This book made available by the Internet Archive.

Science Museums and Research Institutes

National Museum of Natural History 63

National Zoological Park 67

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 71

Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education ....75

Smithsonian Environmental Research Center 77

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute 80

PROGRAM SUPPORT AND OUTREACH

Outreach 84

Communications 92

Institution-wide Programs 95

Office of Exhibits Central 100

Major Scientific Instrumentation 102

Museum Support Center 105

Smithsonian Institution Archives 108

Smithsonian Institution Libraries 111

ADMINISTRATION 115

FACILITIES SERVICES

Office of Protection Services 120

Office of Physical Plant 124

REPAIR, RESTORATION AND ALTERATION OF FACILITIES 127

CONSTRUCTION 141

APPENDIX

Smithsonian Institution Organizational Chart 145

Visits to the Smithsonian, FY 1996-FY2000 146

Special Foreign Currency Program 147

Trust Funds 149

Appropriations Language and Citations 151

Adjustments to FY 2001 Funding 160

Smithsonian Institution FY 2002 Federal Budget Request

OVERVIEW

The Smithsonian Institution begins the new millennium redefining how to make its rich resources accessible to the American public and carry forward its mission into another century. The Smithsonian's FY 2002 budget request reflects a reinterpretation of the commitment to its mission and to supporting and improving its programs and facilities, as well as to achieving excellence in selected fields of research.

The Smithsonian's primary mission is to serve the public through compelling, first-class exhibitions and national outreach. It will do so by appealing to more diverse audiences across America through expanded programs that stimulate and attract. The Institution will achieve scientific excellence by identifying the areas of scientific research where the Smithsonian can play a leadership role through its unique resources, personnel, or facilities, and by focusing its efforts on a few areas that will continue to produce first-class research.

Another Smithsonian priority is to improve stewardship of the facilities, collections, and programs under its care. The Institution will update its management systems to bring them to a level of quality and sophistication appropriate to a contemporary organization of the Smithsonian's size and complexity. Management is also putting into place new systems to ensure financial strength to support its commitment to public service. As it reviews management processes with an eye to improving systems in support of management excellence, the Institution is also identifying opportunities for consolidating, eliminating, and/or outsourcing functions and programs in order to sharpen each area's focus and reduce duplication of effort. As a result of these reviews, management has already proposed a number of realignments that appear throughout this budget request.

Management excellence should characterize the normal way of doing things at the Smithsonian. The Smithsonian is now poised not only to maintain and enlarge its fundamental role, but to do so in ways that will allow an institution begun in the mid-19 th century to function successfully as a complex enterprise today. For the Smithsonian to succeed in its two fundamental missions of vigorous public engagement and selective scientific endeavor, it is prepared to bring the full array of its functions into the 21 st century.

The Smithsonian therefore presents a budget request to support the highest level of stewardship of America's national culture. The request supports both organizational and resource realignments to address the Institution's highest priorities in a meaningful way. The Smithsonian cannot continue to be the scientific, artistic, and historic smorgasbord of past decades; this budget demonstrates that management recognizes that fact and is prepared to pare back certain activities and programs that do not fall within the Institution's sphere of excellence.

The Institution's FY 2002 request allows for:

• the continuation of major construction projects already in progress;

• public exhibits and programs that reflect our dedication to serving the broad and rich mosaic of the American populace;

• major outreach initiatives intended to reach Americans in all 50 States;

• an expanded program of facilities repair, restoration, and alteration to remedy serious deficiencies and prevent future ones;

• modernization of the Institution's security system to protect the Smithsonian's visitors, collections, and staff; and

• information technology initiatives that will provide contemporary and essential systems capable of delivering timely and technologically adept means of managing the Institution's finances.

Each of these items is an integral part of a comprehensive effort to allow the Smithsonian to succeed as a steward of the nation's collections and the facilities that house them.

Beyond the organizational and resource realignments proposed in the immediate budget request, the Institution has identified a number of possibilities for further realignments that will be analyzed for their appropriateness and considered for inclusion in future budget requests. Only by making hard choices and redirecting the public's resources appropriately can the Institution achieve management excellence.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION FY 2002 BUDGET REQUEST SUMMARY

'Includes rescission of 0.22% contained in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, Section 1403, Public Law 106-554

For FY 2002, the Smithsonian's request for all operating and capital accounts totals $494.1 million, an increase of $40.2 million above the FY 2001 appropriation.

The Institution's FY 2002 request includes $396.2 million for Salaries and Expenses, $67.9 million for Repair, Restoration, and Alteration of Facilities, and $30 million for Construction. A detailed summary of the request is provided in the table at the end of this section.

SALARIES AND EXPENSES - The Salaries and Expenses (S&E) request includes $15.6 million in mandatory increases to sustain daily operations of the Institution. These increases are beyond the Institution's control and include additional costs associated with necessary pay, utilities, postage, and communications. In addition, the Smithsonian has identified priority program requirements for FY 2002 as follows:

National Air and Space Museum Udvar-Hazy Center - Collections Preparation and Program Planning ($1,778,000) - to prepare artifacts for relocation from the Paul E. Garber facility to the Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum and to plan educational, public, and information technology programs for the Center.

Outreach Initiative ($1,950,000) - to develop a coordinated national outreach program to expand the presence of the Smithsonian Institution across the Nation.

Security System Modernization ($800,000) - to continue replacement of the outdated Smithsonian Institution Proprietary Security System.

Financial and Human Resource Management ($5,200,000) - to

support a solution to the Institution's financial management and human resource management requirements. The Institution may also use up to $1,000,000 from base Institution-wide information resource pool funds, making a total of $6,200,000 in federal funds available for this effort in FY 2002.

Managed Information Technology Infrastructure ($2,000,000) - to

establish a standards-based information technology (IT) infrastructure that would provide distributed systems, user interfaces, information, and communication services to business applications and support applications throughout the Smithsonian. The Institution may also use up to $846,000 from base Institution-wide information resources management pool, making a total of $2,846,000 in federal funds available for this effort.

Specific details of each requirement are provided in the Salaries and Expenses section of this request.

The Smithsonian's S&E request also includes $13,450,000 in redirections to support the above Institutional priorities. Details on redirections are provided in the line item narrative for each affected unit.

CAPITAL PROGRAM - The request for Repair, Restoration and Alteration of Facilities ($67.9 million) will help correct the deteriorating condition of some of the oldest buildings at the Smithsonian and maintain the current condition of other Institutional facilities through systematic renewal and repair. For FY 2002, this request includes renovations for the Patent Office Building, National Zoological Park, National Museum of Natural History, and Arts and Industries Building, as well as repair, restoration, and alteration of other facilities.

The Smithsonian's Construction request ($30 million) includes additional funding necessary for construction of the National Museum of American Indian Mall Museum and equipping the building.

Specific details of each requirement are provided in the Capital Program section of this request.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION FY 2002 BUDGET REQUEST BY APPROPRIATION ACCOUNT

'Includes $853,000 rescission

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SALARIES AND EXPENSES

Summary of FY 2002 Change

FY 2001 Appropriation $387,755,000

FY 2001 Rescission (853,000)

$386,902,000

FY 2002 Change: Non-Recurring Costs —

National Museum of American History American Presidency

Exhibition (2,000,000)

National Air and Space Museum Program Planning (1,136,000)

National Air and Space Museum Collections Preparation (263,000)

National Museum of Natural History East Court (200,000)

Major Scientific Instrumentation:

Multiple Mirror Telescope Conversion (SAO) (500,000)

Focused Ion Beam Instrumentation (NMNH) (474,000)

Sub-millimeter Telescope Array (SAO) (25,000)

Total Non-Recurring Costs ($4,598,000)

Mandatory Increases and Restoration of Funds —

Salary and Related Costs $13,823,000

Utilities, Postage, and Communications 1,795,000

Total Mandatory Costs and Restoration of Funds $15,618,000

Program Increases by Goal— Public Impact

National Air and Space Museum Udvar-Hazy Center:

Collections Preparation and Program Planning 1,778,000

Outreach Initiative 1,950,000

Total Public Impact $3,728,000

Management Excellence

Office of Protection Services Security System Modernization 800,000

Information Technology

Financial and Human Resource Management Systems 5,200,000

Managed Information Technology Infrastructure 2,000,000

Total Management Excellence $8,000,000

Total Program Increases $11,728,000

Reductions to Base—

Total Reductions ( $13,450,000)

FY 2002 Request $396.200.000

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SALARIES AND EXPENSES

1 FY 2000 Salaries and Expenses includes the $1,671,000 rescission, PL 106-113. 2 FY 2001 Salaries and Expenses includes the $853,000 rescission, PL 106-554.

This section provides specific details about the Institution's Salaries and Expenses budget request for FY 2002. Within the total increases requested, approximately 57 percent is attributable to mandatory costs for sustaining base operations and the remainder is for priority program requirements for critical ongoing projects within the Institution. These increases are offset by non-recurring costs of $4,598,000 and redirections of $13,450,000.

NON-RECURRING COSTS - Fiscal year 2002 non-recurring costs include the following:

National Museum of American History American Presidency Exhibition ($2,000,000) - to eliminate one-time base funding added to the FY 2001 appropriation for the American Presidency Exhibition.

National Air and Space Museum Program Planning ($1,136,000) - to

reduce one-time base funding for design and testing of exhibit systems.

National Air and Space Museum Collections Preparation ($263,000) -

to reduce one-time base funding for preparation of aircraft, spacecraft and related artifacts for the move to the Udvar-Hazy Center.

National Museum of Natural History East Court ($200,000) - to

reduce base funding no longer required due to completion of the East Court infill project.

Major Scientific Instrumentation

• Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Multiple Mirror Telescope Conversion ($500,000) - to reduce base funding as the conversion of the Multiple Mirror Telescope in Arizona nears completion.

• National Museum of Natural History Focused Ion Beam Instrumentation ($474,000) - to reduce one-time base funding for the purchase of the Focused Ion Beam Instrumentation.

• Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Submillimeter Telescope Array ($25,000) - to reduce base funding as the construction of the Submillimeter Telescope Array in Hawaii nears completion.

MANDATORY INCREASES AND RESTORATION OF FUNDS FOR SUSTAINING BASE OPERATIONS - This request includes funds for mandatory costs and restoring funds, as shown below.

Salary and Related Costs:

Restoration of Cut of Lapsed Salary 3,000,000

Annualization of FY 2001 Pay Raises 2,542,000

Proposed FY 2002 Pay Raises 6,889,000

One Additional Compensatory Day 1,01 9,000

Workers' Compensation 373,000 Subtotal, Salary and Related Costs $13,823,000

Other Costs:

Utilities, Postage, and Communications 1,795,000

Subtotal, Other Costs $1,795,000

Total Mandatory Increases and

Restoration of Base Salary Funds $15,618,000

Salary and Related Costs - The Institution requests $13,823,000 for higher projected salary and benefits costs in FY 2002 for staff as described below. A line item display of the increased pay costs, including FY 2001 pay annualization and the proposed FY 2002 pay raise, is also provided.

• Restoration of Cut of Lapsed Salary ($3,000,000) - to restore funding reduced by Congress in the Department of Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2001 (P.L. 106-291). Congress reduced the amount requested for pay cost increases in FY 2001 by $3,000,000, based on one-time salary lapse that occurred in FY 2000. If this funding is not restored, the Institution will have to absorb the reduction at the expense of operations, by continuing not to fill vacancies for critical programs and activities.

• Annualization of FY 2001 Pay Raises ($2,542,000) - to annualize funding of the January 2001 pay raise for one-quarter of a year. In addition, this request will support the portion of the January 2001 pay raise that was not provided in the FY 2001 appropriation. The FY 2001 appropriation included funding for a 3.7 percent pay raise for three-quarters of the year. The actual approved pay raise for FY 2001 is 3.81 percent.

Proposed FY 2002 Pay Raises ($6,889,000) - to fund the anticipated 3.6 percent January 2002 pay raise for three-quarters of a year.

One Additional Compensatory Day ($1,019,000) - to cover the cost of one extra day. Currently, base funding is available for employee compensation for a 260-day workyear. In FY 2002 there are 261 workdays.

Workers' Compensation ($373,000) - to support the provisions of Section 8147(b) of Title 5, United States Code, as amended April 21, 1976 by Public Law 94-273. Workers' Compensation is based on actual costs incurred in FY 1999, as provided by the Department of Labor. With an amount of $2,122,000 in its FY 2001 base for workers' compensation, the Institution requests an additional $373,000.

FY 2002 Increased Pay Costs

Utilities, Postage, and Communications ($1,795,000) - The

Institution requests an increase of $1,795,000 for utilities, postage, and communications in FY 2002 to cover additional costs attributable to increased consumption and projected rate increases. The following table displays estimates from FY 2000 through FY 2002. Detailed explanations of each line item follow.

Federal Utilities, Postage and Communications Costs FY 2000 - FY 2002

'Excludes recission of $74,000

Electricity ($351,000) - A major component of the utilities account is electricity. In addition to lighting and office equipment, electricity powers the machinery that provides cooling for Smithsonian buildings. A vigorous energy management program has allowed the Institution to maintain consistent electrical consumption levels throughout most facilities. However, electrical energy consumption and costs will increase in FY 2002 due to several factors. Deregulation of the electrical industry has increased costs for electricity at our New York City facilities. The FY 2002 estimate includes an inflation factor of 2.5 percent.

Steam ($559,000) - The Smithsonian uses steam primarily for heating facilities on the Mall and in New York, year-round humidification, and hot water production. Maintaining an interior environment conducive to the preservation of artifacts requires a great deal of steam consumption. As a result of escalating costs and the new, more precise metering techniques now used by the General Services Administration, the Institution has experienced an increase in steam costs. These increased costs are reflected in the estimate for FY 2002. The estimate also includes a 2.5 percent inflation factor.

Natural Gas ($365,000) - Natural gas costs have dramatically increased over the last year due to the low supply of gas and high demand in the United States. These increased costs are reflected in the estimate for FY 2002, which also includes a 2.5 percent inflation factor.

DC Government Water/Sewer ($594,000) - The FY 2002 estimate for water and sewer costs levied by the District of Columbia government is based on cost projections provided by the District in January 2001. The FY 2002 estimate includes a five percent rate increase effective in 2001 and an anticipated three percent increase in water costs in FY 2002.

Other Water and Fuel ($69,000) - Water consumption at satellite facilities in Maryland and Virginia should remain constant. Because natural gas is used as the primary heating and cooling fuel in most facilities, oil is now used as a backup heating fuel. Cost of fuel oil has risen dramatically in the past year due to high demand and low inventory. In addition, a small increase in consumption is expected. The FY 2002 estimate includes these increased fuel costs, along with a 2.5 percent inflation factor.

Postage ($62,000) - The FY 2002 estimate for postage reflects a 2.5 percent inflation factor.

Communications/Networks (-$205,000) - The FY 2002 estimate includes an inflation factor of 1.5 percent and funding for conversion from GSA/Federal Telecommunications Services 2000 to GSA/Federal Telecommunications Services 2001. These increases are offset by reductions for completed work for SINET maintenance, upgrading and network improvement, and replacement of the Institution's voicemail system, which is done on a cyclical basis.

Rental Space - No increase is requested for rental space in FY 2002.

The following table reflects projected costs for Federal central rental space for FY 2000 through FY 2002.

Federal Central Rental Costs FY 2000 - FY 2002

(Dollars in Thousands)

FY 2000 Actual

FY 2001 Estimate

FY 2002 Estimate

Office Space

2,780

3,880

3,880

Warehouse Space/Other

3,571

3,598

3,598

NMAA/NPG Relocation

1,700

2,270

2,270

Total

8,051

9,748

9,748

SUMMARY OF PROGRAM CHANGES - The Institution requires funding for the following programs in FY 2002. Details are provided in the line item narratives for each respective program.

National Air and Space Museum Udvar-Hazy Center - Collections Preparation and Program Planning ($1,778,000) - The increase requested for FY 2002 continues the work started in FY 2001 to prepare the Museum's air and space craft for transfer to and display at the Udvar-Hazy Center, and for developing exhibit and education programs. The Udvar-Hazy Center will house, display and provide a facility for restoration and preservation of the majority of the Smithsonian Institution's air and space-related artifacts.

Outreach Initiative ($1,950,000) - The increase requested for FY 2002 will support the outreach activities of the Smithsonian Affiliations ($650,000), Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service ($900,000), The Smithsonian Associates and other Institution museums ($325,000), and the Smithsonian Center for Education and Museum Studies ($75,000). The Institution requests that $1,225,000 remain available until expended.

• Smithsonian Affiliations - The Smithsonian requests $650,000 in new funding to build a base to administer a national program for establishing long-term relationships with communities throughout the United States. This is the Smithsonian's first request for federal funds to support the Affiliations program.

• Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service - The Smithsonian requests $900,000 to increase Smithsonian outreach in rural America

through Museum on Main Street (MOMS) exhibitions and for the development and deployment of traveling exhibitions of treasures from the Institution's vast collections. The Institution requests that these funds remain available until expended.

• Other Outreach Activities - The Smithsonian requests a total of $400,000, including $325,000 to augment support for outreach activities of The Smithsonian Associates (TSA) and the Institution's museums. These funds will be used by TSA and the museums to support additional community-based outreach activities and programs around the country, using Smithsonian scholars, scientists, researchers, and historians. $75,000 is also requested for the Smithsonian Center for Education and Museum Services. The Institution requests that of this amount, $325,000 remain available until expended.

Security System Modernization and Maintenance ($800,000) - The

increase requested for FY 2002 will be used to complete critical elements of two of the security modernization efforts at the Museum of Natural History ($600,000) and the National Air and Space Museum ($200,000). These facilities do not currently meet the Smithsonian's technical security requirements for perimeter electronic security on the windows, entrances, and exits of the buildings that will be in place everywhere else in the Institution. With this funding the Smithsonian will also replace old components and install new technical security equipment in high value gallery and collection storage areas. The Institution requests that these funds remain available until expended.

Financial and Human Resource Management Systems ($5,200,000) -

The Smithsonian is currently evaluating its requirements for financial and human resource management systems. The Institution may request up to $5,200,000 for this activity, depending on the outcome of the review and evaluation. Whatever the outcome of the evaluation, the requested funds will be required to proceed with the selected solutions or to address shortcomings of the existing systems. In addition to the requested funding, the Smithsonian may provide up to $1,000,000 from the base Information Resources Management funds for FY 2002 only to support this initiative. The Institution requests that these funds remain available until expended.

Managed Information Technology Infrastructure ($2,000,000) - The

Smithsonian is also examining requirements for a standards-based information technology (IT) infrastructure that could provide distributed systems, user interfaces, information, and communication services to business applications and support applications throughout the Smithsonian. The Institution may request up to $2,000,000 for this activity, depending on the outcome of the review and evaluation. Whatever the outcome, the

Smithsonian will require the requested funds to proceed with the selected solution or to address shortcomings of the existing systems and infrastructure. In addition to the requested funding, the Smithsonian may provide up to $846,000 from the base Information Resources Management funds for FY 2002 only to support this initiative. The Institution requests that these funds remain available until expended.

REDUCTIONS TO PROVIDE FOR REDIRECTION OF BASE - The

Smithsonian's S&E request also includes $13,450,000 in redirections to support Institutional priorities. In many cases, these redirections also represent management reforms and reengineering of how the Institution will provide certain services in the future. The reductions will result in personnel actions; however, the precise mixture of these actions, which may include not filling vacant positions, early outs, and/or buy outs, will depend on such variables as legislative and regulatory authority provided, and the individual choices of employees. Details on redirections are provided in the line item narrative for each unit. A summary is provided below.

