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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 407

Synopsis of the Heteroptera or True Bugs of the Galápagos Islands

Richard C. Froeschner

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

City of Washington

1985

ABSTRACT

Froeschner, Richard C. Synopsis of the Heteroptera or True Bugs of the Galápagos Islands. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 407, 84 pages, 43 figures, 1 table, 1985. Presented are keys to species, literature and specimen records, and list of species by island (with map). The present Heteroptera fauna contains 109 species in 61 genera; of these, Tempyra biguttula (Lygaeidae) and Tytthus parviceps (Miridae) are reported as new to the islands and the species formerly listed as Jadera sanguinolenta (Rhopalidae) is described as the new species, Jadera silbergliedi. With the exception of one species that belongs to an Old World genus, this fauna appears to be derived from American forms. One new generic synonymy is proposed: Aknisus McAtee is made a junior synonym of Metacanthus Costa, with the resulting new combination Metacanthus galapagensis (Barber).

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus).

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Froeschner, Richard C.

Synopsis of the Heteroptera or true bugs of the Galapagos Islands.

(Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 407)

Bibliography: p.

Includes index.

Supt. of Docs. no.: SI 1.27:407

1. Heteroptera—Galapagos Islands—Classification. 2. Insects—Classification. 3. Insects—Galapagos Islands—Classification. I. Title. II. Series.

QL1.S54 no. 407 591s [595.7′54′098665] 84-600217 [QL522.8.G34]

Contents

Introduction

Acknowledgments

Key to Galápagos Families of Heteroptera

Synopses of Galápagos Families

Family ANTHOCORIDAE Amyot and Serville

Family BERYTIDAE Fieber

Family CIMICIDAE Latreille

Family COREIDAE Leach

Family CORIXIDAE Leach

Family CYDNIDAE Billberg

Family GERRIDAE Amyot and Serville

Family LYGAEIDAE Schilling

Family MESOVELIIDAE Douglas and Scott

Family MIRIDAE Hahn

Family NABIDAE Costa

Family PENTATOMIDAE Leach

Family PLEIDAE Fieber

Family PYRRHOCORIDAE Amyot and Serville

Family REDUVIIDAE Latreille

Family RHOPALIDAE Amyot and Serville

Family SALDIDAE Amyot and Serville

Family STENOCEPHALIDAE Dallas

Family TINGIDAE Laporte

Family VELIIDAE Amyot and Serville

Appendix

Names of Individual Islands of the Galápagos Islands

Map of the Galápagos Islands

List of Heteroptera by Islands

Literature Cited

Figures 1–43

Index

Requirements for Smithsonian Series Publication

Synopsis of the Heteroptera or True Bugs of the Galápagos Islands

Richard C. Froeschner

____________

Richard C. Froeschner, Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.

Introduction

Before one can travel to a desired destination he must gain direction by establishing his current point of existence. The aim of the present study is to establish such a point in the Heteropterology of the Galápagos Islands. In view of the limited number of Heteropterists who have done specialized collecting on the Galápagos Islands and the consequent incompleteness of knowledge about their Heteroptera, the following numbers and conclusions must be considered quite tentative. Much more study is needed before comfortable confidence can be attained.

The Galápagos Islands! Magical words to the biologist! Words recalling giant tortoises, honey creeper birds, Charles Darwin, and evolution; all associated with these islands in the foundation of modern biology. Yet, study of the Heteroptera or true bug fauna of these islands has languished. True, there have been a few lists of Heteroptera collected there, but these generally represent little more than enumerations of taxa with a smattering of fortuitous observations of habits, biology, and perhaps ecology. Exceptions to that type of study are Carvalho and Gagné's (1968) illustrated, taxonomic synopsis of the family Miridae on these islands and the similar studies of the Saldidae by Polhemus (1968a), the Tingidae by Drake and Froeschner (1967), the Lygaeidae by Ashlock (1972), and the aquatic Heteroptera by Bachmann (1979).

The present study was begun as simply another list, this one based on a collection made in 1970 (this year generally not cited in text) by the late Robert Silberglied; but the untimely death of that talented colleague in an airplane crash demanded a more solid contribution dedicated to his memory. Scholars who carry on biological studies of insects will find inspiration in his studies and, hopefully, will find assistance in this synopsis dedicated to him.

Detailed conclusions concerning the Heteroptera of the Galápagos Islands must be made with great caution because the state of our knowledge about the insects on those islands and elswhere in tropical America is probably quite incomplete (with many undescribed species, many relatively uncollected areas, and inadequate observations on most forms) and because of the dearth of phylogenetic analyses. A second misleading aspect of the records of Heteroptera on the Galápagos Islands may result from the continued enumeration over the years of forms that, in some instances, are based on a single report made nearly a half century ago. The lack of representation in subsequent collections raises the question of whether or not these forms have actually maintained themselves as part of the local fauna.

The known Heteroptera fauna of the Galápagos Islands may be described as oceanic insular. It is characterized by a few species (109 in 61 genera) scattered irregularly in a few families (20 of the 53) occurring on the closest continent—South America some 900 kilometers to the east—plus the puzzling presence of a lone species from the Old World family Stenocephalidae. The presence of these 109 species could be accounted for by a minimum number of 81 invasions (estimated by assuming whether or not the sister-species of each species developed in the Galápagos Islands) plus some speciation after certain of the ancestors reached the islands. Of those 109 species, 77 are known only from the Galápagos Islands. A further oceanic insular characteristic for this fauna is the relatively restricted number of fresh-water inhabitants. Only two “aquatic” (subsurface dwellers) families are represented: the Pleidae, by a single unidentified species of the genus Paraplea; and the Corixidae, by two species of the genus Trichocorixa capable of living in saline as well as fresh waters. The “semiaquatic” (dwellers on the water's surface) represent three families: the Gerridae, by four widespread species of the marine, water-strider genus Halobates; the Veliidae, by two species of the nearly cosmopolitan genus Microvelia; and the Mesoveliidae, by one species of the genus Darwinivelia. The presence of fresh-water forms is further mitigated against by the great aridity of the islands—a fact commented upon by Darwin (1846) in his “Journal of Researches” carried on during the voyage of the Beagle: “The larger islands alone possess springs, and these are always situated towards the central parts, and at a considerable elevation.” Other non-marine waters may be impounded in volcanic craters, but these lakes often have an extremely high mineral content or become hot enough to kill the life in them.

Of the 56 genera of terrestrial forms occurring on the islands, 43 (77%) are represented by a single species, a fact that points to relatively little speciation and hence leads to the conclusion of probable relatively recent invasions. In contrast, certain genera of the family Miridae and one genus of Reduviidae do exhibit marked speciation as three of them each have five or more species known only from this archipelago. Such speciation could have occurred because these genera have been established on the islands for a longer time or because their rate of speciation is more rapid than that of the other genera of Heteroptera that are present.

Generalized discussions of the Galápagos Island fauna often leave the impression of a single continuous fauna being involved. Actually some 45 separate islands and individually exposed rocks are listed for the archipelago in Wiggins and Porter (1971, table 1) who also give the estimated surface area for each. Of these islands, seven exceed 100 square kilometers (the largest, by far, being Isabela with 5847 square kilometers); 11 are between one and 99 square kilometers, and 26 are less than one square kilometer.

A list of the ten largest islands and the number of Heteroptera species known from each is given in Table 1. A more complete list of islands with the names of Heteroptera species reported from each is given in the Appendix.

Obviously, the number of Heteroptera reported from each island cannot be a reflection of island size and undoubtedly does not represent the true total of each island. These numbers are certainly no more than a reflection of the numbers of, and interests of, collectors, which in turn may well reflect the availability and facility of collecting. For instance, Isla Santa Cruz, which is about one-fifth as large as Isla Isabela, has listed for it more than twice as many species (64 to 28) as has the latter. The explanation undoubtedly has to include the fact that the convenient Charles Darwin Research Laboratory is on Santa Cruz. Also to be considered are means of transportation (frequency and types of vehicles) between islands because the steep, beachless shores of some of them prevent landing from a water craft and almost demand a helicopter for access.

TABLE 1.—The ten largest islands, each with its area and the number of Heteroptera families and species known from it (area of islands from Seltzer, 1961).

Islands

Area (km^2)

Number of families

Number of species

Isabella

5847

15

28

Santa Cruz

1011

18

64

Fernandina

637

5

16

San Salvador

527

11

19

San Cristóbal

507

10

22

Santa María

166

9

31

Marchena

117

1

1

Pinta

52

4

5

Española

47

2

2

Baltra

21

4

4

Predictably, some species have managed to invade several islands of this archipelago while others appear restricted to one. Such contrasting ranges are not restricted to insular species but are often duplicated by differing ranges of continental forms—some species ranging virtually continent-wide while others have very restricted areas of occurrence. On the Galápagos Archipelago the variation in numbers from island to island clearly demonstrate (both in Table 1 listing the 10 largest islands and the more complete list in the Appendix) inconsistent and inadequate sampling of Heteroptera. The islands offer many more ecological niches than are accounted for by the known Heteroptera fauna—witness the many plants species for which none of the abundant phytophagous members of this insect order are reported. Much more intensive investigation is needed.

Leston (1957), in making a comparative analysis of oceanic island faunas, contended that prominence of a family group on islands is occasioned by an innate ability of that group to colonize detached new land surfaces (which he termed “spread potential”), rather than by the past or present geological conditions of the islands. He expressed “spread potential” as a number by reducing the current fauna of each group to the number of ancestral invading species—in the present paper termed the minimum number of necessary invasions—by eliminating the postinvasion speciation. His results for the four island groups thus analyzed (Azores, Guam, Hawaii, Samoa) always placed the Miridae in first place with a spread potential much higher than that of the second place Lygaeidae; in all cases the families with the next three highest ratings were the Pentatomidae, Reduviidae, and Anthocoridae, but not necessarily in that order. The Galápagos Islands Heteroptera fauna agrees with Leston's top five families with the relative “spread potential” values of Miridae, 27; Lygaeidae, 9; Pentatomidae, 8; Anthocoridae, 7; and Reduviidae, 3. It is interesting to note that the relative predominance and ranking of Miridae and Lygaeidae is the same on continental land masses as it is on islands and hence a general characteristic of those groups rather than a phenomenon associated with island forms.

Available evidence certainly points to a South American origin for nearly all of the present Heteropteran population on these relatively recent volcanic islands. Of the 61 Heteropteran genera known from the Galápagos, all but six have representation on continental tropical America. Of these six, five are restricted to the Galápagos Islands but are related to forms occurring on other Neotropical lands: Darwinysius Ashlock (Lygaeidae); Galapagocoris Carvalho (Miridae); Galapagomiris Carvalho (Miridae); Darwinivelia Andersen and Polhemus (Mesoveliidae); and Trincavellius Distant (Pentatomidae). The only real exception to the relationship with the Neotropics lies in the genus Dicranocephalus Hahn, a member of the family Stenocephalidae, which contains 35 species in the Old World (Eurasia and Africa) plus the single species restricted to the Galápagos Islands, which was first collected there by Charles Darwin during the Galápagos visit of the Beagle. As yet, there is no generally accepted theory as to how this single species could have become established on a volcanic island so far from all other members of the family.

Much needed, in addition to a list of forms occurring in an area, is information on their natural history. Such data would permit interpretation of their niche in the physical environment and their role in the web of life that comprises the study of ecology. Accumulating such knowledge is a long, slow process requiring efforts by many persons. Recording and communicating knowledge requires names for the organisms—names made meaningful by definitions that are understandable and applicable. Biologists fortunate enough to be able to visit certain areas can make intelligent records of their observations only if convenient means of identification are available. In the following synopsis of the Heteroptera of the Galápagos Islands an attempt is made to present a summary of information available (including altitude for new “Specimen Records”) and identification keys that hopefully will stimulate observations and the recording thereof.

The present keys are simplified through being restricted to the genera and species known from the Galápagos Islands and by using characters visible with a hand lens of 15–20 powers. This should permit ready field identification during ecological or biological observations. The technical terms used in the keys are generally those applicable to all orders of insects, but a few terms widely applied in studies of the Heteroptera and especially useful herein are shown and labeled on Figures 1–3. The formal taxonomic arrangement of genera is not reflected in the keys but can be determined from the text headings. Technical characterizations for the latter, which are often based on more difficult or obscure morphological features, can be found in the supplemental materials referred to in the text.

The incomplete knowledge about Heteroptera occurring on the Galápagos demands alertness to the limitations of the keys included for their determination. Functionally, keys are really not identification mechanisms so much as they are devices for eliminating taxa from further consideration—hence for telling the user what his specimens are not! The probability that a given specimen belongs to a name encountered in the key is in direct proportion to the completeness of inclusion (assuming accuracy of the key) of the forms in the specified area. Hence accurate determination really requires at least one step beyond the key, particularly one with the acknowledged limitations of the keys in this paper. The specimen should be compared with all critical recognition features of the putative form or, more desirably, with authentically identified specimens of that taxon. If the specimen being identified is different from that model, it may represent a new taxon or a taxon not previously known from these islands; for either condition more study is required.

This work contains a catalog of the literature records, specimen records (with new island records marked with an asterisk) from the Silberglied collection at hand, plus a few previously unreported specimens encountered in the national collection of insects (USNM) at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, at Washington, D.C. To the above are added observations of natural history reported in the literature, a statement of general distribution, and a list of the Galápagos Islands on which that species occurs. A supplement at the end of the Appendix gives an enumeration of the Heteropteran fauna by individual island.

At the beginning of each family an introductory paragraph gives a generalized review of its natural history and a paragraph on the numbers of species reported for these islands. The least number of invasions that would be required to account for their presence on this archipelago is reached by making an estimate of the location of the sister-group for each species in the archipelago. Obviously, some species, like mankind's traveling companion, the bed bug, could have been carried to the islands many times, but there is no reliable way to estimate that number, hence only the least necessary number is presented. A third paragraph calls attention to literature items that could be of further use in studying local forms.

The specimen records are from the California Academy of Sciences (CAS); the Los Angeles County Natural History Museum (LAM); the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (MCZ); and the National Museum of Natural History (the collections of the former United States National Museum), Smithsonian Institution (USNM).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—I acknowledge with appreciation the help of the following persons, who contributed so much to make this paper possible: Dr. Robert Silberglied and Mr. Scott Miller, for forwarding the Silberglied collection; Dr. Charles L. Hogue (LAM) and Dr. Paul H. Arnaud (CAS), for making specimens of their museums available; Dr. James A. Slater, for identifying the specimens of Tempyra biguttula Stal; Dr. Thomas E. Simkin, for contributing firsthand information about the islands; Dr. Paul J. Spangler, Dr. Joseph C. Schaffner, and Mr. Thomas J. Henry, for reviewing the manuscript and making valuable suggestions; Ms. Silver West for typing; Mr. Young Sohn, for drawing the full figures and explanatory diagrams; Mr. George Venable, for drawing the map; and Mr. Jack Korytowski, for editing and preparing the manuscript for publication.

Key to Galápagos Families of Heteroptera

Synopses of Galapágos Families

Family ANTHOCORIDAE Amyot and Serville

(Minute Pirate Bugs)

These usually small insects are vivid predators on other insects, hence their common name. They may attack soft-bodied adults, immatures, or eggs of several orders of insects. Some members of the family have been reported repeatedly from bird nests but their role in that ecological niche has not been ascertained. Occasionally a minute pirate bug will use its beak to probe the skin of man and may cause him a sharp but rarely prolonged sensation. None of them are known to derive their nourishment from warmblooded sources.

The Anthocoridae fauna on the Galápagos consists of seven species, each in a different genus. Two of them are cosmopolitan species that apparently have accompanied man to many parts of the earth. Of the other five, four also occur in Central and South America, while the last one, Nidicola mazda, is known only from the Galápagos but belongs to a genus otherwise ranging from the United States south into Mexico. This information, plus the fact that only two of the species occur in the West Indies, suggests a continental tropical origin for this fauna rather than one involving the West Indies as was suggested by Herring (1966a:130) for these same seven species. Because each of the seven species is in a separate genus the assumption must be made that the sister-group of each is non-Galápagos and that the least number of invasions necessary to result in this fauna is seven.

The supergeneric classification now followed in this family is the one proposed by Carayon (1972) who greatly modified the arrangements by Reuter (1884) and by Poppius (1909). There is no key to all the Western Hemisphere genera of Anthocoridae, but Herring's (1976:143–150) key to the North American genera encompasses the seven known from the Galápagos.

Key to Galápagos Genera of Anthocoridae

Subfamily ANTHOCORINAE Amyot and Serville

Tribe ORIINI Carayon

Genus Orius Wolff

Orius Wolff, 1811:161 [type-species: Salda nigra Wolff, original designation].—Herring, 1966b:1093–1109 [revision of New World forms with key to species].

Orius tristicolor (White)

Triphleps tristicolor White, 1879:145 [United States of America (type)].

Orius tristicolor.—Herring, 1966a:130 [Santa Cruz].—Linsley, 1977:12 [Santa Cruz].

DIAGNOSIS—Dorsum with hair inconspicuous. Head, pronotum, scutellum and clavus wholly dark brown to black, contrasting sharply with remainder of the opaque, ivory white corium. Outlines of calli, except where fused to each other mesally, sharply distinct. Length 1.8–2.1 mm.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—North, Central, and South America; West Indies; Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—May. Santa Cruz.

Subfamily LASIOCHILINAE Carayon

Genus Lasiochilus Reuter

Lasiochilus Reuter, 1871:562 [type-species: Lasiochilus pallidulus Reuter, only included species].

Lasiochilus pallidulus Reuter, 1871

Lasiochilus pallidulus Reuter, 1871:562 [United States of America (type)].—Herring, 1966a:128 [Santa Cruz].— Schaefer et al., 1980:46 [Santa Cruz].—Froeschner, 1981:12 [Galápagos Islands].

DIAGNOSIS.—Dorsum of head, pronotum, and corium nearly concolorous. Calli contiguous except for short separation near base by a narrow longitudinal impression. Claval punctures (sometimes embrowned) distinctly coarser than nearly all other punctures over remainder of corium. Length 2.2–2.8 mm.

DESCRIPTION.—Some individuals are wholly pale while others have a conspicuous area of fuscous laterally on the scutellum and on antennal segment II.

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Santa Cruz: Academy Bay, 13 Mar 1970, about 5 m.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—North and Central America; West Indies; Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Feb–Mar. Santa Cruz.

Subfamily LYCTOCORINAE Reuter

Tribe CARDIASTETHINI Carayon

Genus Alofa Herring

Alofa Herring, 1976:150 [type-species: Cardiastethus sodalis White, only included species].

Alofa sodalis (White)

Cardiastethus sodalis White, 1878:372 [Hawaiian Islands (type)].

Buchananiella sodalis.—Herring, 1966a:127 [Santa Cruz].—Linsley, 1977:12 [Santa Cruz].

Alofa sodalis.—Froeschner, 1981;13 [Galápagos Islands].

DIAGNOSIS.—Most of clavus and corium basad of cuneus distinctly paler than rest of dorsum. Length 1.7–2.0 mm.

REMARKS.—This widespread species apparently has traveled to many parts of the world on man's transportation vehicles.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Almost cosmopolitan: North, Central, and South America; the West Indies; Africa; many Pacific Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Jan. Santa Cruz.

Genus Amphiareus Distant

Amphiareus Distant, 1904b:220 [type-species: Xylocoris fulvescens Walker, a junior synonym of Xylocoris constrictus Stal, only included species].

Amphiareus constrictus (Stal)

Xylocoris constrictus Stal, 1860:44 [Brazil (type)].

Buchananiella constrictus.—Herring 1966a:127 [Santa Cruz].—Linsley, 1977:12 [Santa Cruz].

Amphiareus constrictus.—Froeschner, 1981:13 [Galápagos Islands].

DIAGNOSIS.—Dorsum dirty yellow, apex of corium often with an oblique brown blotch. Pronotum with transverse impression behind calli extending across full pronotal width. Length 2.1–2.4 mm.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Almost cosmopolitan: North, Central, and South America: the West Indies; Africa; the Orient; and many islands of the Pacific Ocean.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Mar. Santa Cruz.

Genus Cardiastethus Fieber

Cardiastethus Fieber, 1860:39, 141 [type-species: Cardiastethus luridellus Fieber, designated by Kirkaldy, 1906:121].

Cardiastethus limbatellus (Stal)

Xylocoris limbatellus Stal, 1860:44 [Brazil (type)].

Cardiastethus limbatellus.—Herring, 1966a:127 [Santa Cruz].—Linsley, 1977:12 [Santa Cruz].—Froeschner, 1981:13 [Galápagos Islands].

DIAGNOSIS.—Dorsum blackish with head, lateral margins of pronotum, and costal margins reddish. Elytra, except clavus, densely but finely punctured. Length 2.3 mm.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Guatemala, Brazil, Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Jan–Mar. Santa Cruz.

Tribe SCOLOPINI Carayon

Genus Nidicola Harris and Drake

Nidicola Harris and Drake, 1941:343 [type-species: Nidicola marginata Harris and Drake, only included species].— Drake and Herring, 1964:53–63 [revision of genus with key to species].

Nidicola mazda Herring

Nidicola mazda Herring, 1966a: 129 [Galápagos Islands: Santa Cruz (type)].—Linsley, 1977:12 [Santa Cruz].—Froeschner, 1981:13 [Galápagos Islands].

DIAGNOSIS.—Pronotum with surface strongly rugulose; its anterolateral angles not projecting anterior to collar. Corial veins slightly elevated. Length 1.7 mm.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Jan. Santa Cruz.

Tribe XYLOCORINI Carayon

Genus Xylocoris Dufour

Xylocoris Dufour, 1831:423 [type-species: Xylocoris rufipennis Dufour, a junior synonym of Anthocoris cursitans Fallen, only included species].

Xylocoris sordidus (Reuter)

Piezostethus sordidus Reuter, 1871:560 [“USA”; Brazil].

Xylocoris sordidus.—Herring, 1966a:130 [Galápagos Islands: Baltra, Santa Cruz].—Linsley, 1977:12 [Baltra, Santa Cruz].

DIAGNOSIS.—Corium mostly whitish (often with cuneus and costal margin or more darkened), contrasting sharply with polished reddish brown of head, pronotum, and scutellum. Length, 2.7–3 mm. (See Figure 13.)

SPECIMEN RECORD.—Santa Cruz: Darwin Research Station, 23 Feb 1970, about 5 m.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—North, Central, and South America; West Indies; Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Jan–Feb. Baltra, Santa Cruz.

Family BERYTIDAE Fieber

(Stilt-legged Bugs)

Members of this family move over the plant surfaces without efforts at concealment other than that afforded by their stick-like body and thread-like appendages. They have been reported feeding on plant sap or on the body juices of soft-bodied insects, such as aphida, or on insect eggs. Stilt-legged bugs glue their eggs directly to plant surfaces or place them on slender stalks.

The single species known from the Galápagos Islands belongs to the widespread genus Metacanthus, which has been found on all continents and many islands. As the only member of the family on the islands, its presence could be accounted for by a single invasion.

The literature for this family is much scattered. Generic keys to aid studies of Neotropical, stilt-legged bugs can be found in Stusak and Cobben (1975) and in Froeschner (1981).

