SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Emphasis upon publication as a means of “diffusing knowledge” was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: “It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge.” This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series:

Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology

Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics

Smithsonian Contributions to Botany

Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences

Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences

Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology

Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology

Smithsonian Folklife Studies

Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space

Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology

In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world.

Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the inside back cover.

Robert McC. Adams

Secretary

Smithsonian Institution

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 444

Observations on Nannosquilla, with Descriptions of Three New Species from the Northwestern Atlantic (Crustacea: Stomatopoda)

David K. Camp and Raymond B. Manning

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

Washington, D.C.

1986

ABSTRACT

Camp, David K., and Raymond B. Manning. Observations on Nannosquilla, with Descriptions of Three New Species from the Northwestern Atlantic (Crustacea: Stomatopoda). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 444, 17 pages, 8 figures, 1986.—A modified and expanded definition of Nannosquilla is presented along with redescriptions of N. hancocki and N. antillensis. Two new species are described from the Caribbean Sea based on specimens previously reported as N. antillensis, including the paratypes from St. John, Virgin Islands (N. virginalis), and another specimen from Banco Chinchorro, Yucatan (N. yucatanica.) Another new species, N. disca, is described from the eastern Gulf of Mexico, off Florida. The second known specimen of N. adkisoni is compared with the holotype, and the third specimen of N. carolinensis is reported. A key to identification of western Atlantic species of Nannosquilla is offered. Lysiosquilla varicosa provisionally was assigned to Nannosquilla when the genus was erected in 1963. The species does not conform to our current understanding of the limits of the genus. It is relegated to the status of species inquirendum; there are no extant specimens, and the original description omits characters diagnostic at the genus-group level.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report. Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus).

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Camp. David K.

Observations on Nannosquilla, with descriptions of three new species from the northwestern Atlantic (Crustacea: Stomatopoda).

(Smithsonian contributions to zoology; no. 444)

Bibliography: p.

Supt. of Docs. no.: SI 1.27:444

1. Nannosquilla—Classification. 2. Crustacea—Classification. 3. Crustacea—North Atlantic Ocean—Classification. 1. Manning, Raymond B., 1934-. II. Title. III. Series.

QL1.S54 no. 444 [QL444.M375] 591 s [595.3′82] 86–600145

Observations on Nannosquilla, with Descriptions of Three New Species from the Northwestern Atlantic (Crustacea: Stomatopoda)

David K. Camp and Raymond B. Manning

____________

David K. Camp, Florida Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Marine Research, 100 Eighth Avenue SE, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701. Raymond B. Manning, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.

Introduction

The stomatopod crustacean genus Nannosquilla Manning, 1963, is currently represented by 21 species. All but one are confined to the Americas, making it the second largest stomatopod genus in the New World after Squilla Fabricius, 1787, with 24 American species. American representatives of both genera are believed to have developed since the breakdown of the Tethys Sea and to have speciated more actively than those of other genera (Manning, 1977:165; Reaka and Manning, in press).

Few new species of Squilla have been described recently (eight species described since 1960, two of these since 1970), but 13 new species of Nannosquilla have been described since the genus was defined in 1963. Unlike many other stomatopods, members of Nannosquilla are diminutive (see Camp and Manning, 1982:1–2) and difficult to collect. Most species are poorly represented in collections, some only by the holotype. Their external morphology is relatively monotonous when compared to that of many other stomatopods. The dorsal surface of the body is smooth, lacking spines, carinae, and tubercles used as distinguishing characters in other groups. In this respect, Nannosquilla is similar to the gonodactyloid genus Gonodactylus. In that genus, the more important distinguishing characters are subjective features based on relative shape of telsonal morphology (Manning, 1969:295) and, to some extent, color in life (Manning and Reaka, 1981:196). Similarly, some important distinguishing characters in Nannosquilla include subjective features such as relative shape of the rostral plate and false eave of the telson and, to some extent, chromatophore patterns in preserved material (Camp and Manning, 1982:2). In some of the better-represented and distinctive species, such as N. grayi (Chace, 1958), we are able to document morphological variation (Camp and Manning, 1982, fig. 2). Other, more poorly represented and less-distinctive species, such as N. baliops Camp and Manning, 1982, and N. whitingi Camp and Manning, 1982, are difficult to distinguish from their closely related congeners. However, as more specimens become available, our understanding of relationships within and among species of Nannosquilla increases.

In 1982, we described five new species of Nannosquilla from the northwestern Atlantic based on specimens that had accumulated in our respective institutions (Camp and Manning, 1982). While preparing that report, we examined most northwestern Atlantic specimens of related species deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, including two of the three known lots of N. antillensis (Manning, 1961), and noted differences between the single specimen of N. antillensis from waters off Yucatan, Mexico, and the series of specimens from St. John, Virgin Islands. Because the holotype of N. antillensis from waters off Cubague Island, Venezuela, was at the Allan Hancock Foundation and not immediately available for examination, we decided to exclude our observations on specimens of N. antillensis from that report. Later examination of the holotype revealed that specimens previously reported as N. antillensis comprised a complex of three species, one from each of the three widely separated localities. At the same time, we examined the holotype of N. hancocki (Manning, 1961) and noted characteristics that, in light of our increased understanding of the group, necessitated a redescription of that species. Finally, other specimens became available for study; one proved to be an additional undescribed species, another represented the second known record of N. adkisoni Camp and Manning, 1982, and the last represented the second known record of N. carolinensis Manning, 1970. In this paper, we discuss the generic placement of the single extra-American species currently assigned to Nannosquilla, update the generic definition, redescribe N. hancocki and N. antillensis, describe the new species, discuss variation in N. adkisoni, present the new record for N. carolinensis, and offer a key to the identification of western Atlantic species.

This is also an opportune time to correct an error in the original description of Nannosquilla dacostai Manning, 1970. Contrary to the published description (Manning, 1970:101), that species lacks a mandibular palp, as do all members of the genus.

Measurements and terminology used herein were defined in Manning (1969:9–15). Specimens have been deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, under USNM catalogue numbers, the Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California (AHF), and Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, under UMML catalogue numbers.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—We thank Janet Haig, Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California, and Gilbert L. Voss, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, for the loan of specimens, and C.W. Hart, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and W.G. Lyons, Florida Department of Natural Resources, for their critical review of the manuscript. The illustrations were prepared by Lilly King Manning. We are particularly indebted to M. Takeda, National Science Museum, Japan, and T. Ito, Kyoto University, for searching the collections of their respective institutions for the types of L. varicosa.

The Lysiosquilla varicosa Problem

Nannosquilla was erected for 10 species formerly assigned to Lysiosquilla Dana, 1852. Seven species were from the West Atlantic or East Pacific; three species from other geographic areas were provisionally assigned to the genus because of morphobiological characters that differed from those of the American species (Manning, 1963:319). Later examination of specimens not seen prior to 1963 prompted transferral of the East Atlantic L. occulta Giesbrecht, 1910, to a monotypic genus, Nannosquilloides Manning (1977:89). Similarly, the species from the Indian Ocean, L. hystricotelson Barnard, 1958, was made the type–species of another monotypic genus, Keppelius Manning (1978:9). The third species assigned provisionally to Nannosquilla was L. varicosa Komai and Tung, 1930, from waters off Japan.

