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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 189

An Annotated List of the Marine Mollusks of Ascenson Island, South Atlantic Ocean

Joseph Rosewater

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

City of Washington

1975

A B S T R A C T

Rosewater, Joseph. An Annotated List of the Marine Mollusks of Ascension Island, South Atlantic Ocean. Smithsonian Contribution to Zoology, number 189, 41 pages, 24 figures, 3 tables, 1975.—Eighty-nine marine mollusks of Ascension are identified and short synonymies, distributional information, and remarks concerning their morphology, relationships, and zoogeography are given. Comparisons are made between the molluscan faunas of St. Helena and Ascension, overall findings showing that species of both islands are derived in similar proportions from the various other world faunal areas. Species endemicity is many times greater on St. Helena than on Ascension, probably due in part to the considerably greater geological age of the former island.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution’s annual report,Smithsonian Year. SI PRESS NUMBER 5199. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus).

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Rosewater, Joseph, 1928–
An annotated list of the marine mollusks of Ascension Island, South Atlantic Ocean. (Smithsonian contributions to zoology, no. 189)
Supt. of Docs. no.: SI 1.27:189

1. Mollusks—Ascension Island (Atlantic Ocean). 2. Mollusks—South Atlantic Ocean. I. Title. II. Title: Marine mollusks of Ascension Island. III. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smith sonian contributions to zoology, no. 189.

QL1.S54 no. 189 [QL424.5.A8] 591′.08s [594′.09′24] 74–16371

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 Price $1.25

Contents

Introduction

The Ascension Collections

Faunal Relationships of Ascension Mollusks

Recruitment of the Fauna

Acknowledgments

Annotated List

Class Gastropoda

Subclass Prosobranchia

Order Archeogastropoda

Family Scissurellidae

Family Fissurellidae

Family Trochidae

Family Stomatellidae

Family Neritidae

Order Mesogastropoda

Family Littorinidae

Family Rissoidae

Family Omalogyridae

Family Architectonicidae

Family Vermetidae

Family Planaxidae

Family Triphoridae

Family Epitoniidae

Family Janthinidae

Family Melanellidae

Family Fossaridae

Family Strombidae

Family Hipponicidae

Family Calyptraeidae

Family Cypraeidae

Family Naticidae

Family Cassidae

Family Cymatiidae

Family Bursidae

Family Tonnidae

Order Neogastropoda

Family Muricidae

Family Columbellidae

Family Buccinidae

Family Nassariidae

Family Harpidae

Family Marginellidae

Family Mitridae

Subclass Pulmonata

Order Basommatophora

Family Ellobiidae

Family Siphonariidae

Subclass Opisthobranchia

Order Entomotaeniata

Family Pyramidellidae

Order Cephalaspidea

Family Hydatinidae

Family Scaphandridae

Family Retusidae

Family Atyidae

Order Anaspidea

Family Aplysiidae

Order Notaspidea

Family Pleurobranchidae

Family Umbraculidae

Class Bivalvia

Subclass Palaeotaxodonta

Order Nuculoida

Family Nuculanidae

Subclass Pteriomorphia

Order Arcoida

Family Arcidae

Order Mytiloida

Family Mytilidae

Family Pinnidae

Order Pterioida

Family Malleidae

Family Pectinidae

Family Spondylidae

Family Ostreidae

Subclass Heterodonta

Order Veneroida

Family Thyasiridae

Family Lucinidae

Family Erycinidae

Family Chamidae

Family Cardiidae

Family Veneridae

Family Semelidae

Family Tellinidae

Class Scaphopoda

Family Dentaliidae

Class Cephalopoda

Subclass Coleoidea

Order Octopoda

Family Octopodidae

Literature Cited

Publication in Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology

An Annotated List of the Marine Mollusks of Ascension Island, South Atlantic Ocean

Joseph Rosewater

____________

Joseph Rosewater, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.

Introduction

Ascension in the tropical mid-South Atlantic (7°57′S; 14°22′W) is a young island compared to most nearby land masses. It is fairly well established that Ascension is of Pleistocene origin, and various estimates of its age range from ten thousand to over one million years, with volcanic activity probably having taken place in the past few hundred years (Wilson, 1963; Duffey, 1964; Atkins, et al., 1964). The nearest land mass, the island of St. Helena, is considerably older, probably dating from the Miocene. The geological youth of Ascension makes it of interest faunistically. The marine shallow-water invertebrates living there now must have arrived during the elapsed time since the emergence of the island’s cooled volcanic substance. It is, therefore, a kind of laboratory on which one can study the effects of dispersal of marine animals by currents and other means and also the effects of isolation as they may be expressed in the evolution of distinct island species.

The mollusks of Ascension were first well enumerated by E. A. Smith (1890b) in a report which listed 42 species, of which 9 were from deep water and not properly characterized as shallow-water species. Little more has been written on the island except for the reports of Stearns (1893) and Packer (1968), which added virtually no new species to the fauna. Ekman (1953) practically ignored Ascension in his remarks on Atlantic island zoogeography because of lack of information; the same was true of Briggs (1966). In recent years the island has become more accessible. During World War II it was a refueling stop for transoceanic flights and most recently it has served as a missile tracking station. Some of its recent human inhabitants have collected marine animals, including mollusks, and the collection of one such person, Mrs. Kay M. Hutchfield, was sent to me for examination. In 1971 Dr. R. B. Manning visited Ascension and made an intensive collection of shallow-water marine invertebrates. These collections have been studied with some rather interesting results.

The information from the new collections of mollusks, when added to the previous records, results in more than a 100 percent increase in the number of species known to occur at Ascension (89:42). The question immediately arises as to whether these additional species arrived since the initial census by Smith (1890b)? This cannot be answered definitely, of course, although it is possible that some of the species are new arrivals and that this influx will continue, barring some catastrophic occurrence on the island. At least part of the increase may be due to more complete collections having been made most recently. A rounding of the figures of known species when compared with the supposed geologic age of the island, 100:1,000,000, respectively, yields a possible arrival rate for new immigrants of one each 10,000 years! If the age of the island is even twice that, it would mean one new species each 20,000 years, a really insignificant change when the totality of geologic time is imagined.

THE ASCENSION COLLECTIONS.—Mollusks reported on in this paper come mainly from two sources. The first is a collection sent to this museum by Mrs. K. M. Hutchfield, who for several years resided on Ascension and studied local natural history. Locality information accompanying Mrs.Hutchfield’s collection consisted for the most part only of the island name. Mrs. Hutchfield also supplied information about the occurrence on Ascension of certain species not actually represented by specimens in the collections sent here. Where the latter are mentioned in the text, the following phrase, or some modification, is appended, “reported from Ascension by Mrs. K. M. Hutchfield (personal communication, 1972).”

The collections made on the island by R. B. Manning of the Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, who visited Ascension in May 1971 for the purpose of collecting marine animals, especially crustacea, provide the second major source of Ascension mollusks. His collecting station numbers are recorded in the consideration of each species preceded by the letters ASC ( = Ascension). A list of the stations at which Manning collected (18–25 May 1971) marine mollusks appears below (also see Figure 1):

FIGURE 1.—Map of Ascension Island. Place names and numbers of stations where R. B. Manning collected mollusks are indicated.

ASC Station No. | Description
1 | Inland tide pool number 1, Shelly Beach; water depth 18 inches
2 | Inland tide pool number 2, Shelly Beach; water depth 18 inches
3 | Beach and rocky point, northern edge South West Bay, Turtle Shell Beach
5 | Beach and tide pools, North East Bay
8 | Northern edge northernmost beach, English Bay; subtidal boulders and rocks
9 | Northern edge South West Bay, Turtle Shell Beach; tide pool with sand bottom in lava flow area (see Station 3)
10 | Rocky point, northern edge of English Bay, intertidal pools, subtidal rocky shore, some coarse sand (see number 8)
11 | (Same as numbers 8, 10)
12 | (Same as numbers 3, 9)
13 | Rocky point off Fort Hayes, Georgetown; formalin washes of algae and worm tubes
14 | Rocky flat, Cable and Wireless beach, near Collyer Point; dense algal mat
15 | (Same as numbers 8, 10, 11); second tidepool from shore as well as more isolated tidepool
16 | Shelly Beach; flat exposed at low tide; (same as numbers 1, 2)
17 | Shelly Beach; inland tidepool number 1; (same as numbers 1, 2, 16)
18 | Shelly Beach; tidepools at low tide, beach drift; (=1, 2, 16, 17)
19 | Shelly Beach; inland tidepool number 2; (= 1, 2, 16, 17, 18)
20 | (Same as number 14)
21 | (Same as numbers 8, 10, 11, 15)
22 | (Same as numbers 3, 9)
23 | (Same as numbers 3, 9, 22)

Other sources of Ascension mollusk information have been: the species reported by Smith (1881, 1890b); the several species reported by Stearns (1893), which in most cases are present in the collections of the National Museum of Natural History, under the catalog numbers of the United States National Museum (USNM), and have been available for study; other chance specimens from Ascension in the National Museum of Natural History; the species from Ascension in the Department of Mollusks, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University; the report of Packer (1968) and an abridged list from the same source (pers. comm., Packer, 1972).

FAUNAL RELATIONSHIPS OF ASCENSION MOLLUSKS.—In Table 1 there is given a list of the 89 species of Ascension mollusks reported on here. Asterisks (*) preceding names indicate the 43 species recorded from the island for the first time. Numbers in parentheses following names are station numbers of Manning’s 1971 Ascension stations at which marine mollusks were collected (see preceding station list). It is difficult to see a correlation between locations of the stations on the island and any possible east-west recruitment of the species (see map).

An analysis of distributions of the 89 Ascension species through world marine faunal zones as shown in Table 1 yields the following results: 20 species (22%) occur also in the western Atlantic; 24 (27%) occur also in the eastern Atlantic; 19 (21%) occur also in both western and eastern Atlantic; 8 (nearly 9%) may be considered endemic; however, 4 of these occur offshore in deeper water and are among the 9 Challenger species considered by Smith (1890b) only questionably to belong to the Ascension fauna; 3 are Sowerby species (Bullata robusta, Pecten keppelianus, Tellina ascensionis), which may require verification; thus the list of indisputable endemics is narrowed to 1 subspecies, Nerita ascensionis ascensionis, already shown by Vermeij (1970) to exist as different subspecies on Fernando de Noronha and Trindade islands; 5 (nearly 6%) occur on Ascension and St. Helena islands only, and therefore may indicate some “mid Atlantic” endemicity; 37 (42%), including the 5 just mentioned, occur on Ascension and St. Helena, but also occur elsewhere; the common occurrence of so many species on these two islands probably indicates the influence of their proximity to each other, marine species apparently being more successful in colonizing a relatively nearby shore than a more distant one; 4 (4%) are pantropical, occurring in the eastern Pacific, Atlantic. and Indo-Pacific; 3 (3%) have distributions ranging from the eastern Pacific eastward to the eastern Atlantic.

When these data for Ascension are compared to the information known for St. Helena (Smith, 1890a), an interesting correlation becomes apparent. Approximately 14% of the marine mollusks of St. Helena are from the west and 14% are from the east; 5% occur in both east and west; 16% are pantropical; 51% are endemic. The faunal relationships of the two mid-Atlantic islands are roughly comparable as to the sources of their faunas, but there is a large discrepancy in the numbers of endemic species: 51% on St. Helena and only a maximum of 9% on Ascension.

TABLE 1.—Faunal affinities of Ascension mollusks (asterisks denote new records; numbers in parentheses R. B. Manning's stations)

The reason for the striking difference in endemicities may lie in the comparative ages of the two islands, that of St. Helena being of the order of 20 million years, while Ascension is only 1 to 2 million years old at most. This result, although still rather tentative, supports what probably would be predicted concerning endemicity in the two islands based on their ages. If long-term isolation allows genetic differentiation which engenders speciation, it should be more evident on St. Helena than it is on Ascension, and the figures substantiate this.

It is of interest to compare some of the preceding findings with pertinent information for marine fishes brought together by Cadenat and Marchal (1963), who list a total of 82 species for both Ascension and St. Helena. A significant number, 20 (24.3%) of the fishes, are known only from the two islands collectively. Endemics of St. Helena number 12 (14.6%); they number 3 (3.6%) at Ascension. Proportions of endemicity are therefore much closer for the fishes of the two islands than for the mollusks, but, nevertheless, endemicity is still higher on St. Helena than on Ascension. The fishes also evidence faunal relationships roughly equally with the western and eastern Atlantic, with some preference for the former.

TABLE 2.—Characteristics of spawn and larvae of Ascension mollusks

Regarding the origins of both the molluscan and fish faunas of Ascension, and also of St. Helena, which probably is compatible, the species seem not to have arrived predominantly from either east or west, but rather from both directions and include immigrants from other faunal zones as well.

RECRUITMENT OF THE FAUNA.—As shown above most of the mollusk species now living on Ascension occur elsewhere and probably originally arrived at the island at some time in the past through some means of dispersal. In the cases of those species having planktonic larvae it is generally conceded that ocean currents may transport them over varying distances, depending on length of larval life, flotation mechanisms, and many other variables. In an attempt to gain an understanding of how the species occurring at Ascension have been distributed, the general characteristics of spawn and larvae for each family have been listed in Table 2. While it is obvious that this specific information is not known for all Ascension species, a trend is at least indicated. With a very few exceptions free-swimming larvae probably occur in the life histories. The possible exceptions are Vermetidae and Planaxidae, which are known to be ovoviviparous, but whose living young may at some time be produced at a swimming stage, some Hipponicid and Calyptraeid limpets, Buccinidae, Harpidae (?), and Marginellidae, known to produce egg capsules from which the young crawl away, and some Ostreids and Erycinids that brood their young but that are known also to release them at free-swimming stages.

A few species with exceptionally wide ranges require special mention. Janthina janthina and Aplysia dactylomela are known to occur in all tropical seas of the world. They, of course, are pelagic with free-swimming larvae. Septa pilearis, Bursa corrugata, and Tonna galea also have extensive ranges extending into more than one ocean. The first and third are believed to have exceedingly long larval lives and the second probably does also. It is more difficult to explain the extensive distributions of species with crawl-away young like Hipponix antiquatus and Cheilea equestris and of the ovoviviparous bivalve Lasaea. The latter is known to frequent floating algae as is Omalogyra. Mollusks also commonly settle on other floating objects (Merrill, 1963, 1965, 1966). Transportation by rafting over long distances via ocean currents undoubtedly has distributed a number of mollusks, especially in their juvenile stages. The zoogeography of other species impossible to explain in any of the mentioned ways may be the result of ancient distributions during Tethyan times. A recently proposed explanation for some unusual distribution patterns in Crustacea involves continental drift (Chace and Manning, 1972). The papers of Scheltema (1968, 1971 a,b), in which North Atlantic drift, the westward-flowing north and south Equatorial currents, the eastward-flowing Equatorial Countercurrent and undercurrent are discussed, are considered to be especially pertinent in explaining Atlantic Ocean distributions. Brennan (1974) reviewed the information on ocean currents and their effect on the biogeography of the Galapagos Islands, an apparently more complex system than that affecting Ascension.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—R. B. Manning arranged to have the collection of Mrs. K. M. Hutchfield sent for my examination. He also traveled to Ascension, where he obtained another excellent series of specimens that I used in the present study. Mrs.Hutchfield was helpful in sending additional information regarding the occurrence of certain species. R. M. Hannay and John E. Packer of the Ascension Historial Society provided information and an annotated copy of The Ascension Handbook, authored by the latter. K. J. Boss and R. D. Turner of the Museum of Comparative Zoology graciously allowed me to examine Ascension records in their care. Staff of the Departments of Vertebrate and Invertebrate Zoology and Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, offered helpful comments.