Genus Metacanthus Costa

Metacanthus Costa, 1844:258 [type-species: Berytus elegans Costa, only included species].

Aknisus McAtee, 1919:81 [type-species: Aknisus calvus McAtee, original designation; new synonym].

DIAGNOSIS.—Pronotum with neither spines nor white tubercles on anterior lobe. Ostiolar peritreme with a distinct longitudinal groove on dorsum of curved apical part.

REMARKS.—Froeschner (1981:16–13) keyed Metacanthus Costa and Aknisus McAtee in the same half of a couplet because he was unable to separate them. Additional considerations lead to the conviction that they are indeed congeneric with Costa's generic name having priority. New Synonymy.

Metacanthus galapagensis (Barber), new combination

Jalysus (Metacanthus) tenellus.—Heidemann, 1901:366 [“misidentification”; Galápagos Islands: San Cristóbal].

Aknisus galapagensis Barber, 1934:284 [Galápagos Islands: San Cristóbal (types)].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:134 [San Cristóbal].—Froeschner, 1981:17 [Galápagos Islands].

DIAGNOSIS.—Antennal segment II slightly more than 3 times as long as II. Antennal segments I and II and legs faintly banded and spotted with brown. Length, 5–5.7 mm. (See Figure 23.)

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Santa Cruz*: Bellavista, 5 Jun, 170 m., on Datura. These specimens agree well with the holotype.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—May–Jun. San Cristóbal; Santa Cruz*.

Family CIMICIDAE Latreille

(Bed Bugs)

Members of this family are strongly marked by having their wings reduced to mere pads or less. They have a specialized diet of blood from warm-blooded hosts, whether these be birds or mammals, including man. Theoretically these insects first associated with cave-dwelling animals, including man in his earliest history. Some of the species accompanied man wherever he went.

The only species of Cimicidae reported from the Galápagos is the common, domestic bed bug which doubtless was carried to the islands by persons who came to visit or to live. A single record is the basis of all subsequent reports of it on these islands. While it is quite probable that ships from the earliest visits have brought it to the islands several times, the conclusion is self-evident that the least numbers of invasions necessary to bring a species to the islands is one!

Usinger's (1966) monograph of the family provides a fully illustrated treatment with many details on all species, including much information on the biology, ecology, habits, and other aspects of their lives.

Subfamily CIMICINAE Latreille

Genus Cimex Linnaeus

Cimex Linnaeus, 1758:441 [type-species: Cimex lectularius Linnaeus, designated by Opinion 81 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1924:19)].

DIAGNOSIS.—Posterior coxa separated from each other by a flat plate between coxae. Tibia uniformly colored, not mottled. Length of antennal segment II nearly or quite equal to interocular width.

Cimex lectularius Linnaeus

Cimex lectularius Linnaeus, 1758:441 [Europe (type)].—Barber, 1934:281, 287 [Santa Maria].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:135 [Santa Maria].—Usinger, 1966:251, 313 [Galápagos Islands, see map, fig. 11–2].—Froeschner, 1981:18 [Galápagos Islands].

DIAGNOSIS.—Pronotum 2 times wider than long. Antennal segment II slightly more than one-third of width of head. Length, 4.9–6.0 mm. (See Figure 10.)

REMARKS.—This pest, the infamous bed bug, has followed man wherever he has gone, hence its presence on these islands was not unexpected. What is surprising is that the single record by Barber (1934) obviously serves as the basis for all subsequent listings for the islands. Apparently the insect was unable to maintain a population either because too few humans lived on the islands or because man's efforts to eliminate it were effective.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Cosmopolitan.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Dec. Santa María.

Family COREIDAE Leach

(Coreid Bugs)

Members of this family derive their nourishment from a variety of plants, sometimes including man's crops. Many of the members emit an odorous fluid that in part may be defensive as all stages from eggs to adults are exposed on plant surfaces.

A single species of Coreidae is known from the Galápagos Islands. It was described from specimens collected by Charles Darwin during his historic visit. Because this species is known only from the Galápagos Islands it must represent the modified descendants of a form that reached the islands at an earlier time—the single invasion necessary to establish the Coreidae line on the islands. Its genus, Anasa, is restricted to the New World so the ancestors of this sole representative on these islands must have come from the Americas.

The suprageneric classification of the family Coreidae is now undergoing a much needed revision that will not reach publication in its final form for some time.

Subfamily COREINAE Leach

Tribe SYROMASTINI Stal

Genus Anasa Amyot and Serville

Anasa Amyot and Serville, 1843:209 [type-species: Anasa cornuta Amyot and Serville, only included species].

DIAGNOSIS.—Head less than half as wide as pronotum; postocular margin over half as long as eye, distinctly calloused. Veins of membrane lengthwise, not uniting to form small cells.

Anasa obscura Dallas

Anasa obscura Dallas, 1852:505 [Galápagos Islands (type)].—Dohrn, 1859:30 [Galápagos Islands].—Stal, 1870:197 [Galápagos Islands].—Butler, 1877:88 [Galápagos Islands].—Lethierry and Severin, 1894:76 [Galápagos Islands].—Heidemann, 1901:365 [San Cristóbal].—Champion, 1924:260 [Galápagos Islands].—Barber, 1934:283 [San Cristóbal].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:133 [San Cristóbal].—Froeschner, 1981:25 [Galápagos Islands.]

DIAGNOSIS.—Head with a long (longer than eye), tapering, outcurved spine above base of antenna; without a median pale line. Antenna wholly pale. Pronotum with anterolateral angles not projecting. Length, 10–10.6 mm. (See Figure 5.)

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Isabela*: Volcan Alcedo, east to south rim, 20 Mar 1970, 925 m. Santa Cruz*: Cerro Crocker, summit area, 7 Jul, 860 m, “grassy zone.”

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Mar, May, Jul. Isabela*, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz*.

Family CORIXIDAE Leach

(Water Boatmen)

These aquatic insects spend most of their time under water clinging to submerged objects by their middle legs. In a space between their elytra and concave abdominal dorsum they carry a supply of air that serves not only as a source of oxygen but also gives them bouyancy for rising quickly to the surface when new air supplies are needed. They again return to their underwater environment by powerful sweeps of their flattened and fringed hind legs. Characteristically they are microphagous, feeding on diatoms, algal cell contents, and other such tiny sources of nourishment; in contrast, some species are reported as feeding on mosquito larvae. Eggs are glued to shallowly submerged objects. Most forms frequent only fresh water but some, as was first pointed out by Hutchinson (1931:573) for the genus Trichocorixa, can complete their life cycles in brackish waters. Thus it is possible for certain species to occur on the Galápagos Islands where there are few permanent bodies of fresh water.

The two species occurring on the Galápagos Islands belong to one genus that ranges from the Hudson Bay area in Canada south into northwestern South America. The range of one species is from southern United States south to Peru. The other species was described as being “clearly derived from” the first (Sailer, 1948:308). This relationship suggests that only a single invasion was necessary to account for the presence of both species.

The most useful paper for the study of the family Corixidae as it is known to occur on the Galápagos Islands is Hungerford's (1948) monograph of the Western Hemisphere Corixidae, which contains a revision of the genus Trichocorixa by Sailer. This work was reprinted in 1977 almost exactly as in the original except for a correction in the key to the species of Trichocorixa and a new section updating the reference literature.

Subfamily CORIXINAE Leach

Tribe CORIXINI Leach

Genus Trichocorixa Kirkaldy

Arctocorisa (Trichocorixa) Kirkaldy, 1908:118 [type-species: Corisa pygmaea Fieber, only included species].

Trichocorixa.—Hungerford, 1927:96.—Sailer, 1948:289–407 [revision, key (corrected in 1977 reprint) to species on pages 302–305].

DIAGNOSIS.—Pronotum with posterior margin projecting caudad as an apically rounded triangle nearly or quite covering scutellum. Pronotum and front wings with transverse black lines, these sometimes irregular or broken.

REMARKS.—The Silberglied Collection contains seven badly shriveled, early instar, nymphal corixids from Isla Isabela. These are unidentifiable, but for the time being they may be considered to belong to this genus, the only one known to occur in the Galápagos Islands. They were collected at Tagus Cove, 22–23 March, “in crater lake.”

Key to Galápagos Species of Trichocorixa

Trichocorixa beebei Sailer

Trichocorixa beebei Sailer, 1948:306 [Galápagos Islands: Genovesa (type)].—Froeschner, 1981:28 [Galápagos Islands].

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Genovesa.

Trichocorixa reticulata (Guérin-Méneville)

Corisa reticulata Guérin-Méneville, 1857:423 [Cuba (lectotype designated by Sailer, 1946:618)].

Trichocorixa reticulata.—Sailer, 1946:617 [Galápagos Islands]; 1948:343 [San Salvador, Santa Cruz].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:136 [Galápagos Islands].—Nieser, 1969:153 [San Salvador, Santa Cruz]; 1970:66 [Galápagos Islands]; 1975:217 [Galápagos Islands].—Lauck, 1979:101 [Galápagos Islands].—Bachmann, 1979:134 [Isabela, Santa Cruz].—Froeschner, 1981:28 [Galápagos Islands].—Jansson, 1982:101 [Galápagos Islands].

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Santa Cruz: Academy Bay, Darwin Research Station, 13 March, 5 m, “at ultra violet blacklight.”

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Southern North America through Central America and the West Indies onto northern South America; Galápagos Islands. Introduced into Hawaii.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Mar, Jul, Oct. Isabela, San Salvador, Santa Cruz.

Family CYDNIDAE Billberg

(Burrowing Bugs)

The characteristic habit of nymphs and adults burrowing in the ground and feeding on the roots of plants is almost family-wide, the most marked exception being in the subfamily Sehirinae, where adults and nymphs feed on above-ground parts of plants. Adults of the burrowing forms come to the surface to mate and to disperse and at that time freely fly to lights. Eggs are laid in the soil. As reported below for one of the Galápagos species, specimens (adults and nymphs) of this family are often found in caves. Their entry into the caves probably results from the positive geotropic reactions leading the bug down along the roots on the soil forming the roof of the cave rather than from horizontal travel from the mouth of the cave. The fate of the populations that enter the caves is not known. Are the individuals that comprise it capable of adapting to a diet of organic debris or bat guano accumulated on the cave floor? Can they reverse their regular root-seeking positive geotropic reaction and return to the cave roof to find their regular food source, or are they individually doomed to dwell their life in total darkness and to leave no successful progeny? Several instars have been reported as probing bat guano with their beak; but whether this was simply exploration of damp substance or actual ingestion of nourishment was not determined.

Each of the two species reported from the Galápagos Islands belongs to a separate genus occurring on the New World continents. One species was formerly thought to be restricted to the Galápagos Islands but is now known from the coastal areas of Ecuador, where it apparently is a relatively recent introduction. The other species is a North American form reported only once for the Galápagos Islands; that record may represent an adventive or mislabeled specimen. Thus the family is represented on those islands by minimum invasions of one or two ancestors, depending upon the status of the second species mentioned above.

The most recent monograph of the species of Cydnidae of the Western Hemisphere is that of Froeschner (1960). A different family-subfamily classification was offered by Dolling (1981) who returned to an earlier, more inclusive concept of the family that encompassed several groups, like the thyreocorids, as subfamilies. Herein the former study is followed.

Key to Galápagos Genera of Cydnidae

Subfamily CYDNINAE Billberg

Genus Dallasiellus Berg

Stenocoris Signoret, 1880:lxiv [preoccupied; type-species: Aethus longulus Dallas, only included species].

Dallasiellus Berg, 1901:281 [proposed as a new name for the preoccupied Stenocoris Signoret, hence takes the same type-species].

Dallasiellus murinus (Van Duzee)

Geotomus murinus Van Duzee, 1933:26 [Galápagos Islands: Tagus Cove, Isabela Island (type)].—Barber, 1934:282 [Isabela].

Dallasiellus murinus.—Froeschner, 1960:616 [Isabela, San Cristóbal].

Dallasiellus murinus.—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:133 [Isabela, San Cristóbal].—Froeschner, 1968:192 [Fernandina, Isabela, San Cristóbal Santa Cruz, Santa María]; 1980:2 [Isabela, Santa Cruz]; 1981:31 [Galápagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:10 [Fernandina, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa María].—Schaefer et al., 1980:44 [Fernandina, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa María].

DIAGNOSIS.—Head dorsally with well scattered minute punctures; preocular margin distinctly carinate; jugum longitudinally weakly concave. Scutellum discally with coarse punctures. Length 5.0–5.5 mm.

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Santa María: 17 Feb 1964, forest floor at 300 m; Santa Cruz, remains in a cave on floor.

On the Galápagos this species has been taken from under bunch grass and litter and, as could be anticipated, from lights.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands and Ecuador.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Nov–Apr. Fernandina, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, and Santa María

Genus Melanaethus Uhler

Melanaethus Uhler, 1876:280 [type-species: Melanaethus elongatus Uhler, a junior synonym of Aethus subglaber Walker, only included species].

Melanaethus subglaber (Walker)

Aethus subglaber Walker, 1867:150 [“North America”].

Melanaethus subglaber.—Froeschner, 1960:438 [Marchena]; 1968:192, [? Marchena]; 1981:31 [? Galápagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:10 [“Marchena (?)”].

DIAGNOSIS.—Pronotum with submedian transverse impression impressed distinctly and equally across full width of pronotum. Preocular margin of head with a distinct carina. Head dorsally with numerous crowded punctures. Length 3.1–3.5 mm.

REMARKS.—Froeschner (1968:192) suggested the specimen that forms the basis for including M. subglaber in the Galápagos fauna was perhaps mislabeled. Until negative evidence can be derived from more specialized collecting on the Island of Marchena, the species should be considered, at least tentatively, as occurring on that island.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Western United States south into Mexico. ?Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—?Marchena.

Family GERRIDAE Amyot and Serville

(Water Striders)

Nearly all water striders are adapted for and spend the active parts of their life cycles on the surface of fresh water, whether it be standing or running; the major exception are the oceangoing marine water striders of the genus Halobates. Considering the virtual absence of permanent bodies of fresh water on these tropical oceanic islands and the presence of oceans surrounding them, neither the absence of the fresh water forms nor the presence of the marine water striders is unexpected. These marine forms live chiefly on ocean surfaces away from the land, although they will enter coves and bays. They lay their eggs on floating objects, whether debris or living creatures, such as birds sitting on the ocean's surface.

The four species known to occur on the ocean around the Galápagos Islands must have evolved on the oceans away from land and so the presence of each of them must be ascribed to a separate “invasion”—a necessary minimum of four invasions.

The basic classification scheme of the Gerridae is that of Hungerford and Matsuda (1960) and of Matsuda (1960), with a significant modification by Andersen (1975). Because the family is represented within the archipelago only by its genus Halobates, the following two contributions are especially important: the taxonomic monograph of Halobates by Herring (1961), and Cheng and Shulenberger's (1980) detailed distribution information on four species of this genus in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.

Subfamily HALOBATINAE Bianchi

Tribe HALOBATINI Bianchi

Genus Halobates Eschscholtz

Halobates Eschscholtz, 1822:106 [type-species: Halobates micans Eschscholtz, designated by Laporte, 1832:24].

DIAGNOSIS.—Wingless. Pronotum short, collar-like, set off posteriorly by a sharp transverse suture. Abdomen shorter than thorax. Color leaden gray, wholly sericeus.

REMARKS.—The Silberglied Collection contains two early instar nymphs taken on 23–25 March at Punta Espinosa, Fernandina (their specific identity cannot be ascertained at this time).

Beebe (1924:84–89), in his observations on Halobates, reported that specimens accidently or experimentally wetted by immersion would sink and die. For nymphs at the Galápagos Islands he wrote: “when thoroughly soaked, three out of five failed to reright themselves and again float.” This is a surprising hazard for insects otherwise so evidently successfully adapted for life on the surface of the often turbulent ocean! In contrast, Cheng's (1973) study of the surface-fine structure of several species of water striders led her to deduce, without reference to Beebe's observations, that these marine water striders have a surface cover sufficient to protect them from wetting and drowning. These Halobates water striders are generally grouped as one of two types: open-ocean forms that normally occur away from land masses, sometimes hundreds of miles, but can be driven landward by storms on the open ocean; or forms associated with islands or island groups. Only four species have been reported as actually occurring along shores of the Galápagos Islands. These include the three open-ocean species, H. micans Eschsholtz, H. sericeus Eschscholtz, and H. sobrinus White, and the one island group species, H. robustus Barber. A fourth open-ocean species, H. splendens Witlaczil, is now known to occur northward far enough to be found on the ocean in all directions from the Galápagos Islands, as mapped by Chen and Schulenberger (1980:587). Because individuals of this latter species may be storm-tossed among the islands or along their shores, the species is included in the key offered herein.

Key to Galápagos Species of Halobates

Halobates micans Eschscholtz

Halobates micans Eschscholtz, 1822:107 [South Atlantic Ocean (type)].—Barber, 1934:289 [Galápagos Islands]; 1943:80 [Galápagos Islands].—Usinger, 1938:83 [Galápagos Islands]; 1951:321 [Galápagos Islands].—Herring, 1961:227, 246 [Galápagos Islands (small scale map record dot only)].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:136 [“near” San Salvador].—Froeschner, 1981:37 [Galápagos Islands].

Halobates “wuellerstorfi.”—Uhler, 1889:194 [San Cristóbal].

Halobates “Wuellersdorffi.”—Heidemann, 1901:369 [San Salvador].

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Atlantic Ocean between 40° N and S latitudes; Indian Ocean; Pacific Ocean between 20° N and 40° S latitudes.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Nov. Near the islands of San Cristóbal and San Salvador, but its very wide general distribution suggests it should occur on the oceanic waters between all the islands.

Halobates robustus Barber

Halobates “sp.”—Heidemann, 1901:369 [Isabela].

“Halobates sp. nov.”—Beebe, 1924:83, 432 [Santa Cruz]; 1926:33 [Isabela].—Champion, 1924:260 [Galápagos Islands].

Halobates robustus Barber, 1925:253 [Galápagos Islands: Santa Cruz (type)].—1934:289 [Santa Cruz, Santa María].—Van Duzee 1937:118 [Santa Cruz].—Usinger, 1938:84 [Santa Cruz].—Herring, 1961:229, 282 [Galápagos Islands; (small scale map dot records only)].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:136 [Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santa María].—Cheng and Maxfield, 1980:43 [Isabela, Santa Cruz].—Birch et al., 1979:33 [Fernandina, Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santa María].—Froeschner, 1981:37 [Galápagos Islands].

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—San Cristóbal*: coast 5 mi NE of Cerro Brujo, 14 Apr.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Jan, Apr, Oct. Fernandina, Isabela, San Cristóbal*, Santa Cruz, Santa María.

Halobates sericeus Eschscholtz

Halobates sericeus Eschscholtz, 1822:108 [Pacific ocean “near the Equator” (type)].—Herring, 1961:227, 252 [Galápagos Islands (small scale map dot records only)].—Froeschner, 1981:37 [Galápagos Islands].

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Across the Pacific Ocean between 40° N an 40° S latitudes.

GALÁPAGOS ISLANDS.—Reported from the oceans to the east and west of the Galápagos.

Halobates sobrinus White

Halobates sobrinus White, 1883:46 [“Taiti” in error! Known only from the Pacific Ocean along west coast of South America].—Herring, 1961:229, 251 [Galápagos Islands (small scale map dot record only)].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:136 [“near Galápagos” Islands].—Froeschner, 1981:37 [Galápagos Islands].

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Eastern Pacific Ocean between 30° N and 5° S latitudes.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

Halobates splendens Witlaczil

Halobates splendens Witlaczil, 1886:178 [west coast of America between the Equator and the Tropic of Cancer (type)].

REMARKS.—Not yet reported from the Galápagos Islands waters, but occurring on the open ocean in all directions from those islands, it may yet be blown close to shore.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Eastern tropical Pacific Ocean between 10° N and 20° S latitudes.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Not yet reported (see comment above).

Family LYGAEIDAE Schilling

(Lygaeid Bugs)

General life habits of members of the Lygaeidae vary considerably. Some species, including some of the brightly colored ones, frequent exposed surfaces of plants; some are just as exposed but much less visible because their colors blend with their surroundings; still others hide in crevices or under objects; and some frequent ant tunnels. Their food habits also show considerable variation. Some feed on plant juices; others feed on plant seeds; some are predators on other insects; and one group prefers the blood of vertebrates. This array of foods includes some of man's crop plants and in some instances even his own blood. Some species have been reported to feed on dead animal bodies and on excrement, but these sources are probably incidental rather than a regular or essential parts of the diet of any of them.

One more genus and species, Tempyra biguttula Stal, are herein added to the nine species in eight genera listed by Ashlock (1972). Eight of the nine genera occur elsewhere on the American continents. The ninth one, Darwinysius, with two species, is restricted to these islands; Ashlock (1967:35) has placed it phylogenetically close to several Neotropical genera. Of the ten species, two are recent introductions from the mainland, the other eight are restricted to the Galápagos Islands. These numbers suggest that evolution within the family on these islands is mostly at the specific level with very little at the generic level. The two species of the genus Darwinysius are very close to each other and probably are sister species derived from a common ancestor that invaded the islands. Thus the conclusion can be reached that a minimum of nine invasions can be proposed to account for the ten species of Lygaeidae on the islands.

Literature significant for more technical study of the family Lygaeidae as it occurs in the Galápagos Islands includes the following: Ashlock's (1967) revision of the tribes and genera of the subfamily Orsillinae; his synopsis (1972) of the Lygaeidae known to occur on the Galápagos at that time, with keys and illustrations; Slater's (1964) catalogue; and Malipatil's (1978) and Harrington's (1980) revisions of the tribe Mydochini, which include modifications of the generic concepts in that group.

The Silberglied collection of Galápagos Lygaeidae contained one 5th instar nymph from Isla Pinzón (13–16 May 1970, R. Silberglied) for which I choose not to hazard a generic placement at this time. It is a stout individual measuring 4 mm in length and 2 mm across the abdomen. It has the head, pro- and mesonota longitudinally lineate with dark brown, and the abdomen red with numerous, crowded, small, yellow dots. The abdomen has two pairs of scent gland openings, between segments 4 and 5, and 5 and 6, and all the spiracles visible dorsally. The apex of its triangularly prolonged head surpasses the apex of the first antennal segment. It certainly is an Orsilline, but without associated adults I prefer to leave its exact placement to future studies.

Key to Galápagos Genera of Lygaeidae

Subfamily CYMINAE Baerensprung

Tribe NININI Barber

Genus Cymoninus Breddin

Cymoninus Breddin, 1907:38. [type-species: Cymoninus subunicolor Breddin, a junior synonym of Ninus sechellensis Bergroth, original designation].

Cymoninus notabilis (Distant)

Ninus notabilis Distant, 1882:191 [Guatemala (type)].

Cymoninus notabilis.—Ashlock, 1972:97 [Santa Cruz].—Linsley, 1977:11 [Santa Cruz].—Froeschner, 1981:41 [Galápagos Islands].

DIAGNOSIS.—Head almost as wide as pronotum. Eyes directed slightly posterolaterally. Costal margin without a submedian fuscous spot. Length 3–3.5 mm.

