SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Emphasis upon publication as a means of “diffusing knowledge” was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian, In his formal plan for the institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: “It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge.” This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series:

Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology

Smithsonian Contributions to Botany

Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences

Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences

Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology

Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology

Smithsonian Folklife Studies

Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space

Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology

In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world.

Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the inside back cover.

I Michael Heyman

Secretary

Smithsonian Institution

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 579

Biosystematic Studies of Ceylonese Wasps, XXI: A Revision of the Bethylinae and Epyrinae (Cephalonomiini and Sclerodermini) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)

Karl V. Krombein

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

Washington, D.C.

1996

ABSTRACT

Krombein, Karl V. Biosystematic Studies of Ceylonese Wasps, XXI: A Revision of the Bethylinae and Epyrinae (Cephalonomiini and Sclerodermini) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 579,29 pages, 34 figures, 1 table, 1996.—Keys are presented to the family-, genus-, and species-level taxa. New taxa are: Odontepyris muesebecki, O. ruficrus, O. mandibularis, O. ventralis, Goniozus comatus, G. villosus, G. ecarinatus, G. lucidulus, G. valvolicola, G.fulgidus, G. rutherfordi, Cephalonomia lignicola, Sclerodermus variegatus, S. hirsutus, Discleroderma undulatum, Glenosema splendidum, and G. dispersum. The new taxa are known only from Sri Lanka except O. mandibularis, which also occurs in India. Discleroderma Kieffer and D. tuberculatum (Magretti), from Burma, and Odontepyris Kieffer are redescribed. A table is included of known host species in Sri Lanka of Bethylinae, Cephalonomiini, and Sclerodermini.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus).

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

(Revised for volume 21)

Krombein, Karl V.

Biosystematic studies of Ceylonese wasps.

(Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 579)

Vol. 16, 20: Authors: Karl V. Krombein and Wojciech J. Pulawski.

Vol. 17: Authors: Karl V. Krombein and J. van der Vecht.

In vols.  place of publication appears as: City of Washington.

Includes bibliographical references.

Contents: — 2. Scoliidae (Hymenoptera: Scolioidea) — 21. A revision of the Bethylinae and Epyrinae (Cephalonomiini and Sclerodermini) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)

Supt. of Docs. no. :SI 1.27:374

1. Wasps—Sri Lanka—Classification. I. Pulawski, Wojciech J. II. Vecht, J. van der (Jacobus) III. Title. IV. Series: Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 283, etc.

QL1.S54 no. 283, etc. 591 s 82–600154 [QL567.5.S72] 595.79′8

art The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48—1984.

Biosystematic Studies of Ceylonese Wasps, XXI: A Revision of the Bethylinae and Epyrinae (Cephalonomiini and Sclerodermini) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)

Karl V. Krombein

____________________

Karl V. Krombein, Senior Scientist Emeritus, Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.

Review Chairman: John M. Burns, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.
Reviewers: Byron A. Alexander, Snow Entomological Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045; Howard E. Evans, Department of Entomology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523; Michael A. Prentice, Department of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720.

Introduction

The Bethylidae are primitive, relatively small (usually 1–10 mm long) wasps that primarily parasitize lepidopterous or coleopterous larvae. The majority of species deposit several eggs on a host, but in a few genera, e.g., Pristocera Klug, Epyris Westwood, and Holepyris Kieffer, only one egg is laid per host. The known host records, presented in the section “Natural History” and in Table 1, suggest that some Ceylonese bethylid species may be important in biological control of pests of important agricultural crops, such as rice, tea, and coconut.

The majority of species are small, relatively inconspicuous insects that attracted little attention from collectors during the nineteenth century. Consequently, relatively few species were described from Sri Lanka prior to recent years. Motschulsky (1863) was the earliest contributor, describing a new genus and four new species. During the next 100 years, other authors described only 10 additional species.

Nevertheless, the bethylids constitute one of the largest wasp families in Sri Lanka, and a wealth of specimens was collected after 1950 by F. Keiser, Basel Museum, Switzerland; P. Brinck and his colleagues, Lund University, Sweden; and personnel who participated in the Smithsonian Institution's “Ceylon Insect Project.” Moczar (1984) included 28 species of Ceylonese Mesitiinae in his review of the Oriental fauna. I recognize about 125 species in the other three subfamilies, the Bethylinae (14), Pristocerinae (∼43), and Epyrinae (∼68). Only one of the new species described herein is known to occur outside of Sri Lanka; however, most of the new taxa are probably more widely distributed, particularly in southern India—an area in which thorough collecting of Bethylidae has not been accomplished.

As planned originally, this revision was to have included all of the Sri Lankan species of Bethylidae as represented in the extensive material from the Smithsonian Institution's Ceylon Insect Project and from other institutions listed in the “Acknowledgments” section. The problem that precluded treatment of the family as a whole was uncertainty as to the identity of some 50 taxa from India described as Bethyloidea in a series of papers by Kurian (1952, 1954b, 1955) and an inability to locate and study his types. (See following section, “Taxa of Bethylidae Described by C. Kurian.”) Accordingly, the decision was made to publish the revision in two parts, the first part including the subfamily Bethylinae and the tribes Cephalonomiini and Sclerodermini of the subfamily Epyrinae. The tribe Epyrini and subfamily Pristocerinae will be treated subsequently. The 28 Ceylonese species of the remaining bethylid subfamily, the Mesitiinae, were described by Moczar in a series of papers and are keyed in his extensive contribution on the Oriental fauna (1984).

The preceding number in this series was “XX: A Revision of Tachysphex Kohl, 1883, with Notes on Other Oriental Species (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae: Larrinae),” Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 552:1–106, 257 figures, by Karl V. Krombein and Wojciech J. Pulawski.

TAXA OF BETHYLIDAE DESCRIBED BY C. KURIAN.—Kurian described 43 taxa as Bethylidae; however, his new genus and species, Neoclystopsenella luffae, was recognized as a male ant, a species of Tapinoma (Brown, 1987). Another new genus and species, Lustrina assamensis, was recognized as belonging to the Cleptinae by Nagy (1968), and the genus subsequently was synonymized with Cleptes Latreille by Kimsey and Bohart (1991). Other species cannot be recognized with certainty from the descriptions. Another specialist on Bethylidae, Q. Argaman, who has worked extensively on the Old World fauna, believes that some of Kurian's species are placed incorrectly at the generic level (pers. comm.). Neither Argaman nor I can interpret Neodisepyris Kurian, and we believe that he included in it species belonging to several genera.

Another factor that causes difficulty with Kurian's descriptions is that they antedated Evans's (1964) pioneering work on bethylid taxonomy. Kurian did not include measurements and ratios (see following section on “Technical Terms and Abbreviations”) that we find most useful in characterizing taxa.

Kurian (1952, 1954b, 1955) mentioned the depositories from which material had been borrowed. V.K. Gupta (in litt., 1984) advised me that, while at Agra in 1955–1956, he had sent two boxes of specimens including types to the Forest Research Institute (FRI), Dehra Dun, India, and that “nearly all loan material was returned to the institutions that loaned the material.” I addressed letters to entomologists at the institutions concerned requesting information on the Kurian types supposedly in their collections. The only response I had was from P. Singh, FRI, who wrote that there were three Kurian types in that collection; based on data from Kurian's papers, I estimate that there should be nearly 30 Kurian types deposited at FRI.

During a trip for field work in Sri Lanka in 1993, I had an opportunity to visit the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi, India. There were no Kurian types in their well-curated collection; there should have been at least two (Kurian, 1952). I had planned visits to FRI and Agra University during this trip, but my plans had to be cancelled due to an accident sustained in Calcutta.

TECHNICAL TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS.—For the most part I have adopted the abbreviations used by Evans (1964, 1978) as follows:

LH

head length from apex of clypeus to posterior margin of vertex

WH

head width including eyes

WF

width of front (least interocular distance)

HE

maximum height of eye measured laterally

EV

distance from top of eye to posterior margin of vertex measured from side

OOL

ocellocular line, shortest distance between lateral margin of posterior ocellus and margin of eye

WOT

width of ocellar triangle including posterior ocelli

FL

length of forefemur

FW

maximum width of forefemur

I follow Evans (1964, 1978) in using the term abdomen to mean the gaster or metasoma.

COLLECTORS.—The names in the locality data accompanying the species descriptions are abbreviated as follows (some labels bear only initials):

AD

?

AR

A. Rutherford

BAC

Brinck-Andersson-Cederholm

CBRK

C.B.R. King

CKS

?

DRD

D.R. Davis

DWB

D.W. Balasooriya

ERG

?

GAB

G.A. Brett

GE

G. Ekis

GFH

G.F. Hevel

GHKT

G.H.K. Thwaites

JCH

J.C. Hutson

JSN

J.S. Noyes

KVK

K.V. Krombein

LDG

L.D. Galahiha

LJ

L. Jayawickrama

LW

L. Weeratunge

MBL

Mussard-Besuchet-Löbl

MJ

M. Jayaweera

MSK

?

NK

N. Karunaratne

PBK

P.B. Karunaratne

PF

P. Fernando

PKL

P.K. Lal

QW

Q. Winney

RED

R.E. Dietz

SK

S. Karunaratne

SLW

S.L. Wood

SR

S. Ramachandra Rao ?

SS

S. Siriwardane

SSL

S.S. Light

TG

T. Gunawardane

TW

T. Wijesinhe

VG

V. Gunawardane

VK

V. Kulasekera

WHR

W.H. Rowe

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—I am particularly grateful to W. Thelma T.P. Gunawardane, formerly Director, Department of National Museums, Colombo, Sri Lanka, for planning itineraries and arranging accomodations for the field parties of the Ceylon Insect Project. P.B. Karunaratne, former Curator of Entomology at the Colombo Museum, accompanied many teams in the field and was especially helpful in guiding us to the varied ecological habitats.

I thank the following individuals and institutions for the loan of specimens, including types, that augmented the rich Bethylidae holdings of the National Museum of Natural History (collections of the former United States National Museum (USNM)), Smithsonian Institution: Alexander V. Antropov, Moscow State University, Russia (MOSCOW); Claude Besuchet, Natural History Museum, Geneva, Switzerland (GENEVA); Per Brinck, Department of Ecology, University of Lund, Sweden (LUND); Michael C. Day, Natural History Museum, London, Great Britain (BMNH); Christopher O'Toole, University Museum, Oxford, Great Britain (OXFORD); Roberto Poggi, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genoa, Italy (GENOA); and Andrew Polaszek, International Institute of Entomology, London, Great Britain (BMNH).

Within the Smithsonian Institution, I am indebted to the following people: Beth B. Norden, Department of Entomology (ENT), for skillful preparation of specimens for study with the scanning electron microscope (SEM); Susann Braden, SEM Laboratory, for making the SEM micrographs; George L. Venable, ENT, for preparation of line drawings and the mounting of SEM micrographs; and the late Ray Fosberg, and Ellen Farr, Department of Botany, for information on plant names.

Ronald W. Hodges, M. Alma Solis, and Natalia J. Vandenberg, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), kindly checked the combinations of host names in Lepidoptera and Coleoptera.

Anura Wijesekara, Central Agricultural Research Institute, Gannoruwa, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, was helpful in furnishing additional information on some of the Goniozus reared at the Institute that were sent to London (BMNH) for identification.

I am very grateful to Byron A. Alexander, Howard E. Evans, and Michael A. Prentice for their thorough and helpful reviews of an earlier draft of the manuscript.

Natural History

Our knowledge in this area is very meagre except for detailed information on Goniozus nephantidis (Muesebeck) and G. montanus Kieffer, which are effective parasitoids of pests of important agricultural crops. Host records in Sri Lanka of Bethylinae, Cephalonomiini, and Sclerodermini are listed in Table 1.

Goniozus nephantidis (Muesebeck)

Goniozus nephantidis is apparently host-specific on Nephantis serinopa Meyrick (Xyloryctidae), the black-headed or coconut caterpillar. However, one paratype from Thurmapuri, India, bears the label: “par. on cotton bolls.” If labeled correctly, this suggests that G. nephantidis has a broader host range and parasitizes one or more pests of cotton.

The biology of G. nephantidis in India was discussed in detail by Ramachandra Rao and Cherian (1928) and in Sri Lanka by Jayaratnam (1941a, 1941b) and Dharmaraju (1963); their observations are condensed below. Gordh (1990) lists many additional references to the biology of G. nephantidis in India.

The moth deposits its eggs in batches on the undersides of coconut leaflets, frequently in rows in the grooves of the midribs. After hatching, the caterpillars settle in the groove of the midrib and soon construct protective galleries from pieces of leaf and of feces. The wasp searches for a larva in the third or fourth instar and stings it, paralyzing it permanently. The wasp usually feeds on the fluid contents of the caterpillar before oviposition and occasionally just feeds on the caterpillar without laying eggs on it. She deposits from 1 to 15 eggs on 1 or more of the third through the last abdominal segments of the larva. As many as 74 eggs were laid by 1 female on 12 caterpillars over a period of 13 days, but the average number of eggs was 19 for 18 wasps maintained under laboratory conditions. A reared lot in BMNH and USNM, bearing Commonwealth Institute of Entomology number 8823, consists of 13art and 7art.

