Tribal Classification of Enicocephalinae (Heteroptera, Enicocephalidae). Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Biologica, 1968(5):435–453.

1972.   Nabidomorpha Poppius Transferred from Plokiophilidae to Anthocoridae (Heteroptera). Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca, 69(2):110–118.

1974.   Morphological and Taxonomic Notes on the Aneurinae, with Descriptions of Aneurus (Iralunelus, new subgenus) gallicus, new species from France, and a World List of Species (Heteroptera, Aradidae). Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca, 71(2):86–104.

1976.   Velohebria antennalis, new genus, new species: A Primitive Terrestrial Microveliine from New Guinea, and a Revised Classification of the Family Veliidae (Heteroptera). Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca, 73(6):388–403.

Štys, Pavel, and I. Kerzhner

1975.   The Rank and Nomenclature of Higher Taxa in Recent Heteroptera. Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca, 72(2):65–79.

Swederus, N. S.

1787.   Et nytt genus, och femtio nya species af Insekter beskrifne. Vetenskaps Akademien nya Handlingar, 8:181–201, 276–290.

Therese von Bayern, Prinzessin

1903.   Von Ihre Königliche Hoheit de Prinzessin Therese von Bayern auf einer Reise in Südamerika gesammelte Insekten: Rychoten. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 47(3–4):246–278, plates 4, 5 (1902). [New Heteroptera described by T. Kuhlgatz, pages 243–275.]

Thunberg, C. P.

1781–1791.   Dissertation entomologica novas insectorum species sistens. Parts 1–6. Uspala. [1781, 1:1–28; 1783, 2:29–52; 1784, 3:53–68, 4:69–84; 1789, 5:85–106; 1791, 6:107–130.]

Todd, E. L.

1955.   A Taxonomic Revision of the Family Gelastocoridae (Hemiptera). University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 37(1)(11):277–475.

1957.   Five New Species of Gelastocoridae with Comments on Other Species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 59(4):145–162.

1961.   A Checklist of the Gelastocoridae (Hemiptera). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 17(3):461–476.

Torre-Bueno, J. R. de la

1906.   The Cryptocerate Hemiptera of America in the Writings of Professor Arnold L. Montandon. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 8(1–2):45–58.

1915.   Heteroptera from the West Coast of South America. In Report of the First Expedition to South America, 1913. Appendix 4, pages 218–219. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

1926.   The family Hydrometridae in the Western Hemisphere. Entomologica Americana, 7(2):83–128.

1939.   A Synopsis of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of America North of Mexico, Part I: Families Scutelleridae, Cydnidae, Pentatomidae, Aradidae, Dysodiidae and Termitaphididae. Entomologica Americana, 19(3):141–304.

Truxal, F. S.

1949.   A Study of the Genus Martarega (Hemiptera, Notonectidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 22(1):1–24.

1953.   A Revision of the Genus Buenoa (Hemiptera, Notonectidae). University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 35(11):1351–1523.

Uhler, P. R.

1861.   Descriptions of New Species of Hemiptera, and Observations on Some Already Described. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, 1(1):21–24.

1869.   Notices of the Hemiptera Obtained by the Expedition of Prof. James Orton in Ecuador and Brazil. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 12:321–327.

1876.   List of Hemiptera of the Region West of the Mississippi River, Including Those Collected during the Hayden Explorations of 1873. Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, 1:269–361, plates 19–21.

1877.   Report upon the Insects Collected by P. R. Uhler during the Explorations of 1875, Including Monographs of the Families Cydnidae and Saldae, and the Hemiptera Collected by A. S. Packard, Jr., M.D. Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographic Survey of the Territories, 3:355–475, 765–801, plates 27–28.

1890.   Hemiptera. In L. O. Howard, editor, Scientific Results of Explorations by Steamer Albatross, 5: Annotated Catalogue of the Insects Collected in 1887–′88. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 12(777):185–216.

1894.   On the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of the Island of Grenada, West Indies. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, pages 167–224.

Usinger, R. L.

1938.   Biological Notes on the Pelagic Water Striders (Halobates) of the Hawaiian Islands, with Description of a New Species from Waikiki (Gerridae, Hemiptera). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 10(1):77–84.

1940.   Distribution and Host Relationships of North and Central American Triatominae. Proceedings of the Sixth Pacific Science Congress, 4:459–461.

1941a.  Key to the Subfamilies of Naucoridae with a Generic Synopsis of the New Subfamily Ambrysinae (Hemiptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 34(1):5–16.

1941b.  The Present Status and Synonymy of Some Orsilline Species (Hemiptera, Lygaeidae). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 36(3):129–132.

1942a.  Revision of the Termitaphididae. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 18(4):155–159.

1942b.  The Genus Nysius and Its Allies in the Hawaiian Islands (Hemiptera, Lygaeidae, Orsillini). Bulletin of the Bishop Museum, 173:1–167, plates 1–12.

1943.   A Revised Classification of the Reduvioidea with a New Subfamily from South America. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 36(4):602–618.

1944.   The Triatominae of North and Central America and the West Indies and Their Public Health Significance. United States Public Health Service, Public Health Bulletin, 288:i–iv, 1–83, plates 1–12.

1945.   Classification of the Enicocephalidae (Hemiptera, Reduvioidea). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 38(3):321–342.

1946a.  Notes and Descriptions of Ambrysus Stal with an Account of the Life History of Ambrysus mormon Montd. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 31(10):185–210.

1946b.  Polyctenidae: General Catalogue of the Hemiptera. Fascicle 5, 18 pages. Northampton: Smith College.

1947.   Classification of the Cryphocricinae. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 40(2):329–343.

1966.   Monograph of Cimicidae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). xi + 585 pages, frontispiece. Washington: Thomas Say Foundation.

Usinger, R. L., and R. Matsuda

1959.   Classification of the Aradidae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). vii + 410 pages, 4 plates. London: British Museum.

Van Duzee, E. P.

1914.   Nomenclatorial and Critical Notes on Hemiptera. Canadian Entomologist, 46(11):377–389.

1916.   Check List of the Hemiptera (Excepting the Aphididae, Aleurodidae, and Coccidae) of America North of Mexico. xi + (2) + 111 pages. New York: New York Entomological Society.

1933.   Characters of Twenty-four New Species of Hemiptera from the Galapagos Islands and the Coast and Islands of Central America and Mexico. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, series 4, 21:25–40.

1937.   The Hemiptera of the Templeton Crocker Expedition to Polynesia in 1934–1935. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, series 4, 22(4):111–126.

Van Dyke, Edwin C.

1953.   The Coleoptera of the Galapagos Islands. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 22:1–181.

Villiers, A.

1970.   Les Emésinés des îles Galapagos: Mission zoologique belge aux iles Galapagos et en Ecuador (Narcisse et Jeanore Leleup, 1964–1965). Resultats Scientifique, 2:227–237.

1978.   Deux nouveaux Emésinés des îles Galapagos (Hem. Reduviidae). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France, 83:46–50.

Vollenhoven, S. C. S. van

1868.   Diagnosen van eenige nieuwe soorten van Hemiptera Heteroptera: Versagenen Mededeelinger der Koniglijike Akademie van Weterschappen, Letterkunde en Schoone Kunsten te Amsterdam. Afdeling Natuurkunde, series 2, 2:172–188.

Walker, F.

1867–1873c.   Catalogue of the Specimens of Hemiptera Heteroptera

[1873a.]   in the Collection of the British Museum. Parts

[1873b.]   1–8. London: British Museum. [1867, (1):1–240; (2):241–417; 1868, (3):419–599; 1871, (4):1–211, 1872, (5):1–202, 1873a, (6):1–210; 1873b, (7):1–213; 1873c, (8): 1–220.]

Westwood, J. O.

1834.   Mémoir sur les genres Xylocoris, Hylophila, Microphysa, Leptopus, Velia, Microvelia et Hebrus, avec quelques observations sur les Amphibicorisae de M. Dufour et sur l'état imparfait, mais identique de certaines espèces. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, series 1, 3:636–653, plate 6.

1837.   A Catalogue of Hemiptera in the Collection of the Rev. F. W. Hope, with Short Latin Descriptions of the New Species. Volume 1, 46 pages. London: J. C. Bridgewater.

1840.   Order Heteroptera. In An Introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects; Founded on the Natural Habits and Corresponding Organization of the Different Families. Volume 2, pages 450–488; synposis, 119–158. London: Longmans, et al.

1842.   A Cataloque of Hemiptera in the Collection of the Rev. F. W. Hope, M.A., with Short Latin Diagnosis of the New Species. Volume 2, 26 pages. London: J. C. Bridgewater.

White, A.

1839.   Descriptions of Two Hemipterous Insects. Magazine of Natural History, new series, 3(3):537–543.

1842.   Description of Some Hemipterous Insects. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 3(13):84–94, plate 7.

White, F. B.

1877.   Descriptions of New Species of Heteropterous Hemiptera Collected in the Hawaiian Islands by the Rev. T. Blackburn, 1. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 4, 20(15):110–114.

1878.   Descriptions of New Species of Heteropterous Hemiptera Collected in the Hawaiian Islands by the Rev. T. Blackburn, 2. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 5, 1(41):365–374.

1879a.  List of the Hemiptera Collected in the Amazonas by Prof. J. W. H. Trail in the Years 1873, 1875, etc. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, series 3, 17(20):267–276.

1879b.  Descriptions of New Hemiptera (I). Journal of the Linnaean Society of London, Zoology, 14:482–489.

1883.   Report on the Pelagic Hemiptera Collected during the Voyage of H. M. S. “Challenger” in 1873 and 1876. Report of the Voyage of the Challenger, Zoology, 7(19):1–82, 3 plates.

Whitehead, D.

1974.   Variation and Synonymy in Hypselonotus (Heteroptera: Coreidae). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 64(3):223–233.

Whymper, E.

1891.   Supplementary Appendix to Travels amongst the Great Andes of the Equator. XXIII + 147 pages, 14 plates. London: John Murray.

Witlaczil, Emanuel

1886.   Die Ausbeute des “Pisani” an Halobates wärhend der Erdumseglung 1882–1885. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 5(5):177–182, (6):231–234.

Wolff, J. F.

1800–1811.   Icones Cimicum descriptionibus illustratae. Parts 1–5. Erlangen: J.J. Palm. [1800, 1:i–viii, 1–40, plates 1–4; 1801, 2:43–84, plates 5–8; 1802, 3:87–126, plates 9–12; 1804; 4:127–166, plates 13–16; 1811, 5:167–208, plates 17–20.] [Cited from Horn and Schenkling, 1929:1346, original not available.]

Wygodzinsky, P.

1943.   Contribuiçāo ao couhecimento da subfamilia Vesciinae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 3(2):203–223.

1947a.  Contribuiçāo ao conhecimento do gěnero Heniartes Spinola, 1837 (Apiomerinae, Reduviidae, Hemiptera). Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, 41:3–65.

1947b.  Novas contribuiçāes ao conhecimento dos Stenolemus das Américas (Emesinae, Reduviidae, Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira Biologia, 7(1):127–144.

1949.   Elenco sistematico de los Reduviiformes Americanos. Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Publication 473, Monographia 1:1–102.

1950.   On the Genus Mirambulus Breddin, 1901, with General Notes on the Subfamily Vasciinae (Reduviidae, Hemiptera). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 12, 3(20):265–268.

1951.   Notas sobre Ectrichodiinae neotropicales (Hemipt. Reduviidae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 15(1–3):35–52.

1953.   Contribuição ao conhecimento dos gêoneros “Heniartes” Spinola, 1837, e “Agriocleptes” Stal, 1866 (Apiomerinae, Reduviidae, Hemiptera). Revista Brasileira Biologia, 13(4):369–380.

1966.   A Monograph of the Emesinae (Reduviidae, Hemiptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 133:1–614.

Yust, Harold R.

1955.   Lista Preliminar de Plagas de la Agricultura del Ecuador. Revista Ecuatoriana de Entomologia y Parasitologia, 2(3–4):425–442.

1958.   Insect Identifications Made in Ecuador and Key to Collection. 85 pages [unnumbered, species given identifying numbers]. University of Quito: Servico Cooperativ Interamericano de Agriculture.