FY 2002 Reductions for Redirection

NO-YEAR FUNDING - The following table provides the details of the FY 2002 request for No-Year funding.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

FY 2002 S&E NO-YEAR FUNDING REQUEST TO CONGRESS

(Dollars in Thousands)

FY 2001 enacted includes a 0.22 percent government-wide rescission.

ANACOSTIA MUSEUM AND CENTER FOR AFRICAN AMERICAN

HISTORY AND CULTURE

ABSTRACT - The Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture is devoted to increasing public knowledge and awareness of the historical, social, and cultural heritage of people of African descent living in the Americas. The Museum presents exhibitions in the Arts and Industries Building and at its facility in southeast Washington. The Museum sponsors scholarly programs, and presents a variety of learning opportunities for families and students in the metropolitan Washington area. The museum also assists in the planning and implementation of African American-focused projects and exhibitions nationally.

For FY 2002, the estimate includes a net increase of $22,000, which includes a decrease of $40,000, and an increase of $62,000 for necessary pay for existing staff funded in this line item.

PROGRAM - The Museum's facility in southeast Washington was renovated during FY 2000 and FY 2001. The project will allow the Institution to continue its tradition of community outreach in a first class facility that serves as a cultural and educational landmark.

PUBLIC IMPACT

Research - The Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture is actively engaged in scholarship that will result in exhibitions, publications, and educational programs that will make major contributions to the public's understanding of our shared civic culture. Work on the illustrated history of African American community life in Washington is in its final stages. The book resulting from this examination will be published in 2002. Substantial progress has been made in the examination of African American family and community celebrations. A calendar featuring results of the photographic research will be produced and distributed in 2002. The full length book discussion of this topic will be

published in 2003. Plans for the exhibition, Jubilee, are currently being developed. Staff members are also examining the collecting history of African American museums and historically black colleges and universities in preparation for an exhibition in 2003. In addition, the Museum has embarked on a major initiative focusing on African American contributions to film making.

Exhibitions - Reflections in Black: A History of Black Photographers 1840-Present was on view in the Arts and Industries Building from February to June 2000. This groundbreaking exhibition will tour the nation, making 14 stops by 2003. By the end of FY 2001 it will have been seen in six cities. The curator of the exhibition was awarded the prestigious MacArthur Foundation "Genius" Fellowship in the spring of 2000.

As part of the Museum's efforts to highlight the work of other African American museums, When the Spirit Moves: African American Dance in History and Art was presented in the Arts and Industries Building. Developed at the National Afro American Museum and Cultural Center in Wilberforce, Ohio, the exhibition is an important contribution to the Museum's own focus on dance and the performing arts. As a result of its long-term engagement with dance, the Museum was invited to become a member of the Dance Heritage Coalition. It is the only African American-focused organization to be so honored. In FY 2001, the Museum will present Close Up in Black: African American Film Posters from the Smithsonian Institution and the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Additionally, the Museum will present Precious Memories: The Collector's Passion as the opening exhibition in the newly renovated Anacostia Museum facility in Southeast Washington.

Education and Outreach - In addition to the national outreach resulting from the tour of Reflections in Black, the museum sponsored a variety of educational programs locally. Among the highlights were the annual Martin Luther King, Jr. observance, featuring poet and educator, Sonia Sanchez; the Capital Children's Carnival attended by more than 21,000 people; and the two-day James A. Porter Colloquium cosponsored with Howard University and featuring artists and photographers from around the country. The Museum also convened a meeting of representatives from more than 30 galleries, libraries, and archives of historically black colleges and universities. These discussions will lead to the creation of an enhanced relationship with these important repositories.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM CHANGE - For FY 2002, the request for the Anacostia Museum is $1,932,000, which includes a decrease of $40,000. The Museum is focusing its efforts on before- and after-school activities

and supplementing existing programs with content from the Museum's exhibitions and collections. To accomplish this, the Museum will continue three partnerships with African American churches, while eliminating one school partnership that does not reflect this focus. The Museum also intends to use this model as the basis of a national effort to activate the resources of other African American museums, to provide content to existing before- and after-school programs.

NONAPPROPRIATED RESOURCES - General trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of administrative personnel and development activities. Donor/sponsor designated funds provide support for specific projects, exhibitions, and programs. In FY 2000, the Museum received support from the Meyer Foundation and D.C. City Trust Corporation to support its development of educational activities in southeast Washington. It also received funding from the Washington Post to support the 2000 Capital Children's Carnival. Major support from corporate sponsors is anticipated to support the Museum's film-related activities in FY 2001 and FY 2002.

ARCHIVES OF AMERICAN ART

ABSTRACT - The Archives of American Art (AAA) is the world's largest repository of primary source documentation on the history of the visual arts and culture in America. For nearly 50 years, the Archives has collected, preserved, and made available to the public such diverse materials as letters and diaries of artists and craft persons; manuscripts of critics and scholars; records of museums, galleries, and schools; photographs; works of art on paper; and recorded oral and video interviews. More than 14.6 million documents constitute an indispensable resource for researchers, who may consult original papers at AAA's Washington DC headquarters, or access selected holdings on microfilm through interlibrary loan or at Archives reference centers in Washington, New York, and San Marino, California, and affiliated facilities in Boston and San Francisco. Through its web site and automated catalog, the Archives provides Internet access to online exhibits, oral histories, finding aids and guides, selected digital images, and visitor services.

For FY 2002, the estimate includes a net increase of $22,000, which includes a reduction of $50,000, and an increase of $72,000 for necessary pay for existing staff funded in this line item.

PROGRAM - In FY 2000, AAA continued to meet its goals of increasing accessibility to its unique collections through a variety of means.

PUBLIC IMPACT

Educational Services - In FY 2000, the Archives received inquiries from every state, as well as many foreign countries. In addition to large increases in the number of inquiries via email, telephone, or regular mail, research visits to the manuscript reading room to use original documents doubled in FY 2000. AAA distributed 2,605 reels of microfilm worldwide through interlibrary loan. In FY 2000, the Archives added another 70 oral history transcripts to its web site, bringing the total available online to 173.

Among the most frequently consulted are interviews with Louise Bourgeois, Alexander Calder, Edith Halpert, Jacob Lawrence, and Kenzo Okada. In FY 2000, a selected group of Archives' finding aids were converted to encoded archival description (EAD) making them searchable online to researchers worldwide. Additional finding aids will be encoded in FY 2001.

Lectures, talks, and workshops designed to increase the visibility of the Archives took place throughout FY 2000. Notable among these was Art in America: A Conversation on Archival Collecting, a conference co-sponsored with the Getty Research Institute attended by more than 20 major art archival institutions in the United States and Canada. An important part of the Archives' education mission is its active internship and fellowship program, in FY 2000, the Archives was one of three Smithsonian organizations selected to participate in the new Katzenberger Foundation Art Internships; the Archives' project attracted the largest number of applicants. In FY 2000, the Archives was accepted as a full member of the Association of Research Institutes in Art History.

Exhibitions and Loans to Exhibitions - In FY 2000, the Archives presented exhibitions showcasing the world of art and AAA collections, including Ellsworth Kelly: Selections from his Archives, as well as Getting the Picture: The Art of the Illustrated Letter and Selections from the Fairfield Porter Papers (the latter two also displayed online). As part of the Smithsonian's Hispanic Heritage Month activities, AAA presented a special web site location to announce the acquisition of the papers of curator and art historian Giulio V. Blanc. To commemorate Native American Heritage Month, the Archives presented an online exhibit, The American Indian Observed: Sketches and Documents from the Collections of the Archives of American Art. In FY 2001, AAA will present in its gallery space in New York Treasures from the Collections of the Archives of American Art, A Day in the Life: Diaries and Journals from the Archives of American Art, and a show on American Craft. In FY 2000-01, the Archives has lent selected documents from its collections for exhibits in museums around the U.S and throughout the world.

Publications - In FY 2000, the Archives published the second, revised edition of The Papers of Latino and Latin American Artists, describing AAA's diverse holdings of sketchbooks, diaries, photographs, letters, manuscripts, and oral histories; 43 new collections have been added since the first edition of this guide was published in 1996. Also in FY 2000, the Archives expanded its Preliminary Guide to Resources on Asian American Artists at the Archives of American Art. A Finding Aid to the Records of Midtown Galleries was prepared as well as a finding aid for the Papers of Millard Sheets. In FY 2001, the Archives published A Finding Aid to the

Records of the Downtown Gallery and A Finding Aid to the Records of the American Federation of Arts. AAA also continued publishing the Archives of American Art Journal, which has been produced continuously since 1960. Articles by users of the collections feature selections from the holdings; each issue also contains collecting reports.

MAN A GEMENT EXCELLENCE

Collections Acquisitions and Management - In FY 2000, the Archives made notable additions to its holdings of over 14.6 million objects. Among the recent acquisitions were the papers of Florence Knoll Bassett; the papers of Geoffrey Clements, comprising approximately 60,000 negatives of photographs from the 1950s to the 1990s; the Fendrick Gallery Records and the Barbara Fendrick Gallery Records; the papers of Stephen Etnier, a Maine realist painter; an addition to the papers of Erie Loran, who helped to educate a new generation of modern American artists; the papers of Helen Lundeberg, who, with Lorser Feitelson, founded the New Classicism art movement and created murals in California for the WPA; and an addition to the Gifford Beal Papers. In FY 2001, key collections being processed include the papers of Marcel Breuer and the American Academy in Rome, among others. In FY 2001, AAA has defined functional requirements and undertaken a design phase for a database to manage digital imaging projects. The Archives has also established procedures and begun archiving master versions of AAA's image files on CD. A new sounds directory was created to contain digitized excerpts of oral history interviews. In FY 2000, the Archives also made substantive structural and technical improvements to its web site.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM CHANGE - For FY 2002, the request for the Archives of American Art is $1,738,000, which includes a decrease of $50,000. The reduction will be achieved by various administrative efficiencies, such as reallocating travel costs, and deferring the replacement of lower priority equipment.

NONAPPROPRIATED RESOURCES - Trust funds provide partial support for Archives' operations and finance a variety of projects. In FY 2000, grants funded by The Henry Luce Foundation, Inc. and the Getty Grant Program enabled AAA to process several major collections. Also in FY 2000, the Archives successfully met a $500,000 challenge made by The Brown Foundation, Inc., resulting in the establishment of a million-dollar endowment to fund Archives' publications. The Archives' financial strength was significantly enhanced by an extraordinary $12-million grant from The Brown Foundation, Inc. to secure a permanent home for the Archives in Washington DCs historic Victor Building. A pledge of $538,000 from the William and Mildred Lasdon Foundation established the Nanette L. Laitman

Documentation Project for Craft in America, a comprehensive collecting project (oral histories and papers) focused on major American crafts artists. Also of note in FY 2000 was a gift of $140,000 from the Ford Motor Company to provide full corporate underwriting for the Archives' annual fundraising benefit. The Ford Motor Company gave $25,000 in FY 2001 for the development of campaign materials for the Archives' 50th Anniversary Fund. Throughout FY 2000, private donors made numerous gifts to support Archives' operations; among these were a bequest from the Inverarity Trust ($25,000) and a grant from the Horace W. Goldsmith Foundation ($25,000).

CENTER FOR FOLKLIFE AND CULTURAL HERITAGE

ABSTRACT - The Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage (CFCH) conducts scholarly research and public programs that promote understanding and continuity of traditional grass roots regional, ethnic, tribal, and occupational heritage in the United States and abroad. The Center maintains the Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections. It produces the annual Smithsonian Folklife Festival; Smithsonian Folkways Recordings; documentary films, videos, and print publications; training programs and educational materials; and museum and traveling exhibitions. The Center cooperates with federal and state agencies to advance the nation's interest in cultural matters.

For FY 2002, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage. The Institution's request includes an additional $70,000 for necessary pay for existing staff funded in this line item.

PROGRAM PUBLIC IMPACT

Smithsonian Folklife Festival - The Smithsonian Folklife Festival, held annually outdoors on the National Mall for two weeks every summer since 1967, educates a broad public about American and world cultural heritage and encourages tradition bearers to preserve cultures by giving national recognition to their artistry, knowledge, and wisdom. The Festival provides a national and international model for the research-based presentation of cultural traditions. Over one million people visit the Festival each year, and millions more are reached by media coverage. In 2000, the Festival featured Washington DC, Tibetan culture, and a Rio Grande Basin program. Highlights included Tibetan-American Day and a public talk by the Dalai Lama to nearly 50,000 visitors.

Archives and Collections - The Rinzler Archives & Collections contains audiotapes, records, videotapes, photographic images, film, and paper files documenting cultural traditions from all parts of the United States and most regions of the world. Holdings include the original master recordings of Woody Guthrie performing This Land is Your Land, and original master tapes of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The Archives contain research documentation for the Festival, as well as sound recordings from Folkways and other recording companies. In 2001, digitization of a significant portion of the collection will be carried out through a $750,000 Save America's Treasures grant.

Smithsonian Folkways Recordings - Folkways includes the recordings of such American icons as Woody Guthrie, Leadbelly, Sonny Terry, Josh White, Mary Lou Williams, Mahalia Jackson, Bob Dylan, Albert Einstein, Margaret Mead, Langston Hughes, and thousands of others. Folkways annually produces 20-25 documentary recordings of American and worldwide music, performance, and verbal arts. In 2000, the 5-CD set The Best of Broadside won several five-star ratings. A CD provided a sampling from the 20-CD series of Indonesian music made over the past 10 years. Albums on Guthrie, African American sacred music, and presidential campaign songs accompanied Smithsonian exhibitions.

Publications and Documentary Films - The Smithsonian Folklife Studies series consists of scholarly monographs coupled with documentary films, generally released to colleges and universities. Videos on such topics as Wisconsin Powwow and Workers of the White House are distributed to schools and aired on public television. In 2000, Marjorie Hunt's book on Washington craftsmen, The Stone Carvers, was published to extremely positive reviews. Earl's Canoe, a film about an American Indian canoe builder, continued to receive national awards. In 2001, the Center will publish an edited volume of papers on cultural policy given at a UNESCO/ Center-sponsored symposium held at the Smithsonian in 1999.

Training Programs and Educational Materials - The Center develops curriculum materials and offers teacher training for understanding American cultural traditions. Teacher and student guides, recordings and videotapes have been developed in partnership with state education departments and organizations in Hawaii, Iowa, Wisconsin, and New Hampshire among others. In 2000, a multimedia kit on traditions of the Mississippi Delta was distributed to more than 600 schools throughout the state; at the Festival 24 teachers from around the country participated in a training program on Tibetan culture. In 2001, the Center will complete a 2-year training program for Vietnamese museum specialists supported by the Luce Foundation.

Traveling Exhibitions - The Center cooperates with the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service and others to produce modest traveling exhibitions developed from research and Festival programs. Exhibits on the music of Woody Guthrie and on Maroon cultures of the Southern United States and the Caribbean traveled in 2000. A major exhibit on the Rio Grande/Rio Brava River Basin is planned for 2001/2002.

Public Service - The Center collaborates with economic development, tourism, culture, and education departments of states to develop Festival programs and remount them back home. The Festival of Michigan Folklife, based on a 1988 program on the National Mall, continues on an annual basis in East Lansing. A restaging of the 1998 Philippines program is planned for 2001. The New Hampshire program, first mounted on the National Mall in 1999, was restaged in Hopkinton, New Hampshire in May 2000. These programs catalyze local cultural efforts and include the development of educational materials and the sharing of archives. The Center also advises local, state, regional, national, and international organizations on policies and strategies for preserving cultural heritage, including the National Park Service and the World Bank.

Internet - The Center maintains a home page as part of the Smithsonian's presence on the Internet. Folkways makes audio clips and data on its collection available to the public, and the Festival produces programs for the Web. In 2000, programs on the Millennium on the Mall and the Dalai Lama were available on the Center web site. In 2001, a $750,000 program supported by the Rockefeller Foundation will make American and world music available for sale on the Center's web site.

Research - Research projects document and study the continuing practice of local traditions among diverse communities in contemporary society. Current research projects are carried out in preparation for Center exhibitions, recordings, and media products. Center staff members often work with teams of researchers from local communities and generate documentation for Smithsonian and local collections. Center scholars are researching American regional music, American craftspeople, the cultural impact of technological change, urban Latino culture, African American, Asian American, and Native American traditions.

NONAPPROPRIATED RESOURCES - General trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel, fund raising, and general program support. Donor/sponsor designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects. Income from sales of Smithsonian Folkways Recordings pays staff salaries, direct, and indirect costs. In 2000, over $6 million was raised in outside revenue, grants and contracts.

COOPER-HEWITT, NATIONAL DESIGN MUSEUM

ABSTRACT - Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum explores the creation and consequences of the designed environment. Design, a process of shaping matter to a purpose, is a fundamental activity. The National Design Museum investigates the structures and effects of these products of design and their roles as forces for communication and change. The Museum is interested in all aspects of design, including urban planning, architecture, industrial design, landscaped design, interior design, textiles, advertising, and graphic arts. Today the scale and pace of change require a new understanding —one that recognizes that individuals, societies, and the natural environment are linked through design.

For FY 2002, the estimate includes a net increase of $8,000. This includes a decrease of $11 5,000 and 3 FTEs, and an increase of $1 23,000 for necessary pay for existing staff funded in this line item.

PROGRAM - Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum is the only museum in America devoted exclusively to historical and contemporary design. The Museum pursues its mission through exhibitions, publications, provisions for collections study, and research, as well as educational programs for design professionals, the adult public, and schoolchildren. In addition, the Museum jointly offers with the Parsons School of Design a master's degree program in the history of decorative arts.

PUBLIC IMPACT

Renovation - During 2000, the Museum continued the final phase of the fourth-floor renovation of the Carnegie Mansion, which houses the Museum's Drawings and Prints collection. This is the final phase of a $20-million accessibility and renovation project, and will result in the opening in FY 2001 of the renovated Drue Heinz Study Center for Drawings and Prints, and the new Henry Luce Study Room for American Art.

Exhibitions - The chief highlights of the Museum's FY 2000 schedule were The Work of Charles and Ray Eames: A Legacy of Invention and National Design Triennial: Design Culture Now. Together they set new records for attendance, shop sales, and press coverage. The Eames exhibition, organized by the Vitra Design Museum and the Library of Congress, was on the greatest American design team of the 20 th century, focusing on the themes of beauty, science, space, and furniture. The exhibition attracted more than 60,000 visitors over a period of three months. The National Design Triennial was a new initiative in 2000, and the beginning of a cycle of exhibitions that will take place every three years appraising the state of contemporary design. More than 80,000 visitors viewed the exhibition over six months, and press coverage increased substantially with over 200 media placements.

Another important exhibition organized by the Museum opened in the fall of FY 2000, The Opulent Eye of Alexander Girard. This exhibition built on the enthusiasm stirred by the Eames exhibition and featured the work of Girard, their less well-known colleague. Girard designed textiles, exhibitions, and interiors from the 1940s through the early 1970s. The exhibition featured 60 textiles drawn from the Museum's permanent collection. Also presented in FY 2000 was an intimate exhibition of 46 prints entitled Two Views of Venice: Canaletto and Menpes, complementing the holdings of the Museum's Drawings and Prints Department.

Educational Programs - Some highlights of the Museum's school programs included an expanded Design Directions program for high school audiences that now includes one-day and multi-session after-school design studios, college/university design visits, portfolio workshops, and internships. Old Navy, Concrete Media, Gensler, Olive 1:1, Ralph Appelbaum Associates, and Jack Travis Architects are some of the design companies who worked with public high school students during FY 2000 through Design Directions. The Education Department also offered an expanded Summer Design Institute for K-12 and design educators that drew a national audience. Adult program highlights included two conferences, Heirs of Modernism, Partners in Design, organized for the exhibition The Work of Charles and Ray Eames, and Design Culture Now, organized for the National Design Triennial. An invitational tour to Los Angeles and Palm Springs, Icons of Modernism, was offered in the fall. A one-day tour to the MIT Media Lab was a program highlight in the spring.

