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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY •NUMBER 37

The Odonata of Dominica British West Indies

Thomas W. Donnelly

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

CITY OF WASHINGTON

1970

A B S T R A C T

Donnelly, Thomas W., The Odonata of Dominica, British West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 37: 1–20, 1970.—The Odonata fauna of Dominica is, for the first time, treated in detail. Twenty-one species of dragonflies and damselflies are recorded with detailed locality records and ecological notes, and a key is provided to 37 species known or expected to occur in the Lesser Antilles. Scapanea archboldi, new species, is described, and the nymphs of Protoneura ailsa Donnelly and Argia concinna Rambur are described for the first time. Aeshna psilus Calvert and Telebasis sanguinalis Calvert are recorded from the Lesser Antilles for the first time.

____________

Contribution No. 162, Entomology Section,
Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture, Gainesville.

____________

Official publication date is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution’s annual report, Smithsonian Year.

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1970

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington. D C. 20402 - Price 35 cents (paper cover)

The Odonata of Dominica British West Indies

Thomas W. Donnelly

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Thomas W. Donnelly, Department of Geology, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13901 and Research Associate, Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Florida Department of Agriculture, Gainesville.

The Archbold-Bredin survey of the island of Dominica has provided an almost unparalleled opportunity for the close examination of the flora and fauna of a small, tropical island. The collection of dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) amassed during this survey represents one of the most complete collections of Lesser Antillean Odonata ever assembled. The 20 species collected (plus an additional species reported by Dr. D. C. Geijskes) include 2 species reported from the Lesser Antilles for the first time, and an additional new species.

This report is based on the examination of 846 specimens collected by 16 individuals over a period of approximately 3 years, with collection dates falling on 89 days of the calendar year, and thoroughly representing all months of the year except for July, August, and December. In addition, a list of Odonata collected by D. C. Geijskes has been included. The author spent the first week of June 1964, collecting on the island in the company of Oliver S. Flint, Jr.

Although 40 specimen localities are included in this report, and although these localities occur in seven out of the ten parishes of Dominica, the areal coverage of the island is uneven. The principal collecting localities have been in the vicinity of Portsmouth, along the west-central coast (from the Layou River to Roseau and especially around Clarke Hall), along small streams in the central uplands of the island, and in the vicinity of Freshwater Lake. There are very few collections from the windward coast, and none from the southwestern coast.

The locality near Portsmouth is the swampy area near East Cabrit. Here are found grassy, shallow ponds and tree-lined sloughs along a dirt road. All of these bodies of water have a temporary appearance but are probably permanent. Hodge (1954) records 113 inches of rain for the year 1948 at Portsmouth, with only one month (April) having less than 4 inches. Several species (Micrathyria didyma, M. aequalis, Telebasis sanguinalis) are far more common here than elsewhere, and Lestes forficula has been recorded on Dominica only from this locality.

The most important locality near the coast of west-central Dominica is in the vicinity of Clarke Hall, where a variety of habitats have been collected rather thoroughly. The small shaded stream at Cafe, across the Layou River from the estate house, has a sandy to rocky bottom, moderate flow, and abundant emergent vegetation. Enallagma coecum and Protoneura ailsa are particularly abundant here.

Several small streams in the central upland region, along the main road across the island, where collected repeatedly. These streams are almost entirely above 1,000 feet in elevation, and are characteristically rocky, more or less swift, and have only limited emergent vegetation. They have a limited Odonata fauna, consisting mainly of Dythemis sterilis, Argia concinna, and Protoneura ailsa.

Freshwater Lake is a high-elevation (2,365 feet), abundantly vegetated lake of moderate size (one-quarter mile across). It appears to be Dominica’s only really salubrious Odonata locality which is appreciably away from the coast. Three species (Anax concolor, Brachymesia furcata, and Scapanea archboldi, new species) have been recorded only from this locality, and Aeshna psilus is known elsewhere only from one collection of a nymph. There are two areas which are especially favorable for Odonata: the shallow water fringing the lake proper and the small outlet stream. In spite of the fact that clouds hang over this lake almost constantly during much of the year, and the rainfall is heavy, Anax can be seen flying at almost any time.

Climate

Dominica is the wettest of the Antillean islands, with no really dry region of the island or part of the year. Hodge (1954) summarized the climate thoroughly, noting that for one year (1948) the mean rainfall of 22 stations was 137 inches. The windward part of the island had a mean of 126 inches, the leeward part 103 inches, and the central part of the island 186 inches. The minimum rainfall recorded by Hodge was 68 inches (leeward side) and the maximum 250 inches (center of island). Doubtless greater and lesser rainfalls occur. Rainfalls, especially in the wetter months, are generally torrential, interspersed with periods of misty rain referred to locally as “liquid sunshine.” Figure 1 shows monthly rainfall histograms for 1948 from two localities: Riverdale (center of the island), with a 250-inch rainfall, and Roseau (on the leeward side), with a 79-inch rainfall (taken from Hodge, 1954). Temperatures are moderate (yearly average 79°F) and relative humidities, especially in the interior, are very high.

The leeward coast has a more arid appearance than the rainfall statistics indicate; not only are the records sparsely distributed and the rainfall highly variable from place to place, but also the evaporation rates are locally high. The vegetation varies from highly luxuriant to microphyllous.

The average year is divided into seasons, a “dry” season (actually rather wet) and a “wet” season (a very wet season). The dry season occurs from mid-January through mid-June, and the wet season from mid-June through mid-January. The wet season is generally divided by a drier period from mid-September through mid-November.

Seasonal Distribution of Odonata

The extensive collections of Odonata made during this survey provide a unique opportunity to investigate the seasonal distribution patterns of Dominica Odonata. Figures 1–4 show the distribution of Odonata collections during the year, and, for comparison, monthly rainfall histograms for two localities, and collection histograms for two Odonata species. These figures have been constructed using only data from nonspecialists in order to minimize a possibly biased sample during the author’s week of active collecting.