Index

(Synonyms and page numbers of principal accounts in italics)

abdominalis, Brachyrhynchus, 14

aberrans, Hypselonotus, 25

Ablystira machalana, 96

Acanthia andensis, 92

crassipes, 73

denticulata, 86

gossypii, 97

hemiptera, 18

laevis, 13

lunata, 14

rogeri, 92

rubromaculata, 92

serrata, 91

signoreti, 92

Acanthoberytus, 16

Acanthocephala, 21

granulosa, 21

species, 21

Acanthocephalini, 21

Acanthocerus, 22

clavipes, 22

crucifer, 22

Acanthocheila, 96

armigera, 96

Acanthonabis spinicrus, 57

Acanthosoma, 6

species, 6

Acanthosomatidae, 6

Aceratodes cordifera, 66

species, 65

Acinocoris, 40

bilineatus var. includens, 40

calidus, 40

includens, 40

Acrocoris circumcinctus, 84

acroleuca, Pentatoma, 68

Acroleucus, 41

heros, 41

pothus, 41

Acrophyma, 8

Acrostemum, 67

heegeri, 67

laetum, 67

marginatum, 67

(Nezara) viridans, 68 runaspis, 68

viridans, 68

aculeata, Melucha, 23

acuminatus, Oncerotrachelus, 85

Reduvius, 85

adamsoni, Tenagogonus, 36

addax, Edessa, 65

Admetus, 47

fimbriatus, 47

sulinus, 47

Adphytocoris, 48

collinus, 48

longilineus, 48

montanus, 48

adspersipes, Cydamus, 12

aduncus, Limnogonus, 36

aeneifrons, Ochterus, 61

Pelogonus, 61

Scutellera, 93

aeneus, Cimex, 69

Aenictopechinae, 33

aeola, Jadera, 92

Serinetha, 92

aequatoria, Corcia, 81

aequatorialis, Craspeduchus, 41

Hypselonotus, 25, 26

Spilostethus (Craspeduchus), 41

aequatoriana, Bactrophya, 12

Mezira, 14

aequinoctialis, Cardiastethus, 13

aethiops, Cimex, 31

Pangaeus, 6, 31, 32

Pangaeus (Pangaeus), 31

Aethus docilis, 32

longulus, 31

lugubris, 31

margo, 31

nigrocinctus, 31

subglaber, 31

affinis, Cryphula, 43

Cyrtopeltis, 54

Neofurius, 46

Nicuesa, 41

Phthia, 23

Trapezus, 43

agenor, Hydrometra, 39

agilis, Cimex, 94

Agroecus, 68

ecuadorienses, 68

ecuadoriensis, 68

griseus, 68

Aknisus, 17

calvus, 17

galapagensis, 17

Alberprosenia, 87

Alberproseniini, 87

albinerva, Brachymetra, 35

albinervis, Brachymetra, 35

albinervus, Halobates, 35

albidiventris, Dysdercus, 75

albidivittis, Garganus, 49

albidofasciatus, Lygdus, 52

Mimoncopeltus, 52

albiventris, Horcias, 50

albocinctus, Pachybrachius, 43

albopunctatus, Arvelius, 68

Cimex, 68

Alcaeorrhynchus, 62

grandis, 62

alcides, Spiniger, 84

Zelurus, 84

Alcippus, 64

dimidiatus, 64

Alda, 48

ecuatoriana, 48

fuscipennis, 48

pechinchana, 48

Alkindus, 95

Allocoris, 96

(Allocoris) tibialis, 96

Alloeorhynchus, 57

Alofa, 13

sodalis, 13

alternatus, Coreus, 22

Althos, 24

tibialis, 24

Alydidae, 9

Alydinae, 10

Alydus, 9, 10

dentatus, 10

limbatus, 10

pulcher, 10

rufipes, 10

species, 10

amazonicus, Horciasinus, 50

Amblystira, 96

machalana, 96

Ambotingis, 96

senta, 97

Ambrysinae, 57

Ambrysus, 57

fossatus, 58

signoreti, 57

americana, Stenocoris, 11

americanus, Stenocoris, 11

Amnestinae, 29

Amnestus, 29

bolivari, 29

pusio, 29

Amorgius annulipes, 16

Amphiareus, 13

constrictus, 13

Amphischizops, 58

amplicollis, Mononyx, 34

Nerthra, 34

Amyssonotum, 95

Anasa, 24

andresii, 24

cornuta, 24

obscura, 25

species, 24

trilineata, 24, 25

andensis, Acanthia, 92

Orekora, 92

Pseudosaldula, 92

Salda, 92

Saldula, 92

andresii, Anasa, 24

Gonocerus, 24

andicola, Sibaria, 71

andina, Discocephala, 65

Discocephalessa, 65

Falconia, 53

Platycarenus (Discocephalessa), 65

Stenodema, 53

andinus, Cyrtocapsus, 45

Gelastocoris, 34

Hypselonotus, 25

andresii, Anasa, 24

anduzei, Sirthenea, 84

Stenolemus, 79

Aneurinae, 13

Aneurus, 13

equatoriensis, 14

flavomaculatus, 14

angustipes, Rhagovelia, 100

Anisopinae, 59, 60

Anisops antigone, 60

crassipes, 60

elegans, 60

pallens, 60

species, 60

Anisoscelidini, 21

Anisoscelis, 21

bilineatus, 21

discolor, 21

foliaceus, 21

marginella, 21

marginellus, 21

zonata, 22

annulaticornis, Belonomus, 21, 22

annulipes, Monalonion, 46

Amorgius, 16

Belostoma, 16

Lethocerus, 16

Ranatra, 59

Repipta, 81

anura, Zaitha, 16

Anthocoridae, 12

anthocorides, Fulvius, 47

Anthocorinae, 12

Anthocoris parvicornis, 13

anthracinus, Zelurus, 84

Anthylla, 73

Antias, 47

gaucha, 47

subaeratus, 47

antigone, Anisops, 60

Buenoa, 60

Buenoa antigone, 60

antiguensis, Pentatoma, 71

Thyanta, 71

antipodus, Oncocephalus, 86

Antiteuchus, 64

fraternus, 64

maculosus, 64

marmoratus, 64

anura, Zaitha, 16

Apateticus, 63

(Eupodisus) sordidus, 63

halys, 63

lineolatus, 63

(Podisus) sordidus, 63

Aphelonotinae, 61, 62

Aphelonotus, 61, 62

fraterculus, 62

simplus, 62

apicalis, Euschistus, 69

apicicornis, Clerada, 43

Apidaurus, 10

Apiomerinae, 77, 78

Apiomerus, 78

lobulatus, 78

pilipes, 78

apta, Arocera, 68

Arocera (Euopta), 68

Strachia, 68

Arachnocorinae, 56

Arachnocoris, 56

Aradidae, 13

Archimerus, 22

camposi, 22

humeralis, 22

squalus, 22

argentinus, Melanolestes, 83

argilliventris, Podisus, 63

Arhyssus, 91

arica, Chinacloa, 55

aricana, Rhinachloa, 55

arida, Cyrtopeltis, 54

Cyrtopeltis (Engytatus), 54

Arilus, 80

carinatus, 80

gallus, 80

Aristippus fumosus, 81

Arma nigrispina, 63

sordida, 63

armata, Mormidea, 71

Sibaria, 71

armigera, Acanthocheila, 96

Monanthia (Acanthocheila), 96

Arocera, 68

aurantiaca, 68

apta, 68

crucigera, 68

(Euopta) apta, 68

protea, 68

splendens, 68

Arvelius, 68

albopunctatus, 68

ashlocki, Microvelia, 100

asiatica, Zaitha, 16

asiaticum, Belostoma, 16

Asopinae, 62

Asopus salamandra, 63

Astemma, 39

Atarsocoris, 32

Atheas, 97

nigricornis, 97

atratum, Monalonion, 46

atratus, Hypselonotus, 26

attenuata, Ranatra, 59

audax, Spiniger, 84

Spiniger (Spiniger), 84

Zelurus, 84

Augocoris, 94

gomesii, 94

augur, Lopadusa, 69

auriantiaca, Arocera, 68

Australotingis williamsi, 99

Bacillometra, 39

Bactrocoris, 12

Bactrodinae, 77

Bactrophya, 12

aequatoriana, 12

Bagriella, 85

bakeri, Brachymetra, 36

Charmometra, 36

bambusae, Leptodictya, 98

Leptodictya (Hanuala), 98

Banasa, 68

induta, 68

species, 68

Barce, 80

fraterna, 80

barozzi, Cryphocricos, 58

basalis, Paravelia, 100

basialbus, Dysdercus, 74

Bebaeus, 7

punctipes, 7

beebei, Trichocorixa, 28

Belminus, 87

Belonomus, 21

annulaticornis, 21, 22

Belostoma, 15, 16

annulipes, 16

asiaticum, 16

fakir, 16

species, 16

testaceopallidum, 16

venezuela, 16

Belostomatidae, 15

Belostomatinae, 15, 16

Berecynthus, 68

imitator, 68

berryi, Dictyla, 97

Monanthia, 97

Berytidae, 16

Berytus elegans, 17

bibos, Edessa, 65

bicolor, Santainezia, 79

Tenthorcoris, 46

bidentatus, Cimex, 86

Potamobates, 37

bifibula, Pentatoma, 69

bifibulus, Euschistus, 69

bifrenatus, Stiretrus, 64

Stiretrus (Stiretroides), 64

bilineatus, Anisoscelis, 21

Lygaeus, 21

Panageus, 6, 32

Pangaeus (Homaloporus), 31

bilobata, Pamera, 44

bilobatus, Pachybrachius, 44

bimaculata, Rhiginia, 79

Taedia, 51

bimaculatus, Dysdercus, 74

binotatus, Reduvius, 81

biordinatum, Phatnoma, 96

bipunctatus, Mononyx, 35

bipustulatus, Cimex, 23

Blaudus, 7

ruficornis, 7

Blaudusinae, 7

Blaudusini, 7

Blissinae, 40

Blissus, 40

hirtulus, 40

species, 40

bloetei, Dysdercus, 75

Bolboderini, 87

bolivari, Amnestus, 29

Pachymeroides, 29

boliviensis, Heterocorixa, 28

boops, Zaitha, 16

Bothrocoris fuscopunctatus, 69

Brachymetra, 35

Brachymetra albinerva, 35

albinervis, 35

bakeri, 36

fuscinervis, 36

kleopatra, 35, 36

Brachyrhynchus abdominalis, 14

laeviventris, 14

obscurus, 14

punctulatus, 14

Brachysteles, 13

pilosicornis, 13

species, 13

Brachystethus, 69

cribrum, 69

cribrus, 69

geniculatus, 69

species, 69

tricolor, 69

vicinus, 69

brasiliensis, Heterocorixa, 28

Neuroctenus, 14

Braunus, 64

sciocorinus, 64

braziliensis, Heterocorixa, 28

Microvelia, 100

breddini, Cryphocricos, 58

Cryphocricus, 58

brevicornis, Fulvius, 47

brontes, Edessa, 65

brullei, Dryptocephala, 65

Bryocorinae, 45

Bryocorini, 45

bucayana, Pentacora, 92

Pseudosaldula, 92

Buchananiella sodalis, 13

Buenoa, 59, 60

antigone, 60

antigone antigone, 60

crassipes, 60

pallens, 60

pallipes, 60

Burtinus, 10

cachabi, Heniartes, 78

caduca, Falconia, 53

caesarius, Lampsophorus, 51

caesus, Canopus, 17

Chlaenocoris, 17

Calamocoris, 11, 12

erubescens, 12

nigrolimbatus, 12

calcaratus, Cimex, 10

calidus, Acinocoris, 40

californicus, Nysius, 42

Xyonysius, 42

caligineus, Capsus, 45

Callicorixa kollari, 28

Calliseidus, 19

Callostethus, 64

guttatopunctatus, 64

Calocoris montanus, 48

calvus, Aknisus, 17

Camarochilus, 61

camposi, Amorgius, 16

Archimerus, 22

Hebrus, 38

Lethocerus, 16

Ranatra, 59

Zelurus, 84

Campylomma, 55

citrina, 55

citrinum, 55

nigronasuta, 55

cana, Stenopoda, 86

Canopidae, 17

Canopus, 17

caesus, 17

fabricii, 17

germari, 18

obtectus, 17

Cantacaderinae, 96

Canthecona grandis, 62

Capaneus, 22

obscuratus, 22

rubronotatus, 22