Annotated List

In the pages that follow, the species from Ascension are treated in the following way: the current name of each is given, followed by a synonymy, which contains the original and pertinent subsequent taxonomic references that explain the history of the name; whenever possible a figure reference is cited; previous Ascension locality citations, if any, are listed; the material that was available for study and upon which this report is based is detailed; for each group of specimens from a particular station, a representative length measurement is given to characterize the size; the known species distribution is then outlined, based on both museum records and reliable literature; any pertinent remarks are expressed. This information hopefully will allow subsequent identification of additional Ascension material.

It will be noted that certain entire classes of mollusks are missing from the fauna (see Table 3). These include Monoplacophora, Aplacophora, and Polyplacophora. The absence of the Monoplacophora is not surprising because it is known only from deep water, no species having been reported from less than abyssal depths. Such depths are present in the vicinity of Ascension, however, and when they are investigated it would not be too surprising to find the group. It has been reported previously from the South Atlantic Ocean (Rosewater, 1970b). Aplacophora and Polyplacophora may be discovered when more intensive dredging is done in the vicinity of Ascension.

TABLE 3.—Numbers of species of major groups of mollusks occurring on Ascension and St. Helena (M = Monoplacophora, A = Aplacophora, Py = Polyplacophora, Pr = Prosobranchia, O = Opisthobranchia, Pu = Pulmonata, Pa = Palaeotaxodonta, Pt = Pteriomorphia, H = Heterodonta, A = Anomolodesmata, S = Scaphopoda, C = Cephalopoda)

The authors and dates of families of mollusks are taken from the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology and from the Traitè de Zoologie (Rosewater, 1973); those for Retusidae and Pleurobranchidae are from Nordsieck (1972); the author and date for Octopodidae were cited in Young (1972:94).

The following abbreviations are used:

ASC = Ascension

MCZ = Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University

ML = mantle length

NMNH = National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution

USNM = United States National Museum (used only with specimen numbers)

Class GASTROPODA

Subclass PROSOBRANCHIA

Order ARCHEOGASTROPODA

Family SCISSURELLIDAE Gray, 1847

Scissurella jucunda E. A. Smith, 1890

Scissurella jucunda E. A. Smith, 1890a:311, pl. 24: figs. 22, 22a [St. Helena, on floating seaweed].

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—5 specimens (0.7 mm), ASC 13, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—St. Helena and Ascension islands.

Family FISSURELLIDAE Fleming, 1822

Fissurella (Cremides) nubecula (Linné, 1758)

Patella nubecula Linné. 1758:785 [Mediterranean Sea].

Fissurella nubecula Linné.—Nicklès, 1950:57, fig. 9.

Fissurella (Cremides) nubecula Linné.—Nordsieck, 1968:13, pl. 2: fig. 05.00.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Smith (1890b), Packer (1968) (as F.? rosea).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—8 specimens (20 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 2 (9.6 mm) Sta ASC 5; many (14 mm) ASC 13; many (22.9 mm) ASC 14; 2 (7.4 mm) ASC 15; 11 (14 mm) ASC 16; 7 (27.2 mm) ASC 18; 1 (4 mm) ASC 19; 2 (8.2 mm) ASC 21, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—The Mediterranean Sea and in the eastern Atlantic from the Bay of Biscay south to Cape of Good Hope, including the Cape Verde Islands (Nicklès, 1950); Ascension.

REMARKS.—Specimens listed as Fissurella clenchi Farfante from Ascension in Department of Mollusks, MCZ, are probably F. nubecula.

Diodora gibberula (Lamarck, 1822)

Fissurella gibberula Lamarck, 1822:15 [no locality given];Reeve, 1850, vol. 6, pl. 16, species 118 [Mediterranean].

Diodora gibberula (Lamarck).—Nordsieck, 1968:13, pl. 2: fig.04.02.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—3 (10.6 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 3 (12.2 mm) ASC 10; 3 (10.9 mm) ASC 12; 3 (8.7 mm) ASC 13; 11 (8 mm) ASC 15; 1 (10.3 mm) ASC 16; 8 (6 mm) ASC 19; 1 (4.2 mm) ASC 21, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Southwest coast of Europe, Mediterranean, West Africa, and Atlantic islands (NMNH records; also Weinkauff, 1868), Ascension.

REMARKS.—Reported from St. Helena by E. A. Smith (1890a). Specimens from St. Helena collected by Turton, in the Jeffreys collection at the NMNH, are identical with some Ascension Island specimens collected by Manning (ASC 19). When this highly variable species is more completely studied there may be several different forms enumerated or some explanation developed for its variability.

Family TROCHIDAE Rafinesque, 1815

Basilissa oxytropis Watson, 1879

Basilissa oxytropis R. Boog Watson, 1879:693 [Challenger Sta 344, 3 April 1876, Ascension Island, 420 60s]; 1886:104, pl. 7: fig. 9.—Smith, I890b:321.

REMARKS.—This is one of the nine Challenger species from deep water off Ascension. It is included here provisionally as an Ascension inhabi tant (Smith, 1890b).

Family STOMATELLIDAE Gray, 1840

Synaptocochlea picta (d’Orbigny, 1842)

Stomatia picta d’Orbigny, 1842, pl. 24; figs. 19–21 [Cuba; name and figure only]; 1842–1853:184 [Cuba].

?Gena asperulata A. Adams.—E. A. Smith, 1890a:295 [St.Helena].

Synaptocochlea picta Orbigny [sic].—Warmke and Abbott, 1961:43, pl. 7b.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—2 specimens (2.7 mm) ASC 21, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Florida, Bermuda, Cuba, Jamaica, Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Quintana Roo, Mexico, St. Helena?, Ascension.

REMARKS.—The description by E. A. Smith, (1890a, 295) of the species he determined as Gena asperulata Adams, is of a species very similar to this one. He also states that his specimens were unlike Adams’s type and therefore it is strongly suggested that S. picta occurs also on St. Helena.

Family NERITIDAE Rafinesque, 1815

Nerita (Theliostyla) ascensionis ascensionis Gmelin, 1791

FIGURE 2

Nerita ascensionis Gmelin, 1791:3683 [Ascension Island].—E. A. Smith, 1881:430; 1890b:32I.—Melvill and Standen, 1907:152.

Nerita (Theliostyla) ascensionis ascensions Gmelin.—Vermeij, 1970:135.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Gmelin (1791), Smith (1881, 1890b), Stearns (1893), Packer (1968, as N. fulgurans Gmelin and N. scabricostata Lamarck), Vermeij (1970).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—15 specimens (30.8 mm) Sta ASC 3; 20 (19.2 mm) ASC 5; 4 (12 mm) ASC 10; 5 (1.6 mm) ASC 11; 30 (32.2 mm) ASC 12; 7 (26 mm) ASC 13; 4 (19.2 mm) ASC 16; 2 (16.4 mm) ASC 18; 1 (4 mm) ASC 21, R. B. Manning, May 1971; the NMNH also contains specimens collected on Ascension by Storrs Olson in 1970 and by Rennel Kirby-Smith in 1968, the latter presented by C. I. Aslakson.

FIGURE 2.—Nerita (Theliostyla) ascensionis ascensionis: 35 mm length; Turtle Shell Beach, Southwest Bay, Ascension (ASC–12); USNM 735055.

DISTRIBUTION.—Ascension.

REMARKS.—Vermeij (1970) has shown that N. ascensionis sensu stricto is limited in its distribution to Ascension Island. Two other subspecies, N. ascensionis deturpensis Vermeij and N. Ascensionis trindadeensis Vermeij, inhabit Fernando de Noronha and Trindade, respectively. This species is recorded from Ascension in the MCZ, Harvard University.

Order MESOGASTROPODA

Family LITTORINIDAE Gray, 1840

Nodilittorina (Granulilittorina) miliaris (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833)

FIGURE 3

Littorina miliaris Quoy and Gaimard, 1833:484, pl. 33: figs. 16–19 [Ascension].—E. A. Smith, 1890a:283, 1890b:319.

Tectarius miliaris Quoy and Gaimard.—Stearns, 1893:334.

Teclarius granosus Philippi.—Nicklès, 1950:49.

Echininus nodulosus (Pfeiffer).—Packer, 1968:58.

Nodolittorina [sic] tuberculata (Menke).—Packer, 1968:59.

Nodilittorina (Granulilittorina) miliaris (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833).—Rosewater, 1970a:424.—Vermeij, 1972:91, 93.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Quoy and Gaimard (1883), E. A. Smith (1890a,b), Stearns (1893), Packer (1968, but see synonymy above).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—3 specimens (10 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 1 (20 mm) ASC 1; 6 (17 mm) ASC 2; 8 (8.9 mm) ASC 3; 50+ (12.3 mm) ASC 5; 30+ (8.7 mm) ASC 8; 40+(12.0 mm) ASC 12; 18 (12.5 mm) ASC 13; 8 (10.4 mm) ASC 16; 19 (8.8 mm) ASC 18; 1 (3.1 mm) ASC 20; 20+ (8.6 mm) ASC 21; R. B. Manning, May 1971; the NMNH also contains specimens collected by Storrs Olson in 1970, and by Rennel Kirby-Smith in 1968, the latter presented by C. I. Aslakson.

FIGURE 3.—Nodilittorina (Granulilittorina) miliaris: 15.2 mm length; Shelly Beach, Ascension (ASC–2); USNM 735019.

DISTRIBUTION (based on USNM collections except where noted).—Canary Islands, Senegal (Vermeij, 1972), Liberia, Ghana (Vermeij, 1972), Dahomey, Spanish Guinea, Gabon, Ascension, St. Helena, Fernando de Noronha.

REMARKS.—The variations in shell morphology of this species are extreme as is true for many members of the family Littorinidae. As pointed out by Smith (1890a) there are transitional forms connecting the variants. This species is recorded from Ascension in the MCZ, Harvard University.

Family RISSOIDAE Gray, 1847

Subfamily RISSOINAE Gray, 1847

Rissoa (Setia) triangularis R. Boog Watson, 1886

Rissoa (Setia) triangularis R. Boog Watson, 1886:611, pl. 46: fig. 2 [Challenger Sta 344, Ascension Island, 420 fms].—Smith, E. A., 1890b:320.

REMARKS.—This is one of the nine Challenger species from deep water off Ascension. It is included here provisionally as an Ascension inhabitant (Smith, 1890b).

Cingula tenuisculpta (Watson, 1873)

Rissoa tenuisculpta R. Boog Watson, 1873:389, pl. 36: fig. 28 [Ponta de S Lourenço, 25–45 fms; Funchal Bay, up to 50 fms].—Watson, 1886:607 [Challenger Stas 24, N of Culebra, West Indies, 390 fms; and 344, Ascension Island, 420 fms].

Rissoa (Setia) tenuisculpta Watson.—Smith, 1890b:319.

Cingula tenuisculpta (Watson).—Nordsieck, 1968:46, pl. 7: fig. 26.42 [?] [Madeira, Algiers, etc.].

REMARKS.—This is one of the nine Challenger species from deep water off Ascension. It is in cluded here provisionally as an Ascension inhabi tant (Smith, 1890b).

Alaba tervaricosa (C. B. Adams, 1845)

Rissoa tervaricosa C. B. Adams, 1845:6 [Jamaica].—Clenchand Turner, 1950:350, pl. 34: fig. 3 [lectotype figured].

Rissoa (?) melanura C. B. Adams, 1850:116 [Jamaica].

Alaba tervaricosa (C. B. Adams).—E. A. Smith, 1890b:320 [Ascension].

REMARKS.—This species is known from Ascension only through the report of Smith (1890b). As pointed out by C. B. Adams (1850) and also Clench and Turner (1950), its synonymy may include certain other species, the generic status of which are in doubt. More definite statements regarding the affinities of A. tervaricosa and its presence on Ascension must await the discovery of additional specimens from that island.

Subfamily RISSOININAE Stoliczka, 1898

Rissoina bryeria (Montagu, 1803)

Turbo bryereus Montagu, 1803:313, pl. 15: fig. 8 [Weymouth].

Rissoina bryerea Montagu.—Tryon, 1887:379, pl. 56: figs. 67, 71.—Warmke and Abbot, 1961:56, pl. 10m [Florida to Lesser Antilles].

Rissoina bryeria (Montagu).—Smith, 1890a:287 [St. Helena];1890b:319 [Ascension].

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Smith (1890b).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 specimen (3.4 mm) ASC 5; 1 (3.5 mm) ASC 15; 1 (4.0 mm) ASC 19; 4 (3.6 mm) ASC 21, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Florida and the West Indies, St. Helena, Ascension.

Family OMALOGYRIDAE Sars, 1878

Omalogyra atomus (Philippi, 1841)

Truncatella atomus Philippi, 1841:54, pl. 5: fig. 4a, b, c [Sor rento, Italy].

Homalogyra atomus Philippi.—Tryon, 1887:399 [Europe].

Omalogyra atomus (Philippi).—Nordsieck, 1968:60.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—4 specimens (0.6 mm) ASC 13, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Europe, New England (Bullock, 1969; Moore, 1971), Ascension.

REMARKS.—Omalogyra atomus is usually found on algae which is transported widely by ocean currents. Its eventual appearance at Ascension was to be expected.

Family ARCHITECTONICIDAE Gray, 1850

Philippia sp.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 specimen [lost!] Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield.

REMARKS.—It is unfortunate that this small specimen was lost before specific determination could be made, in view of the interesting distribution of some species of Philippia (Robertson, 1964; Scheltema, 1971a). Collectors on Ascension should be on the lookout for additional architectonicids to provide additional proof of their presence. Members of this family are said to occur in association with corals, this relationship perhaps serving as a limiting factor to their successful colonization of new localities (Robertson et al., 1970).

Family VERMETIDAE Rafinesque, 1815

Petaloconchus cf. interliratus Stearns, 1893

Petaloconchus cf. interliratus Stearns, 1893:333 [Porto Grande, St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands].

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Packer (1968:59), as Vernicularis? sp.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—3 segments of coiled shell (36.6 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield.

DISTRIBUTION.—Tropical east Atlantic islands.

REMARKS.—The material is worn and reveals little concerning the identity of the species. Faint reticulated sculpture is visible externally; inter nally an elevated ridge or lamella follows the coiling. Final specific placement will await a mono graph of the group.

Family PLANAXIDAE Gray, 1850

Planaxis lineatus (Da Costa, 1778)

Buccinum lineatum Da Costa, 1778:130, pl. 8: fig. 5 [Cornwall and the West Indies].

Planaxis lineatus Da Costa.—Smith, 1890b:319.—Stearns, 1893:333.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Smith (1890).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—3 specimens (4.6 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 75+ specimens (7.2 mm) ASC 5; 50+ (4.8 mm) ASC 8; 10 (5.9 mm) ASC 12; 17 (4.2 mm) ASC 13; 4 (5 mm) ASC 15; 2 (4.4 mm) ASC 16; 9 (4.6 mm) ASC 18; 44 (4.6 mm) ASC 20; 100 (5.5 mm) ASC 21; 1 (4.4 mm) ASC 23, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Bermuda, Florida, West Indies, Caribbean coast of Central America, Cape Verde Islands, St. Helena, Ascension.

REMARKS.—As pointed out by Nicklès (1950, 61) a very similar appearing subspecies, Planaxis lineatus herrmannseni (Dunker), occurs on the mainland coast of Africa.

Family TRIPHORIDAE Gray, 1847

Triphora grimaldii (Dautzenberg and Fischer, 1906)

Triphoris grimaldii Dautzenberg and Fischer, 1906:41, pl. 3: figs. 9, 10 [Tenerife, 540 m; He de Boa Vista, Cap-Vert, 91 m].

Triphora grimaldii (Dautzenberg and Fischer).—Nordsieck, 1968:74.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 specimen (4.5 mm) ASC 15, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Tropical east Atlantic islands.