TABLE 1.—Host records for Ceylonese Bethylinae, Cephalonomiini, and Sclerodermini.

Parasitoid
Host

Odontepyris mandibularis, n. sp.

Noctuidae: Mythimna sp. (in India)

Goniozus montanus Kieffer

Tortricidae: Homona coffearia (Nietner), tea tortrix, a leaf roller

Gracillariidae: Caloptilia theivora (Walsingham), tea leaf roller

Crambidae: Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée, rice leaf roller; Omiodes indicata (Fabricius); Syllepte derogata (Fabricius), cotton leaf roller; Tabidia aculealis Walker, leaf folder on sweet potato

Goniozus nephantidis (Muesebeck)

Xyloryctidae: Nephantis serinopa Meyrick, black-headed or coconut caterpillar

Goniozus valvolicola, n. sp.

caterpillars in pods of Tephrosia candida

Cephalonomia lignicola, n. sp.

Scolytidae: Phloesinus concinnulus (Walker)?

Prorops nasuta Waterston

Scolytidae: Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), coffee-berry borer

Sclerodermus vigilans Westwood

Bostrichidae(?): specimen labeled “inwood with Heterobostrychus aequalis [Waterston], etc.”

The eggs, 0.50–0.75 mm long, hatch 24–40 hours after oviposition. The larvae feed for 2art–3art days and attain a length of 3.0–4.5 mm before spinning their cocoons in a mass within the galleries of the host caterpillars. The cocoons, 4.0–6.0 mm long and 1.5–2.0 mm in diameter, range in color from white to buff brown. The pupal stage lasts about 5 days, but the newly emerged adult remains in the cocoon until the integument hardens. Mating occurs about 24 hours after adults emerge from the cocoons. The life cycle from oviposition to adult emergence from the cocoon ranges from 11art to 15 days.

Natural enemies of G. nephantidis larvae in India are an unidentified proctotrupoid wasp, two chalcid wasps (a species of Pleurotropis and a species of Eurytoma?), the mite Pyemotes ventricosus (Newport) (recorded as Pediculoides), and an unidentified fungus. The only enemy reported in Sri Lanka is the calliceratid wasp, Calliceras species.

Dharmaraju (1963:15) noted that parasitism of N. serinopa larvae in the field in Sri Lanka ranged from 0.75% to 19.25%.

Goniozus montanus Kieffer

Ranaweera (1950) reared G. montanus on the tea tortrix, Homona coffearia (Nietner), in Sri Lanka, and he provided detailed notes on the life history. The female G. montanus easily cut through the silk webbing of the leaf roll enclosing the caterpillar, usually a half-grown larva, paralyzed it, and then malaxated the caterpillar's body. She then deposited up to 8 eggs individually on the posterior segments, transversely in the intersegmental grooves. One female deposited 62 eggs during her lifetime of as many days. This same female used 16 caterpillars for oviposition and fed on 7 more. The caterpillars recovered from the paralysis 1 hour or more after being stung, sometimes fed lightly for several days, but did not molt.

The eggs, 0.29–0.36 mm long and 0.07–0.10 mm in diameter, hatched 3–5 days after being laid. The larvae fed for 4–5 days, attaining a length of 2.8–3.1 mm. Each larva spun an opaque, ovoid, light brown cocoon, 4.1–5.4 mm long and 1.8–2.3 mm in diameter. Pupation occurred 1 day after the cocoon was spun, and adults eclosed 10–13 days later but remained in the cocoon 1–2 days before chewing a hole through it to emerge.

Males were maintained in the laboratory 1–28 days (average, 17.3) and females 11–65 days (average, 33.4). Mating occurred immediately after emergence from the cocoon or 5–17 days later. Unmated females deposited eggs that developed into males only. Both sexes developed from eggs laid by mated females.

Key to the Subfamilies and Tribes of Ceylonese Bethylidae

Subfamily BETHYLINAE

Polaszek and Krombein (1994) reviewed the genera of Bethylinae, and they presented a phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily. They recognized seven genera, only two of which occur in Sri Lanka, Odontepyris Kieffer, 1904, and Goniozus Förster, 1856.

Key to the Genera and Species of Ceylonese Bethylinae

Odontepyris Kieffer, 1904

FIGURES 1–15

Polaszek and Krombein (1994) synonymized Trissomalus Kieffer, 1905, with Odontepyris, and they presented a brief diagnosis of the genus.

DIAGNOSIS.—Small- to medium-size wasps, 3.1–6.5 mm long, predominantly black, fully winged. Mandible quadridentate, lowest tooth longer than others; clypeus with beak-like lobe and well-developed central carina extending a short distance onto front and continuing upward as a narrow, median streak; malar space usually with groove; eyes moderately protuberant, bare or with very short setae; antennae 13- segmented; posterior margin of pronotum slightly arcuate; scutellum anteriorly with pair of lateral pits connected by shallow or deep groove, the latter sometimes divided into 2 foveae by median carina; mesopleuron sometimes with acute or blunt tooth behind median fovea, this area occasionally only slightly swollen; propodeal dorsum with median carina usually complete from base to transverse posterior carina, occasionally with pair of incomplete sublateral carinae, lateral carina strong; forewing with prostigma weakly or well developed, radial vein evenly curved, basal vein with adjacent areolet or short stub only; tarsal claw bifid in both sexes, inner tooth shorter, stouter, and blunt at apex; male subgenital plate (Figure 1b) subtruncate apically, slightly emarginate on either side of small median notch; male genitalia (Figure 1a): parameres with dorsal and ventral lobes.

HOSTS.—All records are of lepidopterous larvae. Kurian (1954b:439) reported O. argyriae Kurian as being parasitic on the sugar-cane borer, Argyria sticticraspis Hampson (Pyralidae) in Dharwar, India. Later (1955:121) he stated that O. hypsipylae (Kurian) (as Goniozus) was a parasite of Hypsipyla robusta (Moore) (Pyralidae) in “sack-bands [on] Cedrela toona” at Dehra Dun, India, that O. cirphi Kurian (1955:133) parasitized Leucania (recorded as Cirphis) (Noctuidae) larvae at Pusa, India, and that O. indicus (Kurian) (1954b:429; as Trissomalus) was reared from a sugar-cane borer (Argyria sticticraspis?). The holotype of O. quadrifoveatus (Muesebeck) was reared from a cocoon, presumably that of a lepidopteran on betel leaf in Bellary District, Mysore, India (Muesebeck, 1934; as Parasierola). Odontepyris mandibularis, n. sp., is labeled as having been reared from Mythimna sp. (Noctuidae) in India (specimen at BMNH). The female of an undescribed species from Rajahmundry, India, is labeled as having been reared from a larva of Heliothis armigera (Hübner) (Noctuidae) on tobacco (specimen at USNM).

1. Odontepyris muesebecki, new species

FIGURES 1, 2

ETYMOLOGY.—Named for Carl F.W. Muesebeck in recognition of his several contributions toward our knowledge of Indian Bethylidae.

FEMALE.—Length 3.1–4.0 mm, forewing 2.1–2.6 mm. Body black with antennae beneath, tibiae, and tarsi light red, mandible and tegulae darker red, remainder of appendages varying shades of brown. Wings clear except apical half of forewing slightly infumated, stigma black, prostigma and veins testaceous.

Mandible slender, clypeus with median carina weaker than in O. quadrifoveatus (Muesebeck) (see below), not extending onto front; eyes strongly protuberant, sides of head behind eyes converging abruptly toward slightly concave margin of vertex crest; WH 1.06–1.07 × LH; WF 1.20–1.33 × HE; EV 0.29–0.31 × HE; malar groove present; antennal scrobe ecarinate; front delicately alutaceous, punctures smaller than in O. quadrifoveatus, mostly separated by 2–3 × diameter of 1 puncture; ocelli in acute triangle, OOL 1.05–1.11 × WOT; first 4 antennal segments in a ratio of about 12:6:5:5, third segment length 1.60 × width.

Dorsum of thorax more delicately alutaceous than head, rather shiny, punctures quite small and sparse; scutellum with 4 foveae anteriorly, lateral pair pit-like, median pair shallower, wider, and separated on midline by carina; mesopleuron only slightly swollen behind median fovea; propodeal dorsum with median carina and pair of weaker, incurving sublateral carinae that extend about halfway to apical carina, median area at base smooth or with delicate oblique wrinkles; forefemur length 2.45–2.55 × width; forewing (Figure 2) with prostigma weakly developed, areolet ellipsoidal, at least twice as wide as veins enclosing it.

FIGURES 1–4.—Odontepyris species: 1, male O. muesebecki. new species: a, genitalia, ventral aspect at left, dorsal at right; b, subgenital plate. 2–4, female forewings: 2, O. muesebecki. new species (a = areolet); 3, O. quadrifoveatus (Muesebeck) (a = areolet); 4, O. ventralis, new species.

Second and sixth abdominal sterna with only scattered fine punctures.

MALE.—Length 3.1–3.7 mm, forewing 2.2–2.3 mm. Color and sculpture much as in female, but mandible and entire antennae light red, femora and tibiae lighter brown.

Head having WH 1.03–1.11 × LH; WF 1.26–1.31 × HE; EV 0.29–0.31 × HE; OOL 1.06–1.09 × WOT; first 4 antennal segments in a ratio of about 8:4:3:3, third segment length 1.57 × width.

Genitalia and subgenital plate as in Figure 1a,b.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—Holotype: art, Sri Lanka, UVA PROVINCE, Monaragala District: Angunakolapelessa, 100 m, 24–26 Sep 1977, KVK, PBK (USNM).

Paratypes (all USNM): Sri Lanka, EASTERN PROVINCE, Amparai District: 1art, Ekgal Aru Reservoir Jungle, 11–12 Jun 1976, in Malaise trap, KVK, PBK, SK. CENTRAL PROVINCE. Matale District: 2art, 2art, Kibissa, 0.5 mi (0.8 km) W of Sigiriya, 28 Jun-4 Jul 1979, jungle (2art in Malaise trap), KVK. PBK, TW, VK. UVA PROVINCE, Monaragala District: 1art, Mau Aru, 100 m, 10 mi (16 km) E of Uda Walawe, 24–26 Sep 1977, KVK, PBK, TW, MJ. 4 art, holotype locality, as follows: 1art, 30 Sep-1 Oct 1977, KVK, PBK; 1art, 17–19 Jun 1978, KVK, TW, LJ, VK; 2art, 27–28 Mar 1981, KVK, TW, LW.

A pair of paratypes will be deposited in the National Museum, Colombo, and a female paratype will be deposited in the Natural History Museum, London (BMNH).

2. Odontepyris quadrifoveatus (Muesebeck, 1934)

FIGURES 3, 5–7

Parasierola quadrifoveata Muesebeck, 1934:227–229, fig. 2 [art Rampuram, Bellary District. Mysore, India; holotype in USNM].—Kurian, 1954a:287 [listed]; 1955:119–121 [redescribed].

Goniozus quadrifoveatus.—Gordh, 1988:363 [transferred]; 1990:28 [listed].

Odontepyris quadrifoveatus.—Polaszek and Krombein, 1994:98 [transferred].

FEMALE.—Length 4.6–5.0 mm, forewing 3.2–3.4 mm. Body black with mandible, antennae, tegulae, and legs light red. Wings clear, stigma and prostigma black, veins testaceous.

Mandible slender (Figure 6); clypeus with sharp median carina extending onto front about one-third toward anterior ocellus; eyes strongly protuberant, sides of head behind eyes converging slightly then rounding to straight vertex (Figure 5); WH 1.02–1.04 × LH; WF 1.33–1.41 × HE; EV 0.55–0.57 × HE; malar groove present; antennal scrobe weakly carinate; front strongly alutaceous, with shallow punctures separated by about twice their diameter; ocelli in acute triangle, OOL 1.40–1.50 × WOT; first 4 antennal segments in ratio of about 11:6:5:5, third segment length 1.45 × width.

FIGURES 5–7.—Odontepyris quadrifoveatus (Muesebeck), female (uncoated): 5, head; 6, left mandible (scale bar = 200μm); 7, thorax, dorsal.

Dorsum of thorax more delicately alutaceous than head, punctures smaller and more separated (Figure 7); scutellum with 4 foveae anteriorly, lateral pair pit-like, median pair shallower, wider, and separated on midline by carina; mesopleuron strongly protuberant behind fovea; propodeal dorsum with strong median and lateral carinae and pair of weaker sublateral carinae halfway between median and lateral carinae, sublateral carinae converging somewhat toward apex, basal area between median and sublateral carinae with oblique rugulae; forefemur length 2.30–2.36 × width; forewing (Figure 3) with prostigma moderately developed, areolet small, narrow, subtriangular, no wider than veins enclosing it.