Most of the species that have been collected more than a few times do not have a conspicuous seasonal distribution pattern. A few species, however, deserve comment. Erythrodiplax umbrata,the most widespread Odonate on the island, occurs commonly during both the early and late months of the year. There are relatively few collections during the late part of the “dry” season. In addition to the records represented by the histogram (Figure 3), the author did not find this species conspicuous during his collections in the first week of June 1964. If the species is truly less common at this time, it might be suggested that there are either two semi-distinct univoltine populations of this species on Dominica—one flying during the dry season and one during the wet, or one bivoltine population. There is no clear geographical distinction between records of the two time groups. The flight period of the adults is probably a few weeks at the most, and, although the time required for nymphal development is not known, most smaller tropical libellulines require less than a year to complete the development from egg to adult.

The species Orthemis ferruginea (Figure 4) has a quite different pattern. There are relatively few records for this species during the later part of the wet season, suggesting that this species is univoltine with a preference for the less wet months. Two species typical of upland stream habitats (Dythemis sterilisand Argia concinna)show similar patterns, presumably because the torrential rains during the wet season make their streams uninhabitable at this season.

Acknowledgments

The assistance of the following was most helpful and is gratefully acknowledged: the Smithsonian Institution for providing accommodations for me at Clarke Hall during my brief survey of the island; Dr. Oliver S. Flint, Jr. for many kindnesses and for accompanying me on numerous trips during that week; Dr. D. C. Geijskes for generously providing me with a list of the Odonata he collected on the island during 1965; and Professor Minter Westfall and Dr. Dennis Paulson for loaning me numerous specimens of Micrathyria didymafor my study of that species. I am further grateful to Professor Westfall for information concerning the status of Kirby’s (1894) record of Argia insipidafrom Saint Vincent and Grenada.

FIGURES 1–4.— 1, histograms showing rainfall from wet (Riverdale) and relatively dry (Roseau) localities for 1945 (from Hodge, 1954). 2, histogram showing species collections for Smithsonian collectors during Archbold-Bredin survey (author’s collections excluded). Smallest square is one collection. 3, histogram showing captures of Erythrodiplax umbrata by Smithsonian collectors. 4, histogram showing captures of Orthemis ferruginea by Smithsonian collectors.

Collectors

DB     D. F. Bray

JC      J. F. G. Clarke

TC     T. M. Clarke

DD     D. R. Davis

TD     T. W. Donnelly

OF     O. S. Flint, Jr.

DG     D. C. Geijskes

AG     A. B. Gurney

HH     H. H. Hobbs, Jr.

HR     H. Robinson

PS      P. J. Spangler

TS      T. J. Spilman

GS     G. Steyskal

ET      E. L. Todd

WW   W. W. Wirth

RZ      R. Zusi

Localities ¹

(Elevations given for localities appreciably above sea level.)

Saint John Parish: East Cabrit (swamp); Portsmouth.

Saint Andrew Parish: Melville Hall (airport).

Saint Joseph Parish: Clarke Hall; Cafe (a small stream tributary to the Layou River across from Clarke Hall); Mannett Gutter (a small stream near Clarke Hall); mouth of Layou River; Hillsborough Estate (slough); Grande Savane; d’Leau Gommier (small stream at 1,400 ft. along road); Laurent R. at Bells Police Station. (600 ft.); d’Leau Morne Laurent (stream at 2,000 ft. along road); Central Forest Reservoir; Macoucheri Estate.

Saint Paul Parish: Vicinity of Pont Casse (elevation 1,5001,900 ft.) several small streams along roads, 0.4, 0.9, and 1.3 mi east, 1.0 mi west, and 0.5 mi south (Upper Belfast River) of road junction; also Brantridge Estate (just north of road junction); Springfield Estate (elevation 1,200 ft.); Sylvania Estate (elevation 1,800 ft.); Canefield Estate.

Saint David Parish: Fond Figues River (elevation 400 ft., along road); Castle Bruce junction (elevation 1,500 ft.); Salibia; Boeri Lake (elevation 2,900 ft.).

Saint David—St. Andrew Parish: Concord.

Saint George Parish: Freshwater Lake (elevation 2,300 ft.); Wotten Waven (elevation 1,300 ft.); Fond Colet; Trafalgar Falls (elevation 1,000 ft.); Trafalgar (elevation 800 ft.); Roseau River, 1¾ mi above Roseau; Copt Hall elevation 500 ft.); Goodwill (part of Roseau); Laudat Creek (elevation 2,000 ft.); Roseau River at Goodwill Reservoir.

Saint Patrick Parish: Grand Bay; La Plaine.

Odonata recorded from Dominica

(Exclamation indicates new record from Lesser Antilles; x means endemic to Lesser Antilles.)

Anax concolor Braver

!    Aeshna psilus Calvert

Triacanthagyna trifida (Rambur)

Orthemis ferruginea (Fabricius)

Micrathyria didyma (Selys)

Micrathyria aequalis (Hagen)

Erythrodiplax umbrata (Linnaeus)

Lepthemis vesiculosa (Fabricius)

Brachymesia furcata (Hagen)

Cannacria herbida (Gundlach)

Dythemis sterilis (Hagen)

x!   Scapanea archboldi, new species

Tramea abdominalis (Rambur)

Pantala flavescens (Fabricius)

Lestes forficula Rambur

x    Argia concinna (Rambur)

!    Telebasis sanguinalis Calvert

Enallagma coecum (Hagen)

Ischnura ramburi (Selys)

Anomalagrion hastatum (Say)

x    Protoneura ailsa Donnelly

The key to the Odonata is based in part on the keys of Klots (1932) and Needham and Westfall (1955). Terminology is that of Needham and Westfall, and also of Walker (1953). A more detailed key to the Libellulidae (using somewhat different terminology) is that of Borror (1945).