Family EPITONIIDAE Bronn, 1824

Epitonium (Asperiscala) turritellulum (Mörch, 1874)

Scala turritellula Mörch, 1874:264 [St. Martin].

Epitonium (Asperiscala) turritellulum Mörch.—Clench and Turner, 1952:298

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

DISTRIBUTION.—West Indies—Jamaica, Hispaniola, and St. Thomas (Clench and Turner, 1952).

REMARKS.—According to K. M. Hutchfield (pers. comm., 1972) this species was identified from her collections from Ascension Island.

Family JANTHINIDAE Leach, 1823

Janthina janthina (Linné, 1758)

Helix janthina Linné, 1758:772 [Europe, Asia, Africa, Medi terranean, pelagic].

Janthina janthina (Linné).—Laursen, 1953.—Nordsieck, 1968: 84.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

DISTRIBUTION.—World seas, pelagic.

REMARKS.—Smith (1890b:319) attributed a record of Janthina globosa Swainson to Lesson (ubi?). Mrs. K. M. Hutchfield (pers. comm.) reported Janthina janthina present on Ascension in the breeding colonies of the Sooty Tern and suggested that the birds may pick up the snails far at sea and carry them to shore as food. The birds may fly considerable distances and, therefore, it is possible that the violet snail does not naturally occur close to Ascension.

Family MELANELLIDAE Bartsch, 1917

Eulima chyta R. Boog Watson, 1883

Eulima chyta R. Boog Watson, 1883a: 121 [Challenger sta 344, Ascension Island, 420 fms].—Watson, 1886:516, pl. 36: fig. 5.—E. A. Smith, 1890b:319.

REMARKS.—This is one of the nine Challenger species from deep water off Ascension. It is included here provisionally as an Ascension inhabitant (Smith, 1890b).

Eulima ?atlantica Smith, 1890

Eulima atlantica Smith, 1890a:278, pl. 23: fig. 25 [St. Helena].

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 specimen (2.9 mm) ASC 13; 1 specimen (4.3 mm) ASC 15, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—St. Helena and Ascension islands, South Atlantic Ocean.

REMARKS.—The present specimens are consid erably shorter than the 7 1/3 mm length mentioned by Smith in the original description. They are very similar to specimens from St. Helena deposited in the National Museum of Natural History by W. H. Turton in 1892, and which very probably are part of the material studied by Smith (i.e., paratypes).

Family FOSSARIDAE Troschel, 1861

Fossarus ambiguus (Linné, 1758)

Helix ambigua Linné, 1758:775 [Mediterranean].

Fossarus ambiguus Linné.—Nicklès. 1950:72, fig. 95 [Gulf of Gascony to Angola].—Nordsieck, 1968:93, fig. 52.10 [Mediterranean to Senegal].—Rios, 1970:54.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—19 specimens (2.6 mm) ASC 13; 6 specimens (3.2 mm) ASC 21, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Gulf of Gascony and south through the Mediterranean to Angola, West Africa, Cape Verde and Canary islands, St. Helena (Smith 1890a), and Ascension; ?Fernando de Noronha Island and off Pernambuco; Ubatuba (Rios, 1970).

Family STROMBIDAE Rafinesque, 1815

Strombus lotus Gmelin, 1791

FIGURE 4

Strombus latus Gmelin, 1791:3520 [no locality].—Abbott, 1960:122.

Strombus bubonius Lamarck.—E. A. Smith, 1890b:320 [Ascension].—Nicklès, 1950:76, fig. 106.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Smith (1890b).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—2 specimens (106.7 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield.

DISTRIBUTION.—Cape Verde Islands and West Coast of Africa from Rio de Oro to Angola (Nicklès, 1950); Ascension.

REMARKS.—This species is recorded from Ascension in the MCZ, Harvard University.

FIGURE 4.—Strombus latus: 94.4 mm length; Ascension; USNM 735700.

Family HIPPONICIDAE Troschel, 1861

Hipponix (Antisabia) antiquatus (Linné, 1767)

Patella antiquata Linné, 1767:1259 [no locality].

Hipponyx antiquata Linné.—E. A. Smith, 1881:430 [Ascension].

Hipponyx antiquatus Linné.—E. A. Smith, 1890a:293; 1890b: 320 [West Indies, Fernando Noronha, Trindade, St. Helena, Ascension].

Amalthea antiquata Linné.—Nicklès, 1950:72 [Senegal].

Hipponix antiquatus Linné.—Yonge, 1953; 1960 [eastern Pacific].—Warmke and Abbott, 1961:84 [southeast Florida and West Indies].—Packer, 1968:59 [Ascension].—Abbott, 1968a: 98 [eastern Pacific and western Atlantic].—Vermeij, 1972:91.

Antisabia antiquatus (Linnaeus).—Morrison, 1965:34.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—E. A. Smith (1881, 1890a, b).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—3 specimens (9 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 11 specimens (9.5 mm) ASC 5; 6 (9.0 mm) ASC 11; 1 (2.6 mm) ASC 15; 1 (11 mm) ASC 16; 3 (11 mm) ASC 18; 4 (8 mm) ASC 21.

DISTRIBUTION.—Eastern Pacific, western and east ern Atlantic.

REMARKS.—The young of Hipponix antiquatus develop in egg capsules retained within the mantle cavity as shown by Yonge (1953, 1960). Although not observed by Yonge it is presumed that the fully developed young crawl away from the parent to settle and attach in a favorable spot. It is difficult in the absence of a swimming larva to explain the broad distribution of the species unless, and this may be the case, it has lived in the eastern Pacific and on both shores of the Atlantic, includ ing the Atlantic islands, for a very long time. Morrison (personal communication) considers the western Atlantic population to be the true H. antiquatus, with eastern Pacific and eastern Atlan tic elements appearing quite similar. Additional study may prove the latter to be distinct species or subspecies, but for the present they are here con sidered to belong to the same superspecies.

Family CALYPTRAEIDAE Blainville, 1824

Cheilea equestris (Linné, 1758)

Patella equestris Linné, 1758:780 [O. Indico].

Mitrularia dillwyni (Gray).—E. A. Smith, 1890b:320 [Ascension].

Cheila [sic] equestris, Packer, 1968 [Ascension].

Cheilea equestris Linné.—Abbott., 1968a:98, figs, [southeastern Florida to Brazil].

DISTRIBUTION.—Cosmopolitan according to Nordsieck (1968:94), occurring in all major marine faunal zones except eastern Pacific. Keen (1971: 458) suggests that it may occur there also, known under the name Cheilea cepacea (Broderip). Cernohorsky (1972) reported it from the western Pacific.

REMARKS.—Although several literature records indicate the species occurs on Ascension, I have not yet seen specimens which would confirm its pres ence to my satisfaction.

Family CYPRAEIDAE Rafinesque, 1815

Cypraea spurca spurca Linne, 1958

Cypraea spurca Linné, 1758:724 [“Mare Mediterraneo”].—E. A. Smith 1881:430; 1890a:283; 1890b:319 [Ascension].—Packer, 1968:58—Burgess, 1970:156, pl. 10: figs, j, K, L.

Erosaria (Ravitrona) spurca (Linné).—Nordsieck, 1968:100 [Mediterranean, St. Helena, West Indies].

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—E. A. Smith (1881, 1890a, b), Packer (1968), Burgess (1970).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—2 specimens (29.2 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 1 (28 mm) ASC 12; 3 (35.3 mm) ASC 15; 4 (35.8 mm) ASC 18, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean; in west Africa to Luanda, Angola; Atlantic islands.

REMARKS.—As pointed out by Burgess (1970) the western Atlantic populations of C. spurca characterized by a white base appear distinct and are considered to be a separate subspecies, C. spurca acicularis Gmelin. The nominate subspecies, C. spurca spurca Linné, inhabits the eastern Atlantic. It is characterized by a yellow to brown base, a more prominent labial callus, and more produced extremities than the western Atlantic subspecies. This species is recorded from Ascension in the MCZ, Harvard University.

Cypraea lurida Linné, 1758

Cypraea lurida Linné, 1758:720 [“M. Mediterraneo”].—E. A. Smith, 1881; 1890a:282; 1890b:319 [Ascension].—Packer [1968:58, as C. lurida oceanica Schilder].—Burgess, 1970:43, pl. 2: figs, E. E1.

Cypraea (Talparia) lurida Linné.—Nicklès, 1960:84.

Luria lurida (Linné).—Nordsieck, 1968:100.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—E. A. Smith (1881, 1890a, b), Packer (1968).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—2 specimens (30.2 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 2 (36 mm) ASC 16; 2 (41.2 mm) ASC 18, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—The Mediterranean; southward through west Africa to Luanda, Angola, including islands off the coast; Ascension and St. Helena (Burgess, 1970).

REMARKS.—Cypraea lurida appears to maintain constant shell morphology throughout its range, eliminating need for separation into subspecies on that basis. The name C. lurida oceanica Schilder apparently is an absolute synonym. This species is recorded from Ascension in the MCZ, Harvard University.

Cypraea cinerea Gmelin, 1791

Cypraea cinerea Gmelin, 1791:3402 [no locality].—Packer, 1968:58.—Burgess, 1970:39.

REMARKS.—This species is reported from Ascension by Packer (1968). Its range is given by Burgess (1970) as western Atlantic, from southern Florida and the Caribbean south to Bahia, Brazil, including Fernando de Noronha. With such a distribu tion its occurrence on Ascension would not be unusual, although creating a new record which must be verified.

Cypraea stercoraria Linné, 1758

Cypraea stercoraria Linné, 1758:719 [no locality given].—Burgess, 1970:239 [West Africa, near Dakar, Senegal, and the offshore islands to Luanda, Angola].

DISTRIBUTION.—Tropical West Africa.

REMARKS.—This species is found on Ascension according to K. M. Hutchfield (personal communication). It may be the Cypraea? sp. “to 2 ½ in.” reported by Packer (1968). Burgess (1970) sug gested collection information and shell morphology indicate a heavy surf habitat, which may explain why it is not collected more frequently.

Cypraea tigris Linné, 1758

Cypraea tigris Linné, 1758:721 [in Madagascar].

REMARKS.—Cypraea tigris Linné was found on Ascension according to K. M. Hutchfield (pers. comm.). It is a widespread Indo-Pacific species and a favorite of collectors. Its presence on Ascension may be advectitious.

Family NATICIDAE Swainson, Gray, 1840

Polinices lacteus (Guilding, 1834)

FIGURE 5

Naticina lactea Guilding, 1834:31 [Caribbean].

Natica lactea Guilding.—Tryon, 1886:49.

Natica (Polinices) porcellana d’Orbigny.—E. A. Smith, 1890a:271 [St. Helena].

Polinices lacteus (Guilding).—Nordsieck, 1968:102 [Canaries, Madeira, West Indies, Brazil].—Nicklès, 1950:77, fig. 107 [as Polynices].

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 specimen (23.1 mm) ASC 10, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Eastern and western Atlantic, and the Atlantic islands.

REMARKS.—It seems unusual that this species has not been reported from Ascension previously, since it occurs at St. Helena and in both eastern and western Atlantic. The specimen was alive when collected.

FIGURE 5.—Polinices lacteus: 23.1 mm length; English Bay, Ascension (ASC–10); USNM 735045.

Naticarius dillwyni (Payraudeau, 1826)

Natica dillwyni Payraudeau, 1826:120, pl. 5: figs. 27, 28 [Island of Corsica, France, Mediterranean Sea].—E. A. Smith 1890a:270 [St. Helena, Mediterranean; Mauritius and South Pacific islands?].

Naticarius dillwyni (Payraudeau), Nordsieck, 1968:105.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—2 specimens (7.8 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield.

DISTRIBUTION.—Mediterranean, and Atlantic is lands.

REMARKS.—Following an examination of the extensive material resembling these specimens in the National Museum of Natural History, I am prone to agree with Smith (1890a) in considering West Indian and Indo-Pacific forms to be very similar. Further intensive study of these popula tions can be expected to show the nature of this species complex. The two Ascension specimens presently in hand are insufficient evidence upon which to base such a weighty conclusion. The specimens were collected dead.

Family CASSIDAE Latreille, 1825

Cypraecassis testiculus senegalica (Gmelin, 1791)

Buccinum senegalicum Gmelin, 1791: 3477 [Senegal].

Cassidea crumena Bruguière, 1792:428 [Ascension; based on Lister, 1770. pl. 1002: fig. 67].

Cassis testiculus var. [sic] E. A. Smith, 1890a:267 [St. Helena].

Cassis testiculus Linné var. senegalica Gmelin.—Nicklès, 1950:85 [Cape Verde Islands, Senegal, Sao Thomé, Gabon, French Congo],

Cassis testiculus (Linn.).—Packer, 1968:58 [Ascension].

Cypraecassis testiculus subspecies senegalica (Gmelin, 1791).—Abbott, 1968b:72.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Lister (1770), Packer (1968).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 specimen (63+ mm, spire missing) ASC 18, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—West Africa from Senegal to Angola; Cape Verde, Ascension, and St. Helena islands.

REMARKS.—The specimen collected by Manning exhibits the characters upon which the subspecific separation is based—large, smooth axial folds on the last whorl. Cypraecassis t. senegalica reaches a larger size than the more finely sculptured western Atlantic C. t. testiculus. Although Abbott (1968b) states that a small proportion of eastern Atlantic specimens resembles the nominate subspecies, a large enough number are different to make valid the subspecies separation. This subspecies is re corded from Ascension in the MCZ, Harvard University.

Family CYMATIIDAE Iredale, 1913

Charonia tritonis variegata (Lamarck, 1816)

Triton variegatum Lamarck, 1816:5, pl. 421: fig. 2a, b.

Charonia variegata Lamarck.—Clench and Turner, 1957:193 [synonymy].—Packer, 1968:58.

Charonia tritonis variegata Lamarck.—Beu, 1970a:209.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Packer (1968).

DISTRIBUTION.—Tropical eastern and western Atlantic.

REMARKS.—I have not seen specimens from Ascension; however, C. variegata was reported from there by both Packer (1968) and Hutchfield (personal communication). Clench and Turner (1957) reported it from St. Helena, Canary, and Cape Verde islands. The latter records were prob ably based on E. A. Smith (1890a:267), who used the name for the Indo-Pacific species Charonia tritonis Linné. There seems little doubt that Charonia variegata occurs on Ascension. Scheltema (1971a) pointed out that C. variegata larvae were frequently encountered in the North Atlantic and in the south Equatorial Current, possibly explaining the amphi-Atlantic distribution of this species.

Cymatium (Cymatriton) nicobaricum (Röding, 1798)

Tritonium nicobaricum Röding, 1798:126.

?Triton turtoni E. A. Smith, 1890a:268 [St. Helena].

Cymatium (Cymatriton) nicobaricum Röding.—Clench and Turner, 1957:210 [synonymy].

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—3 specimens (44.7 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 1 (31.7 mm) ASC 15, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—In the western Atlantic, from Florida to the West Indies and southward along the coast of Central America to Honduras; north east Brazil (Clench and Turner, 1957; Rios, 1970). In the eastern Atlantic there are specimens from Ascension in the National Museum of Natural History and MCZ; also reported from Ascension by Hutchfield (pers. comm.); St. Helena (Smith, 1890a).

REMARKS.—It is probable that Cymatium turtoni Smith is an absolute synonym of C. nicobaricum and, therefore, that it has been present in the eastern Atlantic for some time. Scheltema (1971a) discussed the larvae of Cymatiidae, including C. nicobaricum, and noted that it was not found by him in eastern Atlantic samples.

Septa (Septa) pilearis (Linné, 1758)

FIGURE 6

Murex pileare Linné, 1758:749.

Cymatium (Septa) pileare Linné.—Clench and Turner, 1957: 216 [synonymy].—Packer, 1968:58 [as C. martinianum].—Keen, 1971:507.