Second and sixth abdominal sterna with only scattered fine punctures.

MALE.—Unknown.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED (USNM except as noted).—Sri Lanka, NORTHERN PROVINCE, Mannar District: 1art, 0.5 mi (0.8 km) NE Kokmotte Bungalow, Wilpattu National Park, 15–16 Feb 1979, in Malaise trap, KVK, TW, SS, TG. EASTERN PROVINCE, Amparai District: 1art, Ekgal Aru Sanctuary Jungle, 9–11 Mar 1979, in Malaise trap, KVK, TW, SS, LJ.

India, MADRAS (= TAMIL NADU): 1art, Bellary, 28 Aug 1928, reared from cocoon on betel leaf (holotype). 1art, 3 km E Manjaler Dam, 15–18 Oct 1979, JSN (BMNH). UTTAR PRADESH: 1art, U[ttar] P[radesh], Oct 1973, ex larva Syllepte (BMNH). 1art, U[ttar] P[radesh], 24 Oct 1970, [ex] cotton bollworm [= Helianthus zeae (Boddie)] (BMNH).

REMARKS.—Odontepyris hypsipylae (Kurian) has a similarly shaped areolet (Kurian, 1955:119, fig. 194) but may be a different species.

3. Odontepyris ruficrus, new species

ETYMOLOGY.—From the Latin rufus, red, and crus, leg.

FEMALE.—Length 3.9–4.7 mm, forewing 2.9–3.2 mm. Body black with mandible, antennae and legs, except coxae, light red. Wings slightly infumated, stigma and prostigma dark brown, veins testaceous.

Mandible slender; clypeus with weak median carina extending onto front about one-fourth toward anterior ocellus; eyes moderately protuberant, sides of head converging toward slightly emarginate vertex crest; WH 0.98–1.00 × LH; WF 1.09–1.13 × HE; EV 0.33–0.38 × HE; malar groove present; antennal scrobe not carinate; front delicately alutaceous, with shallow punctures separated by 2–3 × their diameter; ocelli in acute triangle, OOL 1.53 × WOT; first 4 antennal segments in ratio of about 10:4:4:4, third segment length 1.67 × width.

Dorsum of thorax delicately alutaceous, punctures smaller than on head and quite separated; scutellum anteriorly with pair of lateral pits connected by shallow groove; mesopleuron moderately convex behind median fovea; propodeal dorsum with weak median carina, sublateral carinae absent, basal median area delicately alutaceous; forefemur length 2.07–2.16 × width; forewing with well-defined prostigma, areolet moderately large, subtriangular.

Second and sixth abdominal sterna moderately convex, with scattered fine punctures.

MALE.—Unknown.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—Holotype: art, Sri Lanka, CENTRAL PROVINCE, Kandy District: Bambaragala Rock, Teldeniya, 10 May 1975, PBK, SK (USNM).

Paratypes: Sri Lanka, NORTH CENTRAL PROVINCE, Anuradhapura District: 1art, Hunuwilagama, 22–26 May 1976, KVK, PBK, SK, DWB (USNM). UVA PROVINCE, Badulla District: 1art, Koslanda, 26 Aug 1963, on bush, QW, Univ. Lond. Ceylon Expdn. (BMNH).

The paratype from Hunuwilagama will be deposited in the National Museum, Colombo.

4. Odontepyris mandibularis, new species

FIGURES 8–11

ETYMOLOGY.—From the Latin mandibula, jaw, in allusion to the stout mandible.

FEMALE.—Length 6.0 mm, forewing 3.4 mm. Body black with legs light red, mandible, basal antennal segments, and tegulae darker red. Wings slightly infumated, stigma black, prostigma and veins testaceous.

Head as in Figure 8; mandible stout (Figure 9); clypeus with strong median carina extending onto front as weaker carina one-third toward anterior ocellus; eyes strongly protuberant, sides of head converging gradually behind eyes to emarginate vertex crest; WH 1.10 × LH; WF 1.38 × HE; EV 0.58 × HE; malar groove present; antennal scrobe strongly carinate; front strongly alutaceous, with shallow punctures mostly separated by 1.0–1.5 × their diameter, ocelli in acute triangle, OOL 1.36 × WOT; first 4 antennal segments in ratio of about 14:6:6:6, third segment length 1.65 × width.

Pronotal dorsum and scutum delicately alutaceous, punctures smaller and more separated than on head; scutellum glossy, with sparse fine punctures, anteriorly with pair of lateral pits connected by shallow groove; mesopleuron prominently protuberant behind fovea; dorsal propodeal surface with median carina on posterior two-thirds only, median basal area delicately alutaceous, sublateral carinae weak, converging posteriorly; forefemur length 3.09 × width; forewing with poorly developed prostigma, basal vein with short stub.

Second abdominal sternum broadly concave medially, margin of concavity with scattered, tiny piliferous tubercles (Figure 10); sixth abdominal sternum flat except narrow apex with short oblique ridge on each side (Figure 11).

MALE.—Length 3.2 mm, forewing 2.1 mm. Body black, antennae beneath and legs light red, scape, first 4 flagellar segments above, and tegulae darker red. Wings slightly infumated, stigma brown, veins testaceous.

Head having WH = LH; WF 1.47–1.53 × HE; EV 0.41–0.44 × HE; OOL 1.38 × WOT; first 4 antennal segments in ratio of about 15:7:8:8, third segment length 1.6 × width.

Forefemur length 2.75 × width.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—Holotype: art, Sri Lanka, NORTH CENTRAL PROVINCE, Anuradhapura District: Padaviya, Antiquities site, 20–23 Jul 1978, KVK, TW, LJ, VK (USNM).

Paratypes: India, UTTAR PRADESH: 2art, 2art, U[ttar] P[radesh], Faizabad, Ri2vi (= 2 Jun?), ex larva Mythimna (BMNH) (1 female lacks head). One pair, including headless female, has been retained for USNM.

5. Odontepyris ventralis, new species

FIGURES 4, 12–15

ETYMOLOGY.—From the Latin ventralis, of the belly, in allusion to the unusual punctation of the second and sixth abdominal sterna.

FEMALE.—Length 4.4–5.2 mm, forewing 3.0–3.1 mm. Body black with legs light red, mandible, basal antennal segments, and tegulae darker red. Wings slightly infumated, stigma black, prostigma and veins testaceous.

Head as in Figure 12; mandible moderately stout, not as heavy as in O. mandibularis; clypeus with strong median carina extending onto front as weaker carina one-fourth toward anterior ocellus; eyes strongly protuberant, sides of head behind eyes converging gradually to emarginate vertex crest; WH 1.18–1.27 × LH; WF 1.25–1.32 × HE; EV 0.40 × HE; malar groove present; antennal scrobe moderately carinate; front moderately alutaceous, with shallow punctures separated by less than diameter of puncture; ocelli in acute triangle, OOL 1.30–1.33 × WOT; first 4 antennal segments in ratio of about 15:6:6:6, third segment length 1.42 × width.

Dorsum of thorax as in Figure 13; pronotal dorsum and scutum delicately alutaceous, with smaller, more separated punctures than head; scutellum glossy and with scattered fine punctures, anteriorly with pair of lateral pits connected by groove; mesopleuron with blunt tooth behind median fovea; dorsal propodeal surface with complete median carina and with sublateral carinae converging posteriorly, area between them irregularly, transversely rugulose; forefemur length 2.58–2.63 × width; forewing (Figure 4) with poorly developed prostigma, basal vein with short stub.

Second abdominal sternum with large close punctures on a broad median area (Figure 14); sixth sternum with dense small punctures (Figure 15).

MALE.—Unknown.

VARIATION.—I exclude from the type series a female from Sri Lanka, Eastern Province, Amparai District, Ekgal Aru Sanctuary Jungle, 11–12 Jun 1976, in Malaise trap, KVK, PBK, SK (USNM). The standard measurements agree well with those of the type series except that OOL is 1.62 × WOT and the forefemur length is 2.78 × the width; the femora and tibiae are varying shades of brown rather than light red.

FIGURES 8–11.—Odontepyris mandibularis, new species, holotype female (uncoated): 8, head; 9, left mandible; 10, abdominal sterna 2–4; 11, abdominal sternum 6.

FIGURES 12–15.—Odontepyris ventralis, new species, paratype female (uncoated): 12, head; 13, thorax, dorsal; 14. abdominal sterna 2–5, base of 6; 15. abdominal sternum 6.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—Holotype: art, Sri Lanka, NORTHERN PROVINCE. Mannar District: 0.5 mi (0.8 km) NE Kokmotte [misspelled Cockmuttai on label] Bungalow, 20 m, Wilpattu National Park, 6–7 Oct 1977, KVK, PBK, PF, TW, MJ (USNM).

Paratypes (all USNM): Sri Lanka, CENTRAL PROVINCE, Matale District: 3art, Kibissa, 0.5 mi (0.8 km) W Sigiriya, jungle, 28 Jun-4 Jul 1978, in Malaise trap, KVK, PBK, TW, VK, UVA PROVINCE, Monaragala District: 1art, Angunakolapelessa, 100 m, 21–23 Jan 1979, in Malaise trap, KVK, PBK, TW, SS, TG; 2art, Angunakolapelessa, 27–28 Mar 1981, in Malaise trap, KVK, TW, LW.

One paratype will be deposited in the National Museum, Colombo, and one in the Natural History Museum, London (BMNH).

REMARKS.—This widely distributed species also should occur in India.

6. Goniozus comatus, new species

ETYMOLOGY.—From the Latin comatus, long-haired, in allusion to the rather long ocular setae and longer bristles on the vertex.

FEMALE (holotype).—Length 2.9 mm, forewing 1.9 mm. Body integument dark brown, apical abdominal segment lighter, mandible and antennae pale yellow, tarsi pale yellow, other leg segments testaceous. Wings slightly infumated. Vestiture pale, unusually long on front and thoracic dorsum; ocular setae 3 times as long as diameter of 1 facet, visible at ×8 magnification; posterior margin of head with 2 pairs of very long, curving, inclinate bristles, bristles about 1.3 times length of scape.

Mandible moderately stout, with 4 small teeth; clypeal carina strong, arcuate in profile, extending onto front a distance equal to its length on clypeus; front moderately alutaceous, with small punctures separated by 1.0–1.5 × their diameter; antennal scrobes ecarinate; WH 0.90 × LH; WF 1.07 × HE; EV 0.43 × HE; ocelli in low triangle, posterior pair at vertex crest, OOL 0.88 × WOT; first 4 antennal segments in ratio of about 11:4:5:5, third segment length 1.25 × width.

Dorsum of thorax moderately alutaceous, with small, scattered punctures about as dense as on front; dorsum of propodeum not carinate posteriorly; forefemur length 1.76 × width; forewing with closed areolet, prostigma well developed.

MALE.—Unknown.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—Holotype: art, Sri Lanka, CENTRAL PROVINCE, Kandy District: Peradeniya, 8 Jun 1915, number 55 (BMNH).

7. Goniozus villosus, new species

ETYMOLOGY.—From the Latin villosus, hairy, in allusion to the relatively long and abundant ocular setae.

FEMALE (holotype).—Length about 2.4 mm (abdomen curled), forewing 1.8 mm. Body black with mandible, antennae, tegulae, and legs testaceous. Wings clear, subcosta, prostigma, and stigma medium brown, other veins testaceous. Vestiture pale, sparse, rather long on front and thoracic dorsum; ocular setae just visible at ×8 magnification, about twice as long as diameter of 1 facet; inclinate bristles on posterior margin of head a little shorter than in G. comatus.

Mandible rather slender, with 4 tiny teeth; clypeal carina strong, arcuate in profile, extending onto front a distance equal to its length on clypeus; front strongly alutaceous, with small, shallow punctures separated from each other by twice or more their diameter; antennal scrobes delicately carinate; WH 0.95 × LH; WF 0.91 × HE; EV 0.18 × HE; ocelli in quite low triangle, posterior pair almost touching posterior margin of head, OOL 0.86 × WOT; first 4 antennal segments in ratio of about 12:6:5:5, third segment length about 1.4 × width.

Thoracic dorsum moderately alutaceous, punctures about as dense as on front; dorsum of propodeum with carina posteriorly; forefemur length 1.96 × width; forewing with closed areolet, prostigma only weakly developed.

MALE.—Unknown.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—Holotype: art, Sri Lanka, WESTERN PROVINCE, Kalutara District: Morapitiya, near Agalawatta, 13–14 Oct 1976, GFH, RED, SK, DWB (USNM).

8. Goniozus ecarinatus, new species

ETYMOLOGY.—From the Latin ex-, without, and carina, ridge, in allusion to the lack of a posterior carina on the dorsal surface of the propodeum.