Species included in this key are: (1) those recorded in this survey, (2) additional species recorded by Klots from the islands from Grenada to Guadeloupe, (3) some unpublished records from the author’s collections from Saint Lucia, and (4) some records from various monographs. Macrothemis celeno (Selys) has been included because of the possibility that it might occur. The species included under the second, third, and fourth categories above are: Anax junius (Drury) (Guadeloupe, Martinique), A. amazili (Burm.) (Barbados), Gynacantha nervosa Ramb. (Saint Lucia), Triacanthagyna septima (Selys) (Saint Lucia), Erythemis credula (Hagen) (Barbados, based on nymph supposition), E. attala (Selys) (Martinique), Brechmorhoga praecox grenadensis Kirby (Grenada), Erythrodiplax c. connata (Burmeister) (Martinique, Saint Vincent), E. c. fusca (Rambur) (Grenada) E. unimaculata (DeGeer) (Martinique, Saint Vincent), Dythemis multipunctata Kirby (Saint Vincent, Grenada), Tramea binotata (Rambur) (Barbados), T. onusta Hagen (Guadeloupe), Lestes spumarius Selys (Barbados, Grenada), L. tenuatus Rambur (Martinique, Saint Lucia), and Ceratura capreola (Hagen) (Saint Lucia). The Protoneura capillaris (Rambur) recorded by Klots from Martinique has not been confirmed and is probably P. ailsa Donnelly. Hetaerina luteola (Rambur) (a variety of cruentata Selys) has been mentioned by Selys (1854) from Martinique; very probably the locality is an error, as the genus is quite unknown from the Antilles, with the sole possible exception of Jamaica. An additional species, Argia insipida Selys, was recorded by Kirby (1894) from Saint Vincent and Grenada but is here omitted because of the probability that the record represents either a misidentification (of Argia concinna) or misplaced specimens (M. Westfall, personal communication).

The key is not intended as a substitute to the standard taxonomic works, and these should be consulted before the specific diagnosis is completed. Female libelluline dragonflies of the Macrothemis group (including Dythemis, Brechmorhaga, and Scapanea) are not easily keyed out, and their diagnosis might require comparison with specimens. The male of Scapanea archboldi is not known, but the characters of the female indicate that the standard key characters for separating this genus from Brechmorhoga (as, for instance, in Borror, 1945) will have to be modified.

Key to the Odonata of Dominica

(Species which might occur are in parentheses.)

Anax concolor Brauer

Anax longipes Hagen, 1861, p. 118.—Calvert, 1905, p. 176.— Needham & Westfall, 1955, p. 272.

Anax concolor Brauer, 1865, p. 508.—Geijskes, 1968, p. 73.

Anax longipes concolor Brauer.—Martin, 1908, p. 13.—Paulson, 1966, p. 100.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Dominica: Freshwater Lake, 5 June 1964, 5 art (TD),4 art (OF), 25 Oct. 1964, 1 art (PS), 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG), 9 June 1965, 2 art (DD).

This species, recorded only recently from the Lesser Antilles (Dominica and Guadeloupe), is well known from the Bahamas and in tropical South America. It is a large, conspicuous dragonfly at Freshwater Lake, and males may be seen patrolling the lake margins almost constantly, except during rain showers. Cast skins can be found clinging to floating vegetation on the lake.

Aeshna psilus Calvert

Aeshna cornigera, nec Brauer.—Klots, 1932, p. 18.

Aeshna psilus Calvert, 1947, p. 4.—Calvert, 1956, p. 150.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Dominica: Brantridge, 9 May 1964, 1 nymph(OF); Freshwater Lake, 5 June 1964, 1 art,1art(TD), 7 June 1964, 1 art(TD), 15 Oct. 1966, 1 art(ET).

This species is recorded from the Lesser Antilles for the first time, having previously been known from the Greater Antilles, Mexico, Central America, and northwestern South America. It is less conspicuous than the previous species, and prefers to patrol paths and wet spots around the lake, rather than the open water.

Triacanthagyna trifida (Rambur)

Gynacantha Infida Rambur, 1842, p. 210.—Calvert, 1905, p. 191.—Klots, 1932, p. 24.

Triacanthagyna trifida (Rambur).—Martin, 1909, p. 148.— Williamson, 1923, p. 24.—Needham & Westfall, 1955, p. 325.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Dominica: Melville Hall, 7 Jan. 1965, 1 art(JC, TC); Clarke Hall, 23 Mar. 1964, 1 art (DB), 9 Oct. 1964, 1 art (PS), 8 Jan. 1965, 1 art (JC, TC).

The seasonal distribution of this crepuscular dragonfly and its close relatives, on Dominica and on other Antillean islands, is not known. Gynacantha and Triacanthagyna species generally tend to fly together where they occur. I have found various species common in Saint Lucia in September, in Puerto Rico in January (though scarce in July), in Trinidad in March and April, and in Guatemala in August and September. Although we searched for this insect on Dominica intensively during the first week of June, we found no evidence of it. The life history and ethology of this and related species remains somewhat mysterious.

Orthemis ferruginea (Fabricius)

Libtllula ferruginea Fabricius, 1775, p. 423.

Orthemis ferruginea (Fabricius).—Kirby, 1894, p. 264.—Calvert, 1906, p. 234—Ris, 1910, p. 282—Klots, 1932, p. 28.— Needham & Westfall, 1955, p. 471.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Dominica: East Cabrit (swamp), 10 Apr. 1954, 3 art (OF), 4 June 1964, 1 art,1 art (TD), 18 June 1964, 1 art (OF), 29 June 1964, 1 art (OF), 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG); Melville Hall, 9 June 1965, 19(DD); Clarke Hall, 16 Feb. 1964, 1 art(DB), 4 Apr. 1964, 1 art (OF), 28 Oct. 1964, 1 art (PS), 16 Jan. 1965, 1 art (WW), 18 Jan. 1965, 1 art (WW), 9 Feb. 1965, 1 art (JC, TC), 13 Feb. 1965, 1 art (JC,TC), 10 Mar. 1965, 1 art (JC, TC); Cafe, 3 June 1964, 4 art (TD), 1 art (OF); Pont Casse (.9 mi east), 17 Sept. 1964, 1 art (TS). Springfield Estate, 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG); Sylvania Estate, 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG); Grande Savane, 8 Apr. 1964, 1 art (OF); Freshwater Lake, 17 Sept. 1964, 1 art (TS), 9 June 1965, 1 art (DD); Laudat, 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG); Roseau River at Goodwill Reservoir, 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG).

This handsome, plum-colored dragonfly is one of the most widespread Odonata species in the circum-Caribbean region, and is conspicuous in nearly all aquatic habitats, including stock ponds and muddy creeks inhabited by few other Odonates. Its seasonal distribution on Dominica (see above) is unusual in that it appears in few collections in the autumnal months, toward the end of the rainy season.

Micrathyria didyma (Selys)

FIGURES 5–14

Libellula didyma Selys, 1857, p. 453.

Micrathyria(?) pruinosa, new species.—Kirby, 1894, p. 267.