Research - The Museum's Library receives approximately 250 queries per month from scholars, private individuals, designers, and corporate interests. Approximately 2,000 people visit the Library each year.

MAN A GEMENT EXCELLENCE

Collections - More than 528 objects were added to the collections in FY 2000. A total of 44 short-term loans and 1 39 long- term loans were granted to a variety of institutions for exhibition, conservation, and study; and 1,070 objects were borrowed for exhibitions from other museums and private lenders. During FY 2000, the Museum acquired a prototype for the Barcelona Chair model #90, 1929, designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and a Bizarre silk of brocaded satin damask, circa 1700-1 750s.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM CHANGE - The FY 2002 request for the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum is $2,942,000, which includes a decrease of 3 FTEs and $11 5,000. The decrease will be achieved by various administrative efficiencies, including not filling lower priority vacant positions.

NONAPPROPRIATED RESOURCES - General trust funds are generated from membership, museum shop sales, admissions, special events, and unrestricted donations. These revenues support exhibitions, publications, and general operating expenses. Donor/sponsor designated funds provide support for specific programs and projects.

NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM

ABSTRACT - The mission of the National Air and Space Museum (NASM) is to preserve and display aeronautical and space flight equipment and data of historical interest and significance to the progress of aviation and space flight; develop educational materials and conduct programs to increase the public's understanding of, and involvement in, the development of aviation and space flight; and conduct and disseminate new research in the study of aviation and space flight and related technologies. In addition to its Mall location, NASM maintains the Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration and Storage Facility in Suitland, Maryland. In October 2000, ground was officially broken on the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center (Dulles Center) in Virginia. The Udvar-Hazy Center will house the Museum's collection and restoration facilities, enabling the Museum to exhibit over 2600 artifacts, including its largest aircraft and spacecraft.

For FY 2002, the Smithsonian requests a net increase of 3 FTEs and $473,000, which includes an increase of 10 FTEs and $1,778,000 for collections preparation and program planning and a reduction of 7 FTEs and $585,000. It also includes a reduction of one-time funding of $1,399,000 appropriated in FY 2001. In addition, the estimate includes $679,000 for necessary pay for existing staff funded in this line item.

PROGRAM - During FY 2000, NASM had over 9 million visitors and its web site was accessed on average 6.8 million times per month.

PUBLIC IMPACT

Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center (Dulles Center) - October 25, 2000 marked the official groundbreaking for the new Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center. When fully completed, the center will be 761,000 square feet, and will display the Space Shuttle Enterprise, the SR-71 Blackbird, and the Enola Gay. The FY 2001 federal appropriation of $2.58 million provided support

for hiring staff and acquiring equipment to prepare artifact and archival collections for movement to the Udvar-Hazy Center, developing exhibits, and to planning educational outreach programs.

Exhibits - In early 2000, the U.S.S. starship Enterprise model used in the original Star Trek TV series was installed in the Museum Shop. New exhibits included: R. G. Smith: The "Old Master" of the Sky, a temporary exhibit of paintings by one of the finest aviation artists, and Looping the Loop, an exhibition of early aviation posters, now on tour with Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service. With the window wall replacement closing the Milestones of Flight gallery, the 1903 Wright Flyer, the Spirit of St. Louis, the Mars Viking Lander, and the touchable Moon rock were moved to the Museum's west end. In addition, a photomural reproduction of paintings by artist Robert McCall was hung on the construction wall enclosing Milestones.

The next major gallery, Explore the Universe, will open in September 2001. Explore the Universe will illustrate how our understanding of the universe has evolved as the tools we use to study it have changed. To generate interest in the gallery, the Hubble Space Telescope back-up mirror is currently on display. The design package for the modernized Air Transportation gallery is 95 percent complete. When completed, the gallery will include the nose section of a Boeing 747.

Education - The National Air and Space Museum's new large-format film on vertical flight, Up! Up! And Away!, will premiere in 2002. The film will include a segment on the U.S. Customs Service's drug interdiction training program. Educational outreach in FY 2000 included training 2,500 teachers and offering student and family programs. Curriculum materials were produced for African American Pioneers in Aviation, Exploring the Planets, and Reflections of Earth.

Preservation and Restoration - Using resources provided by a Save America's Treasures Grant and matching funds provided by the Hamilton Sundstrand Division of United Technologies Corporation, 75 artifacts related to the Apollo program have been rigorously examined and conserved, with special emphasis on the spacesuit collection. A paper describing the ongoing conservation research was delivered to the National Meeting of the American Chemical Society held in Washington, DC, on August 25, 2000. NASM completed restoration of the Hawker Hurricane this past year, and completed preparation of seven aircraft for the move to the Udvar-Hazy Center. NASM staff have begun work on five aircraft preparation projects. Also, staff worked with several organizations to recover the "Gus McLeod Stearman" from the Arctic Circle and deliver it to the College Park Aviation Museum.

Publications and Electronic Outreach - Robert Kraemer's Beyond the Moon: A golden age of planetary exploration 1971-1978 was the first volume of a new series, Smithsonian History of Aviation and Space Flight. The book Hap Arnold and the Evolution of American Airpower by former NASM fellow Dik Daso has been awarded the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 2001 History Manuscript Award. The NASM web site made the Popular Science Magazine "50 Best of the Web" again this year.

MAN A GEMENT EXCELLENCE

Collections Management - The NASM Collection Information System has created over 50,000 images of artifacts. The majority of these images are the black and white photos taken at the time of acquisition, formerly stored on index cards, that provide a record of the artifacts useful for both historical documentation and collections use. The Archives Division completed processing the collection of Giuseppe M. Bellanca, an innovator whose early design was called "the first up-to-date transport aeroplane that was designed, built, and flown with success in the United States." His aircraft won numerous awards in the 1920s, including endurance and speed records.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM CHANGE - For FY 2002, the Smithsonian requests an increase of 10 FTEs and $1,778,000 for collections preparation and program planning. This increase is offset by a reduction of 7 FTEs and $585,000.

Reductions (-7 FTEs and -$585,000) - The National Air and Space Museum has administrative activities distributed throughout its organization. For instance, the Exhibit Production Shop is located in two places. By realigning administrative activities, savings of 4 FTEs and $219,000 will be achieved.

The Smithsonian Business Ventures has assumed responsibility for large format film productions. This change will allow NASM to streamline its operations through a reduction of middle management and business process reviews. The result will be a reduction of 3 FTEs and $321,000. NASM will implement this reduction beginning in FY 2001.

Finally, NASM will replace its 25-year-old telecommunications system with a new, state-of-the-art system. This change will result in savings of $45,000.

National Air and Space Museum Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, Collections Preparation and Program Planning (10 FTEs and $1,778,000) -The increase requested for FY 2002 continues the work started in FY 2001 to prepare the Museum's air and space craft for transfer to and display at the Udvar-Hazy Center, and for developing exhibit and education programs. The Udvar-Hazy Center will house, display and provide a facility for restoration and preservation of the majority of the Smithsonian Institution's air and space-related artifacts. At the Center, these artifacts will be accessible to current and future generations of museum visitors and will form the basis for aviation and space education programs. The request will allow NASM to train staff and prepare more artifacts for transfer to the new facility; implement educational programs; expand exhibit development to include audio/visual and interactive elements; and establish technology infrastructure. Expending funds now will ensure effective operations when the Udvar-Hazy Center opens in December 2003.

When completed, the Center will present more than 180 aircraft and over 130 new space-related artifacts. The requested funds will be used to retain the expertise and equipment required for air and space collections management and restoration. Most of these artifacts require extensive efforts to conserve and prepare the artifacts for transfer to the Center. Restoration expertise at the level required is not available through contractors. Instead, these skills must be taught and honed through years of experience. The personnel will be used to machine one-of-a-kind metal fittings for World War II aircraft, create the wooden infrastructure for World War I biplanes, recover wings with new cotton duck fabric, clean aeronautical instruments that have not been touched in 50 years, and build stands to move multi-ton aircraft engines. These funds are essential to prevent further deterioration of one of the world's most valuable and irreplaceable collections of artifacts representing the history of aviation and space flight.

The FY 2002 funds will also build on the work completed in FY 2001 to develop an educational concept and structure for use at the Udvar-Hazy Center. The Northern Virginia area is an exceptional location, and provides NASM an opportunity to utilize the Center's resources to develop a regional and national educational program. This program will be structured to multiple grade levels, and in some cases transferable to adult education programs. Virginia's new aviation curriculum high school (Westfields) in conjunction with NASM's new educational staff assigned to the Center will develop a mathematical/scientific and historical educational program that can be shared nationwide. Using interactive technology and Web-based technologies, the Udvar-Hazy Center will expand its reach to classrooms

and share the excitement of aviation and space sciences, history and current events.

The requested funding will also be used to develop the exhibit kiosk, display cases, audio/visual and interactive exhibit elements. Physical layout work is required for 15 or more area exhibit kiosk systems, 13 storefront display cases and many smaller artifact/mannequin cases. Labels must be designed and written for all 2600 artifacts that will be displayed at the Udvar-Hazy Center. Work will also be done on developing the 47 new light stations to illuminate the facility and to develop and test the approach to artifact protection. In addition, audio and enhanced video tours will also require prototyping, testing and development. Additional interactive devices that visitors will use to learn more about the artifacts, their history and technology will also be designed and prototyped.

Finally, the request will be used to begin implementation of the Udvar-Hazy Center's information technology infrastructure. Believing that cost savings can be realized by drawing on private sector operations, the Udvar-Hazy Center will outsource its technology programs. Staff will oversee the installation of the voice/data cable plant and the network wiring for the exhibits, retail, and museum operations.

NONAPPROPRIATED RESOURCES - General trust funds provide support for research activities, educational programs, exhibitions, and fund raising, including the associated personnel salaries and benefits. Donor/sponsor designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects, such as research, exhibitions, large-format films, collections care and educational programs. The Udvar-Hazy Center capital campaign is raising the funds to build the museum extension, and has raised $117 million towards the project's goal, including $65 million from the principal sponsor, Steven F. Udvar-Hazy. The Commonwealth of Virginia is supporting the Center with site preparation and road infrastructure valued at $34 million. Government grants and contracts provide support and research for other scientific activities.

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN HISTORY

ABSTRACT - The National Museum of American History, Behring Center (NMAH), dedicates its collections and scholarship to inspiring a broader understanding of our nation and its many peoples. It creates learning opportunities, stimulates imaginations, and presents challenging ideas about the country's past. This mission statement serves as a guide to NMAH staff as they develop public programs, open new and update existing exhibitions, conduct research, and enrich the collections.

This line item also includes the National Postal Museum. Its mission is to preserve and interpret the material and intellectual heritage of postal communications and philately through its collections, exhibits, publications, and educational programs.

For FY 2002, the estimate includes a net decrease of $2,259,000, which includes decreases of $1,256,000 that will be achieved through administrative efficiencies and $2,000,000 in non-recurring costs for the American Presidency Exhibition, and an increase of $997,000 for necessary pay for existing staff funded in this line item. The request also includes a decrease of 20 FTEs.

PROGRAM - The following are highlights of the National Museum of American History's recent achievements.

PUBLIC IMPACT

Research and Publications - FY 2000 proved to be a particularly productive year for NMAH staff. Publication highlights included A Kind of Fate: Agricultural Change in Virginia, 1861-1920 by Terry G. Sharrer; Home on the Road: The Motor Home in America by Roger White; Jazz: The First Century by John Edward Hasse; Lost Revolutions: The South in the 1950s by Pete Daniel; and The Star-Spangled Banner: The Flag That Inspired the

National Anthem by Lonn Taylor. Curators from NMAH also served as guest curators for special issues of two scholarly journals, The Public Historian and History of Photography.

Collections - Through donation, purchase, transfer, and bequest, NMAH staff acquired important new objects and collections in FY 2000 that broaden and deepen documentation of America's past. Of particular significance are acquisitions that support the Museum's American Identity initiative, including contraband keys made by psychiatric patients that testify to the struggles of the disabled to establish identity and autonomy; the papers of a World War II conscientious objector that address the tension between civic identity and personal identity and values; a collection of rural Maryland tobacco farm implements that speak to sense of place; the Biney and Smith collection that preserves an impressive American business success story (Silly Putty); and a Louisiana girl's homespun cotton dress (1865-1875) and other items of clothing that reflect generational changes and family life.

Exhibitions and Public Programs - In FY 2000, the Museum expanded its exhibition, outreach, and public programs master plan, the Blueprint program, with the opening of two major exhibits and the upgrade of several other spaces. On Time brought a new look to the former Hall of Timekeeping with a new permanent exhibition on the changing ways Americans have measured, used, and thought about time over the last 300 years. Fast Attacks and Boomers, replacing the old display of ship models, commemorated the centenary of the U.S. submarine service by highlighting the role of submarines and their crews during the Cold War. Lighting a Revolution was a major upgrade of the Hall of Electricity; in conjunction with the Department of Energy, this exhibit demonstrates the advancements and the role of government in promoting electrical conservation. The 300 th anniversary of the piano was also celebrated with a star-studded exhibition at the S. Dillon Ripley Center featuring rare and historic pianos from the Museum's collection. Piano 300 set a new standard for public outreach with a nationally televised PBS broadcast, an ongoing series of public programs, and a major publication. Other exhibits presented timely displays and public educational opportunities designed to coincide with historic occasions such as the two hundredth anniversary of the death of George Washington, Exhibiting George Washington, the national millennium celebration, The National Millennium Time Capsule, and the census, Census 2000.

Public programs continued to reflect the diversity of the Museum's collections and audiences. The Museum broadened efforts to reach families and children through the OurStory series, focusing on children's literature

and hands-on activities, and The Story in History partnership with District of Columbia Public Schools designed to improve reading skills and museum awareness. The Division of Cultural History produced a wide ranging series of programs emphasizing the historical accomplishments of African Americans, Latinos and Native Americans, in addition to programs which highlighted the collections in the fields of classical, popular, jazz, and folk music. The Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation launched Invention at Play, a multi-year compendium of exhibits, school programs, family activities, and conferences intended to explore the creative underpinnings of invention. In FY 2000, the Museum also expanded its programming capabilities through its web site, reaching millions of new visitors, and garnering prestigious awards for Preserving the Star-Spangled Banner, The American Presidency, and other sites.

In FY 2001, the Museum opened The American Presidency: A Glorious Burden. With more than 900 artifacts including the hat Abraham Lincoln wore on the night of his assassination, the desk on which Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence, and George Washington's uniform and battle sword, the Museum presented a comprehensive look at the office of the Presidency and its occupants. Timed to open immediately after the election, the exhibit proved a worthy educational experience while the country awaited the electoral outcome. The educational value of the exhibition was and will be further enhanced by an ongoing series of public programs, performances, family days, and scholarly presentations. Another major exhibition will be completed in May, 2001 when the Museum opens Within These Walls..., a new exhibition centered on the museum's 18 th century Ipswich House. Rather than a static display of objects, this exhibit features exciting stories and interactives reflecting the lives and experiences of families who lived in a single house over a 300-year period. Also in FY 2001, the Museum will recognize the 100 th anniversary of the Nobel Prize through exhibitions and public programs which honor the accomplishments of American Nobel Prize winners.

In FY 2001, the Museum expects to complete a major architectural engineering effort, The Public Spaces Concept Plan, which will inform future stages of the Blueprint exhibition planning process. The plan will anticipate the next 10 years of exhibitions and upgrades to which the Museum remains firmly committed: a major overhaul of the Armed Forces history displays, the creation of a 20,000-square- foot exhibition on achievers in American history, a hall of popular culture, a modern and spacious changing exhibition gallery, a visitor orientation welcome center, new retail space, and exterior improvements to the fountain and general landscape.

The National Museum of American History has been a pioneer within the Smithsonian in implementing affiliations. In FY 2000, the Museum was directly involved in 13 new affiliations. 308 objects were lent during this period. Affiliations of note include the National Museum of Industrial History, Memphis Rock 'n' Soul, Inc. and the Blackhawk Museum. In FY 2001, the Museum is reviewing 32 potential affiliations for possible implementation.

MANAGEMENT EXCELLENCE

Collections Management - In FY 2000, the Museum continued to convert collections information in legacy automated systems to the new automated central collections information system, MultiMIMSY, and increased the system total from 150,000 object records to 252,124 object records in the process. The Museum sent 354 object records to the Office of Information Technology for the Smithsonian Online Collections. There are a total of 9,366 images in MultiMIMSY, of which 4,473 are linked to object records. Also completed during FY 2000 was the contracted assessment of the Armed Forces history collection's storage and housing conditions and development of a phased plan for addressing deficiencies and improving collections access and usability.

PUBLIC IMPACT

National Postal Museum - In FY 2000, the Museum received a $10 million endowment gift from former Postmaster General Winton M. Blount for the creation of the Blount Center for Postal Studies. The Museum entered into three affiliations during the year that resulted in collection loans to the Blackhawk Museum in Danville, California; the Women's Museum in Dallas, Texas; and the Western Reserve Historical Society of Cleveland, Ohio. Exhibits featured in the Museum during the year included Missing You: Last Letters from World War II, letters from American military personnel who gave their lives for their country. Artistic License: The Duck Stamp Story, a permanent exhibit, was reopened after renovation, featuring more than 40 new objects. Recounting Roosevelt Presentation A/bums included the display of three rare, intact Roosevelt Presentation Albums and Mail to the Chief, a display of original design sketches made by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during his time in office. Mail to the Chief is also presented as a virtual exhibit on the Museum's web site. In honor of Lance Armstrong's victory at the Tour de France 2000 and his support by the United States Postal Service, the Museum featured his "maillot jaune," or winning yellow jersey. Museum staff worked with SITES to create a traveling exhibition of winners from the Museum's five-year-long Graceful Envelope contest. Sixty thousand automated collection records were placed on the Museum System, a new collections information system. Collections staff created digitized images of more than one thousand objects from the

Museum's Master Collection. The Education Department continues to serve the public with its tours and public programs. Staff and guest speakers hosted 33 public programs, bringing in 1956 participants. Docents provided 519 tours to a total audience of 6,543, while 335 self-guided tours were conducted for a total audience of 17,667. Over 500 pages were added to the Museum's web site. The site received 162,093 visitors during the fiscal year.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM CHANGE - For FY 2002, the request for the National Museum of American History is $20,800,000, which includes a decrease of 20 FTEs and $1,256,000.

Reduction of Positions (-20 FTEs and -$1,256,000) - NMAH proposes to eliminate 20 positions in order to achieve savings of $1,256,000. The Museum will identify by FY 2002 the positions to be eliminated. Consolidation of services and functions and administrative efficiencies will be emphasized in achieving the decrease.

NONAPPROPRIATED RESOURCES - General trust funds provide substantial support for core museum functions like research activities, conservation, publications, exhibitions, fund raising and acquisitions. In FY 2000, the Museum raised nearly $10,000,000 for the exhibition The American Presidency: A Glorious Burden, the largest and most comprehensive museum presentation ever organized to explore the nature and history of this country's highest office. In addition, Congress appropriated $2,000,000 in FY 2001 as a one-time-only allocation to support the Museum's efforts on this project and to provide partial support of the traveling version of the show. Another $2,000,000 is promised from the Smithsonian National Board. An amount of $2,500,000 was received from the National Association of Realtors to fund the exhibition Within These Walls. In FY 2001, NMAH was the recipient of an $80,000,000 gift from Mr. Kenneth Behring which will allow the Museum to begin a complete renovation of its public spaces, starting with a public spaces plan study coupled with the recommendations of a blue-ribbon committee.