FEMALE (holotype).—Length 2.6 mm, forewing 1.8 mm. Body black with antennae and tegulae testaceous, tarsi testaceous, other leg segments light brown, mandible dark red. Wings clear, stigma and prostigma brown, veins testaceous. Ocular setae visible at ×32 magnification, about as long as diameter of 1 facet.

Mandible quadridentate; clypeal carina moderately strong, median, arcuate in profile, and extending short distance onto front as polished streak; front rather dull, more strongly alutaceous than in G. comatus, punctures small and indistinct against surface sculpture, separated from each other by 1.0–1.5 × their diameter; antennal scrobe delicately carinate; WH 1.07 × LH; WF 1.35 × HE; EV 0.27 × HE; ocelli in low triangle, posterior pair at vertex crest, OOL 1.07 × WOT; first 4 antennal segments in ratio of about 16:5:6:5, third segment length 1.11 × width.

Dorsum of thorax rather dull, moderately alutaceous, with scattered, sparse punctures not prominent because of surface sculpture; dorsum of propodeum not carinate posteriorly, strongly alutaceous except polished median triangle; forefemur length 1.89 × width; forewing with closed areolet.

MALE.—Unknown.

VARIATION.—The paratype is 2.8 mm long, forewing 2.1 mm; antennae, tegulae, foretibiae and -tarsi, mid- and hindlegs. pale yellow; mandible and clypeus testaceous; lower front and pronotal dorsum reddish tinged; abdomen brown, apical segment lighter, WH 1.13 × LH; WF 1.14 × HE; EV 0.31 × HE; OOL 0.86 × WOT; forefemur length 1.90 × width. Specimen possibly is teneral.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—Holotype: art, Sri Lanka, CENTRAL PROVINCE, Matale District: Kibissa, 0.5 mi (0.8 km) W Sigiriya, 28 Jun–4 Jul 1978, in Malaise trap in jungle, KVK, PBK, TW, VK (USNM).

Paratype: 1art, Ceylon, GHKT (OXFORD).

9. Goniozus lucidulus, new species

ETYMOLOGY.—From the Latin lucidulus, somewhat shining, in allusion to the somewhat shiny head and thoracic dorsum.

FEMALE (holotype).—Length 2.8 mm, forewing 2.0 mm. Head and thorax medium brown, abdomen lighter, mandible, antennae, and tegulae pale yellow, tarsi pale yellow, other leg segments testaceous. Wings clear, stigma and prostigma testaceous, veins almost colorless. Vestiture on head and thoracic dorsum sparse, short, decumbent; ocular setae lacking.

Head somewhat shining, delicately alutaceous; mandibles obscured by mounting medium; median carina of clypeus moderately strong, curved in profile, extending short distance onto front as low carina; punctures on front small, weak, separated from each other by 1.5–2.0 × their diameter, antennal scrobe with delicate carina; WH 0.91 × LH; WH = HE; EV 0.38 × HE; ocelli in low triangle, posterior pair at posterior margin of head, OOL 0.85 × WOT; first 4 antennal segments in ratio of about 10:5.5:5:5, third segment length 1.25 × width.

Thoracic dorsum shinier and more delicately alutaceous than head and with delicate scattered punctures, punctures sparser on scutum and scutellum than on pronotum; dorsum of propodeum with delicate transverse carina posteriorly, surface moderately alutaceous adjacent to polished median triangle; forefemur length 1.94 × width; forewing with closed areolet.

MALE.—Unknown.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—Holotype: art, Sri Lanka, SABARAGAMUWA PROVINCE: 5 mi (8 km) NNW Balangoda, 2500 ft (762 m), 22 Feb 1962, in sweep net along stream, BAC (LUND).

10. Goniozus valvolicola, new species

FIGURE 16

ETYMOLOGY.—From the Latin valvola, pod, and -cola, inhabitant, in allusion to this wasp having as its host a lepidopterous larva feeding on seeds in the pod of the leguminous shrub, Tephrosia Candida de Candolle.

FEMALE.—Length 2.3–2.5 mm, forewing 1.5–1.8 mm. Head and thorax black, abdomen dark brown; antennae, tegulae, and tarsi pale yellow to testacous, other leg segments testaceous to light brown. Wings clear, stigma and prostigma brown, subcosta testaceous, other veins colorless. Vestiture on head and thoracic dorsum short, relatively sparse, suberect; ocular setae short, visible at ×32 magnification.

FIGURE 16.—Goniozus valvolicola, new species, paratype female head (coated).

Head dull, moderately alutaceous, sides behind eyes parallel before curving inward at posterolateral angles (Figure 16); mandible robust, with 4 small apical teeth; clypeal keel moderately strong, median, curved in profile, and extending short distance onto front as low carina; punctures on front small, separated from each other by 1.5–2.0 × their diameter, antennal scrobe not carinate; WH 0.82–0.86 × LH; WF 1.08–1.31 × HE; EV 0.71–0.82 × HE; front angle of ocellar triangle about 90°, posterior pair of ocelli about 1 diameter from posterior margin of head, OOL 1.54–1.58 × WOT; first 4 antennal segments in ratio of about 10:5:6:4, third segment length 1.20 × width.

Pronotal disk rather dull, moderately alutaceous, scutum and scutellum somewhat more shiny, delicately alutaceous, with sparse small punctures; propodeal dorsum with weak posterior carina, evanescent in middle, surface moderately alutaceous except for polished median triangle; forefemur length 2.00–2.07 × width; forewing with closed areolet.

MALE.—Length 2.2 mm, forewing 1.2–1.4 mm. Head and thorax black, abdomen dark brown, mandible (except apical teeth red), antennae, and tegulae pale yellow, tarsi pale yellow, outer surface of femora light brown, other leg segments testaceous. Wings clear, stigma, prostigma, subcosta, and radial veins testaceous, other veins colorless. Vestiture sparse, quite short, suberect; ocular setae visible at × 100 magnification.

Head shinier than in female, delicately alutaceous, sides behind eyes parallel before curving inward at posterolateral angles; mandible with 4 small teeth; clypeal carina weaker than in female, extending onto front as short polished streak; WH 0.91 × LH; WF 1.10 × HE; EV 0.75 × HE; ocelli arranged as in female but posterior pair separated from posterior margin of head by one-half their diameter, OOL 1.36 × WOT.

Dorsal propodeal surface with weak apical carina, carina interrupted in middle; forewing with closed areolet; forefemur length 2.00–2.18 × width.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—Holotype: art, Sri Lanka, NORTH WESTERN PROVINCE, Puttalam District: Nattandiya, 22 Oct 1938, [reared from] caterpillars [feeding on seeds] in pods of Tephrosia candida, JCH, number 6918 (BMNH).

Paratypes: Sri Lanka, 2art, 2art, same label data as holotype (1 art without head) (BMNH). WITHOUT FURTHER LOCALITY: 1art, Ceylon, 1927, parasite of caterpillar boring in pods of Tephrosia candida, SSL, B.Py.2 (BMNH).

A pair of paratypes are deposited in USNM.

11. Goniozus nephantidis (Muesebeck, 1934)

FIGURE 17

Parasierola species, Ramachandra Rao and Cherian, 1928:11–22 [biology in India].

Perisierola nephantidis Muesebeck, 1934:225–226 [art, art; Coimbatore, India; holotype in USNM].—Jayaratnam, 1941b:115–127, figs. 1–5 [biology in Sri Lanka].—Kurian, 1954a:286 [listed]; 1954b:436 [in key]; 1955:135 [in parasite-host index].—Kurian and Antony, 1961:123–126 [systematics].—Dharmaraju, 1963:15–19, figs. 21–24 [rearing in Ceylon].

Perisierola species, Jayaratnam, 1941a:9, pl. 2: figs. 8, 9 [biology in Sri Lanka].

Goniozus nephantidis.—Gordh, 1988:363 [transferred]; 1990:25 [listed].

FEMALE.—Length 3.4–3.9 mm, forewing 2.2–2.5 mm. Body black with antennae, tibiae, and tarsi testaceous, other leg segments light brown. Wings clear, stigma and prostigma dark brown, veins testaceous. Vestiture sparse, short, subappressed; ocular setae visible at ×32 magnification.

Head as in Figure 17; mandible robust, with 4 teeth; clypeal carina strong, arcuate in profile, extending onto front a distance equal to its length on clypeus; front dull, delicately alutaceous, with scattered, small shallow punctures separated from each other by 1.0–1.5 × their diameter; antennal scrobes carinate; WH 0.94–0.95 × LH; WF 1.15–1.20 × HE; EV 0.36–0.47 × HE; ocelli in low triangle, posterior pair one-half their diameter from posterior margin of head, OOL 1.22–1.33 × WOT; first 4 antennal segments in ratio of about 15:6:5:5, third segment length 1.1 × width.

Dorsum of thorax rather dull, delicately alutaceous, with small, scattered punctures; posterior dorsum of propodeum with transverse, medially evanescent carina, surface adjacent to smooth median area strongly alutaceous; forefemur length 1.76–1.90 × width; forewing with closed areolet.

FIGURE 17.—Goniozus nephantidis (Muesebeck), female head (uncoated).

MALE.—Length 2.5–2.6 mm, forewing 1.7–1.9 mm. Body black with mandible and tarsi pale yellow, antennae and tibiae testaceous, femora light brown. Wings and vestiture as in female, ocular setae barely visible at ×50 magnification.

Mandible relatively slender compared to that of female, with 4 apical teeth; clypeal carina weaker than in female, extending onto front for shorter distance; front delicately alutaceous, shinier and with sparser punctation than in female; antennal scrobes weakly carinate; WH 0.90–1.00 × LH; WF 1.17–1.22 × HE; EV 0.56–0.61 × HE; ocelli almost in right triangle, posterior pair one-half their diameter from posterior margin of head, OOL 0.94–1.10 × WOT.

Dorsal propodeal surface with apical carina present only laterally and quite weak; forewing with closed areolet; forefemur length 2.06–2.27 × width.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED (USNM except as noted).—

Holotype: art, India, TAMIL NADU: Coimbatore, South India, 15 Jan 1927, MSK (USNM 50138).

Paratypes: India, TAMIL NADU: 2art, 2art, holotype locality, as follows: 2art, 7–8 Jul 1924, par. on Nephantis; 2art, 24 Jul 1924, SR. 1art, Salem, 2 May 1930, par. on Nephantis, CKS. KERALA: 1art, Calicut, 2 Nov 1927, par. on Nephantis, ERG. WITHOUT FURTHER LOCALITY: 1art, Thirupatur, 7 Oct 1925, par. on Nephantis, SR. 1art, Thurmapuri, 6 Nov 1927, par. on cotton bolls, AD.

Nontypes: Sri Lanka, EASTERN PROVINCE, Batticaloa District: 16art, 7art, Batticaloa, as follows: 3art (and 3 cocoons), 3 Mar 1937, number 8797; 13art, 7art, 23 Aug 1937, ex larva of Nephantis serinopa Meyr., JCH, number 8823 (BMNH except 1 pair USNM). NORTH WESTERN PROVINCE, Kurunegala District: 2art, Kurunegala, 18 Oct 1928, larvae of Nephantis serinopa, JCH, number 6873 (BMNH).

12. Goniozus fulgidus, new species

ETYMOLOGY.—From the Latin fulgidus, shining, in allusion to the glossy integument of the head, scutum, and scutellum.

FEMALE (holotype).—Length 4.2 mm, forewing 2.5 mm. Body black with mandible, antennae, tegulae, tibiae, and tarsi testaceous, femora dark brown. Wings clear, stigma and prostigma light brown, veins testaceous. Vestiture sparse, short, suberect, ocular setae very short, barely visible at x100 magnification.

Mandible relatively slender, with 4 apical teeth; clypeus with margin of lobe obtusely angulate, lobe protruding but median line not carinate, rounded in profile along midline; front very glossy, lacking short median carina or streak above clypeus, surface with quite scattered, small punctures separated from each other by 3 or more times their diameter; antennal scrobes not carinate; WH 1.11 × LH; WF 1.20 × HE; EV 0.41 × HE; ocelli almost in right triangle, posterior pair separated from posterior margin of head by one-half their diameter, OOL 1.10 × WOT; first 4 antennal segments in ratio of about 13:7:9:7, third segment length about 2.3 × width.

Pronotal disk delicately alutaceous except narrow glossy strip at apex and with scattered small punctures separated by 2–3 × their diameter; scutum and scutellum glossy, the former punctured similarly to pronotum, the latter mostly impunctate; propodeal dorsum with complete apical carina; forewing with short stub arising from basal vein, about as long as section of basal vein from prostigma to stub; forefemur length 1.77 × width.

MALE.—Unknown.

VARIATION.—The single paratype is 3.1 mm long, the forewing is 1.9 mm long. It is very similar to the holotype in color and sculpture. Pertinent measurements are WH 1.11 × LH, WF 1.22 × HE, EV 0.33 × HE, OOL 1.17 × WOT, and forefemur length 1.82 × width.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—Holotype: art, Sri Lanka, WESTERN PROVINCE, Colombo District: Labugama Reservoir, 11 Jul 1978, KVK, PBK, TW, VK, LJ (USNM).

