SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Emphasis upon publication as a means of “diffusing knowledge” was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: “It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge.” This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series:

Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology

Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics

Smithsonian Contributions to Botany

Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences

Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology

Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology

Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space

Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology

In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world cf science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world.

Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the inside back cover.

S. Dillon Ripley

Secretary

Smithsonian Institution

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 263

Three New Species of Fishes of the Genus Nannostomus from the Brazilian States of Pará and Amazonas (Teleostei: Lebiasinidae)

Stanley H. Weitzman

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

City of Washington

1978

ABSTRACT

Weitzman, Stanley H. Three New Species of the Genus Nannostomus from the Brazilian States of Pará and Amazonas (Teleostei: Lebiasinidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 263, 14 pages, 10 figures, 1978.—The genus Nannostomus was recently reviewed by Weitzman and Cobb (Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 186, 1975). The three new species described here are based on specimens found in a survey of the collections of the Museude Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. The new species are N. nitidus from Igarapé Candiru-Mirim near Badajós, Rio Capim, Pará; N. britskii from an igarapé of Lago José-Açu, Parintins, Amazonas; and N. limatus from an igarapé tributary to Lago Mapará near Santarém, the Rio Maicá near Santarém, and the Lago Jacupá near Oriximiná, all in the State of Pará.

As with the other species in the genus, the phylogenetic relationships of the new ones remain unclear. Nannostomus britskii shares a complex apomorphic color pattern with N. eques suggesting a possible relationship between the two, but N. britskii lacks the apomorphic caudal structure and probably the swimming position shared by N. eques and N. unifasciatus. Possible relationships among these three species need further investigation. No close relationships with other species of Nannostomus are suggested for N. limatus or N. nitidus. A key is provided for the identification of all species in the genus.

RESUMO

São descritas três espécies novas do gênero Nannostomus da parte inferior da Bacia Amazonica, Brasil: N. nitidus, da área do Rio Capim no Estado do Pará, N. britskii do Lago José Açu, Parintins, Estado do Amazonas e N. limatus dos lagos Mapará e Jacupá e Rio Maicá, Estado do Pará. As novas espécies elevam para 14 o número total de espécies reconhecidas, das quais 6 foram descritas nos últimas 25 anos em um gênero conhecido a mais de 100 anos. Isto mostra que, possivelmente, mais espécies possam ser descobertas nas complexas faunas de peixes das bacias Amazonica e do Orenoco, bem como nos rios costeiros do este situados entre elas.

As relações entre N. limatus e N. nitidus com as outras espécies do gênero não são claras. N. britskii, entretanto, possui em comum com N. eques um padrão de colorido aparentemente especializado e não encontrado nos outros membros do gênero. Este fato parece indicar que existe uma relação muito maior entre estas dues espécies do que com as demais espécies do gênero. Esta hipótese, entretanto, precisa ser investigada, tendo em vista que Weitzman (1966) e Weitzman e Cobb (1975) sugeriram, com base na morfologia da nadadeira caudal e na postura de nataçaão, que N. eques e N. unifasciatus são mais relacionados entre si. Não há evidência de que N. britskii e N. unifasciatus sejam intimamente relacionados, uma vez que N. britskii não possui a morfologia especializada da nadadeira caudal de N. eques e de N. unifasciatus e provavelmente também não possui a posição característica “focinho para cima” durante a natação, peculiar a estas duas espécies. As relações filogenéticas da maior parte das espécies do gênero permanecem obscuras.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus).

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Weitzman, Stanley H.

Three new species of fishes of the genus Nannostomus from the Brazilian states of Para and Amazonas (Teleostei: Lebiasinidae)

(Smithsonian contributions to zoology; 263)

Bibliography: p.

1. Nannostomas. 2. Fishes—Classification. 3. Fishes—Brazil. I. Title: Three new species of fishes of the genus Nannostomus… II. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to zoology; 263.

QL1.S54 no. 263 [QL638.L37] 591′.08s [597′.58] 77–10751

Three New Species of Fishes of the Genus Nannostomus from the Brazilian States of Pará and Amazonas (Teleostei: Lebiasinidae)

Stanley H. Weitzman

____________

Stanley H. Weitzman, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.

Introduction

A recent survey of the collections of the Museude Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo for lebiasinid characoid fishes led to the discovery of three new species of the genus Nannostomus Günther, all collected as a result of the Expedição Permanente de Amazônia under the direction of Dr. Paulo Vanzolini. Nannostomus, known from Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, the Amazon basin in Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela, and Colombia, and part of the Orinoco basin in Venezuela, was last reviewed by Weitzman and Cobb (1975). They recognized 11 species, of which three had been described as new since 1953. Thus, counting the three species described here, three-sevenths (about 43%) of the recognized species of Nannostomus have been described within the last 25 years in a genus that has been known for a little over 100 years. Considering the low geographical density and irregularity of fish population samples in the varied and extremely extensive forested areas of the Amazon and Orinoco basins to which Nannostomus appears confined, it seems possible that several more species may remain to be discovered.

Several people have made the study of these specimens possible. Dr. Paulo Vanzolini, director of the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, graciously allowed me to examine and study characoids from the collections in the Museu de Zoologia and to sort through the collections made by the Expedição Permanente da Amazônia (E.P.A.), which is supported by the Fundacão de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo. Drs. Heraldo Britski and Naércio A. Menezes of the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo provided much assistance and counsel during my examination of the collections in their care. Furthur assistance in locating, sorting, and examining specimens in the collections of the Museu de Zoologia was provided by Marilyn Weitzman, William L. Fink, and Sara V. Fink. Funds for examination of the collections at the Museu de Zoologia were provided by the Smithsonian Amazon Ecosystem Research Program under the direction of Dr. Clifford Evans, Smithsonian Institution. Naércio Menezes provided the Portuguese translation of the “Resumo.” Drs. Robert H. Gibbs, Jr., and William L. Fink read the manuscript and offered valuable suggestions. I much appreciate the support of all these people and associated institutions.