Septa (Septa) pilearis (Linnaeus).—Beu, 1970b:226.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Packer (1968).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—3 specimens (38.9 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield.

DISTRIBUTION.—Indo-Pacific, eastern Pacific, west ern Atlantic, Ascension.

REMARKS.—The specimens contributed by Hutchfield agree with the concept of S. pilearis engendered by Clench and Turner’s monograph. Although not previously reported from so far east ward in the Atlantic before Packer’s record, the species does occur in the Indo-Pacific from east Africa to Hawaii and in both the eastern Pacific and western Atlantic and it is, therefore, not difficult to conceive of its transport to Ascension per haps from the West Indies via the Gulf Stream or the Equatorial Countercurrent.

FIGURE 6.—Septa (Septa) pilearis: 34.4 mm length; Ascension; USNM 735705.

Septa (Monoplex) parthenopea parthenopea (von Salis, 1793)

FIGURE 7

Murex parthenopeus von Salis, 1793:370 [Bay of Naples],

Triton olearium (Linné).—E. A. Smith, 1890a:267.

Lotorium grandimaculatum Reeve.—Melvill and Standen, 1907:152.

Cymatium costatum Born.—Nicklés, 1950:86.

Cymatium (Monoplex) parthenopeum von Salis.—Clench and Turner, 1957:228 [synonymy].—Nordsieck, 1968:109.

Septa (Monoplex) parthenopea parthenopea (Salis, 1793).—Beu, 1970b:229 [synonymy].

PRESENT MATERIAL.—2 specimens (71.1 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield.

DISTRIBUTION.—Western Mediterranean, Azores, and south to South Africa; Bermuda, Florida, and Mexico; the West Indies and south to Brazil, Japan, eastern Australia, northern New Zealand, and Portuguese East Africa.

REMARKS.—The records of “Lotorium” grandimnnilatum (see synonymy) and the Cymatium sp. cf. caribbaeum reported by Hutchfield (per sonal communication) may be this species also. Scheltema (1971a) discussed the larvae of Cymatiidae, including Septa parthenopea, showing that it was found in water samples from all around the North Atlantic.

FIGURE 7.—Septa (Monoplex) parthenopea parthenopea: 71.2 mm length; Ascension; USNM 735704.

Family BURSIDAE Thiele, 1925

Bursa (Colubrellina) corrugata (Perry, 1811)

FIGURE 8

Biplex corrugata Perry, 1811, pl. 3 [5]: fig. 1 [locality un known].

Ranella caelata Broderip, 1833:179 [Panama (Pacific)].—E. A. Smith. 1890a:268, 1890b:318..—Keen, 1971:508.

Ranella pustulosa Reeve, 1844a:137 [Ascension Island].—Reeve, 1844b, pl. 3: fig. 11 a, b.

Ranella ponderosa Reeve, 1844a:137 [locality unknown].—Reeve, 1814b, pl. 3: fig. 14.

Bursa pustulosa jabik Fischer-Piette, 1942:216, pl. C: fig. 2.—Nicklés, 1950:87.

Bursa corrugataPerry.— Warmke and Abbott, 1961:103, pl.18: fig. M—Packer, 1968:58.

Bursa (Crossata) pustulosa (Reeve).—Nordsieck, 1968:110, fig.67.10.

Bursa (Colubrellina) corrugata (Perry).—Rios, 1970:74.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Reeve (1884a), Smith (1890a, 1890b), Packer (1968).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 specimen (40 mm) Ascension, R. M. Hutchfield, 2 specimens (47.7 mm) ASC 18, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Panamic Province (eastern Pacific), Florida and the West Indies to Brazil; tropical west Africa, St. Helena, and Ascension.

REMARKS.—Reeve (1844a) presumed when he named Bursa pustulosa that, although it resembled B. caelata, it must be a distinct species because no species was believed to occur in both the eastern Pacific and eastern Atlantic. A comparison of the specimens from these regions reveals that they are identical and subject to similar variation in size of tubercles. Smith (1890a, b) did not hesitate to synonymize them. Subsequent workers, such as Warmke and Abbott, and Packer and Rios have recognized B. corrugata as the oldest name for the entity.

This species is recorded from Ascension in the MCZ, Harvard University.

Data with three specimens from St. Helena (USNM 637178) (the largest measuring 47 mm) indicate that they were taken from the stomach of an Octopus, presumably O. vulgaris, q.v.

The range of this species is comparatively ex tensive, from the eastern Atlantic westward to the eastern Pacific. Bursidae produce egg capsule masses, which the parents brood (Thorson, 1940). Evidence on embryological development (Thorson, 1940) indicates that veligers may be released from the capsules, although the length of the larval stage is not known. The extensive range of B. corrugata may be the result of long habitation of the areas where it is now found, especially the eastern Pacific. Scheltema (1971a) does not report any Bursidae larvae from the samples taken in the open Atlantic, although they may occur there and have not been recognized as yet. The weight of evidence suggests that B. corrugata has lived where it is now found for a long time.

FIGURE 8.—Bursa (Colubrellina) corrugata: 40 mm length; Ascension; USNM 735706.

Family TONNIDAE Latreille, 1825 (Doliidae)

Tonna galea (Linné, 1758)

Buccinum galea Linné, 1758:734 [Mediterranean].

Tonna galea Linné.—Turner, 1948.—Nicklès, 1950.—Nordsieck, 1968.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

DISTRIBUTION.—Eastern and western Atlantic and Indo-Pacific (Turner, 1948).

REMARKS.—Tonna galea was reported from Ascension by Mrs. K. M. Hutchfield (personal communication, 1971). It is not surprising that the species should have been found at Ascension as its range is very broad. Scheltema (1971a) has shown that larvae of T. galea have been found through out the tropical Atlantic.

Order NEOGASTROPODA

Family MURICIDAE Rafinesque, 1815

Subfamily MURICINAE Rafinesque, 1815

Murex (Chicoreus) florifer Reeve, 1846

Murex florifer Reeve, 1846:36, fig. 188 [Honduras].

Murex (Chicoreus) adustus Lamarck.—E. A. Smith 1890a:258 [St. Helena].

Murex (Chicoreus) florifer Reeve.—Clench and Farfante, 1945.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

DISTRIBUTION.—Southern Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Central America, St. Helena, Ascension.

REMARKS.—Murex florifer was reported from Ascension by Mrs. K. M. Hutchfield, as M. adustus (pers. comm.), probably based on E. A. Smith (1890a). Murex adustus, however, is the name of the common Indo-Pacific species. As pointed out by Clench and Farfante (1945), M. florifer and M. adustus are very similar analogues. To my knowledge M. florifer does not occur in either the Mediterranean or on the West Coast of Africa, but it apparently does reach Ascension and St. Helena.

Subfamily THAIDINAE Suter, 1909

Thais (Thais) nodosa meretricula Röding, 1798

FIGURES 9, 10

Murex fucus Gmelin, 1791:3538 [composite species].

Thais meretricula Röding, 1798:54 [no locality; refers to Gmelin, 1791, species 44, and to Martini, 1777, pl. 100: figs. 961–962 (the 4-spotted, smooth, Ascension and Fernando de Noronha subspecies)].

Purpura ascensionis Quoy and Gaimard, 1833:559, pl. 37: figs. 20–23 [Ascension].—E. A. Smith, 1890b:318.

Thais nodosa ascensionis Clench, 1947:69.—Lopes and Alvarenga, 1955:172.—Rios, 1970:81.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Quoy and Gaimard (1833), E. A. Smith (1890b).

FIGURE 9.—Thais (Thais) nodosa meretricula: 39.7 mm length; Ascension; USNM 225808 (see Figure 10).

FIGURE 10.—Thais (Thais) nodosa nodosa: 30.3 mm length; “West Africa”; USNM 89624 (see Figure 9).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—5 specimens (38.5 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield, 10 specimens (35.2 mm) ASC 18, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Ascension, Fernando de Noronha.

REMARKS.—Thais nodosa nodosa Linné, the nominate subspecies, inhabits the mainland coast of West Africa. It differs from T. nodosa meretricula in being more distinctly nodose to spinose and in having usually only two spots of brown on the columella. (see Figure 10). Thais n. meretricula is usually quite smooth and rather uniformly possesses 3 or 4 spots on the columella. (see Figure 9).

Thais n. meretricula may appear occasionally in collections misidentified under the name Purpura patula, and worn specimens of the former do somewhat resemble the latter.

The rather complex nomenclatorial history of this species was worked out by W. K. Emerson, and I had access to his notes in the National Museum of Natural History Mollusk collections. In brief, Murex fucus Gmelin may be considered a composite species that Röding separated as Thais lena [= T. nodosa nodosa Linné, 1758] and Thais meretricula. The subsequently described Purpura ascensionis is an absolute synonym of T. meretricula.

It is interesting to note the occurrence of T. n. meretricula on Fernando de Noronha (Lopes and Alvarenga, 1955). When additional material from both Ascension and the latter location is available, an analysis should be made to see whether there is subspeciation taking place similar to that described by Vermeij (1970) for Nerita ascensionis.

This species is recorded from Ascension in the MCZ, Harvard University.

Thais (Stramonita) rustica bicarinata (Blainville, 1832)

FIGURE 11

Purpura bicarinata Blainville, 1832:215 [St. Helena; refers to “Quoy et Gaymard [sic]. Astrolab. Zoolog. pl. 59 [39], f. 7–10”].

Purpura helena Quoy and Gaimard, 1833:573, Atlas, pl. 39: figs. 7–10 [St. Helena and Ascension].—E. A. Smith, 1890a: 264: 1890b:318.

Thais (Stramonita) rustica bicarinata de Blainville.—Clench, 1947:82.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Quoy and Gaimard (1833), E. A. Smith (1890a, b), Clench (1947).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—3 specimens (56.1 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 13 (44.3 mm) ASC 5; 1 (30.9 mm) ASC 9; 3 (31.3 mm) ASC 10; 1 (17.4 mm) ASC 11; 2 (25.1 mm) ASC 12; 9 (39 mm) ASC 16; 11 (35.1 mm) ASC 18; 6 (52.9 mm) ASC 20; 1 (30.3) ASC 21, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—St. Helena and Ascension islands.

REMARKS.—E. A. Smith (1890b) considered Purpura fasciata Reeve, 1846, a synonym of T. rustica bicarinata, but Clench (1947) placed P. fasciata in the synonymy of T. rustica rustica Lamarck, the nominate subspecies, which is limited to the western Atlantic. As pointed out by Clench, T. r. bicarinata is close in many of its characteristics to T. r. rustica, differing in developing stronger nodules, in being broader in proportion to length, and in having stronger apertural ridges than the latter. The subspecies T. r. bicarinata is known only from these two Atlantic islands.

Several other species’ names have been applied invalidly to Thais r. bicarinata, probably based on superficial resemblance. The species appears in collections apparently misidentified, as Thais deltoidea Lamarck, which is known only from the western Atlantic and as Thais forbesii Dunker, a subspecies of Thais haemastoma Linné occurring in West Africa (Clench, 1947:76).

This species is recorded from Ascension in the MCZ, Harvard University.

FIGURE 11.—Thais (Stramonita) rustica bicarinata: 56.1 mm length; Ascension; USNM 735707.

Family COLUMBELLIDAE Swainson, 1840

Subfamily PYRENINAE Iredale, 1916

Mitrella ocellata (Gmelin, 1791)

FIGURE 12

Voluta ocellata Gmelin, 1791:3455.

Columbella (Mitrella) cribraria Lamarck.—E. A. Smith, 1890a:262; 1890b:318.—Lamy, 1941:306.

Pyrene cribraria Lamarck.—Nicklès, 1950:96.—Knudsen, 1956: 30.

Nitidella ocellata Gmelin, 1791.—Warmke and Abbott, 1961: 112, pl. 20j.

Mitrella ocellata (Gmelin).—Rehder, 1962:130.—Radwin [1968]: 160

Columbella (Nitidella) ocellata (Gmelin).—Nordsieck, 1968: 125.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Smith (1890a, b).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—3 specimens (8.5 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield. 8 (11.6 mm) ASC 5; 1 (1.3 mm) ASC 8; 1 (9.7 mm) ASC 11; 2 (10.2 mm) ASC 12; 23 (9.2 mm) ASC 13; 9 (4 mm) ASC 14; 1 (8.9 mm) ASC 15; 8 (10 mm) ASC 16; 3 (11 mm) ASC 18; 5 (10.8 mm) ASC 20; 1 (8.5) ASC 21, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Occurs in the western Atlantic from Bermuda, south through Florida, the West Indies, and Central America to Venezuela (Radwin [1968]); Brazil (Rios, 1970); in tropical West Africa in Mauritania and Senegal (Nicklès, 1950); St. Helena (Smith, 1890a); Indian Ocean (Radwin [1968]; Knudsen, 1956; Nordsieck 1968); Gulfs of Aden and Aqaba (Lamy, 1941).

FIGURE 12.—Mitrella ocellata: 10.7 mm length; Collyer Point, near Georgetown, Ascension (ASC–20); USNM 735132.

REMARKS.—Mitrella ocellata is a widely distributed species, occurring in both eastern and western Atlantic and having been reported from the Indo-Pacific as well. It was previously thought to live also in the tropical eastern Pacific, but Keen (1971:591) states that it is the very similar appearing species, Mitrella guttata Sowerby, that lives there.

This species is recorded from Ascension in the MCZ, Harvard University.

Family BUCCINIDAE Rafinesque, 1815

Pisania pusio (Linné, 1758)

FIGURE 13

Murex pusio Linné, 1758:754 [“M. Mediterraneo” (in error)].—Dodge, 1957:171 [tropical western Atlantic].

Pisania pusio (Linné).—Smith, 1890b:318.—Abbott, 1954:233, pl. 13o.—Warmke and Abbott, 1961:117, pl. 21e.—Packer, 1968:59.—Work, 1969:672—Rios, 1970:91.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Smith (1890b). —Packer (1968).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—2 specimens (18.8 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 1 specimen (39 mm) ASC 16; 7 (40.8 mm) ASC 18, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Southeast Florida, the West Indian islands, and along the coast of Central and South America to Brazil (Work, 1969); also occurs on Ascension.

REMARKS.—This species is recorded from Ascension in the MCZ, Harvard University.

?Cantharus (Pollia) consanguineus (Smith, 1890a)

Cantharus (Tritonidea) consanguineus Smith, 1890a:260 [St. Helena].

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 specimen (6 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield.

DISTRIBUTION.—Known only from St. Helena and Ascension.

REMARKS.—The present specimen is worn but resembles the original figure of Smith and voucher specimens of this species from Turton in the National Museum of Natural History (USNM 123949). The generic classification is that of Smith, with the change in subgeneric nomenclature recommended by Nordsieck (1968:132) for related species.

FIGURE 13.—Pisania pusio: 18.8 mm length; Ascension; USNM 735711.

Family NASSARIIDAE Swainson, 1840

Hinia (Uzita) sanctaehelenae (A. Adams, 1852)

Nassa sanctaehelenae A. Adams, 1852:110 [St. Helena].—Reeve, 1853, pl. 28: figs. 188a, b.—Smith, 1890a:263.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 specimen (10.4 mm) Ascension, Kay M. Hutchfield.

DISTRIBUTION.—St. Helena and Ascension islands.

REMARKS.—This species resembles N. sanctaehelenae A. Adams. Smith’s (1890a) redescription allows considerable variation. The present specimen is more slender than the type, and the coloration is faded, although recognizable. It seems likely that the Ascension specimen is identifiable with Adams’s species. The generic and subgeneric nomenclature follows Nordsieck (1968:142).

Family HARPIDAE Bronn, 1849

Harpa doris Röding, 1798

Harpa doris Röding, 1798:150.—Rehder, 1973:255, pl. 189: figs. 12–16.

Harpa rosea Lamarck.—E. A. Smith, 1890b:318.—Nicklès, 1950:113, fig. 204.