Micrathyria didyma (Selys).—Calvert, 1906, p. 221.—Ris, 1911, p. 430.—Klots, 1932, p. 38.—Needham, 1943, p. 189.— Santos, 1954, p. 493.—Needham & Westfall, 1955, p. 507.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Dominica: East Cabrit (swamp), 10 Apr. 1964, 1 art (OF), 4 June 1964, 5 art (TD), 1 art, 19 (OF), 18 June 1964, 2 art (OF), 29 June 1964, 4 art, 5 art (OF,) 2 Nov. 1964, 1 art (PS), 5 Nov. 1964, 1 art,1 art (PS), 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG); Roseau River, 1¾ mi above Roseau, 23 July 1963, 2 art (OF); Canefield Estate, 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG).

This species is widely distributed in the Caribbean region. A long series of specimens from Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, the Bahamas, Dominica, and Saint Lucia, as well as a series from Guatemala and southern Mexico which had been included in this species, were compared during this study. The species didyma varies little through the Antillean regions, though there are some minor peculiarities in the thoracic color pattern (Figures 5–8) that are identifiable with particular islands. Though these patterns vary, even at one locality, the “Cuban” pattern is found also in the Dominican Republic, the Bahamas (Cat Island), Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, and near Roseau, Dominica. The “Jamaican” pattern is found also in the Bahamas (San Salvador). The “Dominican” pattern, with its tendency toward pale color restriction, is restricted to the East Cabrit occurrence.

FIGURES 5–8.—Thoracic patterns of Micrathyria didyma sensu lato: 5, Dominca; 6, Jamaica (collected by M. J. Westfall); 7, Cuba (collected by M. J. Westfall); 8, Morales, Guatemala (collected by T. W. Donnelly).

FIGURES 9–14.— Micrathyria didyma sensu lato: 9, 11, 13, Cuba (collected by M. J. Westfall); 10, 12, 14, Morales, Guatemala (collected by T. W. Donnelly); 9, 10, male appendages, lateral view; 11, 12, male appendages, dorsal view; 13, 14, male genitalia of second segment, ventral view.

Structurally there are no conspicuous differences among the Antillean specimens. The Guatemalan and Mexican specimens examined, however, have conspicuously heavier posterior laminae, and more arched and curved anal appendages, as shown in Figures 9–14. Because Ris described in detail a Guatemalan, rather than a Cuban, specimen of this species in his monograph, the former is the better-known representative of this species. It now appears, however, that the mainland form may have to be referred to under another name, and the name didyma reserved for the Antillean form.

The specimens of this species which I have collected have rather different habits than the Guatemalan and Mexican forms. The Antillean insect is a retiring, inconspicuous insect found generally in shaded brush around small ponds. The mainland form, on the other hand, commonly perches in more conspicuous, exposed places around the margins of ponds.

Micrathyria aequalis (Hagen)

Dythemis aequalis Hagen, 1861, p. 167.

Micrathyria aequalis (Hagen).—Kirby, 1894, p. 267.—Calvert, 1906, p. 229.—Needham, 1943, p. 187—Needham & Westfall, 1955, p. 505.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Dominica: East Cabrit (swamp), 4 June 1964, 1 art (TD), 1 art (OF); 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG); Hillsborough Estate (slough), 17 Apr. 1964, 2 art (OF); Canefield Estate (pool), 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG).

This dark libelluline is the smallest dragonfly species recorded from Dominica. It is widespread in the circum-Caribbean region, and is commonly found perched on bare twigs around the edges of small ponds.

Erythrodiplax umbrala (Lumaeus)

Libellula umbrata Linnaeus, 1758, p. 545.

Trithemis umbrala (Linnaeus)—Kirby, 1894, p. 263.

Erythrodiplax umbrata (Linnaeus).—Ris, 1911, p. 484.—Calvert, 1928, p. 25.—Klots, 1932, p. 43.—Borror, 1942, p. 105.— Needham & Westfall, 1955, p. 528.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Dominica: East Cabrit (swamp), 10 Apr. 1964, 6 art, 7 art (OF), 15 Oct. 1964, 1 art (PS), 2 Nov. 1964, 4 art, 2 art (PS), 3 Nov. 1964, 2 art (PS), 5 Nov. 1964, 2 art, 9 art (PS), 23 Feb. 1965, 2 art (TC, JC), 22–25 Mar. 1965, 2 art, 1 art (WW), 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG), 18 Oct. 1966, 1 art (ET); Melville Hall, 10 Apr. 1964, 1 art (OF), 14 May 1966, 1 art, 1 art (GS); Clarke Hall, 16 Feb. 1964, 2 art (DB), 17 Oct. 1964, 1 art (PS), 31 Oct. 1964, 1 art (PS), 10 Jan. 1965, 1 art (JC, TC), 16 Jan. 1965, 3 art, 1 art (WW), 18 Jan. 1965,1 art (WW), 13Feb. 1965, 2 art ,4 art (JC,TC), 16 Feb. 1965, 2 art (JC,TC), 2 Mar. 1965,1 art (JC,TC), 10 Mar. 1965, 1 art, 1 art (JC, TC), 11 Mar. 1965, 1 art (JC, TC), 21–31 Mar. 1965, 1 art (WW), 4 Oct. 1966, 1 art (ET), 9 Oct. 1966, 1 art (AG), 11 Oct. 1966, 1 art (AG), no date, 1 art (JC, TC); Cate, 3 June 1964, 1 art, 1 art (OF), 3 art, 1 art (TD); Pont Casse, 1 June 1964 (1.6 mi west), 1 art (TD), 18 Sept. 1964 (1 mi west), 3 art, 1 art (TS), 8 Oct. 1966, 2 art (ET), 14 Oct. 1966, 1 art (AG), 1 art (ET); d’Leau Gommier, 27 Apr. 1964, 1 art (OF); Salibia, 25 Sept. 1964, 1 art (TS); Concord, 4 Dec. 1964, 1 art (PS); Castle Bruce, 8 Oct. 1966, 1 art (AG), 2 art (ET); mouth of Layou River, 9 Jan. 1965, 1 art (JC, TC), 20 Jan. 1965, 1 art (WW), 10 Oct. 1966, 1 art (ET); Grande Savane, 8 Apr. 1964, 3 art (OF), 2 Sept. 1964, 1 art (TS), 15 Sept. 1964, 1 art (TS), 7 Oct. 1966, 1 art (AG); Fond Figues, 6 Apr. 1964, 1 art, 1 art (OF); Hillsborough Est. (slough), 17 Apr. 1964, 1 art, 1 art (OF); Mannett Gutter, 17 May 1966, 1 art (GS); Goodwill, 7 Oct. 1966, 1 art (ET); Laudat (creek), 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG); Canefield Est. (pool), 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG); Roseau R. at Goodwill Reservoir, 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG); Springfield Est., 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG); Wotten Waven, 7 Oct. 1964, 1 art (PS); Fond Colet, 9 Oct. 1964, 1 art (PS); Freshwater Lake, 25 Oct. 1964, 1 art (PS); Trafalgar Falls, 15 Mar. 1964, 1 art (DB); Grand Bay, 13 Apr. 1964, 1 art (OF).