Collections are deposited in the following museums: Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP), British Museum (Natural History) (BMNH), Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP), and National Museum of Natural History (USNM, formerly United States National Museum).

The methods of making counts and measurements and the color pattern terminology below are the same as those described by Weitzman (1966) and Weitzman and Cobb (1975). Measurements are given here as thousandths of standard length. In Weitzman (1966) the arithmetic mean was given, followed in parentheses by the range. Herein the figure for the holotype is given first in brackets when different from other specimens and is followed by the range and the mean of the paratypes. The Weberian apparatus and the terminal half centrum are included in the vertebral counts.

In order to bring the key of Weitzman and Cobb (1975) up to date, it is modified here to include the three new species described below.

Artificial Key to the Species of Nannostomus

Nannostomus nitidus, new species

FIGURES 1, 2

HOLOTYPE.—MZUSP 12920, male, SL 34.7 mm; Brazil, State of Pará, Igarapé Candiru-Mirim near Badajós, Rio Capim, 29 Aug 1970, Naércio Menezes, E.P.A.

PARATYPES.—18, MZUSP 12921–12938, SL 16.3 to 33.3 mm; same data as holotype. 8, USNM 216204, SL 17.0 to 34.5 mm; same data as holotype. 5, ANSP 137388, SL 18.3 to 34.1 mm; same data as holotype. BMNH 1976–11–8–1–5, SL 18.5 to 35.2 mm; same data as holotype.

DIAGNOSIS.—Primary and secondary horizontal stripes present, all others absent. Nocturnal oblique bands present, narrow, anterior band not extending posteriorly much beyond a line extending vertically through anterior dorsal-fin origin; permanent blotches absent. Adipose fin present. Scales in lateral series 23 to 25, usually 24. Perforated lateral-line scales 0 to 2. Total vertebrae 34 or 35. Gill rakers 10 to 11 + 16 to 18. Simple conic teeth in inner dentary row 2 or 3, laterally placed. Principal caudal-fin rays 10/9, 10 terminating posteriorly in dorsal lobe, 9 in ventral lobe. Eye about 100 to 110% of least bony interorbital width. Body depth about 23 to 25% of standard length, and least depth of caudal peduncle about 9% of standard length. Anal fin of male moderately modified, having slightly thicker rays than that of female.

FIGURE 1.—Nannostomus nitidus, MZUSP 12920, male, 34.7 mm SL, holotype, Igarapé Candiru-Mirim near Badajós, Rio Capim, Pará, Brazil.

FIGURE 2.—Nannostomus nitidus, USNM 216204, female, 30.5 mm SL, paratype, Igarapé Candiru-Mirim near Badajós, Rio Capim, Pará, Brazil.

DESCRIPTION.—Body elongate, compressed in region of caudal peduncle, greatest body depth at origin of dorsal fin [239] 235–253, x = 243; least depth of caudal peduncle [089] 088–094, x = 090; snout tip to origin of dorsal fin [513] 507–536, x = 519; snout tip to origin of anal fin [764] 734–782, x = 760.

Head conic, snout obtuse. Head [242] 238–265, x = 251; eye [079] 079–088, x = 084; least width of bony interorbital [078] 075–079, x = 077.

Premaxillary with 6 teeth, first (anterior) 5 or 6 with 6 subequal cusps, and sixth tooth sometimes small but with 6 cusps, median cusp largest. Maxillary toothless. Dentary with 6 teeth in outer row, each bearing 6 subequal cusps. Inner dentary row with 2 or 3 conic teeth, placed laterally in jaw (two alizarin preparations).

Gill rakers [11 + 18], 10 + 16 in one and 10 + 17 in a second alizarin preparation.

Dorsal fin ii, 8; anal fin iii, 8; pectoral fin i, 11; pelvic fin ii, 7; and principal caudal-fin rays 10/9 posteriorly terminating in dorsal lobe and 9 in ventral lobe in all specimens. Adipose fin present in all specimens.

Scales belonging to third horizontal series and lying ventral to dorsal fin having anterior field with 3 radial grooves and posterior field with 2 radial grooves. Dorsal and ventral fields each with 1 radial groove. Scales in a lateral series [25] 23 to 25, x = 24.2. Lateral-line scales [0] 0 to 2, usually on third and fourth scale horizontal scale row; 10 predorsal scales in all specimens.

Total vertebrae [35] 9 paratypes with 34 and 11 with 35.