Paratype: Sri Lanka, SOUTHERN PROVINCE, Hambantota District: 1art, Palatupana Tank, 21–22 Jun 1978, in Malaise trap, KVK, PBK, TW, LJ, NK (USNM).

The paratype will be deposited in the National Museum, Colombo.

REMARKS.—This species is quite distinctive in having a glossy integument and in lacking a clypeal carina.

13. Goniozus montanus Kieffer, 1908

FIGURES 18, 19

Bethylus distigma Motschulsky, 1863:26–27 [art; “Montagnes de Nura-Ellia,” Ceylon; holotype in Zoological Museum, Moscow State University; preoccupied in Goniozus by distigmus Thomson, 1862].—Dalla Torre, 1898:556 [listed].—Kieffer, 1914:514 [redescribed in German].—Ranaweera, 1950:127–132, [life history].—Kurian, 1954a:283–284 [hosts listed]; 1955:135 [hosts listed].

Goniozus montanus Kieffer, 1908:15 [new name for Bethylus distigma Motschulsky].—Krombein, 1987:357–358 [notes on holotype of B. distigma].—Gordh, 1988:363; 1990:24 [listed].

FEMALE.—Length 2.5–3.6 mm, forewing 1.9–2.4 mm. Usually black but occasionally dark brown (teneral specimens?), mandible, antennae, tibiae, and tarsi testaceous to pale yellow, femora ranging from chestnut to testaceous, forefemora usually slightly darker than posterior 2 pairs. Wings clear, subcosta, stigma, and prostigma brown, other veins testaceous. Vestiture rather long, moderately sparse, subappressed; eyes with sparse setae barely visible at ×100 magnification.

Head as in Figure 18; mandible relatively slender, with 4 teeth at apex (Figure 19); median clypeal carina strong, arched in profile, extending onto front as low carina a distance equal to its length on clypeus; front moderately alutaceous, somewhat shiny, with small shallow punctures, mostly separated from each other by 1.5–2.0 × their diameter; antennal scrobes weakly carinate; WH 0.89–1.04 × LH; WF 0.79–1.12 × HE; EV 0.16–0.52 × HE; ocelli in low triangle, posterior pair almost at posterior margin of head, OOL 0.68–1.15 × WOT; first 4 antennal segments in ratio of about 9:4:5:4, third segment length 1.15–1.25 × width, segments 4–11 about as long as broad.

Pronotum with surface sculpture similar to that on front; scutum and scutellum shinier, very delicately to scarcely alutaceous, punctures very sparse; notauli well developed; propodeal dorsum with posterior carina, polished median area twice as long as basal width, area adjacent to triangle alutaceous; forefemur length 1.67–2.13 × width; forewing with stub from basal vein about as long as section of basal vein from prostigma to stub, prostigma well developed.

MALE.—Length 2.1–2.7 mm, forewing 1.5–1.9 mm. Head and thorax black, occasionally dark brown, abdomen brown, mandible, antennae, tibiae, and tarsi pale yellow, femora varying from light brown to testaceous. Wings clear, stigma and prostigma light brown, veins pale testaceous to colorless. Vestiture sparse, suberect, shorter than in female but longer than in males of other known Ceylonese species.

Mandible slender, with 4 apical teeth; clypeal carina well developed though weaker than in female, extending short distance onto front as a low carina; front shinier and more delicately alutaceous than in female, with small shallow punctures separated from each other by twice or more their diameter; antennal scrobes not carinate; WH 0.96–1.07 × LH; WF 0.65–0.98 × HE; EV 0.22–0.46 × HE; ocelli arranged as in female but variable in size, OOL 0.18–0.66 × WOT.

Dorsal propodeal surface carinate posteriorly, carina occasionally evanescent in middle; forefemur length 1.94–1.45 × width; basal vein of forewing with stub.

FIGURES 18, 19.—Goniozus montanus Kieffer, female (coated): 18, head; 19, mandible and clypeus.

VARIATION.—This is a rather variable species as noted in the description above, a variation that may be linked to the different hosts that it attacks. Some variation, especially in males, also may be linked to adaptation for nocturnal activity. The males taken at light traps exhibit variable increase in size of the ocelli and also of the compound eyes. The two females collected in light traps do not have either ocelli or eyes enlarged. In males with both ocelli and eyes enlarged, the OOL × WOT ratio is 0.18–0.48, the WF × HE ratio is 0.65–0.89, and the diameter of the anterior ocellus may be as much as 1.8 × OOL. Males with both ocelli and eyes of normal size have comparable OOL × WOT and WF × HE ratios of 0.56–0.66 and 0.83–0.98, respectively, and the diameter of the anterior ocellus may be only 0.5 × OOL.

The holotype of B. distigma has been attacked by mold, and it is otherwise not in good condition. The head is detached from the body and mounted separately on the same card. Antennae are lacking except the right scape, and much of the vestiture is abraded. Pertinent measurements are WH 0.91 × LH, WF 0.93 × HE, OOL 0.88 × WOT, EV 0.27 × HE, and FL 1.90 × FW.

BIOLOGY.—Kurian (1954a) and Gordh (1990) list papers by Indian entomologists who recorded G. montanus (as B. distigma) as a parasite of various lepidopterous larvae. Voucher specimens have not been available, so I cannot verify the identifications; these references have been excluded from the synonymy given above.

J. Nietner, who described Homona coffearia, the tea tortrix, was a coffee planter who sent Motschulsky the specimen that became the unique holotype of Bethylus distigma. It is possible that Nietner reared the bethylid from that host, but no such information is associated with the type.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED (USNM unless noted otherwise).—Sri Lanka, NORTHERN PROVINCE, Mannar District: 1art, 4 mi (6.4 km) NW Mannar, 100 ft (30 m), 3 Nov 1976, black light, GFH, SK, DWB. CENTRAL PROVINCE, Kandy District: 2art, Kandy, Peak View Motel, 1800 ft (549 m), 7–14 Jan 1970, DRD, WHR. 1art, Kandy, Udawattakele Sanctuary, 1800 ft (549 m), 13–14 Aug 1973, GE; 1art, 2100 ft (640 m), 4–5 Oct 1976, at black light, GFH, RED, SK, DWB. 3art, Kandy, 28 March 1987, ex Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (BMNH). 14art, 2art, Peradeniya, as follows: 6art, 29 Jun 1921, reared from [clusters of brown cocoons in leaves folded by] Syllepte derogata, leaf folder on Boehmeria sp., JCH, number 4854 (BMNH); 4art, 11 Sep 1913, AR (2 art BMNH); 1art, 18 Oct 1913 [reared from caterpillar, probably Homona coffearia, in folded leaf of tea], AR, number 3393 (BMNH); 3art, 2art, 11 Nov 1928, reared from Tabidia aculealis, leaf folder on Ipomoea batatas Poiret, JCH, number 6904 (BMNH). Nuwara Eliya District: 1art, “Montagnes de Nura-Ellia” (MOSCOW; holotype of Bethylus distigma Motschulsky). 4art, 1art, Hanguranketa, 30 Jun 1937, ex larva of Syllepte derogata [on okra], JCH, number 8816 (BMNH). WESTERN PROVINCE, Colombo District: 1art, Yakkala, 18 mi (29 km) NE Colombo, 15–31 Jan 1962, BAC (LUND). 1art, Uswetakeiyawa, seashore, 16 Mar 1981, KVK, TW, LW. SABARAGAMUWA PROVINCE, Ratnapura District: 1art, Ratnapura, 22 Feb 1962, at light, BAC (LUND). 1art, Ratnapura, 21 Jan 1970, MBL (GENEVA). 2art, Rakwana, 27–28 Feb 1962, 1 in light trap, BAC (LUND). 1art, Allerton, 1 mi (1.6 km) S Rakwana, 28 Feb 1962, at light, BAC (LUND). UVA PROVINCE, Badulla District: 3art, 1art, Badulla, 9 Mar 1929, ex Homona coffearia, larval parasite, JCH, number 6980 (BMNH). 2art, Girandurukotte, 30 Jan 1987, ex larva of Hadylepta indicata, LDG (BMNH). 3art, Aralaganwila, as follows: 1art, 25 Mar 1991, ex larva of Omiodes indicata on Vigna sp.; 1art, 5 Apr 1991, ex larva of Omiodes indicata on Vigna radiata; 1art, 24 Sep 1991, ex larva of Omiodes indicata (all BMNH). SOUTHERN PROVINCE, Galle District: 1art, Haycock, 21 mi (34 km) NNE Galle, 27 Jan 1962, at light, BAC (LUND). 1art, Sinharaja Jungle, Kanneliya section, 13–16 Jul 1978, in Malaise trap, KVK, PBK, TW, VK, LJ. Matara District: 1art, Mapalana, 19 Jan 1987, ex rice leaf folder, PKL (BMNH). WITHOUT FURTHER LOCALITY: 1art, 1art, Ceylon, 1933, CBRK, number H.53, pinned with mass of 4 parasite cocoons (BMNH). 5art, Ceylon, GHKT (BMNH except 2art, OXFORD).

14. Goniozus rutherfordi, new species

ETYMOLOGY.—Named for Andrew Rutherford, Government Entomologist of Ceylon from 1913 until his early death in 1915.

FEMALE.—Length 2.0 mm, forewing 1.4 mm. Body light brown, apical two-thirds of third tergum darker, with mandible, antennae, tegulae, tibiae, and tarsi testaceous. Wings clear, subcosta, prostigma, and stigma testaceous, other veins almost colorless. Vestiture quite sparse and short, subappressed, ocular setae lacking.

Mandible relatively slender, apical teeth not visible; clypeal carina moderate, curved in profile, extending as low ridge onto front a distance equal to its length on clypeus; front shining, very delicately alutaceous, with very scattered, small shallow punctures; antennal scrobes feebly carinate; WH 0.92 × LH; WF 0.95 × HE; EV 0.43 × HE; ocelli in low triangle, posterior pair at posterior margin of head, OOL = WOT; first 4 antennal segments in ratio of about 7:4:3:3, third segment as long as broad, segments 4–11 slightly broader than long.

Thoracic dorsum shining, very delicately alutaceous, with sparse, small shallow punctures; notauli evanescent; propodeal dorsum with complete but weak posterior carina, polished median triangle narrow, basal width about one-third the propodeal length; forefemur length 1.92 × width; forewing with stub from basal vein about 1.7 times as long as section of basal vein from prostigma to stub, prostigma poorly developed.

MALE.—Length 1.6 mm, forewing 1.1 mm. Body brown, somewhat darker than female, mandible and tarsi pale yellow, other leg segments, antennae, and tegulae testaceous. Wings as in female. Vestiture sparser than female.

Mandible slender, with 4 apical teeth; clypeal carina weaker than in female, not extending onto front; front shining, more delicately alutaceous than in female, with scattered, tiny punctures; antennal scrobes not carinate; WH 0.96 × LH; WF 1.04 × HE; EV 0.41 × HE; ocelli as in female, OOL 0.88 × WOT.

Dorsal propodeal surface not carinate posteriorly; forefemur length 2.33 × width; basal vein of forewing with stub.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—Holotype: art, Sri Lanka, CENTRAL PROVINCE, Kandy District: “Peradeniya, 16 Apr 1914, AR, number 3757” (USNM).

Paratype: Sri Lanka, 1art, same label data as holotype (USNM).

REMARKS.—The pair was presumably reared by Rutherford during his studies of injurious insects and their parasites. They are the only known bethylids bearing his initials, AR, on the label. Howard (1930:224) noted that Rutherford had been a Carnegie Fellow for a year in the United States, possibly in one of the laboratories of the old Bureau of Entomology (USDA). He may have sent this unusual pair to Howard for identification; the holotype was identified as Goniozus sp. by C.F.W. Muesebeck.

Subfamily EPYRINAE

Evans (1964, 1978) recognized three tribes of Epyrinae. The tribes Cephalonomiini and Sclerodermini are treated herein; the Ceylonese Epyrini will be treated subsequently.

Key to the Tribes, Genera, and Species of Ceylonese Epyrinae

Tribe CEPHALONOMIINI

15. Cephalonomia peregrina Westwood, 1881

Cephalonomia ?peregrina Westwood. 1881:127–128, pl. 6: figs. 5, 6 [art, art: Ceylon; syntypes in OXFORD].—Dalla Torre, 1898:557 [listed].—Kieffer, 1908:40 [listed]; 1914:248 [translated original description into German].—Swezey, 1933:226 [introduced into Hawaii and apparently established].—Fouts, 1936:7 [listed].—Kurian, 1954a:263 [listed]; 1955:76 [in key; misspelled perigrina].—Gordh, 1990:79 [listed].

