Latin Mnemonic Family Authority Notes aka past_code Abarema macradenia pit1ma Fabaceae-mimosoideae (Pittier) Barneby & J.W. Grimes Formerly Pithecellobium macradenium and appeared in 1996 paper under that old name. Pithecellobium was an enormously broad mix of of many taxa. Barnebey and Grimes (1996) did a detailed phylogeny of Ingeae, many of which (except Inga and Calliandra) were once Pithecellobium. The genus revisions do not alter species boundaries here. Pithecellobium macradenium pitm Acalypha diversifolia acaldi Euphorbiaceae Jacq. acad Acalypha macrostachya acalma Euphorbiaceae Jacq. aca2 Adelia triloba ade1tr Euphorbiaceae (Müll.Arg.) Hemsl. adet Aegiphila panamensis aegipa Lamiaceae Moldenke aegp Alchornea costaricensis alchco Euphorbiaceae Pax & K.Hoffm. alcc Alchornea latifolia alchla Euphorbiaceae Sw. alcl Alibertia dwyeri boropa Rubiaceae Delprete & C.H.Perss. Formerly B. panamensis. Entire genus of Borojoa, with 3 species, collapsed into Alibertia, without any changes in species boundaries. The name dwyeri was necessary because there is another A. panamensis. There was a single sapling in this taxon since 1982 (died in 2015), but the name is not in Croat nor the 1996 paper. It must have been identified later? Borojoa panamensis Alibertia edulis alibed Rubiaceae (Rich.) A.Rich. ex DC. alie Allophylus psilospermus allops Sapindaceae Radlk. allp Alseis blackiana alsebl Rubiaceae Hemsl. alsb Amaioua corymbosa amaico Rubiaceae Kunth amac Anacardium excelsum anacex Anacardiaceae (Bertero & Balb. ex Kunth) Skeels anae Anaxagorea panamensis anaxpa Annonaceae Standl. anap Andira inermis andiin Fabaceae-papilionoideae (W. Wright) Kunth ex DC. andi Annona acuminata annoac Annonaceae Saff. anna Annona hayesii annoha Annonaceae Saff. annh Annona spraguei annosp Annonaceae Saff. anns Apeiba hybrid apeihy Malvaceae apeh Apeiba membranacea apeime Malvaceae Spruce ex Benth. This is Croat's name and is the accepted name for a widespread Central and South American species. But A. membranacea has regularly been misidentified as A. aspera, leading us to use that incorrect name for a period. We used A. membranaceae correctly through the 1996 paper, but then the incorrect A. aspera in the 2004 paper. We have now restored the correct A. membranacea. Apeiba aspera apem Apeiba tibourbou apeiti Malvaceae Aubl. apet Aphelandra sinclairiana aphesi Acanthaceae Nees aphs Appunia seibertii appuse Rubiaceae Standl. Not in Croat but identified in 1982 census, and we used in the 1996 paper; now we have reverted to it as of 2017. Steyermark (1972) and Taylor and Steyermark (Flora of NG Shield) moved Appunia within a broad Morinda, but others, however, maintained Appunia separate. Later DNA phylogeny (Razafimandimbison 2009, 2011) shows Morinda to be polyphyletic. They decided to restore Appunia, and Tropicos follows this latest. Morinda seibertii Ardisia bartlettii ardiba Myrsinaceae Lundell ardb Ardisia guianensis ardigu Myrsinaceae (Aubl.) Mez ardg Ardisia standleyana ardife Myrsinaceae P.H.Allen This was formely A. fendleri, and appeared as that old name in 1996 and 2004 papers. We switched to A. standleyana subsequently. There is confusion, though, as Ricketson and Pipoly reverted most BCI specimens to A. fendleri after 2006. Moreover, A. copeyana appears on one BCI specimen, though it is otherwise only at high elevation. Must check Man. CR and Fl. Nic. Ardisia fendleri ardf Aspidosperma desmanthum aspicr Apocynaceae This genus is now in a state of confusion, largely because a PhD dissertation finished in 1999 (K. Potgieter), which makes many revisions, has not been published, so multiple names are still around. Potgieter advises that A. desmanthum should be used for the common BCI species. In the past, we used three other names: A. cruenta, A. cruentum, and A. spruceanum. The first is a misspelling, following Croat, and we published it in both the 1996 and 2004 papers. To put a cap on this, confusion goes full circle in 2018, with Morales restoring A. cruentum to Panama records, including BCI, contra Potgieter. Aspidosperma cruenta;Aspidosperma cruentum;Aspidosperma spruceanum Astrocaryum standleyanum ast1st Arecaceae L.H.Bailey asts Astronium graveolens ast2gr Anacardiaceae Jacq. astg Attalea rostrata sch1zo Arecaceae Oerst. Formerly Scheelea zonensis, and we published under that name in 1996 paper, then A. butyracea, which we used in 2004 paper. We are following Garwood, who used A. rostrata, the Central American form, distinct from S. American A. butyracea. Note that Tropicos still uses A. butyracea. Attalea butyracea;Scheelea zonensis schz Bactris barronis bactba Arecaceae L.H.Bailey bacb Bactris coloniata bactc1 Arecaceae L.H.Bailey bac1 Bactris coloradonis bactc2 Arecaceae L.H.Bailey bac2 Bactris major bactma Arecaceae Jacq. bacm Banara guianensis banagu Salicaceae Aubl. Croat includes this taxon, but it did not appear in the 50-ha plot until the 1990 census, and it subsequently died out. bang Beilschmiedia tovarensis beilpe Lauraceae (Klotzsch & H.Karst. ex Meisn.) Sachiko Nishida We called this B. pendula for 30 years, and it appears under that name in 1996 and 2004 papers. But Nishida (1999) lists BCI specimens under B. tovarensis. He explains details of the differences at length, and they are subtle. Beilschmiedia pendula beip Bertiera guianensis bertgu Rubiaceae Aubl. berg Brosimum alicastrum brosal Moraceae Sw. broa Brosimum guianense brosgu Moraceae (Aubl.) Huber Note misspelling in Appendix, but not main table, of 1996 paper. brog Calophyllum longifolium calolo Clusiaceae Willd. cal2 Capparidastrum frondosum cappfr Capparaceae (Jacq.) Cornejo & Iltis Formerly Capparis frondosa. See notes under that name. Capparis frondosa capf Casearia aculeata caseac Salicaceae Jacq. cas1 Casearia arborea casear Salicaceae (Rich.) Urb. case1;cas2 Casearia commersoniana caseco Salicaceae Cambess. casc Casearia guianensis