COLOR IN ALCOHOL.—Dorsal surface of head dark brown, more or less evenly covered with small, dark brown chromatophores. Back dorsal to secondary horizontal stripe dark brown but not as dark as top of head, rather densely covered with moderate-sized brown chromatophores except for distal free margins of scales, where chromatophores less dense than central portions of scales. Each scale bordered by a pale brown band. No dark brown longitudinal stripes occur dorsal to secondary stripe. Primary horizontal stripe very dark brown, nearly black, consisting of a dense aggregation of large, very dark brown chromatophores. Primary stripe originating anteriorly at tips of upper and lower jaws, extending across orbital bones to reach anterior border of eye, continuing across eye, postorbital and preopercular areas and operculum to include a few dark brown chromatophores scattered on fleshy opercular flap. On body, primary stripe extending from under fleshy opercular flap, beginning at cleithrum and supracleithrum, and continuing posteriorly over ventral half of third horizontal scale row and dorsal half of fourth horizontal scale row, ending on scales covering base of ventral caudal-fin lobe. Primary stripe apparently not extending onto fin rays of ventral caudal-fin lobe. Secondary dark horizontal stripe extending from just dorsal to opercular bone (where it joins head dorsally) to across middle of second horizontal scale row. Secondary horizontal stripe fading to color of back just posterior to a vertical line extending ventrally from posterior base of dorsal fin. Secondary stripe in preserved specimens consisting of a cluster of very dark brown chromatophores concentrated at center of each scale of second horizontal scale row, forming a series of spots. Pale yellow to white stripe, situated between primary and secondary stripes, occupying dorsal half of third scale row and ventral half of second scale row, and containing a few brown chromatophores scattered along scale margins. Pale stripe also contains dorsal portions of anterior and posterior oblique bands. Anterior oblique band in area of pale stripe extending ventroanteriorly from mostly seventh, eighth, and ninth scales of third horizontal scale series ventral to primary stripe, where it covers all of ventral portions of fifth and sixth scales (counting dorsal postcleithrum as a scale) of fourth longitudinal scale row. Posterior oblique band covering about 17th and 18th scales of third horizontal scale row, and extending ventrally to cover parts of 15th through 18th scales of fourth longitudinal scale row, which extends just ventral to primary horizontal stripe. Sides ventral to primary horizontal stripe nearly devoid of pigment. No evidence of a tertiary horizontal stripe and only a very few scattered, small, dark brown chromatophores around vent in either sex. All rayed fins except caudal fin with small brown chromatophores along edges of bony rays producing hyaline but slightly dusky fins. Pectoral, and especially pelvic and anal, fins with more distal portions of ray, especially ray tip, with dark brown chromatophores, forming faintly darkened edges to fins. Caudal fin nearly hyaline except for narrow black edge above dorsal and ventral borders.

Life colors unknown.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name nitidus is a Latin adjective for “neat, elegant, or shining.”

RELATIONSHIPS.—Although Nannostomus nitidus keys to Nannostomus digrammus in the artificial key of Weitzman and Cobb (1975), no relationship between N. nitidus and N. digrammus is hypothesized, especially since at large sizes (to 34 and nearly 35 mm SL), males of N. nitidus lack the highly specialized fin rays and increased length of the anal fin found in males of N. digrammus over 24 to 25 mm in standard length. Nannostomus nitidus further differs from N. digrammus in having 10 to 11 + 16 to 18 (rather than 7 + 14) gill rakers. The two species differ in the details of color pattern; for example, N. digrammus has the primary horizontal stripe continued as a wedge onto the caudal fin, whereas the wedge is absent on this fin in N. nitidus. I found nothing in the color pattern or morphometric and meristic characters that suggests any hypothesis of sister group relationship on the part of nitidus with any other species of Nannostomus.

Nannostomus britskii, new species

FIGURES 3, 4

HOLOTYPE.—MZUSP 7795, male, SL 22.8 mm; Brazil, State of Amazonas, an igarapé of Lago José-Açu, Parintins, Amazon River, 11–12 Dec 1967, Heraldo Britskii, E.P.A.

PARATYPES.—MZUSP 13072, one, female, SL 24.1 mm; same data as holotype. USNM 216203, one, female, SL 23.0 mm; same data as holotype.

DIAGNOSIS.—Primary, secondary, and tertiary horizontal stripes well developed, with an additional stripe (quaternary) on back dorsal to secondary stripe. Nocturnal oblique bands present, anterior band narrow, not extending much behind anterior origin of dorsal fin; permanent blotches absent. Adipose fin absent. Scales in a lateral series 21 or 22. Simple conic teeth in inner dentary row 12, teeth in outer dentary row 5. Principal caudal-fin rays 10/9, those ending in dorsal lobe 10, those in ventral lobe 9. Eye about 70 to 80% of least bony interorbital width. Body depth about 22 to 25% and caudal peduncle depth about 11 to 12% of standard length. Anal fin of male moderately modified with fin rays somewhat thicker than those of female.

DESCRIPTION.—Body elongate, robust; compressed in region of caudal peduncle. Greatest body depth at origin of dorsal fin [241] 226–241, x = 237; least depth of caudal peduncle [114] 114–116, x = 114; snout tip to origin of dorsal fin [553] 548–577, x = 559; snout tip to origin of anal fin [768] 765–788, x = 774.

Head conic, snout obtuse in horizontal and vertical profile. Head [280] 265–280, x = 273; eye [101] 100–101, x = 100; least width of bony interorbital [105] 104–109, x = 106.

Premaxillary with 6 teeth, all with 4 subequal cusps except first (anterior) with 3 subequal cusps. Maxillary with 1 tooth bearing 3 cusps, the middle cusp the longest. Dentary with 5 teeth in outer row, each tooth bearing 4 or 5 more or less subequal cusps. Inner row of dentary teeth simple, conic with 12 teeth placed along entire inner margin of jaw.

FIGURE 3.—Nannostomus britskii, MZUSP 7795, male, 22.8 mm SL, holotype, igarapé of Lago José-Açu, Parintins, Amazon River, Amazonas, Brazil.

Gill rakers 17 + 23.

Dorsal fin ii, 8; anal fin iii, 8; pectoral fin i, 9; pelvic fin ii, 7; principal caudal-fin rays 10/9 with 10 ending in dorsal lobe and 9 terminating in ventral lobe in all specimens. Adipose fin absent in all specimens.