REMARKS.—Ashlock (1972:97) reported taking a large series off the sedge plant Cyperus confertus Schwartz (Cyperaceae).

SPECIMENS RECORDS.—San Salvador*: James Bay near Sugarloaf, 30 Mar, about 20 m. Santa Cruz: Academy Bay, 13 Mar, about 5 m; 29 Apr, about 5 m.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—North, Central, and South America; Antilles; Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Mar. San Salvador*, Santa Cruz.

Subfamily ORSILLINAE Stal

Tribe METRARGINI Kirkaldy

Genus Darwinysius Ashlock

Darwinysius Ashlock, 1967:42 [type-species: Nysius marginalis Dallas, only included species].

Key to Galápagos Species of Darwinysius

Darwinysius marginalis (Dallas)

Nysius marginalis Dallas, 1852:556 [Galápagos Islands (type)].—Dohrn, 1859:33 [Galápagos Islands].—Walker, 1872:142 [Galápagos Islands].—Stal, 1874:122 [Galápagos Islands],—Butler, 1877:88 [San Salvador, Santa Maria].—Lethierry and Severin, 1894:154 [Galápagos Islands],—Heidemann, 1901:366 [Galápagos Islands],—Champion, 1924:260 [San Salvador, Santa Maria],—Barber, 1934:285 [Mosquera, San Salvador, Santa Maria],—Van Duzee, 1937:114 [Santa Cruz].—Slater, 1964:287 [Galápagos Islands],—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:134 [Mosquera, San Salvador, Santa Maria].—Usinger and Ashlock, 1966:230 [Galápagos Islands].

Cymus galapagensis Stal, 1859a:252 [Galápagos Islands (type)].

Nysius (Cymus) marginalis.—Barber, 1925:245 [Daphne Major].

Darwinysius marginalis.—Ashlock, 1967:42 [Galápagos Islands]; 1972:95 [Daphne Major, Fernandina, Isabela, Pinzón, Rábida, Santa Cruz, Santa Maria, Santiago].—Linsley. 1977:11 [Daphne Major, Fernandina, Isabela, Pinzón, Rábida, San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Santa Maria],—Schaefer et al., 1980:46 [Bartolomé, Beagle, Daphne Major, San Salvador, Santa Maria].—Froeschner, 1981:42 [Galápagos Islands].

REMARKS.—Ashlock (1972:95) found specimens on the ground feeding on the fallen seeds of the purslane plant Portulaca species (Portulacaceae); he also reported it in large numbers from the spurge plant Euphorbia viminea Hooker (Euphorbiaceae).

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Isabela: NW rim of Volcan Alcedo, 22 Mar 1970. San Cristóbal*: vicinity of El Junco, 15–16 Apr 1970, about 700 m. Santa Cruz: vicinity of Mirador W of Media Luna, 26 May 1970 and Jul 1970, about 620 m.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Mar–May, Sep. Bartolomé, Beagle, Daphne Major, Fernandina, Isabela, Mosquera, Pinzón, Rábida, San Cristóbal*, San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Santa María, Trenton

Darwinysius wenmanensis Ashlock

Nysius species.—Usinger and Ashlock, 1966:233 [Wolf].

Darwinysius species.—Ashlock, 1967:42 [Wolf].

Darwinysius wenmanensis Ashlock, 1972:95 [Galápagos Islands: Wolf (type)].—Linsley, 1977:11 [Wolf].—Froeschner, 1981:42 [Galápagos Islands].

REMARKS.—The types were found under an unidentified species of the purslane plant genus Portulaca (Portulacaceae).

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Jan and Sep. Wolf.

Genus Xyonysius Ashlock and Lattin

Xyonysius Ashlock and Lattin 1963:702 [type-species: Nysius californicus Stal, original designation].

Xyonysius naso (Van Duzee)

Nysius (Ortholomus) naso Van Duzee, 1933:27 [Galápagos Islands: Santa Maria (type)].

Ortholomus naso.—Barber, 1934:285 [Santa Maria].

Nysius naso.—Usinger, 1941:131 [Galápagos Islands],—Slater, 1964:288 [Galápagos Islands],—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:134 [Santa Maria].

Xyonysius naso.—Usinger and Ashlock, 1966:235 [Galápagos Islands].—Ashlock, 1967:47 [Galápagos Islands]; 1972:97 [Fernandina, Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santa Fe, Santa Maria],—Linsley, 1977:11 [Fernandina, Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santa Fe, Santa Maria].—Froeschner, 1981:42 [Galápagos Islands].

DIAGNOSIS.—Apex of head surpassing apex of first antennal segment. Color variable, dorsally testaceous with pale to bold black markings. Length 5 mm.

REMARKS.—The insect “seems to be confined to species of the endemic composite genus Scalesia” as reported by Ashlock (1972:97), who listed it from the following three species of that genus, affinis, gummifera, and helleri.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Fernandina, Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santa Fe, Santa Maria.

Tribe NYSIINI Uhler

Genus Nysius Dallas

Nysius Dallas 1852:551 [type-species: Lygaeus thymii Wolff, designated by Opinion 319 of International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature 1955].

REMARKS.—Specific identification within the genus Nysius is difficult because there is no key for the approximately 100 species names included therein. At this time there appears to be only one species on the Galápagos, but others may be found later.

Nysius usitatus Ashlock

Nysius usitatus Ashlock, 1972:89 [Galápagos Islands: Santa Cruz (type)].—Linsley, 1977:10 [Santa Cruz].—Froeschner, 1981:42 [Galápagos Islands].

DIAGNOSIS.—Apical margin of corium deeply concave. Costal margins straight and subparallel almost to apex of scutellum. Length, 3.5 mm.

REMARKS.—The type-series was found “under Portulaca” (Portulacaceae) plants.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Feb and Apr. Santa Cruz.

Tribe ORSILLINI Stal

Genus Neortholomus Hamilton

Neortholomus Hamilton, 1983:201 [type-species: Lygaeus scolopax Say, original].

Neortholomus usingeri (Ashlock)

Ortholomus usingeri Ashlock, 1972:91 [Galápagos Islands: Santa Cruz (type), San Cristóbal, Santa Maria],—Linsley, 1977:10 [San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Maria],—Froeschner, 1981:42 [Galápagos Islands].

Neortholomus usingeri.—Hamilton, 1983:226 [Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Maria).

DIAGNOSIS.—Roughened evaporative area on metapleuron reduced to a very narrow halo around the scent gland opening. Length, 2.8–3.2 mm.

REMARKS.—The type series was taken from three different genera of plants, each representing a separate family: Cordia species (Boraginaceae), Hypericum pratense (Cham, and Schlect.) (Hyperiaceae), and Verbena species (Verbenaceae).

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Isabela: E to S rim of Volcan Alcedo, 20 Mar 1970, about 925 m, including adults and fourth and fifth instar nymphs. San Cristóbal: vicinity El Junco (crater lake), 15–16 Apr 1970, about 700 m.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Feb–Apr. Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Maria.

Subfamily RHYPAROCHROMINAE Amyot and Serville

Tribe MYODOCHINI Boitard

Genus Heraeus Stal

Heraeus Stal, 1862:314 [type-species: Lygaeus triguttatus Guerin, only included species].

Heraeus pacificus Barber

Heraeus pacificus Barber, 1925:245 [Galápagos Islands: San Salvador (type)]; 1934:286 [San Salvador].—Slater, 1964:1083 [Galápagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:134 [San Salvador].—Ashlock, 1972:101 [San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Santa Maria].—Parkin et al., 1972:102 [San Salvador].—Linsley, 1977:11 [San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Santa Maria.].—Schaefer et al., 1980:46 [San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Santa Maria].—Froeschner, 1981:43 [Galápagos Islands].

DIAGNOSIS.—Antennal segment I distinctly surpassing apex of head; segment IV wholly fuscous to black. Anterior femur, except for apex, and subapical ring (sometimes broken) on middle and hind femora fuscous to black. Length, 5.4–6.2 mm.

REMARKS.—A large series collected “at 1,800 feet under Jaegeria hirta” (Compositae) was reported by Ashlock (1972:101).

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Santa Cruz: vicinity of Media Luna, 4 Jun, about 600 m. Miconia belt; vicinity “mirador,” 9 Jul, about 620 m; Academy Bay, Charles Darwin Research Station, 20–30 Jun, about 5 m.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Apr-Jul. San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Santa Maria.

Genus Neopamera Harrington

Neopamera Harrington, 1980:75, 107 [type-species: Pamera bilobata Say, original designation].

Neopamera insularis (Barber)

Orthaea insularis Barber, 1925:246 [Galápagos Islands: San Salvador (type), Baltra, Isabela, Santa Cruz); 1934:266 [Baltra, Isabela, San Salvador, Santa Cruz].—Linsley and Usinger. 1966:134 [Baltra, Isabela, San Salvador, Santa Cruz].

Pachybrachius insularis.—Slater, 1964:1127 [Galápagos Islands].—Ashlock, 1972:98 [Baltra, Fernandina, Isabela, San Salvador, Santa Cruz. Santa Maria].—Linsley, 1977:11 [Baltra, Fernandina, Isabela, San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Santa Maria].—Schaefer et al., 1980:46 [Baltra, Fernandina, Isabela, Pinta, San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Santa Maria].—Froeschner, 1981:44 [Galápagos Islands].

DIAGNOSIS.—Dorsum mostly dull black to brownish black; corium with basal half and a transverse crescentric spot near outer apical angle sordid white. Length, 4.7–5.9 [original description says 6.5 mm].

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Isabela: Volvan Alcedo, NW rim of crater, 22 Mar 1970, including 1 small nymph. Santa Cruz: Academy Bay, Darwin Research Station, 21 Feb 1970, 12–13 Mar 1970, about 5 m; “Santa Cruz,” K. Vinton, 1948 [USNM].

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Dec, Feb–Apr. Baltra, Fernandina, Isabela, Pinta, San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Santa Maria.

Genus Pseudopachybrachius Malipatil

Pseudopachybrachius Malipatil, 1978:63 [type-species: Rhyparochromus gutta Dallas, only included species].

Pseudopachybrachius nesovinctus (Ashlock)

Pachybrachius nesovinctus Ashlock, 1972:98 [Galápagos Islands: Santa Cruz (type), Fernandina].—Linsley, 1977:11 [Fernandina, Santa Cruz].—Froeschner, 1981:44 [Galápagos Islands].

Pseudopachybrachius nesovinctus.—Schaefer et al., 1980:46 [Fernandina, Pinta, Santa Cruz].

DIAGNOSIS.—Pronotum, scutellum and corium with long erect hairs. Length, 3.6 mm.

REMARKS.—The single specimen at hand is a male of the unusual longwinged form; Ashlock's type series of 26 specimens contained but a single macropterous individual.

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Santa Cruz: Academy Bay, Charles Darwin Research Station, 13 Mar, about 5 m.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Dec, Feb–Apr. Fernandina, Santa Cruz.

Tribe UDEOCORINI Sweet

Genus Tempyra Stal

Tempyra Stal, 1874:154 [type-species: Tempyra biguttula Stal, only included species].

Tempyra biguttula Stal

Tempyra biguttula Stal, 1874:157 [Texas (type)].

DIAGNOSIS.—Protonum reddish brown to black, narrowly expanded side margin translucent yellow. Corium on apical half infuscate, with subapical pale blotch reaching costal margin. Length, 2.0–3.3 mm. (See Figure 8.)

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Santa Cruz*: Academy Bay, Charles Darwin Research Station, 4–17 Mar and 1 May 1970, 5 m, at ultraviolet “black-light.” Capture of these 12 specimens in a short time suggests the species has been established long enough to begin building a sizable population.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—United States, Mexico, and Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Mar, May. Santa Cruz*.

Family MESOVELIIDAE Douglas and Scott

(Marsh Treaders or Pondweed Bugs)

Most individuals of this small family occur on or near fresh water where they move over the surface, especially among emergent plants and rocks; some have been found on forest floors far removed from bodies of water; some with vestigial eyes, live in caves that are damp or contain water. Eggs are laid on available plants or in crevices in handy surfaces as in the walls of caves.

A single species in its own genus occurs on and is restricted to the Galápagos Islands. A single species implies a minimum of a single ancestral invasion.

Andersen and Polhemus (1980) presented the most comprehensive treatment of the family, with discussions of characters, phylogeny, a key to the known genera, and a checklist of the world's species.

Subfamily MESOVELIINAE Douglas and Scott

Genus Darwinivelia Andersen and Polhemus

Darwinivelia Andersen and Polhemus, 1980:373 [type-species: Darwinivelia fosteri Andersen and Polhemus, only included species].

DIAGNOSIS.—Eyes distinct, globular. Head ventrally with a pair of longitudinal, parallel carinae forming a rostral groove. Head dorsally without a mediolongitudinal groove.

Darwinivelia fosteri Andersen and Polhemus

Darwinivelia fosteri Andersen and Polhemus, 1980:375 [Galápagos Islands: Santa Cruz (type)].

DIAGNOSIS.—General color uniformly light brown. Body surface dull, with dense, appressed, grayish pubescence. Mediodorsal line of head not impressed. Length, 1.8 mm. (See Figure 14.)

REMARKS.—In describing this species Andersen and Polhemus reported the type specimen had been taken from a marine water strider of the genus Halobates (Gerridae), which was feeding upon it; from this observation they assumed that Darwinivelia may be a denizen of the intertidal zone.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Santa Cruz.

Family MIRIDAE Hahn

(Plant Bugs)

The Miridae is by far the largest family in the Heteroptera, its number of species approaching the combined total of the species in all the other families of the order. Life habits in this group vary considerably. Some live openly on the exposed surfaces of plants; some hide themselves among flower parts, or other cervices, or under debris; and yet others have been reported living in the tunnels of ants. Some live and move freely in unexpected places like spider webs or in the traps of insectivorous plants and there apparently derive their nourishment from other insects that are ensnared. Among the phytophagous forms feeding may be so restricted that only certain parts of a single plant species are attacked or so general that a mixed diet of many plant species is used. Some species partake of a mixture of plant and animal (usually insect) food. Still others are mainly if not wholly carnivorous. A few forms have been reported biting man, but this appears to be incidental, occurring while the plant bug is searching for food. A number of important plant pests are found among the phytophagous forms. Eggs are habitually inserted in plant tissues.

The Galápagos Miridae fauna (including the single species and genus herein added to those reported by Carvalho and Gagné, 1968) at this time has forty-five species in sixteen genera. Thirty-seven of these species are known only from the Galápagos Islands; the other six species, each in a separate genus, occur widely and do inhabit the Neotropics. Only two of the genera are known solely from the Galápagos. Again, the evolutionary pattern on these islands is preponderantly at the species level with little at the generic level. Estimating the least number of invasions necessary to build the fauna of these islands is difficult because most of the species are in genera with numerous other species and the phylogenetic lines are yet to be worked out. Obviously, the sole representatives of eleven genera establish that number of invasions, but estimation of the least number of invasions given herein for the other 30 species are highly speculative and are based solely on the comparative comments made by Carvalho and Gagné (1968) in their descriptions of new species. Summarizing the groupings given below under each of the six genera having two or more species on the Galápagos Islands, the tentative number of necessary invasion in 15, which, when coupled with the eleven mentioned above, makes a total of 26 as the minimum number of invasions necessary to account for the 43 species of Miridae on the Galápagos Islands.

The most useful point of study of the local Miridae is the synopsis, with keys and illustrations, of that family on the Galápagos Islands by Carvalho and Gagné (1968). In addition, the would-be student must have access to Carvalho's (1957–1960) world catalog and to his (1955) key to the world genera. The addition of the genus Tytthus in the present paper introduces need for Carvalho and Southwood's (1955) paper revising that genus.

Specimens of Miridae are more delicate than many other insects and require gentle handling to avoid losing the easily detached legs or rubbing off the easily abraded dorsal vestiture, which is important for identification. Specimens are best mounted shortly after being collected and killed; those collected in alcohol and mounted directly therefrom (without going through a hardening process) often bleach and shrivel badly while drying. Unfortunately many of the Miridae in the present collection were in less than prime condition and were difficult to identify.

Key to Galápagos Genera of Miridae

Subfamily CYLAPINAE Kirkaldy

Tribe FULVIINI Uhler

Genus Fulvius Stal

Fulvius Stal, 1862:322 [type-species: Fulvius anthocorides Stal, only included species].

Key to Galápagos Species of Fulvius

Fulvius brevicornis Reuter

Fulvius brevicornis Reuter, 1895:138 [France, on ship from Senegal (type)].—Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:153 [Santa Cruz].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Santa Cruz].—Froeschner, 1981:47 [Galápagos Islands].

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Santa Cruz: Darwin Research Station, 17 Mar, about 5 m.

REMARKS.—Gagné (in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:155) reported a specimen taken on “damp bark of Erythrina” (Leguminosae), a note that suggests the species has the habits typical within the genus—bark-frequenting predator.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Nearly cosmopolitan, including the Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Jan–May. Santa Cruz.

Fulvius geniculatus Van Duzee

Fulvius geniculatus Van Duzee, 1933:29 [Galápagos Islands: San Cristóbal (type), Fernandina, Rábida, San Salvador].—Barber, 1934:287 [Fernandina, Rábida, San Cristóbal, San Salvador, Santa María].—Carvalho, 1957:17 [Galápagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:135 [Fernandina, Rábida, San Cristóbal, San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Santa María].—Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:152 [Fernandina, Rábida, San Cristóbal, San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Santa María].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Fernandina, Rábida, San Cristóbal, San Salvador, Santa Cruz].—Schaefer et al., 1980:47 [Fernandina, Rábida, San Cristóbal, San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Santa María].—Froeschner, 1981:47 [Galápagos Islands].

REMARKS.—Carvalho's (in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:153) report of specimens found under the plant Jaegeria hirta Lessing (Compositae) raises the possibility of this being a ground-frequenting form, a habit not previously reported for the genus.

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Isabela*: Volcan Alcedo, 20–21 Mar 1970, about 680 to 925 m. San Cristóbal: vicinity of El Junco (crater lake), 15–16 Apr 1970, about 700 m. Santa Cruz: Caseta WNW of Academy Bay, 28 Feb 1970, about 200 m; vicinity of Mirador W of Media Luna, 26 May, about 620 m.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Sep, Dec–Jun. Fernandina, Isabela*, Rábida, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa María.

Subfamily MIRINAE Hahn

Tribe MIRINI Hahn

Genus Creontiades Distant

Creontiades Distant, 1883:237 [type-species: Megacoelum rubrinerve Stal, only included species].

REMARKS.—Seven species of Creontiades occur on and are restricted to these islands. If the comparative notes in Carvalho's description of the new species are followed, they may be placed in four groups for each of which there might have been a common ancestral invading species: (1) castaneum and fernandinus; (2) citrinus and willowsi; (3) punctatus and vittatus; and (4) fuscosus.

Key to Galápagos Species of Creontiades

Creontiades castaneus Van Duzee

Creontiades castaneum Van Duzee, 1933:27 [Galápagos Islands: San Cristóbal (type)].—Barber, 1934:288 [San Cristóbal].—Carvalho, 1959:74 [Galápagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:136 [San Cristóbal].—Carvalho, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:190 [San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa María].—Gagné, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:190 [Santa Cruz, Santa María].—Linsley, 1977:14 [San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Maria].

Creontiades castaneus.—Froeschner, 1981:48 [Galápagos Islands].

REMARKS.—The above use of the -us ending instead of the original -um ending follows Steyskal's (1973:207) grammatical corrections for the Carvalho “Catalogue.”

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Jan–Apr. San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa María.

Creontiades citrinus Carvalho

Creontiades citrinus Carvalho, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:192 [Galápagos: Santa Cruz (type)].—Gagné, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:192 [Santa Cruz].—Froeschner, 1981:48 [Galápagos Islands].

REMARKS.—In the original description, Heliotropium curassavicum (Linnaeus) (Boraginaceae) was listed as the “host plant.”

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Santa Cruz: Tortuga Bay, 30 May, about 5 m.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Feb. Santa Cruz.

Creontiades fernandinus Carvalho

Creontiades fernandinus Carvalho, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:192 [Galápagos Islands: Fernandina (type)].—Gagné, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:192 [Fernandina].—Linsley, 1977:14 [Fernandina].—Froeschner, 1981:48 [Galápagos Islands].

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Jan–Feb. Fernandina.

Creontiades fuscosus Barber

Creontiades fuscosus Barber, 1925:248 [Galápagos Islands: San Salvador, Santa Cruz (type)]; 1934:288 [San Salvador, Santa Cruz].—Van Duzee, 1937:115 [Santa Cruz].—Carvalho, 1959:75 [Galápagos Islands].—Carvalho, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:194 [Fernandina, Isabela, Pinzón, Rábida, Santa Cruz].—Gagné, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:194 [Isabela, Rábida, Santa Cruz].—Linsley, 1977:14 [Fernandina, Isabela, Pinzón, Rábida, Santa Cruz].—Froeschner, 1981:48 [Galápagos Islands].

Creontiades “fucosus”.—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:136 [San Salvador, Santa Cruz].

REMARKS.—Both Carvalho and Gagné (1968:195) listed this species from the endemic composite shrub Scalesia gummifera Hooker (Compositae).

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Santa Cruz: Academy Bay, Darwin Research Station, 21 Feb, about 5 m.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Jan–Jun. Fernandina, Isabela, Pinzón, Rábida, Santa Cruz.

Creontiades punctatus Carvalho

Creontiades punctatus Carvalho, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:196 [Galápagos Islands: Fernandina, Santa Cruz (type)].—Linsley, 1977:14 [Fernandina, Santa Cruz].—Froeschner, 1981:48 [Galápagos Islands].

REMARKS.—The diagnostic brown mottlings, which give this form its species appelation, vary considerably in amount and prominence with the age of the specimen. In teneral adults the dark spots may be completely missing from the coria and scutellum as they first appear in a submarginal transverse row near the posterior margin of the pronotum; when well marked, the spots may be so numerous and close-set that they fuse into dark areas.

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Genovesa*: 5–7 Mar. Rábida*: north end near lagoon, 31 Mar, about 5 m. Santa Cruz: Darwin Research Station, 5 Mar, 23–30 Apr, 30 May, about 5 m; vicinity of Media Luna, 4 Jun, 600 m.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Feb–Jun. Fernandina, Genovesa*, Rábida*, Santa Cruz.

Creontiades vittatus Carvalho

Creontiades vittatus Carvalho, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:196 [Galápagos Islands: Santa Cruz (type)].—Gagné, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:196 [Fernandina, Santa Cruz].—Linsley, 1977:14 [Fernandina, Santa Cruz].—Froeschner, 1981:48 [Galápagos Islands].

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Santa Cruz: Darwin Research Station, 22–23 Feb, 5 m.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Jan–Feb. Fernandina, Santa Cruz.

Creontiades willowsi Van Duzee

Creontiades willowsi Van Duzee, 1933:28 [Galápagos Islands: Rábida (type)]; 1937:115 [Santa Cruz].—Barber, 1934:288 [Rábida, San Salvador].—Carvalho, 1959:78 [Galápagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:136 [Rábida, San Salvador, Santa Cruz].—Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:197 [Rábida, Santa Cruz].—Linsley, 1977:14 [Rábida, San Salvador, Santa Cruz].—Froeschner, 1981:48 [Galápagos Islands].