casegu Salicaceae (Aubl.) Urb. casg Casearia sylvestris casesy Salicaceae Sw. cass Cassipourea elliptica cassel Rhizophoraceae (Sw.) Poir. cas3 Cavanillesia platanifolia cavapl Malvaceae (Bonpl.) Kunth cavp Cecropia insignis cecrin Urticaceae Liebm. ceci Cecropia longipes cecrlo Urticaceae Pittier Included in Croat but did not appear in the 50-ha plot until 1995 census, so does not appear in 1996 paper. cecl Cecropia obtusifolia cecrob Urticaceae Bertol. ceco Cedrela odorata cedrod Meliaceae L. cedo Ceiba pentandra ceibpe Malvaceae (L.) Gaertn. ceip Celtis schippii celtsc Cannabaceae Standl. cels Cespedesia spathulata cespma Ochnaceae (Ruiz & Pav.) Planch. Formerly C. macrophylla. Cespedesia now considered monotypic, with nine names united under one widespread species. See Fl. Nic. We used the old species name, macrophylla, and Croat’s misspelling of the genus, so published this under Cespedezia macrophylla in both 1996 and 2004 papers. Cespedesia macrophylla;Cespedezia macrophylla ces1 Cestrum racemosum cestra Solanaceae Ruiz & Pav. Croat included this taxon, but it did not appear in the 50-ha plot until the 2015 census. cesr Cestrum schlechtendahlii cestme Solanaceae G.Don We originally followed Croat and used C. megalophyllum in 1996 and 2004 papers. Nee reidentified all Croat's BCI specimens as C. schlechtendahlii in 2013. This is a question of name priority for same species circumpscription?? See Manual CR. Cestrum megalophyllum ces2 Chamaedorea tepejilote cha1te Arecaceae Liebm. Formerly C. wendlandiana, but we switched by the 1996 paper. Lumped by Henderson (1997). Chamaedorea wendlandiana chaw Chamguava schippii cha2sc Myrtaceae (Standl.) Landrum A small group of 3 rare C. American species, formerly Eugenia, moved to Psidium in 1963, and we initially used Croat’s name, Psidium anglohondurense. The new genus Chamguava was erected in 1991 by Landrum based on embryological details that separate it from Psidium; Chamguava is in a small group with Pimenta. The BCI population is the only one known s. of Guatemala, and one of 3 species only seen 3 times in the 1940s. No change in species boundaries. Huge DNA phylogeny (2015) does not include Chamguava, presumably due to rarity. Psidium anglohondurense psia Chimarrhis parviflora chimpa Rubiaceae Standl. chip Chrysochlamys eclipes chr1ec Clusiaceae L.O.Williams We originally followed Croat and used T. nicaraguensis, but now corrected to Chrysochlamys eclipses. We had switched to C. eclipes by 1996 paper, so no publication uses old name. See notes for T. nicaraguensis and Hammel (1999). Tovomitopsis nicaraguensis tovn Chrysophyllum argenteum chr2ar Sapotaceae Jacq. We used this name by 1996 and 2004 papers. In Croat, this was Cynodendron panamense, but Pennington (1990) lumped several species under C. argenteum as a subspecies. The name Chrysophyllum panamense has also been used, but never in our data. Chrysophyllum panamense;Cynodendron panamense chrp Chrysophyllum cainito chr2ca Sapotaceae L. Pennington (1990) is certain this is not native to Panama. chrc Cinnamomum triplinerve phoeci Lauraceae (Ruiz & Pav.) Kosterm. This was formerly Phoebe cinnamomifolia, and appeared as such in 1996 and 2004 papers. Croat called in P. mexicanum. See Fl. Nic. Phoebe cinnamomifolia;Phoebe cinnamomifolium;Phoebe mexicana phom Clidemia dentata clidde Melastomataceae Pav. ex D. Don Clidemia is now moved within Miconia, but names are not yet transferred as of 2017. clid Clidemia octona clidoc Melastomataceae (Bonpl.) L.O. Williams Clidemia is now moved within Miconia, but names are not yet transferred as of 2017. clio Clidemia septuplinervia clidse Melastomataceae Cogn. Clidemia is now moved within Miconia, but names are not yet transferred as of 2017. clis Coccoloba coronata coccco Polygonaceae Jacq. cocc Coccoloba manzinellensis coccma Polygonaceae Beurl. We spelled this incorrectly in 1996, copying Croat's error C. manzanellensis. We propagated the misspelling in the 1996 paper, but corrected it by the 2004 paper. Coccoloba manzanillensis cocm Cojoba rufescens pit1ru Fabaceae-mimosoideae (Benth.) Britton & Rose Formerly Pithecellobium rufescens, and appears as such in 1996 paper. But Pithecellobium was an enormously broad mix of of many taxa. Barnebey and Grimes (1996) did a detailed phylogeny of Ingeae, many of which (except Inga and Calliandra) were once Pithecellobium. Cojoba is related to Inga and Calliandra according to Barneby and Grimes. The genus revisions do not alter species boundaries here. Pithecellobium rufescens pitr Colubrina glandulosa colugl Rhamnaceae Perkins colg Conostegia bracteata conobr Melastomataceae Triana conb Conostegia cinnamomea conoci Melastomataceae (Beurl.) Wurdack conc Cordia alliodora cordal Cordiaceae (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken cora Cordia bicolor cordbi Cordiaceae A.DC. corb Cordia lasiocalyx cordla Cordiaceae Pittier corl Coussarea curvigemmia cou2cu Rubiaceae Dwyer couc Coutarea hexandra couthe Rubiaceae (Jacq.) K.Schum. couh Croton billbergianus crotbi Euphorbiaceae Müll.Arg. crob Cupania cinerea cupaci Sapindaceae Poepp. cupc Cupania latifolia cupala Sapindaceae Kunth cupl Cupania rufescens cuparu Sapindaceae Triana & Planch. cupr Cupania seemannii cupasy Sapindaceae Triana & Planch. Seemann himself named it C. sylvatica in 1853 (Voyage of the Heald), however in 1862 Triana and Planch changed to C. seemanni saying C. sylvatica was already in use for a Brazilian specimen. But Croat used the old C. sylvatica, though he indicated C. seemannii as a synonym. Cupania sylvatica cups Cyathea petiolata cnempe Cyatheaceae (Hook.) R.M. Tryon DNA phylogenies of tree ferns rearranged much traditional taxonomy. Cnemidaria is nested within Cyathea. No change species boundary. Cnemidaria petiolata cnep Damburneya umbrosa nectpu Lauraceae (Kunth) Trofimov One group of Nectandra now split into this genus, an