Lysiosquilla varicosa must be considered a species inquirendum. The description was based on two specimens, one female, 34 mm long, collected at Senoumi, Suruga Bay (34°51′N, 138°33′E; 123 m depth), and the other, a female 31 mm long, collected off Asizuri-Zaki, Kôti Prefecture (now called Ashizuri Misaki, Kochi Prefecture, in recent atlases) (32°44′N, 133°01′E; 223 m depth). The syntypes apparently are no longer extant, and no other specimens have been reported (Dr. M. Takeda, National Science Museum, Tokyo, and Dr. T. Ito, Kyoto University, in litt.) The species apparently belongs to Nannosquillidae but is unique within the family by having the following combination of characters (Figure 1): (1) the rostral plate is cordiform, longer than wide, with a long apical spine; (2) the cornea is deeply bilobed; (3) the antennal peduncle bears two sharp mesial spines (or papillae); (4) the dorsal surface of the sixth abdominal somite is sculptured; (5) the ventral surface of the sixth abdominal somite has anterolateral and posterolateral spines; (6) the dorsal surface of the telson is strongly sculptured laterally; and (7) the graded series of spines on the outer margin of the proximal segment of the exopod of the uropod are sharp and not recurved distally. By contrast, species of Nannosquilla sensu stricto share the following characters: (1) the rostral plate is subquadrate or subpentagonal, wider than long, and lacks a long apical spine; (2) the cornea is subglobular; (3) the antennal peduncle lacks spines or papillae; (4) the dorsal surface of the sixth abdominal somite is smooth, not sculptured; (5) the ventral surface of the sixth abdominal somite lacks posterolateral spines; (6) the dorsal surface of the telson lacks strong lateral sculpture; and (7) the spines on the proximal segment of the exopod of the uropod are usually spatulate and recurved distally. Komai and Tung (1930) did not mention the mandibular palp or the thoracic epipods in their description; both are important generic characters within Nannosquillidae. All species of Nannosquilla lack a palp and have only four epipods. Clearly, L. varicosa should not be assigned to Nannosquilla, but the lack of extant specimens and our ignorance of the mandibular palp and epipods dissuades us from erecting a new genus for the species. If additional specimens become available for study (and they should, considering the extent of collecting effort occurring in the vicinity of the type-locality), the species should be redescribed and its generic affinity stabilized.

Our indirect removal of L. varicosa from Nannosquilla demonstrates that all known members of the genus are confined to the Americas. Coronis Desmarest, 1823, represented by only two species in the West Atlantic, and Meiosquilla Manning, 1968, represented by five species in the West Atlantic and two in the East Pacific, are the only other non-monotypic stomatopod genera known to be confined to the Americas.

FIGURE 1.—Lysiosquilla varicosa Komai and Tung, 1930: a, dorsal view; b, antenna; c, claw; d, dactylus of claw; e, walking leg; f, sixth abdominal somite, telson, and uropod; g, telson and uropod, ventral view; h, telson, posterior view. (From Komai and Tung, 1930, figs. 2, 3.)

Family NANNOSQUILLIDAE Manning, 1980

Nannosquilla Manning, 1963

DEFINITION.—Size very small to small, maximum length about 40 mm, usually less than 30 mm. Body smooth, depressed, loosely articulated. Eye elongate; cornea subglobular, set obliquely on peduncle, often expanded laterally beyond peduncle. Rostral plate subrectangular or subpentagonal, wider than long; anterior margins sloping to acute or variously obtuse apex, not produced forward as elongate spine. Antennal protopod without papillae. Carapace without cervical groove, carinae, or spines. Exposed thoracic somites without longitudinal carinae; eighth somite without median ventral keel. Mandibular palp absent; 4 epipods present. Propodi of third and fourth thoracic appendages broader than long, beaded or ribbed ventrally. Raptorial claw slender; dactylus with 6–17 teeth; propodus slender, opposable margin completely pectinate, with 4 movable spines proximally; dorsal ridge of carpus undivided; merus unarmed, longer than ischium; ischiomeral articulation terminal; ischium unarmed. Endopods of pereopods (walking legs) two-segmented, distal segment ovate or subcircular on anterior 2 pereopods, more slender on third. Basal segment of pereopod usually without posteromesial lobe; lateral spine, if present, minute. Abdomen depreseed, smooth, loosely articulated, unarmed dorsally; articulated anterolateral plates small; sixth somite with or without posterolateral spines, with strong, ventrally curved process anterior to each uropod. Telson broader than long, dorsal surface smooth; posterior portion produced into dorsal false eave of various shapes, overhanging most true marginal armature; posterior margin of eave with or without spinose projections; true marginal armature, on either side of midline, consisting of row of 4–12 slender submedian denticles, single movable (or fixed) submedian tooth, 3–6 fixed lateral teeth and denticles, and 0–1 fixed posterolateral tooth. Uropod basal segment terminating in distal, dorsal spine; proximal segment of exopod with graded series of slender, spatulate, movable spines on outer margin and non-plumose stiff setae on rounded lobe of inner, distal margin; endopod with distinct proximal fold on inner margin; spines of basal prolongation slender, triangular in cross section, usually one longer than other, rarely subequal in length.

REMARKS.—The original diagnosis of Nannosquilla was brief and included at least one character known only on the extra-American species. Removal of those species to other genera and the more recent discovery of additional species prompted our inclusion of this updated definition of the genus. Members of Nannosquilla can be distinguished from those of all other genera within the family by presence of only four epipods combined with lack of papillae on the antennal protopod.

Nannosquilla adkisoni Camp and Manning, 1982

Nannosquilla adkisoni Camp and Manning, 1982:4, fig. 4.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—USNM 228089, 1art, TL 18 mm; eastern Gulf of Mexico, off Florida, 27°37′N, 83°37′W; 37.8 m; sand-shell over limestone with sponge, coral, algae cover; box dredge; R/V Hernan Cortez; D. Camp et al., leg.; 8 Jul 1982.

REMARKS.—We at first thought this specimen represented yet another new species closely allied to N. adkisoni, N. heardi Camp and Manning, 1982, and N. disca, new species. All are known from single specimens occurring in similar depths off the western coast of Florida, and the differences between them are subtle. However, the female reported here is more similar to the male holotype of N. adkisoni; most differences between the two specimens are minor and within the limits of variation documented for other species.

On the male holotype (Camp and Manning, 1982, fig. 4), the anterolateral corners of the rostral plate do not quite form a right angle with the lateral margins of the plate; the angle is slightly obtuse. On the female, the corners are rounded-off right angles. The upper margin of the carpus of the raptorial claw on the holotype lacks a distal spine, present on the female. More importantly, the posterolateral corners of the sixth abdominal somite are not produced posteriorly on the holotype, although they are subacute, whereas on the female they are acute and somewhat produced. We believe these differences may be attributable to the larger size and presumed greater maturity of the female. Carapace length of the male is 3.0 mm, contrasted with 6.8 mm for the female. Spines and angles often become more acute on stomatopods with increased maturity of the animals. Also, the female differs by having five spines on the outer distal margin of the proximal segment of the uropodal exopod; the male has six spines. The number of spines can vary between specimens of a species or even from one side of the body to the other in stomatopods, although this is rare (Camp, 1973).