Harpa nobilis (Bolt.).—Packer, 1968:59.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Smith (1890b), Packer (1968).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—Reported by Hutchfield (personal communication 1972), MCZ collection, K. Jourdan collection.

DISTRIBUTION.—From Cape Verde Islands to Luanda, Angola; Ascension (Rehder, 1973).

REMARKS.—Refer to Rehder’s monograph of the Family Harpidae (1973:255). This species is recorded from Ascension in the MCZ, Harvard University.

Family MARGINELLIDAE Fleming, 1828

Marginella (Gibberula) lavalleeana (d’Orbigny, 1842)

Marginella lavelleeana d’Orbigny, 1842–1853:101; 1842, pl. 20: figs. 36–38 [as M. lavalleana; = Marginella minuta L. Pfeiffer, 1840, not of Gray, 1826].

Persicula (Gibberula) lavalleeana Orbigny.—Warmke and Abbott, 1961:128.

Gibberula philippii (Monterosato).—Nordsieck, 1968:153.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—2 specimens (2 mm) ASC 13; 4 (2.1 mm) ASC 15; 1 (2.2 mm) ASC 19; 3 (2.3 mm) ASC 21, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

REMARKS.—As this species is common to both eastern and western Atlantic, it is not unusual for it to occur also on Ascension. The generic nomenclature follows Coan (1965) in this and in the following species.

DISTRIBUTION.—Florida and the West Indies (Warmke and Abbott, 1961), Portugal, Spain, Mediterranean, Canary Islands, northwest Africa (NMNH records).

____________

The following four species of Marginellidae are cited by literature reference only as inhabitants of Ascension. No specimens have been available for examination by me.

Marginella dunkeri Krauss, 1848

Marginella dunkeri Krauss, 1848:126, pl. 6: fig. 23—Weinkauff, 1879:28 [Ascension].—Smith, 1890b:319.

Marginella zonata Kiener, 1841

Marginella zonata Kiener, 1841:41, pl. 13: fig. 4.—Weinkauff, 1879:28 [Ascension].—Smith, 1890b:319.

Marginella capensis (Dunker) Krauss, 1848

Marginella capensis (Dunker).—Krauss, 1848:125, pl. 6: fig. 21.—Weinkauff, 1879:23 [Ascension].—Smith, 1890b:319.

Bullata (Cryptospira) robusta (Sowerby, 1904)

Marginella (Cryptospira) robusta Sowerby, 1904:175, fig. [Ascension].

Family MITRIDAE Swainson, 1831

Mitra (Mitra) barbadensis (Gmelin, 1791)

FIGURE 14

Voluta barbadensis Gmelin, 1791:3455 [“Oceano americano”].

Mitra striatula Lamarck.—Smith, 1890b:319 [= M. barbadensis according to Cernohorsky, 1970:35] [Ascension].

Mitra barbadensis Gmelin.—Stearns, 1893:328 [Ascension].—Warmke and Abbott, 1961:124, pl. 22–o.—Cernohorsky, 1970:35.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Smith (1890b), Stearns (1893).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—2 specimens (16.9 mm) ASC 16, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

FIGURE 14.—Mitra (Mitra) barbadensis: 17.2 mm length; Shelly Beach, Ascension (ASC–16); USNM 735105.

DISTRIBUTION.—Southeast Florida and the West Indies (Warmke and Abbott, 1961), Ascension Island.

Subclass PULMONATA

Order BASOMMATOPHORA

Family ELLOBIIDAE Adams, 1855

Apodosis novimundi Pilsbry and McGinty, 1949

Apodosis novimundi Pilsbry and McGinty, 1949:9 [New Providence, Bahamas],

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—15 specimens (2 mm) ASC 21, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Florida, Bahamas, Jamaica (personal communication, J. P. E. Morrison), Ascension.

REMARKS.—It is somewhat surprising to find A. novimundi at Ascension, since all previous records for the species have been from the western Atlantic. The small size of the shells suggests that the living animal could readily be rafted on floating material, and it may have a pelagic larval stage, both possibilities for easy transport from place to place.

Pedipes mirabilis (Megerle von Mühlfeldt, 1816)

Turbo mirabilis Megerle von Mühlfeldt, 1816:8, pl. 2: figs. 13a, b.

Pedipes mirabilis Megerle von Mühlfeldt.—Clench, 1964:119, pl. 76: figs. 1–3.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 specimen (4.1 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield.

DISTRIBUTION.—Florida, Texas, Bermuda, south to Brazil (Clench, 1964), Ascension.

REMARKS.—This is the first record for P. mirabilis outside of the western Atlantic. Smith (1890a) reported Pedipes pedipes Bruguiere (as P. afer (Gmelin)), the eastern Atlantic species, from St. Helena, but the latter is easily distinguished from P. mirabilis, the two species having markedly different outer lip armament: P. pedipes with a large and a small tooth and P. mirabilis with only one tooth.

Family SIPHONARIIDAE Gray, 1840

Williamia gussoni (O. G. Costa, 1829)

Ancylus gussonii O. G. Costa, 1829: cxx, cxxv.

Williamia gussonii (Costa).—E. A. Smith, 1890a:296.—1890b: 321 [Ascension].

Williamia gussoni (Costa).—Franc, 1968:522.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Smith (1890a,b).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—7 specimens (5.7 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield.

DISTRIBUTION.—The Mediterranean, Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands (Nicklès, 1958:41), St. Helena, and Ascension.

Siphonaria picta d’Orbigny, 1835

Siphonaria picta d’Orbigny, 1835–1846:469 [Antilles]; 1847. pl. 56: figs. 7–10 [name and figure].—Morrison, 1963:8.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 specimen (4.4 mm) ASC 18, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Fernando de Noronha Island, Abrolhos Islands, coast of Brazil (Morrison, 1963), Ascension.

REMARKS.—Although the specimen collected by Manning was a young individual, its identification as a member of this species was corroborated by Dr. J. P. E. Morrison, who has made a study of this family.

Subclass OPISTHOBRANCHIA

Order ENTOMOTAENIATA

Family PYRAMIDELLIDAE Gray, 1840

Pyramidella dolabrata (Linné, 1758)

Trochus dolabralus Linné, 1758:760.—Dodge, 1958:205.

Obeliscus dolabralus Linné.—Smith 1890a:275 [St. Helena].

Pyramidella dolabrata Linné.—Stearns, 1893:332.—Nicklès, 1950:71; 1958:41.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

DISTRIBUTION.—Tropical western Atlantic, west Africa, St. Helena, and Ascension.

REMARKS.—Reported from Ascension by Mrs. K. M. Hutchfield (pers. comm, 1972).

Order CEPHALASPIDEA

Family HYDATINIDAE Pilsbry, 1893

Micromelo undatus (Bruguière, 1792)

FIGURE 15

Bulla undata Bruguiere, 1792:380.

Micromelo undata Bruguiere.—Pilsbry, 1893:386, 391, pl. 59: figs. 20–24.—Johnson, 1934:148.—Warmke and Abbott, 1961: 141.

Micromelo undatus Brug. [sic].—Nicklès, 1958:39.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—2 specimens (7.7 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 2 specimens (11.3 mm) [one collected alive] ASC 15, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Lower Florida Keys and West Indies (Warmke and Abbott, 1961), Cape Verde Islands (Nicklès, 1958), Ascension.

REMARKS.—The fact that M. undatus was noted by Nicklès (1958) as a species recently introduced to the west African fauna may indicate that there is some agent affecting its transportation across the Atlantic. Its presence at Ascension is assured by the living specimen collected by Manning in 1971 (see “Present Material,” above).

Family SCAPHANDRIDAE Sars, 1878

Cylichna cylindracea (T. Pennant, 1777)

Bulla cylindracea T. Pennant, 1777:117, pl. 70: fig. 85.

Cylichna cylindracea Watson, 1886:663 [Challenger Sta 344, off Ascension Island, 420 fms].—E. A. Smith, 1890b:321.—Nicklès, 1958:39.

FIGURE 15.—Micromelo undatus: 7.7 mm length; Ascension; USNM 735715.

DISTRIBUTION.—Throughout the northeastern Atlantic from the Lofoten Islands to the Mediterranean; the Canary Islands and Mogador (Essaouira) (Watson, 1886); Bay of Goree, Senegal (Nicklès, 1958); St. Helena and Ascension Islands (Smith, 1890a, b).

REMARKS.—Recorded as a recent introduction by Nicklès (1958) under Retusidae. This is one of the nine Challenger species from deep water off Ascension. It is included here provisionally as an Ascension inhabitant (Smith, 1890b).

Family RETUSIDAE Thiele, 1926

Retwa orycta (R. Boog Watson, 1883)

Utriculus oryctus R. Boog Watson, 1883b:337 [Challenger Sta 344, Ascension Island, 420 fms].—Watson, 1886:653, pl. 48: fig. 12.—E. A. Smith, 1890b:321.

Retusa oryctus Watson (sic.).—Pilsbry, 1893:227, pl. 21: fig. 5.

REMARKS.—This is one of the nine Challenger species from deep water off Ascension. It is included here provisionally as an Ascension inhabitant (Smith, 1890b). The trivial name orycta is an adjective according to Watson (1886) and, therefore, should agree in gender with the feminine generic name Retusa.

Family ATYIDAE Thiele, 1926

Haminea hydatis (Linné, 1758)

Bulla hydatis Linné, 1758:726.—Dodge, 1955:22.

Haminea hydatis Linné.—E. A. Smith, 1890a:297; 1890b: 321.—Pilsbry, 1893:354, pl. 41: figs. 19, 20.—Riedl, 1963: 381, pl. 132.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—E. A. Smith (1890a, b).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—3 specimens (8.8 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchficld; I specimen (4.6 mm) ASC 15; 2 specimens (2.5 mm) ASC 21, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—In the eastern Atlantic from southern England southward along coasts of France and Spain, the Mediterranean including the Adriatic; St. Helena and Ascension.

REMARKS.—Apparently not yet reported from the West Coast of Africa, but living at Ascension and St. Helena.

Order ANASPEDEA

Family APLYSHDAE Lamarck, 1809

Aplysia (Varria) dactylomela Rang, 1828

Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828:56, pl. 9.—Eales, 1960:307.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—3 specimens (3.8 mm [young]) ASC 14; 1 specimen (75 mm) ASC 16, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Worldwide in warm seas.

REMARKS.—This is such a large, usually common, and easily recognizable Aplysia, it is surprising that it has not been reported from Ascension previously. The suddenness of its appearance could indicate that A. dactylomela and some of the other new arrivals may have landed at Ascension and have become established because of some recent change in the environment, which affected their normal path of distribution.

Order NOTASPIDEA

Family PLEUROBRANCHIDAE Deshayes, 1830

Pleurobranchus (Pleurobranchus) areolatus Mörch, 1863

Pleurobranchus areolatus Mörch, 1863:28.—Marcus and Marcus, 1962:466; 1967:44.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 specimen (21 mm) ASC 22, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Southern Florida and the West Indies, Ascension.

Family UMBRACULIDAE Dall, 1889

Umbraculum mediterraneum (Lamarck, 1819)

FIGURE 16

Umbrella mediterranea Lamarck, 1819:343.—E. A. Smith, 1890a:299.—Nicklès, 1958:41.

Umbraculum mediterraneum Lamarck.—Pilsbry, 1895–1896: 179.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 specimen, shell only (55 mm), Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield.

FIGURE 16.—Umbraculum mediterraneum: 55 mm length; Ascension; USNM .735713.

DISTRIBUTION.—Mediterranean and Adriatic seas, Cape Verde Islands, St. Helena, (Pilsbry, 1895–1896), Senegal (Nicklès, 1958), Ascension.

REMARKS.—This species, like a number of others with similar eastern Atlantic distributions which include the Cape Verde Islands and/or the mid-western coast of Africa, has also reached the mid-Atlantic islands of St. Helena and Ascension, probably via the south Equatorial, or Equatorial Countercurrent.

Class BIVALVIA

Subclass PALAEOTAXODONTA

Order NUCULOIDA

Family NUCULANIDAE H. and A. Adams, 1858

Nuculana jeffreysi (Hidalgo, 1877)

Leda jeffreysi Hidalgo, 1877:136 [new name for Leda lata Jeffreys, 1876:431, not Hinds].—E. A. Smith, 1885:234 [Challenger Sia 344, off Ascension in 420 fms].

Nuculana jeffreysi (Hidalgo).—E. A. Smith, 1890b:322.

REMARKS.—This is one of the nine Challenger species from deep water off Ascension. It is included here provisionally as an Ascension inhabitant (Smith, 1890b).

Subclass PTERIOMORPHIA

Order ARCOIDA

Family ARCIDAE Lamarck, 1809

Arca noae bouvieri P. Fischer, 1874

Arca bouvieri Fischer, 1874:206 [Archipel du Cap Vert].— Nordsieck, 1969:19, pl. 2: fig. 10.01.

Arca sanctaehelenae Smith, 1890a:305, pl. 22: figs. 8a, 8b [St.Helena]; 1890b: 322 [Ascension].

Arca noe [sic] bouvieri P. Fischer.—Nicklès, 1947:16; [noae used] 1955:114; 1958:44.

?Arca zebra (Swainson).—Packer, 1968:59.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Smith (1890a, b), Nicklès (1955:114, 115).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—This subspecies is reported from Ascension in the MCZ, Harvard University; also reported from Ascension by Mrs. K. M. Hutchfield (personal communication, 1972).

DISTRIBUTION.—Cape Verde Islands, São Tomé, Annobón, Ascension, and St. Helena; west Africa from Mauritania to the Congo Republic (Nicklès, 1955).

REMARKS.—The use by Nicklès of the name Arca noe appears to be an unjustified emendation of A. noae Linné, the word “noae” being the Latin genitive of Noah!

Arcopsis adamsi (Dall, 1886)

FIGURE 17

Arca adamsi Dall, 1886:243 [off Havana and near Santa Lucia (West Indies); new name for Arca lactea Linné, C. B. Adams, not Linné, and for Arca caelata Conrad, not Reeve].—Smith, 1890c:499.—Lamy, 1907:104.

Arca (Acar) lactea Linné—E. A. Smith, 1890b:322.—Stearns, 1893:320.

Arcopsis adamsi Dall.—Warmke and Abbott, 1961:159.

PREVIOUS. ASCENSIO. RECORDS.—E. A. Smith (1890b), Stearns (1893 — as Arca lactea [?]).

PRESEN. MATERIAL.—1 specimen (10.8 mm) ASC 11; 5 specimens (9.6 mm) ASC 18, R. B. Manning, May 1971; 1 specimen (7.8 mm) Ascension, USNM 125406, U.S. Eclipse Expedition, 1889–1890 (Stearns, 1893).

DISTRIBUTION.—North Carolina to Brazil (Warmke and Abbott, 1961), Bermuda (Lamy, 1907), Fernando de Noronha (Smith, 1890c), Ascension.

FIGURE 17.—Arcopsis adamsi: 8 mm length; Shelly Beach, Ascension (ASC–18); USNM 744746.

REMARKS.—The newly acquired specimens of this species were originally mixed with somewhat similar appearing specimens of Acar dominguensis in material from Ascension collected by Manning. Characteristics of the hinge and ligament are very distinct in each species, Arcopsis having only a very limited triangular ligament, while that of Acar is much more elongate. The shapes of the shells and sculptural characteristics of the two species may be somewhat convergent at times. Both may evidence reticulate sculpture, which tends to produce small pustules at the junctions of incremental and radial threads.

It seems extremely probable to me that Smith’s use of the name A. lactea for his Ascension material was based on the species A. adamsi. This is certainly the case with Steam’s use of lactea, as the specimen in the NMNH collection upon which he was reporting is A. adamsi. This is another West Indian species which occurs also at Ascension Island in the mid-Atlantic.