rubropictus, 22

capitata, Triatoma dimidiata, 89

capsiformis, Nabis, 57

Capsus caligineus, 45

darwini, 49

mimus, 75

nigritulus, 51

nubilus, 54

pallidus, 54

quadrinotatus, 49

signoreti, 50

spoliatus, 49

caraiba, Hydrometra, 39

Cardiastethini, 13

Cardiastethus, 13

aequinoctialis, 13

limbatellus, 13

luridellus, 13

sodalis, 13

carinatus, Arilus, 80

Cimex, 80

Prionotus, 80

Reduvius, 83

cariniventris, Eurygerris, 36

Gerris, 36

carinulata, Doldina, 81

carrioni, Eutriatoma, 89

Triatoma, 89

Triatoma (Eutriatoma), 89

Carthasinae, 56

Carthasis, 56

carvalhoi, Pachygrontha oedancalodes, 43

Carvalhoia, 19

castanea, Rhagovelia, 100

castaneum, Creontiades, 48

castaneus, Creontiades, 48

Cyrtomenus, 31

Catorhintha, 25

guttula, 25

Catorintha guttula, 25

Cavernicola, 87

Cavernicolini, 87

caviceps, Hyalochloria, 53

Cebrenis, 25

haenschi, 25

Centrocorisa, 28

kollarii, 28

centrolineata, Hypselonotus, 25

Ceratocombidae, 18, 33

Ceratocombus, 18

cervus, Cimex, 65

Edessa, 65

Cetherinae, 78

chaquensis, Dysdercus, 75

Chariesterus regalis, 26

Charmometra, 36

bakeri, 36

Charmometrinae, 35

Chartoscirtini, 92

Chepuvelia, 44

Chiloxanthinae, 92

Chinacloa arica, 55

chinai, Panstrongylus, 88

chiriquinus, Horcias, 50

Chlaenocoris caesus, 17

Chlorocoris, 69

depressus, 69

species, 69

tau, 69

Chorosomini, 90

chrysomela, Hoplomus, 63

Oplomus, 63

chrysomelas, Oplomus, 63

chrysomelinus, Pachycoris, 93

Chryxinae, 77

ciliata, Pentatoma, 31

Cimex, 18

aeneus, 69

aethiops, 31

agilis, 94

albopunctatus, 68

bidentatus, 86

bipustulatus, 23

calcaratus, 10

carinatus, 80

cervus, 65

cribrum, 69

delicator, 68

equestris, 41

famelicus, 41

ferus, 56

filicis, 46

flavicollis, 69

floridanus, 63

fulvus, 25

fusca, 24

geniculatus, 69

gladiator, 68

gonagra, 22

grylloides, 41

hemipterus, 18

heros, 69

humilis, 40

irroratus, 70

junceus, 10

lacustris, 36

latipes, 21

lectularius, 18

lituratus, 70

longipes, 82

lunaris, 40

lunatus, 23, 24

marmoratus, 64

nigropunctatus, 26

perditor, 71

perspicuus, 71

pharaonis, 23

pictus, 24

populi, 50

pratensis, 50

pugnax, 70

pulchellus, 70

quadripsinosus, 81

roseus, 55

rotundatus, 18

rubrofasciatus, 89

ruficornis, 53

rufomarginatus, 66

saltatorius, 92

sanguinolenta, 92

serratus, 80

smaragdulus, 70

stagnorum, 39

stigma, 22

subulatus, 95

thoracicus, 21

tipuloides, 11

torridus, 93

tripustulatus, 63

typhoeus, 70

venosus, 25

victor, 70

virens, 53

viridulus, 70

ypsilon, 70

Cimicidae, 18, 62

Cimicinae, 18

cimicoides, Macrocephalus, 72

cinctus, Largus, 40

cinerea, Stenopoda, 86

cinereum, Piesma, 73

Cinyphus obscurus, 14

circumcincta, Leptodictya, 98

Leptodictya (Hanuala), 98

circumcinctus, Acrocoris, 84

Spiniger (Spiniger), 84

Zelurus, 84

circummaculatus, Ochlerus, 67

Cistalia, 43

neotropicalis, 43

citrina, Campylomma, 55

citrinum, Campylomma, 55

citrinus, Creontiades, 48

civilis, Edessa, 66

Clavigralla taeniola, 26

clavipes, Acanthocerus, 22

Coreus, 22

Clerada, 43

apicicornis, 43

Cleradini, 43

Clivinematini, 47

cockerelli, Placogenys, 15

Collaria, 52

meilleurii, 52

oleosa, 52

collaris, Dysdercus, 75

Phorticus, 57

collinus, Adphytocoris, 48

Lygus, 48

Colobasiastes, 20

Colobathristes, 19

Colobathristidae, 18

colombiana, Leptodictya, 98

Leptodictya (Hanuala), 98

columbica, Corcia, 81

columbiensis, Neosigara, 28

compressipes, Lygaeus, 21

Compsocerocoris vilis, 50

concinnus, Dysdercus, 75

concolor, Henicocephalus, 33

Hymenocoris (Hymenocoris), 33

Oncylocotis, 33

confraternus, Ochrostomus, 41

confusa, Exptochiomera, 43

Rhagovelia, 101

Conorhinus, 89

dimidiatus, 89

species, 89

consimilis, Nabis, 57

Reduviolus, 57

conspersa, Rhiginia, 79

constricta, Tenagobia, 29

Tenagobia (Romanogobia), 29

constrictus, Amphiareus, 13

Buchananiella, 13

Placogenys, 15

Xylocoris, 13

Coptosoma (Oxynotus), 64

corazonus, Harmostes, 91

Corcia, 81

aequatoria, 81

columbica, 81

cordifera, Aceratodes, 66

Edessa, 66

cordofanus, Lethocerus, 16

Coreidae, 20

Coreinae, 20, 21

Coreini, 22

Coreus alternatus, 22

clavipes, 22

heteropterus, 23

lunatus, 24

nugax, 94

Corimelaena, 95, 96

tibialis, 96

Coriplatus reticulatus, 64

sciocorinus, 64

Corisa kollarii, 28

pygmaea, 28

reticulata, 28

Corixa (Callicorixa) graffini, 28

(Callicorixa) /kollari, 28

griffini, 28

(Heterocorixa) hesperia, 28

kollari, 28

williamsi, 28

Corixidae, 27

Corixinae, 28

Corizus (Liorhyssus), 91

hyalinus, 91

(Liorhyssus) lugens, 91

lugens, 91

pictipes, 91

cornuta, Anasa, 24

Corynocoris elevatus, 27

Corythaica, 97

costata, 97

cytharina, 97

darwiniana, 97

renormata, 97

wolfiana, 97

Corythucha, 97

globigera, 97

gossypii, 97

nocens, 97

nocentis, 97

Cosmoclopius species, 81

(Harpactor) species, 81

costata, Corythaica, 97

coxalis, Lygaeus, 41

coxorufa, Triatoma, 88

Craspeduchus, 41

aequatorialis, 41

crassipes, Acanthia, 73

Anisops, 60

Buenoa, 60

crenatus, Proxys, 68

Creontiades, 48

castaneum, 48

castaneus, 48

citrinus, 48

ferandinus, 48

fucosus, 48

fuscosus, 48

punctatus, 48

vittatus, 48

willowsi, 48

cribricollis, Deraeocoris, 50, 51

Piasus, 51

cribrum, Brachystethus, 69

Cimex, 69

cribrus, Brachystethus, 69

crockeri, Diaphnidia, 53

Galapagocoris, 53

crucifer, Acanthocerus, 22

crucigera, Arocera, 68

Lygaeus, 22

Machtima, 22

crudelis, Rhiginia, 79

cruxnigra, Prepops, 52

cruxnigrum, Platytylellus, 52

Prepops, 52

Cryphocricinae, 58

Cryphocricos, 58

barozzi, 58

breddini, 58

Cryphocricus breddini, 58

Cryphula, 43

affinis, 43

parallelogramma, 43

species, 43

trimaculata, 43

Cryptostemma, 32

Cryptostemmatidae, 32, 33

cucurbitaceus, Dicyphus, 54

Phytocoris, 54

culta, Sephina, 24

Curicta, 58

Curictini, 58

curubitaceus, Dicyphus, 54

cuspidatus, Eratyrus, 88

Cydamus, 11, 12

adspersipes, 12

inauratus, 12

Cydnidae, 29

Cydninae, 29

Cydnus holomelas, 31

spinifrons, 29

teter, 31

umbraculatus, 65

Cylapini, 46

Cylapus (Peltidocylapus), 46

(Peltidocylapus) scutellaris, 47

Cylindrocnema, 8

Cyllecoris gracilentus, 49

Cyminae, 40

Cymonius, 40

notabilis, 40, 41

subunicolor, 40

Cymus galapagoensis, 42

Cyrtocapsus, 45

andinus, 45

Cyrtocorinae, 64

Cyrtocoris, 64

trigonus, 64

Cyrtomenus, 30, 31

castaneus, 31

grossus, 31

(Syllobus) grossus, 31

teter, 31

Cyrtopeltis, 54

affinis, 54

arida, 54

(Engytatus) affinis, 54

(Engytatus) arida, 54

(Engytatus) floreana, 54

(Engytatus) gummiferae, 54

(Engytatus) helleri, 54

(Engytatus) modesta, 54

(Engytatus) modestus, 54

floreana, 54

geniculata, 54

gummiferae, 54

helleri, 54

modesta, 54

cytharinia, Corythaica, 97

Leplostyla, 97

Monanthia, 97

Dagbertus, 49

darwini, 49

figuratus, 49

formosus, 49

lineatus, 49

marmoratus, 49

nigrifrons, 49

pallidus, 49

quadrinotatus, 49

species, 49

spoliatus, 49

Dallasiellus, 31

(Dallasiellus) levipennis, 31

Dallasiellus) murinus, 31

levipennis, 31

longulus, 31

lugubris, 31

murinus, 31

darwini, Capsus, 49

Dagbertus, 49

darwiniana, Corythaica, 97

Darwinysius, 2, 3, 42

marginalis, 42

wenmanensis, 42

deca, Leptopharsa, 99

decemguttatus, Stiretrus, 63

decora, Leptobyrsa, 98

decorata, Runibia, 71

Strachia, 71

decoratus, Tolono, 9

degeeri, Piezodorus, 70

delicator, Cimex, 68

dentatus, Alydus, 10

denticorne, Hyalochloria, 53

denticornis, Hyalochloria, 53

denticulata, Acanthia, 86

dentiger, Lincus, 67

deplanatus, Pachycoris, 93

Symphylus, 93

depressus, Chlorocoris, 69

Halys, 69

Deraeocorniae, 47

Deraeocoris, cribricollis, 50, 51

testaceipes, 51

Diactor discolor, 21

foliaceus, 21

diadema, Reduvius, 82

Diaphnidia crockeri, 53

Dicranocephalus, 2, 94

insularis, 94

Dictyla, 97

berryi, 97

Dicyphini, 54

Dicyphus, 54

cucurbitaceus, 54

curubitaceus, 54

dilaticollis, Leptoglossus, 22

dilutipes, Melanodermus, 67

dimidiata, Triatoma, 89

dimidiatus, Alcippus, 64

Conorhinus, 89

Reduvius, 89

Dinidor, 32

variolosus, 64

Dinidoridae, 32

Dinocoris marmoratus, 64

Dioniza variegata, 50

Dipetalogaster, 88

Dipsocoridae, 32, 33

Discocephala andina, 65

notulata, 64

Discocephalessa, 64

andina, 65

Discocephalinae, 64

Discocoris, 95

discolor, Anisoscelis, 21

Diactor, 21

Discopoea, 19

discovittatus, Neofurius, 46

disjunctus, Harmostes, 91

dispar, Triatoma, 89

dispersa, Teleonemia, 99

dissimulatum, Monalonion, 46

distanti, Dysdercus mimus, 75

distantina, Taedia, 51

distinguendus, Heniartes, 78

Petalops, 21

Ditomotarsinae, 7, 8

Ditomotarsini, 8

Ditomotarsus, 9

divergens, Gonatus, 43

Paragonatus, 43

docilis, Aethus, 32

Panageus, 32

Pangaeus (Pangaeus), 32

Doldina, 81

carinulata, 81

penalea, 81

Dolichomiris, 52

linearis, 52

dolosa, Edessa, 66

domestica, Ploiaria, 80

domesticus, Zelurus, 84

dominicus, Pictinus, 15