Some features of the false eave of the telson on the female appear to be quite different from those of the holotype. The median projection of the false eave is broad on the female and very narrow on the male. This difference, however, is within the range of variation for this character demonstrated for other species, such as N. grayi (see Camp and Manning, 1982, fig. 2). Finally, the eave merges with the true posterior margin of the telson at the level of the lateralmost (seventh) fixed lateral tooth on the female, but at the level of the sixth tooth on the male. The original description of the holotype was incorrect in stating that the eave merged with the posterior margin at the level of the fourth tooth (see Camp and Manning, 1982, fig. 4). All other characters of the female agree closely with those of the male.

Some features of the telson on this specimen appear similar to those of N. disca, notably the wide median projection on the false eave, the merging of the false eave with the true posterior margin at the level of the seventh fixed lateral tooth, and the inverted V formed by the submedian denticles. In this last feature, however, all of the denticles on each side of the midline are in a straight row on the female, whereas in N. disca, the innermost denticle is above the line formed by the other denticles in the row (Figure 3). The holotype of N. disca is quite distinct from the female in many other characters. The anterolateral corners of the rostral plate are much more broadly rounded, and the plate completely conceals the antennular processes; the anterior margin of the ophthalmic somite is an obtuse point, rather than very sinuous; and the distalmost spine on the exopod of the uropod has a rounded, rather than acute, apex.

Nannosquilla heardi differs from all three specimens mentioned above by having only four submedian denticles on each side of the midline on the posterior margin of the telson, rather than six.

Nannosquilla antillensis (Manning, 1961)

FIGURE 2

Lysiosquilla antillensis Manning, 1961:35–38, pl. 9 [in part, holotype only); 1963:319 [listed].

Nannosquilla antillensis.—Manning, 1969:72–74, fig. 17 [in part, holotype only].—Camp and Manning, 1982:2 [discussion].—Reaka and Manning, in press, tables 3, 6 [listed; size, habitat].

FIGURE 2.—Nannosquilla antillensis (Manning, 1961), female holotype, TL 24.5 mm: a, anterior part of body; b, sixth abdominal somite and telson; c, uropod (dorsal spine broken); d, uropod, ventral view; e, telson, ventral view; f, telson, posterior view.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—AHF 3919; holotype, 1art, TL 24.5 mm; southeastern Caribbean Sea, off Cubagua Island, Venezuela [10°49′N, 64° 1l′W], 4–9 m, AHF sta A24–39; 14 Apr 1939.

DESCRIPTION.—Eye small, appearing elongate, not overreaching antennular peduncle. Cornea subglobular, set obliquely on stalk, at most slightly expanded laterally, width 0.75 rostral plate length. Ocular scales with bases fused medially, apices distinct, rounded. Anterior margin of ophthalmic somite with blunt spine; ventral spine also present.

Antennular peduncle short, about half carapace length. Flagella short, upper with 17 articles, longer lower with 16 free articles, shorter with 8 free articles. Antennular processes visible as anteriorly directed spines projecting beyond sides of rostral plate, apices overreaching anterolateral corners of plate.

Antennal peduncle short, not extending beyond eye; flagellum with 13 articles. Antennal scale short but overreaching basal segment of peduncle.

Rostral plate rectangular, length 0.75 width, scarcely reaching bases of eyestalks. Lateral margins of plate subparallel, slightly convex, at most slightly divergent anteriorly. Anterolateral corners acute, sharply pointed angles. Anterior margins concave, gently sloping mesially to obtusely angled apex, latter projecting beyond anterolateral corners of plate.

Mandibular palp absent; 4 epipods present.

Dactylus of raptorial claw with 8 teeth (right claw missing from holotype); proximal notch on outer margin of dactylus flanked by subacute proximal lobe and broadly rounded distal lobe. Carpus lacking spine at distal end of upper margin, ending in blunt lobe.

Basal segment of walking leg lacking distinct posteromesial lobe and lateral spine.

Sixth abdominal somite with posterolateral corners forming very acute angles, spine-like, produced posteroventrally.

Telson short, length 0.6 width, dorsum smooth. Median projection of false eave very prominent, slightly swollen dorsally, apex rounded. Submedian depressions of false eave deep, short, about half length of lateral margin of telson, deepest adjacent to median projection, sloping posterolaterally to prominent, obtuse submedian projections; margins of depressions slightly sinuous. Lateral margin of false eave forming 55° angle with midline of telson. Marginal armature of telson consisting of single short, fixed denticle on midline and, on either side, 7 longer fixed submedian denticles, entire row forming semicircle in posterior view with uppermost, mesial denticles not out of line with remainder; 1 movable submedian tooth originating anterior to and slightly lateral of lateralmost submedian denticle; and 7 fixed lateral teeth and denticles. Of fixed lateral teeth, fifth and seventh on margin of false eave, remainder below eave.

Basal segment of uropod with ventral, proximal tubercle; dorsal spine of basal segment slender, sharp, short (broken in Figure 2c), not overreaching basal fourth of endopod. Outer spine of basal prolongation slightly but distinctly longer than inner. Proximal segment of exopod with 2–3 non-plumose stiff setae on inner distal corner and graded series of 5 spines on outer distal margin; distal 2 spines spatulate, penultimate with blunt apex, distalmost curved, apex rounded.

Color faded; few, scattered chromatophores on dorsum.

SIZE.—Total length of holotype 24.5 mm; other measurements (in mm): carapace length 4.9; rostral plate length 1.2, width 1.6; telson length 1.8, width 3.1.

DISTRIBUTION.—Currently known only from the type-locality in the southeastern Caribbean Sea, off Cubagua Island, Venezuela; 4–9 m depth.

REMARKS.—Nannosquilla antillensis is now restricted to only the holotype. The paratypes from Lameshur Bay, St. John, Virgin Islands, are referred to N. virginalis, new species, described below. The single specimen previously reported as N. antillensis from watersoff Banco Chinchorro, Yucatan, Mexico (Manning, 1969:72), is referred to N. yucatanica, new species, described below. Differences among the three species are noted under discussions of the new species.

Nannosquilla carolinensis Manning, 1970

Nannosquilla carolinensis Manning, 1970:99, fig. 1.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—USNM 221025, 1art, TL 10 mm; off South Carolina, 32°49′30″N, 78°39′48″W; 34 m; MARMAP Survey; 25 May 1981.

REMARKS.—This small specimen, a juvenile female, agrees with the original account except for two features. There are but seven teeth on the claw, and the outer spine of the basal prolongation of the uropod is clearly the longer on both uropods.

This specimen is so young that secondary sexual features cannot be seen. It is likely that the relative lengths of the spines of the basal prolongation will change with growth.