The National Postal Museum receives annually major operating and program support from the United States Postal Service. These funds provide support for salaries and benefits of trust fund employees, utilities and maintenance, security services, exhibitions, publications, fund raising, conservation, and public programs. Donor/sponsor designated funds provide support for specific programs and projects, such as special events, education programs, acquisitions, and exhibitions.

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN

ABSTRACT - The National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI), established in 1989 by Public Law 101-185, recognizes and affirms to Native American communities and the non-Native American public the historical and contemporary cultures and cultural achievements of the Native peoples of the Western hemisphere. This is achieved through development and use of its collections and nationwide public programming, research, and exhibitions executed in consultation with Native peoples. The mission of NMAI states that the Museum has a special responsibility, through innovative public programming, research, and collections, to protect, support, and enhance the development, maintenance, and perpetuation of Native American culture and community.

NMAI operates administrative offices in Washington DC, an exhibition center in New York City at the George Gustav Heye Center (GGHC) in the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House, the Cultural Resources Center (CRC) at Suitland, Maryland, and the Research Branch located in the Bronx, New York. The Research Branch temporarily houses most of the Museum's collections. The move of NMAI's collection of 800,000 artifacts from New York to CRC began in March 1999. CRC will house reference, collections, and program support for NMAI. Construction of the museum building on the Mall is underway.

For FY 2002, the estimate includes a net increase of $638,000, which includes a decrease of $100,000, and an increase of $738,000 for necessary pay for existing staff funded in this line item. The Institution requests that the funds remain available until expended.

PROGRAM - The Museum of the American Indian, located in New York City, opened its doors to the public in 1922. On June 24, 1990, the collection was transferred to the Smithsonian Institution to form the base of

the National Museum of the American Indian. The collection, initiated near the turn of the century, is one of the world's largest assemblages of artifacts of the indigenous cultures of the Western Hemisphere.

PUBLIC IMPACT

Research - Research continued for the planned exhibitions in the Mall Museum. Curatorial staff worked directly with representatives of 20 tribes throughout the United States. Activity included work in the communities, with community delegations viewing collections that have been relocated to CRC. The direct participation of Native representatives has enhanced the accuracy and usefulness of the Museum's collections databases, both for the inaugural exhibitions and for researchers and the general public.

In addition to the three Mall inaugural permanent exhibitions, curatorial staff began planning several temporary exhibitions, such as a contemporary Native American art exhibition and a collection exhibition of 1,000 items representing the full scope of NMAI's collection. The collection exhibition will allow for rotation of objects over time to increase the public's access to NMAI's holdings. Staff also assisted with the selection of exhibition objects for Smithsonian affiliate museums and developed several forthcoming exhibitions for GGHC.

Public Programs - The George Gustav Heye Center celebrated its sixth year by attracting nearly half a million visitors. The interactive Resource Center at GGHC sought to move beyond the Museum's walls by reaching a global Internet audience through its web site, which had over 16,000 hits daily. In addition, 1,200 on-site educational programs were provided to about 50,000 school students. In addition, the Native American Film & Video Festival at GGHC showcased more than 70 new productions in independent film and video, radio, television, and interactive media.

Initial operations began at the Educational Resource Center at CRC. While its primary focus is production of media interactive programs for the Mall Museum, it also serves to make NMAI's collections more accessible to the public. The Center currently hosts an average of 200 visitors per month.

Planning continued for the Mall Museum educational programs and services, including a variety of performances and interpretive programs. Because NMAI expects large numbers of school groups, the Museum is preparing a variety of curriculum materials to be made available before the opening of the Mall Museum. Planning also focused on the conceptual development of a 20-minute film for the 400-seat Mall Museum Theater. A creative workshop and unique collaboration with Native filmmakers yielded the story theme ("Coming Home") and the narrative approach to the film.

Development of activities for the Potomac Center at the Mall Museum continued. The Potomac Center, the 17,000 square foot heart of the Mall Museum building, will host interactive demonstrations and presentations. Content development was completed for the Potomac Center's first theme, Native Boat Building Traditions, and design development is underway.

Development of a visitor center on the Mall Museum construction site is continuing. The visitor center, scheduled to open in the spring/summer of 2001, will provide an on-site location where potential donors, members of Congress, the press, and the public can receive general information about NMAI and specific information about the construction of the Mall Museum. The visitor center will house a small exhibition highlighting information about NMAI's vision and accomplishments, as well as information about GGHC, CRC, and the Mall Museum.

Publications - In FY 2001, development of projects for the opening of the Mall museum will continue, including The Native Universe and a collaborative book with the National Geographic Society. Publications will also include reprints of Heye Foundation publications, a book about Frank Speck's life as anthropologist and photographer in Native communities, and a publication documenting a day in the life of a young Piscataway boy in Southern Maryland.

Community Services - The Community Services Department implemented programming that served individuals and communities in 18 states in FY 2000 and the first quarter of FY 2001. Accomplishments included the production of 58 radio segments for international broadcast via satellite and the World Wide Web; the appointment of 11 Native artist fellows who present public programs at GGHC and feature profiles on the NMAI web site; the training of 30 college students through NMAI's internship program; consultations with 25 tribes in California; an exhibition development workshop serving 1 5 Native museum professionals; and a Community Services profile on the new NMAI web site that offered application information for the department's programs and services.

Exhibitions - During FY 2000, a total of eight exhibitions were made available to GGHC visitors and through traveling exhibitions in six South American venues sponsored by the U.S. State Department. During fiscal years 2001 -2003, NMAI will continue the development, design and production of inaugural exhibitions for the Mall Museum.

To maximize audience appeal at GGHC, NMAI will continue to provide changing exhibitions such as Spirit Capture and For Beauty, Honor,

and Tradition: The Legacy of Plains Indian Shirts. Kiowa Cradles, Newborn Ancestors and Seth Eastman will open at GGHC later in FY 2001.

MAN A GEMENT EXCELLENCE

Collections Management - The Museum moved 27,000 collection objects from the Research Branch in New York to CRC in FY 2000 and contracted with a professional fine arts moving company to assist with the move of the collections in FY 2001. The process for all collections included conservation surveys, the addition of digitized images to the Museum's database, and bar coding to facilitate access and retrieval. Servers and software for the database were upgraded to support its further growth and to increase its accessibility, including through the NMAI web site.

In addition to the move, an important collection of 1 9 th -century men's Plains Indian shirts was surveyed and conserved as part of a new exhibition at GGHC. New acquisitions totaled 8,500 objects with the receipt of the Indian Arts and Crafts Board Headquarters collection. Processing of this important collection is currently underway with staff coordinating the preliminary cataloging, digitization, and shelving.

FINANCIAL STRENGTH

National Campaign/External Affairs - The National Campaign continued its activities to raise funds for the completion of the Mall Museum. Recent accomplishments include raising funds through naming opportunities in the Mall Museum. In addition, a fund-raising council in Washington DC has been established for high-level donor giving toward the Mall Museum.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM CHANGE - For FY 2002, the request for the National Museum of the American Indian is $27,899,000. Efficiencies in the process of moving Museum artifacts from New York to Washington, in anticipation of the opening of the Mall Museum, will require $100,000 less than FY 2001.

NONAPPROPRIATED RESOURCES - General trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel, a portion of the National Campaign costs, and specialized program activities. Donor/sponsored designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects, including educational programs, pro-bono advertising, production of fundraising proposals, member and donor related special events, exhibition openings, and outreach in cities across the United States. A major Ford Foundation grant of $1.5 million challenges NMAI to raise $3 million to build its endowment for outreach services to Native communities.

NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY

ABSTRACT - The National Portrait Gallery (NPG) is dedicated to the exhibition and study of portraits of people who have made significant contributions to American history and culture and to the study of the artists who created such portraiture. NPG collects, documents and preserves portraits in all media as both historical and artistic artifacts.

The FY 2002 estimate includes a net increase of $2,000. This includes a decrease of $251,000 and 3 FTEs, and an increase of $253,000 for necessary pay for existing staff funded in this line item.

PROGRAM - NPG explores the heritage and accomplishments of the American people by collecting, documenting and preserving, studying, and exhibiting portraits in all media.

PUBLIC IMPACT

Research - In the spring of 2000, the Peale Papers and Yale University Press published The Autobiography of Charles Willson Peale, which is volume 5 of The Selected Papers of Charles Willson Peale and His Family. Work has begun on volume 6, selected documents and letters from the children of James and Charles Willson Peale. In addition, the Peale Papers and Yale University Press will publish an abridged paperback edition of Charles Willson Peale's Autobiography, suitable for classroom use for courses on American studies, American art history, American literature, and American history, but not excluding a more popular audience.

The Center for Electronic Research and Outreach Services continues to bring NPG collections, programs, and exhibitions to researchers and the public via the Web. Eleven new areas were added to NPG's award-winning web site ( www.npg.si.edu ) in FY 2000. The total number of visitor sessions on the web site has doubled since 1999. A new Web-based

collections and research public access database, featuring digital images of NPG's collections, will be implemented in FY 2001

Collections Acquisition - During FY 2000, NPG acquired approximately 200 objects. Among the most important were 19 Indian Peace Medals from Betty A. and Lloyd G. Shermer, three folio volumes with hand-colored lithographs of McKenney and Halls History of the Indian Tribes, and a charcoal of Agnes Meyer by Marius de Zayas. Purchases included a bust of Cab Calloway by Domenico Facci, a pastel of Van Wyck Brooks by John Steuart Curry, and screen prints of Edward Kennedy and Ronald Reagan by Andy Warhol. Photographs purchased include Miguel Covarrubias by Edward Weston, Blind Tom by George K. Warren, Father Divine by James Van Der Zee, Jesse Owens by Leni Riefenstahl, and Sarah Vaughan by Josef Breitenbach.

Education - An educational grant was received to produce a video, Telling Lives: the Art of the Painted Portrait, for use with the traveling exhibition A Brush with History: Paintings from the National Portrait Gallery. The Gallery has published the first three issues of Profile: Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery News, that has reached an audience of more than 31,500 individuals. The first six installments of Portraits of Character — featuring a portrait from the Portrait Gallery's permanent collection and a related story about the sitter—have been published by The Washington Times in its Newspaper in Education pages. NPG is negotiating a licensing and distribution contract for syndication across the country. Extensive print and web site versions of resource materials, including teacher resource packets, activity guides, and games, have been developed to complement our traveling exhibitions. Various other public programs have been initiated or are planned with partners in the Washington DC area as part of the National Portrait Gallery Around Town initiative.

Exhibitions - Four traveling exhibitions have been assembled to send on the road during the four years the museum will be closed: Portraits of the Presidents, that opened at the George Bush Presidential Library and Museum and is traveling to seven venues around the country; A Brush With History, that will tour in this country, Japan, and England; Modern American Portrait Drawings, which will go to three venues; and Women of Our Time, a photography exhibition that will tour to five venues. Two additional exhibitions are traveling abroad. An ambitious traveling exhibition on the history of the movie industry's Academy Awards is being planned. Thirty portraits of Virginians from our collection will be on view at the Virginia Historical Society for the next three years, and major works from the Gallery are being loaned to museums around the country.

The Gallery has increased its regional and national impact by focusing on media outreach for the traveling exhibitions. While the Patent Office Building is closed, NPG is planning special events at various locations around the country to coincide with the openings of its exhibitions.

Publications - The first of the traveling exhibition publications, Portraits of the Presidents: the National Portrait Gallery, was published by Rizzoli International Publications, Inc. to accompany the exhibition's opening in October 2000. A History Book Club selection, A Brush with History: Paintings from the National Portrait Gallery will be published to accompany the exhibition, which opened in January 2001, and distributed by the University Press of New England.

MAN A GEMENT EXCELLENCE

Collections Management - A complete inventory of the National Portrait Gallery collection took place during the past year. Approximately 4,500 images were digitized so that over 9,000 images are now available on the Gallery's Collections Information System (CIS). NPG's Conservation Lab has examined or treated approximately 620 objects for the permanent collection, pending acquisitions, loans, affiliations, or in preparation for the Gallery's extensive traveling shows across the United States, Asia, and Europe. The year 2001 will be devoted to moving the collection out of the Patent Office Building to a new storage facility.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM CHANGE - For FY 2002, the request for the National Portrait Gallery is $5,626,000, which includes a decrease of $251,000. NPG will reflect management decisions to focus on higher priority activities by not filling lower priority vacant positions ($191,000 and 3 FTEs), and by reducing collections acquisition funds ($60,000).

NONAPPROPRIATED RESOURCES - General trust funds provide support to help defray costs of publications, public lectures, symposia, special events for exhibition openings, loan exhibition development, fund raising, management, and research. Donor/sponsor designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects including support of NPG's Director's Circle and Fund for the New Century. Donors for FY 2000 included the Adler Shermer Foundation, the Sherman Fairchild Foundation, Lucent Technologies and the Robert Lehman Foundation.

SMITHSONIAN AMERICAN ART MUSEUM

ABSTRACT - The Smithsonian American Art Museum (SAAM), formerly the National Museum of American Art, is the Nation's museum dedicated to the arts and artists of the United States from colonial times to the present. The Museum uses its rich collections and staff expertise to link Americans to their heritage by showing how these works tell the story of their country. The Museum's programs make American art available to national audiences and beyond, as well as to those who visit its two historic landmark buildings in Washington DC, the Renwick Gallery and the Patent Office Building (POB). The latter building is closed for major renovation and due to reopen in 2004. Outreach takes the form of circulating exhibitions, educational materials, publications, automated research resources, and a vast and growing offering of online and educational services that reflect the diversity of the country's citizenry and art.

For FY 2002, the estimate includes a net decrease of $558,000. This includes a decrease of $933,000 and 8 FTEs, and an increase of $375,000 for necessary pay for existing staff funded in this line item.

PROGRAM - SAAM stimulates an understanding of American visual expression in its broadest contexts through interpretive exhibitions; publications; online, print, and media outreach; and public programs. As a national institution, SAAM explores and serves the heritage of diverse communities in the United States. In FY 2000 the Museum changed its name from the National Museum of American Art to achieve better national visibility and identity.

PUBLIC IMPACT

Exhibitions - In FY 2000, Edward Hopper: The Watercolors received positive reviews and large audiences as SAAM's final exhibition in the POB before it closed for renovation. Exhibitions continue at the Renwick Gallery,

where many of the art works normally displayed at the POB are now presented in the Gallery's Grand Salon. A very active exhibition schedule at the Renwick Gallery for the past year included John Cederquist: Reality of Illusion, Spirits of the Cloth: Contemporary Quilts by African American Artists, Star Spangled Presidents: Portraits by Liza Lou (created to complement the American Presidency exhibition at the National Museum of American History), and Amish Quilts from the Collection of Faith and Stephen Brown. Highlights at the Renwick for the remainder of FY 2001 will be USA Clay and Sam Ma/oof: Master Woodworker. Since the POB closed in January 2000, more than 500 of the Museum's best paintings and sculptures have been touring nationally in eight exhibitions to 70 venues under the title Treasures to Go. This three-year national tour has generated strong national publicity and interest in the Museum and the Smithsonian as the tour proceeds. The tour is contributing significantly toward achieving enhanced public impact in spite of the closure of the Museum at POB, and is in turn providing increased opportunities across the country for improving the financial strength of the Museum.

Education - The Museum continues to conceive and implement a variety of multicultural public programs and educational projects to attract a broad range of visitors, primarily at the Renwick Gallery while the POB is closed. The use of new Internet applications, the publication and distribution of interpretive materials, and visits to local institutions enhance the Museum's continued distance-learning efforts. The Museum's web site (www.AmericanArt.si.edu), is experiencing an increase of 50% more visits than last year and is favorably reviewed in national publications. The popular Ask Joan of Art, providing online responses to public inquiries relative to American art, receives inquiries at a growth rate of 23% per month. The Museum published gift books in FY 2000 for four of the eight Treasures to Go exhibitions, and is publishing books to accompany the remaining four exhibitions. In addition, publication is underway for a major exhibition catalog to accompany Sam Ma/oof: Master Woodworker.

MANAGEMENT EXCELLENCE

Collections Management - The Museum's collections of approximately 38,000 objects encompass painting, sculpture, graphic art, photography, and folk art, as well as modern crafts at its Renwick Gallery. A new traveling exhibitions program, a recently expanded Government Loan Program, and the Smithsonian's Affiliations Program present increasing opportunities for loans from the Museum's collections and require additional preparation efforts. These initiatives also focus more attention on SAAM while the POB is closed. In addition, enormous effort is being devoted this year to preparing the collections for the move from the POB to temporary storage during the renovation. In FY 2001, the Museum will begin an

ambitious program of preparing 5,000 artworks for public activity in the POB when it reopens with enhanced public gallery space and a vast new collections storage facility. Preparation will include reviewing objects and collections, treating, reframing and remounting artworks, and enhancing computer databases for public access. Among the Museum's most significant recent acquisitions is Christo's Package 1961 , a pivotal work in his career of wrapping ordinary and monumental objects in the everyday world and a major accomplishment in building SAAM's collection of post-1960 paintings and sculptures. Also significant is Joseph Stella's Neapolitan Song, a lyrical painting that rounds out SAAM's representation of this seminal early modernist artist in its collection.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM CHANGE - For FY 2002, the request for the Smithsonian American Art Museum is $8,265,000, which includes a decrease of 8 FTEs and $933,000.

Reduction in Support of Save Outdoor Sculpture! (-$500,000) - Save Outdoor Sculpture! is a joint program of the Smithsonian Institution and Heritage Preservation (formerly the National Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Property). The program provides an inventory and assessment of American outdoor sculpture. It also provides ongoing educational programs that stimulate community involvement in the care and maintenance of outdoor sculpture. Since the beginning of the program, SAAM and Heritage Preservation have raised millions of dollars. The cataloguing for which federal funding was provided is now complete and the program enjoys grant support at the state and local level. The Institution proposes to reduce its contribution to this program in FY 2002, resulting in a savings of $500,000.

Additional Decrease (-8 FTEs and -$433,000) - SAAM will achieve the additional proposed savings of 8 FTEs and $433,000 by various administrative efficiencies and consolidations of functions, including not filling lower priority vacant positions.

NONAPPROPRIATED RESOURCES - General trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel, fund raising, and other related costs. Donor/sponsor designated funds provide support for specific programs and projects. Exhibitions and education programs receive support from individuals, foundations, and corporations. A significant gift from the Principal Financial Group continues to support the Treasures to Go national tour. Margaret and Terry Stent, The Henry Luce Foundation, Inc., Nan Tucker McEvoy, Sam Rose, The Thelma and Melvin Lenkin Family Charitable Foundation, Inc., and Diane and Norman Bernstein have given significant gifts toward SAAM's capital campaign.

ARTHUR M. SACKLER GALLERY/FREER GALLERY OF ART

ABSTRACT. The Arthur M. Sackler Gallery was founded in 1982 and opened to the public in 1 987 to house a major gift of Asian art from Dr. Arthur M. Sackler and to develop an active program of loan exhibitions. The Freer Gallery of Art, founded in 1906 and opened to the public in 1923 as the first art museum at the Smithsonian Institution, had its origin in Charles Lang Freer's gift of his extensive Asian art collection to the United States. The gift also included an endowment and a specialized collection of American art, focusing on the works of four American artists, including James McNeill Whistler.

The museums form an important international center dedicated to the collection, preservation, study, and exhibition of both historical and contemporary Asian artistic traditions, and to an active educational program designed to increase public knowledge and awareness of Asian art and culture. Together, the galleries form the national museum of Asian art for the United States.

For FY 2002, the estimate includes a net decrease of $84,000. This includes a decrease of $349,000 and 2 FTEs, and an increase of $265,000 for necessary pay for existing staff funded in this line item.