dorcas, Edessa, 66

dorsalis, Harmostes, 91

Dryptocephala, 65

brullei, 65

obtusiceps, 65

duplicatus, Gelastocoris, 34

Dysdercus, 74

albidiventris, 75

basialbus, 74

basialbus silaceus, 74

bimaculatus, 74

bloetei, 75

chaquensis, 75

collaris, 75

concinnus, 75

concinnus mundus, 75

imitator, 75

incertus, 75

incertus var. flavipenuis 75 lugubris, 75

lunulatus, 75

maurus, 75

mimuloides, 75

mimus, 75

mimus distanti, 75

mimus ecuadorensis, 75

obliquus, 75

obscuratus, 75

obscuratus flavipenuis, 75

obscuratus incertus, 76

obscuratus lugubris, 76

peruvianus, 74, 76

ruficeps, 76

ruficollis, 75

silaceus, basialbus, 74

Dysodius, 14

equatorianus, 14

lunatus, 14

Ea, 8

Ebora, 62

plana, 62

eburneus, Reduvius, 84

Eccritotarsus, 45

ecuadorensis, 46

nigrocruciatus, 45, 46

paracruciatus, 46

species, 45

Ectinopus, 30, 31

Ectrichodia geniculosa, 6, 79

granulata, 79

immarginata, 79

ruficollis, 79

species, 78, 79

Ectrichodiinae, 77, 78

ecuadorensis, Dysdercus mimus, 75

Eccritotarsus, 46

Hebrus, 38

Lampsophorus, 51

Mimoncopeltus, 52

Moncmyx amplicollis var., 35

Neotropicomiris, 52

Nerthra, 35

Pycnoderes, 46

Ranatra, 59

Telmatotrephes, 59

Tenthocoris, 46

ecuadorienses, Agroecus, 68

ecuadoriensis, Agroecus, 68

Rhodnius, 89

ecuadoris, Leptodictya, 98

Leptodictya (Hanulala), 98

Phatnoma, 96

ecuatoriana, Alda, 48

Mezira, 14

Edessa, 65

addax, 65

bibos, 65

(Brachystethus) marginatus, 69

brontes, 65

cervus, 65

civilis, 66

cordifera, 66

dolosa, 66

dorcas, 66

gazelle, 65

graminicolor, 66

guttatopunctatus, 64

haedulus, 66

helix, 65, 66

ibex, 66

incomis, 66

leucoryx, 66

necopinata, 66

obscuricornis, 66

pacifica, 66

pugil, 66

quadridens, 66

reversa, 66

rufomarginata, 66

rupicapra, 66

sternalis, 67

tragelaphus, 67

urus, 67

vernicosa, 67

vinula, 67

Edessini, 65

Eidemannia, 82, 83

Elasmodeminae, 76

elegans, Anisops, 60

Berytus, 17

Nematopus, 21

elegantula, Leptopharsa, 99

elevatus, Corynocoris, 27

Merocoris, 27

elongatum, Nannium, 14

elongatus, Melanaethus, 31

Embiophila, 74

Emesa sp., 79

longipes, 79

Emesina sp., 80

Emesinae, 77, 79

Emesini, 79

Emesodema sp., 80

Engytatus geniculatus, 54

Enicocephalidae, 33

Enicocephalinae, 33

Enicocephalus, 33

equatorianus, Dysodius, 14

equatoriensis, Aneurus, 14

Notapictinus, 15

equestris, Cimex, 41

Eratyrus, 87, 88

cuspidatus, 88

mucronatus, 88

eremaea, Phatnoma, 96

eremaeum, Phatnoma, 96

erubescens, Calamocoris, 12

erythromerus, Heniartes, 78

Europiella mella, 55

Eurygerris, 36

cariniventris, 36

flavolineatus, 36

fuscinervis, 36

kahli, 36

Euryophthalminae, 39

Euryophthalmus martinezi, 40

Eurystethus, 65

nigricornis, 65

nigropunctatus, 65

Euschistus, 69

apicalis, 69

bifibulus, 69

quayaquilinus, 69

species, 69

Euthyrhynchus, 63

floridanus, 63

Eutriatoma corrioni, 89

venosa, 89

excelsus, Lygus, 50

exilis, Pachycoris, 93

Exptochiomera, 43

confusa, 43

fuscicornis, 43

Eysarcoris, 69

species, 69

fabricii, Canopus, 17

Pachycoris, 93

Stenocoris, 11

fakir, Belostoma, 16

Falconia, 53

andina, 53

caduca, 53

major, 53

minor, 53

poetica, 53

famelicus, Cimex, 41

fasciata, Paraproba, 54

fasciatus, Lygaeus, 41

Oncopeltus, 41

Oncopeltus (Erythrischius), 41

femorata, Pthia, 23

femoratus, Naucoris, 58

fernandinus, Creontiades, 48

ferus, Cimex, 56

festae, Rhagovelia, 100

Fibrenus, 39

figuratus, Dagbertus, 49

filicauda, Zelus, 82

filicis, Cimex, 46

fimbriatus, Admetus, 47

fissiceps, Tethrochlerus, 67

flavicollis, Cimex, 69

Loxa, 69

flavipenuis, Dysdercus incertus var., 75

Dysdercus obscuratus, 75

flavolineatus, Eurygerris, 36

Gerris, 36

flavomaculatus, Aneurus, 14

flavus, Gelastocoris, 34

Galgulus, 34

floreana, Cyrtopeltis, 54

Cyrtopeltis (Engytatus), 54

florentiae, Orius, 12

floridanus, Cimex, 63

Euthyrhynchus, 63

fokkeri, Saica, 85

foliaceus, Anisoscelis, 21

Diactor, 21

Lygaeus, 21

formositis, Leptodictya, 98

Leptodictya (Hanuala), 98

formosus, Dagbertus, 49

forticornis, Rhinacloa, 55

fossatus, Ambrysus, 58

fraterculus, Aphelonotus, 62

fraterna, Barce, 80

Ploiaria, 80

fraternus, Antiteuchus, 64

frontalis, Resthenia (Prepops), 52

frosti, Hyalidocoris, 47

fucosus, Creontiades, 48

fugax, Spiniger, 84

Spiniger (Spiniger), 84

Zelurus, 84

fulvescens, Xylocoris, 13

fulvifemur, Typhoecoris, 67

Typnoeocoris, 67

Fulvini, 47

Fulvius, 47

anthocorides, 47

brevicornis, 47

geniculatus, 47

fulvus, Cimex, 25

fumosa, Montina, 81

fumosus, Aristippus, 81

funerea, Teleonemia, 99

furcata, Mesovelia, 45

fusca, Cimex, 24

fuscicornis, Exptochiomera, 43

Plociomera, 43

fusciger, Tingis, 97

fuscinervis, Brachymetra, 36

Eurygerris, 36

Gerris, 36

fuscipennis, Alda, 48

fuscopunctata, Lopadusa, 69

fuscopunctatus, Bothrocoris, 69

fuscosus, Creontiades, 48

fuscus, Gelastocoris, 34

galapagensis, Aknisus, 17

Ghilianella, 80

Ghinallelia, 80

Jalysus (Metacanthus), 17

Galapagocoris, 2, 53

crockeri, 53

galapagoensis, Cymus, 42

Nabis, 57

Sciocoris, 65

Trincavellius, 65

Galapagomiris, 2, 49

longirostris, 49

galapagosana, Saldula, 92

Galgupha, 95

Galgulus, 34

flavus, 34

nebulosus, 34

gallus, Arilus, 80

Prionotus, 80

Gamostolus, 33

Gardena, 79

melinarthrum, 79

Garganus, 49

albidivittis, 49

gracilentus, 49

magnus, 50

Gargaphia, 98

neivai, 98

gaucha, Anlias, 47

gazella, Edessa, 65

Gelastocoridae, 34

Gelastocorinae, 34

Gelastocoris, 34

andinus, 34

duplicatus, 34

flavus, 34

fuscus, 34

major, 34

nebulosus, 34

geniculata, Cyrtopeltis, 54

geniculatus, Brachystethus, 69

Cimex, 69

Engytatus, 54

Fulvius, 47

Panstrongylus, 88

Reduvius, 88

Spartocerus, 24

geniculosa, Ectrichodia, 6, 79

Rhiginia, 6, 79

Geocorinae, 41

Geocoris, 41

species, 41

Geotomus levipennis, 31

murinus, 31

nigrocinctus, 31

germari, Canopus, 18

Gerridae, 35

Gerrinae, 35, 36

Gerrini, 35

Gerris, 36

cariniventris, 36

flavolineatus, 36

fuscinervis, 36

hyalinus, 36

kahli, 36

kleopatra, 35

(Limnogonus) hyalinus, 36

tipuloides, 11

Ghilianella galapagensis, 80

globifer, 80

species, 80

Ghinallelia, 80

galapagensis, 80

leleuporum, 80

schaferi, 80

species, 80

usingeri, 80

vagvolgyiana, 80

vagvolgyianus, 80

wygodzinskyi, 80

gibba, Tetyra, 64

gigas, Nabis, 89

Pachylis, 23

glabriuscula, Tibilis, 71

gladiator, Cimex, 68

glauca, Notonecta, 60

globifera, Ghilianella, 80

Tingis, 99

globigera, Corythucha, 97

gomesii, Augocoris, 94

gonager, Leptoglossus, 22

gonagra, Cimex, 22

Leptoglossus, 22

Gonatus divergens, 43

Gonocerus andresii, 24

Gorpinae, 56

gossypii, Acanthia, 97

Corythucha, 97

gracilentus, Cyllecoris, 49

Garganus, 49

gracilis, Leptopetalops, 21

Proba, 51

graminicolor, Edessa, 66

grandis, Alcaeorrhynchus, 62

Canthecona, 62

Mutica, 62

granulata, Ectrichodia, 79

Mezira, 14

Zirta, 79

granulatus, Polytes, 93

Symphylus, 93

granulosa, Acanthocephala, 21

granulosus, Metapodius, 21

griffini, Corixa (Callicorixa), 28

Neosigara, 28

Sigara, 28

griseus, Agroecus, 68

grossus, Cyrtomenus, 31

Cyrtomenus (Syllobus), 31

grylloides, Cimex, 41

guayaquilinus, Euschistus bifibulus var., 69

guildinii, Piezodorus, 70

Rhaphigaster, 70

gummiferae, Cyrtopeltis, 54

Cyrtopeltis (Engytatus), 54

guntheri, Panstrongylus, 88

guttatopunctatus, Callostethus, 64

Edessa, 64

guttula, Catorhintha, 25

Catorintha, 25

Lygaeus, 25

haedulus, Edessa, 66

haemorrhoidalis, Lygaeus, 23

haenschi, Cebrenis, 25

Laminiceps, 21

Largus, 40

Rhiginia, 79

Halobates, 35, 36

albinervus, 35

micans, 36, 37

robustus, 37

sericeus, 37

sobrinus, 37

species, 37

splendens, 37

wuellersdorffi, 37

Halobatinae, 36

Halyini, 67

halys, Apateticus, 63

Halys depressus, 69

lineolatus, 63

hamatus, Rasahus, 83

Reduvius, 83

hambletoni, Mesovelia, 45

Hanuala leinahoni, 98

Hanuala, subgenus, 98

Harmostes, 90, 91

corazonus, 91

disjunctus, 91

dorsalis, 91

montivagus, 91

reflexulus, 91

serratus, 91

Harmostini, 90, 91

Harpactorinae, 77, 80

hebraicus, Polytes, 93

hebroides, Merragata, 38

Hebridae, 37

Hebrus, 38

camposi, 38

ecuadorensis, 38

hungerfordi, 38

heegeri, Acrosternum, 67

helix, Edessa, 66

helleri, Cyrtopeltis, 54

Cyrtopeltis (Engytatus), 54

Hellica, 8

Helonotus pallidulus, 81

Helotrephidae, 38

hemiptera, Acanthia, 18

hemipterus, Cimex, 18

Heniartes, 78

cachabi, 78

distinguendus, 78

erythromerus, 78

Henicocephalus concolor, 33

Heraeus, 43

pacificus, 43

heros, Acroleucus, 41

Cimex, 69

hesperia, Corixa (Heterocorixa), 28

Hesperoctenes, 74

Heterocleptinae, 39

Heterocorixa, 28

bolivinesis, 28

brasiliensis, 28

Heterocorixinae, 27, 28

Heterogaster punctipennis, 42

Heteropterus, Coreus, 23

Thasus, 23

Heza, 81

similis, 81

hirticornis, Reduvius, 79

hirtipes, Reduvius, 78