Scales of third horizontal scale series ventral to dorsal fin having anterior field with 3 radial grooves, posterior field with 2 radial grooves; dorsal and ventral fields each with 1 radial groove. Scales in lateral series [22] 21 and 22; [0] 0 or 1 perforated lateral-line scales; 10 predorsal scales in all specimens.

Total number of vertebrae 32 in all specimens.

COLOR IN ALCOHOL.—Dorsal surface of head medium brown, covered with fairly dense, moderate-sized brown chromatophores except along midline of braincase, which is pale brown. Back dorsal to secondary horizontal stripe pale brown with denser aggregation of dark brown chromatophores through center of predorsal scales and first lateral scale row, forming respectively a median predorsal stripe and a fourth horizontal stripe very similar to that of Nannostomus eques. Median dorsal stripe and fourth horizontal stripe usually difficult to distinguish posterior to dorsal fin. Primary horizontal stripe dark brown and extending from snout tip and lower jaw posteriorly across first (anterior) orbital bone, through eye, across preoperculum and operculum and terminating at posterior border of bony operculum. Primary stripe not extending onto fleshy opercular flap. On body, primary stripe beginning under fleshy opercular flap at articulation of supracleithrum and cleithrum and extending posteriorly across fourth horizontal scale row to terminate at base of caudal fin. As in N. eques (Figure 5) fifth horizontal scale row also strongly pigmented with dark brown chromatophores, forming in N. britskii a second, and separate, ventral portion of primary horizontal stripe. This ventral portion beginning from just anterior to dorsal base of pectoral fin or at ventral border of opercular bone and extending posteriorly across fifth horizontal scale row to base of caudal fin. Both fourth and fifth horizontal scale rows with dark brown chromatophores concentrated in centers of scales. In N. eques pattern of primary stripe often like that of N. britskii in preserved specimens but in living (and some preserved specimens) pigment of these scale rows may merge to form one horizontal stripe, especially posteriorly on caudal peduncle. Brown chromatophores extending from these scale rows onto proximal one-third of ventral lobe of caudal fin of N. britskii, not onto nearly entire fin as in N. eques. Secondary horizontal stripe extending from dorsal border of operculum posteriorly through ventral half of second horizontal scale row and dorsal part of third horizontal scale row to caudal-fin base. Margins of scales in area of secondary stripe dark brown. Secondary stripe very pale posterior to posterior oblique band. Pale stripe, occupying central area of third horizontal scale row and between primary and secondary stripes, with very few brown chromatophores. Almost no dark brown chromatophores in center of scales of third horizontal scale row except in areas of oblique bands that occur on eighth and ninth scales of third horizontal scale row and 16th, 17th, and part of 18th scales of third horizontal scale row. Anterior oblique band extending anteroventrally to reach ventral to both rows of dark scales of primary horizontal stripe, darkening area of scales of sixth and seventh horizontal scale rows. Posterior oblique band not extending ventrally below second row of dark scales of primary horizontal stripe. Sides ventral to primary horizontal dark stripe pale brown, without dark brown chromatophores except in areas of anterior oblique band and tertiary horizontal stripe. Tertiary stripe extending as dark brown pigment areas in centers of scales of sixth horizontal scale row from posterior termination of operculum or just posterior to ventral origin of pectoral and to just dorsal to base of pelvic fin to immediately anterior to anus.

Dorsal and pectoral fins with a few small, dark brown chromatophores scattered along borders of fin rays. Pelvic fin with same distribution of dark brown chromatophores but with a more concentrated collection of somewhat larger dark brown chromatophores along third through fifth or sixth branched rays. Anterior first and second unbranched anal-fin rays with large, dark brown chromatophores. Distal portion of third unbranched ray, first branched ray, and base of second branched ray hyaline, without dark brown chromatophores. Remainder of anal-fin rays with large dark brown chromatophores, and basal one-half of fifth through eighth ray nearly black. Dorsal lobe of caudal fin hyaline (partly missing in male), except at base with scattered large, dark brown chromatophores.

Life colors unknown.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name britskii is for Dr. Heraldo Britski, Curator of Fishes at the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil, and collector of the species of Nannostomus herein described as new.

RELATIONSHIP.—The possible phylogenetic relationships of this species are not clear. In the artificial key in Weitzman and Cobb (1975) it keys to Nannostomus marginatus, having all 10 principal caudal-fin rays of the dorsal lobe ending in that lobe, having no permanent blotches, having three or more well-developed horizontal stripes, having a relatively short anal fin in the male, and having 21 to 22 scales in a lateral series. It has a color pattern strikingly different, however, from that of N. marginatus (compare Figures 2 and 3 with those of N. marginatus in Weitzman and Cobb (1975, figs. 22, 23, and 24), and remarkably like that of N. eques (Figure 5). Also, in its gill-raker count (17 + 23), N. britskii is close to that (16 + 24) of N. eques (see also below). Nannostomus marginatus has a gill-raker count of 7 + 12. Nannostomus britskii further differs from N. marginatus in having 5 dentary teeth in the outer row (versus 7 to 8 in N. marginatus), 12 teeth in the inner dentary row (versus 6 or 7 in N. marginatus), none or 1 perforated lateral-line scales (versus 3 to 5, usually 4, in N. marginatus), and a moderately modified anal fin in the male (there being little or no observable morophological sexual dimorphism in the anal fin of N. marginatus, although there is functional dimorphism in which the male's anal fin is “cupped” around the vent of the female during spawning).

FIGURE 4.—Nannostomus britskii, MZUSP 13072, female, 24.1 mm SL, paratype,

FIGURE 5.—Nannostomus eques Steindachner, USNM 216552, male, 32.4 mm SL, an igarapé of the varzea at Tapurucuara, Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil.