The synonymy of Arcopsis afer Gmelin, 1791, may possibly include A. adamsi. The former species is reported from west Africa by Nicklès (1955 and 1958). The illustrations in Fischer-Piette’s (1942) clarification of Adanson’s work on Senegal mollusks do not permit a conclusive comparison, unfortunately, nor have adequate specimens of A. afer been available for comparison. This synonymy, if substantiated, would establish yet another amphi-Atlantic marine mollusk species (Rosewater and Vermeij, 1972).

The species Striarca lactea Linné is clearly a different entity, having an elongate ligament and a radially sculptured shell, rather than a reticulately sculptured one.

Arcopsis adamsi is a member of the genus Arcopsis Koenen, 1885, based on comparison with illustrations of the type-species of that genus (Newell, 1969:N263, fig. C10–6a, b).

Acar domingensis (Lamarck, 1819)

FIGURE 18

Arca domingensis Lamarck, 1819:40 [l’Ocean des Antilles, à S. Domingue].

Arca (Acar) domingensis Lamarck.—E. A. Smith, 1890a: 305; 1890b:322 [St. Helena; Ascension].

Barbatia (Acar) domingensis Lamarck.—Woodring, 1925:36–38.—Warmke and Abbott. 1961:158.—Waller, 1973:40.

Arca plicata Chemnitz [Dillwyn, 1817:227]. Nicklès, 1955:115; 1958:44 [in part?].

Acar reticulata (Gmelin).—Nordsieck, 1969:21.

Acar domingensis (Lamarck).—Woodring, 1973:497.

FIGURE 18.—Acar domingensis: 20.2 mm length; English Bay, Ascension (ASC–10); USNM 735041.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Smith (1890a, b).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—3 specimens (2 paired and 1 single right valve, 16.4 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 14 (22 mm) ASC 5; 2 (14.7 mm) ASC 8; 1 (20.2 mm) ASC 10; 3 (9.7 mm) ASC 11; 10 (15.1 mm) ASC 12; 12 (13.4 mm) ASC 13; 13 (23.6 mm) ASC 15; 1 (11.8 mm) ASC 18; 1 (9.7 mm) ASC 21, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—North Carolina to West Indies (Woodring, 1973), Cape Verde Islands (Nordsieck, 1969), St. Helena and Ascension (Smith, 1890a,b).

REMARKS.—As pointed out by Woodring (1925) the name Arca reticulata was applied to this entity by some authors. However, when the original description of A. reticulata is consulted (Gmelin, 1791:3311), several plate references are found which show the name to be in all probability that of a composite species. Lamarck apparently recognized this fact when he supplied the name A. domingensis for one of the originally cited plate references, “List. Conch, t. 233. f. 67” (Lister, 1770). The species is common in the tropical western Atlantic. It has been known from St. Helena and Ascension since E. A. Smith’s reports (1890a, b).

This species is also recorded from Ascension in the MCZ, Harvard University.

Tetrarca tetragona tetragona (Poli, 1795)

Arca tetragona Poli, 1795:137, pl. 25: figs. 12, 13.—Stearns, 1893:320—Lamy, 1907:41.

Tetrarca tetragona tetragona Poli.—Nordsieck, 1969:20.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Stearns (1893).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—2 specimens (13.4 mm) Ascension, Stearns, 1893, USNM 125402.

DISTRIBUTION.—Southern Norway to Cape Verde Islands; Ascension.

REMARKS.—The smallish specimens reported on by Stearns (1893) appear to possess the more posteriorly direct umbos, sharp keel, and restricted ligament, which distinguish the species A. tetragona from A. bouvieri. The genus Tetrarca was erected for A. tetragona by Nordsieck (1969), also because of these differences. It is somewhat difficult to verify these differences in young specimens, as there is often much variation present within species of the family Arcidae.

Order MYTILOIDA

Family MYTILLDAE Rafinesque, 1815

Lithophaga (Diberus) bisulcata (d’Orbigny, 1842)

FIGURE 19

Lithodomus bisulcatus d’Orbigny, 1842–1853:333; 1842, pl. 28: figs. 14–16 [Cuba, Jamaica, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Santo Domingo].

Lithodomus biexcavatus Reeve.—Smith, 1890a:305 [St. Helena].

Lithophaga (Diberus) bisulcata d’Orbigny.—Turner and Boss, 1962:110.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 specimen (8.1 mm) ASC 13, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—North Carolina through the West Indies to Brazil; St. Helena (Turner and Boss, 1962), Ascension.

FIGURE 19.—Lithophaga (Diberus) bisulcata: 8.1 mm length; Georgetown, Ascension; USNM 735062.

REMARKS.—Identification of the present small specimen from Ascension might be equivocal were it not for the known presence of the L. bisulcata at St. Helena. Specimens in the NMNH collection from the latter locality verify the occurrence of the species in the mid-Atlantic. The distinctive calcareous network at the posterior end of the shell facilitates identification of both subgenus and species.

Family PINNIDAE Leach, 1819

Pinna rudis Linné, 1758

FIGURE 20

Pinna rudis Linné, 1758:707.—Nicklès, 1950:173.—Turner and Rosewater, 1958:304.

Pinna rugosa Sowerby.—Smith, 1890a: 305 [St. Helena].—Salvat and Salvat, 1972:43.

Pinna pernula Chemnitz.—Smith, 1890a:306 [St. Helena].

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 specimen (318 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 1 specimen (390 mm) English Bay, Ascension, obtained by divers below tidal level, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Western Mediterranean, Madeira, Canary, and Cape Verde islands; the west coast of Africa south to Angola; St. Helena and Ascension islands; sporadically in the West Indies (Turner and Rosewater, 1958).

REMARKS.—As pointed out by Turner and Rosewater (1958), Pinna rudis, although primarily an eastern Atlantic species, also occasionally may be found in the tropical western Atlantic, its larvae probably carried there via the north and/or south Equatorial currents. Evidence is not great for the establishment of thriving breeding populations of P. rudis in the western Atlantic, however, and its presence probably is due to occasional recruitment. Breeding populations of P. carnea are present in the western Atlantic (Turner and Rosewater, 1958), but this species does not inhabit the eastern Atlantic. References to its presence there (Nordsieck, 1969) are errors for P. rudis.

FIGURE 20.—Pinna rudis: 390 mm length; English Bay, Ascension; USNM 735153.

It is apparently rather difficult to collect P. rudis at Ascension. Specimens were taken at a depth of from 60–80 feet by divers. A specimen received in 1963 from A. Loveridge, St. Helena, was removed from an underwater cable.

This species is recorded from Ascension in the MCZ, Harvard University.

Order PTERIOIDA

Family MALLEIDAE Lamarck, 1819

Malleus (Paritmalleus) candeanus (d’Orbigny, 1842)

FIGURE 21

Avicula candeana d’Orbigny, 1842, pl. 28: figs. 25–27.

Malleus regula (Forskål).—Smith, 1881:430–431; 1890b:322 [Ascension].

Perna perna Linné, Stearns, 1893:318–319 [Ascension].

Malleus (Parimalleus) candeanus d’Orbigny.—Boss and Moore, 1967:87.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Smith (1890b), Stearns (1893).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—2 specimens (11.3 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 3 specimens (23.1 mm) Ascension, USNM 125403, U.S. Naval Eclipse Expedition, 1889–1890.

FIGURE 21.—Malleus (Parimalleus) candeanus: 23.1 mm greatest length; Ascension: USNM 125403.

DISTRIBUTION.—Bermuda, Florida, Mexico, the West Indies (Boss and Moore, 1967), Ascension.

REMARKS.—Boss and Moore (1967) have pointed out the unusual morphology of the shell of this species, which has three separate portions as an adult—a first-formed lamellose area near the hinge, a light-colored shank area, and a fan-shaped distal extension. Once recognized this growth form is easily identified and unlike any other Atlantic bivalve. Contrary to Boss and Moore’s statement, however, this species does travel eastward in the Atlantic, at least as far as Ascension.

Family PECTINIDAE Rafinesque, 1815

Nodipecten nodosus (Linné, 1758)

FIGURE 22

Ostrea nodosa Linné, 1758:697.

Pecten corallinoides d’Orbigny.—Smith, 1890a:306. [St.Helena].—Nicklès, 1955:137 [Ascension].

Lyropecten corallinoides (d’Orbigny).—Nordsieck, 1969:54.

Lyropecten nodosus Linné, 1758.—Warmke and Abbott, 1961: 169.

Pecten ?nodosus Packer, 1968:59.

Nodipecten nodosus Linné.—Grau, 1959:127–128.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Nicklès (1955: 137) Packer (1968:59).

PRESENR MATERIAL.—1 valve (22 × 21.5 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield.

DISTRIBUTION.—North Carolina to the West Indies and Brazil, islands off West Coast of Africa (Grau, 1959), Ascension.

REMARKS.—Dodge (1952) considered P. corallinoides d’Orbigny merely a variety of P. nodosus and that course is followed here because of the large number of other western Atlantic species which have reached Ascension. The only apparent other course would be to consider it a subspecies or a separate entity and it is very similar to nodosa.

This species is recorded from Ascension in the MCZ, Harvard University.

Pecten keppelianus Sowerby, 1905

Pecten keppelianus Sowerby, 1905:279 [Ascension Island?].

REMARKS.—There is a specimen of P. keppelianus in the collections of the National Museum of Natural History from the Cape Verde Islands (USNM 225825). It appears very close in its relationship to both Pecten maximus and P. jacobaeus. Sowerby stressed the fact that he was somewhat unsure of Ascension as a correct locality, other shells from the same source having originated on the coast of Africa. The presence of P. keppelianus at Ascension is therefore in doubt.

FIGURE 22.—Nodipecten nodosus: 22 mm greatest length; Ascension; USNM 735723.

Family SPONDYLIDAE Gray, 1826

Spondylus senegalensis Schreibers, 1793

Spondylus senegalensis Schreibers, 1793:162.—Lamy, 1938: 293.—Nicklès, 1955:138, 139.

Spondylus sp. Smith, 1890b:322.

Spondylus powelli Smith, 1892:70.—Nicklès, 1950:176.—Grau, 1959:139, 140—Nordsieck, 1969:56.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Smith (1890b), Grau (1959).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—8 specimens (48.7 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 1 specimen (84.2 mm) ASC 18, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—West Coast of Africa, Madeira, Cape Verde Islands, Ascension.

REMARKS.—As shown by Lamy (1938), Schreibers first named the eastern Atlantic Spondylus species which has long been known as S. powelli. Although the present specimens from Ascension are worn, they fit the color and sculpture descriptions of the various authors.

Spondylus imhutus Reeve, 1856

Spondylus imbutus Reeve, 1856, pl. 15: species 55.—Stearns, 1893:318— Lamy 1938:287.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Stearns (1893).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—Based on Stearns’s report.

REMARKS.—Lamy (1938) listed the known locality records for S. imbutus as Ascension (Stearns, 1893) and Philippines (Hidalgo, 1905:383). Dall (1898:760) listed S. imbutus in the synonymy of S. echinatus Martyn [ = S. americanus Hermann?]. As S. imbutus was described without a locality the true identity of the species is somewhat in question. It is included here only because of the Stearns reference, which may be attributable to 5. senegalensis. Unfortunately the lot referred to by Stearns, USNM 125411, cannot be found and examined to confirm its identity.

Family OSTREIDAE Rafinesque, 1815

Saccostrea cuccullata (Born, 1778)

FIGURE 23

Ostrea cuccullata Born, 1778:100; 1780:114, pl. 6: figs. 11, 12.— Smith, 1890b:322.—Lamy, 1929:153.—Nicklès, 1950:182; 1955:142 [?Pycnodonta hyotis (Linné)].

Ostrea mordax Gould.—Stearns, 1893:318 [not Ostrea mordax Gould, 1850].

Saccostrea cuccullata Born.—Stenzel, 197LN1134.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Smith (1890b), Nicklès (1950).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—2 specimens (46.9 mm greatest length) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; many specimens (91.6 mm) ASC 5; many (93.5 mm) ASC 18; 1 (30.4 mm) ASC 21, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—West Coast of Africa; islands of Sao Thomé, Principe, and Ascension (Nicklès, 1950:182).

REMARKS.—This is a readily identifiable species with an undulating shell margin, a flattened convex or concave upper valve, and a deeply sacculate lower valve.

The species is recorded from Ascension in the MCZ, Harvard University.

Subclass HETERODONTA

Order VENEROIDA

Family THYASIRIDAE Dall, 1901

Thyasira species

Cryptodon sp. E. A. Smith, 1885:25,194 [Challenger Sta 344, off Ascension Island, in 420 fms].—Smith, 1890b:322.

REMARKS.—This is one of the nine Challenger species from deeper water off Ascension. It is included here provisionally as an Ascension inhabitant (Smith, 1890b).

Family LUCINIDAE Fleming, 1828

Codakia (Ctena) decussata (O. G. Costa, 1829)

FIGURE 24

Lucina decussata O. G. Costa, 1829:8.

Ctena decussata (O. G. Costa, 1830).—Nordsieck, 1969:85.

Codakia (Ctena) decussata Costa.—Britton [1970]:325.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—2 specimens (11.4 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 4 specimens (14.2 mm) ASC 10; 4 (11.5 mm) ASC 11; 2 (16.2 mm) ASC 15; 1 (5.5 mm) ASC 21, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

FIGURE 23.—Saccostrea cuccullata: 28.9 mm greatest length of flatter valve (c,d;) Northeast Bay, Ascension; USNM 735023. (Note sacculate concavity in b.)

FIGURE 24.—Codakia (Ctena) decussata: 16.2 mm length; English Bay, Ascension; USNM 735080.

DISTRIBUTION.—Mediterranean, west Africa, Canary Islands, Ascension.

REMARKS.—Several other Lucinids have been mentioned from Ascension. Unfortunately they are not represented by specimens in our collection. They are Lucina (Codakia) imbricatula (Smith, 1890b:321), Codakia orbicidaris and Codakia costata (both personal communications, Mrs. K. M. Hutchfield).

?Phacoides (Lucinoma) filosus (Stimpson, 1851)

Lucina filosa Stimpson, 1851:17.

Phacoides filosus Stimpson.—Abbott, 1954:389.—Packer, 1968: 59?

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—Record based on Packer (1968), who questioned the name.

DISTRIBUTION.—East coast of North America from New Brunswick to Florida, in the Gulf of Mexico, off coasts of Cuba and Jamaica (Britton [1970]), ?Ascension (Packer, 1968).

REMARKS.—Considering that the occurrence of P. filosus at Ascension is based on Packer’s doubtful reference, its presence there must be questioned until verified.

Family ERYCINIDAE Deshayes, 1850

Lasaea adansoni (Gmelin, 1791)

Tellina adansoni Gmelin, 1791:3239.

Cardium rubrum Montagu, 1803:83.

Lasaea adansoniana Récluz.—Smith, 1890a:304 [St. Helena].

Lasaea adansoni Gmelin.—Fischer-Piettc, 1942:318.—Nordsieck, 1969:87.

Kellya adansoni Gmelin.—Nicklès, 1950:193.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—7 specimens (1.3 mm) from algae and worm tube washes, ASC 12; many (3.7 mm) ASC 17; 20 (2 mm) ASC 21, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Atlantic, North Pacific, Mediterranean, Azores, St. Helena, Ascension.

REMARKS.—Lasaea adansoni is frequently found in algae and often occurs at fairly great depths. The species is ovoviviparous, and therefore a single gravid individual rafted on floating material to a new location could start a colony in that area.

Family CHAMIDAE Lamarck, 1809

Pseudochama radians (Lamarck, 1819)

Chama radians Lamarck, 1819:96.

?Chama sp., Smith, 1890a:303.—?Packer, 1968:59.