old name that had been subsumed into Nectandra, now resurrected on molecular results. This was originally Nectandra purpurea, reidentified as N. umbrosa, but the latter never go into the database (for BCI specimens, but yes for one at Sherman) or any publication. Nectandra purpurascens;Nectandra purpurea;Nectandra savannarum;Nectandra umbrosa necp;necs Dendropanax arboreus dendar Araliaceae (L.) Decne. & Planch. What we currently call all Dendropanax in the 50-ha plot, but variation may require 4 species. Some D. arboreus at BCI now recognized as D. caucanus by Cannon, or D. concinnus by N. Hensold (the latter not valid according to Tropicos). See Cannon and Cannon (1989) about variability of widespread D. arboreus, and Hensold suggests hybridization or introgression might be blurring boundaries. The group requires revision, and individuals within the plot may need to be divided. Garwood supports a division of Croat's D. arboreus into D. caucanus and D. arboreus. See also notes with D. stenodontus about yet another possible taxon. Dendropanax stenodontus dendst;dena;dens Desmopsis panamensis des2pa Annonaceae (B.L.Rob.) Saff. desp Diospyros artanthifolia dio2ar Ebenaceae Mart. ex Miq. dio2 Dipteryx oleifera diptpa Fabaceae-papilionoideae Benth. Formerly D. panamensis. The two names appear to be used interchangeably for a species collected from Nicaragua through the Colombian choco, plus one in Ecuador. At Tropicos, de Lima named BCI specimens D. oleifera in 1986, but Klitgaard renamed D. panamensis in 2007. D. oleifera is the early name, but without specimens. The rules committee voted to accept it (Brummitt 2011). Dipteryx panamensis dipp Drypetes standleyi drypst Putranjivaceae G.L.Webster drys Elaeis oleifera elaeol Arecaceae (Kunth) Cortés elao Enterolobium schomburgkii entesc Fabaceae-mimosoideae (Benth.) Benth. ents Erythrina costaricensis ery1co Fabaceae-papilionoideae Micheli eryc Erythroxylum macrophyllum ery2ma Erythroxylaceae Cav. Formerly E. multiflorum, a name from Canal Area in 1940. Plowman synonomized it and other local names under the widespread and variable E. macrophyllum. See also Hammel et al (2010) treating E. multiflorum under this. Appendix of 1996 paper failed to list E. multiflorum as Croat’s name for this taxa. Erythroxylum multiflorum erym Erythroxylum panamense ery2pa Erythroxylaceae Turcz. eryp Eugenia coloradoensis eugeco Myrtaceae Standl. Eugenia coloradensis eugc Eugenia galalonensis eugega Myrtaceae (C.Wright ex Griseb.) Krug & Urb. eugg Eugenia nesiotica eugene Myrtaceae Standl. eugn Eugenia oerstediana eugeoe Myrtaceae O.Berg This was listed under Croat’s misspelling, E. oerstedeana, in the 1996 paper. Eugenia oerstedeana eugo Faramea occidentalis faraoc Rubiaceae (L.) A.Rich. faro Ficus citrifolia ficuci Moraceae Mill. fici Ficus colubrinae ficuc1 Moraceae Standl. fic1 Ficus costaricana ficuc2 Moraceae (Liebm.) Miq. fic2 Ficus insipida ficuin Moraceae Willd. fiin Ficus matiziana ficubu Moraceae Dugand Formerly F. bullenei, following Croat, and appearing under that name in 1996 and 2004 papers. Garwood (2009) retained F. bullenei. Ficus bullenei Ficus maxima ficuma Moraceae Mill. fima Ficus obtusifolia ficuob Moraceae Kunth fiob Ficus pertusa ficupe Moraceae L.f. ficup2;fip2 Ficus popenoei ficupo Moraceae Standl. fipo Ficus tonduzii ficuto Moraceae Standl. fito Ficus trigonata ficutr Moraceae L. Croat’s name and ours originally for the 50-ha plot, appearing in 1996 paper (though mispelled as F. trigonta). We then mistakely listed as F. aurea for several years. Garwood uses trigonata, but indicates a complex of distinct types. However, now Berg says Panama specimens should be F. crocata and that F. trigonata is restricted to the Antilles; he describes variation in detail. Ficus aurea;Ficus trigonta fitr Ficus yoponensis ficuyo Moraceae Desv. fiyo Garcinia madruno gar2ma Clusiaceae (Kunth) Hammel Formerly R. acuminata. See notes for G. intermedia and Hammel (1989). We had switched before 1996, so this is in 1996 and 2004 papers. Rheedia acuminata rhea Garcinia recondita gar2in Clusiaceae Hammel Hammel described this species around 2015, though still not published (Hammel pers. comm.). All BCI specimens of R. edulis/G. intermedia now identified at Tropicos as G. recondita, but G. intermedia remains valid elsewhere in Panama. Garcinia intermedia;Rheedia edulis Genipa americana geniam Rubiaceae L. gena Geonoma interrupta geonin Arecaceae (Ruiz & Pav.) Mart. geoi Guapira standleyana guapst Nyctaginaceae Woodson We misspelled this G. standleyanum in the 1996 paper, copying the error from Croat. Guapira standleyanum guas Guarea bullata guarsp Meliaceae Radlk. We finally identified the fuzzy-leaved Guarea morphospecies as this after 2004. G. bullata has been known in other parts of Panama since at least the 1960s. Impressed venation is distinctive, otherwise very similar and closely related to G. glabra. Guarea fuzzy;Guarea sp. 1;Guarea sp. nov. gua3 Guarea grandifolia guargr Meliaceae (L.) Sleumer BCI specimens of G. multiflora were renamed this before plot started (Pennington in 1979 on Mobot sheets, eg Croat 8443, 11300). Guarea multiflora gua1;guam Guarea guidonia guargu Meliaceae (L.) Sleumer Identified as G. glabra in Croat. Foster reidentified by 1981; G. glabra should have glabrous ovary and few lenticels, small flowers relative to G. guidonia. gua2 Guatteria lucens guatdu Annonaceae Standl. We knew this as G. dumetorum for 30 years, and see notes there. Maas (2015) provides details about slight leaf differences between the dumetorum type and lucens type, but indicates that in all other ways the two are indistringuishable. Both types also have the same range, in Costa Rica and Panama, so though the species circumscription was widened by lumping, the range was not. Guatteria dumetorum guad Guazuma ulmifolia guazul Malvaceae Lam. guau Guettarda foliacea guetfo