This handsome species is one of the most common and widespread of all Neotropical Odonata, occurring around nearly every body of relatively quiet water at lower elevations in the American tropics. A remarkably small proportion of females collected (1 out of 55) had any dark marking on the wings.

Lepthemis vesiculosa (Fabricius)

Libellula vesiculosa Fabricius, 1775, p. 421.

Lepthemis vesiculosa (Fabricius)—Kirby, 1894, p. 268.—Calvert, 1907, p. 339.—Ris, 1911, p. 607.—Klots, 1932, p. 56.— Needham & Westfall, 1955, p. 555.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Dominica: East Cabrit (swamp), 4 June 1964, 1 art (TD), 27 June 1964, 1 art (OF), 2 Nov. 1964, 3 art (“Culucoides feeding on wings and thorax”) (PS), 5 Nov. 1964, 2 art (PS), 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG); 18 Oct. 1966, 2 art (ET); Portsmouth, 19 Oct. 1966, 1 art (AG); Clarke Hall, 10 Mar. 1965, 1 art (JC, TC); Canefield Estate, 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG); Grand Bay, 13 Mar. 1964, 1 art (DB).

This is another widespread Neotropical pond species, occurring especially commonly in rather stagnant pools where relatively few other species are present. A disproportionate number of specimens were taken toward the end of the rainy season.

Brachymesia fur cat a (Hagen)

Erythcmis furcata Hagen, 1861, p. 169.

Cannacria smithii, new species.—Kirby, 1894, p. 266.

Cannacria furcata (Hagen).—Calvert, 1907, p. 325.

Brachymesia furcata (Hagen).—Ris, 1911, p. 737.—Klots, 1932, p. 51.—Garcia Diaz, 1938, p. 58, 72, 74.—Needham & Westfall, 1955, p. 559.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Dominica: Freshwater Lake, 5 June 1964, 1 art (TD).

This dragonfly ranges widely, but rarely occurs in numbers. It prefers lacustrine habitats, generally away from the seashore. Other dragonflies of this species were seen at Freshwater Lake on the date of the lone collection.

Cannacria herbida (Gundlach)

Libellula herbida Gundlach, 1889, p. 261.

Cannacria batesii Kirby, 1889, p. 341.—Calvert, 1907, p. 326.—Ris, 1912, p. 736.

Cannacria herbida (Gundlach).—Klots. 1932, p. 61.—Needham & Westfall, 1955, p. 563.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Dominica: Canefield Estate (pool), 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG).

A widespread Antillean species, occurring sparingly on the mainland.

Dythemis sterilis Hagen

Dythemis sterilis Hagen, 1861, p. 317.—Ris, 1916, p. 1205.— Geijskes, 1946, p. 232.

Dythemis velox sterilis Hagen.—Calvert, 1898, p. 309; 1906, p. 273.—Ris, 1913, p. 841.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Dominica: d’Leau Gommier, 21 Feb. 1965, 1 art (JC, TC); Brantridge, 9 May 1964, 1 art (OF); Pont Casse, 7 May 1964 (0.5 mi east), 1 art (OF), 6 June 1964 (0.5 mi east), 2 art (TD), 22 May 1964 (0.4 mi east), 1 art (OF), 1 June 1964 (1.3 mi east), 2 art (TD), 15 June 1964 (1.3 mi east), 3 art (OF); Clarke Hall, 1 Mar. 1965, 1 art (JC, TC); Mannett Gutter, 11 Apr. 1964, 2 art (OF), 1 May 1964, 1 art (OF), 3 June 1964, 2 art (TD); Cafe, 3 June 1964, 1 art (TD), 6 June 1964, 3 art (OF); Macoucheri, 14 Feb. 1965, 1 art (WW); Grande Savane, 20 May 1964, 1art(OF); Laudat (creek), 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG); Roseau River at Goodwill Reservoir, 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG); Freshwater Lake, 5 June 1964,1 art, 1 art (OF), 1 art (TD), 7 June 1964,1 art (OF), 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG), 15 Oct. 1966, 1art(ET); Boeri Lake, 22 Feb. 1964, 1 art (emerging) (RZ).

This species is common in Mexico, Central America, and northern South America, and its West Indian occurrences are limited to the Lesser Antilles. Streams and rivers, frequently shaded, are the favored habitat.

Scapanea archboldi, new species

FIGURES 15, 17, 18

DESCRIPTION OF FEMALE.—Holotype.

Head (Figure 17): Labrum deep glossy purple; anteclypeus gray-brown; postclypeus shining, very pale bluish, dark centrally; frons glossy purple, pale ventrally; vertex glossy purple, apparently erect with conical projections as is typical for genus (specimen flattened).

Prothorax: Brown, with three small dark spots at base of forelobe, two lateral dark dashes on midlobe. Hind lobe suberect, rounded, with very shallow, rounded, median emargination.

Pterothorax: Obscure dark brown, with conspicuous covering of fine, dark setae, pale as follows: thin stripe on mesepisternum, expanded dorsally into distinct “L”; broad stripe, rounded below, occupying approximately rear half of mesepimeron; thin stripe, wider and rounded below, on metepisternum; broad, parallel-sided stripe, rounded below, on metepimeron.

Legs: Dark, femoral spines tapering in length, last spine (last two spines on fore femur) conspicuously longer (Figure 18). Six spines on forefemur, seven on midfemur, nine on hind femur.

Abdomen: Obscure dark brown, paler ventrally on basal segments, pale discontinuous dashes parallel to middorsal carina on sides of 3–5, extending caudally about two-thirds of 3 and 4 and less than one-third of 5. Anal appendages dark, slightly longer than 10. Vulvar lamina short, inconspicuous, rounded, with rounded central excavation. Abdomen of specimen flattened, but evidently broad, with breadth of terga of 8 and 9 suggesting slight expandability.