PROGRAM - The Sackler and Freer galleries seek to enhance public knowledge and enjoyment of the artistic traditions of Asia through myriad methods. In addition to an active changing exhibition schedule and an increasingly popular web site, the Museum sponsors a wide range of music and dance programs, a cutting edge film series, teacher workshops, lectures, and ImaginAsia, a hands-on opportunity for families to experience the arts of Asia together. These activities are designed to provide wide cultural contexts to entice visitors' interest and involvement in Asian art.

FIRST-CLASS SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

The Sackler and Freer have long housed what is probably the finest Asian art conservation laboratory in the world. During 2001, the galleries will host an international symposium on scientific research in the field of Asian art as well as initiating a collaborative effort with the Research Center for the Conservation of Cultural Relics in Tehran, Iran. The Department of Conservation and Scientific Research is also hosting a Forbes Fellow from the Academy of Natural Science in Beijing. The department's talents have enabled it to receive significant support from a number of important foundations, including Fidelity, Mellon, and Luce.

PUBLIC IMPACT

Education - The galleries' education and outreach programs continue to expand, reaching new audiences and further enhancing visitors' appreciation of the arts of Asia. During FY 2000, public programs included an average of a film per week featuring Asian cultures. There were 24 concerts and dance performances, including an extremely popular series associated with Art Night on the Mall. The Chinese Music Society of Greater Washington presented numerous lunchtime performances demonstrating ancient Chinese instruments during the exhibition Music in the Age of Confucius.

ImaginAsia, the galleries' family activity program, continues to attract a growing audience. One popular program in FY 2000 enabled children to uncover elaborate gold and lapis jewelry in the exhibition Treasures from the Royal Tombs of Ur and then to create their own royal jewelry. Total attendance at ImaginAsia programs in FY 2000 reached nearly 6000. During FY 2001, staff will be defining a new outreach opportunity called ExplorAsia, designed to help visitors of all ages encounter Asian art in a more intimate way.

FY 2000 also saw the full implementation of the Asian culture CD-ROM developed by the galleries for curriculum use in all third grade classrooms in Fairfax County, Virginia. The staff is seeking collaboration with colleagues throughout the U.S. to further develop this concept for other school systems. The galleries' web site has further extended educational outreach, attracting over 250,000 visitors in FY 2000. Web site visitation is currently increasing at a rate of 10% per month.

Exhibitions - Important exhibitions scheduled for presentation in FY 2001 include: India Through the Lens, Photography 1840-1911 (the period often considered the golden age of early photography), which has already received a stellar review in The New York Times; and Worshipping the Ancestors: Ritual and Commemorative Portraits in Late Imperial China,

which will display 38 near-life size portraits of the Qing dynasty imperial family. The FY 2002 schedule will feature an exhibition of the works of the important contemporary Chinese artist Xu Bing; The Adventures of Hamza, to include close to 60 of the finest paintings from the Hamzanama, the largest and earliest illustrated manuscript from India during the reign of the Mughal emperor Akbar; and Paintings of the Japan Academy, organized in cooperation with the Japan Foundation.

The Freer and Sackler galleries are committed to making their collections accessible to the public. In addition to the large percentage of items on view in the galleries' exhibition spaces, students, scholars, and the public are regularly provided access to objects in storage. The Museums' staff has been organized to assure appropriate access without disruption to the ongoing work of the curators. Important acquisitions in FY 2000, supported by gifts and endowments, included an almost life-sized 14 th -century wooden bodhisattva from Nepal, a recently discovered pair of six-panel screens by Shohaku, the 18 th -century Japanese eccentric, and a 9 th -century earthenware bowl from Iraq that is one of the earliest known to be embellished with calligraphic designs.

FINANCIAL STRENGTH

Development - Major gifts and grants were received in FY 2000 from the E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Foundation, the Fidelity Foundation, the Folger Fund, the Henry Luce Foundation, and the New York Community Trust Island Fund. The Friends of the Freer and Sackler galleries, the Museum's membership group, contributed over $500,000 in FY 2000 to support exhibitions, acquisitions, and educational activities at the museums.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM CHANGE - For FY 2002, the request for the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery/Freer Gallery of Art is $6,098,000, which includes a decrease of $349,000. The Freer and Sackler Galleries will reflect management decisions to focus on higher priority activities by reducing acquisition expenditures ($99,000); eliminating two lower priority vacant positions ($105,000); and instituting a Museum-wide initiative to reduce general operating expenses through administrative efficiencies ($145,000).

NONAPPROPRIATED RESOURCES - General trust funds are generated from memberships, Museum shop sales, special events, unrestricted and restricted gifts and grants, and endowment income. This income provides support for salaries and benefits for certain personnel, fundraising activities, various programmatic activities, scholarly research, and collections acquisitions.

HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN

ABSTRACT - The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (HMSG) is dedicated to developing a greater public understanding and appreciation of modern and contemporary art through the collection, preservation, study, exhibition, and interpretation of modern and contemporary works of fine art.

For FY 2002, the estimate includes a net increase of $59,000. This includes a decrease of $150,000, and an increase of $209,000 for necessary pay for existing staff funded in this line item.

PROGRAM - As the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden completed its 26 th year, it continued to provide its regional, national and international visitors with exciting exhibitions, important new acquisitions, increased access to its collections, and well-attended education and public programs.

PUBLIC IMPACT

Collections - The public impact of the Museum was enhanced by the FY 2000 acquisition of Venus of the Rags by Italian artist Michelangelo Pistoletto; Armenian-born American artist Arshile Gorky's Study for Nighttime, Enigma, and Nostalgia, ca. 1932; and British artist Rachel Whiteread's monumental Untitled (Library), 1999, one of a series of sculptures directly related to her commissioned work for the Holocaust Memorial in Vienna, Austria. In addition, ease of staff and public access to the collection of works on paper was accomplished with the move of the collection from the lower level of the Museum to the fourth floor painting storage area. A full inventory and re-housing (in conjunction with the Conservation Lab) of the works on paper is scheduled for completion in 2001. A project to research the provenance of works created before 1 946 (possibly illegally seized from collections in Europe during World War II) was begun. This project will provide the model for similar research by other

Smithsonian museums and will provide the public with greater access to works with potentially disputable provenance.

Education - Increased financial support for Young at Art, a reservation-only family program, added three sessions to this program. A new monthly Saturday drop-in family program, Improv Art, was started, and experimentation with late Thursday afternoon sessions proved exceedingly successful. In FY 2001, the number of Improv Art sessions will be increased from six to ten. Four new thematic tours that enable teachers to connect the HMSG collection to local curriculum needs were developed and the HMSG hosted more teacher workshops. New tours based on Family and Friends and Bright Lights, Big City are planned.

Exhibitions - FY 2000 marked an ambitious expansion of programming to include eight exhibitions (from the usual six), notably the critically acclaimed survey of recent art, Regarding Beauty: A View of the Late Twentieth Century. Organized to celebrate the Museum's 25 th anniversary in the fall of 1 999, this complex exhibition featuring works by 36 artists attracted substantial audiences here in Washington and at the Haus der Kunst in Munich. The retrospective of American artist Robert Gober, originated by the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, was followed by the extremely popular exhibition of work by Spanish Surrealist Salvador Dali. Dali's Optical Illusions, which originated at the Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, Connecticut, attracted more than 150,000 visitors and broke Hirshhorn attendance records during its nine weeks here. The retrospective of American painter Ed Ruscha is garnering international attention on its tour of the country that began with its summer 2000 debut at the Hirshhorn. Part of an occasional series drawn from the Museum's collection and Smithsonian holdings, The Collection in Context: Horace Pippin's Holy Mountain III, provides an educational showcase for work by a self-taught African American artist and continues through March 2001.

Exhibitions for FY 2001 continue at this ambitious level. The retrospective of German artist Wolfgang Laib, on view from October 2000 through January 2001, was followed by the first American survey of the work of South African artist William Kentridge. Under the auspices of the State Department, the Hirshhorn Museum and the Art Institute of Chicago are co-organizing an exhibition of the work of Robert Gober (b. 1954) for the American Pavilion of the Venice Biennale that opens in June in Italy. Simultaneously in Washington, the Museum will present an important retrospective of American painter Clyfford Still (1904-1989). Directions exhibitions for FY 2001 feature the work of American photographer Dana Hoey, American sculptor Tim Hawkinson, and British artist Tacita Dean.

MAN A GEMENT EXCELLENCE

Collections Management - Digitization of collection images continued in FY 2000. Approximately 2,500 color transparencies of collection objects (those in high demand, new acquisitions, and works recently published) were scanned and digital files created on compact disks. After editing, 550 of these images have been converted to The Museum System (TMS) format and added to the TMS data base, used by all Smithsonian art museums. The Hirshhorn plans to convert an additional 750 images to TMS format by the end of FY 2001, further increasing access to the collection.

FINANCIAL STRENGTH

Development - The Museum's first development office was opened in FY 2000. Two staff were hired and an additional support position will be filled during FY 2001. The Hirshhorn's first fundraiser, a gala event marking the opening of the 25 th anniversary exhibition Regarding Beauty, netted more than $21 2,000 for the Museum; funds will be used to redesign the museum's web site (FY 2001) and publish a handbook to the collection. The first Annual Circle program was started through direct mail; the first mailing yielded an impressive $37,000 and the second, year-end mailing brought in more than $5,000.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM CHANGE - For FY 2002, the request for the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden is $4,771,000, which includes a decrease of $150,000. HMSG will reflect management decisions to focus on higher priority activities by reducing acquisition expenditures ($97,000), realigning positions ($30,000), and reducing general operating expenses through administrative efficiencies ($23,000).

NONAPPROPRIATED RESOURCES - General trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of administrative personnel, development activities, and exhibition-related costs. Donor/sponsor designated funds provide support for specific exhibitions, programs, projects, and events.

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AFRICAN ART

ABSTRACT - As a leading center for the visual arts of Africa, the National Museum of African Art (NMAfA) fosters and sustains through exhibitions, collections, research, and public programs an interest in and understanding of that continent's diverse cultures. The Museum's collection represents the visual arts of the entire continent, crossing time from the ancient through the contemporary.

For FY 2002, the estimate includes a net increase of $10,000. This includes a decrease of $152,000, and an increase of $162,000 for necessary pay for existing staff funded in this line item.

PROGRAM - The National Museum of African Art educates and instills an appreciation for the cultures and visual arts of Africa through the acquisition, care, research, exhibition, and interpretation of works of art in the context of African aesthetics, history and culture.

PUBLIC IMPACT

Research - In FY 2000, in addition to research on proposed acquisitions, curatorial staff conducted research in connection with exhibitions on African musical instruments and currency. In FY 2001, exhibitions will include Nkanu sculpture and African pottery. Plans for FY 2002 include an exhibition of Malagasy textile traditions and the representation of Madagascar in historical photographs for a forthcoming publication. Research continued toward the publication of a monograph on Constance Stuart Larrabee, and a grant supported research in various British archives on African photographers. A Kress grant was received to support research on a group of NMAfA's Ethiopian icons. 150 pigment samples were identified and analyzed in preparation for treatment in FY 2001.

Collection Acquisitions - In FY 2000, the museum added 1 35 works to its collection through gift and purchase. Highlights among the gifts are an

important Dogon kneeling figure from Mali, a Dan mask from Cote d'lvoire, a painting by the Ethiopian artist Alexander Skunder Boghosian entitled Devil Descending, a collection of central African textiles, and small collections of Kabyle jewelry and Berber ceramic vessels from Algeria. Purchases included a rare Bwa Serpent mask from Burkina Faso, an important painting by the South African artist Gerard Sekoto entitled Boy and the Candle, a sculpture entitled 19 th ' Century Kid (Queen Victoria) by the contemporary Nigerian artist Yinka Shonibare, a drawing by the South African artist Mmakgabo Mmapula Sebidi, and a painting by the Senegalese artist Viya Diba. The Elisofon Archives added a total of 1016 images to its photographic holdings including two rare albums of 1 9 th - and early 20 th -century prints from Nigeria and Madagascar.

Exhibitions/Public Programs/Education - During FY 2000, NMAfA opened five new exhibitions including A Concrete Vision: Oshogbo Art in the 1960's; The Artistry of African Currency; and Transatlantic Dialogue: Contemporary Art In and Out of Africa, which explored the work of African artists who have lived and worked in America and Europe and African American artists who have visited Africa. Two additional installations featured selections from the Museum's newly published catalogue of the collection and musical instruments.

The major publication in FY 2000 was Selected Works from the Collection of the National Museum of African Art. A new format and design for the quarterly calendar was launched as was the Museum's new interactive visitor orientation. Of nine exhibitions mounted in FY 2000, all had a Web presence and five had accompanying brochures.

The museum complements its exhibition program and interprets its collection through an exciting educational program of gallery tours, lectures, lively arts (music, dance and poetry) programs, school programs, workshops for teachers and youth, outreach programs, and conservation clinics. In FY 2000, NMAfA offered more than 1,600 public programs serving approximately 40,000 individuals. Celebrate Kwanzaa with the Smithsonian, a family program, was co-sponsored with the Anacostia Museum and the National Museum of Natural History. Important panel discussion programs focused on Asante kente cloth and on contemporary Nigerian art of Oshogbo, and Asante weavers demonstrated and discussed their skills for school classes and the public. The Museum's galleries echoed with the sounds of African music on many summer evenings as more than 10 musicians and groups played for Thursday evening Art Night on the Mall programs.

MAN A GEMENT EXCELLENCE

Collections Management - An electronic-power-assist paintings storage rack system was installed in FY 2000; major renovation to the main storage area will be completed in FY 2001 with installation of oversize flat files for contemporary work. NMAfA completed a full inventory in which all objects were located. Approximately 1,640 digital images were added to the museum's collection information system and substantial progress was made toward standardization of terms for cataloguing African art objects. The photographic archives area was renovated to better utilize available space and more efficiently and securely store collections. The Archives initiated a project to scan 15,000 Eliot Elisofon slides to be attached to item-level records in the Smithsonian Institution Research Information System.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM CHANGES - For FY 2002, the request for the National Museum of African Art is $4,334,000, which includes a decrease of $152,000. NMAfA will reflect management decisions to focus on higher priority activities by reducing the Museum's publications budget ($30,000), and reducing the exhibitions budget ($122,000).

NONAPPROPRIATED RESOURCES - General trust funds provide support for the director's salary, benefits and travel. The Special Exhibition Fund was used to pay the first installment of the participation fee for a forthcoming exhibition and to support an exhibition of Malagasy textiles. NMAfA received grants from the Research Opportunities Fund, the Scholarly Studies Fund and the Women's Committee in support of various projects undertaken by the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives and from the Educational Outreach Fund to support the collaborative Kwanzaa celebration. Donor/sponsor designated funds provided support for conservation work, printing brochures, and publicity for exhibitions.

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

ABSTRACT - The National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) studies and interprets the natural world and the human processes that influence it. Museum scientists conduct research that increases understanding of dynamic geological, biological, and cultural patterns and processes that fundamentally shape our world and have done so from the beginning of the solar system. Their work takes place in field settings, laboratories and within the collections ranges of this Museum and other centers of natural history throughout the world. NMNH collections form an unparalleled encyclopedia of life on earth from its earliest beginnings to contemporary societies. The acquisition and use of collections-based information by NMNH scientists and educators, and increasingly by the public, creates the distinctive value of this Museum to the Smithsonian, the nation, and the world. NMNH outreach programs deliver this information to a diverse national audience, and these interpretive programs are most effective when the authoritative voice of the Museum's science is coupled with an understanding of the needs of the NMNH audience.

For FY 2002, the estimate includes a net increase of $660,000. This includes decreases of $200,000 in non-recurring costs due to completion of the East Court infill project, and $1,071,000 that will be achieved through efficiencies. The estimate also includes an increase of $1,931,000 for necessary pay for existing staff funded in this line item.

PROGRAM - NMNH is the world leader and international center for research on earth and planetary sciences, systematics and phylogeny, evolutionary studies, and human studies. More than 100 Smithsonian and 35 affiliated agency scientists are undertaking studies in the field and in laboratory facilities. NMNH is also the hub of a larger national/international network that includes traveling exhibits, interactive electronic classrooms and field trips, and information web sites that served over 40 million during the past

year. NMNH is committed to assuring that its research is focused and of world pre-eminence, and that its public programs are fully reaching the millions of people who look to the Museum for authoritative information.

PUBLIC IMPACT

Exhibitions - NMNH attendance for FY 2000 increased to 9.5 million visitors, making it the most visited museum in the world. The exceedingly popular Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga premiered in FY 2000 and then traveled to the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, and continues to Los Angeles and Houston in FY 2001. The Museum hosted several photo shows and opened research cases highlighting the work of NMNH scientists. An exhibit to highlight and accompany the FossiLab and Inside NMNH kiosks was installed in the Rotunda to give visitors a behind-the-scenes glimpse of the Museum. In FY 2001, two temporary gem exhibitions opened to the public: Buccellati: Art in Gold, Silver and Gems, featuring the master works of Gianmaria Buccellati, acclaimed Italian silver and goldsmith; and the Dresden Green Diamond, pairing the largest green diamond with the Hope Diamond, the world's largest blue diamond. And finally, Voyages of Discovery, which will open later in FY 2001, is an exhibit of 18 th - and 19 th -century British sea voyages and their impact on our understanding of the world.

Mammals on the Move had a very successful year. Anteaters: Fast Food Specialists, the first exhibit in this particular program, opened at NMNH and will be traveled by Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service to museums as well as non-traditional venues such as libraries, airports, malls, and schools across the nation. Galapagos, the 3D IMAX® film produced by NMNH and featuring NMNH scientist Carole Baldwin, premiered in the Johnson IMAX® Theater, and is playing in IMAX® Theaters worldwide. In FY 2001, the Museum is conducting Electronic Field trips on topics such as sea turtles and Africa. NMNH is also collaborating with Orkin to create The Smithsonian O. Orkin Insect Safari, a traveling extension of the Museum's Insect Zoo that will visit schools, museums and science centers across the United States. It will offer hands-on learning about insects for elementary-age children as well as ideas for classroom and family activities.

FIRST-CLASS SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

Research - In FY 2000, NMNH completed an unprecedented external review of its research activities. Consequently, a new research agenda was formed to realign the Museum to meet the scientific challenges of the first decade of this new century. This resulted in the emergence of an integrated vision linked to pressing scientific and societal needs. The organization of the Museum's science departments will also change, an enormous

undertaking for the world's largest natural history museum, and will reflect a more focused approach to the most appropriate issues. Emphasis will be placed on the earth and planetary sciences and broader views of human culture and human impact on the environment. NMNH will also emphasize understanding the principles of biocomplexity in the natural world, addressing issues in the deep past, through time, as well as in the present, and the natural world as shaped from the strong forces of evolution and systematics.

Research staff published over 500 articles, 60 of which are already widely cited. Examples include three articles in the journal Science, one from a curator in Anthropology who, along with his colleagues, uncovered the oldest known large cutting tools in South China. The cutting tools resemble the handaxes of their African and Eurasian contemporaries in important ways, opening new lines of evidence that cause researchers to revise long-held theories about human history. A second article co-authored by several NMNH scientists demonstrated that a herbivore-host relationship between the beetle and ginger plant has lasted for 66 million years, an important finding in co-evolutionary studies. The third article co-authored by a curator in Mineral Sciences reported the first direct measurement of the composition of an asteroid and provided geologic context for the study of meteorites. In addition, many NMNH scientists' research or commentary appeared in the popular press this year. Dr. Storrs Olson, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, was interviewed by a number of magazines and newspapers regarding Longisquama, a Triassic reptile with unusual primitive feathers. The article has generated a lively debate on the identification of the fossil itself, the process of avian evolution, and the application of hypothesis testing.

