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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 563

A Revision of New World Cyamops Melander (Diptera: Periscelididae)

Alessandra R. Baptista and Wayne N. Mathis

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

Washington, D.C.

1994

ABSTRACT

Baptista, Alessandra R., and Wayne N. Mathis. A Revision of New World Cyamops Melander (Diptera: Periscelididae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 563, 25 pages, 59 figures, 1 table, 1994.—The New World species of the genus Cyamops Melander, now numbering eight, are revised. New species (type locality in parenthesis): C. americus (Mexico. Chiapas: El Triunfo (49 km S Jaltenango, 1300–2000 m)), C. buenorum (Mexico. Chiapas: Cacahoatan (7 km N)), C.fasciatus (Brazil. São Paulo: Serra da Cantareira, Chapado), and C. colombianus (Colombia. Rio Raposo). Cyamops, with Stenomicra Coquillett as its apparent sister group, is placed in the subfamily Stenomicrinae, which is recharacterized. Planinasus Cresson, previously thought to be related to genera within Stenomicrinae, is shown to be more closely related to Periscelidinae. The monophyly of Cyamops is clearly demonstrated, as is that for some species groups within the genus. The relationships between species groups, however, are not well known. Phylogenetic studies, even for the fauna of the New World, are hindered by inadequate specimens to investigate many of the characters we have identified. Maps, keys to species, detailed distributional data, and illustrations (scanning electron micrographs and line drawings) are provided to assist in the identification of the species.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in alimited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus).

Library of Congress Cataloging-in Publication Data

Baptista, Alessandra R.

A revision of the new world Cyamops Melander (Diptera: Periscelididae)/ Alessandra R. Baptista and Wayne N. Mathis

p. cm.—(Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 563) Includes bibliographical references (p. )

1. Cyamops—America—Classification. I. Mathis, Wayne N. II. Title. III. Series.

QL1.S54 no. 563 [QL537.P4] 595.77′4–dc20 94-26880 CIP

images The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48—1984.

A Revision of New World Cyamops Melander (Diptera: Periscelididae)

Alessandra R. Baptista and Wayne N. Mathis

____________

Alessandra R. Baptista and Wayne N. Mathis. Departamento de Entomologia, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 7172, São Paulo 01064, São Paulo, Brazil (ARB). Department of Entomology, NHB 169, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, USA (WNM).

Review Chairman: John M. Burns, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. Reviewers: David A. Grimaldi, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024-5192; Terry A. Wheeler, Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada NIG 2WI; Norman E. Woodley, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, do National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560.

Introduction

This revision concerns Cyamops Melander, an obscure genus of acalyptrate Diptera that was first described in the family Geomyzidae, a family-group name that is now a junior synonym of Opomyzidae. The genus was proposed for a relatively rare Nearctic species, C. nebulosus Melander, that was described in the same paper and was then designated as the type species of the genus. For decades thereafter the genus was thought to be endemic to the Nearctic Region and was seldom studied largely because of its rarity in collections. Even today specimens are collected infrequently, and comparatively few specimens were available for this study.

Beginning with Hennig (1969), who described C. neotropicus from a specimen collected in Peru and C. australicus from specimens collected in Australia, species of Cyamops were discovered and described from faunas outside the Nearctic Region. Sabrosky (1980) reported an undescribed species from Nigeria, and Khoo (1985) described five additional Australian species. In collections available to us, there are also specimens from the Oriental (Malaysia), Oceanian (islands of Ponape and Yap), and Palearctic (Japan) regions. These discoveries and records indicate that Cyamops is essentially pantropical with a few species that extend into temperate zones. Our purpose here is to revise the New World species with emphasis on the largely undescribed Neotropical fauna.

Although Cyamops was dealt with infrequently in the literature, its placement in a family has been remarkably varied and unstable. As noted previously, the genus was first described in the family Geomyzidae, now a synonym of Opomyzidae. Brues and Melander (1932) then transferred the genus to the family Periscelididae (as Periscelidae), a precedent that Curran (1934) followed. Two decades later, Sturtevant (1954) placed the genus in the Anthomyzidae, although his study of the female terminalia of the type species, which was reported in the same paper, failed to provide evidence for this association. Sabrosky (1958, 1965) continued recognition of Sturtevant's placement of Cyamops in Anthomyzidae. Hennig (1958) first suggested that Cyamops should be placed in Aulacigastridae, and later, in a review of the family Aulacigastridae (Hennig, 1969), he included Cyamops, because like other genera treated in this family, it lacks ocellar and postvertical setae and has two fronto-orbital setae. Griffiths (1972) studied the male terminalia of Cyamops and maintained its placement in Aulacigastridae. Sabrosky (1980), Teskey (1987), and J.F. McAlpine (1989) likewise followed Hennig's placement, the latter paper with considerable equivocation. D.K. McAlpine (1978, 1983) returned the genus to Periscelididae, and most recent authors (Khoo, 1985; Mathis and Papp, 1992; Mathis, 1993; Grimaldi and Mathis, 1993) have adhered to D.K. McAlpine's placement, usually with Cyamops in the subfamily Stenomicrinae. Khoo and Sabrosky (1989) likewise recognized Cyamops to be related to Stenomicra Coquillett but accorded family-level status to this lineage as Stenomicridae, a precedent Papp (1984) first established. In this study we continue to recognize Cyamops in the family Periscelididae under the subfamily Stenomicrinae, but hasten to add that the evidence to support this association is not overwhelming (see discussion after the diagnoses and description of the family, subfamily, and genus).

METHODS.—The descriptive terminology follows J.F. McAlpine (1981) with the modifications listed below. We follow Sabrosky (1983) in using the term “microtomentum” rather than pruinosity. Setae posterior to the “pseudovibrissae” are called peristomal setae. Because specimens are small, all less than 3.50 mm, study and illustration of the male and female terminalia required use of a compound microscope. Species' descriptions are composite, including information on the holotype and other conspecific specimens. All species exhibit sexual dimorphism to some degree, although not always the same characters. To account for this variation in the descriptions, we describe the male first, followed by a section on differences in the female. Characters cited in the generic description are not usually repeated under the species. The terminology for structures of the male and female abdomens, including the terminalia, is provided directly on Figures 2–7 (Cyamops halteratus) and 16 (C. nebulosus) and is not repeated for comparable illustrations of other species. The following ratios are used in the descriptions (2art and 2art were measured for each species when available, cases to the contrary are indicated under the appropriate species description).

FIGURE 1.—Hypothetical phylogeny for genera of Stenomicrinae. Numbers correspond with those used in the text

1. Wing ratio: the greatest length of wing/the greatest width of wing.

2. Costal vein ratio I: the straight line distance between the apices of veins R₁ and R₂₊₃/distance between the apices of veins R₂₊₃ and R₄₊₅ (only one, slide-mounted wing was measured for this ratio).

3. Costal vein ratio II: the straight line distance between the apices of veins R₂₊₃ and R₄₊₅/distance between the apices of veins R₄₊₅ and M (only one, slide-mounted wing was measured for this ratio).

A cladogram indicating hypothetical phylogenetic relationships has been generated for the higher-level taxa included within the family Periscelididae, sensu D.K. McAlpine, using Hennig 86 (Farris, 1988). As the assemblage of genera in the subfamily Periscelidinae is undoubtedly monophyletic, confirmed by well-established synapomorphies (most of the characters used in the key to subfamilies, p. 4, with the exception of the well-developed ocellar seta), it was treated as a whole. Character states were arranged into transformation series, and their relative plesiomorphic or apomorphic conditions were determined by outgroup comparison. As the sister group of Periscelididae is probably to be found within the families Aulacigastridae (Hennig, 1971; J.F. McAlpine, 1989) or Neurochaetidae (D.K. McAlpine, 1978, 1983), their included genera were used as outgroups. D.K. McAlpine (pers. comm.) is now investigating the relationships between these families, and his study should clarify the familial limits and determine the sister-group relationships. Although we made no attempt here to list autapomorphies for the terminal taxa on the cladogram, except for the genus Cyamops, we are reasonably sure that they are natural groups.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—Although this study is based primarily on specimens in the National Museum of Natural History, numerous others were borrowed, particularly type specimens of the species previously described. To our colleagues and their institutions listed below who loaned specimens, we express our sincere thanks. Without their cooperation this study could not have been completed.

ANSP | Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (Jon K. Gelhaus and Donald Azuma)
CNC | Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (J.M. Cumming)
MNRJ | Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Márcia Souto Couri)
MZUSP | Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São, Paulo, Brazil (Francisca do Val)
TAU | Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (A. Freidberg)
UGE | University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada (T.A. Wheeler)
USNM | former United States National Museum, collections now in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA

TABLE 1.—Characters states used in the phylogenetic analysis with description of their relative plesiomorphic and apomorphic states.