Rubiaceae Standl. guef Gustavia superba gustsu Lecythidaceae (Kunth) O.Berg guss Hamelia axillaris hameax Rubiaceae Sw. ham1 Hamelia patens hamepa Rubiaceae Jacq. hamp Hampea appendiculata hampap Malvaceae (Donn.Sm.) Standl. ham2 Handroanthus guayacan tab1gu Bignoniaceae (Seem.) S.O.Grose Formerly Tabebuia guayacan, and appeared as that name in 1996 and 2004 papers. Handroanthus is an old name, and morphological distinctions were known since the 19th century. Tabebuia guayacan tabg Hasseltia floribunda hassfl Salicaceae Kunth hasf Heisteria acuminata heisac Erythropalaceae (Humb. & Bonpl.) Engl. Known as H. longipes in Croat, but we used this name from the very start, and it appears in both 1996 and 2004 paper use this. Sleumer explains that Heisteria are not identifiable based only on flowers or fruits and leaves are needed. He collapsed many local species under H. acuminata, and all Tropicos specimens formerly called H. longipes now identified as H. acuminata by S. Knapp, R. Liesner, H. Sleumer. Heisteria longipes heia Heisteria concinna heisco Erythropalaceae Standl. heic Herrania purpurea herrpu Malvaceae (Pittier) R.E. Schult. herp Hieronyma alchorneoides hyeral Euphorbiaceae Allemão Franco reidentified BCI specimens in 1989 and published a major revision, collapsing H. laxiflora and other widespread varieties. Major broadening of range, however many local names are still listed as valid at Tropicos. Franco recognizes two varieties of H. alchorneoides, both among Croat's BCI specimens, but this is stipule difference between adults and juveniles (Hensold). Hyeronima alcheornoides;Hyeronima laxiflora hyel Hirtella americana hirtam Chrysobalanaceae L. hira Hirtella triandra hirttr Chrysobalanaceae Sw. hirt Hura crepitans huracr Euphorbiaceae L. hurc Inga acuminata ingas1 Fabaceae-mimosoideae Benth. Originally censused as Inga skinny, an unidentified morphospecies. Croat did not include this species, and we finally got it identified in 1989 (Zamora). It was not (??) known in Panama until then. We had it as I. acuminata in the 1996 paper. Inga skinny ins1 Inga cocleensis ingaco Fabaceae-mimosoideae Pittier The identification of this species in the 50-ha plot has been reassessed. See detailed notes under I. thibaudiana and I. unidentified. inco Inga goldmanii ingago Fabaceae-mimosoideae Pittier ingo Inga laurina ingafa Fabaceae-mimosoideae (Sw.) Willd. Originally I. fagifolia, following Croat, but I. laurina was synonomized with I. fagifolia in Pennington's (1997) revision of the entire genus. We used I. fagifolia in the 1996 paper but I. laurina in the 2004 paper. Inga fagifolia infa Inga marginata ingama Fabaceae-mimosoideae Willd. Inga semialata inma Inga mucuna ingam1 Fabaceae-mimosoideae Walp. & Duchass. inm1 Inga nobilis ingaqu Fabaceae-mimosoideae Willd. Originally I. quaternata, following Croat, but we now follow Pennington (1997), in which I. quaternata was synonomized with I. nobilis. In 2004 paper, we had changed to this. C. American specimens are subsp. quaternata, and S. American are subsp. nobilis, but Pennington explains that there are intermediates in between and sometime one plant mixes the two different flower forms. We used I. quaternata in the 1996 paper but I. nobilis in the 2004 paper. See notes on recent confusion under I. quaternata. Inga quaternata inqu Inga oerstediana ingami Fabaceae-mimosoideae Benth. Originally I. minutula, following Croat, and appeared as such in the 1996 paper. Pennington's (1997) synonomized I. minutula under I. oerstediana, and Tropicos BCI specimens were identified as I. oerstediana in 1990 (Sousa). I. oerstediana is closely related to and possibly conspecific with I. edulis. Inga minutula inmi Inga pezizifera ingape Fabaceae-mimosoideae Benth. inpe Inga punctata ingapu Fabaceae-mimosoideae Willd. inpu Inga ruiziana ingaru Fabaceae-mimosoideae G.Don inru Inga sapindoides ingasa Fabaceae-mimosoideae Willd. Sousa (1993) argues that I. pavoniana should be used, because original specimen of I. sapindoides lacked flowers and is questionable. Tropicos specimens IDed by C. Romero in 2006 as I. pavoniana (also R. Gereult in 1994). Pennington synonomizes the latter under I. sapindoides and has no discussion of the problem. Inga pavoniana insa Inga spectabilis ingasp Fabaceae-mimosoideae (Vahl) Willd. insp Inga thibaudiana ingath Fabaceae-mimosoideae DC. Included in Croat, but not recognized in the 50-ha plot until 2005, when it was separated from I. coclensis for the first time. Many trees previously known as I. coclensis had been alive since 1982, so we know that I. thibaudiana has always been part of the 50-ha plot. inth Inga umbellifera ingaum Fabaceae-mimosoideae (Vahl) Steud. inum Inga unidentified ingaun Fabaceae-mimosoideae The Inga species I. coclensis and I. thibaudiana were reassessed in 2005, and many individuals of I. coclensis were reidentified as I. thibaudiana. Any tree known as I. coclensis that had died by 2005 could not be revisited, and all those had to be switched to I. unidentified. Jacaranda copaia jac1co Bignoniaceae (Aubl.) D.Don jacc Jacaratia spinosa jac2sp Caricaceae (Aubl.) A.DC. Croat included this taxon, but it did not appear in the 50-ha plot until the 2015 census. jacs Koanophyllon wetmorei koanwe Asteraceae (B.L.Rob.) R.M.King & H.Rob. koaw Lacistema aggregatum laciag Lacistemataceae (P.J.Bergius) Rusby laca Lacmellea panamensis lacmpa Apocynaceae (Woodson) Markgr. lacp Laetia procera laetpr Salicaceae (Poepp.) Eichler laep Laetia thamnia laetth Salicaceae L. laet Lafoensia punicifolia lafopu Lythraceae DC. lafp Leandra dichotoma leandi Melastomataceae (Pav. ex D. Don) Cogn. Leandra is now moved within Miconia, but names are not yet transferred as of 2017. lead Licania hypoleuca licahy Chrysobalanaceae Benth. lich Licania platypus licapl Chrysobalanaceae (Hemsl.) Fritsch licp Lindackeria laurina lindla Achariaceae C. Presl linl