MAN A GEMENT EXCELLENCE

Collections - In FY 2000, NMNH began the process of reorienting its activities to serve as an international users facility for its collections. The over 124 million collection objects and biological specimens serve as incomparable data repositories for the world's scientific community, policymakers and the public in gaining new insights into the natural world. To ensure that the information is more easily accessible, in FY 2000 NMNH completed a contract for a new multi-media collections catalogue that will serve as the backbone for capturing all of NMNH's collections data. Relational databases will also allow this information to be used in new and productive ways. Significant progress has also been made on the collections profiling project, where the goal is to assess the status, condition and needs of all NMNH collections as quantitatively as possible. This collections profile was developed to produce an accurate picture of the

collections, and to improve both their care and the efficient use of resources.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM CHANGE - For FY 2002, the request for the National Museum of Natural History is $43,404,000, which includes a decrease of $1,071,000. The decrease includes a reduction of $1,006,000 in salary and other expenses, which will be achieved through various administrative efficiencies and by focusing efforts away from lower priority activities. Also included is a decrease of $65,000 in no-year funding in the exhibition and repatriation line items.

NONAPPROPRIATED RESOURCES - General trust funds provide development support for salaries and benefits, general program costs, and fundraising. Donor/sponsor designated funds support specific exhibitions and research projects. Funds raised for exhibitions include $1.1 million for Vikings and significant funding for The Great Blue Whale Project and the Earth system science exhibition Global Links. One research award is of particular note this year: a Mineral Sciences curator was a co-investigator on a two-year $149,767 grant from National Science Foundation (NSF) focusing on synthesis and microanalytical studies of polycrystalline diamond.

NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK

ABSTRACT -The National Zoological Park (NZP) exhibits a living animal and plant collection and conducts research in conservation biology and reproductive sciences to provide both an educational and recreational environment for the visiting public. NZP strives to be one of the best zoos in the world in terms of animal collections, facilities (including exhibit as well as visitor services), veterinary medicine, reproductive sciences, and visitation. NZP serves the public and specialized audiences by promoting the conservation of life on earth through exhibit graphics, informal and formal education, web site and other outreach programs, research and publication, and animal health programs.

For FY 2002, the estimate includes a net increase of $438,000. This includes a decrease of $530,000, and an increase of $968,000 for necessary pay for existing staff funded in this line item.

PROGRAM - NZP's educational efforts center on biological literacy, with special emphases on evolution, complex adaptive interactions, origins and importance of biodiversity, global change, and the impact of humans on the environment. NZP exhibits a wide range of living animals and plants at its 167-acre facility in Rock Creek Park in Washington DC. It also maintains the Conservation and Research Center as a facility that supports endangered species propagation, conservation, training, and research located on 3,150 acres near Front Royal, Virginia. A highly skilled staff develops, manages and sustains NZP's unique living exhibits and diverse research and education programs, as well as information systems and technology which are now an integral part of all NZP functions. NZP also participates in the International Environmental Science Program, which supports long-term studies of the endangered Golden Lion Tamarin.

FIRST-CLASS SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

Research - NZP plays a pioneering role in applying science to the conservation of wildlife in zoos and in natural landscapes. In the past year, NZP scientists secured over $2 million in grants, and produced over 60 peer-reviewed articles on topics as varied as veterinary care, reproductive technology, reintroduction, small population management, tropical agro-systems, and the management and monitoring of critical natural habitats. These achievements have brought NZP worldwide recognition as a center for scientific excellence in conservation biology.

NZP scientists continue to integrate conservation of migratory birds with tropical agro-systems, particularly coffee and cacao (chocolate). Field research in Peru, Panama, and Mexico refine our understanding of how to grow these crops profitably under a canopy of native trees that support wintering migratory songbirds. The findings help to establish international guidelines for certifying shade-grown coffee in a rapidly expanding marketplace. In some places, such as the Peruvian Andes, this work allows farmers to support their families without growing illegal drugs for export.

PUBLIC IMPACT

Living Exhibits - A pair of young giant pandas arrived at the Zoo in December 2000, and are currently on display to the public. The pandas are on loan from the China Wildlife Conservation Association, and NZP will contribute $10 million over ten years to support the conservation of wild giant pandas in China. The NZP pandas will be the focus of an ambitious, interdisciplinary, broadly collaborative research and training program that will ultimately result in vastly increased understanding of these rare animals and will enhance their conservation in the wild. One of the Zoo's Asian elephants was impregnated by artificial insemination, using a technique developed collaboratively at NZP and other zoos; this is only the 5 th such success thus far. The calf is expected in December 2001. A trio of beavers was born on exhibit. Golden Lion Tamarin twins were born in the free-ranging exhibit on Zoo grounds, and delighted visitors as they explored their natural habitat throughout the summer. The alligator exhibit opened in front of the Reptile House, with an 8 foot-long male basking in front of visitors. Kori bustards and flamingoes produced chicks. Dung beetles went on exhibit in the Invertebrate Hall. Nancy, an African elephant who was a longtime Zoo resident and visitor favorite, died in 2000 after a long illness.

Conservation - NZP staff, in cooperation with the San Diego and St. Louis Zoo staff, completed a detailed three-year biomedical survey of captive giant pandas in an effort to improve breeding in Chinese zoos (March 2000). Five zoo-born Golden Lion Tamarins were reintroduced to the wild in Brazil in 2000, bringing the total reintroduced to 152 since 1984. The reintroduced Tamarins and their offspring now number over 350,

making up about 40% of the wild population of this critically endangered primate species. The reintroduced Tamarins live primarily on private ranches whose owners participate collaboratively in this long-term NZP conservation program.

Zoo staff continue the mapping of one of the last intact grassland ecosystems in the world—the steppes of eastern Mongolia —using a combination of ground surveys, satellite imagery, and geographic information system technologies. Because many of the species native to this region are seasonally migratory, accurate mapping is essential for their long-term conservation. The results will help in the Zoo's efforts to reintroduce Przewalskii's horses to their native habitat in Mongolia.

Education - NZP continues to expand interpretive exhibit programs and public education programs via Friends of the National Zoo and its expanding volunteer staff. Exhibits highlight Smithsonian scientists throughout NZP. NZP continues to expand Latino initiative programs through a Hispanic Festival and collaboration between the Latino Community Center in Washington DC and the Community Science Project of California. In 2000, NZP created a pilot Community Science Center in Washington DC. NZP continued all existing programs including public lectures, special events such as the African American Celebration, research lectures, public demonstrations, film dissemination, publications and field trip guides.

NZP also expanded its professional training and education programs in conservation. Over 200 individuals from 40 countries participated in specialized training courses in the U.S. and abroad, and more than 150 high and middle school teachers received training in establishing hands-on biodiversity monitoring programs for secondary students. Additionally, NZP elementary education programs for students in Northern Virginia reached an estimated 2,650 students in 106 classrooms.

MANAGEMENT EXCELLENCE

Facilities - NZP maintains over 700,000 square feet of facilities on 167 acres at Rock Creek and over 300,000 square feet of facilities on 3,150 acres at Front Royal. Facilities and exhibits include indoor and outdoor space and specialized environments that receive heavy use and wear.

information Technology - Use of latest information technology (IT) is critical to all parts of the NZP mission. An ever growing NZP web site features live coverage of unique zoo events like the activities of the new giant pandas. NZP uses IT for animal collection inventories and monitoring of animal diet and medical histories. Building support systems and all

administrative functions are dependent on IT. A computer-aided facilities management (CAFM) system is improving efficiency, administration and tracking of these activities and costs. This system is consistent with other Smithsonian CAFM systems, and is mission-critical to assure safe facilities for the collection, visitors and staff.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM CHANGE - For FY 2002, the Smithsonian requests $21,471,000 for the National Zoological Park, a decrease of $530,000, which results from the planned closure of the Conservation and Research Center in Front Royal, Virginia. While the Center has been important to the Institution's efforts to breed endangered species for reintroduction into the wild, and has been an important focal point for international conservation training, the funds to support the research and facilities at the level required to make this a truly world-class conservation center have never been sufficient. With a new emphasis at the Zoo on revitalizing the public exhibitions in Washington, and focusing on the reproductive biology of the endangered species that are on public display, the Smithsonian has decided to close down the Center over the next year. Initial savings of $530,000 will be realized in FY 2002. The balance, most of which will not be achieved until FY 2003, will be redirected to support the increased public program activity, including conservation education, and reproductive biology research at the Zoo in Washington, and to one of the Institution's centers of excellence to support research in the life sciences. This action also reduces the overall Repair, Restoration and Alteration requirements for the buildings and roads at the Front Royal site, which can be applied to the needs at the Zoo's Washington DC facilities.

NONAPPROPRIATED RESOURCES - General trust funds support salaries and benefits of personnel, general support, fund raising, outreach, and acquisitions. Donor/sponsor designated funds support costs related to specific programs and projects, such as conservation, research, and training. Government grants and contracts support research. In addition, NZP education, visitor services, and volunteer programs are funded almost exclusively with non-appropriated funds.

SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY

ABSTRACT - The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) conducts research to increase understanding of the origin and nature of the universe and to communicate this information through publications, teaching, and public presentations.

For FY 2002, the estimate includes a net increase of $164,000. This includes a decrease of $513,000, and an increase of $677,000 for necessary pay for existing staff funded in this line item.

PROGRAM - SAO studies diverse systems, including the large-scale structure of the universe, clusters of galaxies, quasars, the sun, and planets. SAO also conducts research in laboratory astrophysics, atmospheric physics, geophysics, and pre-college science education. SAO research has a major impact in the worldwide scientific community and has helped the United States maintain worldwide leadership in science. SAO is a member of the Center for Astrophysics (CfA) headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with facilities including the Fred L. Whipple Observatory in Arizona, the Oak Ridge Observatory in Massachusetts, the Submillimeter Array under construction in Hawaii, a millimeter wave radio telescope in Cambridge, and instruments launched aboard balloons, rockets, and spacecraft.

PUBLIC IMPACT

Public Outreach - The research activities of SAO continued to receive wide public attention via the press, media, and electronic forums. SAO's name was credited in 79 print and online media articles during FY2000. The MMT telescope and SAO staff were featured on a Nova TV broadcast; the Chandra X-ray Center in Cambridge issued 30 press releases in FY 2000, 15 of which were published by print media. The seven public web sites at SAO received a total of about 80 million hits in FY 2000; in the last quarter

alone over half a million distinct users logged on to learn about SAO activities, astronomy, and astrophysics.

Education - In FY 2000, SAO staff continued to develop innovative curricula and materials for pre-college students and teachers. The most important is the MicroObservatory project, a network of five automated, CCD-based telescopes accessible over the Internet by 450 teachers in 50 schools across 20 states, serving about 13,500 classroom students. FY 2000 was the first year of nationwide marketing of SAO's discovery-based, hands-on curriculum for grades 3-8, which is already being used by at least 20,000 students in more than 700 classrooms. SAO scientists also played the central role in four new graphics-rich books in Turnstone Press's supplementary science curriculum materials for the K-12 market. SAO's video and television shows this year included Surprises in Mind on the teaching of pre-college mathematics and a pilot of the SportSmarts series which featured the science of running in the Boston Marathon and was broadcast on local commercial television. In addition, SAO continued to run the Annenberg television channel 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, for pre-college teachers.

FIRST-CLASS SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

Research - The Chandra X-ray Observatory and the Chandra X-ray Science Center, both operated by SAO for NASA, obtained, analyzed, and archived data from the telescope and made them available to the world's astronomical community, and to the public, via their two active web sites. During FY 2000, SAO scientists using Chandra have made the most detailed x-ray images ever of violent regions in the universe and discovered superbubbles of very hot gas within colliding galaxies; x-ray flares from small, failed stars; x-rays emanating from a comet; and one mid-mass black hole that may represent the missing link between smaller stellar black holes and the supermassive variety found at the centers of galaxies. This last discovery has opened a whole new field of research.

The Submillimeter-Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS), proposed by SAO, built under SAO's guidance, and operated by SAO for NASA, had an entire issue of the Astrophysica/ Journal Letters dedicated to presenting its first year's results. These included the discoveries that water is very common in the regions between stars and that, by contrast, molecular oxygen is undetectable there. SWAS also found a substantial amount of water in the atmosphere of Mars.

The new 6.5-meter Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT) at the Whipple Observatory on Mt. Hopkins, Arizona, had its first light this year, successfully looking at celestial objects. All systems performed according to

expectations. The Submillimeter Array (SMA) on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, successfully completed its first performance tests with the initial two telescopes; it also successfully incorporated a third telescope into the system, thereby achieving a key milestone of fully synchronized operation.

SAO scientists continue to be leaders in the field of cosmology, especially through taking part in the recent discovery that the universe may be accelerating its expansion due to a repulsive component to gravity. A new technique for calibrating the distances to galaxies was also developed this past year. A landmark study of our Milky Way galaxy was completed in FY 2000. This 20-year program to image the entire galaxy in unprecedented clarity, by mapping its clouds of gas, was completed and submitted for publication.

SAO scientists this year discovered several new planets around other, nearby stars, including one Jupiter-sized planet, and achieved the first detection of a new planet by spotting it passing across the face of its star. This latter discovery opens a new and very fruitful means to learn about other planets and their stars. In addition, a class of objects intermediate in size between stars and planets, called brown dwarfs, was detected in the Orion nebula. Some very newly formed stars were observed in the process of collapsing and others were found to have disks or rings of material around them, with compositions resembling that of our own solar system at the time of its formation. These results will deepen our understanding of the formation and evolution of our solar system.

In FY 2000, SAO astronomers studying our solar system discovered two new moons of Jupiter, a new moon of Saturn, and found x-ray emissions emanating from a comet. SAO's solar scientists watched from the TRACE spacecraft as the sun's activity rose to the peak of its 11-year solar cycle. New models of the solar activity based on these observations promise to help predict storms of charged space particles that strike the Earth.

SAO contributions to the national scientific agenda were highlighted by a report of the National Academy of Sciences on priorities for the next 10 years of United States astronomy. Four out of nineteen recommended national priorities in that report are based on initiatives in which SAO plays major roles. A study of the most important astronomy papers of the decade listed prominent SAO contributions, including two of the top 10 papers. Another study of the most widely cited astronomers in the world (considering work from 1981-1997) found that the one with the highest number of citations is an SAO scientist. Scholars across the Smithsonian

Institution itself, in all disciplines, honored an SAO astronomer as the first Secretary's Distinguished Lecturer.

MANAGEMENT EXCELLENCE

Administration and Information Technology - SAO made several changes in its organization at the start of FY 2001 to improve administrative efficiency. The SAO science education department assumed responsibility for public information and outreach activities and the SAO computation facility took on responsibility for management information systems. SAO's computation facility also implemented an advanced level of network security for all of its Unix systems, further insuring a safe and reliable, yet friendly, computing environment. During the course of FY 2001, further improvements and installations will extend the security level to additional platforms and user situations.

FINANCIAL STRENGTH

Grants and Contracts - Government contracts and grants provide support for research in SAO's areas of expertise and experience, which is often carried out in cooperation with both governmental and academic institutions in the United States and abroad. Approximately $56 million in grants and contracts, competitively awarded to SAO scientists and educators, were used in FY 2000 to fund much of the above research. These awards are almost always the result of intense, peer-reviewed competition between teams from around the country, and sometimes around the world.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM CHANGE - For FY 2002, the request for the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory is $20,546,000, which includes a decrease of $513,000. Savings will result from implementing various administrative efficiencies, and by focusing efforts away from lower priority activities.

NONAPPROPRIATED RESOURCES - General trust funds provide some of the support for research, fellowships, and business expenses. Overhead from grants and contracts provide partial support for salaries and benefits of personnel and general operations.

SMITHSONIAN CENTER FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH AND

EDUCATION

ABSTRACT - With the Secretary's charge to select a limited number of scientific areas of excellence, the Under Secretary for Science initiated a review of all science activities, their relevance to national and Institutional priorities and goals, unique expertise or resources available to the Smithsonian, and the quality of the research conducted. Although the scientific work performed at the Center has been favorably reviewed, it is not one of the selected areas on which the Smithsonian has decided to focus its resources. Therefore, a decision has been made to close the Center.

For FY 2002, the estimate includes a decrease of 36 FTEs and $1,369,000, which results from the closure of the Center.

PROGRAM - The Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education (SCMRE) was established in 1963 to develop information to assist in the preservation of museum objects. In the 1 960s, the then Conservation Analytical Laboratory conducted analysis, treatment, restoration, and preservation of objects in the national collections. Since that time, the laboratory has become a major research facility for analysis of materials from which museum objects are made, to better inform collections preservation. The Center is also well known for its training programs and technical information on conservation provided to museum conservation professionals.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM CHANGE - For FY 2002, the request for the Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education is $1,860,000, a decrease of 36 FTEs and $1,369,000, resulting from the closure of the Center. There will be a 3/4-year savings in the first year and full savings in the second year.

The Center is being closed because SCMRE staff do not carry out conservation work on Smithsonian collections: most of the museums have their own specialized conservation laboratories designed and staffed to treat their particular collections, such as works on paper, paintings, and anthropological specimens. While the analytical research carried out by SCMRE provides important services to the museum community around the world, the Smithsonian has chosen to place its scientific emphasis on those programs that utilize its unique resources, including the astrophysical observatories, the National collections, and the marine network with stations along the Atlantic Ocean and coastal tributaries from Edgewater, Maryland, to the Republic of Panama. Therefore, the Institution plans to close the Center by December 31, 2001.

NONAPPROPRIATED RESOURCES - General trust funds have provided support for research and education activities. Donor/sponsor designated funds have provided support for costs related to specific programs and projects. Government grants and contracts have provided support for special projects that use SCMRE's expertise and experience.

SMITHSONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER

ABSTRACT - The Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) undertakes research on the ecological dynamics of estuaries and coastal systems and human impact on the environment. Utilizing its core site on Chesapeake Bay, comparative research is undertaken at sites across the U.S. and abroad. Research findings are communicated to diverse regional and national audiences through a variety of public and professional training programs.

For FY 2002, the estimate includes a net increase of $54,000. This includes a decrease of $84,000, and an increase of $138,000 for necessary pay for existing staff funded in this line item.

PROGRAM - More than 70 percent of the world's population resides in the coastal zone, and the interactions between humans and their environment in this area will increasingly have profound effects on human sustainability, economics, public health, and ecosystem integrity. SERC's unique position at the land-water margin of the nation's largest estuary, Chesapeake Bay, allows its staff and hundreds of other visiting scientists to investigate interconnections of aquatic, terrestrial and atmospheric components of complex landscapes. These studies are then compared on regional, continental, and global scales. For improved stewardship of the biosphere, SERC's research provides data, publications, and expert consultation in support of conservation, environmental policy, and management of natural resources. Working collaboratively with scientists throughout the U.S. and around the world, SERC also trains future generations of scientists to address significant environmental issues of concern to the nation and the globe. SERC's public education programs provide a unique and authoritative voice on both the active process of research and the delineation of important environmental issues.

FIRST-CLASS SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

Research - During FY 2000, SERC scientists and collaborators published 43 research papers on ecological dynamics and human interaction with the environment. Several of these papers were highlighted in the international arena:

Completion of an eight-paper series summarizing a 30-year data set on nutrient flows from the Chesapeake Bay watershed into the Bay. The series establishes the vital role that nutrients play in the productivity of the Bay and the role that other chemicals have as a controlling factor in inhibiting ecosystem richness.