Except for the relative lengths of the spines, the specimen keyed out to N. carolinensis in the key given below.

Nannosquilla disca, new species

FIGURE 3

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—USNM 228090; holotype, 1art, TL about 18 mm (broken); eastern Gulf of Mexico, off Florida, 27°37′N, 83°54′W; 52 m; R/V Columbus Iselin, K. Shaw, leg.; 13 Aug 1978.

DESCRIPTION.—Eye small, stout, extending about to end of second segment of antennular peduncle. Cornea set obliquely on stalk, strongly expanded laterally, width about 0.9 times rostral plate length. Ocular scales with bases fused medially, apices distinct, rounded. Anterior margin of ophthalmic somite with obtuse point; ventral spine, if present, indistinct.

Antennular peduncle short, about half carapace length. Flagella short, upper with 12 articles, longer lower with 10 free articles, shorter with 4 free articles. Antennular processes slender, anteriorly directed spines completely concealed from dorsal view by rostral plate.

Antennal peduncle short, scarcely overreaching eye; flagellum with 9 articles. Antennal scale short but extending beyond basal segment of peduncle.

Rostral plate subrectangular, appearing almost cordiform because of extremely refunded anterolateral corners, length 0.64 width, distinctly overreaching bases of eyestalks. Lateral margins of plate strongly convex. Anterolateral corners broadly and obtusely rounded. Anterior margins slightly concave, sloping mesially to obtuse, bluntly pointed apex, latter projecting beyond anterolateral corners of plate.

Mandibular palp absent; 4 epipods present.

Dactylus of raptorial claw with 8 teeth; proximal notch on outer margin of dactylus flanked by subacute proximal lobe and broadly rounded distal lobe. Carpus with blunt, acute projection, unarmed, at distal end of upper margin.

Basal segment of walking leg lacking distinct posteromesial lobe and lateral spine.

Sixth abdominal somite with posterolateral corners forming acute angles, not markedly produced posteroventrally.

Telson short, length 0.52 width, dorsum smooth. Median projection of false eave prominent, wider than long, apex rounded. Submedian depressions of false eave shallow, short, about half as long as lateral margin of telson, forming even curve toward broad submedian projections. Lateral margin of false eave forming about 45° angle with midline of telson. Marginal armature on each side of midline consisting of 6 fixed submedian denticles, entire row forming inverted V in posterior view, with mesial 2 denticles higher than remainder and above outline of V; 1 movable submedian tooth originating anterior to and slightly lateral of anteriormost submedian denticle; and 7 fixed lateral teeth. Of fixed lateral teeth, only lateralmost on false eave, remainder below it.

FIGURE 3.—Nannosquilla disca, new species, female holotype, TL 18 mm: a, anterior part of body; b, sixth abdominal somite and telson; c, uropod; d, uropod, ventral view; e, telson, ventral view; f, telson, posterior view.

Basal segment of uropod with erect, ventral, proximal tubercle; dorsal spine of basal segment slender, sharp, not overreaching basal fourth of endopod. Outer spine of basal prolongation distinctly longer than inner. Proximal segment of exopod with 2 non-plumose stiff setae on inner distal corner and graded series of 5 spines on outer distal margin, distal 2 spines spatulate; penultimate spine with blunt apex, distalmost more slender, apex rounded.

Color completely faded; few, scattered chromatophores on posterolateral corners of carapace.

SIZE.—Total length of holotype about 13 mm; other measurements (in mm): carapace length 3.1; rostral plate length 0.9, width 1.4; antennal scale length 0.75; telson length 1.3, width 2.5.

DISTRIBUTION.—Known only from the type-locality in the eastern Gulf of Mexico west of Tampa Bay, Florida; 54 m depth.

ETYMOLOGY.—The specific epithet is from the Latin discus (a flat, circular plate), alluding to the characteristic rounded edges of the rostral plate in this species.

REMARKS.—The sole representative of this new species is in poor condition. It is broken between the fifth and sixth abdominal somites, the right antennule is broken, and the right upropod is missing. It is sufficiently intact, however, to be distinguished as a new species.

Nannosquilla disca can be distinguished from all other species in the antillensis group by the very broadly rounded lateral margins and anterolateral corners of the rostral plate, which conceals the antennular processes from dorsal view, and by the shape of the cornea, which is broadly expanded laterally. The species is similar to N. yucatanica but, in addition to differences in their eyes and rostral plates, can be distinguished from the latter by its much more prominent median projection of the false eave of the telson and by the arrangement of the submedian denticles on the posterior margin of the telson. In both species, the submedian denticles form an inverted V in posterior view. In N. yucatanica, the denticles forming each limb of the V are all aligned in a straight row. In N. disca, however, the mesialmost denticle in each limb of the V is out of alignment with the others, being higher than the apex of the V formed by the other denticles.

Nannosquilla hancocki (Manning, 1961)

FIGURES 4, 5

Lysiosquilla hancocki Manning, 1961:32–35, pl. 8; 1963:319 [listed].

Nannosquilla hancocki.—Manning, 1969:76–79, fig. 19; 1979:382 [discussion].—Camp and Manning, 1982:2.—Reaka and Manning, in press, tables 3, 6 [listed; sizes, habitats].

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—AHF 3918; holotype, 1art, TL 21.0 mm; southeastern Caribbean Sea, off Cubagua Island [10°49′N, 64° 11′W], Venezuela, 4–9 m, AHF sta A27–39; 15 Apr 1939. USNM 119154, 2art, TL 16.1–18.3 mm, 2art, TL 15.3–19.4 mm; Caribbean Sea, 7 mi N of Margarita Island [11°00′N, 64°00′W], Venezuela, 38–40 m, AHF sta A42–39; 21 Apr 1939.

DESCRIPTION.—Eye small, not extending beyond antennular peduncle. Cornea set obliquely on stalk, width 0.78–1.1 rostral plate length. Ocular scales fused along midline; apices rounded. Anterior margin of ophthalmic somite rounded, lacking apical spine; ventral spine present.

Antennular peduncle short, about half carapace length. Flagella short, upper with 8–10 articles, longer lower with 9–11 free articles, shorter with 4–6 free articles. Antennular processes visible as anteriorly directed spines projecting beyond sides of rostral plate, apices overreaching anterolateral corners of plate.

Antennal peduncle short, not extending beyond eye; flagellum with 7–12 articles. Antennal scale short, but extending beyond first segment of antennal peduncle.

Rostral plate pentagonal, length 0.58–0.75 width, not (in holotype) or scarcely reaching bases of eyestalks. Lateral margins of plate subparallel, slightly convex, slightly divergent anteriorly. Anterolateral corners rectangular. Anterior margins concave, sloping to obtusely angled apex, latter projecting beyond anterolateral corners of plate.

Mandibular palp absent; 4 epipods present.

Dactylus of raptorial claw with 9–10 teeth; proximal notch on outer margin flanked by subacute proximal lobe and obtuse distal lobe. Carpus with blunt tooth at distal end of upper margin.