Lonchocarpus heptaphyllus loncla Fabaceae-papilionoideae (Poir.) DC. The species appears as L. latifolia in the 1996 paper then L. latifolius in the 2004 paper (the latter is correct). Croat knew this as L. pentaphyllus. Zamora2010a synonomized L. latifolius under this. Lonchocarpus latifolia;Lonchocarpus latifolius;Lonchocarpus pentaphyllus lonl Lozania pittieri lozapi Lacistemataceae (S.F.Blake) L.B.Sm. lozp Luehea seemannii luehse Malvaceae Triana & Planch. lue1 Lycianthes maxonii lycima Solanaceae Standl. lycm Maclura tinctoria maclti Moraceae (L.) D.Don ex Steud. This was listed as Chlorophora tinctoria in the 2004 paper, but M. tinctoria in the 1996 paper. Neither name appears in Croat, and D'Arcy used Chlorophora. Our brief use of Chorophora was erroneous, since Berg's (2001) monograph clearly used Maclura. Chlorophora tinctoria chlt Macrocnemum roseum macrgl Rubiaceae (Ruiz & Pav.) Wedd. Formerly M. glabrescens, but that C. American form was lumped under this widespread S. American species (Taylor pers. comm.). Appears as M. glabrescens in 1996 paper. [I need Lorence 1999 on C. American Rubiaceae.] Macrocnemum glabrescens macg Malpighia romeroana malpro Malpighiaceae Cuatrec. malr Maquira guianensis maquco Moraceae Aubl. Formerly M. costaricana. We switched after Berg (2001), and the 2004 paper used M. guianensis. See notes with M. costaricana. Maquira costaricana maqc Margaritaria nobilis margno Phyllanthaceae L.f. Croat includes this taxon on BCI, but we did not identify in the 50-ha plot until 1990. A few individuals were in the census from the start, but remained unidentified until then. marn Marila laxiflora mar1la Clusiaceae Rusby marl Maytenus schippii maytsc Celastraceae Lundell mays Miconia affinis micoaf Melastomataceae DC. mic1 Miconia argentea micoar Melastomataceae (Sw.) DC. mic2 Miconia dorsiloba micodo Melastomataceae Gleason Originally called morphospecies Miconia sp.15 2000, identified as M. dorsiloba in 2005. Does not appear in Croat. Miconia sp.15 mico15 Miconia elata micoel Melastomataceae (Sw.) DC. mice Miconia hondurensis micoho Melastomataceae Donn. Sm. mich Miconia impetiolaris micoim Melastomataceae (Sw.) D. Don ex DC. mici Miconia nervosa micone Melastomataceae (Sm.) Triana micn Miconia prasina micopr Melastomataceae (Sw.) DC. micp Mosannona garwoodii malmsp Annonaceae Chatrou & Welzenis The official species name, maintaining Nancy Garwood's, described by Chatrou (1998). This correct version appeared in our 2004 paper. The species was thus first described from the BCI 50-ha plot. It is very distinctive, and common in the plot. It had several morphospecies names before the final description, including the genera Malmea and Cremastosperma. Croat called in Crematosperma sp., misspelling the genus. Crematosperma garwoods;Crematosperma sp.;Malmea garwood's;Malmea Nancy??;Malmea sp. nov.;Mosannona garwoods cres Mouriri myrtilloides mourmy Melastomataceae (Sw.) Poir. moum Myrcia splendens tip. gatunensis myrcga Myrtaceae (Sw.) DC. See sp.3, the morphospecies eventually identified as this. See also M. gatunensis, whose BCI specimens are now identified as M. splendens. However, plot 6 has many individuals of both this species and M. gatunensis growing side by side. Myrcia gatunensis Myrospermum frutescens myrofr Fabaceae-papilionoideae Jacq. Not in Croat but we identified in 1982 census. myr2 Nectandra cissiflora nectci Lauraceae Nees necc Nectandra fuzzy nects1 Lauraceae An unidentified Lauraceae, tentatively placed in genus Nectandra. We have most consistently called it Nectandra fuzzy, but it was listed as Nectandra sp. nov. 1 in the 1996 paper, though we are not certain it's a novel species. The 50-ha plot has 11 individuals assigned the name. Nectandra sp.nov.1 nec2 Nectandra lineata nectgl Lauraceae (Kunth) Rohwer Our current identification for this Nectandra, following Rohwer (1993) who explains the source of Croat's mistaken identifcation as N. globosa. Nectandra globosa necg Nectandra sp.4_(tiny_leaf) nects3 Lauraceae This extremely rare Lauraceae, with just one individual in the 1982 census of the 50-ha plot, was never identified, and we are not certain it is a Nectandra. The single individual died after 1985 and we have never seen it elsewhere, so it will probably never be identified. It had very small leaves, hence the morphospecies name, but it was listed as Nectandra sp. nov. 3 in the 1996 paper. The combination of sp. 4 and sp. 3 as parts of the name for the same morphospecies resulted from confusion caused by several other unidentified Nectandra in our Panama database. Nectandra sp._4;Nectandra sp.nov.3 nec4 Neea amplifolia neeaam Nyctaginaceae Donn.Sm. neea Ochroma pyramidale ochrpy Malvaceae (Cav. ex Lam.) Urb. ochp Ocotea cernua ocotce Lauraceae (Nees) Mez ococ Ocotea oblonga ocotob Lauraceae (Meisn.) Mez ocoo Ocotea puberula ocotpu Lauraceae (Rich.) Nees Croat called this O. pyramidata, but we changed to O. puberula by the late 1980s. Van der Weff had already named BCI specimens O. puberula in 1983. See Van der Werff (2002). Ocotea pyrimidata ocop Ocotea whitei ocotwh Lauraceae Woodson Croat used O. skutchii, but that name was synonomized soon after his book. See van der Werff (2002), who acknowledged variability of O. whitei. Ocotea skutchii ocos Oenocarpus mapora oenoma Arecaceae H.Karst. Formerly O. panamanus, in Croat and in the first census. Oenocarpus mapoura;Oenocarpus panamanus oenm Oreopanax capitatus oreoca Araliaceae (Jacq.) Decne. & Planch. Croat includes this, but it did not appear in the 50-ha plot until 2010. The sole individual then died by 2015. orec Ormosia amazonica ormoam Fabaceae-papilionoideae Ducke Not in Croat but identified in 1982 census. orma Ormosia coccinea ormocr Fabaceae-papilionoideae (Aubl.) Jacks. Current identification for a moderately common tree in the plot. Croat listed this form as O. croatii, an unofficial name, but it