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Mar–Jun. Rábida, San Salvador, Santa Cruz.

Genus Dagbertus Distant

Dagbertus Distant, 1904a:203 [type-species: Capsus darwini Butler, designated by Kirkaldy, 1906:123].

REMARKS.—Carvalho and Gagné (1968:205–218) treated 12 species (including three with the letter designations A, B, and C) as occurring on the Galápagos Islands; none of these are known to occur elsewhere. The authors' comparative notes suggest these 12 species can be arranged in five groups, as follow: (1) formosus and pallidus; (2) figuratus, lineatus, nigrifrons, quadrinotatus, spoilatus, and species A and B; (3) marmoratus; (4) darwini; and (5) Species C. As a tentative working conclusion, this suggests a minimum of five ancestral invasions as necessary for establishing the fauna of Dagbertus on these islands.

Key to Galápagos Species of Dagbertus

Dagbertus darwini (Butler)

Capsus darwini Butler, 1877:89 [Galápagos Islands: Santa María (type)].

Dagbertus darwini.—Distant, 1904a:203 [Santa María).—Champion. 1924:260 [Santa María].—Barber, 1934:287 [Santa María].—Carvalho, 1952:87 [Galápagos Islands]; 1959:80 [Santa Mariá].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:135 [Santa María].—Carvalho, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:206 [Pinzón, Santa María].—Gagné, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:206 [Santa Cruz, Santa Maria].—Linsley, 1977:15 [Pinzon, Santa Cruz, Santa María].—Froeschner, 1981:49 [Galápagos Islands].

REMARKS.—An unidentified species of the plant genus Scalesia (Compositae) was listed as the “host plant” of this insect by Carvalho (in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:207).

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Feb–Mar. Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Santa María.

Dagbertus figuratus Gagné

Dagbertus figuratus Gagné, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:217 [Galápagos Islands: Santa Cruz (type)].—Linsley, 1977:15 [Santa Cruz).—Froeschner, 1981:49 [Galápagos Islands].

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Feb–Mar. Santa Cruz.

Dagbertus formosus Carvalho

Dagbertus formosus Carvalho, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:207 [Galapagos Islands: Santa Cruz (type)].—Gagné, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:207 [Santa Cruz].—Linsley, 1977:15 [Santa Cruz],—Froeschner, 1981:49 [Galápagos Islands].

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Jan–Feb. Santa Cruz.

Dagbertus lineatus Gagné

Dagbertus lineatus Gagné, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:216 [Galápagos Islands: Fernandina (type)].—Linsley, 1977:15 [“Floreana,” probably a typographical error for “Fernandina” as the only citation is to the above Gagné description].—Froeschner, 1981:49 [Galápagos Islands].

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Feb. Fernandina.

Dagbertus marmoratus Carvalho

Dagbertus marmoratus Carvalho, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:209 [Galápagos Islands: Santa María (type)].—Gagné, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:209 [Santa María].—Linsley, 1977:15 [Santa María].—Froeschner, 1981:49 [Galápagos Islands].

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Feb. Santa María.

Dagbertus nigrifrons Gagné

Dagbertus nigrifrons Gagné, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:214 [Galápagos Islands: Santa María (type)].—Linsley, 1977:15 [Santa María].—Froeschner, 1981:49 [Galápagos Islands].

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Feb. Santa María.

Dagbertus pallidus Gagné

Dagbertus pallidus Gagné, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:212 [Galápagos Islands: Santa Cruz (type)].—Linsley, 1977:15 [Santa Cruz].—Froeschner, 1981:49 [Galápagos Islands].

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Feb. Santa Cruz.

Dagbertus quadrinotatus (Walker)

Capsus quadrinotatus Walker, 1873:113 [Galápagos Islands: San Salvador, Santa María (types)].—Butler, 1977:89 [San Salvador, Santa María].

Resthenia quadrinotatus.—Atkinson, 1890:61 [San Salvador].

Dagbertus quadrinotatus.—Champion, 1924:260 [San Salvador, Santa María].—Barber, 1934:288 [San Salvador, Santa María].—Kelton, 1955:284 [Galápagos Islands].—Carvalho, 1959:80 [Galápagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:135 [San Salvador, Santa María].—Carvalho, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:210 [San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz].—Gagné, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:210 [San Cristóbal, San Salvador, Santa Cruz].—Linsley, 1977:15 [San Cristóbal, San Salvador, Santa Cruz].—Froeschner, 1981:49 [Galpágos Islands].

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Jan–May. San Cristóbal, San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Santa María.

“Dagbertus Species A”

“Dagbertus species A”.—Carvalho, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:218 [Pinzón].

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Feb. Pinzón.

“Dagbertus Species B”

“Dagbertus Species B”.—Carvalho, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:218 [San Cristóbal].

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Feb. San Cristóbal.

“Dagbertus Species C”

“Dagbertus Species C”.—Carvalho. in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:218 [San Cristóbal].

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Feb. San Cristóbal.

Dagbertus spoliatus (Walker)

Capsus spoliatus Walker, 1873:112 [Galápagos Islands: San Salvador, Santa María],—Butler, 1877:89 [San Salvador, Santa María].

Resthenia spoliatus.—Atkinson, 1890:61 [Galápagos Islands].

Dagbertus spoliatus.—Champion, 1924:260 [San Salvador, Santa María].—Barber, 1934:288 [San Salvador, Santa María].—Carvalho, 1959:80 [Galápagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:135 [San Salvador, Santa María].—Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:212 [Santa María].—Linsley, 1977:15 [Santa María].—Froeschner, 1981:49 [Galápagos Islands].

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Feb. San Salvador, Santa María.

Genus Galapagomiris Carvalho

Galapagomiris Carvalho, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:186, 187 [type-species: Galapagomiris longirostris Carvalho, only included species].

Galapagomiris longirostris Carvalho

Galapagomiris longirostris Carvalho, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:188 [Galápagos Islands: Santa Cruz (type)].—Linsley, 1977:14 [Santa Cruz].—Froeschner, 1981:49 [Galápagos Islands].

DIAGNOSIS.—Interocular space distinctly narrower than eye (female unknown). Pronotal collar and scutellum with erect hairs. Length, 5.1 mm.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Jan. Santa Cruz.

Genus Horcias Distant

Horcias Distant. 1884:277 [type-species: Horcias variegatus Distant, designated by Kirkaldy, 1906:141].—Carvalho and Jurberg, 1974: 49–65 [classical genus Horcias broken into three genera separated in a key to six closely related genera].—Carvalho, 1976:429–472 [revision with keys to subgenera and species].

REMARKS.—Inclusion of Ecuador and the Galápagos Islands in the range of Horcias mexicanus Distant, in Carvalho (1976:430) was obviously a printer's error [apparently copying those two localities from the species immediately above it] because in the species treatment later in the text of the same paper (p. 439) Carvalho listed its known distribution simply as “Mexico.”

Horcias lacteiclavus Distant

Horcias lacteiclavus Distant, 1904a:200 [Ecuador (type)].

Horcias chiriquinus.—Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:198 [Santa Cruz].—Linsley, 1977:14 [Santa Cruz].—Froeschner, 1981:50 [Galápagos Islands].

Horcias (Horcias) lacteiclavus.—Carvalho, 1976:430, 435 [Galápagos Islands].

DIAGNOSIS.—Color of upper surface highly variable from all black to black (or reddish brown) with white to reddish brown areas of varying extent on head, pronotum, corium, and clavus, but always highly polished. Length 5–6.2 mm.

REMARKS.—A fifth instar Mirinae nymph (USNM) of the appropriate size and with gently clavate second antennal segment (even though adults have this segment cylindrical) probably belongs to this species. It was from Isla Santa Cruz and was labeled “found in plant press after trip to top of Mt. Crocker, June 1970.” This specimen plus the adult listed below indicate the species' probable success in maintaining a population after its recent establishment as explained by Carvalho (in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:200) where he reported numerous collections made in 1964.

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Santa Cruz: near “Casete” WNW of Academy Bay, 28 Feb, about 200 m.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Western Hemisphere from Mexico south to Bolivia; also Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Jan–Feb. Santa Cruz.

Genus Polymerus Hahn

Polymerus Hahn, 1831:27 [type-species: Polymerus holosericeus Hahn, only included species].

REMARKS.—Under the combination “Poeciloscytus sp.” Van Duzee (1937:117) reported for Isla Santa Cruz an otherwise unidentified species with the comment, “I have not been able to identify to my satisfaction.” This statement implies one or more characters distinguishing it from his earlier species, P. vegatus, which is now considered a synonym under P. nigritulus. It had been collected on 16 Mar 1935. These notes suggest the presence of a second species of Polymerus on the Galápagos.

Polymerus nigritulus (Walker)

Capsus nigritulus Walker, 1873:112 [Galápagos Islands: Santa María (type)].—Butler, 1877:89 [Santa María].—Champion, 1924:260 [Santa María].—Barber, 1934:288 [Santa María].

Resthenia nigritulus.—Atkinson, 1890:60 [Santa María].

Poeciloscytus vegatus Van Duzee, 1933:28 [Galápagos Islands]: Isabela (type)]: 1937:117 [Galápagos Islands].

Polymerus vegatus.—Barber, 1934:288 [Isabela].—Carvalho, 1959:242 [Galápagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:136 [Isabela].

Polymerus nigritulus.—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:136 [Santa María].—Carvalho, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:200 [Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santa María].—Gagné, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:200 [Santa Cruz].—Linsley, 1977:15 [Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santa María].—Froeschner, 1981:51 [Galápagos Islands].

DIAGNOSIS.—Corium mostly brownish to black, marked with yellow along claval suture, both sides of cuneal fracture, and apex of cuneus. Femora brown to black, anterior and middle pair subapically with broad pale ring. Length 2.6–3 mm.

REMARKS.—Carvalho (in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:202) reported specimens taken “under” the plants Jaegeria hirta Lessing (Compositae) and Portulaca species (Portulacaceae).

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Jan–Apr. Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santa María.

Genus Taylorilygus Leston

Lygus (Taylorilygus) Leston, 1952:219 [type-species: Lygus simonyi Reuter, original designation].

Taylorilygus.—Kelton, 1955:281.

Taylorilygus pallidulus (Blanchard)

Phytocoris pallidulus Blanchard, 1852:193 [Chile (type)].

Taylorilygus pallidulus.—Carvalho, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:203 [San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz].—Gagné, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:203 [Santa Cruz].—Linsley 1977:15 [San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz].—Froeschner, 1981:51 [Galápagos Islands].

DIAGNOSIS.—Color yellowish green to dark green, membrane and often corium marked with fuscous. Rostrum reaching near midlength of abdomen. Length, 4–4.6 mm.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Cosmopolitan.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Sep and Feb. San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.

Tribe STENODEMINI China

Genus Dolichomiris Reuter

Dolichomiris Reuter, 1882:29 [type-species: Dolichomiris linearis Reuter, only included species].—Eyles and Carvalho, 1975:257–260 [revision, key to species, pp. 258–259].

Dolichomiris linearis Reuter

Dolichomiris linearis Reuter, 1882:29 [Ghana (type)].—Carvalho, 1959:287 [Galápagos Islands].—Carvalho, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:183 [Fernandina, Santa Cruz].—Gagné, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:183, [Fernandina, Isabela, San Salvador, Santa Cruz].—Linsley, 1977:14 [Fernandina, Isabela, San Salvador, Santa Cruz].—Eyles and Carvalho, 1975:260 [Galápagos Islands].—Schaefer et al., 1980:48 [Fernandina, Isabela, Pinta, San Salvador, Santa Cruz].—Froeschner, 1981:52 [Galápagos Islands].

DIAGNOSIS.—Head, in lateral view, forming a prominent, elongate, tubercle projecting above base of clypeus. Head with a prominent red to black stripe along middorsal line. Antennal segment II with long hairs confined to basal half. Length, 7.3–7.8 mm.

REMARKS.—With his original description of Miris lineata (now Trigonotylus lineatus) from the Galápagos Islands, Butler (1877:89) wrote, “Mr. Darwin obtained three examples of the larval condition of what is apparently an allied species from James Island.” His newly described species belongs to the tribe Stenodemini, a group whose elongate nymphs are readily recognized. Because the only other Stenodemini known to occur on the Galápagos (including “James” or San Salvador) is the present one, the assumption can be made that the nymphs referred to actually belong to it and would establish its presence on these islands in the 1830's.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—North, Central, and South America; Africa, Europe, Asia; also Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Dec, Feb, and May. Fernandina, Isabela, Pinta, San Salvador, Santa Cruz.

Genus Trigonotylus Fieber

Trigonotylus Fieber, 1858:302 [type-species: Miris ruficornis Fallen, a junior synonym of Cimex ruficornis Geoffroy, only included species].—Carvalho and Wagner, 1957: 122–155 [revision with key to species].

Trigonotylus lineatus (Butler)

Miris lineata Butler, 1877:89 [Galápagos Islands: Santa María (type)].—Heidemann, 1901:366 [Isabela, Santa María].—Champion, 1924:260 [Santa María].—Barber, 1934:287 [Isabela, Santa María].

Trigonotylus lineatus.—Carvalho and Wagner, 1957:135 [Seymour].—Carvalho, 1959:314 [Galápagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966: 135 [Isabela, Santa María, Seymour].—Carvalho, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:185 [Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa María].—Linsley, 1977:14 [Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa María].—Froeschner, 1981:53 [Galápagos Islands].

DIAGNOSIS.—Color yellowish, longitudinally lineate with reddish brown to red dorsally (3 vittae on head, 4 on pronotum, 2 on scutellum) and ventrally. Antennal segment I not or very slightly longer than width of head. Rostrum reaching posterior coxae. Length, 4.9 mm.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Island.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—May–Jul. Isabela, San Cristóbal, Seymour, Santa María.

Subfamily ORTHOTYLINAE Van Duzee

Tribe ORTHOTYLINI Van Duzee

Genus Galapagocoris Carvalho

Galapagocoris Carvalho, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:179 [type-species: Diaphnidia crockeri Van Duzee, only included species].

Galapagocoris crockeri (Van Duzee)

Diaphnidia crockeri Van Duzee, 1933:29 [Galápagos Islands: San Salvador (type).—Barber, 1934:287 [San Salvador].—Carvalho, 1958b:56 [Galápagos Islands].—Kelton, 1961:568 [Galápagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:135 [San Salvador].

Galapagocoris crockeri.—Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:180 [Fernadina, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa María].—Linsley, 1977:14 [Fernandina, San Cristóbal, San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Santa María].—Froeschner, 1981:53 [Galápagos Islands].

DIAGNOSIS.—Front margin of head between eyes transverse, virtually straight. Hemelytral membrane with large cell thicker and more opaque than apical part of membrane. Color pale yellowish, without or with variable darker markings. Length, 2.6–3.0 mm.

REMARKS.—The variability of the color markings generally render them useless for species recognition, but when the red Y-shaped mark along the claval suture is present (absent from teneral specimens, from some females, and apparently fades out in alcohol) it forms a readily used identification mark separating this species from all others on the Galápagos Islands.

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Santa Cruz: vicinity of Media Luna, 4 Jun, about 600 m.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Feb–Jun. Fernandina, San Cristóbal, San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Santa María.

Subfamily PHYLINAE Douglas and Scott

Tribe DICYPHINI Reuter

Genus Cyrtopeltis Fieber

Cyrtopeltis Fieber, 1860:76, 323 [type-species: Cyrtopeltis geniculata Fieber, designated by Fieber, 1861:323].

REMARKS.—Gagné (1968:174, in Carvalho and Gagné) pointed out that the endemic Galápagos species of this genus (that is, excluding Cyrtopeltis modesta, which is widely distributed in the Western Hemisphere and usually associated with solanaceous plants) appear each to be restricted to one island where it associates with species of the genus Scalesia (Compositae) enendemic to that island. Cronquist (1971:353) noted the genus Scalesia as being restricted to the Galápagos Islands and suggested the probable island of origin for each of these plant species.

In describing the five species of Cyrtopeltis restricted to the Galápagos Islands, Gagné (in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:174) noted they formed “a complex of five closely related species” with probable affinities with a Chilean species. At this time, therefore, one can assume that they are descendants of a common ancestor. This grouping plus the island presence of the widespread and undoubtedly introduced Cyrtopeltis modesta suggests the minimum number of necessary invasions for the genus Cyrtopeltis is two. A revision of these numbers will be necessary when a decision is made as to the status of the Isla Pinta series of specimens reported by Schaefer et al. (1980:47) as “Cyrtopeltus (Engytatus) sp. prob. nov.”

No key to the species of this genus is herein offered because of the difficulty of making one to be used with the limited magnifications (× 15–20) adopted as a practical one for field identification. Identification on the basis of field observation is further handicapped by the need for precise comparative measurements and/or dissections. Carvalho and Gagne's (1968:170–179) well-illustrated key and treatment of the Galápagos Cyrtopeltis is necessary for accurate species determination.

Cyrtopeltis affinis Gagné

Cyrtopeltis (Engytatus) affinis Gagné, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:176 [Galápagos Islands: Santa Cruz (type)].—Linsley. 1977:13 [Santa Cruz].

Cyrtopeltis affinis.—Froeschner, 1981:54 [Galápagos Islands].

REMARKS.—The host plant for the type series was reported as Scalesia affinis.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Jan. Santa Cruz.

Cyrtopeltis arida Gagné

Cyrtopeltis (Engytatus) arida Gagné, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:176 [Galápagos Islands: Santa Cruz (type)].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Santa Cruz].

Cyrtopeltis arida.—Froeschner, 1981:54 [Galápagos Islands].

REMARKS.—An unidentified Scalesia species was given as the host plant for the type specimens of this insect.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Jan. Santa Cruz.

Cyrtopeltis floreana Gagné

Cyrtopeltis (Engytatus) floreana Gagné, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:176 [Galápagos Islands: Santa María (type)].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Santa María].

Cyrtopeltis floreana.—Froeschner, 1981:54 [Galápagos Islands].

REMARKS.—The type series was collected from an unidentified species of Scalesia.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Feb. Santa María.

Cyrtopeltis gummiferae Gagné

Cyrtopeltis (Engytatus) gummiferae Gagné, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:172 [Galápagos Islands: Isabela (type)].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Isabela].

Cyrtopeltis gummiferae.—Froeschner, 1981:54 [Galápagos Islands].

REMARKS.—The type series was taken from the plant Scalesia gummifera.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Jan. Isabela.

Cyrtopeltis helleri Gagné

Cyrtopeltis (Engytatus) helleri Gagné, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:174 [Galápagos Islands: Santa Fe (type)].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Santa Fe].

Cyrtopeltis helleri.—Froeschner, 1981:54 [Galápagos Islands].

REMARKS.—Scalesia helleri is the plant from which the type series of this species was collected.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Feb. Santa Fe.

Cyrtopeltis modesta (Distant)

Neosilia modestus Distant, 1893:447 [Guatemala (type)].

Engytatus geniculatus.—Van Duzee, 1937:116 [Santa Cruz].

Cyrtopeltis (Engytatus) “modestus”.—Carvalho, 1958a:186 [Galápagos Islands].

Cyrtopeltis modesta.—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:136 [Santa Cruz].—Linsley, 1977:14 [San Salvador, Santa Cruz].—Froeschner, 1981:54 [Galápagos Islands].

Cyrtopeltis (Engytatus) modesta.—Carvalho, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:177 [San Salvador, Santa Cruz].—Gagné, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:177 [San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Santa María].

“Cyrtopeltus” (Engytatus) “modestus”.—Schaefer et al., 1980:47 [San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Santa María].

REMARKS.—For the Galápagos Islands Carvalho (1968:178) reported this species from tomatoes, potatoes, under Portulaca (Portulacaceae), and at lights.

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Santa Cruz: Darwin Research Station, 13–30 Mar, 16 Apr, about 5 m.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—North America south through Central America and the West Indies into South America; Galápagos Islands. It has also been introduced into the Hawaiian Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Feb–Mar and May. San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Santa María.

Genus Macrolophus Fieber

Macrolophus Fieber, 1858:326 [type-species: Capsus nubilus Herrich-Schaeffer, designated by Kirkaldy, 1906:129].

REMARKS.—The original description of each of the two local species of Macrolophus makes comparison with a different neotropical species and thus suggest that a minimum of two separate invasions would be necessary to account for the Galápagos Macrolophus fauna.

Key to Galápagos Species of Macrolophus

Macrolophus innotatus Carvalho

Macrolophus innotatus Carvalho, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:167 [Galápagos Islands: San Cristóbal (type), Santa Cruz].—Gagné, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:167 [San Cristóbal].—Linsley, 1977:13 [San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz].—Froeschner, 1981:54 [Galápagos Islands].

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Feb. San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.

Macrolophus punctatus Carvalho

Macrolophus punctatus Carvalho, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:168 [Galápagos Islands: Santa Cruz (type)].—Gagné, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:168 [Santa Cruz].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Santa Cruz].—Froeschner, 1981:54 [Galápagos Islands].

REMARKS.—The single specimen in the collection (USNM) is a female with the conspicuous black spot in the outer angle of the corium and another one on the inner margin of the cuneus somewhat removed from the apex (characters specifically mentioned in the original description as diagnostic; these marks are unique among the Miridae on the Galápagos Islands) allowing it to be identified as this species in Carvalho's (in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:166) key to the Galápagos species of this genus. The specimen is badly shriveled from having been mounted directly from alcohol and its beak distinctly surpasses the posterior coxae rather than reaching just to them as described for the allotype female. Whether this greater length of the beak is real or is only apparent because of the shriveling of the head and thorax is not clear; but this condition plus the fact that the specimen came from the island of Fernandina, which is somewhat remote from the species' type-locality on Santa Cruz, causes me considerable uncertainty in making this identification. A series of specimens in good condition would allow clarification of this situation.

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Fernandina*: about 3 km inland from north coast, 25–27 Mar, about 450 m, taken under bark or Bursera graveolens (Burseraceae).

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Island.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Mar. Fernandina*, Santa Cruz.

Tribe PHYLINI Douglas and Scott

Genus Campylomma Reuter

Campylomma Reuter, 1878:52 [type-species: Campylomma nigronasuta Reuter, designated by Distant, 1904c:483].

Campylomma citrinum Carvalho

Campylomma “citrina” Carvalho, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:156 [Galápagos Islands: Santa Cruz (type)].—Gagné, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:156 [Santa Cruz, Santa María].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Santa Cruz, Santa María].

Campylomma citrinum.—Froeschner, 1981:55 [Galápagos Islands].

DIAGNOSIS.—Antennal segments I and II with extreme bases black, I with a subapical black spot on anterior surface. Femora with irregularly separated black spots. Length 2.7–2.8 mm.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Feb. Santa Cruz, Santa María.

Genus Psallus Fieber

Psallus Fieber, 1858:321 [type-species: Cimex roseus Fabricius, designated by Distant, 1904c:482].

REMARKS.—Carvalho's (in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968) comparative comments under the four species of this genus on the Galápagos Islands suggest a relationship among them that would permit all to be common descendents from a single invasion. All four are restricted to these islands.