• A paper in the prestigious journal Nature drew attention to the global inoculation of bacteria and viruses —including human cholera —into coastal ecosystems by the transfer of ballast water in commercial ships. SERC's role as the world's leading center for the study of biological invasions in coastal systems was further underscored by another major paper critically analyzing the patterns and pathways of biological invaders into coastal systems. This work, done in collaboration with the U.S. Coast Guard, is designed to develop regulations which will guide and protect U.S. coastal areas from the unintended introduction of alien species, now considered a major economic problem in the U.S. and abroad.

Research continues in Maryland and Florida on the effects of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide on plant growth, and was the subject of the cover photograph and lead paper in the prestigious journal Global Change Biology.

Two SERC biologists were recipients of biocomplexity awards from the National Science Foundation in the first-ever national competition. One grant focuses on mangrove communities in Belize and their important role as a coastal resource, and the second focuses on the role that migratory birds play across broad landscapes.

SERC sponsored and organized several major national and international meetings during FY 2000 that focused on topical environmental issues. In FY 2000, SERC organized on behalf of the entire Smithsonian Institution a workshop on meta-data standards to ensure that all biological data at the Smithsonian meet the National Biological Information Infrastructure standards for access by both researchers and the public.

PUBLIC IMPACT

Education - SERC focused its public education on both a regional and national level in FY 2000. Approximately 10,000 public visitors came to SERC to participate in its public programs. Over 30,000 visitors viewed SERC's traveling exhibition, Tales of the Blue Crab. Over a hundred teachers from Maryland, Virginia, New York, Delaware, West Virginia, Pennsylvania and the District of Columbia participated in teacher workshops. SERC scientists presented 250 lectures for scientists and resource managers in local, state, federal and international agencies and governments. SERC substantially revised its web site in FY 2000, including review of web site content and security, data base access tools, site testing and modification. Some of the more visible products which emerged included pages on a traveling exhibition and pages that deal with stream water quality, forest ecology, protistan ecology, water quality of estuaries, global change and table of contents for SERC data sets. There was a major rise in web site hits in the past year, with over 1,767,000 hits from 55,238 unique URLs. In the area of professional training, SERC sponsored 28 graduate and postdoctoral students from 9 states and six other countries. Of these, 42% were women and 15% minorities. During the same period, SERC trained 28 college interns from 13 states and 3 other countries. This group consisted of 82% women and 10% minorities.

Public Outreach - FY 2000 was SERC's 35 th anniversary, which led to increased visitation throughout the year. The past year brought increased philanthropic resources for SERC for both research and education. SERC also continued to sponsor a highly successful and visible evening lecture series at its education center, and a special anniversary lecture featuring National Science Medalist Jared Diamond drew over 500 citizens.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM CHANGE - The FY 2002 request for the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center is $3,391,000, which includes a decrease of $84,000. Savings will result from implementing various administrative efficiencies, and by focusing efforts away from lower priority activities.

NONAPPROPRIATED RESOURCES - General trust funds provide support for fundraising and intern and fellowship programs. Donor/sponsor designated funds provide critical operating support related to specific programs and projects in research, public education and professional training. Government grants and contracts provide operating support for the bulk of SERC's research programs that use the expertise of the staff to meet national and international goals for environmental research and education. Sponsored research has continued to grow at SERC, with the multi-year total of current grants now at $9.4 million.

SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE

ABSTRACT - The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) is the world's premier institute for basic research in the tropics. With the termination of the 1977 Panama Canal Treaties, STRI is now the largest U.S. presence in Panama. It is also the only major research institute with a focus on marine and terrestrial biology located in the continental American tropics. STRI has a unique history with the Republic of Panama that spans more than 75 years. Its facilities in Panama include a leading research library for tropical studies, well-equipped research stations and laboratories on both the Pacific and Caribbean coasts, modern molecular facilities, canopy access systems on both coasts, and a 97-foot research vessel. These facilities provide access to tropical forests and near-shore marine settings, including coral reefs, and enable scientists and students affiliated with STRI to conduct world-class research in the areas of ecology, evolution, and behavior, including anthropology.

For FY 2002, the estimate includes a net increase of $141,000. This includes a decrease of $263,000, which will be achieved through efficiencies, and an increase of $404,000 for necessary pay for existing staff funded in this line item.

PROGRAM - Under the umbrella of its Center for Tropical Forest Science (CTFS), STRI maintains a unique network of 17 tropical forest plots in 14 nations where studies underway will improve understanding of the maintenance, management, and conservation of tropical forests. The Smithsonian's Biological Diversity of Forest Fragments Project, a collaborative program between the Smithsonian and Brazil's National Institute for Amazonian Research, studies the process of habitat fragmentation in the Amazon Basin, and in FY 2000 came under the administrative umbrella of STRI's CTFS. In FY 2000, STRI successfully

established a specific employment program applicable to those Smithsonian employees covered by the labor laws of Panama. This change was necessitated by the termination of the Panama Canal Treaties on December 31, 1999. As a result, STRI was able to retain the custodianship of the Barro Colorado Nature Monument, a reserve and research station established in 1923. The Institute maintains a core of staff scientists and provides world-class facilities throughout the Isthmus of Panama that were used in FY 2000 by 606 visiting researchers from 109 institutions in 37 countries, and from 35 states.

F/RST-CLASS SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

Research - While the largest number of species and the most spectacular variety of life on Earth are found in the tropics, most scientists live and work in temperate regions. STRI is the only US-funded institution that attempts to redress this imbalance. Thirty-five resident scientists provide the core on which much of the research is based, along with hundreds of visiting scientists and students each year. Research at STRI concentrates on the study of ecology and evolution of terrestrial and marine tropical organisms. Though largely devoted to basic research, the knowledge generated also contributes to management, policy and applied decisions. One example of this is the International Cooperative Biodiversity Group Project sponsored by the National Institutes of Health. The results of STRI studies on plant-insect interactions over a period of decades is being used to help pinpoint those rainforest plants most likely to contain pharmaceutically active chemical compounds.

Exploration of the causes of tropical diversity is revealing ways in which tropical habitats affect the rest of the planet, because the tropics are major sources and sinks of carbon dioxide, the major greenhouse gas. Physiological responses of plants to elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide are under study both in highly controlled experimental chambers and in open-air large-scale enriched environments. Long-term records of climatic conditions, reproductive rhythms, and population changes in plants and animals provide baselines that allow the assessment of sudden and human-induced events, such as the effects of disease, oil spills, or the invasion of Africanized honeybees. Large forest plots in which all woody plants have been identified, tagged, and mapped allow each sapling to be followed through time, thus providing information on growth and survivorship. A global network of such plots has been established in 14 countries, and is contributing to the study of the basic processes that determine biodiversity in each tropical location. Tropical forest canopies, one of the least explored habitats on earth, are being studied with the aid of construction tower cranes.

In evolutionary time-scales, the diversity of organisms is generated by the formation of new species. The Isthmus of Panama, a barrier that isolated Atlantic from Pacific marine populations 3 million years ago, is an ideal setting for studying how one species splits into two. An international team led by STRI scientists is intensively studying the geology of this monumental event, and its evolutionary consequences on the molecular, behavioral and ecological level. To understand marine evolutionary events in Panama and other natural barriers, phylogenetic studies of tropical marine organisms in the entire tropical marine realm are being based on DNA sequences generated in STRI's molecular laboratories. This knowledge is necessary not only for theoretical reasons but for sound management of declining coral reef resources.

The most important factor affecting the tropics is human activity. STRI anthropologists are studying the effects of prehistoric tropical societies on both terrestrial and marine organisms. This study is carried out through traditional archaeological methods that have revealed information about human societies and their cultures and also through paleoecological methods that have assessed the effects of human settlement on floral composition through ingenious methods of recognizing plant remains. The information gathered from past societies is of direct relevance to predictions of future trends.

In FY 2000, STRI underwent an external evaluation by a committee of leading international scientists from the U.S. and Europe who determined that STRI was the best among the hundreds of tropical research stations around the world. In the areas of ecology, evolution, behavior and anthropology, STRI was judged to be at the level of scientific excellence and productivity of the top five departments in U.S. universities. The productivity of staff scientists, visiting researchers, and fellows is evidenced by their numerous scholarly publications, including papers featured on the covers of the leading scientific journals such as Science and Nature.

PUBLIC IMPACT

Education/Outreach - STRI supports the development of aspiring tropical biologists through fellowships and internships, and promotes greater public understanding and awareness of the importance and fragility of the tropical flora, fauna, and cultures. In FY 2000, 38 fellows and 50 interns were supported at STRI, 31 percent with Institutional funds and the remainder from grants to scientists or to the Institute. In addition, STRI provides logistical support for several tropical field programs in Panama run by institutions in North America: the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, the Organization of Tropical Studies, and McGill University.

STRI's main public outreach programs are directed at members of the community and visitors to Panama. Programs include guided tours five days per week to the Barro Colorado Nature Monument, daily visits by school groups and the general public to STRI's Marine Exhibition Center, educational visits to STRI's Galeta Marine Laboratory and to public exhibits on view at STRI's Tupper Exhibit Hall. In FY 2000, nearly 50,000 persons participated in these public programs. STRI has revised its web site and included exhibits and news capsules on its research programs. To contribute to U.S. education, STRI participated in the production of a series of four children's resource books for middle schools students on tropical forests. STRI scientists also provided advice and information for television programs and documentaries. These outreach programs provide an important avenue to ensure that the Institute's research is understood and appreciated by the public, and that its work sites are protected for the future.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM CHANGE - The FY 2002 request for the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute is $10,581,000, which includes a decrease of $263,000. Savings will result from implementing various administrative efficiencies, and by focusing efforts away from lower priority activities.

NONAPPROPRIATED RESOURCES - General trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel. In addition, these funds provide general support for research, fellowships, publications, and fund raising. Donor/sponsor designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects, such as research and the purchase of scientific equipment. Government grants and contracts provide support for research, internships, and symposia.

OUTREACH

ABSTRACT - Through a coordinated national outreach program, the Institution plans to expand the presence of the Smithsonian Institution across the nation and expose the entire country to the rich heritage of the American people. This national outreach effort will greatly expand roles for the four programs that provide the critical mass of Smithsonian outreach activity: the Smithsonian Affiliations (SA), the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES), The Smithsonian Associates (TSA), and the Smithsonian Center for Education and Museum Studies (SCEMS). This line item also includes the National Science Resources Center (NSRC) Office of Fellowships, and Smithsonian Institution Press (SIP).

For FY 2002, the Smithsonian requests a net increase of $1,853,000 for outreach. The FY 2002 estimate includes decreases of 2 FTEs and $1 51,000 for SITES, 2 FTEs and $200,000 for the Office of Fellowships, $4,000 for NSRC, and $37,000 for SIP. It also includes an increase of 4 FTEs and $1,950,000 for programmatic increases in Smithsonian Affiliations, Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, The Smithsonian Associates, and Smithsonian Center for Education and Museum Services associated with this outreach initiative. The estimate also includes an increase of $295,000 for necessary pay for existing staff funded in this line item. The Institution requests that $1,225,000 of the request remain available until expended.

PROGRAM - The national outreach program will enable the Institution to support community-based cultural and educational organizations around the country; ensure a vital, recurring, and high-impact Smithsonian presence in all 50 states; increase connections between the Institution and targeted audiences (African American, Asian American, Latino, Native American, and new American); and ensure kindergarten through college age museum education and outreach opportunities in the communities.

PUBLIC IMPACT

Smithsonian Affiliations - Smithsonian Affiliations (SA) was begun in 1996 as a long-term, collections loan program that under Secretary Small has become a program that establishes long-term relationships with communities throughout the country. The program provides opportunities for the Smithsonian to achieve collaboration with local museums and educational organizations in ways that previously had not been possible.

SA is building consortia with museums in major metropolitan areas and is forming national alliances with diverse cultural communities across the United States. Smithsonian affiliations tripled in size from 22 affiliates to 65 affiliates during 2000. Conservative estimates indicate that 6.2 million guests annually visit the affiliate museums.

SA has also begun an internship and fellowship program with affiliate museums throughout the country that will create additional opportunities for collaboration and program sharing. Finally, SA has begun several revenue-generating programs that include an affiliate membership program and a line of co-branded merchandise. In the first quarter of FY 2001, nine affiliates actively began developing materials to take advantage of this new initiative.

Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service - The

Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) circulates exhibitions to cities and towns all across America. Every year, nearly 5 million people take advantage of these programs, visiting SITES shows in their own local museums, science centers, libraries, historical societies, zoos, aquariums, municipal buildings, and schools. The exhibitions, which reach as many rural communities in small-town America as they do in large cities, feature collections and research findings from every Smithsonian museum. For many, these exhibitions are once-in-a-lifetime opportunities to experience the scope and vitality of the "nation's museum" firsthand.

A total of 43 SITES exhibitions circulated in FY 2000, reaching 202 cities and towns from coast-to-coast. Six new shows will be among the 49 that travel in FY 2001 to 215 locations. SITES, in partnership with state humanities councils, brings the Smithsonian to small-town America through a program called Museum on Main Street (MOMS). Rural communities have welcomed these exhibitions not only because they combat cultural isolation, but also because they foster increased volunteerism, local philanthropy and tourism throughout entire geographic regions. The demand for MOMS programs far exceeds the ability of SITES to bring these exhibitions to all areas that request them. With only two shows in circulation, 19 towns in 6

states were able to participate in the MOMS program in FY 2000. While a third exhibition will be issued in FY 2001, adding 61 communities and 11 states as MOMS participants in that year, the total number of available exhibitions will continue to fall short of community expectations.

In FY 2000, SITES received a $75,000 grant from the Hearst Foundation to support Museum on Main Street programs; a gift of $675,000 from PepsiCo to produce the exhibition In the Spirit of Martin: The Life and Legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King; and a gift of $525,000 to produce the exhibition Wade in the Water.

In FY 2002, SITES will issue two traveling versions of A Glorious Burden, the Institution's landmark exhibition about the American Presidency. Another show will use live video feed to introduce visitors outside of Washington, DC to the giant pandas recently acquired by the National Zoo. Wade in the Water, an exhibition about African American sacred music, will be the first SITES show to travel on gallery vans — specially outfitted trucks that will make short-term stops at schools nationwide. Two other music exhibits, Jazz En Clave and Corridos, will explore Hispanic cultural traditions. Also, the National Air and Space Museum's popular Star Wars exhibition will circulate through FY 2002, complementing two other SITES shows about space exploration.

The Smithsonian Associates - The Smithsonian Associates (TSA) develops and delivers high-quality public activities such as lectures, performances, studio arts classes, multi-week educational courses, in-depth seminars, and live theater for children that extend the vast intellectual resources of the Smithsonian Institution to the American people. These public programs focus on the people who are shaping contemporary culture and scholarship. The subjects covered reflect the enormous diversity of the Institution, ranging from art history to zoology, and attract audiences that are diverse in age, ethnicity, and background. TSA also provides Study Tour programs for both national and international activities.

In FY 2000, TSA activities included Smithsonian Week in Long Beach, CA, during which Smithsonian experts presented programs in schools, libraries, museums and other community venues; Musica de las Americas, a five-part series in which outstanding performers, including singer Celia Cruz and pianist/composer Chuchu Valdes, discussed and performed Latin music styles; and a study voyage, Alaska Inside Passage for Families, designed for grandparents, parents and children.

TSA activities in 2001 include The American Century, an array of 25 different programs highlighting key aspects of the 20 th century, including an

all-day seminar on the role of the White House Chiefs of Staff with seven of those who have held the position; a three-city Smithsonian Voices of Discovery program that will bring Smithsonian experts into communities that have not had a considerable Smithsonian presence; and three tours featuring native cultures of the Southwest, led by staff members from the National Museum of the American Indian.

Activities planned for FY 2002 include a six-city Smithsonian Voices of Discovery program that will bring Smithsonian experts into communities that have not had considerable Smithsonian presence; an array of programs exploring creativity, some focusing on biological courses including new findings in brain research, with others exploring the myriad ways in which creativity is expressed; a pilot program taking Discovery Theater, which presents live performances for youngsters, on the road; and a month-long study voyage recreating the 1899 Harriman Expedition from Prince Rupert, British Columbia to Nome, Alaska, which amassed a wealth of science data.

The Smithsonian Center for Education and Museum Studies - The

Smithsonian Center for Education and Museum Studies (SCEMS) is the Institution's leader in museum education. The Center develops programs, writes publications, and researches effective museum practices. These ideas are used to enhance visits to the Smithsonian and to museums and other cultural institutions across the United States. The Center's initiatives increase the Smithsonian's public impact through national outreach.

In FY 2000, SCEMS launched a central Smithsonian education web site. SCEMS designed the site, Field Trips and Learning Resources, to meet the needs of educators seeking information and professional development opportunities at the Smithsonian. Educators can search for field-trip ideas, lessons, and educational products by subject and grade level. In the first quarter of FY 2001, about 200,000 unique visitors spent an average of 1 5 minutes on this web site. SCEMS will use the site to build the Institution's national audience of educators by enrolling subscribers, communicating with them regularly, and marketing to target groups. During the next two years, SCEMS will continue to expand programming and publications to reach a more diverse audience through a central web site, publications distributed in all fifty states, and workshops conducted regionally. SCEMS also offers a Diversity, Leadership & Museums Seminar for museum professionals and regional and Smithsonian-based workshops for professionals at American Indian cultural sites.

In FY 2001, SCEMS developed programs to celebrate Hispanic and American Indian Heritage Months. One of the programs, Three Worlds, One Heart, was a teen writer workshop paid for by the Latino Initiatives Fund.

Over 100 students and teachers read books by Salvadoran authors, met the authors and discussed their works, and shared samples of their own writing. SCEMS conducted Teachers' Night at the Smithsonian in October 2000. More than two thousand educators, representing fifteen states and four countries, visited thirty museum exhibitors, viewed IMAX screenings, observed demonstrations, and listened to storytellers.

In the first quarter of FY 2001, SCEMS collaborated with the Department of Education in Queensland, Australia on teacher professional development and a student/teacher web site. The two Smithsonian-sponsored Washington DC magnet schools will work with four schools in Queensland, Australia. Finally, SCEMS provided oversight for the Smithsonian's internship program, providing fall internships for over 200 college students.

In FY 2002, SCEMS will expand programming and publications to reach more people from across the United States and from under-served populations.

National Science Resources Center - The National Science Resources Center (NSRC) works to improve the quality of science education in the nation's elementary and secondary schools. NSRC has been working closely with the National Science Foundation (NSF) in the planning and operation of its science education reform efforts, and the Education and Human Resources Directorate of the NSF has provided support for NSRC programs. NSRC meets regularly with the Elementary and Secondary Informal Education Division of NSF to coordinate NSRC program efforts with the work of the other NSF Dissemination and Implementation Centers that are working to improve science education in school districts throughout the nation. NSRC's programs place a special emphasis on stimulating an interest in science among women and minorities, and on assisting school districts that serve large numbers of minority students. NSRC supports systemic science education reform efforts in communities across the nation through its materials development, information dissemination, and outreach programs. All NSRC programs stress the involvement and collaboration of teachers, scientists, and engineers from business and industry, as well as academia, in the development and implementation of NSRC programs.

NSRC's Science and Technology for Children (STC) is a complete classroom science education program for grades one through six, which uses simple, inexpensive materials to teach science through hands-on investigations. NSRC is developing a Science and Technology Concepts for Middle Schools project for grades seven and eight. NSRC's information dissemination activities are designed to make information on high-quality

science curriculum materials and related resources accessible to teachers, administrators, and scientists working to improve science education. NSRC is also developing a web site to enable local school districts to access information and resources often not otherwise available.