Basal segment of walking leg lacking distinct posteromesial lobe; lateral spine present, minute.

Sixth abdominal somite with posterolateral corners forming acute angles, spine-like, produced posteroventrally.

Telson short, length 0.55–0.73 width, dorsum smooth. Median projection of false eave prominent, narrow, with rounded apex not produced beyond submedian projections. Submedian depressions of false eave deep, wide, either sloping posterolaterally in straight line to submedian projections or forming concave curves between median and submedian projections. Apices of submedian projections obtusely rounded. Marginal armature of telson often with single, short denticle on midline and, on either side, 9–11 (usually 9) longer, fixed submedian denticles, entire row forming slightly arcuate, almost straight line in posterior view, mesialmost denticles slightly higher than remainder but not out of line with them, lateralmost denticles often much larger than remainder and set slightly out of line; one fixed submedian tooth originating anterior to and slightly mesial of outermost fixed submedian denticle, at or near same level as anus; and 5 fixed lateral teeth and denticles, second and fourth always more slender than others. Of fixed lateral teeth, fifth on margin of false eave, remainder below eave.

Basal segment of uropod with ventral, proximal tubercle; dorsal spine of basal segment slender, sharp, extending about to midlength of endopod. Inner spine of basal prolongation longer than outer. Proximal segment of exopod with 2 non-plumose stiff setae on inner distal corner and graded series of 5–6 spines on outer distal margin, distal 3 or 4 spatulate; distal 2 spines recurved, apices rounded.

SIZE.—Total length range 15.3–21.0 mm; total length of holotype 21.0 mm; other measurements of holotype (in mm): carapace length 3.1; rostral plate length 0.9, width 1.5; telson length 1.5, width 2.6.

DISTRIBUTION.—Known only from two localities in the southeastern Caribbean Sea: off Cubagua Island, Venezuela, 4–9 m depth, and off Margarita Island, Venezuela, 38–40 m depth.

REMARKS.—Nannosquilla hancocki is represented only by the holotype from waters off Cubagua Island and four other specimens from waters off Margarita Island, Venezuela. Previously published illustrations of the holotype (Manning, 1961, pl. 8) and one female from Margarita Island (Manning, 1969, fig. 19) show noticeable differences in the shapes of the submedian depressions of the false eave of the telson. The depressions are in the shape of concave curves on the holotype female (Figure 4b) and on two other specimens from off Margarita Island. However, the posterior margin of the eave on two other specimens from Margarita Island, including the female illustrated in 1969, form straight lines between the median and submedian projections (Figure 5).

FIGURE 4.—Nannosquilla hancocki (Manning, 1961), female holotype, TL 21 mm: a, anterior part of body; b, sixth abdominal somite and telson; c, uropod; d, uropod, ventral view; e, telson, ventral view; f, telson, posterior view.

The number of submedian fixed denticles on the posterior margin of the telson varies among the specimens. Three specimens from Margarita Island have a minute denticle on the midline and, on either side, nine other denticles. The remaining specimen from Margarita Island lacks the smaller denticle on the midline and has 10 on each side. The holotype has 11 denticles on each side of the midline, with the mesialmost shorter than the remainder (Figure 4b). In all specimens, the outermost submedian denticle on each side is larger than the others, almost appearing to be a fixed lateral tooth, and is set out of the line formed by the other denticles in posterior view (Figure 4f). Also, the movable submedian teeth of the telson appear to be fixed and non-articulated on all specimens, although distinct sockets are visible. The spines originate at or near the level of the anus.

Nannosquilla virginalis, new species

FIGURES 6, 7

Lysiosquilla antillensis Manning, 1961:35, 36, 39 [part, paratypes only].

Nannosquilla antillensis.—Manning, 1969:72–74 [part, paratypes only].

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—USNM 228091; holotype, 1art, TL 20.7 mm; northeastern Caribbean Sea, off Yawsi Point, Lameshur Bay [18°14′N, 64°43.5′W], St. John, Virgin Islands, 9 m; J. Randall, L.P. Thomas, leg. 21 Dec 1958. USNM 106055; paratypes, 1art, 1art, TL 20.2–20.5 mm; same. UMML 32.1174; paratypes, 2art, 1art, TL 17.6–20.8 mm; same.

DESCRIPTION.—Eye small, appearing elongate, not overreaching antennular peduncle. Cornea subglobular, set obliquely on stalk, at most slightly expanded laterally, width about 0.46–0.68 rostral plate length. Ocular scales with bases fused medially, apices distinct, usually rounded. Anterior margin of ophthalmic somite usually produced into blunt spine, sometimes rounded; ventral spine also present.

Antennular peduncle short, about half carapace length. Flagella short, upper with 13–18 articles, longer lower with 14–18 free articles, shorter with 6–8 free articles. Antennular processes visible as anteriorly directed spines projecting beyond sides of rostral plate, apices usually not reaching anterolateral corners of plate.

FIGURE 5.—Nannosquilla hancocki (Manning, 1961). Rostral plate (a,d,g,j), telson, ventral view (b,e,h,k), and telson, dorsal view (c,f,i,l): a–c, male, TL 16.1 mm; d–f, male, TL 18.3 mm; g–i, female, TL 15.3 mm; j–l, female, TL 19.4 mm.

FIGURE 6.—Nannosquilla virginalis, new species, female holotype, TL 20.7 mm: a, anterior part of body; b, sixth abdominal somite and telson; c, uropod; d, uropod, ventral view; e, telson, ventral view; f, telson, posterior view.

Antennal peduncle short but overreaching eye; flagellum with 9–11 articles. Antennal scale short but usually extending about to midlength of distal segment of peduncle.

Rostral plate rectangular, length 0.64–0.71 width, overreaching bases of eyestalks. Lateral margins of plate subparallel, convex, slightly convergent anteriorly. Anterolateral corners forming slightly rounded right angles or subacute (but not sharp) angles. Anterior margins concave, gently sloping mesially to obtusely angled apex projecting beyond anterolateral corners of plate.

Mandibular palp absent; 4 epipods present.

Dactylus of raptorial claw with 7 teeth (only 1 claw present on 1 specimen); proximal notch on outer margin of dactylus flanked by subacute proximal lobe and broadly rounded distal lobe. Carpus lacking spine at distal end of upper margin.

Basal segment of walking leg lacking distinct posteromesial lobe and lateral spine.

Sixth abdominal somite with posterolateral corners forming acute or subacute angles, not produced posteroventrally.

Telson short, length 0.54–0.59 width, dorsum smooth. Median projection of false eave broad but small, not prominent, apex rounded or flattened. Submedian depressions of false eave usually deep mesially (shallow on illustrated specimen), short, about as long as lateral margin of telson, sloping laterally in straight or sinuous line to obtusely angled, prominent submedian projections or forming concave curves between median and submedian projections. Lateral margins of false eave forming about 40° angle with midline of telson. Marginal armature of telson on each side of midline consisting of 5–8 (usually 7) submedian denticles, entire row usually forming broad, inverted V in posterior view, mesialmost denticles higher than remainder but not out of line with them; 1 movable submedian tooth originating well anterior to and slightly lateral of outermost submedian denticle; and 5–7 (usually 7) fixed lateral teeth and denticles. Of fixed teeth, seventh on false eave, remainder below eave.