Nannostomus britskii and N. eques share a complicated and apparently specialized color pattern (in preservative and presumably in life; see color description above and compare Figures 3, 4, and 5). They also share a high and presumably derived total gill raker count (a total of 40 on the first arch). See Weitzman (1966) for counts and measurements of N. eques. The highest gill-raker count found in other species of Nannostomus britskii is 27 to 30 (N. espei and N. beckfordi). Nannostomus britskii also shares with N. eques a few reductive characters absent or not found so greatly reduced in some other species of Nannostomus. For example, they have none or only one perforated lateral-line scale (N. minimus and N. espei sometimes have only one perforated lateral-line scale and N. digrammus has no perforated lateral-line scales), and they share a loss of or tendency to lose the adipose fin (but it is also absent in N. beckfordi, N. marginatus, N. minimus, N. bifasciatus and tends to be reduced or occasionally lost in N. trifasciatus). These reductive characters are too likely to be convergent for use in evaluating hypotheses of phylogenetic relationship. The gill-raker count also could be convergent although it is perhaps worth noting that only two species, N. eques and N. britskii, have such a high count. Evidence for a relationship between N. britskii and N. eques must at present rest mainly on the shared (nearly identical), complicated, and apparently specialized color pattern. The possible relationships of N. eques are complicated, however, (see below), and the homology of the shared color pattern is difficult to assess.

Weitzman (1966:41) and Weitzman and Cobb (1975:4) proposed a phylogenetic relationship between N. eques and N. unifasciatus based on the similarity of their synapomorphic caudal-fin structure and “snout-upward” (oblique) swimming position. The ventral lobe of the caudal fin of each of these species is larger than the dorsal lobe and contains the termination of two fin rays originating in the dorsal lobe. These characters are apparently associated with the specialized swimming position. Nannostomus britskii presumably does not swim at an oblique angle since it lacks the specialized caudal find morphology; however, the swimming position of N. britskii has not been recorded. Nannostomus britskii also differs from N. eques and N. unifasciatus in having a relatively short snout (about 70 to 90% of the interorbital width, 112 to 125% in the other two species), by lacking a canal in the second circumorbital (present in the other two, in N. harrisoni, and in large specimens of N. bifasciatus), and by having a short body (relatively long in N. eques and N. unifasciatus). The total vertebral count for N. britskii is 32 for all specimens. In a series of 140 specimens of N. eques from several localities in the Amazon basin (specimens cited in Weitzman, 1966, plus 29 specimens from Ilha Marchanteria, Rio Solimões, south of Manaus, Amazonas, USNM 216548, and 19 specimens from Rio Inhangapi at Inhangapi, Pará, USNM 216547, both in Brazil), the vertebral count range was from 32 to 35 with a mean of 33.7. Only two specimens had a count of 32 and these were (1) from an igarapé near Sanabani, Municipio Silves, MZUSP 7474, not far from the type-locality of N. britskii and (2) from Lago Jacupá near Oriximiná near Obidos, MZUSP 8204, over 300 km east of the Sanabani locality. In the 19 specimens from Sanabani the vertebral count range was from 32 to 34 with a mean of 33.1, and in the collection from Oriximiná the range was from 32 to 34 with a mean of 33.3. There might be a shift in vertebral numbers in the population of N. eques from Tapurucuara on the Rio Negro for in 2 samples for a total of 16 specimens (USNM 216551 and USNM 216552) the range was from 34 to 35 vertebrae with a mean of 34.8. Nothing about relationships can be discovered by comparison of vertebral numbers in these two species and it would seem that vertebral numbers in species of Nannostomus may have typological use in distinguishing geographically separate populations of a species and in separating certain species from others but of little use in understanding the phylogenetic relationships of these fishes. Many of the characters discussed above may be easily subject to convergence and divergence and it is difficult to assign phylogenetic significance to any of them at present. Therefore I am unable to propose reasonable hypotheses about the phylogenetic relationships of the three species, N. briskii, N. eques, and N. unifasciatus.

Nannostomus limatus, new species

FIGURES 6, 7, 8

HOLOTYPE.—MZUSP 8486, male, SL 29.9 mm; Brazil, State of Pará, an igarapé tributary to Lago Mapará, near Santarém, Amazon River, 25 Dec 1967, Heraldo Britski, E.P.A.

PARATYPES.—14, MZUSP 12951–12963, SL 19.6 to 27.5 mm; same data as holotype. 7, USNM 216201 (formerly MZUSP 12964–12971), SL 19.6 to 34.2 mm; same data as holotype. 2, ANSP 137389 (formerly MZUSP 12972–12973), SL 24.9 to 27.8 mm; same data as holotype. 2, BMNH 1976–11–8–6–7 (formerly MZUSP 12974–12975), SL 23.9 to 27.8 mm; same data as holotype. 1, MZUSP 8203, SL 36.3 mm; Brazil, State of Pará, Lago Jacupá, Oriximiná, 17 Dec 1967, Heraldo Britski, E.P.A. 1, USNM 216200, SL 33.6 mm; same data as MZUSP 8203. 1, MZUSP 9192, SL 28.1 mm; Brazil, State of Pará, Rio Maicá, Santarém, 19–27 Oct 1971, Yasunobu Matsurura, E.P.A. 7, MZUSP 12939–12945, SL 17.4 to 24.9 mm; same data as MZUSP 9192. 5, USNM 216202 (formerly MZUSP 12946–12950), SL 15.5 to 27.7 mm; same data as MZUSP 9192.