Character | Plesiomorphic | Apomorphic
1. Pedicel | Not cap-like, without a dorsal cleft | Cap-like, with a dorsal cleft
2. Cell dm of wing | Smooth, without folds | With a fold running entire length
3. Antennae | Approximate, touching each other in dry specimen | Greatly separated, never touching each other in dry specimen
4. Ocellar seta | Present | Absent
5. Postpronotal seta | Present | Absent
6. Pseudovibrissa | Present | Absent
7. Surstylus | Articulated with epandrium | Fused with epandrium
8. Hypandrium | Symmetrical | Asymmetrical
9. Male 6th tergite | Large | Narrow, less than art the 5th

Ms. Hollis B. Williams prepared the distribution maps; Peter J. Viola assisted with the scanning electron microscopy, Victor Krantz assisted with production of the photographs, Elaine R.S. Hodges labeled the illustrations, and George Venable prepared Figure 1. Dr. Terry A. Wheeler provided records of specimens from the University of Guelph. For reviewing a draft of this paper we thank Drs. Amnon Freidberg, Claudio J.B. de Carvalho, and Nelson Papavero. This research was supported in part by a Short-Term Visitor's grant from the Office of Fellowships and Grants, Smithsonian Institution, and also by a Master of Science's grant from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Brazil. We are also grateful to Dr. Stanwyn G. Shetler, Deputy Director, National Museum of Natural History, for financial support to conduct field work through grants from the Research Opportunity Fund.

Systematics

As a preface to our revision of the species of Cyamops from the New World, we first characterize the family Periscelididae and subfamily Stenomicrinae. We also provide a key to the subfamilies and present a provisional cladogram and discussion of the relationships of some genera.

Family PERISCELIDIDAE Oldenberg

Periscelidinae Oldenberg, 1914:41.

Periscelidae.—Hendel, 1916:297.

DIAGNOSIS.—Head: Frons with 1–2 fronto-orbital setae; postocellar setae usually divergent or absent (divergent, convergent, or parallel in Stenomicra). Pedicel cap-like and with a dorsal cleft, bearing 1 or more dorsoapical setae; flagellomere 1 frequently sharply deflexed, arising from ventral surface of pedicel; dorsobasal aristal rays frequently bifurcate. Face uniformly sclerotized and arched, setose laterally.

Thorax: Dorsocentral setae usually 2 (0+2), sometimes 1 (0+1), none presutural; posterior intra-alar seta reduced; supra-alar seta usually present; scutellum with 1–2 pairs of marginal setae; scutellar disc bare; anepisternal seta usually lacking (present in Planinasus and some species of Cyamops). Wing: Subcosta rudimentary, not reaching costal margin, but not fused apically with R₁; no costal breaks (a weakness in the costa just apicad of the humeral crossvein in Planinasus); costa extended to vein R₄₊₅ or vein M; cell dm with a fold running entire length; cell cup usually present (absent in some Stenomicra), although vein CuA₂ either well developed or extremely short. Mid tibia bearing a prominent, apicoventral seta.

DISCUSSION.—As noted earlier, the concept of Periscelididae adopted here follows D.K. McAlpine (1978, 1983). D.K. McAlpine characterized Periscelididae primarily by the caplike pedicel, which has a dorsal cleft (character 1, Table 1). Although this character is common to all Periscelididae, it also occurs in Neurochaetidae (D.K. McAlpine, 1978; Woodley, 1982), Neminidae (accorded family status in Freidberg, 1994), and perhaps other genera. Whether these genera should likewise be included in Periscelididae or whether the cap-like pedicel is a synapomorphy are questions that are not resolved. A second synapomorphy for Periscelididae is the fold that runs lengthwise through cell dm (character 2, Table 1).

The monophyly of Periscelididae, as here characterized, must be considered provisional with so few synapomorphies. Another factor that should be considered in future phylogenetic studies of Periscelididae is taxa in related groups, such as genera now included in the families Neurochaetidae and Neminidae. These genera should be considered, as most if not all of them have the two synapomorphies noted previously that characterize Periscelididae.

In the key to subfamilies that follows, we have not definitively placed the genus Planinasus (it is keyed separately). Its inclusion within Periscelididae is unquestioned, however, especially given the compelling evidence. Here we discuss its phylogenetic position and relationships but prefer a more exhaustive study, including taxa of the two other families that are probably related, before making changes in the higher classification.

Key to Subfamilies of Periscelididae

Subfamily STENOMICRINAE Papp

Stenomicridae Papp, 1984:61.

DIAGNOSIS.—Head: Frons with 2 fronto-orbital setae, 1 reclinate, 1 proclinate, lacking intrafrontal seta; at least 1 vertical seta (apparently the outer) present; postvertical setae usually lacking (present in some species of Stenomicra, where they are slightly divergent, parallel, or convergent); ocellar setae lacking; “pseudovibrissa” present, anaclinate or dorsoclinate; pedicel bearing 1 or more dorsoapical setae; eyes bearing interfacetal microsetulae; palpus small, compressed.

Thorax: Postpronotum frequently polished, lacking a well developed seta; katepisternum bearing 1 prominent seta. Wing: no costal breaks, although with weak areas; costa extended to vein M; vein CuA₂ usually well developed. Hind femur lacking anterodorsal preapical seta.

Abdomen: Male: preabdomen consisting of 5 segments; tergite 6 narrow, reduced in length; tergite 7 asymmetrical, fused to synstemite 6–8 on right side (Cyamops) or on both sides, forming a complete ring (Stenomicra); stemite 6 asymmetrical, usually highly modified; surstylus loosely articulated with epandrium; hypandrium asymmetrical, expanded posteriorly on each side into convex, bowl-shaped structures. Female: tergite and sternite of segment 7 either free from each other (some Australasian species of Cyamops) or fused, forming a complete ring; 2–4 spermathecae present.

DISCUSSION.—As a preliminary effort toward resolution of the phylogenetic relationships within the family Periscelididae, we propose the following hypothetical phylogeny as outlined in the cladogram (Figure 1). The characters used to generate this cladogram are explained and listed in Table 1, with scoring and arrangement of characters as indicated in the matrix for the analysis (Table 2, the same sequence of characters is used for Tables 1 and 2).

The subfamily Stenomicrinae was first proposed as a monogeneric family with Stenomicra as its type genus (Papp, 1984). Some years later, Khoo and Sabrosky (1989) also placed the genus Cyamops in this family. Mathis and Papp (1992), Mathis (1993), and Grimaldi and Mathis (1993), following D.K. McAlpine's precedent, transferred both of these genera plus the genus Planinasus back to Periscelididae as the subfamily Stenomicrinae. As we accept D.K. McAlpine's proposal that Stenomicra is related to Planinasus and Cyamops and that this assemblage of genera and those of the subfamily Periscelidinae are likewise related, we prefer recognition of an expanded concept of Periscelididae, with Periscelidinae and Stenomicrinae as included subfamilies.

TABLE 2.—Character Matrix for Some Genera of Periscelididae.

Ancestor | 000000000
Periscelidinae | 111001100
Planinasus | 111111100
Stenomicra | 110110011
Cyamops | 110110011

Our interpretation of generic relationships among these two subfamilies, however, is slightly altered from that presented in the recent publications cited previously. The synapomorphies that we have discovered and analyzed indicate that the genus Planinasus is more closely related to the genera of the Subfamily Periscelidinae than to Stenomicra and Cyamops. This interpretation is supported by at least three synapomorphies, as outlined in the cladogram (Figure 1).

Another possible synapomorphy for both groups, Periscelididae sensu stricto, is the shape of the sixth tergite of the male abdomen. This tergite is large, apparently unmodified, and subequal in length to the fifth tergite (character 9, Table 1). In Stenomicra and Cyamops, this tergite is narrow, slightly reduced in length, and in the outgroup (probably Aulacigastrinae), it is fused posteriorly to the syntergite seven+eight. J.F. McAlpine (1989) considered the different modifications of the sixth abdominal tergite in the superfamily Asteioinea to be independently derived and interpreted the character state found in Planinasus, other genera of Periscelidinae, and some Asteiidae, to be plesiomorphic. Although J.F. McAlpine's interpretation seems to be correct, it is also possible, and not less parsimonious, to consider the large sixth tergite of Planinasus and the genera of Periscelidinae as a synapomorphy (a “pseudosimplesiomorphy” as defined by Hennig).

The characters shared by Planinasus, Stenomicra, and Cyamops (characters 4 and 5, Table 1) are considered to be homoplasies, following strict parsimony. These characters also occur widely in related groups and are thus less reliable as evidence of close relationships.

The sister-group of Cyamops is apparently Stenomicra, although synapomorphies that confirm this relationship are not wholly convincing. The shape of the hypandrium could be a synapomorphy (character 8, Table 1). The hypandrium is expanded posteriorly on each side in both genera to form a convex, asymmetrical, bowl-shaped structure. In Stenomicra these structures articulate posteriorly with the base of the aedeagus, a feature not found in Cyamops or related groups and which is probably an autapomorphy for Stenomicra. The shape of the sixth tergite (narrow and reduced in length) is another probable synapomorphy for Stenomicra+Cyamops. As discussed above, the Periscelidinae have a large, well-developed sixth tergite. In Aulacigastridae and Neurochaeta the sixth tergite exhibits still different modifications. Other possible synapomorphies for Stenomicrinae are as follows.

1. Specimens small and slender. Overall reduction in size, however, also occurs in Neoscutops (Periscelidinae) and related groups and is not a good indicator of close relationship.