Westwood's brief description was made from a pair mounted on slides in balsam. They were collected in Ceylon by D. Staniforth Green. C. O'Toole was unable to find the syntypes in the slide collection at the Oxford University Museum, and the species cannot be recognized from the original description. If the specimens were collected in Colombo, where Green resided, it is possible that they belong to one of the fully winged species of Cephalonomia having a worldwide distribution that are parasites of coleopterous larvae in stored grains or other food products. The following is based on Westwood's Latin description and his figures.

FEMALE.—Length 1.5 mm, forewing 1.2 mm; body not depressed as in C. waterstoni Gahan. Body pale pitch black, antennae and legs yellowish.

Head length 1.88 × depth of head in lateral view; eye small, rounded, on side of head; EV 2.47 × HE; clypeus not mentioned; ocelli distinct; antennae short, subclavate toward apex.

Fully winged, forewing not extending beyond abdomen, with oblong, oval stigma, margin before stigma thickened (i.e., prostigma?), median vein absent.

MALE.—Length 2.25 mm, forewing 1.69 mm (these lengths assume that figs. 5, 6 in Westwood (1881) are drawn to same scale). Entirely pale fulvous (teneral?).

Head subquadrate, sides behind eyes converging slightly toward vertex; WH 0.82 × LH; WF 2.25 × HE; EV 1.75 × HE; apex of mandible acutely curved, armed with 3 small teeth above large acute apical tooth; median lobe of clypeus produced into an acute, minutely bifid apex; ocelli present, OOL 1.2 × WOT; antennae filiform, longer than in female.

Forewing with subcosta short, bearing setae, stigma oval, median vein lacking.

16. Cephalonomia lignicola, new species

FIGURES 20, 21

ETYMOLOGY.—From the Latin lignum, wood, and -cola, dweller.

FEMALE.—Length 2.2 mm, forewing 1.2 mm. Head and thorax black, abdomen dark brown, mandible, flagellum, mid- and hindfemora, and tibiae brown, scape, midtrochanter, and mid- and hindtarsi testaceous. Vestiture sparse, short, and appressed on head, eyes bare, thorax mostly bare (vestiture abraded?), abdomen with a few longer, suberect bristles toward apex.

Head (Figure 20) with surface glossy; WH 0.85 × LH; WF 1.60 × HE; EV 1.07 × HE and 2.29 × length of malar space; LH 1.98 × depth of head in lateral view; eyes oval, not especially protuberant; mandible with 3 teeth at apex, lowest tooth the largest; median lobe of clypeus produced into narrow, triangular, raised area with strong lateral carina, apical margin with few setae, the longest about as long as lateral carina; ocelli in equilateral triangle, OOL 2.06 × WOT.

Dorsum of thorax delicately alutaceous; notauli and parapsidal furrows lacking; scutellum with basal transverse furrow; dorsal surface of propodeum dull, more strongly alutaceous, sides converging slightly toward apex, length 0.68 × basal width and 0.71 × apical width, with weak median carina extending to apical transverse carina, posterolateral dorsal angles not dentiform; posterior propodeal surface without median carina; forewing (Figure 21) without closed median cell, radial and anal veins represented by short stubs only.

Abdomen shining.

MALE.—Unknown.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—Holotype: art, Sri Lanka, SABARAGAMUWA PROVINCE, Ratmalana District: Gilimale, 17 May 1975, on Myristica dactyloides, SLW (USNM).

REMARKS.—The specimen is not in perfect condition. The left wings and both forelegs are missing as well as the right hind tarsus. The head was detached and mounted separately on the point. We removed the right forewing so that it could be drawn; it has been remounted on the point.

S.L. Wood collected the specimen in a small, broken limb about four inches in diameter together with mature brood of the scolytid beetle, Phloesinus concinnulus (Walker). Larvae of this beetle are the presumed host of the wasp.

Myristica dactyloides Gaertner is commonly called perimavara or malabota in Sinhalese, palmanikam in Tamil. The tree has a light, soft wood that is used to make tea crates.

17. Prorops nasuta Waterston, 1923

Prorops nasuta Waterston, 1923:113–114, figs. 5, 6 [art; Uganda; BMNH].—Hargreaves, 1926:350–351, fig. 2 [host, life history].—Hutson, 1939:D 39 [liberated in Sri Lanka].—Evans, 1978:196–197, figs. 13, 40, 141 [redescribed].—Gordh, 1990:141 [listed].

Hutson (1939) reported that the bethylid, Prorops nasuta Waterston, was imported from Uganda and bred at the Experiment Station, Peradeniya. Several hundred of these parasites were liberated in 1938 in a coffee plantation at the Station for control of the coffee-berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (reported in genus Stephanoderes). No parasites were recovered in the field later that year and there have been no subsequent reports that it was established successfully.

The species may be recognized easily by the frontal projection overlying the antennal insertions and middle of the clypeus.

FIGURES 20, 21.—Cephalonomia lignicola, new species, holotype female: 20, head; 21, right forewing (p = prostigma, s = stigma).

Tribe SCLERODERMINI

18. Sclerodermus vigilans Westwood, 1881

Scleroderma vigilans Westwood, 1881:123, pl. 5: figs. 3, 4 [art; Ceylon; syntypes in OXFORD].—Dalla Torre, 1898:560 [listed],—Kieffer, 1908:42 [listed]; 1914:264 [redescribed].—Kurian, 1954a:265 [listed]; 1955:77–78 [in key].—Gordh, 1990:167 [listed].

Scleroderma Thwaitesiana Westwood, 1881:123 [art; Ceylon; holotype in OXFORD].—Dalla Torre, 1898:560 [emended to S. thwaitesianum].— Kieffer, 1908:42 [listed]; 1914:264 [redescribed; emended to S. thwaitesianum].—Kurian, 1954a:264 [listed]; 1955:78 [in key].—Gordh, 1990:166 [listed]. [New synonym.]

There are two female syntypes of S. vigilans, mounted on a single card, one winged and one lacking wings. The wingless female is partially submerged in the mounting medium, which obscures certain details. The head of the winged specimen was fractured, either at the time of capture or when it was mounted. Both specimens have well-developed ocelli, and the conformation of the thorax is identical, that is, tegulae are present as well as the scutum, scutellum, and a narrow metanotum. I presume that the specimens were mounted on the card by their collector, G.H.K. Thwaites, and that the wings became detached from one specimen. So far as is known, apterous females of Sclerodermus usually lack ocelli (present in two Hawaiian species), and the scutum and scutellum are fused into a single sclerite. I designate the winged specimen as the lectotype of S. vigilans, and the specimen lacking wings as a paralectotype.

The female holotype of S. thwaitesiana, also collected by Thwaites, is mounted on a card. This specimen is very similar in color, integumental sculpture, and several body proportions to the syntypes of S. vigilans. I am convinced that the two merely represent the wingless and winged forms of the same taxon, hence the synonymy listed above. Winged and wingless females are known in several species of Sclerodermus, e.g., the European S. domesticus Klug and the North American S. macrogaster (Ashmead). Such species are possibly of more common occurrence than currently realized. Wingless males also occur, but very rarely. Alate females have relatively larger eyes than their apterous counterparts. The head of winged females of S. macrogaster is only 3.07–3.25 × eye length, whereas it is 3.95–4.09 × eye length in apterous females. Similar measurements in S. vigilans are head 3.17–3.37 × eye length in alate females and 3.70–3.90 × eye length in wingless females.

FEMALE (winged).—Length 3.0 mm, forewing 1.6 mm long. Body shiny, light brown, antennae and legs testaceous, abdominal terga 2–5 narrowly and vaguely infuscated transversely on posterior one-third. Vestiture sparse, short, mostly appressed; eyes bare.

Head with sides almost straight, rounded posterolaterally to straight posterior margin; ocelli present; front with few scattered tiny punctures; WH 0.84–0.86 × LH; WF 1.58–1.64 × HE; EV 1.83–1.91 × HE; LH 3.17–3.36 × HE; ocelli in equilateral triangle, OOL 2.11–2.25 × WOT.

Thorax moderately alutaceous; parapsidal furrows lacking; forefemur length 2.00 × width; propodeum very slightly widened posteriorly, 1.01–1.02 × wider than at spiracles, posterior dorsal angles rounded.

Abdomen moderately alutaceous, wider than head or thorax, and as long as both combined.

FEMALE (wingless).—Length 2.0–2.8 mm, ocelli lacking. Head testaceous to rufotestaceous, thorax and appendages testaceous, abdomen rufotestaceous tending toward pale brown at base and apex, narrowly and vaguely infuscated transversely on posterior one-third of terga 2–5.

Clypeus with broad, V-shaped apical emargination; head with sides weakly convex; eyes bare; LH 1.58–1.68 × depth of head in lateral view; WH 0.81–0.85 × LH; WF 1.70–1.86 × HE; EV 2.10–2.33 × HE; LH 3.80 × HE; front very shiny, weakly alutaceous, with few scattered tiny punctures.

Thorax shining, mesonotum and propodeum less weakly alutaceous than pronotum; propodeum slightly widened posteriorly, 1.12–1.17 × wider than at spiracles, posterior dorsal angles rounded; forefemur length 1.92–2.10 × width.

MALE.—Unknown.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED (USNM except where noted).—Sri Lanka, WESTERN PROVINCE. Colombo District: 1art, Colombo, Museum Garden, 10–20 Oct 1976, PBK. WITHOUT FURTHER LOCALITY: 3art, GHKT (holotype of S. thwaitesianum, syntypes of S. vigilans; OXFORD). 1art, 11 Apr 1947, in wood with Heterobostrychus aequalis, etc., GAB, number 58707 (BMNH).

The specimens listed above are apterous except the syntypes of S. vigilans.

19. Sclerodermas variegatus, new species

ETYMOLOGY.—The Latin variegatus, parti-colored.

FEMALE.—Length 2.0 mm, wingless, ocelli lacking. Body shining, mostly testaceous, antennae and legs stramineous, abdomen with fuliginous areas as follows: small spot at base of first tergum, pair of large blotches covering most of lateral one-third of second tergum, and last 2 segments.

Clypeus with shallow median emargination; sides of head almost straight, curving posterolaterally to straight vertex; front delicately alutaceous, with few scattered tiny punctures; eyes bare; LH 1.68 × depth of head in lateral view; WH 0.81 × LH; WF 1.70 × HE; EV 2.10 × HE.

Dorsum of thorax and abdomen delicately alutaceous, slightly more pronounced than on head; propodeum slightly widened posteriorly, 1.07 × wider than at spiracles, posterior dorsal angles rounded; forefemur length 1.74 × width.

Abdomen as delicately alutaceous as head, wider than head or thorax, and as long as both combined.

MALE.—Unknown.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—Holotype: art, Sri Lanka, SOUTHERN PROVINCE, Hambantota District: Palatupana Tank, 0–50 ft (0–15 m), 24–26 Aug 1980, on or in leaf litter, KVK, PBK, TW, U, LW (USNM).

20. Sclerodermas hirsutus, new species

ETYMOLOGY.—From the Latin hirsutus, hairy.

This unusual species is characterized by being relatively quite hairy compared to other Sclerodermus. The holotype is fully colored, but apparently it died as a teneral specimen because the body and legs are flattened.

FEMALE.—Length 3.1 mm, forewing 1.4 mm. Body castaneous, mandible, except tip, and tibiae lighter, apex of scape, pedicel and tarsi testaceous. Wings whitish, veins testaceous. Vestiture sparse, cinereous; eyes with short setae slightly longer than width of 1 facet, front with most setae twice as long as ocular setae, pair of setae in front of posterior ocelli two-thirds as long as scape, few setae of equal length along side of head beneath, abdomen with scattered long setae, some along posterior sides as long as the scape.

Head shining, delicately alutaceous; mandible tridentate; clypeus with shallow median emargination; WH 0.71 × LH; WF 1.48 × HE; EV 2.04 × HE; LH 3.22 × HE; ocelli small, OOL 3.57 × WOT.

Thorax shining, delicately alutaceous; parapsidal furrows weak, incomplete; FL 1.74 × FW.

Abdomen shining, delicately alutaceous, slightly wider than head or thorax, and slightly longer than both combined.

MALE.—Unknown.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—Holotype: art, Sri Lanka, SOUTHERN PROVINCE, Hambantota District: Palatupana, WLNPS Bungalow, 20–22 Jun 1978, in Malaise trap, KVK, PBK, TW, U, NK (USNM).

Discleroderma Kieffer, 1904

FIGURES 22–28

Kieffer (1904:372) proposed this genus for Scleroderma tuberculata Magretti. Magretti's species was based on a unique male from Burma, and no additional specimens of the genus have been reported until now. Kieffer separated Discleroderma from Scleroderma by the presence of acute lateral tubercles on the third through fifth abdominal terga, parapsidal furrows on the scutum, and a complete submedialis (i.e., anal vein).