Pseudochama radians Lamarck.—Nordsieck, 1969:96.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—?Packer (1968).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—1 specimen (76.2 mm) Ascension, K. M. Hutchfield; 1 (8.3 mm) ASC 13, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Tropical western Atlantic, eastern Atlantic islands, St. Helena, Ascension.

REMARKS.—Smith (1890a) called Chama a “difficult group” about which a “positive opinion” should not be given without “special study.” This is still the case, although it appears fairly certain that a large species of Chamidae is living at Ascension, to which the name “radians” seems to be applicable.

Family CARDIIDAE Lamarck, 1809

Trigoniocardia (Americardia) medium (Linné, 1758)

Cardium medium Linné, 1758:678.

Cardium (Fragum) medium Linné.—Smith, 1890b:322.

Trigoniocardia (Americardia) medium Linné.—Dodge, 1952: 56.—Packer, 1968:59.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Smith (1890b), Packer (1968).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—None.

DISTRIBUTION.—Southeastern United States and West Indies (Warmke and Abbott, 1961), Ascension.

REMARKS.—Reported to occur at Ascension by K. M. Hutchfield (pers. comm.).

This species is also recorded from Ascension in the MCZ, Harvard University.

Papyridea soleniformis (Bruguière, 1789)

Cardium soleniformis Bruguière, 1789:235.

Papyridea soleniformis (Bruguière).—Warmke and Abbott, 1961:182—Packer, 1968:59.—Nordsieck. 1969:103.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Packer (1968).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—None.

DISTRIBUTION.—Southeastern United States and West Indies (Warmke and Abbott, 1961), Cape Verde Islands (Nordsieck, 1969), Ascension (Packer, 1968).

REMARKS.—Reported as uncommon at Ascension (Packer, 1968). Also reported from Ascension by K. M. Hutchfield (pers. comm.).

Family VENERIDAE Rafinesque, 1815

Subfamily MERETRICINAE Gray, 1847

Tivela mactroides (Born, 1778)

Venus mactroides Born, 1778:52.

Tivela mactroides Born.—Warmke and Abbott, 1961:188, pl. 39e.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—Record based on report of K. M. Hutchfield.

DISTRIBUTION.—West Indies to Brazil (Warmke and Abbott, 1961; Rios, 1970:188).

REMARKS.—Reported from Ascension by K. M. Hutchfield (pers. comm., 1972). As the range of this species extends to Brazil, it is not too surprising to find it reported from Ascension also. Equatorial currents may transport larvae in both easterly and westerly directions.

Family SEMELIDAE Stoliczka, 1870

Semele modesta (Reeve, 1853)

Amphidesma modesta Reeve, 1853, pl. 6: figs. 35a,b.

Semele cordiformis (Chemnitz).—Smith, 1890a:301; 1890b:321; 1890c:498.

Semele modesta (Reeve).—Boss, 1972:13.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Smith (1890a, b), Boss (1972).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—The species is included here based on the record of K. M. Hutchfield (pers. comm., 1972) for Semele proficua.

DISTRIBUTION.—Islands of Gulf of Guinea, coast of central west Africa, St. Helena, Ascension, Brazil (Boss, 1972).

REMARKS.—Boss (1972) pointed out that there are two Semele species in west Africa, S. modesta and S. lamyi Nicklès, 1955. Only one, S. modesta, so far as is known, reaches Ascension.

Family TELLINIDAE deBlainville, 1814

Tellina (Peronaea) ascensionis Sowerby, 1905

Tellina (Peronaea) ascensionis Sowerby, 1905:279.

REMARKS.—This species was described as coming from Ascension. Sowerby also compared it to “the . . . smaller Mediterranean T. nitida Poli” [=Angulus (Peronidia) albicans Gmelin, according to Nordsieck, 1969:134]. I can find no record from Ascension for this species after Sowerby’s original description.

Class SCAPHOPODA

Family DENTALIIDAE Gray, 1840

Dentalium (Antalis) agile M. Sars, 1872

Dentalium agile M. Sars, 1872:31, pl. 3: figs. 4–15 [Lofoten Islands, 200–300 fms, and near Aalesund, Norway, 200–220 fms; new name for D. incertum Philippi, 1844; not Deshayes, 1826].—Knudsen, 1949:3 [range detailed].

Dentalium entalis var. agile R. Boog Watson, 1886:6 [Challenger Sta 344, Ascension Island, 420 fms].—E. A. Smith, 1890b:321.

REMARKS.—This is one of the nine Challenger species from deep water off Ascension. It is included here provisionally as an Ascension inhabitant (Smith, 1890b).

Class CEPHALOPODA

Subclass COLEOIDEA (Dibranchia)

Order OCTOPODA

Family OCTOPODIDAE d’Orbigny, 1845

Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, [1797]

Octopus vulgare Cuvier, [1797]:381 [coast of France].—Hemming, 1954:278, 288, 291–293.

Octopus vulgaris Lamarck, 1798:130.—Stearns, 1893:339.—Robson, 1929:57–62.—Adam, 1952:117–125.—Pickford, 1955:156.—Lane, 1957:221.

Octopus occidentalis Hoyle, 1886:77.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—Hoyle (1886); dredged in 20–30 fathoms, according to Stearns(1893).

PRESENT MATERIAL.—3 art (ML 22, 28, 80 mm) ASC 5; 2 art (ML 11, 42 mm) ASC 11, 21; 1 art (ML 28 mm) ASC 23, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—North and South Atlantic (east and west), Mediterranean Sea, North Sea (Adam, 1952).

REMARKS.—A note with three shells of Bursa corrugata (USNM 637178), the largest measuring 47 mm, indicated they were taken from the stomach of an Octopus, presumably this species. Smith’s (1890a) record of an Octopus on St. Helena is probably this species.

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1969 [1970]. The Comparative Embryogenesis and Early Organogenesis of Bursa corrugata Perry and Distorsio clathrata Lamarck (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). Malacologia, 9 (2):349–389.

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1778. The British Conchology. xii +254 pages, 17 plates. London.

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1886. Reports on the Results of Dredging by the U.S. Coast Survey Steamer “Blake,” 29: Report on the Mollusca, Part 1: Brachiopoda and Pelecypoda. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, 12 (6): 171–318.

1898. Contributions to the Tertiary Fauna of Florida, Part 4: Prionodesmacea and Teleodesmacea. Transactions of the Wagner Free Institute of Science of Philadelphia, 3 (4):571–947.

Dautzenberg, Ph., and H. Fischer

1906. Résultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert per Prince Souverain de Monaco. Volume 32, 125 pages, 5 plates.

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1826. Anatomie et Monographic Mémoires Société Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 2 (2):362.

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1817. A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells Arranged According to the Linnaean Method with Particular Attention to the Synonymy. Volume 1, xii + 580 pages. London.

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1952. A Historical Review of the Mollusks of Linnaeus, Part 1: The Classes Loricata and Pelecypoda. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 100(1): 264 pages.

1955. A Historical Review of the Mollusks of Linnaeus, Part 3: The Genera Bulla and Voluta of the Class Gastropoda. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 107 (1): 158 pages.

1957. A Historical Review of the Mollusks of Linnaeus, Part 5: The Genus Murex of the Class Gastropoda. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 113(2):73–224.

1958. A Historical Review of the Mollusks of Linnaeus, Part 6: The Genus Trochus of the Class Gastropoda. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 116(2): 153–224.

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1899. Some Observation on the Habits, Anatomy, and Embryology of Members of the Protobranchia. Anatomischer Anzeiger, 15(24):493–519.

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1964. The Terrestrial Ecology of Ascension Island. The Journal of Applied Ecology, 1 (2):219–251.

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1960. Revision of the World Species of Aplysia (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 5(10): 404 pages, 51 figures.

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1953. Zoogeography of the Sea. 417 pages. London: Sidgwick and Jackson, Ltd.

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1874. Diagnoses Specierum novarum. Journal de Conchyliologie, 22:205–206.

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1942. Les Mollusques D’Adanson. Journal de Conchyliologie, 85 (2–4): 103–377, 16 plates.

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1968. Classe des Gasteropodes. In fasicle III (Mollusques Gasteropodes et Scaphopodes) in volume 5 in P.-P. Grassé, Traité de Zoologie. 893 pages.

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1962. British Prosobranch Molluscs. Number 144, xvi + 755 pages. London: The Ray Society.

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1791. Systema Naturae, edition 13, 1 (6):3021–3909.

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1959. Pectinidae of the Eastern Pacific. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 23: vii + 308 pages.

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1834. Observations on Naticina and Dentalium, etc. Transactions of the Linnean Society, London, 17: 29–35.

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1964. Egg Laying and Early Development of Umbraculum sinicum Gmelin. Journal of the Malacological Society of Australia, 8:33–35.

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1954. Opinion 233, Suppression, under the Plenary Powers, of the Name Octopodia Schneider, 1784 (Class Cephalopoda), and of Certain Reported Names Published by the Same Author in 1785. Opinions and Declarations, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 4 (23):275–296.

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1870–1890. Moluscos Marinos de España, Portugal, y las Baleares. Volume 1, cxvii + 184 pages. Madrid.

1904–1905. Catalogo de los Moluscos Testáceos de las Islas Filipinas, Joló y Marianas, Part 1: Moluscos Marinos. xvi + 408 pages. Madrid.

Holle, P. A., and C. F. Dineen

1957. Life History of the Salt-Marsh Snail, Melampus bidentatus Say. The Nautilus, 70 (3):90–95.

Houbrick, J. R., and V. Fretter

1969. Some Aspects of the Functional Anatomy and Biology of Cymatium and Bursa. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 38:415–429.

Hoyle, W. E.

1886. Report on the Cephalopoda Collected by H. M. S. “Challenger” during the Years 1873–76. Volume 16 in Zoology in Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. “Challenger.” vi + 246 pages.

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1876. New and Peculiar Mollusca of the Pecten, Mytilus, and Arca Families Procured in the “Valorous” Expedition. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 4, 18:424–436.

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1934. List of Marine Mollusca of the Atlantic Coast from Labrador to Texas. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 40(1): 204 pages.

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1971. Sea Shells of Tropical West America. Second edition, xiv + 1064 pages. Stanford University Press.

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1834–1841. Genus Marginella in spécies général et iconographie des Coquilles vivantes. 44 pages, 13 plates.

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1949. Scaphopoda. Part 62 in Volume 4 in The Zoology of Iceland. 7 pages.

1950. Egg Capsules and Development of Some Marine Prosobranchs from Tropical West Africa. Atlantide Report, 1:85–130.

1956. Marine Prosobranchs of Tropical West Africa (Stenoglossa). Atlantide Report, 4 (Copenhagen): 7–110, 4 plates.

Krauss, F.

1848. Die Südafrikanischen Mollusken. 140 pages, 6 plates. Stuttgart.

Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de M. de

1798. Memoir sur le genre de la Sèche, du Calmar et du Poulpe vulgairemont nommés, Polypes de mer. Bulletin des Sciences par la Société Philomathique de Paris, (17):129–131.

1816. Tableau encyclopédique et methodique des trois règnes de la nature, Part 23: List des objects représentés dans les planches de cette livraison. 16 pages, plates 391–488.

1819. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbes. Volume 6, part 1, vi + 343 pages. Paris.

1822. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres. Volume 6, part 2, 232 pages. Paris.

Lamy, E.

1907. Révision des Arca vivants du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Journal de Conchyliologie, 55: 111 pages.

1929. Révision des Ostrea vivants du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Journal de Conchyliologie. 73:1–46. 71–108. 133–168, 233–275.

1938. Révision des Spondylus vivants du Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Journal de Conchyliologie, 82:177–214, 265–306.

1941. Notes sur la distribution géographique du Columbella cribraria. Bulletin du Museum d’Histnire Naturelle de Paris, series 2. 13 (4):306–308.

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1957. Kingdom of the Octopus. London: Jarrolds. xx + 287 pages.

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1953. The Genus Ianthina: A Monograph. No. 38 in Dana-Report. 40 pages. 41 figures, 1 plate.

Lebour. M. V.

1935. The Larval Stages of Balcis alba and B. devians. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 20(l):65–70.

1937. The Eggs and Larvae of the British Prosobranchs with Special Reference to Those Living in the Plankton. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 22:105–166.

1938. Notes on the Breeding of Some Lamellibranchs from Plymouth and Their Larvae. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 23:119–144.

1945. The Eggs and Larvae of Some Prosobranchs from Bermuda. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 114 (4):462–489.

Lewis, J. B.

1960. The Fauna of Rocky Shores of Barbados, West Indies. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 38:391–435.

Linné, C. von

1758. Systema Naturae. Edition 10, 824 pages.

1767. Vermes Testacea. Pages 1106–1269 in part 2 in volume 1 in Systema Naturae. Edition 12.

Lister, M.

1770. Historiae sive synopsis methodicae Conchyliorurn. Editio altera, 1062 plates.

Lopes, H. de S., and M. Alvarenga

1955. Contribuiçao Ao Conhecimento Dos Moluscos Da Ilha Fernando De Noronha—Brasil. Boletim do Instituto Oceanographico, Universidade de São Paulo, 6(1, 2):157–196.

Marcus, E., and E. Marcus

1962. Opisthobranchs from Florida and the Virgin Islands. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, 12 (3):450–488.

1967. American Opisthobranch Mollusks. Studies in Tropical Oceanography, Miami, 6: viii + 256 pages.

Martini, F. H. W.

1777. Neues Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet. Volume 3, vi + 434 pages, plates 66–121. Nürnberg.

Megerle von Muehlfeld, J. C.

1816. Beschreibung einiger neucn conchylien: Der Gesell-schaft Naturforschenden Freunde zu Berlin. Magazin für die Neuesten Entdeckungen in der Gesammten Naturkunde, 8 (1818):3–11, 2 plates.

Melville, J. C., and R. Standen

1907. The Marine Mollusca of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 46(1)(5): 119–157, 1 plate.

Merrill, A. S.

1963. Mollusks from a Buoy off Georgia. Nautilus, 77(2): 68–70.

1965. The Benefits of Systematic Biological Collecting from Navigation Buoys. Association of Southeastern Biologists Bulletin, l2(l):3–8.

1966. Collecting from Navigation Buoys: How to Collect Shells. A symposium, edition 3. pages 54, 55. Publication of the American Malacological Union.

Montagu, G.

1803. Testacea Britannica. Part 1, xxxviii + 606 pages. 16 plates.

Moore, D. R.

1971. A Deep Water Omalogryra in the Western Atlantic. The Nautilus, 84 (4): 113–117, 1 figure.

Mörch, O. A. L.

1863. Contributions à la fauna Malacologique des Antilles Danoises. Journal de Conchyliologie (Paris), 3rd series, 11:21–48.

1874. Synopsis familiae Scalidarum Indiarum occidentalium. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjöbenhavn, 17:250–268.

Morrison, J. P. E.

1963. Notes on American Siphonaria. The American Malacological Union Annual Reports for 1963, 30: 7–9.

1965. Notes on the Genera of Hipponicidae. The American Malacological Union Annual Reports for 1965, 32:33–34.

Newell, N. D.

1969. Family Noetiidae. Pages N26I–N264 in Part N:l in Mollusca 6 in Moore, editor, Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas.

Nicklès, M.

1947. La collection de mollusques testacés marine de l’I.F.A.N. Catalogue 1, 23 pages. Dakar: Institut Français d’Afrique Noire.

1950. Mollusques testacés marine de la côte occidentale d’Afrique. Volume 2 in Manuels Ouest-Africans. x + 269 pages. Paris: Paul Lechcvalier.

1955. Scaphopodes et Lamellibranches recoles dáns l’Ouest Africain. Atlantide Report 3:93–237, 41 figures.

1958. Nouveau catalogue de la collection de mollusques testacés marines de l’Ifan. Catalogue 14, 64 pages. Dakar. Institut Franҫais d’Afrique Noire.

Nordsieck, F.