FIGURES 15–16.— Scapanea wings: 15, S. archboldi, new species, female; 16, S. frontalis (Burmeister), female (Puerto Rico, collected by T. W. Donnelly).

FIGURES 17–20.— S. archboldi, new species, female: 17, female facial pattern (frontal horns somewhat restored from crushed condition); 18, female hind femur. S. frontalis (Burmeister), female (Puerto Rico, collected by T. W. Donnelly); 19, facial pattern; 20, hind femur.

Venation (Figure 15): Antenodals 11½ (forewing), 8, 9 (hind wing); postnodals 7 (forewing), 8, 9 (hind wing). Forewing arculus rises one-sixth space proximal to 2nd antenodal. RPLand MPLconspicuous, one cell between these and Rs and M₄ respectively. Forewing triangle and supertriangle one celled, subtriangle with three cells, discoidal field two cells wide; hind wing, triangle and supertriangle one celled. Three cell rows between A₂of hind wing and wing margin.

Measurements: Abdomen 32 mm; hind wing 31 mm.

Locality: Dominica, Freshwater Lake, 16 September 1964, collected by T. J. Spilman.

This species is evidently closely related to Scapanea frontalis (Burmeister) of the Greater Antilles, although the generic diagnosis is somewhat doubtful for females. The closest genus to Scapanea is Brechmorhoga, which is represented in Grenada by one species ( B. praecox grenadensis Kirby) and in Trinidad additionally by B. nubecula (Rambur). The wing venation of the new species (Figure 15) is superficially like that of Brechmorhoga in the reduction of number of cells in the triangles and cell rows between A₂and the wing margin, and number of cell rows between the RPL, MPL, and their respective principal veins. These characters do not indicate a relationship with Brechmorhoga, however, but rather a reduction of venation, largely in conjunction with reduction in size. The position of the arculus in the hind wing, which is coincident with or very close to the 2nd antenodal in Scapanea and generally more distal in Brechmorhoga, is a clue to the correct relationship. The strongest indication of affinity of the new species with the Greater Antillean genus, however, is the breadth of the abdomen, which is conspicuously greater in the new species than in either Brechmorhoga from Trinidad, or even the broader Middle American species B. rapax Calvert. Further, the femoral armature of the new species is very close in general form to that of the female of Scapanea frontalis, in which the femoral spines taper rather gradually in length proxirnally. In Brechmorhoga females the preultimate spines are subequal in length.

The new species differs from frontalis by: (1) its smaller size and relatively shorter wings (two Puerto Rican females have abdomens 33 and 32 mm, and hind wings 37 and 34/2mm); (2) its narrower ante-humeral stripes and coarser, darker, pterothoracic setae; (3) its conspicuously different facial color pattern with the more restricted pale color on the frons, the central dark color on the postclypeus, and the pale basal spots on the labrum; and (4) its reduced venation (the Puerto Rican females of frontalis (Figure 16) have two-celled triangles in the forewing and the discoidal field three cells wide; there are four cell rows between A₂ and the wing margin of the hind wing; there are two cell rows for a distance of three or four cells between Rsp1 and Rs; there are 14½ or 15½ antenodals in the forewing and 10 or 11 antenodals in the hind wing).

Whether the male, when it is finally taken, will have the conspicuously clubbed abdomen of frontalis is, of course, not known. The female of frontalis, however, has somewhat widened terga on 8 and 9 which are shared with those of the new species, and I believe it is probable that the new species will be equally clubbed.

The exact habitat of the new species is not known. Again by analogy with frontalis, however, its most likely habitat is a mountain stream such as the outlet stream of Freshwater Lake.

It is with great pleasure that I name the new species for John D. Archbold, whose interests in Dominica and in natural history have combined in the patronage of a most important series of biological studies of this truly fascinating tropical island.

Tramea abdominalis (Rambur)

Libellula abdominalis Rambur, 1842, p. 37.

Tramea abdominalis (Rambur).—Cabot, 1890, p. 45.—Kirby, 1894, p. 262.—Calvert, 1906, p. 304.—Ris, 1913, p. 994.— Klots, 1932, p. 69—Needham & Westfall, 1955, p. 595.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Dominica: East Cabrit (swamp), 4 June 1964, 1 art (OF), 27 June 1964, 1 art (OF); Hillsborough Estate (slough), 17 Apr. 1964, 3 art (OF); Clarke Hall, 10 Mar. 1965, 1 art (JC, TC); Trafalgar, 13 Apr. 1964, 1 art (OF); Freshwater Lake, 5 June 1964, 1 art, 1art(OF), 1 art (TD), 7 June 1964, 1 art (OF), 16 Sept. 1964, 1 art (TS), 9 June 1965, 1 art (DD).

This is a widespread tropical lacustrine species occurring dominantly in the West Indies. On Dominica most records were during the first months of the rainy season.

Pantala flavescens (Fabricius)

Libellula flavescens Fabricius, 1798, p. 285.

Pantala flavescens (Fabricius).—Cabot, 1890, p. 44.—Kirby, 1894, p. 262.—Calvert, 1906, p. 307.—Ris, 1913, p. 917.— Klots, 1932, p. 73.—Needham & Westfall, 1955, p. 602.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Dominica: East Cabrit (swamp), 18 Oct. 1966, 1 art (ET); Melville Hall, 9 June 1964, 1 art (OF).

This conspicuous yellow dragonfly is the most widely ranging of all Odonata species, being found throughout the tropic and subtropical regions of the entire world. The small number of captures on Dominica is surprising; there are several additional sightings.

Lestes forficula Rambur

Lestes forficula Rambur, 1842, p. 247.—Calvert, 1901, p. 50.— Klots, 1932, p. 77.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Dominica: East Cabrit (swamp), 4 June 1964, 4 art (OF), 4 art (TD), 18 June 1964, 1 art 1 art (OF), 5 Nov., 1964, 1 art 1 art (PS).

This damselfly occurs widely in Middle America and the West Indies. Its preferred habitat is shallow, often temporary, ponds, commonly in cleared areas.