hirtulus, Blissus, 40

holomelas, Cydnus, 31

holosericeus, Polymerus, 51

Homaemus, 93

species, 93

Homalocoris, 82

maculicollis, 82

Homaloporus, subgenus, 32

Hoplinus, 16

Hoplomus chrysomela, 63

Horcias, 50

albiventris, 50

chiriquinus, 50

lateiclavus, 50

variegatus, 50

Horciasinus, 50

amazonicus, 50

Horvathiinae, 15

Horvathinia, 15

howardi, Panstrongylus, 88

Triatoma, 88

humeralis, Archimerus, 22

Sephina, 22

humilis, Cimex, 40

Thyanta, 71

hungerfordi, Hebrus, 38

Hyalimenus pulcher, 10

hyalina, Hydrometra, 36

hyalinus Corizus, 91

Gerris (Limnogonus), 36

Limnogonus, 36

Liorhyssus, 91

Lygaeus, 91

Hyaliodini, 47

Hyaliodocoris, 47

frosti, 47

Hyalochloria, 53

caviceps, 53

denticome, 53

denticornis, 53

Hyalymenus, 10

pulcher, 10

Hydrometra, 39

agenor, 39

caraiba, 39

hyalina, 36

williamsi, 39

Hydrometridae, 38

Hydrometrinae, 39

Hymenocoris (Hymenocoris) concolor, 33

Hyperbius, 9

Hypselonotus, 25

aberrans, 25

aequatorialis, 25, 26

andinus, 25

atratus, 26

centrolineata, 25

interruptus, 25, 26

linea, 25, 26

lineatus, 26

pulchellus, 25

species, 25

Hypsipterygidae, 33

ibex, Edessa, 66

illuminatus, Piasus, 50

imitator, Berecynthus, 68

Dysdercus, 75

immarginata, Ectrichodia, 79

Rhiginia, 79

inauratus, Cydamus, 12

inca, Sundarus, 26

incertus, Dysdercus obscuratus, 76

incomis, Edessa, 66

includens, Acinocoris, 40

Acinocoris bilineatus var., 40

induta, Banasa, 68

infirma, Pnirontis, 86

ingens, Leptoglossus, 22

Theognis, 22

innotatus, Macrolophus, 54

inornata, Zicca, 26

insularis, Dicranocephalus, 94

Orthaea, 44

Pachybrachius, 44

Psallus, 55

Stenocephalus, 94

interruptus, Hypselonotus, 25, 26

inveruglas, Paravelia, 100

Velia, 100

irroratus, Cimex, 70

Padaeus, 70

Ischnodemus, 40

quadratus, 40

Jadera, 90, 92

aeola, 92

sanguinolenta, 92

Jalysus, 17

macer, 17

sobrinus, 17

tenellus, 17

jamaicensis, Nysius, 42

Ortholomus, 42

jimenezasuai, Lethocerus, 16

jubaris, Leptopharsa, 99

junceus, Cimex, 10

Kahli, Eurygerris, 36

Gerris, 36

Kelainocoris, 73

kleopatra, Brachymetra, 35, 36

Gerris, 35

knighti, Knightiella, 47

Knightonia, 47

Knightiella, 47

knighti, 47

Knightonia, 47

knighti, 47

kollarii, Callicorixa, 28

Centrocorisa, 28

Corisa, 28

Corixa, 28

Corixa (Callicorixa), 28

Labradoria, 19

Laccometopus prolixus, 99

laciniata, Phatnoma, 96

lacustris, Cimex, 36

laeta, Nezara, 67

Nezara (Acrosternum), 67

laetum, Acrosternum, 67

laetus, Lygaeus, 26

Rhaphigaster, 67

laevigatus, Pangaeus, 32

laevis, Acanthia, 13

laeviventris, Brachyrhynchus, 14

Mezira, 14

Laminiceps, 21

haenschi, 21

proximus, 21

viduus, 21

Lampsophorus, 51

caesarius, 51

ecuadroensis, 51

Lamus tuberculatus, 88

Lanopini, 7

Lanopis, 8

Largidae, 39

Largus, 39, 40

cinctus, 40

haenschi, 40

martinezi, 40

Lasiochilinae, 12

Lasiochilus, 12

pallidulus, 12

lata, Mononyx, 35

Nerthra, 35

lateiclavus, Horcias, 50

lateralis, Reduvius, 78

Tetyra, 96

laticornis, Lygaeus, 23

Pachylis, 23

latipes, Cimex, 21

lativittatus, Symphylus, 93

latus, Mononyx, 35

lauta, Leptopharsa, 99

Malvana, 23

lectularius, Cimex, 18

leinahoni, Hanuala, 98

Leptodictya, 98

Leptodictya (Hanuala), 98

Leistarchini, 80

leleuporum, Ghinallelia, 80

Leptobyrsa, 98

decora, 98

Leptocoris tipuloides, 11

Leptocorisinae, 9, 10, 11

Leptocorisini, 11

Leptodictya, 98

bambusae, 98

circumcincta, 98

colombiana, 98

ecuadoris, 98

formositis, 98

(Hanuala) bambusae, 98

(Hanuala) circumcincta, 98

(Hanuala) colombiana, 98

(Hanuala) ecuadoris, 98

(Hanuala) formositis, 98

(Hanuala) leinahoni, 98

(Hanuala) luculenta, 98

(Hanuala) vulgata, 98

(Hanuala) williamsi, 98

leinahoni, 98

luculenta, 98

vulgata, 98

williamsi, 98

Leptoglossus, 22

dilaticollis, 22

gonager, 22

gonagra, 22

ingens, 22

stigma, 22

zonatus, 22

Leptopetalops, 21

gracilis, 21

Leptopharsa, 99

deca, 99

elegantula, 99

jubaris, 99

lauta, 99

luxa, 99

machalana, 99

Leptoscelidini, 23

Leptoscelis, 23

limbativentris, 23

marginella, 21

militaris, 23

saepifer, 23

species, 23

Leptostyla cytharina, 97

tumida, 99

Lethaeini, 43

Lethocerinae, 15, 16

Lethocerus, 15, 16

annulipes, 16

camposi, 16

cordofanus, 16

(Lethocerus) camposi, 16

jimenezasuai, 16

leucoryx, Edessa, 66

levipennis, Dallasiellus, 31

Dallasiellus (Dallasiellus), 31

Geotomus, 31

levis, Pephysena, 44

limbatellus, Cardiastethus, 13

Xylocoris, 13

limbativentris, Leptoscelis, 23

Tibraca, 71

limbatus, Alydus, 10

Reduvius, 84

Spiniger, 84

Limnogonus, 36

aduncus, 36

hyalinus, 36

Limnometra, 36

opaca, 36

Lincus, 67

dentiger, 67

securiger, 67

linea, Hypselonotus, 25, 26

Lygaeus, 26

linearis, Dolichomiris, 52

Nepa, 59

lineata, Pachygrontha, 42

lineatoventris, Liorhyssus, 91

Merocoris, 91

lineatus, Dagbertus, 49

Hypselonotus, 26

Miris, 53

Trigonotylus, 53

lineicollis, Melucha, 23

lineolatus, Apateticus, 63

Halys, 63

Pachycoris, 93

Podisus, 63

Liorhyssus, 90, 91

hyalinus, 91

lineatoventris, 91

Lipogomphus, 38

Lipokophila, 74

lituratus, Cimex, 70

lobulatus, Apiomerus, 78

lojaensis, Phytocoris, 50

longilineus, Adphytocoris, 48

longipes, Cimex, 82

Emesa, 79

Microvelia, 100

Miorrhynchus, 14

Rhagovelia, 101

longirostris, Galapagomiris, 49

Psallus, 55

longulus, Aethus, 31

Dallasiellus, 31

Lopadusa, 69

augur, 69

(Bothrocoris) fuscopunctatus, 69

fuscopunctata, 69

Lophoscutus, 72

Loxa, 69

flavicollis, 69

picticornis, 69

luculenta, Leptodictya, 98

Leptodictya (Hanuala), 98

lugens, Corizua, 91

Corizus (Liorhyssus), 91

Rhopalus, 91

lugubris, Aethus, 31

Dallasiellus, 31

Dysdercus obscuratus, 76

lunaris, Cimex, 40

lunata, Acanthia, 14

Phthia, 24

lunatus, Cimex, 23

Coreus, 24

Dysodius, 14

lunulatus, Dydercus, 75

luridellus, Cardiastethus, 13

luridus, Pachybrachius, 43

Luteva macrophthalma, 80

luxa, Leptopharsa, 99

Lyctocorinae, 13

Lyde, 47

translucida, 47

Lygaeidae, 40

Lygaeinae, 41

Lygaeus, 41

(Beosus) minimus, 43

bilineatus, 21

compressipes, 21

coxalis, 41

crucigera, 22

fasciatus, 41

foliaceus, 21

guttula, 25

haemorrhoidalis, 23

hyalinus, 91

laetus, 26

laticornis, 23

linea, 26

pulchellus, 41

pusillus, 38

pustulatus, 24

ruficeps, 76

sidae, 91

signoreti, 43

species, 41

thymi, 42

triguttatus, 43

varicolor, 41

xanthostaurus, 41

Lygdus, 52

albidofasciatus, 52

Lygus, 50

collinus, 48

excelsus, 50

sallei, 51

simonyi, 51

simulans, 52

sublimatus, 50

Lyrnessus, 11

macer, Jalysus, 17

Metacanthus, 17

machalana, Ablystira, 96

Amblystira, 96

Leptopharsa, 99

Machtima, 22

crucigera, 22

Macrocephalinae, 72

Macrocephalus, 72

cimicoides, 72

species, 72

Macrolophus, 54

innotatus, 54

pareclarus, 54

praeclarus, 54

punctatus, 54

species, 54

macrophthalma, Luteva, 80

Ploiaria, 80

Macroveliidae, 44

maculicollis, Homalocoris, 82

maculipennis, Triatoma dimidiata, 89

maculosus, Antiteuchus, 64

magnus, Garganus, 50

Magoa pusio, 29

major, Falconia, 53

Gelastocoris, 34

Malvana, 23

lauta, 23

serrulata, 23

mammosus, Ploeogaster, 81

marginalis, Darwinysius, 42

Nysius, 42

Nysius (Cymus), 42

marginata, Nezara, 67

Nidicola, 13

Pentatoma, 67

marginatum, Acrosternum, 67

marginatus, Edessa (Brachystethus), 69

Ochterus, 61

marginella, Anisoscelis, 21

Leptoscelis, 21

marginellus, Anisoscelis, 21

margo, Aethus, 31

Margus, 24

pectoralis, 24

tibialis, 24

marmorata, Tenegobia, 28

marmoratus, Antiteuchus, 64

Cimex, 64

Dagbertus, 49

Dinocoris, 64

massulata, Zicca, 26

Martarega, 59, 60

membranacea, 60

williamsi, 60

martinezi, Euryophthalmus, 40

Largus, 40

maurus, Dysdercus, 75

Mazanoma, 9

mazda, Nidicola, 13

Mecistorhinus, 65

rufescens, 65

variegatus, 65

Megacoelum rubrinerve, 48

Megalotomus, 10

rufipes, 10

Megarididae, 44

Megaris, 44

megiston, Monalonion, 46

meilleurii, Collaria, 52

Melanaethus, 30, 31

elongatus, 31

subglaber, 31

Melanodermus, 67

dilutipes, 67

Melanolestes, 83

argentinus, 83

morio, 83

melinarthrum, Gardena, 79

mella, Europiella, 55

Psallus, 55

Melucha, 23

aculeata, 23

lineicollis, 23

membranacea, Martarega, 60

Merocorini, 27

Merocoris, 27

elevatus, 27

lineatoventris, 91

tristis, 27

Meropachydinae, 20, 26

Meropachydini, 27

Merragata, 38

hebroides, 38

Mesovelia, 45

furcata, 45

hambletoni, 45

Mesoveliidae, 44

Mesoveloidea, 44, 45

williamsi, 45

Mestor, 88

rufotuberculatus, 89

Metacanthus, 17

macer, 17

tenellus, 17

Metapodius grandulosus, 21

Metapterini, 80

Metatropiphorus, 56

Metrargini, 42

Mezira, 14

aequatoriana, 14

ecuatoriana, 14

granulata, 14

laeviventris, 14

obscura, 14

Mezirinae, 14

micans, Halobates, 36, 37

Micrelytrinae, 10, 11

Micronectinae, 27, 28

Microporus, 30

Microtominae, 77, 82

Microvelia, 100

ashlocki, 100

braziliensis, 100

longipes, 100