2. Palpus reduced and compressed. The form of the palpus, however, is not a well-studied feature within the Periscelididae, Aulacigastridae, and Neurochaetidae, making its polarization very imprecise.

3. Seventh tergite asymmetrical, fused to stemites 6–8 on right side. In Stenomicra, the seventh tergite is fused to sternites 6 on both sides, forming a complete ring. This may be another step in a transformation series. The character state found in Cyamops is also present in Aulacigaster, probably by convergence.

Key to Genera of the Subfamily Stenomicrinae

Genus Cyamops Melander

Cyamops Melander, 1913:291. [Type species: Cyamops nebulosus Melander, by original designation].—Curran, 1934:323 [generic key, Periscelididae].—Brues, Melander, and Carpenter. 1954:371 [list, Periscelididae].—Sturtevant, 1954:557–559 [revision, Anthomyzidae].—Sabrosky, 1958: 169–171 [revision, Anthomyzidae]; 1965:820 [Nearctic catalog, Anthomyzidae]; 1980:648 [Afrotropical catalog, Aulacigastridae].—Hennig, 1958:640 [discussion, Aulacigastridae]; 1969:610–614 [discussion. Aulacigastridae]; 1971:39, 46 [discussion, Aulacigastridae].—Griffiths, 1972:211–212 [description art terminalia, Aulacigastridae].—D.K. McAlpine, 1978:274, 277 [discussion, Periscelididae]; 1983:56 [discussion, Periscelididae].—Khoo, 1985:527–536 [revision Australian species, Periscelididae].—Teskey, 1987:392 [generic key, discussion, Aulacigastridae].—Khoo and Sabrosky, 1989:551 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog, Stenomicridae].

DESCRIPTION.—Adult: Small flies, length usually 1.65–3.30 mm, with slender habitus.

Head: Typically dark brown in ground color; fronto-orbits below the insertion of fronto-orbital setae, parafacial and genal region usually with silvery white microtomentum; occipital region shiny, sparsely microtomentose; lower face usually strongly microtomentose below genal region; median plate of clypeus shiny brown; head usually broader than thorax; postcranium strongly concave; eye bearing interfacetal setulae, shape of eye in profile more or less diagonal, lower anterior facets enlarged and encroaching on facial region more in males than in females (males and females of two new species from Oceanic Region have the face with almost the same width); eyes closer together at lower edge of frons than at top of head; frons slightly longer than wide; ocellar tubercle small, situated near vertex; mesofrons somewhat depressed, concave; antennal form as for other Periscelididae; arista 3-segmented (see D.K. McAlpine, 1983), branched, in some species with basal bifurcate rays; face in profile nearly straight to distinctly angulate, ventral portion (below narrowest gap between eyes) more broadly developed, sometimes shallowly carinate medially, carina narrow to broad, but always broader in females; lower epistomal margin of mesofacialia extended around oral opening to form a narrow peristomal area; clypeus a large inverted U, somewhat retracted in males but easily visible in females; palpus short, compressed, with silver luster when viewed under certain angles. Chaetotaxy: Outer vertical setae slightly to strongly divergent, curved outward; inner vertical and postocellar setae lacking; 2 pairs of fronto-orbital setae, inner pair reclinate, sometimes oriented outward, outer pair proclinate, in most cases pointed inward; inner fronto-orbital seta usually about art the length of outer, rarely weaker, fronto-orbits typically bearing small setulae below setae; true vibrissa apparently absent, but uppermost pair of facial setae developed as porrect, anaclinate “pseudovibrissae,” followed by a row of peristomal setulae and setae at margin of genae; pseudovibrissae sometimes placed externally to row of peristomal setae.

Thorax: Shiny, brown to dark brown, sparsely whitish microtomentose, microtomentum more dense at lower portion of katepisternum; calypteres brown; postscutellum developed; greater ampulla convex; prosternum bare. Chaetotaxy: Acrostichal setulae in 2 more or less regular rows, slightly diverging behind, being strongly reduced in some species; dorsocentral setae 0+1 or 0+2, 1st seta, when present smaller; 1 row of dorsocentral setulae in front of setae; some setulae also present between acrostichal and dorsocentral rows in some species; supra-alar seta 1, preceded by small setulae, which can be sometimes strongly reduced; scutellum typically with 1 or 2 pairs of setae, basal pair, when present, smaller; notopleural setae 1+1, 1st seta usually longer; katepisternal seta 1, located dorsally (sometimes a 2nd, smaller and weaker seta is present); anepisternum bare or with 1 seta and few setulae along posterior margin. Wing: Costal vein without true costal breaks, but with a weakness before end of vein R1; costal vein extended to vein M; crossvein bm-cu either present, delimiting discal cell from cell bm (species in Afrotropical, Australian, Nearctic, Neotropical, Oriental, and Palearctic regions), or absent (some Oceanian species); anal vein sometimes strongly reduced in length; anal cell present, well delimited. Legs: Posteroventral setulae of fore femur sometimes differentiated as a row of distal small, spine-like setulae; mid tibia bearing an apicoventral spine.

Abdomen of Male: Sparsely microtomentose, brown to dark brown; 6th tergite somewhat narrowed, asymmetrical, extended more on right side near 6th sternite; 7th tergite narrow, asymmetrical, fused to 6th–7th sternites on left side; 7th right spiracle, sometimes also the left, in 7th tergite; surstyli articulated with epandrium, asymmetrical (left usually longer), connected with hypandrium posteriorly by a weak membrane; cerci small, weakly sclerotized to completely membranous, bearing some setae on posterior half; hypandrium asymmetrical, expanded posteriorly on each side into convex, bowl-shaped structures, sometimes bearing a ventral projection on left side, visible near base of 6th sternite (“hypandrial projection”); parameres apparently absent (a single, setulose postgonite in C. nebulosus); gonopods present; aedeagal apodeme long, free or joined posteriorly with hypandrium; aedeagus completely sclerotized; ejaculatory apodeme developed, variously shaped.

Abdomen of Female: Syntergosternite 6 a complete ring (tergite and sternite fused), with spiracle within sclerotization; tergite and sternite 7 either fused (Nearctic, Neotropical, Oceanian species), forming a synterosternal ring enclosing spiracle, or separate (Australian), with spiracle in sternite; segment 8 with tergite and sternite separate, sternite either free (Nearctic and Neotropical species) or partially fused with 7th (Australian species); 2–4 spherical to oblong spermathecae (2 in Australasian/Oceanian species, 3 in Nearctic species, 4 in Neotropical species).

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—Several characters have a tendency to exhibit sexual dimorphism, although with some overlap in most characters. The characters that demonstrate more pronounced sexual dimorphism are the following: (1) females generally darker, especially the face and legs; (2) clypeus of females generally more conspicuous; (3) anteroventral eye facets of males enlarged, encroaching more on face than in females (the face in both sexes of two undescribed species from the Oceanian Region show little or no sexual dimorphism).

New World species.—The following characteristics were observed in all New World species and will not be repeated under the species descriptions: Outer fronto-orbital setae inclinate, inserted laterad of inner fronto-orbital seta; pseudovibrissae aligned with row of peristomal setae, not laterad; supra-alar and acrostichal setulae present, not greatly reduced; first notopleural seta longer or subequal in length to second; vein bm-cu present, separating discal cell from cell bm; anal vein not strongly shortened in length.

DISTRIBUTION.—Cyamops is known to occur in the following faunal regions: Afrotropical Region (Sabrosky, 1980); Australasian Region (Hennig, 1969; Khoo, 1985; Khoo and Sabrosky, 1989); Nearctic Region (Sabrosky, 1965; Teskey, 1987), Neotropical Region (Hennig, 1969), and Palearctic Region (Japan, one specimen in USNM).

NATURAL HISTORY.—Baptista collected two species of Cyamops at pools, near streams, often on leaves of Calathea G.F.W. Meyer (Maranthaceae). Specimens of Cyamops appear to have the same habits as many species of Planinasus Cresson. Australian Cyamops have been collected (Khoo, 1985:528) “on rocks in streams, near waterfalls, in marshy situations (on broad-leafed plants such as Allocasia) and beside pools in almost dry river beds.”

According to Sturtevant (1954:558) the eggs of C. nebulosus are white and have short, thick, anterodorsal filaments similar to those found in Drosophila Fallén. Nothing more is known about the immature stages.

DISCUSSION.—The phylogenetic relationships among species within Cyamops are not well established. The lack of specimens for detailed study, together with the wide occurrence of homoplasies for many characters in related groups were the main impediments to this portion of the study. Some observations, nevertheless, are given below as preliminary results.

Cyamops is clearly monophyletic with synapomorphies as follows: 1. Inner vertical setae lacking; 2. Mesofrons deeply concave (also in an undescribed genus from the neotropics that is related to Aulacigaster); 3. Fronto-orbits below level of fronto-orbital setae silvery-white microtomentose (also in undescribed genus related to Aulacigaster); 4. Male clypeus retracted, tending to fill the oral opening; 5. Surstyli asymmetrical (also in some Periscelis and Aulacigaster according to Papp, 1988:276 and 1984:60, respectively); 7. Aedeagus broad, with very complex sclerotization; 8. Tergite and sternite six of female postabdomen fused, forming a complete ring.