Basal segment of uropod with ventral, proximal tubercle; dorsal spine of basal segment slender, sharp, not overreaching basal fourth of endopod. Outer spine of basal prolongation slightly but distinctly longer than inner. Proximal segment of exopod with 2–4 non-plumose stiff setae on inner distal corner and graded series of 5 spines on outer distal margin; distal 2 spines spatulate, penultimate spine with blunt apex, distalmost spine more curved, apex acute.

Color completely faded. Scattered chromatophores on dorsum of body. Some specimens with circular, stellate spots on posterolateral corners of carapace.

SIZE.—Total length of holotype 20.7 mm; other measurements (in mm): carapace length 3.2; rostral plate length 0.7, width 1.0; telson length 1.5, width 2.6.

DISTRIBUTION.—Known only from the type-locality in the northeastern Caribbean Sea, Lameshur Bay, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands, 9 m depth.

ETYMOLOGY.—The specific epithet is derived from the Latin virginalis (of a maiden), referring to the type-locality, the Virgin Islands.

REMARKS.—Nine species of Nannosquilla, including the new species described here, have the outer spine of the basal prolongation of the uropod longer than or subequal to the inner spine. Two of the nine species, N. californiensis (Manning, 1961) and N. antillensis, have sharply acute, projecting anterolateral corners on the rostral plate. The series of multiple projections on the posterior margin of the false eave of its telson immediately distinguishes N. californiensis from N. antillensis. Six species have the anterolateral corners of the rostral plate well rounded. The remaining species of the nine, N. virginalis, usually has the anterolateral corners of the rostral plate forming a slightly rounded right angle. Although two of the six extant specimens of N. virginalis have subacute anterolateral corners, the corners are not so sharp as those of N. antillensis.

FIGURE 7.—Nannosquilla virginalis, new species, paratypes. Rostral plate (a,d,g,j,m), telson, ventral view (b,e,h,k,n), and telson, dorsal view (c,f,i,l,o): a–c, male, TL 17.6 mm; d–f, female, TL 20.8 mm; g–i, male, TL 20.0 mm; j–l, female, TL 20.5 mm; m–o, male, TL 20.2 mm.

Nannosquilla virginalis also differs from N. antillensis in the following features: (1) the antennal peduncle extends beyond the end of the eye rather than falling short of it; (2) the rostral plate usually is shorter relative to its width; (3) the posterolateral corners of the sixth abdominal somite, although acute, do not project posteriorly in a spine-like manner; and (4) the dactylus of the raptorial claw has seven, rather than eight, teeth on the inner margin.

Differences between N. virginalis, N. yucatanica, and N. disca, described herein, are discussed under the latter two species.

A small amount of variation in some morphological features was noted among the six specimens of N. virginalis. Although apices of the ocular scales are rounded on most specimens, they are subacute on the female holotype (USNM 228091); none are flattened apically. The antennal scale extends beyond the end of the penultimate article of the antennal peduncle in five specimens, but it does not extend that far in the female holotype. The apex of the median projection of the false eave of the telson is rounded on three specimens, flattened on two, and slightly emarginate on one. Shape of the submedian depressions of the false eave can be a concave curve leading to a prominent submedian projection (three specimens, Figure 7), a sinuous line sloping posteriorly to a prominent projection (one specimen, Figure 7), a straight line sloping to a less prominent projection (one specimen, Figure 7), or even a slightly convex curve leading to a barely prominent projection (one specimen, Figure 7). The number of fixed submedian denticles on each side of the posterior margin of the telson can be five (one specimen), six (one specimen), seven (three specimens), or eight (one specimen), as figured. As seen in posterior view, the row of denticles forms an inverted V in five specimens, but the row forms an evenly curved, inverted U on the female holotype (USNM 228091). Although five specimens have seven fixed lateral teeth on each side of the posterior margin on the telson, one of the female paratypes (USNM 106055) has only five.

Color is completely faded from the specimens except for dark chromatophores. These too exhibit some variation in expression. The spots appear to be randomly scattered over the body on some specimens, but others exhibit a patterned placement. Two specimens, a male and a female in lot UMML 32.1174, have three large, circular, stellate spots on each posterolateral corner of the carapace and four such spots (two on each side of the midline) on the dorsum of the fifth thoracic somite. Another male (USNM 106055) has a similar pattern on the fifth thoracic somite and on the left posterolateral corner of the carapace, but the right corner of the carapace has only a single large spot, not three.

Nannosquilla yucatanica, new species

FIGURE 8

Nannosquilla antillensis.—Manning, 1969:72–74 [part, specimen from waters off Yucatan only].

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—USNM 111030; holotype, 1art, TL 14.0 mm; northwestern Caribbean Sea, 2 mi WSW Cayo Norte, Banco Chinchorro [18°35′N, 87°22′W], Yucatan, Mexico, 5–6 m; coral reef; W.A. Starck, leg.; 23 Jun 1961.

DESCRIPTION.—Eye small, appearing stout, extending about to end of antennular peduncle. Cornea subglobular, set obliquely on stalk, expanded laterally, width 0.9 rostral plate length. Ocular scales with bases fused medially, apices distinct, flattened. Anterior margin of ophthalmic somite with obtuse point; ventral spine also present.

Antennular peduncle short, about half carapace length (curved ventrally in holotype, not visible in dorsal view). Flagella short, upper with 10–12 articles, longer lower with 10–11 free articles, shorter with 4 free articles. Antennular processes visible as short, anteriorly directed spines projecting beyond sides of rostral plate, apices not overreaching anterolateral corners of plate.

Antennal peduncle short, not extending beyond eye; flagellum with 9 articles. Antennal scale short, extending about to end of basal segment of peduncle.

Rostral plate rectangular, length 0.67 width, distinctly overreaching bases of eyestalks. Lateral margins of plate subparallel, slightly convex, at most slightly divergent anteriorly. Anterolateral corners broadly rounded. Anterior margins concave, sloping mesially to obtusely pointed apex, latter projecting well beyond anterolateral corners of plate.

Mandibular palp absent; 4 epipods present.

Dactylus of raptorial claw with 8 teeth (right claw missing from holotype); proximal notch on outer margin of dactylus flanked by subacute proximal lobe and broadly rounded distal lobe. Carpus lacking spine at distal end of upper margin.

Basal segment of walking leg lacking distal posteromesial lobe and lateral spine.

Sixth abdominal somite with posterolateral corners forming acute angles, not markedly produced posteroventrally.

Telson short, length 0.60 width, dorsum smooth. Median projection of false eave not prominent, wider than long, apex rounded. Submedian depressions of false eave shallow, shorter than lateral margin of telson, forming evenly concave curve toward broad submedian projections. Lateral margins of false eave forming about 45° angle with midline of telson. Marginal armature of telson on each side of midline consisting of 6 fixed submedian denticles, entire row forming inverted V in posterior view, with mesialmost denticles in line with remaining denticles on each side; 1 movable submedian tooth originating anterior to and slightly lateral of lateralmost submedian denticle; and 7 fixed lateral teeth and denticles. Of fixed lateral teeth, only lateralmost on false eave, remainder below eave; mesial 2 teeth on lower horizontal plane than others.