DIAGNOSIS.—Primary, secondary, and tertiary horizontal stripes well developed. No additional stripes on back. Nocturnal oblique bands present; narrow, anterior band reaching to but not past an imaginary vertical line extending ventrally from anterior base of dorsal fin; permanent blotches absent. Adipose fin absent. Scales in a lateral series 24 or 25. Perforated lateral-line scales 0, 1, 2, or 3. Anal fin of males not elongate, moderately modified, rays slightly thickened and margin rounded. Gill rakers 11 to 12 + 17 to 18. Simple conic teeth in inner dentary row absent; 6 teeth in outer dentary row. Principal caudal-fin rays 10/9, those posteriorly terminating in dorsal lobe 10, those in ventral lobe 9. Eye about 75% to 90% of interorbital width. Body depth about 19 to 22% and caudalpeduncle depth about 9% to 10% of SL.

FIGURE 6.—Nannostomus limatus, MZUSP 8486, male, 29.9 mm SL, holotype, an igarapé tributary to Lago Mapará, near Santarém, Pará, Brazil.

FIGURE 7.—Nannostomus limatus, USNM 216201, female, 31.6 mm SL, paratype, an igarapé tributary to Lago Mapará, near Santarém, Pará, Brazil.

DESCRIPTION.—Body elongate, compressed in region of caudal peduncle. Greatest body depth at origin of dorsal fin [217] 193–224, x = 210; least depth of caudal peduncle [094] 087–097, x = 092; snout tip to origin of dorsal fin [542] 498–545, x = 531; snout tip to origin of anal fin [779] 774–795, x = 765.

Head conic, snout obtuse. Head [254] 241–271, x = 254; eye [084] 077–091, x = 083; least width of bony interorbital [080] 077–090, x = 083.

Premaxillary with 6 teeth, each with 5 to 6 and occasionally 7, subequal cusps. Maxillary with one small unicuspid or tricuspid tooth. Dentary with 6 teeth in outer row, each bearing 6 subequal cusps (one tooth in one specimen with 5 cusps). Inner tooth row of dentary absent (in 2 alizarin preparations).

Gill rakers 11 or 12 + 17 or 18.

Dorsal fin ii, 8 and anal fin iii, 8 in all specimens; pectoral fin [i, 10] i, 10 or i, 11 (usually i, 11); pelvic fin ii, 7 and principal caudal-fin rays 10/9 with 10 terminating posteriorly in dorsal lobe and 9 in ventral lobe in all specimens. Adipose fin absent in all specimens.

Scales belonging to third horizontal series and lying ventral to dorsal fin, having anterior field with usually 3 radial grooves, posterior field usually with 2 radial grooves (sometimes 1 or 3). Dorsal and ventral fields each with 1 radial groove. Scales in a lateral series [25] 24 or 25; laterál-line scales [3] 0 to 3, usually on scales 3, 4, or 5 of third scale row; [11] 10 to 11 predorsal scales.

FIGURE 8.—Nannostomus limatus, USNM 216201, juvenile, 20.1 mm SL, paratype, an igarapé tributary to Lago Mapará, near Santarém, Pará, Brazil.

Total number of vertebrae [35], 17 paratypes with 34 and 17 with 35.

COLOR IN ALCOHOL.—Dorsal surface of head medium to dark brown, more or less evenly covered with small, brown chromatophores. Back dorsal to secondary horizontal stripe medium brown with rather evenly distributed moderate-sized chromatophores distributed in broad central area of scales. Larger, slightly darker, but less densely distributed brown chromatophores bordering posterior edge of each scale in a broad band. No dark brown stripes occurring dorsal to secondary horizontal stripe. Primary horizontal stripe dark brown, consisting of densely aggregated, fairly large brown chromatophores. Primary stripe beginning anteriorly at lower and upper jaw tips, extending across antorbital bone and dorsal anterior portion of first infraorbital bone to reach anterior border of eye, continuing across eye but apparently absent posterior to eye in area of circumorbital bones, continuing across operculum as a diffuse stripe, ending on soft opercular flap. On body, primary stripe extending from under fleshy opercular flap, beginning at articulation of cleithrum and supracleithrum and continuing posteriorly across ventral half of third horizontal scale row and dorsal half of fourth horizontal scale row, ending on base of ventral lobe of caudal fin. Dorsal to primary stripe, secondary dark brown stripe extending from just dorsal to opercular bone along middle of second horizontal scale row as a somewhat dense aggregation of dark brown chromatophores and ending at anterior termination of dorsal lobe of caudal fin at dorsal surface of caudal peduncle. Pale brown stripe situated between primary and secondary stripes, occupying dorsal half of third horizontal scale row and ventral one-quarter of second horizontal scale row; this stripe with scattered brown chromatophores except in areas of oblique bands, where dark chromatophores are larger and denser. Oblique bands not clearly defined in specimens at hand, but anterior band present in seventh, eighth, and ninth scale rows of third horizontal series and third, fourth, and fifth scale rows of fifth horizontal scale series (ventral to primary horizontal stripe). Posterior oblique band occurring at 17th, 18th, and 19th scales of third horizontal scale row. Ventral to primary horizontal stripe, posterior oblique band extending to area of anus and across root of anal fin. Sides ventral to primary horizontal stripe pale brown, nearly without chromatophores, except in areas of oblique bands. Tertiary stripe present, extending as small scattered brown chromatophores from area of anus anteriorly to just dorsal to pelvic-fin base and to near origin of pectoral fin. All rayed fins, except caudal fin, with small brown chromatophores along borders of bony rays. Otherwise pectoral fin hyaline; second ray of dorsal fin with a dark anterior border; pelvic fin with more brown chromatophores at distal portion of rays than anteriorly. Second and third rays of anal fin with a dark border continued onto distal tips of fourth, fifth, and sixth rays; distal portion of remaining anal-fin rays nearly hyaline. Caudal fin nearly hyaline except for dark border on dorsalmost and ventralmost principal rays. Primary stripe tending to extend onto dorsal rays of ventral caudal-fin lobe and may continue to their posterior termination.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name limatus is a Latin adjective for “elegant, refined, or polished.”