The following characters are synapomorphies that support some subgroups within Cyamops.

1. Anteroventral facets of eye enlarged, encroaching on facial region more in males than in females. This sexually dimorphic character is present in males from all regions, except for two species from Yap and the Caroline Islands (Oceanian Region). The plesiomorphic state is for the face of males and females to have essentially the same width. The distribution of this character, however, must be considered provisional, as males are lacking for many species that were considered in this study.

2. Four spermathecae present. This character state is a synapomorphy for the Neotropical species (two species from the neotropics were analyzed). The transformation series of this character remains uncertain, however. Within the family Periscelididae two or three spermathecae are found (genera of Periscelidinae sensu stricto have three, Planinasus and Stenomicra have two), and the same numbers of spermathecae occur in related groups.

3. Presence of spine-like setulae on femur 1. This character seems to have evolved independently in unrelated species of the genus.

Some characters are polymorphic in the genera Cyamops and/or Stenomicra, making it impossible to determine their polarity by outgroup comparison only. These characters are as follows.

4. Female abdomen with tergite and sternite of segment 7 fused to each other, forming a complete ring. This character occurs in the genera of Periscelidinae, sensu stricto, the majority of species of Cyamops, and all species of the genus Stenomicra. In Australasian species of Cyamops (Khoo, 1984), however, the tergite and sternite of this segment are free from each other. We accept, following strict parsimony, the fusion of the seventh tergite and sternite as the generalized or plesiomorphic condition, which would indicate that the Australasian species are apomorphic for this character.

5. Dorsocentral setae 0+1 or 0+2. Both characters states are also found in related groups.

6. Lateral scutellar seta one or two. For this character, it is relatively clear that the plesiomorphic state for the family is two scutellar setae, as in the outgroup. The plesiomorphic number for Cyamops also seems to be two, and only C. imitatus and an undescribed species from the Afrotropical Region show the apomorphic state of one seta. The loss of a seta apparently occurred independently in these two species, as there is no other evidence linking these two species.

7. Anepisternal setae present or absent; the same observation for character 5 applies here.

8. Crossvein bm-cu of wing present or absent. The presence of this crossvein seems to be plesiomorphic for Stenomicrinae by outgroup comparison. It is present and complete in the Periscelidinae. In Stenomicra, as well as in the outgroup, all degrees of sclerotization in this crossvein occur, and it is impossible to know what is the plesiomorphic state for Cyamops.

A more detailed phylogenetic study is needed for the family Periscelididae to clarify many questions about polarization of characters. Chaetotaxic characters of the head and thorax seem to have evolved independently many times within the family and related groups. These problems will only be solved by investigation of other characters.

Key to New World Species of Cyamops Melander

Nearctic Species

Cyamops halteratus Sabrosky

FIGURES 2–8, 22

Cyamops halteratus Sabrosky, 1958:170; 1965:820 [Nearctic catalog].

DESCRIPTION.—Length of art 1.65–1.95 mm; wing length 1.70–2.0 mm; wing width 0.60–0.80 mm. Length of art 2.30–2.55 mm; wing length 2.30–2.50 mm; wing width 0.80–0.90 mm.

Head: Ocellar tubercle sparsely microtomentose; frons subshiny, moderately microtomentose, with polished area immediately laterad of lateral ocellus; mesofrons deeply concave, velvety black; antenna mostly yellow, with dorsal half and sometimes apex of 1st flagellomere brown; facial region mostly yellow; posterior art of gena mostly brown; labellum and palpus mostly white to pale yellow; face in profile shallowly and vertically arched, not angulate; facial carina shallow and narrow; eye sparsely microsetulose. Chaetotaxy: Inner fronto-orbital setae nearly parallel; fronto-orbits very sparsely setulose; arista with 9 or 10 dorsal/3 ventral rays; peristomal setae 7–9.

Thorax: Anepimeron sometimes polished anteriorly; halter mostly white to gray, mostly black at base; mesonotum slightly longer than wide; scutellum conical, disc shallowly convex. Chaetotaxy: Dorsocentral setae 0+1, subequal in length to basal scutellar seta; mesonotal setulae small; scutellar setae 2, the basal pair about art length of apical; anepisternum bare. Legs: Mostly yellow; fore coxa pale yellow, with mostly white microtomentum; mid coxa brown on dorsal art, whitish microtomentose; mid and hind femora brown on apical art–art; apical and sometimes subapical tarsomere of each leg brown; spine-like setulae 6–9, black, easy to discern. Wing (Figure 22): Completely hyaline; costal vein ratio I: 2.9 (slide-mounted wing); costal vein ratio II: 2.28–3.33 (slide-mounted wing 3.23); wing ratio: 2.55–3.03 (slide-mounted wing 2.56).

Abdomen (Figures 2, 3, 5): Epandrium polished centrally; 7th tergite a narrow band; 6th–7th sternites as in Figure 3. Terrninalia of art (Figure 3): Left surstylus elongate, angulate medially; right surstylus shorter and broader than left; hypandrial process small, width less than base of left surstylus; ejaculatory apodeme (Figure 5) very large, hatchet-like; aedeagal apodeme free from hypandrium.

Female: Head: Antenna sometimes entirely brown; mesofacialia brown to dark brown, shiny on lower art of median carina; palpus mostly yellow to mostly brown; median plate of clypeus sometimes polished anteriorly. Abdomen and terminalia (Figure 4, 6, 7): Boundary between 6th and 7th segments weak dorsally; 7th segment completely separate from 8th sternite; 9th tergite (= “epiproct” in J.F. McAlpine, 1981) weakly sclerotized medially; 3 spherical spermathecae.

TYPE MATERIAL.—The holotype male is labeled “Washburn Co Wis T39N R12W B32 25 VIII 1951 Coll R H Jones/HOLOTYPE Cyamops halteratas art C.W. Sabrosky [pale pink]/TypeNo 64220 [red]/Cyamops halteratus SABR. det Sabrosky [black submargin].” The holotype is double mounted (glued to celluloid point), is in fair condition (left antenna missing, a hole in scutum), and is deposited in the USNM (64220).

OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—CANADA. New Brunswick. Glebe Road, Chamcook, 14 Jul 1965, G.E. Shewell (1art; CNC). Newfoundland. Portugal Cove (sedge fen), 27 Jun 1987, T.A. Wheeler (1artUGE). Nova Scotia. Halifax Co., Lawrencetown, 19–20 Jul 1967, D.M. Wood (1art; CNC). Ontario. Ottawa, 4–12 Jul 1956, J.R. Vockeroth (1art, 2art CNC); Ottawa, Mer Bleue, 23 Jun–31 Jul 1952, 1958, 1964, 1966, A.L. Melander, D.D. Munroe, G.E. Shewell, J.R. Vockeroth (3art, 3art; CNC, USNM); Point Pelee National Park, Leamington, 8 Jul 1980, K.N. Barber (3art; UGE). Quebec. Old Chelsea, 18 Jun 1963, J.R. Vockeroth (1art; CNC).

UNITED STATES. Massachusetts. Barnstable Co., Woods Hole, 28 Jun–29 Aug 1950, 1954, A.H. Sturtevant (4art, 7art; USNM); Mashpee, 28 Jul 1950, A.H. Sturtevant (1art; USNM). Middlesex Co., Concord (marshy pond), 27 Jul 1961, W.W. Wirth (5art; USNM). Plymouth Co., Rochester, 21 Jul 1950, A.H. Sturtevant (2art USNM). New Hampshire. Cheshire Co., Mt. Monadnock, 26 Jul 1926, A.L. Melander (1art; USNM). Ohio. Portage Co., Kent (marsh, swept from Carex stricta Lam.), Horning Road, 2 Jul 1989, B.A. Foote (1art; USNM). Utah. Rich Co., Laketown, 12 Jul 1938, G.W. Knowlton, F.C. Harmston (1art; USNM). Wisconsin. Washburn Co., 6 Jul 1951, R.H. Jones (1art USNM).

FIGURES 2–7.—Cyamops halteratus: 2. male tergites 4–7 and epandrium. dorsal aspect; 3, male abdominal segments 4–6, epandrium, and surstyli, ventral aspect; 4, female abdominal segments 6–9, spermathecae, and cercus, lateral aspect; 5, ejaculatory apodeme, lateral aspect; 6, female tergites 6–9, cerci, and spermathecae, dorsal aspect; 7, female abdominal segments 5–9, cerci, and spermathecae, ventral aspect.

FIGURE 8.—Distribution map for Cyamops halteratus.

DISTRIBUTION (Figure 8).—Nearctic. Canada (NB, NF, NS, ON, QB). United States (MA, NH, OH, UT, WI).

REMARKS.—Cyamops halteratus is similar to C. nebulosus externally and in characters of the male and female terminalia. Indeed, the shape of the aedeagal apodeme and right surstylus of the two species seem to be synapomorphies that establish their sister-group relationship. Specimens of C. halteratus are easily distinguished from C. nebulosus, however, by the completely hyaline wing, which is unique in the genus. The depressed portion of the frons of this species is moderately densely microtomentose, appearing velvety.