mimula, 100

pulchella, 100

stellata, 100

Miespa, 73

militaris, Leptoscelis, 23

Mimoncopeltus, 52

albidofasciatus, 52

ecuadorensis, 52

variabilis, 52

mimula, Microvelia, 100

mimuloides, Dysdercus, 75

mimus, Capsus, 75

Dysdercus, 75

Mineus, 63

triangularis, 63

minimus, Lygaeus (Beosus), 43

minor, Falconia, 53

Miorrhynchus, 14

longipes, 14

peruvianus, 14

Mirambulus, 90

niger, 90

Miridae, 45

Mirinae, 48

Mirini, 48

Miris, lineatus, 53

ruficornis, 53

spurius, 53

virens, 53

modesta, Cyrtopeltis, 54

Cyrtopeltis (Engytatus), 54

modestus, Cyrtopeltis (Engytatus), 54

Neosilia, 54

monacha, Tingis, 97

Monalocoris, 46

neotropicalis, 46

Monaloniini, 46

Monalonion, 46

annulipes, 46

atratum, 46

dissimulatum, 46

megiston, 46

parviventre, 46

pilosipes, 46

Monanthia (Acanthocheila) armigera, 96

berryi, 97

cytharina, 97

(Gargaphia) tricolor, 99

ochropa, 98

pallipes, 96

(Phyllontochila) patricia, 98

platyoma, 97

senta, 96, 97

Mononyx amplicollis, 34

amplicollis var. ecuadorensis, 35

bipunctatus, 35

fuscipes var. rudis, 35

lata, 35

latus, 35

peruvianus, 35

terrestris, 35

monrosi, Peruda, 20

montandoni, Mormidea, 70

montanus, Adphytocoris, 48

Calocoris, 48

Montina, 81

fumosa, 81

species, 81

montivagus, Harmostes, 91

morio, Melanolestes, 83

Pirates, 83

Mormidea, 70

armata, 71

montandoni, 70

poecilia, 70

species, 70

vidua, 70

moschatus, Systelloderes, 33

mucronata, Pentatoma, 95

mucronatus, Eratyrus, 88

muggei, Sundarus, 26

mundus, Dysdercus concinnus, 75

murinus, Dallasiellus, 31

Dallasiellus (Dallasiellus), 31

Geotomus, 31

Mutica grandis, 62

Mutyca, 62

Myodocha, 43

serripes, 43

species, 43

Nabidae, 55

Nabinae, 56

Nabis, 56

capsiformis, 57

consimilis, 57

galapagoensis, 57

gigas, 89

nigriventris, 57

punctipennis, 57

reductus, 57

species, 56

spinicrus, 57

Nannium, 14

elongatum, 14

parvum, 14

naso, Nysius, 42

Nysius (Ortholomus), 42

Ortholomus, 42

Xyonysius, 42

nasutus, Oncylocotis, 33

Naucoridae, 57

Naucorinae, 58

Naucoris femoratus, 58

oculata, 34

nebulosa, Nezara, 5, 70

nebulosus, Galagulus, 34

Gelastocoris, 34

necopinata, Edessa, 66

neivai, Gargaphia, 98

Nematopus, 23

elegans, 21

nervosus, 23

nigriventris, 23

species, 23

neniator, Podisus, 63

Sundarus, 26

Neoanthylla, 73

Neocolobathristes, 19

Neofurius, 46

affinis, 46

discovitattus, 46

species, 46

Neogorpis, 56

Neomiris praecelsus, 53

Neoplea, 73

Neosigara, 28

columbiensis, 28

griffini, 28

Neosilia modestus, 54

Neotrephes, 38

Neotrephinae, 38

neotropicalis, Cistalia, 43

Monalocoris, 46

Neotropicomiris, 52

ecuadorensis, 52

nordicus, 52

pilosus, 52

Nepa linearis, 59

Nepidae, 58

Nepinae, 58, 59

Nepini, 58, 59

Nerthra, 34

amplicollis, 34

ecuadorensis, 35

lata, 35

peruviana, 35

rudis, 35

stygica, 34

tenebrosa, 35

terrestris, 35

Nerthrinae, 34

nervosus, Nematopus, 23

Nesotriatoma, 88

nesovinctus, Pachybrachius, 44

Neuroctenus, 14

brasiliensis, 14

rossi, 14

schlingeri, 14

Nezara, 70

(Acrosternum) laeta, 67

(Acrosternum) runaspis, 68

(Acrosternum) viridans, 68

laeta, 67

marginata, 67

nebulosa, 70

runaspis, 68

stictica, 70

viridans, 68

viridula, 70

Nicuesa, 41

affinis, 41

speciosa, 41

Nidicola, 13

marginata, 13

mazda, 13

Niesthrea, 91

pictipes, 91

sidae, 91

Niesthrini, 90, 91

niger, Mirambulus, 90

niger, Salda, 12

nigricans, Velia, 100

nigricornis, Atheas, 97

Eurystethus, 65

nigrifrons, Dagbertus, 49

nigrispina, Arma, 63

nigritulus, Capsus, 51

Polymerus, 51

Resthenia, 51

nigriventris, Nabis, 57

Nematopus, 23

nigrocinctus, Aethus, 31

Geotomus, 31

nigrocruciatus, Eccritotarsus, 45, 46

nigrolimbatus, Calamocoris, 12

nigronasuta, Campylomma, 55

nigropunctatus, Cimex, 26

Eurystethus, 65

Ninini, 40

Ninus notabilis, 41

sechellensis, 40

nocens, Corythucha, 97

nocentis, Corythucha, 97

Noliphini, 11

Nopalis, 9

nordicus, Neotropicomiris, 52

nosella, Sphaerocysta, 99

notabilis, Cymoninus, 41

Ninus, 41

Notapictinus, 15

equatoriensis, 15

quadraticeps, 15

notatus, Oncocephalus, 86

Notius, 62

Notonecta, 60

glauca, 60

pallipes, 60

Notonectidae, 59

Notonectinae, 60

Notonectini, 59

notulata, Discocephala, 64

nubilus, Capsus, 54

nugax, Coreus, 94

Spiniger, 84

Spiniger (Spiniger), 84

Zelurus, 84

Nychini, 59, 60

Nyctotingis, 99

osborni, 99

Nysiini, 42

Nysius, 42

californicus, 42

(Cymus) marginalis, 42

jamaicensis, 42

marginalis, 42

naso, 42

(Ortholomus) naso, 42

procerus, 42

spurcus, 42

usitatus, 42

obliquus, Dysdercus, 75

obscura, Anasa, 25

Mezira, 14

Rhagovelia, 101

obscuratus, Capaneus, 22

Dysdercus, 75

obscuricornis, Edessa, 66

obscurus, Brachyrhynchus, 14

Cinyphus, 14

Supputius, 64

obtectus, Canopus, 17

obtusiceps, Dryptocephala, 65

obtusus, Symphylus, 93

ocellatus, Zelurus, 84

Ochlerus circummaculatus, 67

ochracea, Saica, 85

ochroceras, Rhyparochromus, 44

ochropa, Monanthia, 98

Ochrostomus, 41

confraternus, 41

Ochteridae, 60

Ochterus, 61

aeneifrons, 61

marginatus, 61

parvus, 61

perbosci, 61

victor, 61

oculata, Naucoris, 34

Ocyochterus, 61

victor, 61

Oebalus, 70

poecilus, 70

Oedotingis, 99

williamsi, 99

oleosa, Collaria, 52

oleosus, Trachelomiris, 52

Onalips, 30

Oncerotrachelus, 85

acuminatus, 85

acuminatus var., 85

Oncocephalus, 86

antipodus, 86

notatus, 86

species, 86

Oncomerinae, 95

Oncopeltus, 41

fasciatus, 41

(Oncopeltus) varicolor, 41

varicolor, 41

Oncylocotis, 33

concolor, 33

nasutus, 33

opaca, Limnometra, 36

opacus, Tenagogonus, 36

Tachygerris, 36

Ophthalmomiris, 53

reuteri, 53

spurius, 53

Opisthacidius, 84

pertinax, 84

Oplomus, 63

chrysomela, 63

chrysomelas, 63

salamandra, 63

tripustulatus, 63

Orekora andensis, 92

Oriini, 12

Orius, 12

florentiae, 12

Ormenocoris, 15

stylatus, 15

Orsillinae, 41

Orsillini, 42

Orthaea insularis, 44

vincta, 44

Ortholomus, 41

jamaicensis, 42

naso, 42

usingeri, 42

Orthotylinae, 53

Orthotylini, 53

ortonedai, Spartocera, 24

osborni, Nyctotingis, 99

Oxynotus, 64

trigonus, 64

Pachybrachius, 43

albocinctus, 43

bilobatus, 44

insularis, 44

luridus, 43

nesovinctus, 44

procinctus, 44

recinctus, 44

vinctus, 44

Pachycoris, 93

chrysomelinus, 93

deplanatus, 93

exilis, 93

fabricii, 93

lineolatus, 93

species, 93

Pachygrontha, 42

oedancalodes carvalhoi, 43

lineata, 42

Pachygronthinae, 42

Pachygronthini, 42

Pachylis, 23

gigas, 23

laticornis, 23

Pachymeroides bolivari, 29

Pachynomidae, 61

Pachynominae, 61

pacifica, Edessa, 66

Taedia, 51

pacificus, Heraeus, 43

Padeaus, 70

irroratus, 70

viduus, 70

Pagasa, 57

pallens, Anisops, 60

Buenoa, 60

pallescens, Pnirontis, 86

pallidinervis, Ricolla, 81

pallidula, Ploeogaster, 81

pallidulus, Helonotus, 81

Lasiochilus, 12

Phytocoris, 51

Ploeogaster, 81

Taylorilygus, 51

pallidus, Capsus, 54

Dagbertus, 49

pallipes, Buenoa, 60

Monanthia, 96

Notonecta, 60

Pamera bilobata, 44

parvula, 44

procincta, 44

recincta, 44

vincta, 44

Pandama praeclarus, 54

Pangaeus, 30, 31

aethiops, 6, 31, 32

bilineatus, 6, 32

docilis, 32

(Homaloporus) bilineatus, 31

laevigatus, 32

(Pangaeus) aethiops, 31

(Pangaeus) docilis, 32

vicinus, 6, 31, 32

Pangoeus vicinus, 31

Panstrongylus, 88

chinai, 88

geniculatus, 88

guntheri, 88

howardi, 88

rufotuberculatus, 88

Pantochlorini, 95

pantomima, Sephina, 24

Spartocera, 24

Parabelminus, 87

paracruciatus, Eccritotarsus, 46

Paragonatus, 43

divergens, 43

Parajalysus, 16

parallelogramma, Cryphula, 43

Paraproba, 54

fasciata, 54

spingularis, 54

Paratagalis, 85

Paratrephes, 38

Paravelia, 100

basalis, 100

inveruglas, 100

pareclarus, Macrolophus, 54

parvicornis, Anthocoris, 13

parviventre, Monalonion, 46

parvula, Pamera, 44

parvum, Nannium, 14

parvus, Ochterus, 61

Paryphes, 26

smaragdus, 26

smaragdus var. trimaculatus, 26

species, 26

splendidus, 26

sumtuosus, 26

patricia, Monanthia (Phyllontochila), 98

pechinchana, Alda, 48

pectoralis, Margus, 24

Peirates sulcicollis, 83

Peiratinae, 77, 82

Pellaea, 70

stictica, 5, 70

Pelocoris, 58

species, 58

Pelogonus aeneifrons, 61

perbosci, 61

splendidulus, 61

victor, 61

Peltidocylapus, 46

scutellaris, 47

penalea, Doldina, 81

Pentacora, 92

bucayana, 92

rubromaculata, 92

sphacelata, 92

Pentatoma acroleuca, 68

antiguensis, 71

bifibula, 69

ciliata, 31

marginata, 67

mucronata, 95

rufospilota, 67

splendens, 68

Pentatomidae, 62

Pentatominae, 62, 65

Pentatomini, 67

Pephysena, 44

levis, 44

picta, 44

perbosci, Ochterus, 61

Pelogonus, 61

perditor, Cimex, 71

Thyanta, 71

Pericrepis, 95

perspicuus, Cimex, 71

pertinax, Opisthacidius, 84

Spiniger, 84

Peruda, 19

monrosi, 20

typica, 20

Perudella, 19

peruviana, Nerthra, 35

peruvianus, Mononyx, 35

Dysdercus, 74, 76

Miorrhynchus, 14