Key to Galápagos Species of Psallus

Psallus insularis Barber

Psallus insularis Barber, 1925:250 [Galápagos Islands: San Salvador (type)]; 1934:287 [San Salvador].—Carvalho, 1958a:122 [San Salvador].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:135 [San Salvador].—Carvalho, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:163 [Darwin, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa María].—Cagné, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:163 [Darwin, Fernandina, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa María].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Darwin, Fernandina, Isabela, Pinta, Santa Cruz, Santa María].—Schaefer et al., 1980:47 [Darwin, Fernandina, Pinta, San Cristóbal, San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Santa María].—Froeschner, 1981:55 [Galápagos Islands].

REMARKS.—Literature records for these islands report this species from Alternanthera sp. (Amaranthaceae) and from Scalesia sp. (Compositae).

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Español*: E side of peninsula, N of Summit, 18 Apr 1970, 2 m. Pinta: NE of Anchorage, 1 Apr 1970, 10 m. San Salvador: James Bay, 1 km S, near Sugarloaf, 30 Mar 1970, 20 m. Santa Cruz; Academy Bay, Darwin Research Station, Feb–Jul 1970, 5 m; 3 nymphs taken with adults, 29 Jul 1970; Media Lunda, Jun 1970, 600 m.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Jan–Jul. Darwin, Española*, Fernandina, Isabela, Pinta, Santa Cruz, Santa María.

Psallus longirostris Carvalho

Psallus longirostris Carvalho, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:158 [Galápagos Islands: Santa Cruz (type), Pinzón].—Gagné, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:158 [Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa María].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa María].—Froeschner, 1981:55 [Galápagos Islands].

REMARKS.—Specimens reported with the type series were taken from Scalesia gummifera (Compositae).

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Feb, May, and Jun. Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa María.

Psallus mella (Van Duzee)

Europiella mella Van Duzee, 1937:117 [Galápagos Islands: Santa Cruz (type)].—Carvalho, 1958a:46 [Santa Cruz].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:136 [Santa Cruz].

Psallus mella.—Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:159 [Fernandina, Santa Cruz].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Fernandina, Santa Cruz].—Froeschner, 1981:55 [Galápagos Islands].

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Feb–Apr. Fernandino, Santa Cruz.

Psallus usingeri Carvalho

Psallus usingeri Carvalho, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:162 [Galápagos Islands: Santa Cruz (type)].—Gagné, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:162 [Santa Cruz, Santa María].—Linsley. 1977:13 [Santa Cruz, Santa María].—Froeschner, 1981:55 [Galápagos Islands].

SPECIMENS RECORDED.—Santa Cruz: vicinity of Media Luna, 4 Jun, 600 m.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Feb–Jun. Santa Cruz, Santa María.

Genus Rhinacloa Reuter

Rhinacloa Reuter, 1876:88 [type-species: Rhinacloa forticornis Reuter, only included species].

Rhinacloa rubescens Carvalho

Rhinacloa rubescens Carvalho, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:164 [Galápagos Islands: Santa María (type)].—Gagné, in Carvalho and Gagné, 1968:164 [Santa María].—Linsley, 1977:13 [Santa María].—Froeschner, 1981:55 [Galápagos Islands].

DIAGNOSIS.—General coloration, including antennae, reddish to fuscous brown; apices of coxae and all of tibiae, except for black spots at base of dark spines, pale; abdomen reddish. Length, 2.2 mm.

REMARKS.—One of the type species was taken “on Euphorbia” (Euphorbiaceae).

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Feb. Santa María.

Genus Tytthus Fieber

Tytthus Fieber, 1864:82 [type-species: Capsus geminus Flor, designated by Kirkaldy, 1906:128].

Tytthus parviceps (Reuter)

Cyrtorrhinus parviceps Reuter, 1890:259 [Egypt (type)].

DIAGNOSIS.—Antennal segment I, except extreme apex, black. Pronotum distinctly paler on anterior half. Tibiae distinctly embrowned or blackened at base. Length, 2.4–3 mm. (See Figure 18.)

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Santa Cruz*: Darwin Research Station, 29 Jul, 5 m elevation. This single specimen comprises the first Galápagos record for this far-ranging genus.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—In Old World from southern Europe to South Africa; in New World from southern United States south through Central America and the West Indies to Paraguay; also on the Galápagos Island*.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Jul. Santa Cruz*.

Family NABIDAE Costa

(Nabid Bugs or Damsel Bugs)

Members of this family are active, aggressive, ground- or plant-roaming predators of small, soft-bodied insects; in a few species adults and older nymphs use modified tarsal claws to hang upside down from under spider webs where they presumably feed upon entangled insects. By feeding on other insects they exert appreciable pressure on such populations but, because they feed so generally, they seldom perform significant control on any one prey species. Eggs are generally inserted in plant tissues. The immature stages occur in the same ecological niches as do the adults.

All three Galápagos species have been placed in one genus, the common and widespread Nabis. Two of these three appear to be restricted to the Galápagos Islands and the third is known to occur along the western part of South America. The latter might well represent one invasion while the other two, which Kerzhner (1968:90) wrote “are closely related and form a seperate group,” probably represent descendents of a second invasion.

The literature dealing with this family is mostly widely scattered and presents uneven coverage of the group; but the three Galápagos species were clearly treated in one paper by Kerzhner (1968).

Subfamily NABINAE

Genus Nabis Latreille

Nabis Latreille, 1802:248 [type-species: Cimex ferus Linnaeus, designated by Westwood, 1840:120, accepted by International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature Opinion 104, 1928].

DIAGNOSIS.—Pronotum with broad, low collar; posterior margin transverse, not laminately expanded on each side of base of scutellum. Head more than half as long as antennal segment I.

Key to Galápagos Species of Nabis

Nabis consimilis (Reuter)

Nabis punrtipennis.—Heidemann, 1901:366 [Galápagos Islands: Isabela, Santa María].—Barber, 1925:251 [San Salvador]: 1934:287 [Isabela, San Salvador, Santa María].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:135 [Isabela, San Salvador, Santa María].

Reduviolus consimilis Reuter, 1912a:23 [Ecuador (type)].

Nabis consimilis.—Remane, 1964:259 [Galápagos Islands].—Kerzhner, 1968:85 [Isabela, San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Santa María].—Linsley, 1977:12 [Isabela, San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Santa María].—Froeschner, 1981:57 [Galápagos Islands].

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Santa Cruz: trail betwen Bellavista and Santa Rosa, 26–27 Feb, 300 m; vicinity of Bellavista, 26 Feb, 170 m; Academy Bay, Darwin Research Station, 3 Mar, 5 m.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Ecuador, Peru, Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Dec, Feb–May. Isabela, San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Santa María.

Nabis galapagoensis Kerzhner

Nabis galapagoensis Kerzhner, 1968:86 [Galápagos Islands: Santa Cruz (type)], Santa María].—Linsley, 1977:12 [Santa Cruz, Santa María].—Froeschner, 1981:57 [Galápagos Islands].

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Feb. Santa Cruz, Santa María.

Nabis reductus Kerzhner

Nabis reductus Kerzhner, 1968:90 [Galápagos Islands: San Cristóbal (type).—Linsley, 1977:12 [San Cristóbal].—Froeschner, 1981:57 [Galápagos Islands].

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—San Cristóbal: vicinity of El Junco (crater lake), 15–16 Apr, 700 m. Some of these specimens are variously labeled as being taken from lakeside weeds, under stones, and from lichens and mosses on the tropical American tree Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae).

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Feb–Apr. San Cristóbal.

Family PENTATOMIDAE Leach

(Stink Bugs)

The family Pentatomidae is one of the five largest families of Heteroptera. In habits its members generally lead an exposed life on the surface of plants, but in many their color and sculpture make them inconspicuous, at least to man's eyes. Their food, according to kind, varies from wholly plant juices to nearly wholly the body juices of other insects. Eggs are laid in batches on open surfaces with each egg standing on end. In some species the female remains with the eggs until they hatch. The characteristic odor of these insects results from an aromatic fluid produced in a special internal gland and expelled to the outside by a pore on each side of the thorax; some persons find the odors objectional—hence the common name “stink bugs”—while others find it rather pleasant. The family includes a number of species that feed on crop plants, some species that feed on pest species of insects, and at least one credited with being important in the pollination of a certain Asiatic palm tree.

Currently eight species in six genera are known from these islands. Evidence indicates the sister-group for each species occurs away from the islands but in the Americas, hence a minimum of eight invasions must be conjectured to account for the known fauna.

The systematics of the large and varied family have not been treated comprehensively in a single paper. The most useful papers basic to a study of Neotropical forms are as follows: Stal (1867), a series of keys to the genera of the New World; Stal (1872), a catalog; Kirkaldy (1909), a world catalog; and papers by Rolston and his colleagues (1980 and 1981) presenting a “conspectus” of the Western Hemisphere genera of the tribe Pentatomini.

Keys to Galápagos Genera of Pentatomidae

Subfamily ASOPINAE Amyot and Serville

Genus Alcaeorrhynchus Bergroth

Mutyca Stal, 1860:58, preoccupied [type-species: Canthecona grandis Dallas, only included species].

Alcaeorrhynchus. Bergroth, 1891:235 [proposed as new name for preoccupied Mutyca Stal, hence takes same type-species].

Alcaeorrhynchus grandis (Dallas)

Canthecona grandis Dallas, 1851:91 [Colombia; Mexico].

Alcaeorrhynchus grandis.—Barber, 1934:283 [Santa María].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:133 [Santa María].—Becker and Grazia-Vieira, 1977:63 [Galápagos Islands].—Froeschner, 1981:62 [Galápagos Islands].

DIAGNOSIS.—Clypeus about half as wide as long. Juga calloused along anterior margin. Humeral projection extending obliquely anteriorly. Length, 18–24 mm.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Southern United States and Mexico south to Peru and Uruguay; also Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Jun and Oct. Santa María.

Genus Podisus Herrich-Schaeffer

Podisus Herrich-Schaeffer, 1851:296 [type-species: Podisus vittipennis Herrich-Schaeffer, a junior synonym of Arma nigrispina Dallas, designated by Kirkaldy, 1908:124].

Podisus sordidus (Stal)

Arma sordida Stal, 1859a:21 [Galápagos Islands, Peru].

Podisus (Podisus) sordidus.—Stal. 1870:51 [Galápagos Islands].

Podisus sordidus.—Lethierry and Severin (1893:219) [Galápagos Islands].—Heidemann, 1901:364 [Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa María].—Barber, 1934:283 [Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa María].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:133 [Isabella, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa María].—Schaefer et al., 1980:45 [Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa María, Seymour].—Froeschner, 1981:63 [Galápagos Islands].

Apateticus (Eupodisus) sordidus.—Schouteden, 1907:72 [Galápagos Islands].

Apateticus (Podisus) sordidus.—Kirkaldy, 1909:21 [Galápagos Islands].

Podisus (Arma) sordidus.—Barber, 1925:241 [Santa Cruz].

DIAGNOSIS.—Pronotum with humerus obtusely angled, not perceptibly projecting; with very narrow lateral margins impunctate yellow. Scutellum without calloused areas. Membrane with a longitudinal brown strip on apical fourth to third. Length, 9–12.5 mm.

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—San Cristóbal: 25 May 1899 [USNM]. Santa Cruz: Cerro Crocker, Summit area, about 860 m, 26 May; vicinity Media Luna, 4 Jun, about 600 m; vicinity Mirador, W of Media Luna, 26 May; vicinity Puntudo (= Chimney Rock), 26 May; Volcan Alcedo, E to S rim, 20 Mar, 28 Apr 1899 (USNM); 1948, K. Vinton (USNM). Santa María: 10 May 1899 (USNM CAS).

On these islands specimens have been taken from under litter, around boulders, and at light.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Peru, Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Mar–Jun. Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa María.

Subfamily DISCOCEPHALINAE Fieber

Genus Trincavellius Distant

Trincavellius Distant, 1900:163 [type-species: Sciocoris galapagoensis Butler, only included species].

Trincavellius galapagoensis (Butler)

Sciocoris galapagoensis Butler, 1877:88 [Galápagos Islands: Santa María (type)].

Trincavellius galapagoensis.—Distant, 1900:163 [Santa María].—Bergroth, 1908:151 Galápagos Islands].—Kirkaldy, 1909:214 [Galápagos Islands].—Champion, 1924:260 [Santa María].—Barber, 1934:282 [Santa María].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:133 [Santa María].—Froeschner, 1981:65 [Galápagos Islands].

DIAGNOSIS.—Brownish yellow, closely punctate. Costal margin with a small but distinct angulation very close to base. Each femur with an interrupted brown angular mark near apical third. Length, 8.5 mm.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Dec. Santa María.

Subfamily PENTATOMINAE Leach

Tribe PENTATOMINI Leach

Genus Acrosternum Fieber

Acrosternum Fieber, 1860:79 [type-species: Acrosternum heegeri Fieber, first included species, Fieber, 1861:331].

Acrosternum (Chinavia).—Rolston, 1983:97–176 [revision; key to 52 western hemisphere species, pages 105–108].

Key to Galápagos Species of Acrosternum

Acrosternum ubicum Rolston

Acrosternum (Chinavia) ubicum Rolston, 1983:135 [Bolivia (type); Galápagos Islands; etc.].

REMARKS.—The two paratypes reported for this species by Rolston for “Galápagos” had been collected by William Beebe on 27 Mar 1925.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Greater Antilles south to Brazil, west to Ecuador and the Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands (no exact locality).

Acrosternum viridans (Stal)

Rhaphigaster viridans Stal, 1859a:228 [Galápagos Islands, Panama, Peru].

Nezara (Acrosternum) viridans.—Stal, 1872a:41 [Galápagos Islands].—Kirkaldy, 1909:120 [Galápagos Islands].

Nezara viridans.—Distant, 1880:79 [Galápagos Islands].—Uhler, 1889:194 [San Cristóbal].—Lethierry and Severin, 1893:166 [Galápagos Islands].—Heidemann, 1901:365 [Isabela, San Cristóbal].—Van Duezee, 1937:113 [Santa Cruz]

Acrosternum (Nezara) viridans.—Barber, 1925:241 [San Cristóbal, San Salvador].

Acrosternum viridans.—Barber, 1934:282 [Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa María].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:133 [Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz].—Schaefer et al., 1980:44 [Isabela, San Cristóbal, San Salvador, Santa Cruz.—Froeschner, 1981:68 [Galápagos Islands].

Acrosternum (Chinavia) viridans.—Rolston, 1983:128 [Galápagos Islands].

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Isabela: “2-1-1899” (USNM); Tagus Cove, 22–23 Mar, about 10 m; Volcan Alcedo, E to S rim, 20 Mar, including 2nd and 3rd instar nymphs. San Cristóbal: (USNM). Santa Cruz: Academy Bay, 13 Mar, about 5 m; vicinity Media Luna, 4 Jun, about 620 m; vicinity Mirador, W to Media Luna, 26 May, about 620 m; Puntudo (= Chimney Rock), 26 May, about 700 m; 1948, K. Vinton (USNM). “Galápagos Is.”, W. von Hagen (USNM).

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Panama south to Peru; also Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Feb–Jun, Aug. Isabela, San Cristóbal, San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Santa María.

Genus Loxa Amyot and Serville

Loxa Amyot and Serville, 1843:137 [type-species: Cimex flavicollis Drury, designated by Kirkaldy, 1909:96].—Eger, 1978:224–259 [revision; key to species].

REMARKS.—Two species of Loxa have been listed for the Galápagos Islands: of these Loxa flavicollis (Drury) probably should not be retained as a member of the local fauna. Becker and Grazia-Vieira (1977:59) noted that it was reported for these islands in literature. This may have been a lapsus because none of the citations given by them, or by Eger's (1978:243) revision of Loxa, contains such a locality. Froeschner (1981:69) had followed Becker and Grazia-Vieira. In the absence of more positive listing and the fact that in Eger's (1978:229) revision records show this species to be restricted to the lands in and around the Caribbean Sea, this species is here omitted from the Galápagos Islands faunal list.

Loxa viridis (Palisot de Beauvois)

Pentatoma viridis Palisot de Beauvois, 1811:111 [Africa–in error!]

Loxa picticornis Horvath, 1925:312 [Brazil, Ecuador, Galápagos Islands, and Panama].—Becker and Grazia-Vieira, 1977:59 [Galápagos Islands].—Froeschner, 1981:69 [Galápagos Islands].

DIAGNOSIS.—Humeral spine (from costal margin to apex) longer than interocular width. Male: Apical margin of genital capsule, in dorsal view, with lobe on each side of median emargination broader than base of emargination and broadly semicircular at apex. Female: Anteroapical angle of last abdominal segment forming a long tapering spine projecting beyond genitalia by more than a third of the length of the lateral margin of that segment. Length, 18.3–25.5 mm

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Florida and Texas south to Brazil and Argentina; also on Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—“Galápagos Islands” [no more exact locality].

Genus Thyanta Stal

Thyanta Stal, 1860:58 [type-species: Cimex perditor Fabricius, designated by Kirkaldy, 1909:94].

Key to Galápagos Species of Thyanta

Thyanta setigera Ruckes

Thyanta perditor.—Heidemann, 1901:365 [Isabela, San Cristóbal].—Barber, 1934:282 [Isabela, San Cristóbal].—Van Duzee, 1937:112 [Santa Cruz].

Thyanta setigera Ruckes, 1957:179 [Galápagos Islands: Santa María (type), Isabela, Rábida, San Cristóbal, San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Seymour].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:133 [Isabela, Jardinero, Rábida, San Cristóbal, San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Santa María, Seymour].—Froeschner, 1981:71 [Galápagos Islands].

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Isabela: Tagus Cove, 22–23 Mar, about 10 m, at ultraviolet light.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Mar. Isabela, Jardinero, Rábida, San Cristóbal, San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Santa María, Seymour.

Thyanta similis Van Duzee

Thyanta similis Van Duzee, 1933:26 [Galápagos Islands: Rábida (type), Santa María].—Barber, 1934:282 [Rábida, Santa María].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:133 [Rábida, Santa María].—Froeschner, 1981:71 [Galápagos Islands].

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Isabela*: Volcan Alcedo, E slope, dry zone, 29 Mar, about 200 m.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Isabela*, Rábida, Santa María.

Family PLEIDAE Fieber

(Minute Backswimmers)

Adults and nymphs of this family live below the surface of relatively still waters whether this be in a small pond or in a protected area between plants in larger bodies of water. They can be found in the damp mud at the bottom of ponds that periodically dry up. Although their legs lack fringes of long hairs, these insects do manage to swim enough to capture the small crustaceans on which they feed and to seek out plants into which the females insert their eggs.

A single undetermined species of the family has been reported for these islands. A minimum of one introduction could account for its presence.

The taxonomy of the Pleidae is based on studies by Esaki and China (1928) with modifications by Drake and Maldonado (1956). The only reference to the Galápagos Islands' occurrence of the family is by Bachman (1979:135) in his review of the aquatic Heteroptera of those islands.

Genus Paraplea Esaki and China

Plea (Paraplea) Esaki and China, 1928:166 [type-species: Plea pallescens Distant, original designation).

Paraplea.—Drake and Maldonado, 1955:53.

DIAGNOSIS.—Midventral line of abdomen (in lateral view) with five quadrate projections. Anterior tarsus 2-segmented.

Paraplea species

Paraplea species, “perhaps nilionis Drake at Chapman.”—Bachmann, 1979:135 [Isabela]

REMARKS.—Bachmann's five specimens of these diminutive insects, 1.8 mm long, were females and thus unidentifiable with current literature. The presence of only two segments on the anterior tarsus places this species in the genus Paraplea, which previously has been reported almost wholly from the islands in, and the margins of, lands around the Caribbean Sea rather than in the genus Neoplea Esaki and China, with three segments in the anterior tarsus, which occurs in South America as far south as Argentina.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Not known until the species identification is made, but Paraplea nilionis is known positively only from Florida in the southeastern United States.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Isabela.

Family PYRRHOCORIDAE Amyot and Serville

(Cotton Stainers)

These fairly large insects are generally boldly colored and thus conspicuous on the plant surfaces frequented while carrying on their life activities. Their strong-smelling secretions may counter this high visibility and aid in their defense. Food for these insects generally consists of plant juices, particularly from seeds; but several have been reported as being insectivorous. Crop plants do not escape their attention. Eggs apparently are dropped indiscriminantly but by means of their surface adhesive may become stuck to plant surfaces.

For the Galápagos Islands there have been reported two species of the only genus of the family occurring in the Western Hemisphere. These two species, both of which occur widely in the Americas, are not closely related and force the conclusion that a minimum of two invasions were necessary to account for their presence.

The latest catalog published on this family was by Parshley and Sherman (1925) at a time when the Pyrrhocoridae was considered to include also the group now treated as the family Largidae. Of much greater use to studies of Pyrrhocoridae in the Western Hemisphere is Doesburg's (1968) revision of the genus Dysdercus in the New World, the only genus of the family in this hemisphere.

Genus Dysdercus Guérin-Méneville

Dysdercus Guérin-Méneville, 1831, Atlas, pl. 12: fig. 16 [type-species: Dysdercus peruvianus Guérin-Méneville, only included species].—Doesburg, 1968: 1–215 [monograph, including dorsal photograph of each species, host plants, natural enemies, and key to species].

Key to Galápagos Species of Dysdercus

Dysdercus concinnus Stal

Dysdercus concinnus Stal, 1861:198 [Mexico (type)].—Barber, 1925:248 [Santa Cruz]; 1934:286 [Santa Cruz].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:134 [Santa Cruz].—Froeschner, 1981:75 [Galápagos Islands].

REMARKS.—The considerable color variation of the dorsal surface of this species has led to the recognition of a number of subspecies whose ranges overlap to a marked degree. Re-identification of the single specimen reported for the Galápagos Islands by Barber (1925:248) is needed because of the subsequent changes in species concepts within this group.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Southern United States south through Central America into northwestern South America; also Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Santa Cruz.

Dysdercus lunulatus Uhler

Dysdercus lunulatus Uhler, 1861:24 [Mexico (type)].—Doesburg, 1968:88 [San Cristóbal].—Froeschner, 1981:75 [Galápagos Islands].

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Southern Mexico south to northwestern South America; also Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—San Cristóbal.

Family REDUVIIDAE Latreille

(Assassin Bugs)

Reduviidae comprises one of the five largest families of Heteroptera. Its members are zoophagous, most of them feeding on the body fluids of other insects, but not a few with their appetite adapted wholly to a diet of blood of birds and mammals, including man to whom they may convey the causative agents of a tropical American protozoan disease, Chagas' Disease. Throughout the family, habits may vary considerably. Some are diurnal, other are nocturnal; some are secretive and other seek prey in the open; some are even adapted for a life on spider webs where they seek food from trapped insects. The general appetite of the insectivorous forms causes them to prey on many species, hence they are of little value as a control agent for specific pests. Their eggs are generally glued onto surfaces or in crevices of objects.