Cyamops imitatus Sturtevant

FIGURES 9–12, 23

Cyamops imitatus Sturtevant, 1954:559.—Sabrosky, 1958:169 [key]; 1965:820 [Nearctic catalog].

FIGURES 9–11.—Cyamops imitatus; 9, male tergites 5–7 and epandrium, dorsal aspect; 10, male abdominal segments 4–7 and epandrium, ventral aspect; 11, internal male terminalia, posteroventral aspect.

DESCRIPTION.—Length of art 1.9 mm; wing length 1.70 mm; wing width 0.60 mm; length of art 2.50 mm; wing length 1.95 mm; wing width 0.75 mm.

Head: Ocellar tubercle slightly microtomentose; region of frons immediately laterad to ocellar tubercle scarcely microtomentose, this region sometimes extended to the level of the upper orbital seta; mesofrons velvety brown; antenna mostly yellow, infuscate to brown at dorsal art; parafacial and gena mostly yellow to brown in ground color, gena becoming darker toward occipital region; face brown to dark brown, almost bare of microtomentum between insertion of antenna and vibrissal angle; palpus brown; face not angulate; facial carina narrow. Chaetotaxy: Inner fronto-orbital seta a little weaker and ranging about art of outer fronto-orbital seta; arista with art rays, of which the first 2–4 are clearly bifurcate; peristomal setae 3–7; fronto-orbits almost bare of setulae; eye only sparsely micropubescent.

Thorax: Anepimeron polished anteriorly; halter mostly yellow, slightly infuscate at base; mesonotum slightly longer than wide; scutellum conical, disc convex. Chaetotaxy: Dorsocentral setae 0+1, subequal in length to scutellar seta; mesonotal setulae small; scutellar setae 1; anepistemum bare. Legs: Fore femur slightly infuscate along anterior margin and in apical art; fore tibia and tarsus entirely light brown to brown; mid and hind femora mostly brown to dark brown at apical art–art; hind tibia infuscate; apical tarsomeres of each leg mostly brown. Wing (Figure 23): mostly dark colored, cells r₁ completely and r₂₊₃ mostly hyaline, posterior margin and apex of cell r₂₊₃ dark, posterior portion of cell m and somewhat cell cua₁ with hyaline area; costal vein ratio I: 0.80 (slide-mounted wing); costal vein ratio II: 2.8–3.4 (slide-mounted wing); wing ratio: 3.0 (slide-mounted wing 3.30).

Abdomen (Figures 9–11): Generally shiny with sparse microtomentum. 6th and 7th tergites subequal in length; 4th and 5th sternites subequal in length; sternites 6–7 with posterior process simple, margins nearly straight (Figure 10). Terminalia as follows (Figures 10, 11): Left surstylus long, narrow; right surstylus conspicuously shorter than left, much wider, becoming slightly wider toward apex, apex broadly rounded; hypandrial projection lacking; ejaculatory apodeme small, in lateral view with extended process almost parallel sided except for expanded apex, in dorsal view tear-drop shaped with extended process in lateral view straight sided, slightly expanded immediately before truncate apex.

Female: Head: Face distinctly angulate; facial carina broad. Thorax: Dorsocentral and acrostichal setulae more conspicuous than in male. Legs: Fore and hind tibia infuscate, fore tarsus mostly brown.

TYPE MATERIAL.—The holotype female is labeled “LaFayette, Ind. VII-6–15/JMAIdrich coll/TYPE [lavender]/TypeNo 61474 USNM [number handwritten; red]/Cyamops imitata Sturt. [handwritten].” The holotype is double mounted (smaller pin bent and wound around main pin), is in excellent condition, and is deposited in the USNM (61474).

FIGURE 12.—Distribution map for Cyamops imitatus.

OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—UNITED STATES. Massachusetts. Middlesex Co., Concord (marsh), 17 Jul 1961, W.W. Wirth (2art, 1art; USNM). Virginia. Montgomery Co., 20 Jun 1961, S.E. Neff (1art; CNC).

DISTRIBUTION (Figure 12).—Nearctic. United States (IN, MA, VA).

REMARKS.—This species is represented by few specimens, and the range of variation is perforce largely unsampled. The specimens available to us are easily distinguished from congeners, however, by the presence of a single pair of scutellar setae (lateral) and the wing pattern.

Cyamops nebulosus Melander

FIGURES 13–21, 24

Cyamops nebulosus Melander, 1913:292.—Sturtevant, 1954:558 [revision].—Sabrosky, 1958:170 [revision]; 1965:820 [Nearctic catalog].—Teskey, 1987:893 [figure of head].

DESCRIPTION.—Length of art 2.0–2.50 mm; wing length 1.90–2.20 mm; wing width 0.70–0.85 mm. Adult art length 1.95–2.75 mm; wing length 2.10–2.60 mm; wing width 0.76–1.05 mm.

Head: Ocellar tubercle slightly microtomentose, shiny; mesofrons subshiny to dull microtomentose, not so deep as in C. halteratus, bearing a small polished area laterad of lateral ocellus; antenna mostly yellow, with apical half and apex of 1st flagellomere slightly infuscate to brown; antenna of some specimens entirely brown; facial region mostly yellow to light brown; posterior art–art of gena light brown to brown; labellum and palpus mostly white to pale yellow; face in profile shallowly and vertically arched, not angulate; facial carina shallow and narrow; eye sparsely microsetulose. Chaetotaxy: Fronto-orbital setae nearly parallel; arista with 11–12 dorsal/3 ventral rays; peristomal setae 8–10.

FIGURES 13–20.—Cyamops nebulosus: 13, male tergites, dorsal aspect; 14, male abdominal segments 4–7 and epandrium, ventral aspect; 15, ejaculatory apodeme, lateral aspect; 16, internal male terminalia, posteroventral aspect; 17, female abdominal segments 5–9, cercus and spermathecae, lateral aspect; 18, female tergites 6–9 and cerci, dorsal aspect; 19, female abdominal segments 5–9, cerci and spermathecae, ventral aspect; 20, fore femur and spine-like setulae, posteroventral aspect.

Thorax: Anepisternum, anepimeron, and katepisternum partially polished in some specimens; halter white, mostly brown at base; mesonotum slightly longer than wide; scutellum conical, disc shallowly convex. Chaetotaxy: Dorsocentral setae 0+1, subequal in length to scutellar setae; mesonotal setulae small and weak; scutellar seta 2 pairs, basal pair about art length of apical; anepisternum bare posteriorly. Legs (Figure 20): Mostly yellow; fore coxa pale yellow, whitish microtomentose and sometimes infuscate at base; fore femur sometimes infuscate anteriorly; mid coxa brown at dorsal art, gray microtomentose; mid femur slightly infuscate to brown at apical art–art, but completely yellow in some specimens; hind femur slightly infuscate to brown at apical art–art; apical and sometimes subapical tarsomeres of each leg brown; spine-like setae 8–9, black, easy to discern. Wing (Figure 24): Mostly hyaline but with brown infuscation at center (over crossveins r-m and dm-cu, from costal vein margin to along vein CuA₁ to its apex posteriorly) and at apex (coloration sometimes faint and difficult to discern); vein R₂₊₃ sinuous, narrowing cell r₂₊₃ about midlength; costal vein ratio I:2.60 (slide-mounted wing); costal vein ratio II: 3.0–3.5 (slide-mounted wing 3.2); wing ratio: 2.7–2.9 (slide-mounted wing 2.70).

Abdomen (Figures 13–16): Epandrium polished centrally. Terminalia of art (Figures 14, 15): As described for C. halteratus; for more information see Griffiths (1972).

Female: Head: Mesofacialia light brown to dark brown, centrally shiny on lower art of median carina; gena mostly yellow to brownish; palpus yellowish to brown. Abdomen and terminalia (Figures 17–19): As described for C. halteratus.

TYPE MATERIAL.—The holotype female is labeled “Woods Hole 7-7-2 [7 Jul 1902] Mass[achusetts]/TYPE Cyamops nebulosa Mel. [red]/ALMelander Collection 1961 [right third stippled green]/Cyamops nebulosa Typ. Mel. [handwritten, black submargin]. The holotype is double mounted (pin in rectangular card), is in good condition, and is deposited in the USNM.

OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—CANADA. New Brunswick. Kouchibouguac National Park, 2 Jul 1977, J.R. Vockeroth (1art; CNC); St. Andrews, 20 Jul 1978, S.A. Marshall (1art; UGE). Nova Scotia. Lockeport, 25 Jul–1 Aug 1958, J.R. Vockeroth (2art, 3art; CNC). Ontario. Guelph, 12 Jul 1974, R.E. Roughley (1art; UGE); London, 12 Aug 1967, W.W. Judd (1art; CNC). Quebec. Knowlton Lodge, 17–18 Jul 1968, J.R. Vockeroth (6art,3art; CNC).

FIGURE 21.—Distribution map for Cyamops nebulosus.