Petalops, 21

distinguendus, 21

virago, 21

petax, Spiniger, 84

Spiniger (Spiniger), 84

Zelurus, 84

Phaconotus, 17

pharaonis, Cimex, 23

Pharypia, 70

pulchella, 70

Phatnoma, 6, 96

biordinatum, 96

ecuadoris, 96

eremaea, 96

eremaeum, 96

laciniata, 96

Phatnomatini, 6, 96

Phimophorinae, 76, 82

Phimophorus, 82

spissicornis, 82

Phloea, 72

Phloeidae, 71

Phloephana, 72

Phorastes, 83

Phorbanta, 8

Phorticus, 57

collaris, 57

viduus, 57

Phthia, 23

affinis, 23

femorata, 23

lunata, 24

picta, 23, 24

smaragdina, 24

species, 23

sponsa, 24

Phylinae, 54

Phylini, 55

Phyllocephallinae, 62

Phymacysta, 99

tumida, 99

Phymata, 73

species, 73

Phymatidae, 72, 76

Phymatinae, 72

Phytocoris, 50

cucurbitaceus, 54

lojaensis, 50

pallidulus, 51

rioleonensis, 50

species, 50

sugestivus, 50

variegatus, 50

vilis, 50

Piasus, 50

cribricollis, 51

illuminatus, 50

picipes, Pirates, 83

picta, Pephysena, 44

Phthia, 23, 24

picticornis, Loxa, 69

Pictinus dominicus, 15

quadraticeps, 15

pictipes, Corizus, 91

Niesthrea, 91

Rhodnius, 89

Rhopalus, 91

pictus, Cimex, 24

Piesma cinereum, 73

Piesmatidae, 73

Piezodorus, 70

degeeri, 70

guildinii, 70

Piezostemum, 95

subulatum, 95

pilipes, Apiomerus, 78

Reduvius, 78

pilosicornis, Brachysteles, 13

pilopsipes, Monalonion, 46

pilosus, Neotropicomiris, 52

Piptocentrus, 19

Pirates morio, 83

picipes, 83

Piratinae, 82

Placogenys, 15

cockerelli, 15

constricta, 15

plana, Ebora, 62

Planois, 9

Platycarenus, 65

(Discocephalessa) andina, 65

umbraculatus, 65

Platycoris, 82

varia, 82

Platymeria rubropicta, 84

platyoma, Monanthia, 97

Platytylellus cruxnigrum, 52

Plea, 73

Pleidae, 73

Plociomera fuscicornis, 43

Ploeogaster, 81

mammosus, 81

pallidula, 81

pallidulus, 81

Ploiaria, 80

domestica, 80

fraterna, 80

macrophthalma, 80

species, 80

Plokiophilidae, 74

Pnirontis, 86

infirma, 86

pallescens, 86

scutellaris, 86

Pnohirmus, 86

violentus, 86

whymperi, 86

Podisus, 63

argilliventris, 63

(Arma) sordidus, 63

lineolatus, 63

neniator, 63

(Podisus) sordidus, 63

sordidus, 63

strigipes, 63

vittipennis, 63

Podops, 62

poecila, Mormidae, 70

Solubea, 70

Poeciloscytus, 51

species, 51

vegatus, 51

poecilus, Oebalus, 70

poetica, Falconia, 53

Polyctenidae, 74

Polymerus, 51

holosericeus, 51

nigritulus, 51

testaceipes, 51

testaceips, 51

vegatus, 51

Polytes, 93

granulatus, 93

hebraicus, 93

rubromaculatus, 93

poppiusi, Resthenia, 52

populi, Cimex, 50

Potamobates, 37

bidentatus, 37

unidentatus, 37

williamsi, 37

pothus, Acroleucus, 41

praecelsa, Stenodema, 53

praecelsus, Neomiris, 53

Stenodema (Stenodema), 53

praeclarus, Macrolophus, 54

Pandama, 54

Praesus, 9

pratensis, Cimex, 50

Prepops, 52

cruxnigra, 52

cruxnigrum, 52

Prionotus carinatus, 80

gallus, 80

serratus, 80

Proba, 51

gracilis, 51

sallei, 51

procerus, Nysius, 42

procincta, Pamera, 44

procinctus, Pachybrachius, 44

prolixa, Teleonemia, 99

prolixus, Laccometopus, 99

Rhodnius, 89

Prolobodes, 30

Prostemminae, 56, 57

protea, Arocera, 68

proximus, Laminiceps, 21

Proxys, 70

crenatus, 68

species, 70

victor, 70

Psallus, 55

insularis, 55

longirostris, 55

mella, 55

usingeri, 55

Psammolestes, 87

Pseudobebaeus, 8

Pseudocyrtocoris, 64

Pseudophloeinae, 20, 27

Pseudosaldula, 92

andensis, 92

bucayana, 92

Ptilomerinae, 37

pugil, Edessa, 66

pugnax, Cimex, 70

pulchella, Microvelia, 100

Pharpyia, 70

Velia (Microvelia), 100

pulchellus, Cimex, 70

Hypselonotus, 25

Lygaeus, 41

pulcher, Alydus, 10

Hyalimenus, 10

Hyalymenus, 10

pulchricornis, Telepta, 64

punctatus, Creontiades, 48

Macrolophus, 54

punctipennis, Heterogaster, 42

Nabis, 57

puntipes, Bebaeus, 7

punctulatus, Brachyrhynchus, 14

pusillus, Lygaeus, 38

pusio, Amnestus, 29

Magoa, 29

pustulatus, Lygaeus, 24

Pycnoderes, 46

ecuadorensis, 46

quadrimaculatus, 46

species, 46

pygmaea, Corisa, 28

Pygolampis, 86

species, 86

spurca, 86

Pyrrhocoridae, 39, 74

Pyrrhocoris, 74

species, 74

quadraticeps, Notapictinus, 15

Pictinus, 15

quadratus, Ischnodemus, 40

quadridens, Edessa, 66

quadrimaculatus, Pycnoderes, 46

quadrinotatus, Capsus, 49

Dagbertus, 49

Resthenia, 49

quadrispinosus, Cimex, 81

Quitocoris, 51

quitoensis, 51

quitoensis, Quitocoris, 51

Ranatra, 58, 59

annulipes, 59

attenuata, 59

camposi, 59

ecuadorensis, 59

Ranatrinae, 58, 59

raptoria, Sinea, 82

Rasahus, 83

hematus, 83

sulcicollis, 83

recincta, Pamera, 44

recinctus, Pachybrachius, 44

recurvatus, Zelus, 85

reductus, Nabis, 57

Reduviolus consimilis, 57

Reduviidae, 76

Reduviinae, 78, 84

Reduvius, acuminatus, 85

binotatus, 81

carinatus, 83

diadema, 82

dimidiatus, 89

eburneus, 84

geniculatus, 88

hematus, 83

hirticornis, 79

hirtipes, 78

lateralis, 78

limbatus, 84

pilipes, 78

sinuosus, 81

reflexulus, Harmostes, 91

regalis, Chariesterus, 26

renormata, Corythaica, 97

Repipta, 81

annulipes, 81

Resthenia, 52

nigritulus, 51

poppiusi, 52

(Prepops) frontalis, 52

quadrinotatus, 49

scutata, 52

species, 52

spoliatus, 49

Resthenini, 51

reticulata, Corisa, 28

Trichocorixa, 28

reticulatus, Coriplatus, 64

reuteri, Ophthalmomiris, 53

reversa, Edessa, 66

Rhagovelia, 100

angustipes, 100

castanea, 100

confusa, 101

festae, 100

longipes, 101

obscura, 101

sinuata, 101

spinosa, 101

tenuipes, 101

trista, 101

williamsi, 101

Rhaphigaster guildinii, 70

laetus, 67

runaspis, 68

sticticus, 70

viridans, 68

Rhiginia, 78

bimaculata, 79

conspersa, 79

crudelis, 79

geniculosa, 6, 79

haenschi, 79

immarginata, 79

Rhinacloa, 55

aricana, 55

forticornis, 55

rubescens, 55

subpallicornis, 55

Rhodniini, 87

Rhodnius, 87, 89

ecuadoriensis, 89

pictipes, 89

prolixus, 89

robustus, 89

Rhopalidae, 90

Rhopalinae, 90, 91

Rhopalini, 90, 91

Rhopalus lugens, 91

pictipes, 91

rufescens, 91

sidae, 91

Rhyparochrominae, 43

Rhyparochromus ochroceras, 44

vinulus, 44

Ricolla, 81

pallidinervis, 81

rioleonensis, Phytocoris, 50

robustus, Halobates, 37

Rhodnius, 89

rogeri, Acanthia, 92

roseus, Cimex, 55

rossi, Neuroctenus, 14

rotundatus, Cimex, 18

rubella, Saica, 85

ruescens, Rhinacloa, 55

rubrinerve, Megacoelum, 48

rubrofasciatus, Cimex, 89

rubromaculata, Acanthia, 92

Pentacora, 92

Salda, 92

rubromaculatus, Polytes, 93

rubronotatus, Capaneus, 22

rubropicta, Platymeria, 84

rubropictus, Capaneus, 22

rudis, Monoyx fuscipes var., 35

Nerthra, 35

rufescens, Mecistorhinus, 65

Rhopalus, 91

ruficeps, Dysdercus, 76

Lygaeus, 76

ruficollis, Dysdercus, 75

Ectrichodia, 79

ruficornis, Blaudus, 7

Cimex, 53

Miris, 53

rufipes, Alydus, 10

Megalotomus, 10

rufomarginata, Edessa, 66

rufomarginatus, Cimex, 66

rufospilota, Pentatoma, 67

rufotuberculatus, Lamus, 88

Mestor, 89

Panstrongylus, 88

rugosus, Valdasus, 46

runaspis, Acrosternum, 68

Nezara, 68

Nezara (Acrosternum), 68

Rhaphigaster, 68

Runibia, 71

decorata, 71

rupicapra, Edessa, 66

saepifer, Leptoscelis, 23

Saica, 85

fokkeri, 85

ochracea, 85

rubella, 85

Saicinae, 77, 85

saileri, Zelurus, 85

salamandra, Asopus, 63

Oplomus, 63

Salda andensis, 92

nigra, 12

rubromaculata, 92

sectilis, 92

sphacelata, 92

Saldidae, 92

Saldinae, 92

Saldula, 92

andensis, 92

galapagosana, 92

sectilis, 92

sallei, Lygus, 51

Proba, 51

saltatorius, Cimex, 92

Salyavatinae, 78

sanguinolenta, Jadera, 92

sanguinolentus, Cimex, 92

Santainezia, 79

bicolor, 79

Scaptocorinae, 29, 32

Scaptocoris, 32

schadei, Tenagobia, 29

Tenagobia (Schadegobia), 29

schaeferi, Ghinallelia, 80

Schizopteridae, 93

schlingeri, Neuroctenus, 14

sciocorinus, Braunus, 64

Coriplatus, 64

Sciocoris galapagoensis, 65

Scolopini, 13

sculpticollis, Telmatotrephes, 59

scutata, Resthenia, 52

scutellaris, Cylapus (Peltidocylapus), 47

Peltidocylapus, 47

Pnirontis, 86

scutellata, Stenopoda, 86

Scutellera aeneifrons, 93

Scutelleridae, 93

Scutellerinae, 94

sechellensis, Ninus, 40

sectilis, Salda, 92

Saldula, 92, 93

securiger, Lincus, 67

senta, Ambotingis, 97

Monanthia, 96, 97

Sephina, 24

culta, 24

humeralis, 22

pantomima, 24

vinula, 24

vinula var., 24

sericeus, Halobates, 37

Serinetha aeola, 92

Serinethinae, 90

serrata, Acanthia, 91

serratus, Cimex, 80

Harmostes, 91

Prionotus, 80

serripes, Myodocha, 43

serrulata, Malvana, 23

setigera, Thyanta, 71

Sibaria, 71

andicola, 71

armata, 71

sidae, Lygaeus, 91

Niesthrea, 91

Rhopalus, 91

Sigara griffini, 28

signoreti, Acanthia, 92

Ambrysus, 57

Capsus, 50

Lygaeus, 43

silaceus, Dysdercus basialbus, 74

similis, Heza, 81

Thyanta, 71

simillima, Tibraca, 71

simonyi, Lygus, 51

simplus, Aphelonotus, 62

simulans, Lygus, 52

Sinea, 82

raptoria, 82

species, 82

singularis, Paraproba, 54

Sinopla, 8

sinuata, Rhagovelia, 101

sinuosus, Reduvius, 81

Sirthenea, 83