The local Reduviidae fauna now contains eight species in three genera. Apparently these represent a minimum of three introductions, with six species arising from one of them (see explanation under Ghinallelia). Two of these three genera have all their species on the American continents; the third one is worldwide in distribution with a single cosmopolitan species occurring on these islands. The literature for this family is very much scattered and quite irregular in degree of coverage. For the Galápagos Islands, fortunately, two papers by the late Villiers (1970 and 1978) offer a key and bring together information on the species in the subfamily Emesinae, which contains all but one of the local species.

Key to Galápagos Genera of Reduviidae

Subfamily EMESINAE Amyot and Serville

Tribe LEISTARCHINI Stal

Genus Ploiaria Scopoli

Ploiaria Scopoli, 1786:60 [type-species: Ploiaria domestica Scopoli, only included species].

Ploiaria macrophthalma (Dohrn)

Luteva macrophthalma Dohrn, 1860:244 [Brazil, Colombia].

Ploiaria macrophthalma.—Villiers, 1970:229 [Santa Cruz].—Linsley, 1977:11 [Santa Cruz].—Schaefer et al., 1980:48 [Santa Cruz].—Froeschner, 1981:80 [Galapagos Islands].

DIAGNOSIS.—Head dorsally without spines between or behind eyes. Dorsal width of an eye greater than width of interocular space. Wings macropterous. Length 10–12 mm. (See Figure 25.)

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—The following collections contained 1 adult (27 Apr) and six nymphs herein associated with the adult by locality and virtually identical armature on the anterior legs. Santa Cruz: Darwin Research Station, 21 Feb 1970, about 5 m; 24 and 27 Apr 1970, about 5 m; 30 May 1970, about 5 m.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Middle and South America, Asia, Africa, and Pacific islands, including Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Dec–May; Santa Cruz.

Tribe METAPTERINI Stal

Genus Ghinallelia Wygodzinsky

Ghinallelia Wygodzinsky, 1966:485 [type-species: Ghinallelia globif era Bergroth, original designation].

REMARKS.—Villiers (1970:231–237), in his study of this genus on the Galápagos Islands, treated four named species (three described as new) and reported two nymphs with letter designations: Species “A” (p. 231) from Isabela, and “B” (p. 235) from Pinzón. He noted (p. 230) that their characters were so similar that all the species could have been derived from a single immigrant ancestral form. When he added two more species (1978) he made no comparable comparative statement but he did place all six of the named Galápagos Ghinallelia in a key in such a manner that continuation of the idea of a single ancestral form for all of them remained logical.

On these islands the species are wingless and primarily live under and around rocks and other litter on the ground.

Key to Galápagos Species of Ghinallelia

Ghinallelia galapagensis (Heidemann)

Ghilianella galapagensis Heidemann, 1901:367 [Galápagos Islands: Española (type)].—McAtee and Malloch, 1925:100 [Española].—Barber, 1934:286 [Española].—Wygodzinsky, 1949:28 [Galápagos Islands, in part].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:135 [Española].

Ghinallelia galapagensis.—Wygodzinsky, 1966:488 [Galápagos Islands, in part].—Villiers, 1970:231 [Española].—Linsley, 1977:11 [Española].—Schaefer et al., 1980:48 [Española].—Froeschner, 1981:80 [Galápagos Islands, in part].

REMARKS.—Heidemann's (1901:367) treatment of a nymph from Isabela as belonging to this species was followed by several authors. Villiers (1970:231), however, expressed belief it represented a new species but deferred description until adults from that island were available. Meanwhile, he designated it as “Ghinallelia sp. A.”

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Mar–May; Española.

Ghinallelia leleuporum Villiers

Ghinallelia leleuporum Villiers. 1970:231 [Galápagos Islands: Santa Fe (type)]: 1978:50 [Galápagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:11 [Santa Fe].—Schaefer et al., 1980:48 [Santa Fe].—Froeschner, 1981:80 [Galápagos Islands].

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Mar, Oct. Santa Fe.

Ghinallelia schaeferi Villiers

Ghinallelia schaeferi Villiers, 1978:49 [Galápagos Islands: Rábida (type)].—Schaefer et al., 1980:49 [Rábida].—Froeschner, 1981:80 [Galápagos Islands].

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Apr. Rábida.

“Ghinallelia sp. A.”

Ghilianella galapensis.—Heidemann, 1901:367 [Isabela].—McAtee and Malloch, 1925:100 [Isabela].—Barber, 1934:286 [Isabela].—Wygodzinsky, 1949:28 [Galápagos Islands, in part].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:135 [Isabela].

Ghinallelia galapagensis.—Wygodzinsky, 1966:488 [Galápagos Islands, in part].—Schaefer et al., 1980:48 [Isabela].—Froeschner, 1981:80 [Galápagos Islands, in part].

Ghinallelia “sp. A.”—Villiers, 1970:231 [Galápagos Islands: Isabela].

REMARKS.—Villiers (1970:231) believed the Ghinallelia nymphs from Isabela reported by Heidemann (1901:367) as “Ghilianella galapagensis” (now in Ghinallelia) represented a new species, but refrained from describing it without adults. Instead, he gave it the letter designation cited above.

Ghinallelia “sp. B.”

Ghinallelia “sp. B.”—Villiers, 1970:235 [Galápagos Islands: Pinzón].

REMARKS.—A nymph collected in August on Pinzón was the basis of Villiers' above-cited work. Collectors visiting this island should attempt to obtain adults for association with this nymph.

Ghinallelia usingeri Villiers

Ghinallelia usingeri Villiers, 1970:235 [Galápagos Islands: Santa María (type)]; 1978:50 [Galápagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:11 [Santa María].—Froeschner, 1981:235 [Galápagos Islands].

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Feb. Santa Maráa.

Ghinallelia vagvolgyianus Villiers

Ghinallelia vagvolgyianus Villiers, 1978:46 [Galápagos Islands: San Salvador (type), Rábida].—Schaefer et al., 1980:48 [Rábida].

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Apr, Dec. Rábida, San Salvador.

Ghinallelia wygodzinsky Villiers

Ghinallelia wygodzinskyi Villiers, 1970:233 [Galápagos Islands: Pinta (type)].—Linsley, 1977:11 [Pinta].—Froeschner, 1981:80 [Galápagos Islands].

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Rábida*, area of E. summit, 12 May 1970, 365 m, adult male and early instar nymph “in lichens on rocks.”

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—May, adult and nymph. Pinta, Rábida*.

Subfamily HARPACTORINAE Amyot and Serville

Genus Repipta Stal

Repipta Stal, 1859b:366, 369 [type-species: Zelus taurus Fa- bricius, vide Van Duzee, 1916:31].

Repipta annulipes Barber

“Cosmoclopius (Harpactor) sp.?”—Heidemann, 1901:366 [Galápagos Islands: Isabela].

Repipta annulipes Barber, 1925:250 [Galápagos Islands: Santa Cruz (type)]; 1934:287 [Santa Cruz].—Van Duzee, 1937:115 [Santa Cruz].—Wygodzinsky, 1949:45 [Galápagos Island].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:135 [Isabela, Santa Cruz].—Froeschner, 1981:81 [Galápagos Islands].

“Cosmoclopius sp.?”—Barber, 1934:287 [Isabela].

DIAGNOSIS.—Head with a prominent short, erect spine above base of each antenna. Pronotum with 4 suberect short, sharp spines across posterior lobe. Head with a broad black band anterior and posterior to eye. All femora annulate with fuscous to black. Length, 10.3–11 mm.

REMARKS.—Although Heidemann's (supra) nymphal specimen of Cosmoclopius and Barber's (1925) Repipta annulipes came from separate islands, the present work follows Linsley and Usinger (1966:135) who combined (undoubtedly on a decision by Usinger) the two forms under Barber's species' name. Because Heidemann's specimen (1901) was of a size appropriate for Repipta annulipes, and because both forms have black-banded femora, the combining of the two was appropriate.

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Santa Cruz: Academy Bay, 13 Mar 1970, about 5 m (broken specimen).

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—May-Jun. Isabela, Santa Cruz.

Family RHOPALIDAE Amyot and Serville

(Rhopalid Bugs)

The members of the Rhopalidae are all phytophagous, sometimes feeding on a broad variety of plants. Eggs are glued to the plants on which the nymphal stages will feed. Some have several generations each year.

On the Galápagos Islands there occur three species, each in a separate genus; a proposed minimum of three invasions is necessary to account for this fauna. Two of these three genera occur widely and only in the Americas; the third is represented on these islands by a cosmopolitan species whose congeners are known from South America, Asia, and Africa.

The suprageneric classificiation of the Rhopalidae family, which for long years was treated as a subfamily (usually under the name Corizinae) of the Coreidae, is to be found in Chopra's (1967) treatment of its higher classification. Göllner-Scheiding has revised each of the three genera having representation on these islands: Harmostes (1978); J adera (1979); and Liorrhysus (1976).

Key to Galápagos Genera of Rhopalidae

Subfamily RHOPALINAE Amyot and Serville

Tribe HARMOSTINI Stal

Genus Harmostes Burmeister

Harmostes Burmeister, 1835:307 [type-species: Harmostes dorsalis Burmeister, only included species].

Harmostes disjunctus Barber

Harmostes serratus.—Heidemann, 1901:365 [Isabela].

Harmostes disjunctus Barber, 1925:241 [Galápagos Islands: Santa Cruz (type), Isabela]: 1934:283 [Isabela, Santa Cruz].—Harris, 1944:195 [Galápagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:134 [Isabela, Santa Cruz],—Göllner-Scheiding, 1978:272 [Baltra, Rábida, San Salvador, Santa Cruz].—Schaefer et al., 1980:45 [Isabela, San Salvador, Santa Cruz],—Froeschner, 1981:91 [Galápagos Islands].

DIAGNOSIS.—Lateral margin of pronotum with long, irregular, apically blunt projections. Clypeus, in lateral view, bluntly rounded. Length, 6.4–7.5 mm.

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Isabela: Volcan Alceda, NW arm of crater, 22 Mar, 1 San Cristóbal*: vicinity “El Junco” (crater lake) 15–16 Apr, about 700 m, 1 “in lichens and mosses on rocks and Psidium quayaba.”

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Dec, Feb–Apr. Baltra, Isabela, Rábida, San Cristóbal*, San Salvador, Santa Cruz.

Tribe RHOPALINI Amyot and Serville

Genus Liorhyssus Stal

Corizus (Liorhyssus) Stal, 1870:222 [type-species: Lygaeus hyalinus Fabricius, designated by Reuter, 1888:763].

Liorhyssus.—Stal, 1872:55.

Liorhyssus hyalinus (Fabricius)

Lygaeus hyalinus Fabricius, 1794:168 [“Americae Insuli” (type)].

Rhopalus lugens Stal, 1859a:240 [Galápagos Islands (type)].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:134 [Galápagos Islands].

Corizus lugens Signoret, 1859:92 [Galápagos Islands (type); described but notes as a “Stal, Mss.” name].—Berg, 1884:47 [Galápagos Islands].—Lethierry and Severin, 1894:118 [Galápagos Islands].—Barber, 1934:284 [Galápagos Island].—Bosq, 1940:402 [Galápagos Islands].

Corizus (Liorhyssus) lugens.—Stal 1870:222 [Galápagos Islands].—Berg, 1879:118 (reprint p. 95) [Galápagos Islands].

Corizus hyalinus.—Barber, 1925:245 [Genovesa, Daphne Major]; 1934:284 [Genovesa, Daphne Major].

Liorhyssus hyalinus.—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:134 [Mosquera, Wolf].—Schaefer et al., 1980:45 [Genovesa, Daphne Major, Sombrero China].—Froeschner, 1981:91 [Galápagos Islands].

DIAGNOSIS.—Pronotum with no punctures anterior to subapical, calloused, impunctate, transverse ridge. Lateral margin of pronotum usually broadly paler than pronotal disc. Length, 4.8–8.2 mm.

SPECIMEN RECORD.—Gardner* near Santa Maria: W side, 19 Apr, about 150 m.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—North to South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and Pacific Islands including Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Apr. Daphne Major, Gardner* (near Santa María), Genovesa, Wolf Mosquera, Bartolomé (off coast of San Salvador), Sombrero China.

Subfamily SERINETHINAE Stal

Genus Jadera Stal

Jadera Stal, 1860:59 [type-species: Cimex sanguinolenta Fabricius, designated by Van Duzee, 1916:15].—Göllner Scheiding, 1979:47–75 [revision; key to species].

REMARKS.—Three conspecific specimens of Jadera in the Silberglied collection are different from any species figured and discussed in the Göllner-Sheiding (1979) revision of the genus, a study that mentioned neither specimens nor records from the Galápagos Islands. They will be described herein as a new species.

Jadera silbergliedi, new species

Jadera sanguinolenta.—Heidemann, 1901:365 [Wolf].—Barber, 1934:284 [Wolf].—Linsley and Usinger, 1968:134 [Wolf].—Schaefer et al., 1980:45 [Santa Cruz, Wolf].—Froeschner, 1981:92 [Galápagos Islands]. [Not Jadera sanguinolenta (Fabricius).]

DIAGNOSIS.—Corium, including costal margin, wholly brownish black. Pronotum laterally and scutellum more reddish. Macropterous and brachypterous. Length 8.6–12.2 mm.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 100937, 1 adult male.

DESCRIPTION.—Holotype: Length, 9.6 mm, width across pronotum, 2.9 mm. Dorsum dull brownish black; eyes bright red; head next to eyes, pronotum with posteriorly attenuating, narrow lateral margin and midline, and scutellar disc dull orange-yellow. Dorsal surface with numerous semierect black setae, these much more crowded along lateral pronotal margin. Setigerous pustules in corial cells distinct but not especially prominent. Venter yellow; black suberect setae on underside of head and thoracic pleurae each arising from a distinct fuscous to black spot; abdomen without dots at bases of the numerous black setae.

Head: apex narrowly rounded; interocular area not or very slightly elevated above level of eyes; dorsum, except in pale area next to eye, with numerous close-set, elevated setigerous sockets. Beak reaching third visible abdominal segment. Antennal segments in the ratio (in mm) I:II:III:IV:: 0.59: 2.11: 1.82: 2.11; segments I and IV thicker than II and III.

Pronotum: expansion of lateral margin narrowing from preapical incision to humerus, outline faintly convex, narrow midline, except for subapical incision, calloused, widest on anterior half of posterior lobe.

Corial veins with suberect setae similar to but more numerous than those in cells.

Male genital capsule (Figures 26–28) ventrally much swollen to form two narrowly separated, convex areas simulating a second posterior margin, the true posterior margin of the capsule elevated medially as a somewhat subpentagonal plate (lateral angles rounded) with a slightly but noticeably prolonged, compressed apex. Paramere in lateral view very unequally furcate, dorsal arm much elongate, tapering to acute apex; ventral arm forming a prominent short lobe at right angles to axis of stalk. Paramere in posterior view with dorsal arm broad, externally convex, thence conspicuously obliquely narrowed to slightly outcurved, narrowly rounded apex; ventral arm strongly oblique laterally.

Male Paratype: Closely resembles holotype.

Female Paratypes: Topotypic macropter mostly similar to male. Length, 12.1 mm., width across pronotum, 3.2 mm. Antennal segment ratios (in mm), I:II:III:IV :: 0.59:2.28:2.26:2.26. Female terminalia in lateral view (Figure 43): tergite IX with postero-ventral angle bluntly rounded, not prominently angled as in the other three species of this complex; first valvifer with apex rectangular, ventral margin more convexly rounded than dorsal margin.

Macropters agree closely with topotypic female described above. Brachypters with corium shortened (two and two thirds times as long as pronotum rather than four times as long as in macropters), clavus distinct, not fused; membrane a transverse band across apex of corium. Metathoracic wings about two thirds as long as mesothoracic wings.

The modification of reduced wings as they occur in some females of this species matches well with Slater's (1977:220) category “Brachyptery” in his classification of wing reduction in Lygaeidae. The fact that both macropterous and brachypterous females of this species occur on Isla Wolf is interesting, but without information on the habits and habitat of this species speculation on advantages and disadvantages appear premature.

TYPE-MATERIAL.—Holotype male: Galápagos Islands; Santa Cruz, Academy Bay, Darwin Research Station, 20–30 Jun 1970, alt. ∼ 5 m, R. Silberglied, USNM 100937. Paratypes (all from Galápagos Islands): 2 females, same data as holotype except dates, 27 Apr and 5–10 May 1970 (in USNM and MCZ). Isla Santa Cruz: 1 female, Puerto Azora, Dec–Mar 1971–1972, J. Vagvolgyi, at lights (CAS). Isla Wolf: 1 female, 31 Jan 1964, R. Fosberg, from Caridiosperm species (CAS); 1 female, 1 Feb 1964, D.Q. Cavagnaro (CAS); 1 male and 1 brachypterous female, latter labeled “Jadera sanguinolenta, brachypterous,” in Heidemann's handwriting, 12 Sep 1898 (USNM).

ETYMOLOGY.—The species name is a dedication to the late Robert Silberglied, who not only collected these specimens, but also gave permission to deposit holotypes in the national insect collection (USNM), as he did for the type of the lace bug, Phatnoma biordinatum, in 1976.

REMARKS.—Of the paratypes listed above, the two from 1898 are among the four reported by Heidemann (1901:365) as Jadera sanguinolenta that were retained as documentary specimens in the USNM collection of insects. So far the other two specimens reported by Heidemann and the one listed by Schaefer et al. (1980:45) have not been located. I am confident, however, that the Heidemann series was uniform and that all belonged to this species; and because the Schaefer et al. specimen was from Isla Santa Cruz, the same island from which the Silberglied series came, I feel no real hesitancy in assigning its record to this species.

The two males in this series have the apex of the paramere very unequally furcate and the medioventral plate of the genital capsule with its apical angulation somewhat compressed, a pair of modifications that defines the complex of forms including J. aeola (Dallas), J. sanguinolenta (Fabricius), and J. similaris Göllner-Scheiding. In the revision Göllner-Scheiding conceded these forms were closely related and difficult to define except with male structures. J. aeola was credited with great variability in color and size, and even in shape of paramere, over a great geographic range (West Indies and Mexico south to Argentina); meanwhile J. sanguinolenta and J. similaris were each defined on limited material from restricted territory, the former from Puerto Rico and neighboring islands and the latter from Ecuador.

The following couplets will separate the males of these four species.

As suggested by its proximity to J. sanguinolenta in the key, J. silbergliedi appears most closely related to that West Indies species. Considering these two forms as a sister-pair, the assumption follows that an ancestral population occurred along the north and west coasts of South America and gave rise to the insular species at each end of its range and then disappeared.

Family SALDIDAE Amyot and Serville

(Shore Bugs)

The general habitat for these bugs may be on land along bodies of water or in places far removed from such ecological conditions. Intertidal zones support a few species. They can withstand complete submergence for limited times. In habits they are active predators on inactive, small, or dying invertebrates, or scavengers on dead invertebrates. Eggs are laid either in plant tissues or in the substrate over which the insect moves.

Two species are known to occur on the Galápagos Islands—one of them restricted thereto. Each belongs to a separate genus with several American species and the least number of invasions needed to account for them is two.

The suprageneric classification most frequently used in the study of this family is that of Cobben (1959). A catalog of the genera and species of the world was given by Drake and Hoberlandt (1950). A paper by Polhemus (1968a) treats the two Galápagos species.

Key to Galápagos Genera of Saldidae

Subfamily CHILOXANTHINAE Cobben

Genus Pentacora Reuter

Pentacora Reuter, 1912b:10 [type-species: Acanthia signoreti Guérin-Méneville, original designation].

Pentacora sphacelata (Uhler)

Salda sphacelata Uhler, 1877:434 [United States of America, Cuba].

Salda rubromaculata Heidemann, 1901:368 [Galápagos Islands: Isabela (type)].

Acanthia rubromaculata.—Kirkaldy and Torre-Bueno, 1909:178 [Galápagos Islands].

Pentacora rubromaculata.—Barber, 1925:253 [Galápagos Islands]; 1934:289 [Isabela].—Drake, 1949:189 [Galápagos Island].

Pentacora sphacelata.—Drake and Hottes, 1954:5 [Isabela].—Cobben, 1965:181 [Isabela].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:136 [Isabela].—Polhemus, 1968a:21 [Baltra, Santa Cruz].—Linsley, 1977:16 [Baltra, Isabela, Santa Cruz].—Polhemus and Chapman, 1979:21 [Galápagos Islands].—Froeschner, 1981:92 [Galápagos Islands].

REMARKS.—This species usually occurs close to saline waters but may at times inhabit areas near fresh waters.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—United States, West Indies, Mexico, southern Europe, and Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Jan–Feb. Baltra, Isabela, Santa Cruz.

Subfamily SALDINAE Amyot and Serville

Tribe CHARTOSCIRTINI Cobben

Genus Saldula Van Duzee

Saldula Van Duzee, 1914:387 [type-species: Cimex saltatorius Linnaeus, original designation].

Saldula galapagosana Polhemus

Saldula galapagosana Polhemus, 1968a:22 [Galápagos Islands: Santa Cruz (type), San Salvador].—Linsley, 1977:16 [San Salvador, Santa Cruz].—Froeschner, 1981:92 [Galápagos Islands].

DIAGNOSIS.—Pronotum black, with lateral outline gently convex. Elytron with abundant, short, black and golden pubescence (no long erect hairs); corium with three pale marks on inner half blue to bluish white. Length 2.8–3.3 mm. (See Figure 11.)

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Isabela*: Volcan Alcedo, area of geyser in south wall, 20–21 Mar, 765 m, “on shore of third (lowest) geyser pool.”

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Jan–May, Isabela*, San Salvador, Santa Cruz.

Family STENOCEPHALIDAE Dallas

This small family of phytophagous forms contains several dozen species, all but the presently listed one occurring only in the Old World. Knowledge of the biology of the Old World forms indicates they generally associate with plants of the family Euphorbiaceae, both adults and nymphs imbibing the plant's juices and the female laying her eggs on the stems or within the flowers.

The single New World species of this family is known only from the Galápagos Islands. A minimum of one ancestral invasion would be necessary to account for its presence.

The most important and useful work for the study of the Stenocephalidae is Lansbury's (1965–1966) revision, which includes discussions of morphology, biology, distribution, and a key for the identification of the species.

Genus Dicranocephalus Hahn

Dicranocephalus Hahn, 1826:1, [type-species: Coreus nugax Fabricius, a junior synonym of Cimex agilis Scopoli, only included species].

DIAGNOSIS.—Elytra fully developed, reaching or surpassing apex of abdomen; membrane with numerous parallel, lengthwise veins. Juga broadly contiguous beyond apex of clypeus.

Dicranocephalus insularis (Dallas)

Stenocephalus insularis Dallas, 1852:482 [Galápagos Islands (lectotype, designated by Scudder, 1957:156].—Dohrn, 1859:29 [Galápagos Islands].—Stal, 1970:218 [Galápagos Islands].—Lethierry and Severin, 1894:98 [Galápagos Islands].—Heidemann, 1901:365 [Santa Cruz].—Barber, 1925:241 [Isabela, San Salvador]; 1934:282 [Galápagos Islands: Isabela, Santa Cruz].