Protoneura ailsa Donnelly

FIGURES 21–24

Protoneura ailsa Donnelly, 196i, p. 119.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Dominica: d’Leau Morne Laurent, 1 Mar. 1964, 1 art (HH); Central Forest Reserve (small creek in forest), 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG); Pont Casse, 22 May 1964 (1.3 mi east), 6 art (OF), 1 June 1964 (1.3 mi east) 2 art (TD), 3 June (0.3 mi east) 1 art (TD); Clarke Hall, 21–31 Mar. 1965, 2 art (WW), 31 May 1965, 1 art (GS); 4 Apr. 1964 (wooded trail), 1 art (OF); Mannett Gutter, 5 Apr. 1964, 1 art (OF), 11 Apr. 1964, 6 art (OF), 1 May 1964, 11 art (OF), 3 June 1964, 3 art, 1art(TD); Cafe, 3 June 1964, 17 art, 2 art (TD), 6 June 1964, 29 art, 5 art (TD), 17 art, 1 art (OF), 8 June 1964, 8 art, 2 art (OF), 27 June 1964, 4 art (OF).

FIGURES 21–24.— Protoneura ailsa Donnelly, nymph: 21, dorsal view; 22, lateral view of caudal lamellae; 23, dorsal view of labium; 24, lateral view of lateral lobe of labium.

This very beautiful damselfly is locally common in shaded, heavily vegetated, small streams.

NYMPH.—A pale-colored nymph with lightly pigmented caudal lamellae and subtransparent wing cases, through which the segmentation of the abdomen is visible. Antennae 6-segmented, 3rd segment longest, 1½ times the 2nd segment. Three lateral and 1 mental seta. Mentum abruptly rounded; postocular lobes setose. Lateral lobe beyond movable hook bifid, the mesal branch a strong hooklike tooth, the distal branch with a short hook and a square-tipped, dentate, wide tooth. Wing cases reach beyond the base of the 5th segment. Lateral keels present on 1–7. Pale color relieved only by dark markings on lamellae, and by the black eyes. Lamellae flat, rounded, thinner beyond nodus. Length 15 mm; gills 4 mm.

The nymph was found clinging to aquatic vegetation in a small stream tributary to the Layou River at Clarke Hall.

Locality: Cafe, 8 June 1964, collected by Flint and Donnelly.

Argia concinna (Rambur)

FIGURES 25–27

Agrion concinnum Rambur, 1842, p. 254.

Argia concinna (Rambur).—Hagen & Calvert, 1902, p. 107.— Gloyd, 1941, p. 130.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Dominica: d’Leau Gommier, 27 Apr. 1964, 5 art 1 art (OF), 3 June 1964, 18 art (TD), 21 Feb. 1965, 1 art (JC, TC); Central Forest Reserve (small creek in forest), 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG); Laurent River north of Bells Police Station, 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG); Pont Casse, 22 May 1964 (1.3 mi east), 5 art (OF), 24 May 1964 (0.4 mi east), 2 art (OF),l June 1964 (1.3 mi east) 3 art (TD), 6 June 1964 (1.3 mi east), 3 art, 3 art (TD), 15 June 1964, 1 art (OF), 28 May–2 June 1965 (0.5 mi south), (DG); La Plaine, 16 Feb. 1964, 1 art (HR); Fond Figues River, 16 Mar. 1964, 4 art (DB), 17 Mar-1964, 2 art (DB), 6 Apr. 1964, 12 art, 10 art (OF), 6 June 1964, 7 art, 14 art (TD); Laudat (creek), 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG); Springfield Estate (river), 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG); Roseau River north of Goodwill Reservoir, 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG); Castle Bruce junction, 27 Apr. 1964, 1 art (OF); Clarke Hall, 21–31 Mar. 1965, 1 art (WW).

This damselfly is one of the few species of Odonata endemic to the Lesser Antilles. Its identity was a mystery for several years; the type locality (“Du Cap”) was taken to mean the Cape of Good Hope, and its supposed occurrence in Africa was unique for the genus. Gloyd (1941) showed that the true locality of this species was the Lesser Antilles, mentioning that specimens from Dominica, Grenada, and Guadeloupe had been determined by her (making this species, incidentally, the only one heretofore recorded from Dominica (except from the very recently recorded Anax concolor). The mystery of the label locality has not, however, been satisfactorily solved. The possible type locality could be on Saint Lucia, where the northernmost part of the island belongs to the large Cape (or Cap) Estate, and where several small localities bear this name.

This is a conspicuous lotic species, occurring well above sea level in rushing streams.

NYMPH.—A moderately pigmented, stout nymph with heavy cadual lamellae, as is typical of the genus. Antennae 7 segmented, 3rd and 4th segments longest, 1 1/3 times the length of the 2nd. No mental and 1 lateral seta. Lateral lobe beyond movable hook bifid, mesal hook longer than lateral. Postocular lobes rounded, setose. Legs with brown, subapical femoral stripes. Infolded lateral keels on 1–5. Wing cases reaching base of 5th segment. Lamellae triangular in section, inflated, with elongate tips. Color dark, with stripes on femora and on lamellae. Length 15 mm; gills 5 mm.

The nymph was collected in a small stream.

Locality: d’Leau Gommier, 27 April 1964, collected by Flint.

Telebasis sanguinalis Calvert

Tdebasis sanguinalis Calvert, 1909, p. 192.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Dominica: East Cabrit (swamp), 10 Apr. 1964, 3 art 3 art (OF), 25 Apr. 1964, 1 art (OF), 4 June 1964, 10 art, 2 art (TD), 18 June 1964, 3 art, 2 art (OF), 29 June 1964, 3 art (OF), 3 Nov. 1964, 1 art (PS); north of Springfield Estate (swampy grassland), 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG).

This bright red, small damselfly occurs around small, grassy ponds. It occurs in South America and Trinidad, as well as the Lesser Antilles.

FIGURES 25–27.— Argia concinna (Rambur), nymph: 25, dorsal view; 26, lateral view of caudal lamellae; 27, dorsal view of labium.

Enallagma coecum (Hagen)

Agrion coecum Hagen, 1861, p. 84.