has been identified at Tropicos in 1978 (MO Dillon). N. Zamora confirmed in 2007 (pers. Comm. To N. Hensold). Ormosia croatii ormc Ormosia macrocalyx ormoma Fabaceae-papilionoideae Ducke ormm Ouratea lucens ouralu Ochnaceae (Kunth) Engl. ourl Pachira sessilis pochse Malvaceae Benth. Bombacopsis sessilis according to Croat. In 1996 paper, it appeared as Pochota sessilis, but we updated to Pachira sessilis for 2004 paper. See genus discussion under P. quinata Bombacopsis sessilis;Pochota sessilis boms Palicourea acuminata psycac Rubiaceae (Benth.) Borhidi Formerly Psychotria acumintata. Several psychotria moved to Palicourea due to improved character understanding (see Psych. acuminata). Palicourea cuspidata;Psychotria acuminata Palicourea brachiata psycb1 Rubiaceae (Sw.) Borhidi Formerly Psychotria brachiata, and appearing under that old name in 1996 paper. Psychotria brachiata Palicourea cyanococca psycpi Rubiaceae (Seem. ex Dombrain) Borhidi Psychotria cyanococca;Psychotria pittieri Palicourea deflexa psycde Rubiaceae (DC.) Borhidi Formerly Psychotria deflexa, and appearing under that old name in 1996 and 2004 papers. Psychotria deflexa Palicourea guianensis paligu Rubiaceae Aubl. palg Palicourea hoffmannseggiana psycfu Rubiaceae (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) Borhidi Psychotria furcata in Croat and the 1996 paper. Later Psychotria hoffmannseggiana before it was moved under Palicourea with many other Psychotria. Psychotria furcata;Psychotria hoffmannseggiana Palicourea racemosa psycra Rubiaceae (Aubl.) Borhidi Formerly Psychotria racemosa, and appearing under that old name in 1996 and 2004 papers. Psychotria racemosa Pavonia dasypetala lopida Malvaceae Turcz. Formerly Lopimia dasypetala, following Croat, but this is the widely accepted classification, placing Lopimia within Pavonia (Fryxell). Hammel et al VI (2007) uses P. dasypetala without even mentioning Lopimia as synonym. This appears under the old L. dasypetala in 1996 and 2004 papers. Lopimia dasypetala pavd Pentagonia macrophylla pentma Rubiaceae Benth. penm Perebea xanthochyma perexa Moraceae H.Karst. perx Picramnia latifolia picrla Picramniaceae Tul. picl Piper aequale pipeae Piperaceae Vahl ppae Piper arboreum pipea1 Piperaceae Aubl. ppa1 Piper colonense pipecu Piperaceae C.DC. Piper culebranum ppcu Piper cordulatum pipeco Piperaceae C. DC. ppco Piper imperiale pipeim Piperaceae (Miq.) C.DC. Croat had this correct, and our 1996 paper had it correct. At one point, the misspelling P. imperialis got in our database. Piper imperialis ppim Piper longispicum pipelo Piperaceae C.DC. First identified in 50-ha plot in 2015. Not in Croat nor in 1996 or 2004 papers. Piper perlasense pipepe Piperaceae Yunck. pppe Piper reticulatum pipere Piperaceae L. ppre Piper schiedeanum pipeca Piperaceae Steud. Formerly P. carrilloanum in our data, and the 1996 paper, but we now follow Tebbs and use P. schiedeanum. However, a substantial confusion has arisen because Callejas identified many of Croat's BCI specimens as P. paulowniifolium. Flora Nicaragua by Callejas?? Piper carrilloanum ppca Platymiscium pinnatum pla1pi Fabaceae-papilionoideae (Jacq.) Dugand plap Platypodium elegans pla2el Fabaceae-papilionoideae Vogel plae Pochota quinata pochqu Bombacaceae This has been our most convoluted series of name changes. This was first Bombacopsis quinata, then Pochota quinata (which appears in 1996 paper), then Pachira quinata (in the 2004 paper), but now back to Pochota quinata. However, Pachira sessilis remains. See notes under Pachira quinata. Bombacopsis quinata;Pachira quinata bomq Pombalia prunifolia hybapr Violaceae (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Paula-Souza Originally Hybanthus prunifolius following Croat. Several new genera will be needed for Hybanthus (de Paula Souza and Balland 2014). See notes with H. prunifolius. Hybanthus prunifolius hybp Posoqueria latifolia posola Rubiaceae (Rudge) Schult. posl Poulsenia armata poular Moraceae (Miq.) Standl. poua Pourouma bicolor pourbi Urticaceae Mart. This was P. guianensis in Croat, but we followed Berg and changed to this by the late 1980s. P. bicolor appears in 1996 and 2004 papers. A Tropicos specimen now carries the name P. chocoana, but Berg used P. bicolor subsp. chocoana and this is still accepted everywhere (see Flora Mes, CR). Pourouma guianensis poug Pouteria fossicola poutfo Sapotaceae Cronquist pouf Pouteria reticulata poutre Sapotaceae (Engl.) Eyma We originally followed Croat and called this P. unilocularis, a C. American taxon. Pennington lumped it and 4 other species, and the combined group is widespread and variable. We switched before any publicacions, so this appears as P. reticulata in both 1996 and 2004 papers. Pouteria unilocularis pouu Pouteria stipitata poutst Sapotaceae Cronquist pou2 Prioria copaifera pri2co Fabaceae-caesalpinioideae Griseb. pric Protium confusum protsp Burseraceae (Rose) Pittier This Protium could not be identified from Croat and was censused as a morphospecies until 2000, called Protium skinny; in the 1996 paper it was called Protium sp. nov. It was finally matched to P. confusum, not a new species. Protium skinny;Protium sp. nov. pros Protium costaricense protco Burseraceae (Rose) Engl. proc Protium panamense protpa Burseraceae (Rose) I.M.Johnst. prop Protium tenuifolium subsp. sessiliflorum protte Burseraceae Engl. A subspecies distinct from the BCI species, known only at two distant plots. Protium tenuifolium Pseudobombax septenatum pse1se Malvaceae (Jacq.) Dugand pse1 Psidium friedrichsthalianum psidfr Myrtaceae (O.Berg) Nied. psif Psychotria chagrensis psycch Rubiaceae Standl. pych Psychotria graciliflora psycg1 Rubiaceae Benth. Not in Croat but identified in 1982 census. pyg1 Psychotria grandis psycg3 Rubiaceae Sw. pyg3 Psychotria horizontalis psycho Rubiaceae Sw. pyho Psychotria limonensis psycli Rubiaceae K.Krause