I assign a Ceylonese female to Discleroderma because it has parapsidal furrows and a complete anal vein. It lacks acute lateral tubercles on the middle abdominal terga, but this feature possibly is present only in males. The apices of the second to fifth terga and third to fifth sterna of the female are modified, however, being abruptly and narrowly depressed across their median three-fourths. The anterior margin of the depressed area is undulate with 3 scallops, the intersections between median and lateral scallops broadly but distinctly angulate. It appears that the tergal angulations are homologous with the acute tubercles on the male abdomen, because they occur in the same position on the segment. The narrow apical margins of these abdominal segments of male D. tuberculatum are not abruptly depressed.

DIAGNOSIS.—Small wasps, 4.1–4.5 mm long, black, appendages varying shades of brown or red, fully winged. Head longer than wide, subequal in width to thorax; maxillary palpi 5-segmented, labial palpi 3-segmented; female mandible with 4 teeth decreasing in size from the apical tooth, the fourth tooth tiny; male mandible with only 1 small tooth visible next to large apical tooth; clypeus with short median lobe, apex shallowly, broadly emarginate; antennae 13-segmented, inserted just above clypeus and below base of eyes, scape long, stout at apex; malar space one-fourth as long as eye height in female, one-fifth as long in male; eyes with very short, sparse setae, height of eyes almost one-half width of head; ocelli small.

Dorsum of thorax as in Figures 23, 27; pronotum with smooth contours, sloping gradually to collar; parapsidal furrows well developed, extending to posterior margin of scutum (present but did not register on SEM of female thorax); scutellum with transverse arcuate groove anteriorly, slightly widened laterally; metanotum complete, a narrow sclerite, female metanotum with small median pit adjacent to scutellum, male metanotum, if present, concealed by apex medially of scutellum; female propodeum with dorsal surface smooth, margined laterally by weak groove, male propodeum with strong median, lateral, and posterior carinae; mesopleuron moderately prominent, without dorsal surface, forming widest part of thorax; femora moderately swollen; midtibia not spinose; tarsal claws dentate; forewing with costa and radial vein absent, subcosta, median, anal, basal, and transverse median veins present, basal vein meeting subcosta basad of stigma by about one-half its length.

Abdomen broader than head and thorax, about as long as both combined; apices of terga 2–5 and sterna 3–5 of female narrowly and abruptly depressed across median three-fourths, anterior margin of depressed area undulate with 3 scallops, intersections between median and lateral scallops broadly angulate (Figure 28); terga 3–5 of male with pair of subapical, acute lateral tubercles (Figure 25), small on third tergum and increasing gradually in size posteriorly, tubercles posteriorly diminishing abruptly to low carinae that curve inward toward narrow depressed apices of terga 3–5 (Figure 24).

21. Discleroderma undulatum, new species

FIGURES 26–28

ETYMOLOGY.—From the Latin undulatus, wavy, in allusion to the undulate anterior margin of the depressed apices of some of the abdominal segments.

FEMALE.—Length 4.5 mm, forewing 2.6 mm. Body black, shining, delicately alutaceous, with antennae, mid- and hindfemora dark brown, forelegs, mid- and hindtibiae, and tarsi lighter brown, mandible, except apex, and tegulae red. Wings clear, stigma and veins testacous. Vestiture cinereous, sparse, and scattered, short on head and thorax, longer on abdomen.

Sides of head slightly convex, rounding posterolaterally to rounded posterior margin (Figure 26); LH 1.67 × depth of head in lateral view; WH 0.91 × LH; WF 1.31 × HE; EV 0.94 × HE; clypeus with weak median carina, apex not thickened; front delicately alutaceous, with scattered small punctures; ocelli in acute triangle, OOL 2.50 × WOT.

Dorsum of thorax as in Figure 27; propodeum about as wide posteriorly as at base, sides slightly bowed inward, posterior dorsal angles rounded, dorsal surface with lateral carina but lacking median and posterior carinae; forefemur length 1.83 × width.

Dorsum of abdomen as in Figure 28; second sternum of abdomen with close, tiny piliferous punctures.

MALE.—Unknown.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—Holotype: art, Sri Lanka, SOUTHERN PROVINCE, Hambantota District: Palatupana Tank, 10–16 m, 6–7 Oct 1980, on or in leaf litter, KVK, PBK, TW, LJ, VG (USNM).

22. Discleroderma tuberculatum (Magretti, 1897)

FIGURES 22–25

Scleroderma tuberculata Magretti, 1897:318, fig. 8 [art; Mooleyit, 500–600 m, Tenasserim; unique type in GENOA].

Discleroderma tuberculatum.—Kieffer, 1904:372–373 [redescribed in French]; 1905:106 [in key]; 1908:36 [listed]; 1914:271–272 [redescribed in German].—Kurian, 1954a:265 [listed].—Gordh, 1990:83 [listed].

MALE.—Length 4.1 mm (not 4.8 mm as given by Kieffer (1904)) forewing 2.4 mm. Body black, less shiny than D. undulatum, head more delicately alutaceous than thorax; antennae beneath, mandible, apex of clypeus, tegulae, tibiae, and tarsi light red; antennae above, femora, last tergum, and abdominal venter brown. Wings slightly infumated on apical two-thirds, stigma and veins stramineous. Vestiture sparse, cinereous, short except longer on head beneath, forefemur beneath, and apices of posterior abdominal segments.

FIGURES 22–28 (opposite page).—Discleroderma species. 22–25, D. tuberculatum (Magretti), holotype male (uncoated): 22, head and pronotum, dorsal; 23, thorax, dorsal; 24, abdomen, dorsal; 25, abdomen, lateral. 26–28, D. undulatum, new species, holotype female (uncoated): 26, head, dorsal; 27, thorax, dorsal; 28, abdomen, dorsal.

Sides of head slightly convex, rounding posterolaterally to slightly rounded vertex (Figure 22); LH 1.48 × depth of head in lateral view; WH 0.95 × LH; WF 1.16 × HE; EV 0.80 × HE; clypeus with stronger median carina than D. undulatum, apex thickened; front delicately alutaceous but more strongly so than D. undulatum, with small, scattered punctures; ocelli in almost equilateral triangle, OOL 1.25 × WOT.

Thoracic dorsum more strongly alutaceous than in D. undulatum (Figure 23); propodeal dorsum with sides tapering toward rear, 1.15 × as broad at base as at apex, median length equal to apical width, median and lateral carinae complete to apex, disk with sublateral carina on either side of median carina, converging slightly posteriorly and extending halfway to apex, area between median and sublateral carinae minutely areolate, disk with apical carina but posterolateral angles not protruding.

Abdomen shining, very delicately alutaceous (Figure 24), terga 3–5 tuberculate (Figure 25) as noted in generic diagnosis.

FEMALE.—Unknown.

REMARKS.—This species is not known to occur in Sri Lanka, but I present the description above from the unique type so that the male of D. undulatum, when discovered, may be differentiated from it. The type bears a printed label, “Tenasserim/Thagata/Fea.Apr.1887,” but the description states that the specimen is from Mooleyit, 500–600 m, Tenasserim. I cannot explain the differences in locality, but the specimen bears Magretti's hand-printed label, “Scleroderma/tuberculata/art Magr.” It agrees well with the original description.

Glenosema Kieffer, 1905

FIGURES 29–34

SEM micrographs show a mandible of great complexity in the female of Glenosema dispersum, new species. The mandible is more bristly than usual on the exterior surface, has seven teeth at the apex (Figure 30), and the upper, inner margin has a series of close, small teeth extending halfway to the mandibular base (Figure 31). These characters have already been reported for other known females of Glenosema. The inner surface of the mandible (Figure 32), however, possesses an additional row of small teeth parallel to and near the lower margin. It is presumed that mandibles of other female Glenosema will possess similar armature on the inner surface.

Glenosema is neuter in gender, so male and female endings of taxa listed in Gordh (1990) need to be changed.

23. Glenosema dispersum, new species

FIGURES 29–32

ETYMOLOGY.—From the Latin, dispargo, scattered about, dispersed, in allusion to the species’ wide distribution in Sri Lanka. It probably also occurs in India.

FEMALE (holotype).—Length 2.0 mm, forewing 0.5 mm. Body black with mandible, antennae, trochanters, tibiae, and tarsi light red, coxae and femora brown. Wings pale, veins testaceous. Vestiture sparse, short, cinereous.

Head (Figure 29) as broad as long, broadest across eyes, sides tapering toward straight vertex, posterolateral angles rounded, surface slightly shining, delicately and closely granulate, LH 1.71 × depth of head in lateral view; mandible with 7 teeth at apex (Figure 30); side and venter of head glossy, faintly alutaceous; eyes with short, sparse setae barely visible at X100 magnification; WH = LH; WF 1.48 × HE; EV 1.10 × HE; ocelli in less acute triangle than in G. splendidum, new species (see below), about 1.5 × their diameter from occipital carina, OOL 2.43 × WOT.

Pronotum, scutum, and scutellum slightly shining, finely and closely beaded, propodeum shinier and more delicately beaded; forewing with radial vein present; propodeum slightly broader anteriorly than at apex, posterior dorsal angles more strongly angulate than in G. splendidum though bluntly so, dorsal surface with 3 complete longitudinal carinae on median half, area between median and lateral carinae with 1 or 2 short, irregular carinae, posterior margin transversely carinate; forefemur length 2.75 × width.

Dorsum of abdomen delicately alutaceous except broad semicircular area at apex of second tergum, and narrow apices of terga 3–5.

MALE.—Length 2.2–2.5 mm, forewing 1.3–1.6 mm. Body black with mandible and tarsi light red, flagellum light brown, other leg segments and scape darker brown. Wings clear, veins testaceous. Surface sculpture much as in female.

Head slightly longer than broad, broadest across eyes (eyes more protuberant than in female), sides tapering toward vertex, length 1.67–1.81 × depth in lateral view; mandible with 5 teeth; eyes with scattered short setae; WH 0.94–0.98 × LH; WF 1.71–1.72 × HE; EV 1.17–1.39 × HE; OOL 1.67–2.00 × WOT; antennae elongate, first 4 segments in ratio of about 24:9:22:22, third segment length 1.83 × width.

Forewing with radial vein; disk of propodeum with 5 complete longitudinal carinae, areas between carinae with fine transverse carinules; posterior surface with median carina.

VARIATION.—Most females have short, narrow wings, 0.5–0.8 mm long, that extend only a short distance beyond the apex of the propodeum and have a closed median cell only; they are unquestionably incapable of flight.

FIGURES 29–32.—Glenosema dispersum, new species, paratype female (coated): 29, head; 30, left mandible, outer surface; 31, right mandible, inner surface; 32, right mandible, middle of inner surface, oblique.

Two females with broader wings, 0.9–1.1 mm long, may have been capable of flight; they have closed median and submedian cells. Pertinent measurements are length 1.6–2.2 mm, forewing 0.5–1.1 mm, WH 1.00–1.07 × LH, WF 1.53–1.64 × HE, EV 1.08–1.17 × HE, LH 1.70–1.78 × head depth in lateral view, OOL 2.17–2.43 × WOT, and forefemur length 2.63–2.78 × width. The coxae and femora range from light to dark brown; the median half of the dorsal propodeum rarely has two or three incomplete carinae between the median and lateral carinae.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—Holotype: art, Sri Lanka, SOUTHERN PROVINCE, Hambantota District: Palatupana Tank, 15 m, 29 Mar–2 Apr 1981, collected on or in leaf litter, KVK, TW, LW (USNM).

Paratypes (all USNM): Sri Lanka, 13art, holotype locality, as follows: 3art, 29 Mar–2 Apr 1981, KVK, TW, LW; 9art, 30–50 ft (9–15 m), 24–26 Aug 1980, on or in leaf litter, KVK, PBK, TW, LJ, VG; 1art, 10–20 m, 27–29 Sep, KVK, PBK, UVA PROVINCE. Monaragala District: 4art, Angunakolapelessa, 8–9 Oct 1980, on or in leaf litter, KVK, PBK, TW, LJ, VG. NORTHERN PROVINCE, Mannar District: 2art, Ma Villu, 16–19 Sep 1980, 1 in Malaise trap, KVK, PBK, TW, LJ, VG.

FIGURES 33, 34.—Glenosema splendidum, new species, paratype female (uncoated): 33, head; 34, thorax, dorsal.

A pair of paratypes will be deposited in the National Museum, Colombo, and one female paratype in the Natural History Museum, London (BMNH).

24. Glenosema splendidum, new species

FIGURES 33, 34

ETYMOLOGY.—From the Latin, splendidus, bright or shining, in allusion to the glossy surface of the head.

FEMALE.—Length 2.2 mm, forewing 0.06 mm. Body black with mandible, antennae, tegulae, and legs light red, femora somewhat darker; wings pale. Vestiture sparse, short, pale, glittering.