anduzei, 84

smaragdina, Phthia, 24

smaragdinus, Sphictyrtus, 24

smaragdulus, Cimex, 70

smaragdus, Paryphes, 26

Sniploa, 7

sobrinus, Halobates, 37

Jalysus, 17

sodalis, Alofa, 13

Buchananiella, 13

Cardiastethus, 13

Solubea, 70

poecila, 70

sordida, Arma, 63

sordidus, Apateticus (Eupodisus), 63

Apateticus (Podisus), 63

Podisus, 63

Podisus (Arma), 63

Podisus (Podisus), 63

Spartocera, 24

ortonedai, 24

pantomima, 24

species, 24

Spartocerini, 24

Spartocerus geniculatus, 24

Spathophorini, 27

speciosa, Nicuesa, 41

sphacelata, Pentacora, 92

Salda, 92

Sphaerocysta, 99

nosella, 99

Sphaeridopinae, 78

Sphictyrtus, 26

smaragdinus, 24

sumptuosus, 26

sumtuosus, 26

Spilostethus (Craspeduchus) aequatorialis, 41

spinicrus, Acanthonabis, 57

Nabis, 57

spinifrons, Cydnus, 29

Spiniger, 84

alcides, 84

audax, 84

fugax, 84

limbatus, 84

nugax, 84

pertmax, 84

petax, 84

species, 84

(Spiniger) audax, 84

(Spiniger) circumcinctus, 84

(Spiniger) fugax, 84

(Spiniger) nugax, 84

(Spiniger) petax, 84

(Spiniger) tenax, 85

(Spiniger) vorax, 85

vorax, 85

spiniventris, Stenolemus, 79

spinosa, Rhagovelia, 101

spissicornis, Phimophorus, 82

splendens, Arocera, 68

Halobates, 37

Pentatoma, 68

splendidulus, Ochterus, 61

Pelogonus, 61

splendidus, Paryphes, 26

Sundarus, 26

spoliatus, Capsus, 49

Dagbertus, 49

Resthenia, 49

sponsa, Phthia, 24

spurca, Pygolampis, 86

spurcus, Nysius, 42

spuria, Stenodema, 53

spurius, Miris, 53

Ophthalmomiris, 53

squalus, Archimerus, 22

stagnorum, Cimex, 39

steini, Tingis, 98

stellata, Microvelia, 100

Stenocephalidae, 94

Stenocephalus insularis, 94

Stenocoris, 11, 31

americana, 11

americanus, 11

fabricii, 11

(Oryzocoris) fabricii, 11

(Stenocoris) tipuloides, 11

tipuloides, 11

Stenodema, 53

andina, 53

praecelsea, 53

species, 53

spuria, 53

(Stenodema) praecelsus, 53

Stenodemini, 52

Stenolemus, 79

anduzei, 79

spiniventris, 79

Stenomacra, 40

Stenopoda, 86

cana, 86

cinerea, 86

scutellata, 86

species, 86

Stenopodainae, 77, 85

sternalis, Edessa, 67

stictica, Nezara, 70

Pellaea, 5, 70

sticticus, Rhaphigaster, 70

stigma, Cimex, 22

Leptoglossus, 22

Stiretroides, subgenus, 63

Stiretrus, 63

bifrenatus, 64

decemguttatus, 63

(Stiretroides) bifrenatus, 64

Strachia apta, 68

decorate, 71

triangularis, 63

Stridulivelia, 100

strigipes, Podisus, 63

stygica, Nerthra, 34

stylatus, Ormenocoris, 15

subaeratus, Antias, 47

subconspersa, Tibilis, 71

subglaber, Aethus, 31

Melanaethus, 31

sublimatus, Lygus, 50

subpallicornis, Rhinacloa, 55

subulatum, Piezosternum, 95

subulatus, Cimex, 95

subunicolor, Cymonius, 40

sugestivus, Phytocoris, 50

sulcicollis, Peirates, 83

Rasahus, 83

sulinus, Admetus, 47

sumptuosus, Sphictyrtus, 26

sumtuosus, Paryphes, 26

Sphictyrtus, 26

Sundarus, 26

inca, 26

muggei, 26

neniator, 26

splendidus, 26

Supputius, 64

obscurus, 64

Symphylus, 93

deplanatus, 93

granulatus, 93

lativittatus, 93

obtusus, 93

Syromastini, 24

Systelloderes, 33

moschatus, 33

Tachygerris, 36

opacus, 36

Tachygonus, 36

Taedia, 51

bimaculata, 51

distantina, 51

pacifica, 51

taeniola, Clavigralla, 26

Zicca, 26

Tagalis, 85

tau, Chlorocoris, 69

taurus, Zelus, 81

Taylorilygus, 51

pallidulus, 51

Teleonemia, 99

dispersa, 99

funerea, 99

prolixa, 99

tricolor, 99

Telepta pulchricornis, 64

Telmatotrephes, 58, 59

ecuadorensis, 59

sculpticollis, 59

Tenagobia, 28

constricta, 29

marmorata, 28

(Romanogobia) constricta, 29

(Schadegobia) schadei, 29

schadei, 29

(Tenagobia) testacea, 29

testacea, 29

truncata, 29

Tenagogonus adamsoni, 36

opacus, 36

tenax, Spiniger, 85

Spiniger (Spiniger), 85

Zelurus, 85

tenebrosa, Nerthra, 35

tenellus, Jalysus, 17

Metacanthus, 17

Tenthocoris, 46

bicolor, 46

ecuadorensis, 46

tenuipes, Rhagovelia, 101

Termitaphididae, 94

Termitaphis, 94

Termitaradus, 94

terrestris, Mononyx, 35

Nerthra, 35

Tessaratomidae, 95

testacea, Tenagobia, 29

Tenagobia (Tenagobia), 29

testaceipes, Deraeocoris, 51

Polymerus, 51

testaceips, Polymerus, 51

testaceopallidum, Belostoma, 16

teter, Cydnus, 31

Cyrtomenus, 31

Tetrochlerus, 67

fissiceps, 67

Tetyra gibba, 64

lateralis, 96

tibialis, 96

Tetyrinae, 93

Thasus, 23

heteropterus, 23

Thaumastaneis, 39

Thaumastocoridae, 95

Theognis ingens, 22

Theraneis, 40

thoracicus, Cimex, 21

Thyanta, 71

antiguensis, 71

humilis, 71

humilis var. viridescens, 71

perditor, 71

setigera, 71

similis, 71

Thymbreus, 83

thymi, Lygaeus, 42

Thyreocoridae, 95

tibialis, Allocoris (Allocoris), 96

Althos, 24

Corimelaena, 96

Margus, 24

Tetyra, 96

Tibilis, 71

glabriuscula, 71

subconspersus, 71

Tibraca, 71

limbativentris, 71

simillima, 71

Tingidae, 96, 101

Tinginae, 96

Tingini, 96

Tingis fusciger, 97

globifera, 99

monacha, 97

steini, 98

tipuloides, Cimex, 11

Gerris, 11

Leptocoris, 11

Stenocoris, 11

Stenocoris (Stenocoris), 11

Tolono, 9

decoratus, 9

Tominotus, 30

torridus, Cimex, 93

Trachelium, 12

Trachelomiris oleosus, 52

tragelaphus, Edessa, 67

translucida, Lyde, 47

Trapezus affinis, 43

triangularis, Mineus, 63

Strachia, 63

Triatoma, 88, 89

carrioni, 89

coxorufa, 88

dimidiata, 89

dimidiata capitata, 89

dimidiata maculipenms, 89

dispar, 89

(Eutriatoma) carrioni, 89

(Eutriatoma) venosa, 89

howardi, 88

venosa, 89

venonosa, 89

Triatominae, 78, 87

Triatomini, 87

Trichocentrus, 19

Trichocorixa, 28

beebei, 28

reticulata, 28

species, 28

tricolor, Brachystethus, 69

Monanthia (Gargaphia), 99

Teleonemia, 99

Trigonotylus, 53

lineatus, 53

trigonus, Cyrtocoris, 64

Oxynotus, 64

triguttatus, Lygaeus, 43

trilineata, Anasa, 24, 25

trimaculata, Cryphula, 43

trimaculatus, Paryphes smaragdus var., 26

Trincavellius, 65

galapagoensis, 65

tripustulatus, Cimex, 63

Oplomus, 63

trista, Rhagovelia, 101

tristis, Merocoris, 27

truncata, Tenagobia, 29

Tenagobia (Tenagobia), 29

tumida, Leptostyla, 99

Phymacysta, 99

Tydides, 83

Typhoeocoris, 67

fulvifemur, 67

typhoeus, Cimex, 70

typica, Peruda, 20

Typnoecoris fulvifemur, 67

umbraculatus, Cydnus, 65

Platycarenus, 65

unidentatus, Potamobates, 37

urus, Edessa, 67

usingeri, Ghinallelia, 80

Ortholomus, 42

Psallus, 55

usitatus, Nysius, 42

vagvolgyiana, Ghinallelia, 80

vagvolgyianus, Ghinallelia, 80

Valdasus rugosus, 46

varia, Platycoris, 82

variabilis, Mimoncopeltus, 52

varicolor, Lygaeus, 41

Oncopeltus, 41

Oncopeltus (Oncopeltus), 41

variegata, Dioniza, 50

variegatus, Horcias, 50

Mecistorhinus, 65

Phytocoris, 50

variolosus, Dinidor, 64

vegatus, Poeciloscytus, 51

Polymerus, 51

Velia, 100

inveruglas, 100

nigricans, 100

(Microvelia) pulchella, 100

Veliidae, 99

Veliometra, 38

Venezuela, Belostoma, 16

venonosa, Triatoma, 89

venosa, Eutriatoma, 89

Triatoma, 89

Triatoma (Eutriatoma), 89

venosus, Cimex, 25

vernicosa, Edessa, 67

Vesciinae, 77, 90

Vianaididae, 101

vicinus, Brachystethus, 69

Pangaeus, 6, 31, 32

Pangoeus, 31

victor, Cimex, 70

Ochterus, 61

Ocyochterus, 61

Pelogonus, 61

Proxys, 70

vidua, Mormidea, 70

viduus, Laminiceps, 21

Padaeus, 70

Phorticus, 57

Vilga, 27

vilis, Compsocerocoris, 50

Phytocoris, 50

vincta, Orthaea, 44

Pamera, 44

vinctus, Pachybrachius, 44

vinula, Edessa, 67

Sephina, 24

var., Sephina, 24

vinulus, Rhyparochromus, 44

violentus, Pnohirmus, 86

virago, Petalops, 21

virens, Cimex, 53

Miris, 53

viridans, Acrosternum, 68

Acrosternum (Nezara), 68

Nezara, 68

Nezara (Acrosternum), 68

Rhaphigaster, 68

viridescens, Thyanta humilis var., 71

viridula, Nezara, 70

viridulus, Cimex, 70

vittatus, Creontiades, 48

vittipennis, Podisus, 63

vorax, Spiniger, 85

Spiniger (Spiniger), 85

Zelurus, 85

vulgata, Leptodictya, 98

Leptodictya (Hanuala), 98

wenmanensis, Darwinysius, 42

whymperi, Pnohirmus, 86

williamsi, Australotingis, 99

Corixa, 28

Hydrometra, 39

Leptodictya, 98

Leptodictya (Hanuala), 98

Martarega, 60

Mesoveloidea, 45

Oedotingis, 99

Potamobates, 37

Rhagovelia, 101

willowsi, Creontiades, 48

wolfiana, Corythaica, 97

wuellersdorffi, Halobates, 37

wygodzinskyi, Ghinallelia, 80

xanthostaurus, Lygaeus, 41

Xenogenus, 90

Xenoloma, 17

Xylastodorinae, 95

Xylocoris constrictus, 13

fulvescens, 13

limbatellus, 13

Xyonysius, 42

californicus, 42

naso, 42

ypsilon, Cimex, 70

Zaitha anura. 16

asiatica, 16

boops, 16

Zelurus, 84

alcides, 84

anthracinus, 84

audax, 84

camposi, 84

circumcinctus, 84

domesticus, 84

fugax, 84

nugax, 84

ocellatus, 84

petax, 84, 85

saileri, 85

tenax, 85

vorax, 85

Zelus, 82

(Diplodus) species, 82

filicauda, 82

recurvatus, 85

species, 82

taurus, 81

Zicca, 26

inornata, 26

massulata, 26

taeniola, 26

Zirta, 79

granulata, 79

zonatus, Anisoscelis, 22

Leptoglossus, 22

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