pyli Psychotria marginata psycma Rubiaceae Sw. pyma Psychotria psychotriifolia psycps Rubiaceae (Seem.) Standl. Croat includes this, but it did not appear in the 50-ha plot until 1995 and is thus not in the 1996 paper. Psychotria tenuifolia psycg2 Rubiaceae Sw. Formerly P. granadensis and published under that name in 1996 paper. Hamilton (1989) synonomized under this widespread S. American form, and Taylor (pers. comm.) agrees. Psychotria granadensis pyg2 Pterocarpus hayesii pterro Fabaceae-papilionoideae Hemsl. Formerly P. rohrii, and that old name was used in 1996 and 2004 papers. Pterocarpus rohrii pter Pterocarpus officinalis pterof Fabaceae-papilionoideae Jacq. A swamp species, rare on BCI, only 9 in plot and dying off. We listed it as P. belizensis in 1996 paper, but that appears to be a miscommunication. This has always been P. officianalis since Croat's identification. Pterocarpus belizense;Pterocarpus belizensis pterbe;pteb;pteo Quararibea asterolepis quaras Malvaceae Pittier Whether BCI specimens belong in Q. asterolepis subsp. stenophylla, Q. stenophylla, or Q. asterolepis, is unresolved at Tropicos. qua1 Quassia amara quasam Simaroubaceae L. qua2 Randia armata randar Rubiaceae (Sw.) DC. rana Rauvolfia littoralis rauvli Apocynaceae Rusby Does not appear in Croat. Discovered on BCI in 50-ha plot in 1995 census. Rinorea sylvatica rinosy Violaceae (Seem.) Kuntze rin2 Rosenbergiodendron formosum randfo Rubiaceae (Jacq.) Fagerl. Formerly Randia formosa and appearing as such in 1996 paper, changed to Rosenbergiodendron formosum by 2004 paper. This and 3 other species were shown to be outside Randia (DNA and morphology). The species circumscription was nearly unchanged, though a Guyana segregate was split, so the new R. formosum has a slightly smaller range (Taylor pers. comm.). Randia formosa ranf Sapium broadleaf sapisp Euphorbiaceae Sapium sp 1;Sapium sp. nov. saps Sapium glandulosum sapiau Euphorbiaceae (L.) Morong Krujit synonomized S. aucuparium with this. R. Liesner identifed BCI specimens as S. glandulosum. Sapium aucuparium;Sapium caudatum sapc Schefflera morototoni sch2mo Araliaceae (Aubl.) Maguire, Steyerm. & Frodin We originally used Didymopanax morototoni for this, following Croat. But Frodin (1975) moved the entire genus Didymopanax into Schefflera, as new species added blurred distinctions. A DNA phylogeny confirmed this (Fiaschi & Plunkett 2011). We had the correct S. morototoni in the 1996 and 2004 papers. Didymopanax morototoni didm Schizolobium parahyba schipa Fabaceae-caesalpinioideae (Vell.) S.F. Blake This is the correct spelling of Croat's S. parahybum. We had the bad spelling in 1996 paper but corrected in database afterwards. Schizolobium parahybum schp Senna dariensis sennda Fabaceae-caesalpinioideae (Britton & Rose) H.S. Irwin & Barneby Formerly Cassia fruticosa, but we had corrected to Senna by the 1996 and 2004 papers. Irwin and Barneby 1982 split Cassia into 3 genera, including Senna. Reviewed in Marazzi, with DNA phylogeny confirming monophyly of Senna. Known as S. dariensis var. gatunensis in Tropicos. Cassia fruticosa casf Simarouba amara simaam Simaroubaceae Aubl. sima Siparuna cristata sipacr Siparunaceae (Poepp. & Endl.) A. DC. On BCI, this was formerly identified as S. guianensis, following Croat. Renner re-identified the Tropicos on BCI specimens as S. cristata in 1999. See notes with S. guianensis. Siparuna guianensis sipg Siparuna pauciflora sipapa Siparunaceae (Beurl.) A. DC. sipp Sloanea terniflora sloate Elaeocarpaceae (Moc. & Sessé ex DC.) Standl. sloa3;slot Socratea exorrhiza socrex Arecaceae (Mart.) H.Wendl. We used this in 1996 and 2004 papers, changing from Croat, who called this S. durissima. See notes there. Henderson (1997) lumped S. durissima with the S. American S. exorrhiza. Socratea durissima soce Solanum arboreum solaar Solanaceae Dunal sol2 Solanum asperum solaas Solanaceae Rich. sola Solanum circinatum cyphha Solanaceae Bohs Bohs (1995) collapsed entire genus Cyphomandra into Solanum. DNA phylogeny shows both it and Lycopersicon nested within Solanum. No change in species circumscription. Cyphomandra hartwegii cyph Solanum hayesii solaha Solanaceae Fernald solh Solanum lepidotum solast Solanaceae Dunal Nee says Panama and Andes specimens should be this, while E. Brazil specimens are different. So Brazil specimens were first argenteum, changed to lepidotum by Soto, changed back to argenteum by Nee Solanum argenteum;Solanum steyemarkii;Solanum steyermarkii sol3 Sorocea affinis soroaf Moraceae Hemsl. sora Spachea membranacea spacme Malpighiaceae Cuatrec. spam Spondias mombin sponmo Anacardiaceae L. spom Spondias radlkoferi sponra Anacardiaceae Donn.Sm. spor Sterculia apetala sterap Malvaceae (Jacq.) H.Karst. stea Stylogyne turbacensis stylst Myrsinaceae (Kunth) Mez Formerly S. standleyi, in both 1996 and 2004 paper. We since switched to S. turbacensis, following the monograph of Ricketson and Pipoly (1997). Stylogyne standleyi stys Swartzia simplex var. continentalis swars2 Fabaceae-papilionoideae (Sw.) Spreng. Formerly S. s. var. ochnaceae, and appearing as the latter in 1996 and 2004 papers. Swartzia simplex var. ochnacea swa2 Swartzia simplex var. grandiflora swars1 Fabaceae-papilionoideae (Sw.) Spreng. Formerly S. s. var. ochnaceae, and appearing as the latter in 1996 and 2004 papers. swa1 Symphonia globulifera sympgl Clusiaceae L.f. symg Tabebuia rosea tab1ro Bignoniaceae (Bertol.) DC. tabr Tabernaemontana arborea tab2ar Apocynaceae Rose ex J.D.Sm. taba Tabernaemontana grandiflora stemgr Apocynaceae Jacq. Formerly Stemmadenia grandiflora, appearing as such in 1996 and 2004 papers. We are following Morales and placing it in Tabernaemontana. Stemmadenia grandiflora steg Tachigali panamensis tachve Fabaceae-caesalpinioideae van der Werff & N.Zamora Formerly T. versicolor, following Croat, but van der Werff in 2010 erected this new name for Panama specimens. This appears as T. versicolor in 1996 and 2004 papers. Tachigalia versicolor;Tachigali versicolor tacv Talisia croatii talipr Sapindaceae Acev.