FIGURE 8.—Nannosquilla yucatanica, new species, female holotype, TL 14 mm: a, anterior part of body; b, sixth abdominal somite and telson; c, uropod; d, uropod, ventral view (inner spine of basal prolongation broken); e, telson, vental view; f, telson, posterior view.

Basal segment of uropod with ventral, proximal tubercle; dorsal spine of basal segment slender, sharp, short (broken in Figure 8), not overreaching basal fourth of endopod. Outer spine of basal prolongation slightly but distinctly longer than inner (inner spine of right uropod broken in Figure 8). Proximal segment of exopod with 2–3 non-plumose stiff setae on inner distal corner and graded series of 5 spines on outer distal margin, distal 2 spatulate but slender and elongate, apices sharp.

Color completely faded.

SIZE.—Total length of holotype 14.0 mm; other measurements (in mm): carapace length 2.7; rostral plate length 0.8, width 1.2; telson length 1.2, width 2.0.

DISTRIBUTION.—Known only from the type-locality in the northwestern Caribbean Sea off Banco Chinchorro, Yucatan, Mexico; 5–6 m depth.

ETYMOLOGY.—The specific epithet is derived from the type-locality off the Yucatan Peninsula.

REMARKS.—Nannosquilla yucatanica is similar to N. antillensis, but can be distinguished from the latter by the extremely rounded anterolateral corners of the rostral plate, flattened rather than rounded apices of the ocular scales, posterolateral corners of the sixth abdominal somite, which are projecting and spine-like in N. antillensis but not projecting in N. yucatanica, shallow rather than deep submedian depressions of the false eave of the telson, which form a concave curve in N. yucatanica but are slightly sinuous in N. antillensis, and arrangement of the submedian fixed denticles on the posterior margin of the telson, forming an inverted V in N. yucatanica and a semicircle in N. antillensis.

Nannosquilla yucatanica differs from N. virginalis by having the anterolateral corners of the rostral plate well rounded rather than forming a right angle or being subacute, by the flattened rather than rounded or subacute apices of the ocular scales, by having eight rather than seven teeth on the dactylus of the raptorial claw, and by the slenderness of the uropodal spines.

Discussion

The genus Nannosquilla now includes more species in the West Atlantic and East Pacific than any other stomatopod genus except Squilla. Each species is endemic to one of these two regions. Manning (1977:165) characterized the genus as being “young and vigorous,” component species having diverged much more rapidly than those of other stomatopod genera since the breakdown of the Tethys Sea. Reaka and Manning (in press), in a study of all Atlanto–East Pacific stomatopods, hypothesized that the smaller-sized stomatopods, such as representatives of Nannosquilla, have undergone a more rapid rate of divergence than larger bodied forms. The apparent rapid rate of divergence within the genus since the Tethys has resulted in the appearance of several morphologically very similar species.

Species-level systematics within Nannosquilla is becoming increasingly complicated by the high incidence of species represented by numbers of specimens that are inadequate to allow documentation of morphological variation within each. Most species are very distinctive, but others, including some described by us in 1982 and in this paper, are less distinctive and more difficult to characterize.

Species within each of the following groups share particularly similar external appearance: (1) N. antillensis – N. virginalis – N. yucatanica; (2) N. adkisoni – N. carolinensis – N. heardi – N. disca; and (3) N. baliops – N. whitingi. The first group contains species from widely separated areas in the Caribbean Sea. However, distances separating known localities of most species in the other two groups are not so great. With the exception of N. carolinensis, known from two localities off the Carolinas, the remaining species in the second group were collected from similar depths (35–42 m, 39 m, and 54 m, respectively) a few miles apart latitudinally off the west coast of Florida. In that area, zones of faunal similarity occur in similar depths as bands paralleling the coast (Lyons, 1979; Lyons and Collard, 1974; Florida Department of Natural Resources, unpublished data). Camp (1973) demonstrated that within the depths in question along west Florida, the stomatopod fauna does not change appreciably with latitude. Although stomatopod congeners co-occur in identical depth zones, centers of their respective abundances differ bathymetrically, corresponding with changes in benthic habitats. Similarly, N. baliops and N. whitingi were captured during different years from the same habitat at fixed sampling stations within a very small study area off Hutchinson Island, lower east Florida. Camp et al. (1977) demonstrated that the crustacean assemblages were homogeneous for short periods throughout the habitat from which N. baliops and N. whitingi were found, but composition of the assemblages changed over time because of the apparent faunistically unstable nature of that highly dynamic, zoogeographical transition area.

We may speculate about the evolutionary relationship among species within these three groups based on a consideration of the proximity of a species to its morphologically most similar congener, if we assume that the few known localities of each species are near the center of abundance of that species. Areal distances separating the only known “populations” of N. antillensis (Venezuela), N. virginalis (Virgin Islands), and N. yucatanica (Yucatan) are possibly great enough for allopatric speciation to have occurred among those very similar, perhaps “sister,” species, despite their having dispersing larvae like all other stomatopods. However, distances separating known “populations” of species within each of the other two groups (N. carolinensis excepted) may not be great enough for divergence to be explained by allopatric, or even parapatric, speciation unless back-dispersal followed, especially in respect to N. baliops – N. whitingi. There is a possibility that as more specimens become available for study, some of these closely related species from similar habitats may have to be synonymized. However, so little is known of the biology of Nannosquilla species that additional information may confirm their distinctness as biological species, supporting our current determinations based on subtle structural differences.

The following key to adults is offered as an aid in identifying the West Atlantic species. The large number of species, unknown extent of inherent variation, and subtle distinctions between species make construction of a reliable key difficult. The user is cautioned to refer to original descriptions and illustrations of species identified with the key before a final determination is made.

Key to Adults of Species of Nannosquilla from the West Atlantic

Literature Cited

Camp, David K.

1973.   Stomatopod Crustacea. Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises, 3(2):1–100.

Camp, David K., and Raymond B. Manning

1982.   Five New Species of Nannosquilla from the Northwestern Atlantic (Crustacea: Stomatopoda). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 368:iii + 15 pages.

Camp, David K., Nicholas H. Whiting, and R. Eric Martin

1977.   Nearshore Marine Ecology at Hutchinson Island, Florida: 1971–1974, V: Arthropods. Florida Marine Research Publications, 25:ii + 63 pages.

Komai, Taku, and Yüh Mou Tung

1930.   Report on the Stomatopoda Collected by the Surveying Ships of the Imperial Fisheries Experimental Station on the Continental Shelf Bordering Japan. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 13(1):13–19.

Lyons, William G.

1979 [1980].   Molluscan Communities of the West Florida Shelf. The Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, 1979:37–40.