1968. Die europäischen Meeres - Gehäuseschnecken (Prosobranchia) vom Eismeer bis Kapverden und Mittelmeer. vii + 273 pages. Stuttgart: Gustav Fisher Verlag.

1969. Die europäischen Meeres muscheln (Bivalvid) vom Eismeer bis Kapverden, Mittelmeer und Schwarzes Meer. xii + 256 pages. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.

1972. Die Europäischen Meeresschnecken (Opisthobranchia mit Pyramidellidae; Rissoacea) vom Eismeer bis Kapverden, Mittelmeer und Schwarzes Meer. xiii + 327 pages. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.

d’Orbigny. A.*

1835–1846. Mollusques. Part 3 in volume 5 of Voyage dans l’Amérique méridionale. xliii + 758 pages. Paris.

1842. [Atlas of Mollusks], In Sagra, Histoire, physique, politique et naturelle de l’Ile de Cuba. 29 plates with captions.

1842–1853. [No title.] Volume 2 in Mollusques in part 2 (Natural History) in Sagra, Hisloire, physique, politique el naturelle de l’Ile de Cuba. 380 pages. Paris.

1847. Mollusques. In Atlas Zoologique, volume 9 of Voyage dans l’Amérique méridionale. 86 plates. Paris.

Packer, J. E.

1968. The Ascension Handbook. 68 pages. Privately printed.

Payraudeau, B. C.

1826. Catalogue descriptif et méthodique des Annelides et des Mollusques de l’ile de Corse. 218 pages. Paris.

Pennant, T.

1777. British Zoology. Edition 4, volume 4, 154 pages, 93 plates.

Perry, G.

1811. Conchology. 61 pages. London.

Philippi, R. A.

1841. Ueber das Genus Truncatella Risso. Pages 42–59 in part 1 in volume 7 in Zoologische Bemerhungen. 1 plate. Berlin und Leipzig: Archiv für Naturgeschichte.

1844. Fauna Molluscorum Viventium et in Tellure Tertiaria Fossilium Regni Utriusque Siciliae. Volume 2, 303 pages, 28 plates.

Pickford, G. E.

1955. A Revision of the Octopodinae in the Collections of the British Museum. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 3 (3):151–167.

Pilsbry, H. A.

1893. Manual of Conchology, Polyplacophora, and Tectibranchiata. Volume 15, 436 pages, 61 plates.

1895–1896. Manual of Conchology, Philinidae, etc. Volume 16, vii + 262 pages, 74 plates.

Pilsbry, H. A., and T. L. McGinty

1949. New Marine Mollusks of Florida and the Bahamas. The Nautilus, 63 (1):9–15, plate 1, figure 1.

Poli, I. X.

1795. Testacea Utriusque Siciliae. Volume 2, 264 pages.

Ponder, W. F.

1967. The Classification of the Rissoidae and Orbitestellidae with Descriptions of Some New Taxa. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 9(17): 193–224.

Purchon, R. D.

1968. The Biology of the Mollusca. xxv + 560 pages. Oxford: Pergamon Press.

Quoy. J. R., and J. P. Gaimard

1833. Pages 321–686 in part 2 in volume 2 in Zoology in J. Dumont D’Urville, Voyage de dècouvertes de l’Astrolabe.

Radwin, G. E.

[1968.] A Taxonomic Revision of the Family Columbellidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in the Western Atlantic Exclusive of the Genus Astyris. 237 pages, plates. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation. The George Washington University.

Radwin, G. E., and J. L. Chamberlin.

1973. Patterns of Larval Development in Stenoglossan Gastropods. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History, 17 (9):107–118.

Rang, S.

1828. Histoire naturelle des Aplysiens. In M. Férussac, Histoire naturelle, gènerate et particuliére des Mollusques. 84 pages, 24 plates. Paris.

Reeve, L. A.

1844a. Description of New Species of Ranella. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 12:137.

1844b. Ranella. In volume 2 of Conchologia Iconica. 8 plates.

1845–1846. Murex. In volume 3 of Conchologia Iconica. 36 plates and 1 supplementary plate.

1849–1850. Fissurella. In volume 6 of Conchologia Iconica. 16 plates.

1853. Amphidesma. In volume 8 of Conchologia Iconica. 7 plates.

1853–1854. Nassa. In volume 8 of Conchologia Iconica. 29 plates.

1856. Spondylus. In volume 9 of Conchologia Iconica. 18 plates.

Rehder, H. A.

1962. Contribucion al conocimiento de los moluscos marinos del Archipelago de los Roques y la Orchila. Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle, 22:116–138.

1973. The Family Harpidae of the World. Indo-Pacific Mollusca, 3(16):207–274, 65 plates.

Riedl, R.

1963. Fauna und Flora der Adria. 640 pages. Hamburgund Berlin: Paul Parey.

Rios, E. de Carvalho

1970. Coastal Brazilian Seashells. 225 pages, 60 plates. Rio Grande, R. S., Brazil.

Risbec, J.

1932. Notes sur la ponte et le développement de mollusques Gastéropodcs de Nouvelle-Caledonic. Bulletin of the Societe Zoologique de France, 57(4): 358–375.

Robertson, R.

1959. Observations on the Spawn and Veligers of Conchs (Strombus in the Bahamas. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 33 (4): 164–171.

1964. Dispersal and Wastage of Larval Philippia krebsii (Gastropoda: Architcctonicidae) in the North Atlantic. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 116(1): 27 pages.

1970. Systematics of Indo-Pacific Philippia (Psilaxis). Architectonicid Gastropods with Eggs and Young in the Umbilicus. Pacific Science, 24 (l):66–83.

Robertson, R., R. S. Scheltema, and F. W. Adams

1970. The Feeding. Larval Dispersal, and Metamorphosis of Philippia (Gastropoda: Architectonicidae). Pacific Science, 24(l):55–65.

Robson. G. C.

1929. Octopodinae. Part 1 in A Monograph of the Recent Cephalopoda, British Museum (N. H.). xi + 236 pages. London.

Röding, P. F.

1798. Museum Boltenianum. Part 2, viii + 199 pages. Hamburg.

Rosewater, J.

1970a. The Family Littorinidae in the Indo-Pacific, Part 1: The Subfamily Littorininae. Indo-Pacific Mollusca, 2(11):417–506.

1970b. Monoplacophora in the South Atlantic Ocean. Science, 167:1485–1486.

1973. A Source of Authors and Dates for Family Names of Gastropods. The Veliger, 16 (2):243.

Rosewater, J., and G. J. Vermeij

1972. The Amphi-Atlantic Distribution of Littorina meleagris. The Nautilus, 86 (2–4):67–69, map, figures 1–8.

Salis von Marschlins, C. U. V.

1793. Reisen in verschiedenen Provinzen Konigreich Neapel. Zurich.

Salvat, B., and F. Salvat

1972. Geographic Distribution of Pinna rugosa Sowerby, 1835 (Mollusca: Bivalvia) and Its Occurrence on Clipperton Island. The Veliger, 15(l):43–44.

Sars, G. O.

1872. On Some Remarkable Forms of Animal Life from the Great Deeps off the Norwegian Coast, I. Partly from Posthumous Manuscripts of the Late Professor Dr. Michael Sars. viii + 82 pages, 6 plates. Christiania, Norway.

Scheltema, R. S.

1968. Dispersal of Larvae by Equatorial Ocean Currents and Its Importance to the Zoogeography of Shoalwater Tropical Species. Nature, 217 (5134): 1159–1162.

1971a. Larval Dispersal as a Means of Genetic Exchange between Geographically Separated Populations of Shallow-Water Benthic Marine Gastropods. The Biological Bulletin, 140(2):284–322.

1971b. Dispersal of Phytoplanktotrophic Shipworm Larvae (Bivalvia: Teredinidae) over Long Distances by Ocean Currents. Marine Biology 2 (1):5–11.

Schreibers, K.

1793. Muscheln. Volume 2 in Versuch einer vollständigen Conchylienkenntnis nach Linnes System. 447 pages. Wien.

Smith, E. A.

1881. Mollusca. In Report on a Collection Made by Mr. T. Conry in Ascension Island. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 5, 8:430–431.

1885. Report on the Lamellibranchiata. Part 35 in Volume 13 in Zoology in Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. “Challenger.” 341 pages. 25 plates.

1890a. Report on the Marine Molluscan Fauna of the Island of St. Helena. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, April 1, 1890:247–317, plates 21–24.

1890b. On the Marine Mollusca of Ascension Island. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, April 1, 1890:317–322.

1890c. Zoology of Fernando Noronha, Mollusca. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 20:483–503.

1892. Description of a New Species of Spondylus and a New Helix. Journal of Conchology, 7:70–73.

Sowerby, G. B.

1904. Description of Six New Species of Marine Mollusca from the Collection of the Late Admiral Keppel. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 6 (3): 174–177.

1905. Descriptions of Seven New Species of Marine Mollusca from the Collection of the Late Admiral Keppel. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 6 (5): 279–282.

Steams, R. E. C.

1893. Preliminary Report on the Molluscan Species Collected by the U.S. Scientific Expedition to West Africa in 1889–90. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 16:317–339.

Stenzel, H. B.

1971. Oysters. Pages N953–N1224 in Part N:3 in Mollusca 6 in Moore, editor. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Boulder, Colorado: The Geological Society of America.

Stimpson, W.

1851. Shells of New England, vi + 56 pages, 2 plates. Boston.

Taylor, D. W., and N. F. Sohl

1962. An Outline of Gastropod Classification. Malacologia, 1 (1):7–32.

Thorson, Gunnar

1940. Studies on the Egg Masses and Larval Development of Gastropoda from the Iranian Gulf. In Danish Scientific Investigation in Iran, 2:159–238.

1946. Reproduction and Larval Development of Danish Marine Bottom Invertebrates. Meddelelser Fra Kommissionen For Danmarks Fiskeri-og Havundersøsgelser. Plankton series, 4 (1):423.

Tryon, G. W.

1887. Rissoiidae etc. Pages 314–437 in volume 9 of Manual of Conchology. Plates 54–71.

1886. Naticidae. Pages 3–100 in volume 8 of Manual of Conchology. Plates 1–29.

Turner, R. D.

1948. The Family Tonnidae in the Western Atlantic. Johnsonia, 2 (26): 165–192.

Turner, R. D., and J. Rosewater.

1958. The Family Pinnidae in the Western Atlantic. Johnsonia, 3 (38):285–326.

Turner, R. D., and K. J. Boss.

1962. The Genus Lithophaga in the Western Atlantic. Johnsonia, 4 (41):81–116.

Vermeij, G. J.

1970. The Nerita ascensionis Species Complex in the South Atlantic. (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). The Veliger, 13 (2): 135–138.

1972. Endemism and Environment: Some Shore Molluscs of the Tropical Atlantic. The American Naturalist, 106(947):89–101.

Waller, T. R.

1973. The Habits and Habitats of Some Bermudian Marine Mollusks. The Nautilus, 87 (2):31–52.

Warmke, G. L., and R. T. Abbott

1961. Caribbean Seashells. x + 346 pages, 44 plates, maps, text figures. Narberth, Pa.: Livingston Publishing Co.

Watson, R. B.

1873. On Some Marine Mollusca from Madeira, Including a New Genus of the Muricidae, a New Eulima, and the Whole of the Rissoae of the Group of Islands. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 2:361–391, plates 34–36.

1879. Trochidae (continued). In Mollusca of H.M.S. Challenger Expedition. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 14:692–716.

1883a. Mollusca of the H.M.S. Challenger Expedition, Part 17. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 17:112–130.

1883b. Mollusca of H.M.S. Challenger Expedition, Part 19. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 17:326— 340.

1886. Report of the Scaphopoda and Gasteropoda Collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the Years 1873–76. Volume 15 in Zoology in Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–1876. v + 756 pages, 50 plates.

Weinkauff, H. C.

1868. Mollusca cephala. Volume 2 in Conchylien des Mittelmeeres. vi + 512 pages. Cassel: Theodor Fischer.

1879. Die Gattungen Marginella und Erato. Part 4 in Volume 5 in Conchylien-cabinet von Martini und Cheminitz. 166 pages, 26 plates.

Wilson, J. T.

1963. Evidence from Islands on the Spreading of Ocean Floors. Nature, 197 (4867):536–538.

Woodring, Wendell P.

1925. Miocene Mollusks from Bowden, Jamaica: Pelecypods and Scaphopods. Contributions to the Geology and Palaeontology of the West Indies, 366: v + 222 pages, 28 plates.

1973. Geology and Paleontology of Canal Zone and Adjoining Parts of Panama: Description of Tertiary Mollusks (additions to gastropods, scaphopods, pelecypods: Nuculidae to Malleidae). Geological Survey Professional Paper, 306–E:453–539, plates 67–82.

Work, Robert C.

1969. Systematics, Ecology, and Distribution of the Mollusks of Los Roques, Venezuela. Bulletin of Marine Science, 19(3):614–711.

Yonge, C. M.

1953. Observations on Hipponix antiquatus (Linnaeus). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 28(1): 24 pages.

1960. Further Observations on Hipponix antiquatus with Notes on North Pacific Pulmonate Limpets. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 31(5):111–119.

Young, Richard E.

1972. The Systematics and Areal Distribution of Pelagic Cephalopods from the Seas of Southern California. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 97: 159 pages, 38 plates.

____________

* All dates and references are based on the Catalogue of the ... British Museum (Natural History), p. 603, vol. II, 1904: pp. 1780–1781, vol. IV, 1913.

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Two headings are used: (1) text heads (boldface in print) for major sections and chapters and (2) paragraph sideheads (caps and small caps in print) for subdivisions. Further headings may be worked out with the editor.

In taxonomic keys, number only the first item of each couplet; if there is only one couplet, omit the number. For easy reference, number also the taxa and their corresponding headings throughout the text; do not incorporate page references in the key.

In synonymy, use the short form (taxon, author, date:page) with a full reference at the end of the paper under “Literature Cited.” Begin each taxon at the left margin with subsequent lines indented about three spaces. Within an entry, use a period-dash (.—) to separate each reference. Enclose with square brackets any annotation in, or at the end of, the entry. For references within the text, use the author-date system: “(Jones 1910)” and “Jones (1910).” If the reference is expanded, abbreviate the data: “Jones (1910:122, pl. 20: fig. 1).”

Simple tabulations in the text (e.g., columns of data) may carry headings or not, but they should not contain rules. Formal tables must be submitted as pages separate from the text, and each table, no matter how large, should be pasted up as a single sheet of copy.

Use the metric system instead of, or in addition to, the English system.

Illustrations (line drawings, maps, photographs, shaded drawings) can be intermixed throughout the printed text. They will be termed Figures and should be numbered consecutively; however, if a group of figures is treated as a single figure, the components should be indicated by lowercase italic letters on the illustration, in the legend, and in text references: “Figure 9b.” If illustrations (usually tone photographs) are printed separately from the text as full pages on a different stock of paper, they will be termed Plates, and individual components should be lettered (Plate 9b) but may be numbered (Plate 9: figure 2). Never combine the numbering system of text illustrations with that of plate illustrations. Submit all legends on pages separate from the text and not attached to the artwork. An instruction booklet for the preparation of illustrations is available from the Press on request.

In the bibliography (usually called “Literature Cited”), spell out book, journal, and article titles, using initial caps with all words except minor terms such as “and, of, the.”For capitalization of titles in foreign languages, follow the national practice of each language. Underscore (for italics) book and journal titles. Use the colon-parentheses system for volume, number, and page citations: “10(2): 5–9.” Spell out such words as “figures,” “plates,” “pages.”

For free copies of his own paper, a Smithsonian author should indicate his requirements on “Form 36” (submitted to the Press with the manuscript). A non-Smithsonian author will receive 50 free copies; order forms for quantities above this amount with instructions for payment will be supplied when page proof is forwarded.