-Rodr. Formerly T. princeps, but Acevedo-Rodriguez described in 2003, Fl. Neotrop. Talisia princeps talp Talisia nervosa taline Sapindaceae Radlk. taln Terminalia amazonia termam Combretaceae (J.F.Gmel.) Exell We followed Croat’s error and spelled this incorrectly as T. amazonica through the 1996 paper. It was corrected in 2004 paper. Terminalia amazonica tera Terminalia oblonga termob Combretaceae (Ruiz & Pav.) Steud. Our name since the plot began. Croat used T. chiriquensis, but that was synonomized before 1982. See Fl. Nic. Terminalia chiriquensis tero Ternstroemia tepezapote ternte Pentaphylacaceae Schltdl. & Cham. tert Tetragastris panamensis tet2pa Burseraceae (Engl.) Kuntze tet2 Tetrathylacium johansenii tet4jo Salicaceae Standl. tetj Theobroma cacao theoca Malvaceae L. thec Thevetia ahouai thevah Apocynaceae (L.) A.DC. thea Tocoyena pittieri tocopi Rubiaceae (Standl.) Standl. tocp Trattinnickia aspera tratas Burseraceae (Standl.) Swart traa Trema integerrima tremin Cannabaceae (Beurl.) Standl. Croat mentioned this taxon, but did not consider it present on BCI. In 2010, we reassessed the genus and recognized several individuals in the 50-ha plot as belonging to T. integerrima, formerly identified as T. micrantha. See notes with Trema unidentified. Trema micrantha tremmi Cannabaceae (L.) Blume All Trema in the 50-ha plot were identified as this species until 2010. But several individuals that had been alive prior to 2010 (one back to 1990) were reidentified, forcing us to reassess the genus. See notes with Trema unidentified. trem Trema unidentified tremsp Cannabaceae Because we reassessed the genus in 2010, any individuals of Trema that had died earlier could not be reidentified, and all are now called Trema unidentified. Trichanthera gigantea tri1gi Acanthaceae (Bonpl.) Nees trig Trichilia pallida tri2pa Meliaceae Sw. Listed as T. montana in Croat, but we had changed to T. pallida before the plot began (Pennington 1981). Trichilia montana tri1 Trichilia tuberculata tri2tu Meliaceae (Triana & Planch.) C. DC. Listed as T. cipo in Croat, but we had corrected to T. tuberculata before the plot began (Pennington 1981). Trichilia cipo tri3 Trichospermum galeottii tri4ga Malvaceae (Turcz.) Kosterm. Croat listed as T. mexicanum, but that name was obsolete by the early 1980s. BCI specimens renamed by Meijer in 1980 (see Fl. Nic.). Trichospermum mexicanum tri6 Triplaris cumingiana tripcu Polygonaceae Fisch. & C.A.Mey. tric Trophis caucana olmeas Moraceae (Pittier) C.C. Berg Originally Olmedia aspera, and that older name appeared in 1996 paper. Updated to Trophis caucana, following Berg (1988). See notes under Olmedia. Olmedia aspera olma Trophis racemosa tropra Moraceae (L.) Urb. tror Turpinia occidentalis turpoc Tapisciaceae (Sw.) G.Don turo Unidentified species uniden Unknown Unonopsis pittieri unonpi Annonaceae Saff. unop Urera baccifera urerba Urticaceae (L.) Gaudich. ex Wedd. Not in Croat but identified in 1982 census. ureb Vachellia melanoceras acacme Fabaceae (Beurl.) Seigler & Ebinger Formerly Acacia melanoceras through 2015, following Croat’s originally name. A long-running and heated debate finally ended around 2010 with the American Acacia settling in two new genera, Vachellia and Senegalia. Acacia melanoceras aca1 Vasconcellea cauliflora carica Caricaceae (Jacq.) A.DC. This species appears in Croat as Carica cauliflora, but the species was not found in the 50-ha plot until 2010. We identified it in other plots in the 1990s, though, using the old name, but it is now updated to V. califlora in our database. (Badillo 2000 in Ernstia). Carica cauliflora carc Verbesina gigantea verbgi Asteraceae Jacq. Croat included this taxon, but it was not identified in the 50-ha plot until the 2000 census and thus does not appear in 1996 paper. Virola multiflora virosp Myristicaceae (Standl.) A.C.Sm. Labeled as unidentified morphospecies V. bozo in original BCI census, and listed as Virola sp. nov. in 1996 paper. By the 2004 paper, it was identified and appears as V. mutliflora there. Virola bozo;Virola sp. nov. vir3 Virola nobilis virosu Myristicaceae A.C. Sm. Croat published V. surinamensis for the tallest BCI Virola, but lists V. nobilis as a synonym, and originally identified specimens as V. nobilis. Later, Gentry incorrectly reidentified as V. surinamensis. Rodriguez in 2007 identified BCI specimens as V. nobilis, but Tropicos has both names in Panama and Costa Rica. Virola surinamensis vir2 Virola sebifera virose Myristicaceae Aubl. vir1 Vismia baccifera vismba Clusiaceae (L.) Triana & Planch. vis1 Vismia billbergiana vismbi Clusiaceae Beurl. vis2 Vismia macrophylla vismma Clusiaceae Kunth vism Vochysia ferruginea vochfe Vochysiaceae Mart. vocf Xylopia macrantha xyl1ma Annonaceae Triana & Planch. xylm Xylosma chlorantha xyl2ch Salicaceae Donn.Sm. Croat misspelled this X. chloranthum and we repeated the error in the 1996 paper. Xylosma chloranthum xylc Xylosma oligandra xyl2ol Salicaceae Donn. Sm. Croat misspelled this X. oligandrum and we repeated the error in the 1996 paper. Xylosma oligandrum xylo Zanthoxylum acuminatum zantpr Rutaceae (Sw.) Sw. Originally Z. procerum in Croat, and in our 1996 paper under that name. We then used Z. juniperinum for some time, and that's how it appeared in 2004 paper. Reynel identified all BCI specimens at Tropicos as this in 1993, with subsp. juniperinum. Zanthoxylum procerum zan2 Zanthoxylum ekmanii zantbe Rutaceae (Urb.) Alain Formerly Z. belizense, reidentified by Reynel in 1993 at Tropicos. Zanthoxylum belizense zanb Zanthoxylum panamense zantp1 Rutaceae P.Wilson Zanthoxylum juniperinum zan1 Zanthoxylum setulosum zantse Rutaceae P.Wilson zans Zuelania guidonia zuelgu Salicaceae (Sw.) Britton & Millsp. zueg