Head (Figure 33) somewhat elongate, about 0.9 times as wide as long, surface shiny, narrowly alutaceous adjacent to occiput; mandible with 7 teeth; head widest across eyes, sides narrowing slightly toward straight vertex, LH 1.75 × depth of head in lateral view; front with scattered small punctures; eyes with sparse, short setae, about as long as width of 1 facet; WH 0.91 × LH; WF 1.43 × HE; EV 1.33 × HE; ocelli in narrow triangle, posterior ocelli about twice their diameter from occipital carina, OOL 3.33 × WOT.

Thorax (Figure 34) less shining than head, dorsum strongly alutaceous except pronotal disk with median longitudinal area delicately so; propodeum slightly wider anteriorly, posterior width 0.91 × width at spiracles, posterior dorsal angles bluntly angulate, dorsal surface with 3 weak longitudinal carinae on anterior half, posterior margin transversely carinate; forefemur length 2.56 × width.

Abdominal dorsum moderately alutaceous.

MALE.—Unknown.

VARIATION.—The single paratype agrees very well with the holotype in details of color and surface sculpture. Slight variations are length 2.3 mm, forewing 0.07 mm; LH 1.86 × depth in lateral view; WH 0.88 × LH; WF 1.57 × HE; OOL 3.50 × WOT; posterior width of propodeum 0.93 × width at spiracles; and forefemur length 2.50 × width.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—Holotype: art, Sri Lanka, NORTHERN PROVINCE, Mannar District: Ma Villu, 16–19 Sep 1980, KVK, PBK, TW, LJ, VG (USNM).

Paratype: Sri Lanka, 1art, same label data as holotype. This specimen will be deposited in the National Museum, Colombo.

Literature Cited

Brown, W.L.

1987.   Neoclystopsenella (Bethylidae) a Synonym of Tapinoma (Formicidae). Psyche, 94:337.

Dalla Torre, C.G. de

1898.   Chalcididae et Proctotrupidae. In Catalogus Hymenopterorum, 5:1–598. Leipzig: G. Engelmann.

Dharmaraju, E.

1963.   Biological Control of Coconut Leaf Caterpillar (Nephantis serinopa Meyrick) in Ceylon. Coconut Research Institute (Ceylon), Bulletin, 21: 46 pages, 47 figures.

Evans, H.E.

1964.   A Synopsis of the American Bethylidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 132:1–122, 144 figures.

1978.   The Bethylidae of America North of Mexico. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 27:1–332, 159 figures.

Förster, A.

1856.   Hymenopterologische Studien II: Chalcidiae und Proctotrupii. Volume 2, 152 pages. Aachen: Ernst ter Meer.

Fouts, R.M.

1936.   Check List of the Serphoidea, Bethylidae and Anteonidae of Oceania. Occasional Papers of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, 11(18): 15 pages.

Gordh, G.

1988 (“1986”).   A New Species of Goniozus from India and Taxonomic Notes on Related Species (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae). Indian Journal of Entomology, 48:361–365, 11 figures. [Date on title page is 1986; actually published 1988.]

1990.   A Catalog of the World Bethylidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 46:1–364.

Hargreaves, H.

1926.   Notes on the Coffee Berry-Borer (Stephanoderes hampei, Ferr.) in Uganda. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 16:347–354, 3 figures.

Howard, L.O.

1930.   A History of Applied Entomology (Somewhat Anecdotal). Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 84(1): 564 pages.

Hutson, J.C.

1939.   Report on the Work of the Entomological Division. Ceylon Administration Reports, Department of Agriculture, section IV, appendix A, pages D 36–D 41.

Jayaratnam, T.J.

1941a. A Study of the Control of the Coconut Caterpillar (Nephantis serinopa Meyr.) in Ceylon with Special Reference to Its Eulophid Parasite (Trichospilus pupivora Ferr.). The Tropical Agriculturist, 97:3–21, 3 plates, 2 tables.

1941b. The Bethylid Parasite (Perisierola nephantidis M.) of the Coconut Caterpillar (Nephantis serinopa Meyr.). The Tropical Agriculturist, 97:115–127, 6 figures, 1 table.

Kieffer, J.J.

1904.   Description de nouveaux Dryininae et Bethylinae du Musée Civique de Genes. Annali Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 41:351–412.

1905.   Description de nouveaux Proctotrypides exotiques. Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles, 29:95–142, 1 figure, 1 plate.

1908.   Hymenoptera, Family Bethylidae. In P. Wytsman, Genera Insectorum, part 76: 50 pages, 3 plates.

1914.   Bethylidae. Das Tierreich, 41:1–595, 205 figures.

Kimsey, L.S., and R.M. Bohart

1991 (“1990”).   The Chrysidid Wasps of the World. 652 pages, 156 figures, 3 tables. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Date on title page is 1990; actually published 1991.]

Krombein, K.V.

1987.   Synonymic Notes on the Bethylidae Described by V. de Motschulsky (Hymenoptera: Aculeata). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 89:356–358.

Kurian, C.

1952.   Descriptions of Four New and Record of One Known Bethyloidea (Parasitic Hymenoptera) from India. Agra University Journal of Research, 1:63–72, 23 figures.

1954a. Catalogue of Oriental Bethyloidea. Agra University Journal of Research, 3:253–288.

1954b. Descriptions of Five New and Records and Redescriptions of Two Known Bethyloidea (Parasitic Hymenoptera) from India. Agra University Journal of Research, 3:417–440, 45 figures.

1955.   Bethyloidea (Hymenoptera) from India. Agra University Journal of Research, 4:67–156, 255 figures.

Kurian, C., and J. Antony

1961.   Systematic Position, Host Preference and Distribution of Perisierola nephantidis Muesebeck (Superfamily: Bethyloidea, Family: Bethylidae—a Larval Parasite of Nephantis serinopa Meyr.) and Its Allied Species. The Indian Coconut Journal, 14:123–126.

Magretti, P.

1897.   Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine, LXXIV: Imenotteri, Parte Seconda, Trigonalidi, Betilidi, Crisididi colla descrizione di parecchie nuove specie. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, series 2, 17:308–326, 10 figures.

Moczar, L.

1984.   Oriental Mesitiinae (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae). Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 45:109–150, 181 figures.

Motschulsky, V. de

1863.   Essai d'un catalogue des insectes de l'ile Ceylan, VI: Hyménopteres. Bulletin de la Société Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 36:11–73, plate 2.

Muesebeck, C.F.W.

1934.   Seven New Species of Indian Bethylidae (Hymenoptera). Records of the Indian Museum, 36:223–232, 2 figures.

Nagy, C.G.

1968.   A New Record of Mesitinae (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae). Memorie della Società Entomologica Italiana, 47:168–176.

Polaszek, A., and K.V. Krombein

1994.   The Genera of Bethylinae (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 3:91–105, 26 figures, 2 tables.

Ramachandra Rao, Y., and M.C. Cherian

1928.   Notes on the Life-History and Habits of Parisierola sp.—the Bethylid Parasite of Nephantis serinopa. In Madras Agricultural Department, Year Book 1927, pages 11–22, 4 tables. Madras: Government Press.

Ranaweera, D.J.W.

1950.   Observations on the Life-History of Bethylus Distigma Motschulsky (Goniozus Montanus Kieff.) (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Bethylidae). Journal of the Zoological Society of India, 2:127–132.

Swezey, O.H.

1933.   Notes and Exhibition of Local Material. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 8:226–227.

Thomson, C.G.

1862 (“1861”).   Sveriges Proctotruper (Fortsättning). Öfversigt af Kungliga Vetenskaps-akademiens Forhandlingar, 18:451–453. [Date on title page is 1861; actually published 1862.]

Waterston, J.

1923.   Notes on Parasitic Hymenoptera. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 14:103–118, 8 figures.

Westwood, J.O.

1881.   Observations upon the Hymenopterous Genus Scleroderma Klug, and Some Allied Groups. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, pages 117–140, plates 4–7.

* U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1995 387–410/20005

REQUIREMENTS FOR SMITHSONIAN SERIES PUBLICATION

Manuscripts intended for series publication receive substantive review (conducted by their originating Smithsonian museums or offices) and are submitted to the Smithsonian Institution Press with Form SI-36, which must show the approval of the appropriate authority designated by the sponsoring organizational unit. Requests for special treatment—use of color, foldouts, case-bound covers, etc.—require, on the same form, the added approval of the sponsoring authority.

Review of manuscripts and art by the Press for requirements of series format and style, completeness and clarity of copy, and arrangement of all material, as outlined below, will govern, within the judgment of the Press, acceptance or rejection of manuscripts and art.

Copy must be prepared on typewriter or word processor, double-spaced, on one side of standard white bond paper (not erasable), with 1art″ margins, submitted as ribbon copy (not carbon or xerox), in loose sheets (not stapled or bound), and accompanied by original art. Minimum acceptable length is 30 pages.

Front matter (preceding the text) should include: title page with only title and author and no other information, abstract page with author, title, series, etc., following the established format; table of contents with indents reflecting the hierarchy of heads in the paper; also, foreword and/or preface, if appropriate.

First page of text should carry the title and author at the top of the page; second page should have only the author's name and professional mailing address, to be used as an unnumbered footnote on the first page of printed text.

Center heads of whatever level should be typed with initial caps of major words, with extra space above and below the head, but no other preparation (such as all caps or underline, except for the underline necessary for generic and specific epithets). Run-in paragraph heads should use period/dashes or colons as necessary.

Tabulations within text (lists of data, often in parallel columns) can be typed on the text page where they occur, but they should not contain rules or numbered table captions.

Formal tables (numbered, with captions, boxheads, stubs, rules) should be submitted as carefully typed, double-spaced copy separate from the text; they will be typeset unless otherwise requested. If camera-copy use is anticipated, do not draw rules on manuscript copy.

Taxonomic keys in natural history papers should use the aligned-couplet form for zoology and may use the multi-level indent form for botany. If cross referencing is required between key and text, do not include page references within the key, but number the keyed-out taxa, using the same numbers with their corresponding heads in the text.

Synonymy in zoology must use the short form (taxon, author, year:page), with full reference at the end of the paper under “Literature Cited.” For botany, the long form (taxon, author, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, page, year, with no reference in “Literature Cited”) is optional.

Text-reference system (author, year:page used within the text, with full citation in “Literature Cited” at the end of the text) must be used in place of bibliographic footnotes in all Contributions Series and is strongly recommended in the Studies Series: “(Jones. 1910:122)” or “…Jones (1910:122).” If bibliographic footnotes are required, use the short form (author, brief title, page) with the full citation in the bibliography.

Footnotes, when few in number, whether annotative or bibliographic, should be typed on separate sheets and inserted immediately after the text pages on which the references occur. Extensive notes must be gathered together and placed at the end of the text in a notes section.

Bibliography, depending upon use, is termed “Literature Cited,” “References,” or “Bibliography.” Spell out titles of books, articles, journals, and monographic series. For book and article titles use sentence-style capitalization according to the rules of the language employed (exception: capitalize all major words in English). For journal and series titles, capitalize the initial word and all subsequent words except articles, conjunctions, and prepositions. Transliterate languages that use a non-Roman alphabet according to the Library of Congress system. Underline (for italics) titles of journals and series and titles of books that are not part of a series. Use the parentheses/colon system for volume (number):pagination: “10(2):5–9.” For alignment and arrangement of elements. follow the format of recent publications in the series for which the manuscript is intended. Guidelines for preparing bibliography may be secured from Series Section, SI Press.

Legends for illustrations must be submitted at the end of the manuscript, with as many legends typed, double-spaced, to a page as convenient.

Illustrations must be submitted as original art (not copies) accompanying, but separate from, the manuscript. Guidelines for preparing art may be secured from Series Section, SI Press. All types of illustrations (photographs, line drawings, maps, etc.) may be intermixed throughout the printed text. They should be termed Figures and should be numbered consecutively as they will appear in the monograph. If several illustrations are treated as components of a single composite figure, they should be designated by lowercase italic letters on the illustration; also, in the legend and in text references the italic letters (underlined in copy) should be used: “Figure 9b.” Illustrations that are intended to follow the printed text may be termed Plates, and any components should be similarly lettered and referenced: “Plate 9b.” Keys to any symbols within an illustration should appear on the art rather than in the legend.

Some points of style: Do not use periods after such abbreviations as “mm, ft, USNM, NNE.” Spell out numbers “one” through “nine” in expository text, but use digits in all other cases if possible. Use of the metric system of measurement is preferable; where use of the English system is unavoidable, supply metric equivalents in parentheses. Use the decimal system for precise measurements and relationships, common fractions for approximations. Use day/month/year sequence for dates: “9 April 1976.” For months in tabular listings or data sections, use three-letter abbreviations with no periods: “Jan, Mar, Jun,” etc. Omit space between initials of a personal name: “J.B. Jones.”

Arrange and paginate sequentially every sheet of manuscript in the following order: (1) title page. (2) abstract, (3) contents, (4) foreword and/or preface, (5) text, (6) appendixes, (7) notes section, (8) glossary, (9) bibliography. (10) legends, (11) tables. Index copy may be submitted at page proof stage, but plans for an index should be indicated when manuscript is submitted.