Lyons, William G., and Sneed B. Collard

1974.   Benthic Invertebrate Communities of the Eastern Gulf of Mexico. In R.E. Smith, editor, Proceedings of Marine Environmental Implications of Offshore Drilling in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico, pages 157–165. St. Petersburg, Florida: State University System, Florida Institute of Oceanography. [Conference/workshop, 31 Jan and 1, 2 Feb 1974.]

Manning, Raymond B.

1961.   Stomatopod Crustacea from the Atlantic Coast of Northern South America. Allan Hancock Atlantic Expedition Report, 9:iv + 46 pages.

1963.   Preliminary Revision of the Genera Pseudosquilla and Lysiosquilla with Descriptions of Six New Genera (Crustacea: Stomatopoda). Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, 13(2):308–328.

1969.   Stomatopod Crustacea of the Western Atlantic. Studies in Tropical Oceanography (Miami), 8:viii + 380 pages.

1970.   Nine New American Stomatopod Crustaceans. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 83(8):99–114.

1977.   A Monograph of the West African Stomatopod Crustacea. Atlantide Report, 12:25–181.

1978.   New and Rare Stomatopod Crustacea from the Indo-West-Pacific Region. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 264:iii + 36 pages.

1979.   Nannosquilla vasquezi, a New Stomatopod Crustacean from the Atlantic Coast of Panama. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 92(2):380–383.

Manning, Raymond B., and Marjorie L. Reaka

1981.   Gonodactylus aloha, a New Stomatopod Crustacean from the Hawaiian Islands. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 1(2):190–200.

Reaka, Marjorie L., and Raymond B. Manning

In press.   The Significance of Body Size, Dispersal Potential, and Habitat for Rates of Morphological Evolution in Stomatopod Crustacea. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 448.

REQUIREMENTS FOR SMITHSONIAN SERIES PUBLICATION

Manuscripts intended for series publication receive substantive review (conducted by their originating Smithsonian museums or offices) and are submitted to the Smithsonian Institution Press with Form SI–36, which must show the approval of the appropriate authority designated by the sponsoring organizational unit. Requests for special treatment—use of color, foldouts, case-bound covers, etc.—require, on the same form, the added approval of the sponsoring authority.

Review of manuscripts and art by the Press for requirements of series format and style, completeness and clarity of copy, and arrangement of all material, as outlined below, will govern, within the judgment of the Press, acceptance or rejection of manuscripts and art.

Copy must be prepared on typewriter or word processor, double-spaced, on one side of standard white bond paper (not erasable), with 1¼″ margins, submitted as ribbon copy (not carbon or xerox), in loose sheets (not stapled or bound), and accompanied by original art. Minimum acceptable length is 30 pages.

Front matter (preceding the text) should include: title page with only title and author and no other information, abstract page with author, title, series, etc., following the established format: table of contents with indents reflecting the hierarchy of heads in the paper, also, foreword and/or preface, if appropriate.

First page of text should carry the title and author at the top of the page; second page should have only the author's name and professional mailing address, to be used as an unnumbered footnote on the first page of printed text.

Center heads of whatever level should be typed with initial caps of major words, with extra space above and below the head, but no other preparation (such as all caps or underline, except for the underline necessary for generic and specific epithets). Run-in paragraph heads should use period/dashes or colons as necessary.

Tabulations within text (lists of data, often in parallel columns) can be typed on the text page where they occur, but they should not contain rules or numbered table captions.

Formal tables (numbered, with captions, boxheads, stubs, rules) should be submitted as carefully typed, double-spaced copy separate from the text; they will be typeset unless otherwise requested. If camera-copy use is anticipated, do not draw rules on manuscript copy.

Taxonomic keys in natural history papers should use the aligned-couplet form for zoology and may use the multi-level indent form for botany. If cross referencing is required between key and text, do not include page references within the key, but number the keyed-out taxa, using the same numbers with their corresponding heads in the text.

Synonymy in zoology must use the short form (taxon, author, year:page), with full reference at the end of the paper under “Literature Cited.” For botany, the long form (taxon, author, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, page, year, with no reference in “Literature Cited”) is optional.

Text-reference system (author, year:page used within the text, with full citation in “Literature Cited” at the end of the text) must be used in place of bibliographic footnotes in all Contributions Series and is strongly recommended in the Studies Series “(Jones. 1910:122)” or “…Jones (1910:122).” If bibliographic footnotes are required, use the short form (author, brief title, page) with the full citation in the bibliography.

Footnotes, when few in number, whether annotative or bibliographic, should be typed on separate sheets and inserted immediately after the text pages on which the references occur. Extensive notes must be gathered together and placed at the end of the text in a notes section.

Bibliography, depending upon use, is termed “Literature Cited,” “References,” or “Bibliography.” Spell out titles of books, articles, journals, and monographic series. For book and article titles use sentence-style capitalization according to the rules of the language employed (exception: capitalize all major words in English). For journal and series titles, capitalize the initial word and all subsequent words except articles, conjunctions, and prepositions. Transliterate languages that use a non-Roman alphabet according to the Library of Congress system. Underline (for italics) titles of journals and series and titles of books that are not part of a series. Use the parentheses/colon system for volume (number): pagination: “10(2):5–9.” For alignment and arrangement of elements, follow the format of recent publications in the series for which the manuscript is intended. Guidelines for preparing bibliography may be secured from Series Section, SI Press.

Legends for illustrations must be submitted at the end of the manuscript, with as many legends typed, double-spaced, to a page as convenient.

Illustrations must be submitted as original art (not copies) accompanying, but separate from, the manuscript. Guidelines for preparing art may be secured from Series Section. SI Press All types of illustrations (photographs, line drawings, maps, etc.) may be intermixed throughout the printed text. They should be termed Figures and should be numbered consecutively as they will appear in the monograph. If several illustrations are treated as components of a single composite figure, they should be designated by lowercase italic letters on the illustration; also, in the legend and in text references the italic letters (underlined in copy) should be used: “Figure 9b.” Illustrations that are intended to follow the printed text may be termed Plates, and any components should be similarly lettered and referenced: “Plate 9b.” Keys to any symbols within an illustration should appear on the art rather than in the legend.

Some points of style: Do not use periods after such abbreviations as “mm, ft, USNM, NNE.” Spell out numbers “one” through “nine” in expository text, but use digits in all other cases if possible. Use of the metric system of measurement is preferable; where use of the English system is unavoidable, supply metric equivalents in parentheses. Use the decimal system for precise measurements and relationships, common fractions for approximations. Use day/month/year sequence for dates: “9 April 1976.” For months in tabular listings or data sections, use three-letter abbreviations with no periods: “Jan, Mar, Jun,” etc. Omit space between initials of a personal name: “J.B. Jones.”

Arrange and paginate sequentially every sheet of manuscript in the following order: (1) title page. (2) abstract, (3) contents, (4) foreword and/or preface, (5) text. (6) appendixes, (7) notes section, (8) glossary, (9) bibliography. (10) legends, (11) tables. Index copy may be submitted at page proof stage, but plans for an index should be indicated when manuscript is submitted.