Dicranocephalus insularis.—Sailer, 1952:302 [Galápagos Islands].—Scudder, 1957:156 [Galápagos Islands].—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:133 [Isabela, San Salvador, Santa Cruz].—Lansbury, 1965:71 [Galápagos Islands].—Froeschner, 1981:94 [Galápagos Islands].

DIAGNOSIS.—Corium similarly colored to costal margin. Antennal segment I slender, 6 or more times as long as wide, its length less than that of segment III. Length 9–10 mm. (See Figure 24.)

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Isabela: Tagus Cove, 22–23 Mar, about 10 m.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Mar–Apr. Isabela, San Salvador, Santa Cruz.

Family TINGIDAE Laporte

(Lace Bugs)

Most members of this phytophagous family live on the leaves of fine branches of a great variety of plants—from mosses to the higher plants. A few of the species are known to live in flowers modified as enclosing galls and a few others have been found associating with ants. Eggs and nymphs are often found with the adults. The lace-like formation of the veins and the spotted coloring of the plant material may possibly confuse the eyes of a human observer and render these insects difficult to detect.

The Galápagos lace bug fauna comprises two genera with two and three species respectively. Froeschner (1976:182–183) concluded these five species could be accounted for by a minimum of three ancestral invasions from South America. The only comprehensive publication on the family Tingidae is the world catalog by Drake and Ruhoff (1965). The Galápagos Islands species are treated, with keys and illustrations for all local forms, by Drake and Froeschner (1967) and Froeschner (1976).

Key to Galápagos Genera of Tingidae

Subfamily CANTACADERINAE Stal

Tribe PHATNOMATINI Drake and Davis

Genus Phatnoma Fieber

Phatnoma Fieber, 1844:57 [type-species: Phatnoma lacinata Fieber, only included species]

Key to Galápagos Species of Phatnoma

Phatnoma biordinatum Froeschner

Phatnoma biordinatum Froeschner, 1976:183 [Galápagos Islands: Santa Cruz (type)]; 1981:96 [Galápagos Islands].

REMARKS.—The holotype, and only known specimen, is labeled as from “under bark.”

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Jan–Feb. Santa Cruz.

Phatnoma eremaeum Drake and Froeschner

Phatnoma eremaeum Drake and Froeschner, 1967:83 [Galápagos Islands: Santa Cruz (type)].—Linsley, 1977:12 [Santa Cruz].—Froeschner, 1976:184 [Santa Cruz]; 1981:96 [Galápagos Islands].

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Jan–Feb. Santa Cruz.

Subfamily TINGINAE Laporte

Tribe TINGINI Laporte

Genus Corythaica Stal

Corythaica Stal, 1873:120, 128 [type-species: Tingis monacha Stal, only included species].

Key to Galápagos Species of Corythaica

Corythaica cytharina (Butler)

Monanthia cytharina Butler, 1877:90 [Galápagos Islands: San Salvador Island (type)].

Leptostyla cytharina.—Distant, 1902:354 [San Salvador],—Champion, 1924:260 [Santa María (? see note in text)].

Corythaica renormata Barber. 1925:251 [Galápagos Islands: Mosquera Island (type)].

Corythaica cytharina.—Barber 1934:286 [Mosquera, San Salvador],—Monte, 1941:88 [Mosquera],—Drake and Hambleton, 1942:330 [Galápagos Islands].—Hurd, 1945:86 [Mosquera, Rábida, San Salvador. Santa Cruz, Seymour],—Drake and Ruhoff, 1965:138 [Mosquera, San Salvador],—Linsley and Usinger, 1966:134 [Mosquera. San Salvador].—Drake and Froeschner, 1967:84 [Mosquera, Fernandina, Isabela, San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Santa María],—Froeschner, 1976:182 [Santa Cruz]; 1981:97 [Galápagos Islands],—Linsley, 1977:12 [Fernandina, Isabela, Mosquera, Pinzón, San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Santa María].

REMARKS.—Judging from the number of specimens seen in collections and the variety of plants frequented by this species on the Galápagos Islands, it must occur abundantly. For the islands it has already been reported for five genera of plants in as many families: Cyrtocarpus pyriformis (Nyctaginaceae); Lycopersicum esculentum (Solanaceae), the garden tomato, hence the species has a pest status there; Portulaca species (Rubiaceae); Scalesia affinis, S. gummifera (Compositae); and Side rhombifolia (Malvaceae).

A point of minor importance involves Champion's (1924:260) locality for this species. In calling attention to Butler's (1877) list of Galápagos Hemiptera he gave the locality as “Charles” Island (officially Santa María), this certainly was a lapsus for “James” Islands (officially San Salvador), the only locality record given by Butler. Because later specimen records for Santa María have been published, this lapsus need be of no great concern.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Jan–May. Fernandina, Isabela, Mosquera, Pinzón, San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Santa María.

Corythaica darwiniana Drake and Froeschner

Corythaica darwiniana Drake and Froeschner, 1967:89 [Galápagos Islands: Darwin Island (type)].—Froeschner, 1976:182 [Galápagos Islands]; 1981:97 [Galápagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:12 [Darwin].

REMARKS.—The type series was collected from an unidentified species of the plant genus Alternanthera (Amaranthaceae).

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Jan. Darwin.

Corythaica wolfiana Drake and Froeschner

Corythaica wolfiana Drake and Froeschner, 1967:87 [Galápagos Islands: Wolf Island (type)].—Froeschner, 1976:182 [Galápagos Islands]; 1981:97 [Galápagos Islands].—Linsley, 1977:12 [Wolf].

REMARKS.—The type-species was taken from an unidentified species of the plant genus Scalesia (Compositae).

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Feb. Wolf.

Family VELIIDAE Amyot and Serville

(Small Water Striders)

These little water striders occur, frequently in large congregations, on waters close to the shore or on the soil adjacent to the water, whether the water is a tiny pool trapped in a folded leaf or the vast ocean. They may occur on stagnant waters or on quiet backwaters in rushing waters, or even in the intertidal zone where they apparently withstand the effects of the neap tides by hiding in crevices in rocks. They are predatory, feeding on small arthropods, mosquito eggs, sluggish larvae, or on any insect struggling in the water. Eggs are glued to objects in or near the water.

Only two species of the family occur on the Galápagos Islands. They are so similar they well could have descended from a single ancestral invasion, probably from a form like the Neotropical M. pulchella Westwood as noted by Bachmann (1979:131).

China and Usinger's (1949) classification and the important modification made by Stys (1976) in his revised classification of the Veliidae form the ground work for intensive studies in the family. The two Galápagos species were described in papers by Polhemus (1968b) and Bachmann (1979).

Subfamily MICROVELIINAE Amyot and Serville

Tribe MICROVELIINI Amyot and Serville

Genus Microvelia Westwood

Microvelia Westwood, 1834: pl. 6, fig. 5 [type-species: Microvelia pulchella Westwood, only included species, as explained by Drake and Hussey, 1955:96–97].

DIAGNOSIS.—Middle tarsus neither deeply cleft nor with hairs nearly as long as that segment. Antennal segment I distinctly shorter than width of interocular space.

REMARKS.—Bachmann's illustrations of both sexes of the two Galápagos Islands' species of Microvelia support his statement that they can best be delimited by the shape of the parameres. At this time no key can be offered for field identification at the 15–20 magnifications adopted for this study.

Microvelia ashlocki Polhemus

Microvelia ashlocki Polhemus, 1968b: 129 [Galápagos Islands: Santa Cruz Island (type), Darwin],—Linsley, 1977:100 [Darwin, Santa Cruz],—Bachmann, 1979:131 [Darwin, Santa Cruz].—Froeschner, 1981:100 [Galápagos Islands].

SPECIMEN RECORDS.—Santa Cruz: vicinity Media Luna, 27 May, 620 m. Between Cerro Crocker and Media Luna, 26 May, 700 m [5], Both lots were labeled “in fresh water pool.”

REMARKS.—Bachmann reported Galápagos specimens taken from waters in deep crevices in the earth.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—May. Darwin, Santa Cruz.

Microvelia isabelae Bachmann

Microvelia isabelae Bachmann, 1979:131 [Galápagos Islands: Isabela Island (type)].

REMARKS.—The type series was collected from ponds up to 600 m from the coast.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.—Galápagos Islands.

GALÁPAGOS DISTRIBUTION.—Isabela.

Appendix

Names of Individual Islands of the Galápagos Islands

(According to Wiggins and Porter, 1971, synonyms in italics; arranged alphabetically, disregarding “Los,” “Isla,” or “Roca.”)

Abingdon, see Pinta

Isla Albany

Albermarle, see Isabela

Rocas Bainbridge

Isla Baltra

Bartholomew, see Bartolomé

Isla Bartolomé Barrington, see Santa Fe

Isla Beagle

Bindloe, see Marchena

Roca Blanca

Bolivia, see Santa Cruz

Brattle, see Tortuga

Isla Caldwell

Isla Champion

Charles, see Santa María

Chatham, see San Cristóbal

Chavez, see Santa Cruz

Isla Coamano

Isla Cowley

Crossman, see Los Hermanos

Culpepper, see Darwin

Rocas Dalrymple

Daphne Chica, see Daphne Major

Isla Daphne Major

Isla Daphne Minor

Isla Darwin

Dassigney, see San Cristóbal

Duncan, see Pinzón

Isla Eden

Isla Enderby

Isla Española

Isla Fernandina

Floreana, see Santa María

Isla Gardner (near Española)

Isla Gardner (near Santa Maria)

Gasna, see Wolf

Isla Genovesa (valid and also a synonym of Wolf)

Geraldino, see Pinta

Gil, see San Salvador

Rocas Gordon

Grande, see San Cristóbal

Isla Guy Fawkes

Los Hermanos

Hood, see Española

Indefatigable, see Santa Cruz.

Isla Isabela

James, see San Salvador

Roca Kicker

Jervis, see Rábida

Leon Dormienta, see Kicker

Isla Lobos

Isla Marchena

Nameless, see Sin Nombre

Mosquera, see Daphne Major

Nerborough, see Fernandina

Norfolk, see Santa Cruz

North Seymour, see Seymour

Nunez, see Wolf

Olmedo, see San Salvador

Isla Onslow

Isla Pinta

Isla Pinzón

Los Plazas

Porter, see Santa Cruz

Isla Rábida

Roca Redonda

Round Rock, see Roca Redonda

San Clemente, see Santa Cruz

Isla San Cristóbal

Isla San Salvador

Isla Santa Cruz

Isla Santa Fe

Isla Santa María

Santiago, see San Salvador

Isla Seymour

Isla Sin Nombre

Sombrero Chino, see Bartolomé

South Seymour, see Baltra

Torres, see Marchena

Isla Tortuga

Tower, see Genovesa

Valdez, see Santa Cruz

Isla Watson

Wenman, see Wolf

White Rock, see Blanca

Isla Wolf

York, see San Salvador

Map of the Galápagos Islands

List of Heteroptera by Island

(Number of species in parentheses)

Isla Baltra (4)

ANTHOCORIDAE

Xylocoris sordidus

LYGAEIDAE

Neopamera insularis

RHOPALIDAE

Harmostes disjunctus

SALDIDAE

Pentacora sphacelata

Isla Beagle (1)

LYGAEIDAE

Darwinysius marginalis

Isla Bartolomé (2)

LYGAEIDAE

Darwinysius marginalis

RHOPALIDAE

Liorhyssus hyalinus

Isla Daphne Major (3)

LYGAEIDAE

Darwinysius marginalis

RHOPALIDAE

Liorhyssus hyalinus

TINGIDAE

Corythaica cytharina

Isla Darwin (3)

MIRIDAE

Psallus insularis

TINGIDAE

Corythaica darwiniana

VELIIDAE

Microvelia ashlocki

Isla Española (2)

MIRIDAE

Psallus insularis

REDUVIIDAE

Ghinallelia galapagoensis

Isla Fernandina (16)

CYDNIDAE

Dallasiellus murinus

GERRIDAE

Halobates robustus

LYGAEIDAE

Darwinysius marginalis

Neopamera insularis

Pseudopachybrachius nesovinctus

Xyonysius naso

MIRIDAE

Creontiades fernandinus

Creontiades punctatus

Creontiades vittatus

Dagbertus lineatus

Dolichomiris linearis

Fulvius geniculatus

Galapagocoris crockeri

Macrolophus punctatus

Psallus insularis

TINGIDAE

Corythucha cytharina

Isla Gardner (near Santa María) (2)

PENTATOMIDAE

Thyanta setigera

RHOPALIDAE

Liorhyssus hyalinus

Isla Genovesa (3)

CORIXIDAE

Trichocorixa beebei

MIRIDAE

Creontiades punctatus

RHOPALIDAE

Liorhyssus hyalinus

Isla Isabela (28)

COREIDAE

Anasa obscura

CORIXIDAE

Trichocorixa reticulata

CYDNIDAE

Dallasiellus murinus

GERRIDAE

Halobates robustus

LYGAEIDAE

Darwinysius marginalis

Neopamera insularis

Xyonysius naso

MIRIDAE

Cyrtopeltis gummiferae

Dolichomiris linearis

Fulvius geniculatus

Polymerus nigritulus

Psallus insularis

Psallus longirostris

Trigonotylus lineatus

NABIDAE

Nabis consimilis

PENTATOMIDAE

Acrostemum viridans

Podisus sordidus

Thyanta setigera

Thyanta similis

PLEIDAE

Paraplea species–?

REDUVIIDAE

Ghinallelia species–A

Repipta annulipes

RHOPALIDAE

Harmostes disjunctus

SALDIDAE

Pentacora sphacelata

Saldula galapagosana

STENOCEPHALIDAE

Dicranocephalus insularis

TINGIDAE

Corythaica cytharina

VELIIDAE

Microvelia isabelae

Isla Marchena (1)

CYDNIDAE

Melanaethus subglaber–?

Isla Pinta (5)

CYDNIDAE

Dallasiellus murinus

LYGAEIDAE

Neopamera insularis

MIRIDAE

Dolichomiris linearis

Psallus insularis

REDUVIIDAE

Ghinallelia wygodzinskyi

Isla Pinzón (7)

LYGAEIDAE

Darwinysius marginalis

Neortholomus usingeri

MIRIDAE

Dagbertus darwini

Dabertus species–A

Psallus longirostris

REDUVIIDAE

Ghinallelia species–B

TINGIDAE

Corythaica cytharina

Isla Rábida (8)

LYGAEIDAE

Darwinysius marginalis

MIRIDAE

Creontiades punctatus

Creontiades willowsi

PENTATOMIDAE

Thyanta similis

REDUVIIDAE

Ghinallelia schaeferi

Ghinallelia vagvolgyianus

Ghinallelia wygodzinskyi

RHOPALIDAE

Harmostes disjunctus

Isla San Cristóbal (22)

BERYTIDAE

Metacanthus galapagensis

COREIDAE

Anasa obscura

CYDNIDAE

Dallasiellus murinus

GERRIDAE

Halobates micans

Halobates robustus

LYGAEIDAE

Darwinysius marginalis

Neortholomus usingeri

MIRIDAE

Creontiades castaneum

Dagbertus quadrinotatus

Dagbertus species–B

Dabertus species–C

Dolichomiris linearis

Galapagocoris crockeri

Macrolophus innotatus

Psallus longirostris

Taylorilygus pallidulus

Trigonotylus lineatus

NABIDAE

Nabis reductus

PENTATOMIDAE

Acrosternum viridans

Thyanta setigera

PYRRHOCORIDAE

Dysdercus lunulatus

RHOPALIDAE

Harmostes disjunctus

Isla San Salvador (19)

CORIXIDAE

Trichocorixa reticulata

GERRIDAE

Halobates micans

LYGAEIDAE

Cymoninus notabilis

Darwinysius marginalis

Heraeus pacificus

Neopamera insularis

MIRIDAE

Creontiades willowsi

Cyrtopeltis modesta

Dagbertus quadrinotatus

Dagbertus spoliatus

Galapagomiris crockeri

NABIDAE

Nabis consimilis

PENTATOMIDAE

Acrosternum viridans

Thyanta setigera

REDUVIIDAE

Ghinallelia vagvolgyianus

RHOPALIDAE

Harmostes disjunctus

SALDIDAE

Saldula galapagosana

STENOCEPHALIDAE

Dicranocephalus insularis

TINGIDAE

Corythaica cytharina

Isla Santa Cruz (64)

ANTHOCORIDAE

Alofa sodalis

Amphiareus constrictus

Cardiastethus limbatellus

Lasiochilus pallidulus

Nidicola mazda

Orius tristicolor

Xylocoris sordidus

BERYTIDAE

Metacanthus galapagensis

COREIDAE

Anasa obscura

CORIXIDAE

Trichocorixa reticulata

CYDNIDAE

Dallasiellus murinus

GERRIDAE

Halobates robustus

LYGAEIDAE

Cymoninus notabilis

Darwinysius marginalis

Heraeus pacificus

Neopamera insularis

Nysius usitatus

Pseudopachybrachius nesovinctus

Tempyra biguttula

Xyonysius naso

MESOVELIIDAE

Darwinivelia fosteri

MIRIDAE

Campylomma citrina

Creontiades castaneus

Creontiades citrinus

Creontiades fuscosus

Creontiades punctatus

Creontiades vittatus

Creontiades willowsi

Cyrtopeltis affinis

Cyrtopeltis arida

Cyrtopeltis modesta

Dolichomiris linearis

Fulvius brevicornis

Galapagomiris crockeri

Dagbertus darwini

Dagbertus figuratus

Dagbertus formosus

Dagbertus pallidus

Horcias lacteiclavus

Macrolophus innotatus

Macrolophus punctatus

Polymerus nigritulus

Psallus insularis

Psallus longirostris

Psallus mella

Psallus usingeri

Taylorilygus pallidulus

Tytthus parviceps

NABIDAE

Nabis consimilis

Nabis galapagoensis

PENTATOMIDAE

Acrosternum viridans

Podisus sordidus

Thyanta setigera

PYRRHOCORIDAE

Dysdercus concinnus

REDUVIIDAE

Ploiaria macrophthalma

Repipta annulipes

RHOPALIDAE

Harmostes disjunctus

Jadera silbergliedi

SALDIDAE

Pentacora sphacelata

STENOCEPHALIDAE

Dicranocephalus insularis

TINGIDAE

Corythaica cytharina

Phatnoma biordinatum

Phatnoma eremaeum

VELIIDAE

Microvelia ashlocki

Isla Santa Fe (3)

LYGAEIDAE

Xyonysius naso

MIRIDAE

Cyrtopeltis helleri

REDUVIIDAE

Ghinallelia leleuporum

Isla Santa María (31)

CIMICIDAE

Cimex lectularius

CYDNIDAE

Dallasiellus murinus

GERRIDAE

Halobates robustus

LYGAEIDAE

Darwinysius marginalis

Heraeus pacificus

Neopamera insularis

Neortholomus usingeri

Xyonysius naso

MIRIDAE

Campylomma citrinum

Creontiades castaneus

Crytopeltis floreana

Cyrtopeltis modesta

Dagbertus darwini

Dagbertus marmoratus

Dabertus nigrifrons

Dagbertus spoliatus

Galapagocoris crockeri

Polymerus nigritulus

Psellus insularis

Psallus longirostris

Psallus usingeri

Rhinacloa rubescens

Trigonotylus lineatus

NABIDAE

Nabis consimilis

Nabis galapagoensis

PENTATOMIDAE

Alcaeorrhynchus grandis

Podisus sordidus

Thyanta setigera

Trincavellius galapagoensis

REDUVIIDAE

Ghinallelia usingeri

TINGIDAE

Corythaica cytharina

Isla Seymour (2)

MIRIDAE

Trigonotylus lineatus

PENTATOMIDAE

Thyanta setigera

Isla Wolf (3)

LYGAEIDAE

Darwinysius marginalis

RHOPALIDE

Jadera silbergliedi

TINGIDAE

Corythaica wolfiana

Unspecified Island

PENTATOMIDAE

Loxa viridis

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1974.   On the Dates of Publication of the Work of A. Costa “Cimicum Regni Neapolitani Centuria” and the Family-group Names (Heteroptera) Contained in It. Revue d'Entomologie de l'URSS, 53(4):854–860. [Russian text, with English summary and title translated into English. English translation of article in Entomological Review, 35(4):90–93.]

Kirkaldy, G.W.

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1919.   Key to the Nearctic Genera and Species of Berytidae (Heteroptera). Journal of the New York Entomological Sodety, 27(l):79–92.

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Figures 1–43

FIGURE 1.—Dorsal view of structural details.

FIGURE 2.—Lateral view of structural details.

FIGURE 3.—Enlarged view of scent pore and surrounding modifications.

FIGURE 4.—Acrosternum viridans (StaI) [Pentatomidae].

FIGURE 5.—Anasa obscura Dallas [Coreidae].

FIGURE 6.—Jadera silbergliedi, new species [Rhopalidae].

FIGURE 7.—Dysdercus lunulatus Uhler [Pyrrhocoridae].

FIGURE 8.—Tempyra biguttula StaI [Lygaeidae].

FIGURE 9.—Darwinysius marginalis (Dallas) [Lygaeidae].

FIGURE 10.—Cimex lectularius Linnaeus [Cimicidae].

FIGURE 11.—Saldula galapagosana Polhemus [Saldidae].

FIGURE 12.—Paraplea puella Barber [Pleidae].

FIGURE 13.—Xylocoris sordidus (Reuter) [Anthocoridae].

FIGURE 14.—Darwinivelia fosteri Andersen and Polhemus [Mesoveliidae], drawn after figure given with original description.

FIGURE 15.—Corythaica cytharina (Butler) [Tingidae].

FIGURE 16.—Microvelia ashlocki Polhemus [Veliidae].

FIGURE 17.—Trichocorixa reticulata (Guérin–Méneville) [Corixidae].

FIGURE 18.—Tytthus parviceps (Reuter) [Miridae].

FIGURE 19.—Dallasiellus murinus (Van Duzee) [Cydnidae].

FIGURE 20.—Fulvius geniculatus Van Duzee [Miridae].

FIGURE 21.—Halobates robustus Barber, female [Gerridae].

FIGURE 22.—Nabis reductus Kerzhner [Nabidae].

FIGURE 23.—Metacanthus galapagensis Barber [Berytidae].

FIGURE 24.—Dicranocephalus insularis (Dallas) [Stenocephalidae].

FIGURE 25.—Ploiaria macrophthalma (Dohrn) [Reduviidae].

FIGURE 26–28.—Jadera silbergliedi, new species [Rhopalidae]: 26, posterior view of male genital capsule; 27, lateral view of male genital capsule; 28, dorsal view of apex of male genital capsule.

FIGURE 29.—Jadera aeola (Dallas) [Rhopalidae], lateral view of apex of male genital capsule.

FIGURE 30.—Jadera similaris Göllner-Scheiding [Rhopalidae], dorsal view of apex of male genital capsule drawn after figure given with original description.

FIGURE 31.—Cardiastethus limbatellus (Stal) [Anthocoridae], scent pore trough.

FIGURE 32.—Alofa sodalis (White) [Anthocoridae], scent pore trough.

FIGURE 33.—Halobates micans Eschscholtz [Gerridae], ventral view of male genital capsule.