UNITED STATES. Connecticut. Windham Co., Putnam Park, 22 Jul 1939, A.L. Melander (1art; USNM). Florida. Alachua Co., Chantilly Acres (Malaise trap), 25 Apr 1970, W.W. Wirth (1art; USNM); Gainesville, 27 Apr 1970, W.W. Wirth (1art; USNM). Calhoun Co., Torreja State Park, 30 Apr 1973, G.C. Steyskal (1art, 3art; USNM). Highlands Co., Archbold Biological Station, 15–16 Apr 1989, A.L. Norrbom (2art;USNM); Highlands Hammock State Park, 20 Mar–17 Apr 1955, 1989, F.W Mead, J.R. Vockeroth (2art;CNC, USNM); Sebring, Highlands Hammock State Park, 15 Apr 1970, W.W. Wirth (15art, 3art; USNM). Orange Co., Rock Springs, 21 Apr 1970, W.W. Wirth (1art, 3art; USNM). Georgia. Ware Co., Waycross, 8 May 1911 (1art;ANSP). Indiana. Tippecanoe Co., La Fayette, 16 Jun 1916, J.M. Aldrich (1art; USNM). Maryland. Dorchester Co., Lloyds, 10 Jul 1907, H.S. Barber (1art, art; USNM). Prince Georges Co., Beltsville, 4 Jul 1916, W.L. McAtee (1art; USNM). Massachusetts. Barnstable Co., Woods Hole, 4 May–29 Aug 1946, 1950, 1952, A.H. Sturtevant (9art, 13art; USNM). Middlesex Co., Bedford (swamp), 20 Jul 1961, W.W. Wirth (10art, 13art; USNM); Concord (fern pond, marshy pond), 22–27 Jul 1961, W.W. Wirth (5art, 6art; USNM). Plymouth Co., Rochester, 21 Jul 1950, A.H. Sturtevant (1art, 1art; USNM). New Jersey. Highway 539 (4 mi (= 6.4 km) N Highway 72; in cedar bog), 15 Jun 1985, B.V. Brown (1art; UGE). North Carolina. Brunswick Co., Southport, 5 Jun 1948, C.W. Sabrosky (1art; USNM). Jackson Co., Dulaney Bog (7 mi (= 11.2 km) S Cashiers, Malaise trap), 19 Jun 1986, W.W. Wirth (1art, 3art; USNM). Macon Co., Highlands, 29 Jun 1957, W.R.M. Mason (1art; CNC); Highlands Lake Ravenel (Malaise trap), 14–15 Jun 1986, W.W. Wirth (3art; USNM). New York. Clinton Co., Saranac, 17 Jul 1952, W.A. McDonald (2art; USNM). Pennsylvania. Bradford Co., Le Roy (2 mi (= 3.2 km) S), 10 Aug 1981, G.C. Steyskal (1art; USNM). Virginia. Alexandria (Osmundo bog, reared from puparia), 30 May 1951, W.W. Wirth (1art, lex; USNM). Fairfax Co., Dead Run 25 Jul 1915, R.C. Shannon (1art;USNM); Falls Church, 15 Jul 1954, W.W. Wirth (1art, 1art; USNM). Norfolk Co., Lake Drummond, 8–11 Jun 1905, H.S. Barber (1art, 1art; USNM). West Virginia. Pocahontas Co., Cranberry Glades, 16 Jul 1955, C.W. Sabrosky (15art, 15art; USNM).

DISTRIBUTION (Figure 21).—Nearctic: Canada (ON, NB, NS, QB), USA (CT, FL, GA, IN, MD, MA, NC, NJ, NY, PA, VA, WV).

REMARKS.—Cyamops nebulosus varies widely in color, even among specimens from the same locality, and some of the variation appears to be sexually dimorphic. The coloration of the wing and legs is typically darker in females, although the pattern is inconspicuous in some specimens. Females are also typically larger than males, although many females are as small as males that were collected at the same locality.

This species is apparently closely related to C. halteratus (see discussion of C. halteratus above). The sinuous vein R₂₊₃, making cell r₂₊₃ narrow near its midlength, and wing pattern distinguish this species from C. halteratus.

Neotropical Species

Cyamops americus, new species

FIGURES 25, 30–36

DESCRIPTION.—Adult art length 2.0–2.90 mm; wing length 1.90–2.60 mm; wing width 0.90–1.0 mm. Adult art length 2.15–3.0 mm; wing length 2.80–3.25 mm; wing width 1.05–1.20 mm.

Head: Ocellar tubercle sparsely microtomentose to polished; vertex in most specimens bearing a small polished area between outer vertical seta and top of eye; rest of frons subshiny microtomentose, velvet at deepest portion; antenna mostly yellow, slightly infuscate at dorsal margin; facial region mostly yellow; palpus and labellum mostly white; face in profile shallowly and vertically arched, not angulate; facial carina narrow, becoming broader towards oral margin; eye sparsely microsetulose. Chaetotaxy: Inner fronto-orbital setae slightly divergent; arista with about 8:3 rays, 3–4 basal ones clearly bifurcate; peristomal setae 8–10.

Thorax: Postpronotum very sparsely microtomentose to polished; halter mostly white to mostly gray, infuscate at base; mesonotum slightly longer than wide; scutellum trapeziform, disc flattened. Chaetotaxy: Dorsocentral setae 0+1, subequal in length to the 1st scutellar seta; many setulae present between dorsocentral and acrostichal rows in most specimens; setulae of mesonotum well developed, some art–art the length of dorsocentral seta; scutellar setae 2 pair, basal pair about art length of apical; anepistemum setulose posteriorly. Legs (Figure 35): Mostly yellow; fore coxa pale yellow, whitish microtomentose; mid coxa dark brown on dorsal art, gray microtomentose; apical art of hind femur, apical and sometimes subapical tarsomere of each leg brown; spine-like setulae 3–5, weakly differentiated and difficult to discern. Wing (Figure 25): Partially hyaline, mostly with dark pattern; cell r₄₅ usually entirely infuscate, dividing subapical white spot; brown area near apex of vein R₁; pale specimens with only traces of brown on the veins around cell r₄₊₅; costal vein ratio I: 1.1 (slide-mounted wing); costal vein ratio II: 3.74–4.85 (slide-mounted wing 4.16); wing ratio 2.74–3.04 (slide-mounted wing 2.81).

Abdomen (Figures 30–32): Coloration as described for the thorax, without polished segments; 6th and 7th tergites large, subequal in length; posterior process of 6th and 7th sternites wide, somewhat parallel sided with rather angulate comers. Male terminalia as follows (Figure 31): Left surstylus narrow, elongate, tapered gradually to point; right surstylus shorter but wider, somewhat quadrate although wider basally; hypandrial process apparently lacking; ejaculatory apodeme (Figure 32) large, length subequal to combined length of 6th and 7th tergites, with extended process expanded toward apex, fan-like; aedeagal apodeme free from hypandrium.

Female: Antenna with dorsal art and apex of 1st flagellomere brown; mesofacialia dark brown, shiny on facial carina; gena light brown to brown in ground color, palpus brown; face in profile angulate, sloped anteroventrally from base of antenna to vibrissal angle, thereafter slightly receded to oral margin. Thorax: Dorsocentral setulae typically better developed than in the males. Legs: Base of fore coxa sometimes mostly black. Abdomen (Figures 33, 34): Demarcation between 7th and 8th tergites weak dorsally; 8th sternite fused to 7th; 4 spermathecae present, oblong, one pair slightly smaller than other.

TYPE MATERIAL.—The holotype male is labeled “MEXICO. Chiapas: El Triunfo (49 km S Jaltenango), 13, 15 May 1985, 1300–2000 m, W.N. Mathis/HOLOTYPE art Cyamops americus Baptista & Mathis USNM [handwritten except for “HOLOTYPE” and “USNM”; red).” The holotype is double mounted (minuten in a block of plastic), is in good condition, and is deposited in the USNM. Paratypes (33art, 68art; TAU, USNM) bear the same locality data as the holotype.

OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—COSTA RICA. Bahía Carrillo National Park (10°10′N, 84°07′W, 500 m), 10 Apr 1985, H. Goulet, L. Masner (1art, 1art; CNC).

MEXICO. Chiapas. Bochil Yerba Buena (6500 ft, 20 mi (= 32 km) N), 24 Jun 1969, W.R.M. Mason (1art; CNC).

DISTRIBUTION (Figure 36).—Costa Rica and Mexico (CHI).

ETYMOLOGY.—The species epithet, americus, refers to the New World, where this species occurs.

REMARKS.—The specimens we examined were very uniform in the coloration pattern of the legs and wing. Among species that have a setose posterior margin of the anepistemum, this species is most similar to C. neotropicus but can be easily distinguished from it by the completely infuscate cell r₄₊₅, the coloration of the legs, and several characters of the male terminalia.

FIGURES 22–29.—Wings of species of Cyamops: 22, C. halteratus; 23, C. imitatus; 24, C. nebulosus; 25, C. americus; 26, C. buenorum; 27, C. colombianus; 28, C. fasciatus; 29, C. neotropicus.