RELATIONSHIPS.—As with most species of Nannostomus, it has proved impossible to propose reasonably testable hypotheses of the phylogenetic relationships of N. limatus to other species of Nannostomus. In the artificial key of Weitzman and Cobb (1975), N. limatus keys to couplet 8, having an unmodified caudal fin, a relatively short anal fin in the males, and primary, secondary, and tertiary longitudinal stripes. Nannostomus limatus is easy to distinguish from the three species, N. marginatus, N. trifasciatus, and N. marilynae, included within this couplet. First, it always lacks an adipose fin (always present in N. marilynae and nearly always present in N. trifasciatus but absent in N. marginatus). Nannostomus limatus (Figures 7, 8, and 9) has narrow oblique bands similar to those of N. marilynae (Weitzman and Cobb, 1975, figs. 28 and 30) and unlike the broad oblique bands of N. marginatus (Weitzman and Cobb, 1975, fig. 22) and N. trifasciatus (Weitzman and Cobb, 1975, figs. 25 and 26). Also as in N. marilynae, N. limatus has a moderately modified anal fin in the males, very unlike the nearly unmodified anal fin of N. marginatus and N. trifasciatus. Nannostomus limatus differs from all three species in having no posterior row of conical teeth in the dentary, whereas N. marginatus has 6 or 7 teeth, N. trifasciatus about 11, and N. marilynae about 1 to 4. Nannostomus limatus also has a greater number of gill rakers (11 to 12 on the upper limb + 17 to 18 on the lower limb) of the first gill arch; N. marilynae has 8 to 9 + 13 to 14, N. trifasciatus has 9 + 13, and N. marginatus has 7 + 12. In color pattern, N. limatus more closely approaches N. marilynae than the other two species but appears to be a larger fish, reaching at least 36.3 mm. Of over 300 specimens of N. marilynae from various localities in the Amazon and Orinoco basins, I have found none over 23 mm in SL. Very old specimens of N. marilynae do reach 32.2 mm in aquaria (Weitzman and Cobb, 1975). Nannostomus limatus appears to have a proportionately larger eye than N. marilynae, 90% to 100% of the interorbital width versus 70% to 90%. Thus N. limatus differs from N. marilynae in adult size, lack of an adipose fin, more gill rakers, a larger eye, no second row dentary teeth, and in certain details of the preserved color pattern such as a black distal edge on the ventral portions of the anal fin and a distinct dark, narrow edge on the dorsal and ventral borders of the caudal fin.

Sometimes preserved specimens of N. limatus show weakly developed horizontal tertiary stripes (Figure 7). In some cases it might be possible to confuse preserved specimens of N. limatus with those of N. beckfordi, especially since both species lack an adipose fin and have similar scale counts and are found in the same region of the Amazon basin. Specimens of N. limatus are here compared with specimens of N. beckfordi from the Rio Inhangpi at Inhangapi, Pará, Brazil, USNM 216547. Males of N. beckfordi (Figure 9) have a very poorly developed secondary horizontal stripe, whereas in N. limatus (Figure 6) this stripe is well pigmented and formed as a series of about 15 dark spots, one at each of the anterior bases of the 15 anterior scales of the second longitudinal scale row (Figure 6). Also males of N. beckfordi have the primary horizontal stripe broad compared to that of males of N. limatus, while the pale stripe above the primary stripe in N. beckfordi is nearly nonexistent, but is well developed in N. limatus (compare Figures 6 and 9).

Females of N. limatus and N. beckfordi are more difficult to distinguish (compare Figures 7 and 10) since both have relatively narrow primary horizontal stripes and well-developed pale stripes dorsal to the primary stripe. As in the male, however, the secondary horizontal stripe of the female N. limatus consists of a spot on the anterior field of each of the anterior 15 scales of the second horizontal scale row, and this is nearly absent in N. beckfordi.

Nannostomus limatus further differs from N. beckfordi in having no posterior row teeth in the dentary (there are 2 to 6 conical posterior row teeth in N. beckfordi), a different gill-raker count, 11 to 12 + 17 to 18 in N. limatus and 9 to 10 + 17 to 18 in N. beckfordi.

Perhaps N. limatus is related to N. marilynae; however, in view of the apparent lability of the characters used here and by Weitzman and Cobb (1975) and Weitzman (1966) to typologically distinguish the species of Nannostomus, I can form no testable hypothesis about the phylogenetic relationships of N. limatus. Perhaps live colors would be useful, but so far as I am aware, the fish has not appeared in the aquarium trade and its live colors remain unknown.

FIGURE 9.—Nannostomus beckfordi Günther, USNM 216553, male, 24.9 mm SL, Rio Inhangapi at Inhangapi, Pará, Brazil.

FIGURE 10.—Nannostomus beckfordi Günther. USNM 216553. female, 20.1 mm SL. Rio Inhangapi at Inhangapi, Pará, Brazil.