FIGURE 34.—Halobates sericeus Eschscholtz [Gerridae], ventral view of male genital capsule.

FIGURE 35.—Halobates sobrinus White [Gerridae], ventral view of male genital capsule.

FIGURE 36.—Halobates robustus Barber [Gerridae], ventral view of male genital capsule.

FIGURE 37.—Halobates splendens Witlaczil [Gerridae], ventral view of male genital capsule.

FIGURE 38.—Nabis reductus Kerzhnen [Nabidae], lateral view of head and beak.

FIGURE 39.—Trichocorixa reticulata (Guérin-Méneville) [Corixidae], anterior tibia and tarsus.

FIGURE 40.—Reduviidae, ventral view of head and groove between anterior legs.

FIGURE 41.—Taylorilygus [Miridae], posterior view of male genital capsule.

FIGURE 42.—Dagbertus [Miridae], posterior view of male genital capsule.

FIGURE 43.—Jadera silbergliedi, new species [Rhopalidae], left lateral view of apex of female abdomen.

Index to Heteroptera of Galápagos Islands

(Synonyms and page numbers of principal accounts in italics)

Acanthia rubromaculata, 53

signoreti, 53

Acrosternum, 41, 42

(Chinavia), 42

(Chinavia) ubicum, 42

heegeri, 42

(Nezara) viridans, 42, 60

ubicum, 42, 62

viridans, 42, 61

aeola, Jadera, 52

Aethus longulus, 14

subglaber, 15

affinis, Cyrtopeltis, 35, 61

Cyrtopeltis (Engytatus), 35

agilis, Cimex, 54

Aknisus, ii, 10

calvus, 10

galapagensis, ii, 10

Alcaeorrhynchus, 40, 41

grandis, 41, 62

Alofa, 8, 9

sodalis, 9, 61

Amphiareus, 8, 9

constrictus, 9, 61

Anasa, 11, 12

cornuta, 12

obscura, 12, 60, 61

annulipes, Repipta, 48, 60, 61

anthocorides, Fulvius, 26

Anthocoridae, 3, 6, 7, 60, 61

Anthocorinae, 8

Anthocoris cursitans, 10

Apateticus (Eupodisus) sordidus, 41

(Podisus) sordidus, 41

Arctocorisa (Trichocorixa), 13

arida, Cyrtopeltis, 35, 61

Cyrtopeltis (Engytatus), 35

Arma nigrispina, 41

sordida, 41

ashlocki, Microvelia, 57, 60, 61

Asopinae, 41

beebei, Trichocorixa, 13, 60

Berytidae, 6, 10, 61

Berytus elegans, 10

biguttula, Tempyra, ii, 18, 23, 61

bilobata, Pamera, 22

biordinatum, Phatnoma, 51, 55, 61

brevicornis, Fulvius, 26, 61

Buchananiella constrictus, 9

sodalis, 9

californicus, Nysius, 21

calvus, Aknisus, 10

Campylomma, 26, 37

citrina, 37

citrinum, 37, 61, 62

Cantacaderinae, 54

Canthecona grandis, 41

Capsus darwini, 29, 30

geminus, 38

nigritulus, 33

nubilus, 36

quadrinotatus, 31

spoliatus, 32

Cardiastethini, 9

Cardiastethus, 8, 9

limbatellus, 9, 61

luridellus, 9

sodalis, 9

castaneum, Creontiades, 28

castaneus, Creontiades, 27, 28, 61

Chartoscirtini, 53

Chiloxanthinae, 53

chiriquinus, Horcias, 32

Cimex, 11

agilis, 54

ferus, 39

flavicollis, 43

lectularius, 11, 62

perditor, 43

roseus, 37

ruficornis, 34

saltatorius, 53

sanguinolentus, 50

Cimicidae, 6, 11, 62

Cimicinae, 11

citrina, Campylomma, 37

citrinum, Campylomma, 37, 61, 62

Creontiades, 28, 61

concinnus, Dysdercus, 45, 61

consimilis, Nabis, 39, 60, 61, 62

Reduviolus, 39

constrictus, Amphiareus, 9, 61

Buchananiella, 9

Xylocoris, 9

Coreidae, 7, 11, 60, 61

Coreinae, 12

Coreus nugax, 54

Corisa pygmaea, 13

Corixa reticulata, 13

Corixidae, 2, 5, 12, 60, 61

Corixinae, 13

Corixini, 13

Corizus hyalinus, 50

(Liorhyssus), 50

(Liorhyssus) lugens, 50

lugens, 50

cornuta, Anasa, 12

Corythaica, 54, 55

cytharina, 55, 60, 61, 62

darwiniana, 55, 56, 60

renormata, 55

wolfiana, 55, 56, 62

Cosmoclopius (Harpactor) species, 48

Cosmoclopius species?, 48

Creontiades, 25, 27

castaneum, 28

castaneus, 27, 28, 61

citrinus, 28, 61

fernandinus, 27, 28, 60

fucosus, 28

fuscosus, 27, 28, 61

punctatus, 28, 29, 60, 61

vittatus, 28, 29, 60, 61

willowsi, 28, 29, 61

crockeri, Diaphnidia, 34

Galapagocoris, 34, 60, 61, 62

cursitans, Anthocoris, 10

Cydnidae, 5, 13, 60, 61, 62

Cydninae, 14

Cylapinae, 26

Cyminae, 19

Cymoninus, 19

notabilis, 19, 61

subunicolor, 19

Cymus galapagensis, 20

Cyrtopeltis, 25, 34

affinis, 35, 61

arida, 35, 61

(Engytatus) affinis, 35

(Engytatus) arida, 35

(Engytatus) floreana, 35

(Engytatus) gummiferae, 35

(Engytatus) helleri, 35

(Engytatus) modesta, 36

(Engytatus) modestus, 36

floreana, 35, 62

geniculata, 34

gummiferae, 35, 60

helleri, 35, 62

modesta, 34, 35, 61, 62

Cyrtopeltus (Engytatus) modestus, 36

(Engytatus) species, 36

Cyrtorrhinus parviceps, 38

cytharina, Corythaica, 55, 60, 61, 62

Leptostyla, 55

Monanthia, 55

Dagbertus, 25, 29

darwini, 29, 30, 60, 61, 62

figuratus, 29, 30, 61

formosus, 29, 31, 61

lineatus, 29, 30, 31, 60

marmoratus, 29, 31, 62

nigrifrons, 29, 30, 31, 62

pallidus, 29, 30, 31, 61

quadrinotatus, 29, 30, 31, 61

species A, 29, 31, 60

species B, 29, 31, 61

species C, 29, 31, 61

spoliatus, 29, 30, 32, 61, 62

Dallasiellus, 14

(Dallasiellus) murinus, 14

murinus, 14, 60, 61, 62

darwini, Capsus, 29, 30

Dagbertus, 29, 30, 60, 61, 62

darwiniana, Corythaica, 55, 56, 60

Darwinivelia, 2, 3, 23

fosteri, 23, 61

Darwinysius, 3, 18, 19, 20

marginalis, 20, 60, 61, 62

species, 20

wenmanensis, 20, 62

Diaphnidia crockeri, 34

Dicranocephalus, 3, 54

insularis, 54, 60, 61

Dicyphini, 34

Discocephalinae, 42

disjunctus, Harmostes, 49, 60, 61

Dolichomiris, 25, 33

linearis, 33, 60, 61

domestica, Ploiaria, 46

dorsalis, Harmostes, 49

Dysdercus, 45

concinnus, 45, 61

lunulatus, 45, 61

peruvianus, 45

elegans, Berytus, 10

elongatus, Melanaethus, 15

Emesinae, 46

Engytatus geniculatus, 35

eremaeum, Phatnoma, 55, 61

Europiella mella, 38

fernandinus, Creontiades, 27, 28, 60

ferus, Cimex, 39

figuratus, Dagbertus, 29, 30, 61

flavicollis, Cimex, 43

Loxa, 43

floreana, Cyrtopeltis, 35, 62

Cyrtopeltis (Engytatus), 35

formosus, Dagbertus, 29, 31, 61

forticornis, Rhinacloa, 38

fosteri, Darwinivelia, 23, 61

fulvescens, Xylocoris, 9

Fulviini, 26

Fulvius, 25, 26

anthocorides, 26

brevicornis, 26, 61

geniculatus, 26, 27, 60

fucosus, Creontiades, 28

fuscosus, Creontiades, 27, 28, 61

galapagensis, Aknisus, 10

Cymus, 20

Ghilianella, 47

Ghinallelia, 47

Metacanthus, ii, 10, 61

Galapagocoris, 3, 26, 34

crockeri, 34, 60, 61, 62

galapagoensis, Nabis, 39, 40, 61, 62

Sciocoris, 42

Trincavellius, 42, 62

Galapagomiris, 3, 25, 32

longirostris, 32, 61

galapagosanus, Saldula, 53, 60, 61

geminus, Capsus, 38

geniculata, Cyrtopeltis, 34

geniculatus, Engytatus, 35

Fulvius, 27

Geotomus murinus, 14

Gerridae, 2, 7, 15, 60, 61, 62

Ghilianella galapagensis, 47

Ghinallelia, 46

galapagensis, 47, 48, 60

globifera, 46

leleuporum, 47, 62

schaeferi, 47, 48, 61

species A, 46, 47, 48, 60

species B, 46, 48, 60

usingeri, 47, 48, 62

vagvolgyianus, 47, 48, 61

wygodzinskii, 47, 48, 60, 61

globifera, Ghinallelia, 46

grandis, Alcaeorrhychus, 41, 62

Canthecona, 41

gummiferae, Cyrtopeltis, 35, 60

Cyrtopeltus (Engytatus), 35

gutta, Rhyparochromus, 22

Halobates, 2, 15

micans, 15, 16, 17, 61

robustus, 16, 17, 60, 61, 62

sericeus, 16, 17

sobrinus, 16, 17

species, 17

splendens, 16, 17

wuellersdorffi, 17

wuellersdorffi, 17

Halobatinae, 15

Halobatini, 15

Harmostes, 49

dorsalis, 49

disjunctus, 49, 60, 61

serratus, 49

Harmostini, 49

Harpactorinae, 48

heegeri, Acrosternum, 42

helleri, Cyrtopeltis, 35, 62

Cyrtopeltis (Engytatus), 35

Heraeus, 18, 22

pacificus, 22, 61, 62

holosericeus, Polymerus, 32

Horcias, 25, 32

chiriquinus, 32

(Horcias) lacteiclavus, 32

lacteiclavus, 32, 61

mexicanus, 32

variegatus, 32

hyalinus, Corizus, 50

Corizus (Liorhyssus), 50

Liorhyssus, 50, 60

Lygaeus, 50

innotatus, Macrolophus, 36, 61

insularis, Dicranocephalus, 54, 60, 61

Neopamera, 22, 60, 61, 62

Orthaea, 22

Pachybrachius, 22

Psallus, 37, 60, 61, 62

Stenocephalus, 54

isabelae, Microvelia, 57, 60

Jadera, 49, 50

aeola, 52

sanguinolenta, ii, 50, 51, 52

silbergliedi, ii, 50, 61, 62

similaris, 52

Jalysus tenellus, 10

lacinata, Phatnoma, 54

lacteiclavus, Horcias, 32, 61

Horcias (Horcias), 32

Lasiochilinae, 8

Lasiochilus, 8

pallidulus, 8, 61

lectularius, Cimex, 11, 62

Leistarchini, 46

leleuporum, Ghinallelia, 47, 62

Leptostyla cytharina, 55

limbatellus, Cardiastethus, 9, 61

Xylocoris, 9

linearus, Dolichomiris, 33, 60, 61

lineata, Miris, 33, 34

lineatus, Dagbertus, 29, 30, 31, 60

Trigonotylus, 33, 34, 60, 61, 62

Liorhyssus, 49, 50

hyalinus, 50, 60

longirostris, Galapagomiris, 32

Psallus, 37, 38, 60, 61, 62

longulus, Aethus, 14

Loxa, 40, 43

flavicollis, 43

picticornis, 43

viridis, 43, 62

lugens, Corizus, 50

Corizus (Liorhyssus), 50

Rhopalus, 50

lunulatus, Dysdercus, 45, 61

luridellus, Cardiastethus, 9

Luteva macrophthalma, 46

Lyctocorinae, 9

Lygaeidae, 3, 6, 18, 60, 61, 62

Lygaeus hyalinus, 50

scolopax, 21

thymii, 21

triguttatus, 22

Lygus simonyi, 33

Lygus (Taylorilygus), 33

Macrolophus, 25, 36

innotatus, 36, 61

punctatus, 36, 60, 61

macrophthalma, Luteva, 46

Ploiaria, 46, 61

marginalis, Darwinysius, 20, 60, 61, 62

Nysius, 20

Nysius (Cymus), 20

marginata, Nidicola, 9

marmoratus, Dagbertus, 29, 31, 62

mazda, Nidicola, 7, 10, 61

Megacoelum rubrinerve, 27

Melanaethus, 14, 15

elongatus, 15

Melanaethus subglaber, 15, 60

mella, Europiella, 38

Psallus, 37, 38, 61

Mesoveliidae, 2, 6, 23, 61

Mesoveliinae, 23

Metacanthus, ii, 10

galapagensis, ii, 10, 61

Metapterini, 46

Metrargini, 20

mexicanus, Horcias, 32

micans, Halobates, 15, 16, 17, 61

Microvelia, 2, 56

ashlocki, 57, 60, 61

isabelae, 57, 60

pulchella, 56

Microveliinae, 56

Microveliini, 56

Miridae, 2, 3, 6, 24, 60, 61, 62

Mirinae, 27

Mirini, 27

Miris lineata, 33, 34

ruficornis, 34

modesta, Cyrtopeltis, 34, 35, 61, 62

Cyrtopeltis (Engytatus), 36

modestus, Cyrtopeltis (Engytatus), 36

Cyrtopeltus (Engytatus), 36

Neosilia, 35

monacha, Tingis, 55

Monanthia cytharina, 55

murinus, Dallasiellus, 14, 60, 61, 62

Dallasiellus (Dallasiellus), 14

Geotomus, 14

Mutyca, 41

Myodochini, 22

Nabidae, 6, 39, 60, 61, 62

Nabinae, 39

Nabis, 39

consimilis, 39, 60, 61, 62

galapagoensis, 39, 40, 61, 62

punctipennis, 39

reductus, 39, 40, 61

naso, Nysius, 21

Nysius (Ortholomus), 21

Ortholomus, 21

Xyonysius, 21, 60, 61, 62

Neopamera, 19, 22

insularis, 22, 60, 61, 62

Neoplea, 44

Neortholomus, 19, 21

usingeri, 21, 60, 61, 62

Neosilia modestus, 35

nesovinctus, Pachybrachius, 22

Pseudopachybrachius, 22, 60, 61

Nezara viridans, 42

(Acrosternum) viridans, 42

Nidicola, 8, 9

marginata, 9

mazda, 7, 10, 61

nigra, Salda, 8

nigrifrons, Dagbertus, 29, 30, 31, 62

nigrispina, Arma, 41

nigritulus, Capsus, 33

Polymerus, 33, 60, 61, 62

Resthenia, 33

nilionis, Paraplea, 44

Ninini, 19

Ninus notabilis, 19

sechellensis, 19

notabilis, Cymoninus, 19, 61

Ninus, 19

nubilus, Capsus, 36

nugax, Coreus, 54

Nysiini, 21

Nysius, 19, 21

californicus, 21

marginalis, 20

(Cymus) marginalis, 20

naso, 21

(Ortholomus) naso, 21

species, 20

usitatus, 21, 61

obscura, Anasa, 12, 60, 61

Oriini, 8

Orius, 7, 8

tristicolor, 8, 61

Orsillinae, 20

Orsillini, 21

Orthaea insularis, 22

Ortholomus naso, 21

Ortholomus usingeri, 21

Orthotylinae, 34

Orthotylini, 34

Pachybrachius insularis, 22

nesovinctus, 22

pacificus, Heraeus, 22, 61, 62

pallescens, Plea, 44

pallidulus, Lasiochilus, 8, 61

Phytocoris, 33

Taylorilygus, 33, 61

pallidus, Dagbertus, 29, 30, 31, 61

Pamera bilobata, 22

Paraplea, 2, 44, 60

nilionis, 44

species, 44

parviceps, Cyrtorrhinus, 38

Tytthus, ii, 38, 61

Pentacora, 53

rubromaculata, 53

sphacelata, 53, 60, 61

Pentatoma viridis, 43

Pentatomidae, 3, 5, 40, 60, 61

Pentatominae, 42

Penlatomini, 42

perditor, Cimex, 43

perditor, Thyanta, 43

Phatnoma, 54

Phatnoma biordinatum, 51, 55, 61

eremaeum, 55, 61

lacinata, 54

Phatnomatini, 54

Phylinae, 34

Phylini, 37

Phytocoris pallidulus, 33

picticornis, Loxa, 43

Piezostethus sordidus, 10

Plea pallescens, 44

(Paraplea), 44

Pleidae, 2, 5, 44, 60

Ploiaria, 46

domestica, 46

macrophthalma, 46, 61

Podisus, 41

(Arma) sordidus, 41

(Podisus) sordidus, 41

sordidus, 41, 60, 61, 62

vittipennis, 41

Poeciloscytus species, 32

vegatus, 33

Polymerus, 25, 32

holosericeus, 32

nigritulus, 33, 60, 61, 62

species, 32

vegatus, 32

Psallus, 26, 37

insularis, 37, 60, 61, 62

longirostris, 37, 38, 60, 61, 62

mella, 37, 38, 61

usingeri, 37, 38, 61, 62

Pseudopachybrachius, 19, 22

nesovinctus, 22, 60, 61

pulchella, Microvelia, 56

punctatus, Creontiades, 28, 29, 60, 61

Macrolophus, 36, 60, 61

punctipennis, Nabis, 39

pygmaea, Corisa, 13

Pyrrhocoridae, 6, 44, 61

quadrinotatus, Capsus, 31

Dagbertus, 29, 30, 31, 61

Resthenia, 31

reductus, Nabis, 39, 40, 61

Reduviidae, 2, 3, 5, 45, 60, 61, 62

Reduviolus consimilis, 39

renormata, Corythaica, 55

Repipta, 46, 48

annulipes, 48, 60, 61

Resthenia nigritulus, 33

quadrinotatus, 31

spoliatus, 32

reticulata, Corixa, 13

Trichocorixa, 13, 60, 61

Rhaphigaster viridans, 42

Rhinacloa, 26, 38

forticornis, 38

rubescens, 38, 62

Rhopalidae, 7, 49, 60, 61

Rhopalinae, 49

Rhopalini, 50

Rhopalus lugens, 50

Rhyparochrominae, 22

Rhyparochromus gutta, 22

robustus, Halobates, 16, 17, 60, 61, 62

roseus, Cimex, 37

rubescens, Rhinacloa, 38, 62

rubrinerve, Megacoelum, 27

rubromaculata, Acanthia, 53

Pentacora, 53

Salda, 53

ruficornis, Cimex, 34

ruficornis, Miris, 34

rufipennis, Xylocoris, 10

Salda nigra, 8

rubromaculata, 53

sphacelata, 53

Saldidae, 6, 52, 60, 61

Saldinae, 53

Saldula, 53

galapagosanas, 53, 60, 61

saltatorius, Cimex, 53

sanguinolenta, Jadera, ii, 50, 51, 52

sanguinolentus, Cimex, 50

schaeferi, Ghinallelia, 47, 48, 61

Sciocoris galapagoensis, 42

scolopax, Lygaeus, 21

Scolopini, 9

sechellensis, Ninus, 19

sericeus, Halobates, 16, 17

Serinethinae, 50

serratus, Harmostes, 49

setigera, Thyanta, 43, 60, 61, 62

signoreti, Acanthia, 53

silbergliedi, Jadera, ii, 50, 61, 62

similaris, Jadera, 52

similis, Thyanta, 43, 60, 61

simonyi, Lygus, 33

sobrinus, Halobates, 16, 17

sodalis, Alofa, 9, 61

Buchananiella, 9

Cardiastethus, 9

sordida, Arma, 41

sordidus, Apateticus (Eupodisus), 41

Apateticus (Podisus), 41

Piezostethus, 10

Podisus, 41, 60, 61, 62

Podisus (Arma), 41

Podisus (Podisus), 41

Xylocoris, 10, 60, 61

sphacelata, Pentacora, 53, 60, 61

Salda, 53

splendens, Halobates, 16, 17

spoliatus, Capsus, 32

Dagbertus, 29, 30, 32, 61, 62

Resthenia, 32

Stenocephalidae, 3, 6, 53, 60, 61

Stenocephalus insularis, 54

Stenocoris, 14

Stenodemini, 33

subglaber, Aethus, 15

Melanaethus, 15, 60

subunicolor, Cymoninus, 19

Syromastini, 12

taurus, Zelus, 48

Taylorilygus, 25, 33

pallidulus, 33, 61

Tempyra, 19, 23

biguttula, ii, 18, 23, 61

tenellus, Jalysus (Metacanthus), 10

Thyanta, 41, 43

perditor, 43

setigera, 43, 60, 61, 62

similis, 43, 60, 61

thymii, Lygaeus, 21

Tingidae, 5, 54, 60, 61, 62

Tinginae, 55

Tingini, 55

Tingis monacha, 55

Trichocorixa, 2, 12, 13

beebei, 13, 60

reticulata, 13, 60, 61

Trigonotylus, 25, 34

lineatus, 33, 34, 60, 61, 62

triguttatus, Lygaeus, 22

Trincavellius, 3, 41, 42

galapagoensis, 42, 62

Triphleps tristicolor, 8

tristicolor, Orius, 8, 61

Triphleps, 8

Tytthus, 24, 26, 38

parviceps, ii, 38, 61

ubicum, Acrosternum, 42, 62

ubicum, Acrosternum (Chinavia), 42

Udeocorini, 23

usingeri, Ghinallelia, 47, 48, 62

usingeri, Neortholomus, 21, 60, 61, 62

Ortholomus, 21

Psallus, 37, 38, 61, 62

usitatus, Nysius, 21

vagvolgyianus, Ghinallelia, 47, 48, 60, 61

variegatus, Horcias, 32

vegatus, Poeciloscytus, 33

Polymerus, 33

Veliidae, 2, 7, 56, 60, 61

viridans, Acrosternum, 42

Acrosternum (Nezara), 42

Nezara, 42

Nezara (Acrosternum), 42

Rhaphigaster, 42

viridis, Loxa, 43, 62

Pentatoma, 43

vittatus, Creontiades, 28, 29, 60, 61

vittipennis, Podisus, 41

wenmanensis, Darwinysius, 20, 62

willowsi, Creontiades, 28, 29, 61

wolfiana, Corythaica, 55, 56, 62

wuellersdorffi, Halobates, 17

wuellerstorfi, Halobates, 17

wygodzinskyi, Ghinallelia, 47, 48

Xylocorini, 10

Xylocoris, 8, 10

constrictus, 9

fulvescens, 9

limbatellus, 9

rufipennis, 10

sordidus, 10, 60, 61

Xyonysius, 19, 21

Xyonysius naso, 21, 60, 61, 62

Zelus taurus, 48

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