FIGURES 30–35.—Cyamops americus: 30, male tergites 5–7 and epandrium, dorsal aspect; 31, male abdominal segments 5–7 and epandrium, ventral aspect; 32, ejaculatory apodeme, lateral aspect; 33, female abdominal segments 6–9, cercus and spermathecae, lateral aspect; 34, female tergites 6–9, spermathecae and cerci, dorsal aspect; 35, fore femur and spine-like setulae, posteroventral aspect.

FIGURE 36.—Distribution map for Cyamops americus (filled diamonds), C. buenorum (filled dot), C. colombianus (filled triangle), C. fasciatus (filled square), and C. neotropicus (open, upside down triangles).

FIGURES 37–39.—Cyamops buenorum: 37, male tergites 5–7 and epandrium, dorsal aspect; 38, male abdominal segments 4–7 and epandrium, ventral aspect; 39, ejaculatory apodeme, lateral aspect.

Cyamops buenorum, new species

FIGURES 26, 36–39

DESCRIPTION.—Adult art length 2.30 mm; wing length 2.10 mm; wing width 0.75 mm. Adult art length 2.90 mm; wing length 2.80 mm; wing width 1.15 mm.

Head: Ocellar tubercle sparsely microtomentose; frons subshiny microtomentose, with a polished region immediately laterad of lateral ocellus; antenna art dorsal and apex of 1st flagellomere light brown to brown; facial region yellowish; palpus and labellum whitish; face in profile shallowly and vertically arched, not angulate; facial carina as in C. americus; eye sparsely microsetulose. Chaetotaxy: Inner fronto-orbital setae nearly parallel; peristomal setae 6–7; arista with 12 or 13 dorsal/3 ventral rays, 3 or 4 basal rays clearly bifurcate.

Thorax: Halter mostly white, infuscate at base; mesonotum slightly longer than wide; scutellum trapeziform, disc flattened. Chaetotaxy: Dorsocentral seta 0+1, subequal in length to 1st scutellar seta; many setulae present between dorsocentral and acrostichal rows; setulae of mesonotum weakly developed; scutellar setae 2 pairs, the basal pair about art length of apical; anepistemum bare. Legs: Fore coxa mostly yellow, infuscate at base, invested with mostly white microtomentum; fore femur infuscate along anterior margin, mostly brown on apical art; mid coxa brown at basal art, microtomentose; mid femur mostly brown on apical art; hind coxa entirely light brown; hind femur and tibia brown on apical art–art; spine-like setulae 12–13, black and easy to discern. Wing (Figure 26): Partially hyaline, with distinct dark pattern; irregular, transverse stripe near middle over both crossveins and at apex brown; both irregular stripes connected narrowly anteriorly; costal vein ratio I:1.60 (slide-mounted wing); costal vein ratio II: 4.0; wing ratio 2.92–3.03.

Abdomen (Figures 37–39): No polished segments. Male 7th tergite slightly smaller than 6th; 4th and 5th stemites subequal in length; stemites 6–7 with posterior process wide, margin irregular (Figure 38). Male terminalia as follows (Figures 37, 38): Right surstylus at base almost 3 times as wide as left surstylus, narrowed gradually toward apex, subtriangular in shape, ventral margin broadly rounded; left surstylus narrow, slightly longer than right, gradually tapered to pointed apex; ejaculatory apodeme (Figure 39) small, greatest length subequal to that of 5th tergite, in dorsal view with basal margin truncate, gradually expanded to apical art, thereafter tapered to apex, extended process in lateral view short, relatively narrow, apex irregular with median portion longer, hypandrial process present, small, covered by right surstylus.

Female: Head: Antenna art dorsal and apex of 1st flagellomere brown; mesofacialia dark brown, shiny centrally; parafacial and gena mostly brown; face in profile angulate, as in female of C. americus. Thorax: Postpronotum polished. Legs: Base of fore coxa sometimes mostly black.

TYPE MATERIAL.—The holotype male is labeled “MEXICO: Chiapas[.] Cacahoatan, 7km N[,] 22 April 1983[,] Wayne N. Mathis/HOLOTYPE art Cyamops buenorum Baptista & Mathis USNM [handwritten except for “HOLOTYPE” and “USNM”; red].” The female paratype bears the same label data as the holotype. The holotype is double mounted (minuten in a block of plastic), is in good condition (abdomen removed, dissected, stored in an attached microvial), and is deposited in the USNM.

DISTRIBUTION (Figure 36).—Mexico (Chi).

ETYMOLOGY.—The species epithet, buenorum, is a genitive patronym to recognize the entomological contributions and generous hospitality of Drs. Joaquin and Silvia Bueno, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Mexico City.

REMARKS.—This species is distinguished from congeners by the patterned wing, infuscate mid and hind tibiae and characters of the male terminalia, especially the shape of the right surstylus.

Cyamops colombianus, new species

FIGURES 27, 36, 40–42

DESCRIPTION.—Length of art 1.95 mm; wing length 1.80 mm; wing width 0.65 mm. Adult art length 1.70 mm; wing length 1.75 mm; wing width 0.65 mm.

Head: Ocellar tubercle and frontal region subshiny microtomentose; antenna brown on upper art; mesofacialia upper art brown, lower art centrally mostly yellow, becoming light brown laterally; parafacial and gena mostly yellow to brown; palpus light brown, labellum mostly white; frons with anteromedian depression more extensive, extended posterolaterally to include insertion of reclinate fronto-orbital seta; eye bearing numerous interfacetal setulae; face angulate, sloped anteroventrally from base of antenna to vibrissal angle, thereafter nearly oblique to peristomal area; upper and lower face flattened areas, without facial carina. Chaetotaxy: Inner vertical setae slightly divergent; arista with 8 dorsal/3 ventral rays, 2–3 basal rays clearly bifurcate; peristomal setae 7–8.

Thorax: Halter mostly white, infuscate at base; mesonotum slightly longer than wide; scutellum trapezioid-shaped, disc flattened. Chaetotaxy: Dorsocentral setae 0+1, but setulae immediately behind dorsocentral seta ranging up to half length of dorsocentral seta; dorsocentral seta a little longer than the 1st scutellar; anepisternum setulose posteriorly; mesonotal setulae weakly developed; scutellar setae 2. Wing (Figure 27): Mostly hyaline, brown pattern reduced, limited to faint apical stripe and narrow transverse stripe through area of crossveins r-m and dm-cu, the 2 stripes not connected anteriorly; costal vein ratio I: 1.1 (slide-mounted wing); costal vein ratio II: 4.0; wing ratio 2.75 (slide-mounted wing). Legs: Mostly brown; fore coxa mostly yellow, whitish microtomentose, infuscate at base; also yellowish are the first and mid tibiae, basal art of hind femur, hind tibia at basal art and all tarsi, except apical and subapical tarsomeres; spine-like setulae 5–7, black, well differentiated.

Abdomen (Figures 40–42): Male 7th tergite as wide as 6th, both tergites without seta; 5th sternite reduced, about art length of 4th. Male terminalia (Figure 41): Right surstylus wide, left surstylus slightly longer, narrow; lacking hypandrial projection; ejaculatory apodeme (Figure 42) small, greatest length subequal to that of 5th tergite.

Female: Head: Face dark brown to black; upper half of mesofacialia polished; palpus brown; frons depressed only on mesofrons; facial carina well developed, broad. Legs: Fore leg entirely light brown to brown, apical art of mid tibia mostly brown, fore and hind tibiae brown.

FIGURES 40–42.—Cyamops colombianus: 40, male tergites 5–7 and epandrium, dorsal aspect; 41, male abdominal segments 4–7 and epandrium, ventral aspect; 42, ejaculatory apodeme, lateral aspect.

TYPE MATERIAL.—The holotype male is labeled “COLOMBIA[.] Rio Raposo V [May] 1964, VHLee, light/HOLOTYPE art Cyamops colombianus A. Baptista & W.N. Mathis USNM [handwritten except for “HOLOTYPE” and “W.N.Mathis USNM”; red].” The holotype is double mounted (glued to a point), is in moderately good condition (the specimens was collected in alcohol, and the wings on the specimen, which is now dry mounted, are wrinkled; right wing removed and slide mounted; abdomen removed, dissected, in an attached microvial), and is deposited in the USNM. A female paratype (USNM) is from the same locality but was collected in October 1964.

DISTRIBUTION (Figure 36).—This species is known only from the type locality in Colombia.

ETYMOLOGY.—The species epithet, colombianus, recognizes the 500th anniversary of the epic voyage of Christopher Columbus and the country where this species was collected.

REMARKS.—This species is very distinctive and unique among New World species of the genus in lacking a facial carina on the male; it can also be easily diagnosed by the dense micropubescence of the eyes, the sharp facial carina of the female, and the angulate face of the male.

Cyamops fasciatus, new species

FIGURES 28, 36, 43

DESCRIPTION.—Adult art length 2.65–2.75 mm; wing length 2.70 mm; wing width 1.0 mm. Adult art length 3.30 mm; wing length 2.95–3.10 mm; wing width 1.15–1.20 mm.