Discussion

Weitzman and Cobb (1975) were unable to propose what they believed might be reasonable (testable) hypotheses about the relationships among the species of Nannostomus except that on the basis of morphology including color pattern, N. marginatus and N. trifasciatus may be most closely related to each other and N. eques and N. unifasciatus may be more closely related to each other than to any other species. The discovery and description of three new species has shed little new light on the relationships of the previously known species of Nannostomus. In fact the discovery of one of them, N. britskii, has allowed the proposal of a hypothesis of relationship in conflict with a suggested sister group relationship between N. eques and N. unifasciatus. On the basis of a complicated synapomorphic color pattern, N. britskii might be considered the closest relative of N. eques. There is no evidence, however, to suggest that N. britskii is closely related to N. unifasciatus or that together N. britskii and N. eques could form a sister group with N. unifasciatus. It would seem that the liability of character evolution, that is the convergence and divergence under environmental selection of, for the most part, relatively simple observed morphological characters discussed above has obscured many of the phylogenetic relationships of the species of Nannostomus.

Literature Cited

Weitzman, S. H.

1966.   Review of South American Characid Fishes of Subtribe Nannostomina. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 119(3538): 56 pages, 12 figures.

Weitzman, S. H., and J. S. Cobb

1975.   A Revision of the South American Fishes of the Genus Nannostomus Günther (Family Lebiasinidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 186: 36 pages, 34 figures.

REQUIREMENTS FOR SMITHSONIAN SERIES PUBLICATION

Manuscripts intended for series publication receive substantive review within their originating Smithsonian museums or offices and are submitted to the Smithsonian Institution Press with approval of the appropriate museum authority on Form SI–36. Requests for special treatment—use of color, foldouts, casebound covers, etc.—require, on the same form, the added approval of designated committees or museum directors.

Review of manuscripts and art by the Press for requirements of series format and style, completeness and clarity of copy, and arrangement of all material, as outlined below, will govern, within the judgment of the Press, acceptance or rejection of the manuscripts and art.

Copy must be typewritten, double-spaced, on one side of standard white bond paper, with 1¼′ margins, submitted as ribbon copy (not carbon or xerox), in loose sheets (not stapled or bound), and accompanied by original art. Minimum acceptable length is 30 pages.

Front matter (preceding the text) should include: title page with only title and author and no other information, abstract page with author/title/series/etc., following the established format, table of contents with indents reflecting the heads and structure of the paper.

First page of text should carry the title and author at the top of the page and an unnumbered footnote at the bottom consisting of author's name and professional mailing address.

Center heads of whatever level should be typed with initial caps of major words, with extra space above and below the head, but with no other preparation (such as all caps or underline). Run-in paragraph heads should use period/dashes or colons as necessary.

Tabulations within text (lists of data, often in parallel columns) can be typed on the text page where they occur, but they should not contain rules or formal, numbered table heads.

Formal tables (numbered, with table heads, box heads, stubs, rules) should be submitted as camera copy, but the author must contact the series section of the Press for editorial attention and preparation assistance before final typing of this matter.

Taxonomic keys in natural history papers should use the alined-couplet form in the zoology and paleobiology series and the multi-level indent form in the botany series. If cross-referencing is required between key and text, do not include page references within the key, but number the keyed-out taxa with their corresponding heads in the text.

Synonymy in the zoology and paleobiology series must use the short form (taxon, author, year:page), with a full reference at the end of the paper under “Literature Cited.” For the botany series, the long form (taxon, author, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, page, year, with no reference in the “Literature Cited”) is optional.

Footnotes, when few in number, whether annotative or bibliographic, should be typed at the bottom of the text page on which the reference occurs. Extensive notes must appear at the end of the text in a notes section. If bibliographic footnotes are required, use the short form (author/brief title/page) with the full reference in the bibliography.

Text-reference system (author/year/page within the text, with the full reference in a “Literature Cited” at the end of the text) must be used in place of bibliographic footnotes in all scientific series and is strongly recommended in the history and technology series: “(Jones, 1910:122)” or “…Jones (1910:122).”

Bibliography, depending upon use, is termed “References,” “Selected References,” or “Literature Cited.” Spell out book, journal, and article titles, using initial caps in all major words. For capitalization of titles in foreign languages, follow the national practice of each language. Underline (for italics) book and journal titles. Use the colon-parentheses system for volume/number/page citations: “10(2):5–9.” For alinement and arrangement of elements, follow the format of the series for which the manuscript is intended.

Legends for illustrations must not be attached to the art nor included within the text but must be submitted at the end of the manuscript—with as many legends typed, double-spaced, to a page as convenient.

Illustrations must not be included within the manuscript but must be submitted separately as original art (not copies). All illustrations (photographs, line drawings, maps, etc.) can be intermixed throughout the printed text. They should be termed Figures and should be numbered consecutively. If several “figures” are treated as components of a single larger figure, they should be designated by lowercase italic letters (underlined in copy) on the illustration, in the legend, and in text references: “Figure 9b.” If illustrations are intended to be printed separately on coated stock following the text, they should be termed Plates and any components should be lettered as in figures: “Plate 9b.” Keys to any symbols within an illustration should appear on the art and not in the legend.

A few points of style: (1) Do not use periods after such abbreviations as “mm, ft, yds, USNM, NNE, AM, BC.” (2) Use hyphens in spelled out fractions: “two-thirds.” (3) Spell out numbers “one” through “nine” in expository text, but use numerals in all other cases if possible. (4) Use the metric system of measurement, where possible, instead of the English system. (5) Use the decimal system, where possible, in place of fractions. (6) Use day/month/year sequence for dates: “9 April 1976.” (7) For months in tabular listings or data sections, use three-letter abbreviations with no periods: “Jan, Mar, Jun,” etc.

Arrange and paginate sequentially EVERY sheet of manuscript—including ALL front matter and ALL legends, etc., at the back of the text—in the following order: (1) title page, (2) abstract, (3) table of contents, (4) foreword and/or preface, (5) text, (6) appendixes, (7) notes, (8) glossary, (9) bibliography, (10) index, (11) legends.