Enallagma coecum (Hagen).—Calvert, 1902, p. 112.—Klots, 1932, p. 96.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Dominica: Melville Hall, 14 May 1966, 29(GS); Clarke Hall, 13 May 1966, 1 art (GS); Cafe, 3 June 1964, 2 art (TD), 6 June 1964, 3 art, 1 art (OF), 5 art, 1 art (TD), 27 June 1964, 1 art, 2 art (OF), 8 July 1964, 2 art (OF); Fond Figues River, 6 June 1964, 1 art (TD); Springfield Estate, 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG); Roseau River at Goodwill Reservoir, 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG); Copt Hall, 11 Oct. 1966, 1 art (ET).

Tiny streams, preferably heavily vegetated, are the habitat of this small violet damselfly. It ranges throughout the West Indies, but is replaced by a closely related species on Cuba (E. cardenium Hagen), an undescribed related species on Jamaica, and E. novaehispaniae Calvert on the mainland from Trinidad to Texas.

Ischnura ramburi (Selys)

Agrion ramburii Selys, 1857, p. 189.

Micronympha sencgalcnsis (Rambur).—Kirby, 1894, p. 269.

Ischnura ramburii (Selys).—Calvert, 1902, p. 124, 388; 1928, p. 10.—Klots, 1932, p. 92.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Dominica: East Cabrit (swamp), 10 Apr. 1964, 4 art, 1art (OF), 25 Apr. 1964, 3 art (OF), 4 June 1964, 1 art, 2art (TD), 18 June 1964, 19, 2 art (OF), 2 Nov. 1964, 1 art (PS), 3 Nov. 1964, 2art (PS), 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG); Melville Hall, 4 June 1964, 2 art, 1 art (TD), 9 June 1964,6 art, 5 art (OF); Hillsborough Estate (slough), 17 Apr. 1964, 2 art (OF), 1 June 1964, lart, 1art(TD); Canefield Estate (pool near beach), 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG); mouth of Layou River, 9 Jan. 1965, 1 art (JC, TC), 6 Feb. 1965, 2 art, 2 art (JC, TC), 18–24 Mar. 1965, 1 art (WW); Fond Colet, 9 Oct. 1964, 1 art 3 art (PS); Roseau River near Goodwill Reservoir, 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG); Laudat (creek), 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG); Freshwater Lake, 21 Feb. 1964, 4 art (DB), 14 Apr. 1964, 3 art (OF), 5 June 1964, 3 art (OF), 1 art, 1 art (TD), 16 Sept. 1964, 2 art, 3 art (TS), 21 Jan. 1965, 1 art (TC), 16 Feb. 1965, 1art(JC, TC), 23 May 1965, 1 art, 2 9(GS), 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG), 9 June 1965, 2 art (DD), 15 Oct. 1966, 2 art (ET).

This species is abundant around small, grassy ponds throughout the Middle American and West Indian region. All of the specimens captured on Dominica belong to what is sometimes called the variety credula.

Anomalagrion has latum (Say)

Agrion hastatum Say, 1839, p. 38.

Anomalagrion hastatum (Say).—Calvert, 1903, p. 110.—Klots, 1932, p. 99.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Dominica: East Cabrit (swamp), 10 Apr. 1964, 14 art 8art (OF), 25 Apr. 1964, 45 art, 28art (OF), 4 June 1964, 1 art (TD), 3 Nov. 1964, 136 assorted art and art (PS), 27 Feb. 1965, 5art (WW), 22–25 Mar. 1965, 2 art, 2 art (WW); Portsmouth 20 Oct. 1966, 1 art (AG); Melville Hall, 9 June 1964. 2 art, 1 art (OF); Fond Colet, 9 Oct. 1964, 1 art (PS); Springfield Estate (swampy grassland), 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG); Laudat (creek), 28 May–2 June 1965 (DG); Wotten Waven, 7 Oct. 1964, 13 assorted art and art (PS).

This is another widespread New World species, and it is by no means restricted to the tropics. It inhabits tiny ponds, around which it is commonly found in high grass.

Literature Cited

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Brauer, Friedrich

1865. Dritter Bericht über die auf der Weltfahrt der Kais. Fregatte Novara gesammelten Libellulinen. Abhandlungen der Zoologische-Botanischen Gesell-schaft in Wien, 19:501–512.

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1928. Report of Odonata, Including Notes on Some Internal Organs of Larvae, Collected by the Barbados Antigua Expedition from the University of Iowa, 1918. University of Iowa Studies in Natural History, 12(2): 1–44.

1947. Aeshna psilus, a New Species of the Group of Ae. cornigera Brauer (Odonata: Aeshnidae). Notulae Naturae, 194:1–11.

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Donnelly, Thomas W.

1961. A New Species of Damselfly from Saint Lucia, British West Indies (Odonata: Protoneuridae). The Florida Entomologist, 44:119–121.

Fabricius, Johann C.

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García-Díaz, Julio

1938. An Ecological Survey of the Fresh Water Insects of Puerto Rico, 1. The Odonata: with New Life-histories. Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico, 22:43–97.

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1946. Observations on the Odonata of Tobago, B.W.I. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 97:213–235.

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Gloyd, Leonora K.

1941. The Identity of Three Geographically Misplaced Species of Odonata. Bulletin of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, 6(6): 130–132.

Gundlach, Juan

1888-89. Contribution a la Entomologia Cubana, Part 2. Neuropteros de les Isla Cuba, Family Odonata. Anales de la Academia de Ciencias Midicas Flsicas y Naturales de la Habana, 25:212–264.

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1902. Illustrations of Odonata: Argia; with a List and Bibliography of the Species. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 39:103–120.

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Linnaeus, Carolus

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Needham, James G. Westfall, and J. Minter, Jr.

1955. A Manual of the Dragonflies of North America (Anisoptera) Including the Greater Antilles and the Border Provinces of the Mexican Border, 615 pages. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

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1966. New Records of Bahamian Odonata. Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences, 29:97–110.

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1839. Descriptions of New North American Neuropterous Insects, and Observations on Some Already Described. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 8:9–46.

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1854. Monographie des Caloptérygines. 291 pages. Bruxelles and Leipzig: C. Muquardt; Paris: Roret.

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Walker, E. M.

1953. The Odonata of Canada and Alaska, 1:1–292. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

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1923. Notes on American Species of Triacanthagyna and Gynacantha. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Miscellaneous Publications, 9:1–81.

____________

¹ Localities can be found on 1:50,000 map of Dominica (1963) (DOS 451) issued by Directorate of Overseas Surveys, Tolworth, Surrey, and obtainable from the Survey Department, Roseau, Dominica, British West Indies.

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