Head: Ocellar tubercle sparsely microtomentose; mesofrons subshiny to dull microtomentose, polished in small area immediately laterad of lateral ocellus; antenna mostly yellow, slightly infuscate at dorsal margin; facial region mostly yellow; gena light brown posteriorly; labellum and palpus mostly white to pale yellow; face in profile arched, protruberent, but not angulate; facial carina narrow, broader ventrally near oral margin; eye strongly diagonal, sparsely microsetulose. Chaetotaxy: Fronto-orbital setae slightly divergent; arista with 9:3 rays; peristomal seta 6–8.

Thorax: No polished pleura; halter mostly white to mostly yellow, light brown at base; mesonotum slightly longer than wide; scutellum with disc flattened, trapezoid. Chaetotaxy: Dorsocentral setae 0+1, subequal in length to the 1st scutellar seta; scutellar setae 2, the basal pair about art the length of the apical; mesonotal setulae small; anepistemum bare. Legs: Mostly yellow; fore coxa yellow, mostly white microtomentose, with blackish basal infuscation; fore femur infuscate at apical art; mid coxa brown at basal art; hind coxa brown to dark brown; mid femur brownish to brown at apical art; hind femur brown at apical art; hind tibia yellowish to brown; apical and subapical tarsomeres of each leg brown; spine-like setulae 13–14, black, well differentiated. Wing (Figure 28): Central, transverse stripe wide, margin more regular, connected narrowly with wide apical stripe; costal vein ratio I: 1.0 (slide-mounted wing); costal vein ratio II: 2.64–2.85 (slide-mounted wing 2.72); wing ratio: 2.5–3.26 (slide-mounted wing 3.26).

FIGURE 43.—Cyamops fasciatus: male abdominal segments 5–7 and epandrium, ventral aspect.

Abdomen (Figure 43): 7th tergite of male about art length of 6th. Terminalia of male (Figure 43): Epandrium polished; right and left surstyli elongate, tapered on apical half to rounded point; left surstylus straight; right surstylus longer than left but curved medially at apical art; hypandrial projection greatly enlarged; aedeagal apodeme joined to right side of hypandrium; ejaculatory apodeme small.

Female: Head: Antenna art dorsal and apex of 1st flagellomere brown; mesofacialia dark brown, centrally shiny; palpus mostly brown; face in profile angulate as described for female of C. americus. Legs: Fore coxa brown to dark brown, mostly white microtomentose; fore, mid, hind femora and hind tibia brown.

TYPE MATERIAL.—The holotype male is labeled “[BRAZIL.] Est[ado]. S[ão]. Paulo[,] S[erra]. [da] Cantareira Chapadâo [sic, = Chapado] [M.P.] Barretto col. 12-945 [Dec 1945; date printed across left side of label]/HOLOTYPE art Cyamops fasciatus A. Baptista & W.N.Mathis [handwritten except for “HOLOTYPE” and “W.N.Mathis”; red].” The holotype is double mounted (minuten in a block of cork), is in fair condition, and is deposited in the MZUSP. Paratypes: BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Parque Nacional Itatiaia, Maromba (near stream on leaves of Maranthaceae), 13–17 Dec 1991, A. and R. Baptista (2art, 1art; 1 art dissected, wings in poor condition; other art without wings; art in a good condition, abdomen has been removed and dissected, MZUSP).

DISTRIBUTION (Figure 36).—Brazil. São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.

ETYMOLOGY.—The species epithet, fasciatus, is of Latin derivation and refers to the pale, subapical stripe or line in an otherwise mostly infuscate wing.

REMARKS.—The holotype differs slightly from the other males of the type series in having the halter mostly yellow and hind tibia completely yellowish. This specimen, however, is in good condition, and no other differences were found to justify the description of a second species.

This species, although similar to C. buenorum, may be distinguished by the shape of the right surstylus (Figure 43), which is nearly as narrow as the left, not nearly quadrate, as in C. buenorum (Figure 38).

Cyamops neotropicus Hennig

FIGURES 29, 36, 44–59

Cyamops neotropicus Hennig, 1969:612.

DESCRIPTION.—Length of art 1.85 mm; wing length 2.20 mm; wing width 0.80 mm.

Head (Figures 44–50): Ocellar tubercle and frons subshiny microtomentose; antenna with dorsal art and apex of 1st flagellomere mostly black; facial region completely yellowish, sparsely microtomentose medially, genal region darkened posteriorly; face shallowly and vertically arched, not angulate; facial carina narrow, slightly widened below; eye bearing sparse interfacetal setulae. Chaetotaxy: Inner fronto-orbital setae nearly parallel to slightly divergent; fronto-orbits setulose; arista with 10 dorsal/3 ventral rays, not clearly bifurcate; peristomal setae about 5.

Thorax (Figures 52–56): Halter mostly white, brown at base; mesonotum slightly longer than wide; scutellum trapeziform, disc flattened. Chaetotaxy: Dorsocentral setae 0+1, subequal in length to the 1st scutellar setae; mesonotal setulae not well developed; scutellar setae 2, the basal pair about art the length of the apical; anepistemum setulose posteriorly. Legs: Mostly yellow; fore femur infuscate along anterior margin; mid coxa at basal art and hind coxa light brown to brown; mid and hind femora brown at apical art; apical and sometimes subapical tarsomeres of each leg brown; spine-like setulae 7–8, well differentiated, black. Wing (Figure 29): Mostly hyaline but with distinct brown pattern; central, irregular, transverse stripe comparatively narrow, not connected with apical stripe anteriorly; with small brown spot over apex of vein R₁; costal vein ratio I: 1.2 (slide-mounted wing); costal vein ratio II: 3.17, wing ratio: 2.45 (wings somewhat folded).

Abdomen (Figures 57–59): Male 7th tergite as long as 6th, both tergites lacking setae; stemites 6–7 with posterior process an evenly rounded, somewhat shallow, median extension. Male terminalia as follows (Figure 58): Epandrium polished; right surstylus large, about as wide as long, apical margin convoluted, irregular; left surstylus narrow, gradually tapered to point, length slightly longer than right; hypandrial projection apparently absent; ejaculatory apodeme (Figure 59) moderately large, almost equal to combined length of 5th, 6th, and 7th tergites, in lateral view hatchet-shaped, extended process parallel sided, in dorsal view somewhat teardrop shaped with basal margin truncate and apical margin with nipple-like extension.

TYPE MATERIAL.—The holotype female, which is apparently in poor condition, was not examined, and its study was not felt to be critical as its abdomen, according to Hennig (1969:612), is damaged. The head and wing are illustrated (Hennig, 1969:611), and the locality data are as follows: PERU. Cuzco. Quince Mil (700 m), 15–30 X 1962, L. Peimagesa. The holotype is deposited in the CNC (9932). Hennig was unsure as to the sex of the holotype because the abdomen is damaged. The wide face, as illustrated, is characteristic of females, which is likely to be the gender of the holotype.

OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—BRAZIL. São Paulo. São Paulo, Jardim Botânico, 11 Feb 1992, A. and R. Baptista (1art; MZUSP).

COSTA RICA. San José, Zurqui de Moravia (10°03′N, 84°01′W, 1600 m, Malaise trap), May 1992, P. Hanson (1art; USNM).

DISTRIBUTION (Figure 36).—Neotropical. Brazil (São Paulo), Costa Rica (San José), and Peru (Cuzco).

REMARKS.—This species, like C. colombianus and C. americus, has at least one seta along the posterior margin of the anepistemum. It differs from either of these, however, by the pattern of the wing, especially cell r₄₊₅ that has a conspicuous, undivided, subapical white spot (cell r⁴⁺⁵ mostly infuscate in C. americus).

FIGURES 44–52.—Scanning electron micrographs of Cyamops neotropicus art, Costa Rica. San José: Zurqui de Moravia (10°03′N, 84°01′W, 1600 m, Malaise trap). May 1992, P. Hanson; scale length in parenthesis; scale for all photographs = Figure 4): 44. head, lateral aspect (250 μm); 45, same, anterior aspect (250 μm); 46, frons, anterodorsal aspect (100 μm); 47, right antenna, anterior aspect (120 μm); 48, face, anterior aspect (136 μm); 49, eye facets and interfacetal setae of left eye, lateral aspect (24.8 μm); 50, close up of interfacetal seta of left eye, lateral aspect (4.3 μm); 51, habitus, lateral aspect (0.86 mm); 52, apex of right femur, anteroventral aspect (60 μm).

FIGURES 53–56.—Scanning electron micrographs of Cyamops neotropicus (art, Costa Rica. San José: Zurqui de Moravia (10°03′N, 84°01′W, 1600 m, Malaise trap), May 1992, P. Hanson; scale length in parenthesis; scale for all photographs = Figure 53): 53, thorax, lateral aspect (0.30 mm); 54, mesonotum, dorsal aspect (0.33 mm); 55, notopleuron and anepisternum, lateral aspect (150μm); 56, scutellum, dorsal aspect (150 μm).

FIGURES 57–59.—Cyamops neotropicus: 57, male tergites 5–7 and epandrium, dorsal aspect; 58, male abdominal segments 5–7 and epandrium, ventral aspect; 59, ejaculatory apodeme, lateral aspect.

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