NSRC's outreach programs provide science education leadership development and technical assistance. Since 1989, NSRC has sponsored 33 Science Education Leadership Institutes with attendance from over 497 school districts located in 45 states and Puerto Rico. NSRC has begun a five-year Leadership and Assistance for Science Education Reform initiative that, through partnerships, will provide a comprehensive program of science education training programs, publications, and technical assistance to 300 school districts nationwide.

Office of Fellowships - The Office of Fellowships manages the Institution's active fellowship and internship programs and approve all stipend appointments. One of the Office's primary objectives is the facilitation of the Smithsonian's scholarly interactions with students and scholars at universities, museums, and other research institutions around the world.

The fellowship programs, such as the Latino Studies Fellowship Program and the Smithsonian Institution Fellowship Program, provide students and scholars with opportunities to pursue independent research projects in association with members of the Smithsonian professional research staff. The internship programs, such as the Minority Internships and Native American internships, are a prearranged, structured learning experience that is relevant to the interns' academic and professional goals, and to research and museum activities of the Institution.

Smithsonian Institution Press - The Smithsonian Institution Press produces and disseminates the highest quality scholarship and research to academic and educated lay readers through the publication of well-crafted books in fields reflecting the research and collections strengths of the Smithsonian Institution. Publishing fields of particular strength include American studies, air and space studies, anthropology and archaeology, the natural sciences, and museum studies. During fiscal year 2000, books of particular note included The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals, Tupperware: The Promise of Plastic in 1950s America, Snow in America, The Stone Carvers: Master Craftsmen of Washington National Cathedral, Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, and The American Presidency: A Glorious Burden. The latter two were both developed in association with Smithsonian exhibits.

Smithsonian Institution Press won 27 book awards in FY 2000, including the prestigious ASCAP Deems-Taylor Book Award for Making People's Music, and the Outstanding Reference Source Award from the American Library Association for Venomous Reptiles of North America.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM CHANGE - The FY 2002 request for Outreach is $9,168,000, which includes decreases of 2 FTEs and $1 51,000 for SITES, 2 FTEs and $200,000 for the Office of Fellowships, $4,000 for NSRC, and $37,000 for SIP. Two SITES positions currently assigned to manage the International Gallery will be eliminated, beginning in FY 2001. Also beginning in FY 2001, administration of the Fellowships program will be consolidated as part of the Institution's overall restructuring of science programs. Savings at NSRC and SIP will result from undertaking efficiencies and focusing efforts away from lower priority activities.

The Smithsonian requests an increase of 4 FTEs and $1,950,000 for programmatic increases associated with the new outreach initiative. The increase will be used for the following:

Smithsonian Affiliations (4 FTEs and $650,000) - The Smithsonian requests $650,000 in new funding to build a base to administer a national program for establishing long-term relationships with communities throughout the United States. This is the Smithsonian's first federal request to support the Affiliations program. The request includes funding for four positions, which are required to effectively plan, produce, coordinate, promote, and administer these long-term relationships. They include support for web site, computer and data communications, as well as administrative and financial management support for the Affiliations program.

Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service ($900,000) - The

Smithsonian requests $900,000 in no-year funds to increase Smithsonian outreach in rural America through Museum on Main Street (MOMS) exhibitions and for the development and deployment of traveling exhibitions of treasures from the Institution's vast collections.

The request includes $500,000 to provide MOMS exhibitions. The limited cultural resources available to rural parts of the country have resulted in an increased demand for MOMS programs. That demand far exceeds the supply. Through MOMS, small-town America will continue to reap the benefit of high quality exhibitions, collections, and educational programs at both the state and local levels.

The request also includes $400,000 to support the rapid deployment of traveling exhibitions that contain artifacts from the Institution's

storehouse of more than 140 million objects. With hundreds of new Affiliate museums seeking to showcase the Smithsonian in their own communities and the attendance figures for SITES exhibitions growing at record rates, the need to increase the availability of Smithsonian collections continues to grow. This increase would enable SITES to create traveling exhibition templates, each of which would be able to accommodate the ongoing rotation and constant circulation of Smithsonian artifacts now in storage.

The Institution requests that these funds ($900,000) remain available until expended.

Other Outreach Activities ($400,000) - An additional $325,000 in no-year funds is requested to augment support for outreach activities of The Smithsonian Associates (TSA) and the Institution's museums. Through a broad array of public programs, TSA and the Smithsonian's museums extend the vast intellectual resources of the Institution to the American people, offering unique opportunities for lifelong learning. These funds will be used by TSA and the museums to support additional community-based outreach activities and programs around the country, using Smithsonian scholars, scientists, researchers, and historians.

The Institution requests that these funds ($325,000) remain available until expended.

An additional $75,000 in new funding is requested for the Smithsonian Center for Education and Museum Studies (SCEMS), to increase public impact by offering educational programs in every region of the country. With this increase, SCEMS will offer twelve additional regional programs targeting museum professionals and educators who use museum resources. Program participants will be able to implement Smithsonian program ideas in their local museums and schools, reaching thousands of people who may never visit our museums in Washington DC.

NONAPPROPRIATED RESOURCES - General trust funds provide support to defray the costs of staff salaries and benefits, fundraising, exhibition design and production, publications, materials, outside specialists, and contractual services. Donor/sponsored designated funds provide support for costs related to specific projects and programs.

COMMUNICATIONS

ABSTRACT - The Smithsonian's communications programs promote the building of academic, scholarly, and community-based ties with the public and institutions throughout the nation. This line item includes the Office of Public Affairs, the Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center, and Smithsonian Productions.

For FY 2002, the estimate includes a net increase of $45,000. This includes a decrease of 3 FTEs and $6,000 for Smithsonian Productions, and an increase of $51,000 for necessary pay for existing staff funded in this line item.

PUBLIC IMPACT

PROGRAM - Office of Public Affairs (OPA) - OPA, in the Office of Communications, acquaints the public and staff with the programs and policies of the Institution through a variety of publications and by working with newspapers, magazines, television, and radio to gain media exposure for its exhibits, public events, and research. Publications issued by OPA include a visitor information brochure in seven languages; Smithsonian Access, for disabled visitors; a series of four brochures describing resources for African American, Latino, Native American and Asian Pacific American audiences; a quarterly newsletter, Research Reports; the monthly employee newspaper The Torch; and a biweekly newsletter with news for staff. OPA produces Smithsonian Year, the Institution's annual report, in conjunction with the Smithsonian Institution Press, and a monthly full-page advertisement in The Washington Post on events and exhibitions around the Institution. A major goal of OPA is to encourage culturally diverse audiences to take advantage of the many resources of the Smithsonian.

Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center (VIARC) - The

Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center seeks both to broaden

the public's knowledge, appreciation, and enjoyment of the Smithsonian and to facilitate and promote participation in its programs and activities. As a central support organization and the principal contact point for information about the Institution, VIARC's work is carried out through: the Internet; the Smithsonian Information Center; 14 information/member reception desks; response services for public and member mail, telephone, and electronic inquiries; outreach to the tourism industry; outdoor way-finding stations; and volunteer programs that provide primary support for the Institution's public information activities and for staff project assistance behind the scenes.

During FY 2000, VIARC's content areas on the Web received three million hits and 300,000 visitor sessions monthly. More than 1.8 million visitors were served in the Smithsonian Information Center; over 260,000 telephone inquiries and over 34,000 public/member mail inquiries were received and answered. 1,093 Behind-the-Scenes volunteers were active across the Institution and 662 Volunteer Information Specialists staffed museum information desks in 13 buildings and answered the Smithsonian's public inquiry phone lines. In FY 2001, the twin theaters in the Smithsonian Information Center will feature a new orientation video.

Smithsonian Productions - Smithsonian Productions is the electronic media production center for the Smithsonian, supporting and presenting the research and exhibition activities of the Institution's museums and research institutes. The unit develops and creates television and radio programs, exhibition videos, and online media, sharing the Smithsonian's vast resources with millions in the United States and abroad.

During FY 2000, Smithsonian Productions produced a quintet of videos that enriched the National Museum of American History (NMAH) exhibition, Rock 'n' SouhSocial Crossroads, presented in Memphis, Tennessee; a video for the SITES exhibition, This Land is Your Land: The Life and Legacy of Woody Guthrie; and a closing video for the NMAH exhibition, Piano 300:Three Centuries of People and Pianos. In conjunction with Piano 300, the unit also produced the largest TV program in Smithsonian history, Piano Grand! A Smithsonian Celebration, which was aired twice on PBS. Smithsonian Productions also produced a video showcasing the new Affiliations Program and updated an introductory program for showing in the theaters at the Smithsonian Information Center.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM CHANGE- The Institution proposes to close Smithsonian Productions effective October 1, 2001, resulting in a savings of 3 FTEs and $6,000 in FY 2002. The full savings from the closure will not be realized until FY 2003. As a result of the closure, Smithsonian units

needing electronic media services will contract for such services using their available funds.

NONAPPROPRIATED RESOURCES - General trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel and other related costs. In addition, these funds provide general support for information dissemination, outreach, publications, and general operations. Donor/sponsor designated funds support costs related to specific programs and projects. Government grants and contracts provide additional support for resource materials development, information dissemination, and outreach.

INSTITUTION-WIDE PROGRAMS

ABSTRACT - As part of the restructuring plan reviewed and approved by Congress in 1993, the Smithsonian reallocated funds to create two Institution-wide funding programs: one supports the units' needs to replace, upgrade, and acquire new research equipment; the other enables the myriad of information technology needs across the Institution to be addressed systematically. In FY 1995, the Institution first received funds to support the development of a third Institution-wide program for Latino programming. These funds are important to meet the on-going need to acquire state-of-the-art research equipment, continue to improve the Institution's information infrastructure and systems, and increase Latino programs, research and collections.

For FY 2002, the Smithsonian requests a net increase of 9 FTEs and $7,025,000. This includes an increase of up to 9 FTEs and $7,200,000 to support a solution to the Institution's financial management and human resource management requirements (up to 8 FTEs and $5,200,000) and a managed Information Technology (IT) infrastructure program (up to 1 FTE and $2,000,000), and a decrease of $175,000 to the Research Equipment pool. Final decisions on the implementation of these systems require further review. In addition, up to $1,846,000 in FY 2002 base Information Resources Management (IRM) pool resources may be allocated in FY 2002 to support centralized financial and human resource management requirements ($1,000,000) and the managed IT infrastructure program ($846,000). The Institution requests that the funding in this line-item remain available until expended.

PROGRAM

PUBLIC IMPACT

Latino Exhibitions, Acquisitions, and Educational Programming - The

Institution has $996,000 in its base to support exhibitions, research, collections enhancement and educational initiatives that illuminate and highlight Latino contributions to America and permit a wider sharing of Latino accomplishments in the sciences, humanities and performing arts. Designated as the Latino Initiatives Fund, these funds are dispersed annually to Smithsonian units on a competitive basis, with an emphasis on projects with the potential to attract matching and, ultimately, sustaining funds from non-federal sources.

Two examples of projects funded by the Latino Initiatives Fund in FY 2000 are: A Closer Look at Santos, an exhibit on wood carving of saints, which chronicles one of the oldest living traditions of Hispanic America; and Promoting Biodiversity Science and Leadership among U.S. Latinos, a training course which equipped participants with the latest technologies and approaches for establishing and implementing biodiversity monitoring programs.

FIRST CLASS SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

Research Equipment - Since its inception in 1 994, the research equipment pool continues to be the primary vehicle of science units and museum research departments for funding the replacement of outdated and new basic research equipment needs of the Institution. Each year, unit directors in the museums, research centers and research support offices determine the most effective application of the research equipment pool to meet the highest priority requirements to replace outdated and dysfunctional equipment and acquire new state-of-the-art research tools. Base funding for the FY 2001 research equipment pool totaled $1,881,000.

Examples of purchases made during FY 2000 include:

• The National Zoological Park acquired an atomic absorption

spectrophotometer, a high capacity/low speed centrifuge, automatic pipetting station and a serum chemistry analyzer. These items contribute to research excellence by allowing new studies on the health and reproduction of rare endangered animals, including giant pandas.

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The National Air and Space Museum (NASM) acquired a ground penetrating radar system, a camera system and accessories as well as scanning equipment. This equipment has allowed NASM to produce high resolution, large format copies of blueprints, documents, and air and

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spacecraft plans used for creating restoration packages and for collections documentation. It also provides the ability to analyze Mars Global Surveyor images much more quickly, and to interpret the highest resolution images yet seen of Mars.

National Museum of Natural History acquired a transmission electron microscope (TEM) lift-out station which is a critical component of the focused ion beam system, purchased with Major Scientific Instrumentation funds. The system is important to the study of mineral structure, atomic scale elemental analysis, and sampling of ultraprecious natural materials. It consists of a high quality stereo zoom light microscope coupled with a hydraulic micromanipulator that, along with the focused ion beam, is capable of carving and thinning solids with unprecedented precision. These devices enable the study of the arrangement and chemistry of atoms at up to millions of times magnification.

Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) acquired a Boston Whaler which replaced a 36-year-old surplus Coast Guard boat that has been the mainstay of SERC's research on blue crab and fish ecology in the Chesapeake Bay. A spectrofluorometer was obtained to conduct plant pigment analysis, DNA analysis and sensitive chemical techniques for amino acids and other organic chemicals.

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute acquired a flow solution IV nutrient autoanalyzer that provides state-of-the-art technology for analysis of nutrients in seawater samples from Panama's four oceanic realms. The autoanalyzer can process samples more than twelve times faster than manual techniques.

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) purchased vital parts for the construction of a new ion source for an ion beam experiment. With the new ion source, SAO scientists will be able to make measurements of electron-ion recombination processes, which up until now have not been accurately quantified. Items were also purchased in support of x-ray spectroscopy laboratory astrophysics with the purpose of carrying out controlled experiments in a laboratory setting that will help SAO scientists in the interpretation of high-resolution x-ray spectra now being obtained from the Chandra and XMM-Newton Observatories.

National Museum of African Art (NMAfA) used funds for a feasibility study of the plan to purchase an x-radiography unit, an important and fundamental analytical tool that aids in the determination of techniques

of manufacture and object condition, as well as authentication of objects. Funds received in FY 2001 will be used for purchase of the unit.

MAN A GEMENT EXCELLENCE

Information Technology and Collections Access - The Smithsonian is evaluating whether or not to overhaul its information technology resources to replace aging and outdated systems. In FY 2001, base resources of $2,804,000 provided for the Information Resources Management (IRM) pool ($1,846,000) and for Collections Information Systems funds ($958,000). These resources supported an Institution-wide network, various automated resources management systems, collections information systems and related imaging projects, as well as software application development and upgrades. A portion of this program provides infrastructure for Web programming to extend the Smithsonian's presence electronically to schools, libraries, homes and individuals across the nation who now have the ability to access Institution web sites. Programming for the Web is an important responsibility of each museum, research institute and program office. Public expectations and access of web site offerings increase daily.

The Smithsonian Institution Research Information System (SIRIS) is an integrated information system containing over 1.2 million records serving the public access, cataloging, circulation, and acquisitions needs of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries, seven Smithsonian archival units, inventories of American painting and American sculpture, and several Smithsonian research databases. The Institution utilizes a flexible client-server-based system.

The Institution continues to integrate imaging of collection items into the collections database along with curatorial and archival notations. The images are archived for permanent use and made available to the public through the Smithsonian On-Line Collections System launched in FY 2000.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM CHANGE - The Smithsonian is considering a plan to improve management through information technology. To support this initiative, the Smithsonian may request up to 9 FTEs and $7,200,000 to support a solution to the Institution's financial management and human resource management requirements (up to 8 FTEs and $5,200,000) and a managed information technology infrastructure project (up to 1 FTE and $2,000,000). In addition to the requested resources, a one-time redirection of up to $1,846,000 in FY 2002 base IRM pool funding may support the centralized financial and human resource management requirements ($1,000,000) and the managed information technology infrastructure project ($846,000), pending further review.

Also in this line item, the FY 2002 estimate includes a request of $1,706,000 for the highest priority requirements to replace outdated equipment, and acquire new state-of-the-art research tools, a decrease of $175,000 from FY 2001.

Information Technology, Financial and Human Resource Management - (8 FTEs and $5,200,000). For FY 2002, the Smithsonian requests up to 8 FTEs and $5,200,000 for the development and implementation of a solution to meet the Institution's financial management and human resource management requirements. In addition to the requested funding, the Smithsonian may allocate up to $1,000,000 from the IRM pool for FY 2002 to support this activity. The Smithsonian is currently evaluating possible solutions. Whatever the outcome of these evaluations, the Smithsonian will need the requested additional funds either to address the shortcomings of the current system or to move forward with the selected solution.

For the Smithsonian to manage its financial and human resources information successfully and support both ongoing and new activities, the Institution must adopt an approach that provides accurate and timely information. The Chief Financial Officer and Smithsonian management at all levels will use this information to make decisions on investments in and management of core resources.

Information Technology, Managed Information Technology Infrastructure (1 FTE and $2,000,000). For FY 2002, the Institution may request up to 1 FTE and $2,000,000 to establish a standards-based information technology (IT) infrastructure that would provide distributed systems, user interfaces, information, and communication services to business applications and support applications throughout the Smithsonian. Funding would also support a network manager to oversee these operations. In addition to the requested funding, the Smithsonian may allocate up to $846,000 from the IRM pool in FY 2002 to support this initiative. The Smithsonian is currently evaluating possible solutions. Whatever the outcome of these evaluations, the Smithsonian will need the requested additional funds either to address the shortcomings of the current systems or to move forward with the selected solution.

OFFICE OF EXHIBITS CENTRAL

ABSTRACT - The Office of Exhibits Central (OEC) is the Smithsonian Institution's most comprehensive exhibit producer. OEC is expert in the specialized needs of traveling, temporary, and permanent exhibitions. The Office is also involved in concept development, object selection, product research, and prototype testing. OEC staff make recommendations about the need for conservation assistance and conduct training in exhibit design and production with museums across the country and abroad.

For FY 2002, the estimate includes a net increase of $112,000. This includes a decrease of $10,000, and an increase of $122,000 for necessary pay for existing staff funded in this line item.

PROGRAM - The Office of Exhibits Central is a full-service organization with specialized teams in design, editing, graphics, model-making, and fabrication. The design and editing team works with a curator's preliminary ideas to develop an overall exhibition plan. Exhibit designers are responsible for all aspects of visual presentation. OEC's exhibit editors work closely with designers and subject specialists to ensure that words, design, graphics, and artifacts work together to create an effective presentation. The graphics team provides silk-screening, typesetting, photo mounting, vinyl lettering, and conservation matting and framing. The model-making team creates scientifically and historically accurate dioramas, models, and mannequins. The fabrication team constructs fine cabinetry and exhibit components. The packing and shipping team builds, crates and packs exhibitions that travel across the country and around the world.

PUBLIC IMPACT

Exhibitions - For the Smithsonian Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES), OEC's main client for FY 2000, OEC designed and produced the exhibitions, These Rare Lands, Heart and Hands, Looping the Loop, and Out of Time. OEC also produced a large portion of the exhibition Yesterday's

Tomorrows that opened in February 2001. In addition, OEC provided extensive exhibition dispersal and refurbishment services for several SITES exhibitions currently traveling throughout the United States.

A major highlight for the year was OEC's work on the new Elephant Diorama in the Rotunda of the National Museum of Natural History(NMNH). Other highlights for FY 2000 included extensive fabrication and model making services for the Viking exhibition for the NNMH; the design and fabrication of six piano action models as well as graphic and installation support for the National Museum of American History (NMAH) and the International Gallery's Piano 300 exhibition; the production of twenty exhibition cases for the Santos exhibition; the design, production and installation of the Smithsonian Staff Art Show; the design, refurbishment and retrofitting of 12 recycled exhibit cases for the Secretary's reception gallery; and the design and production of a permanent exhibit in the administrative offices of OEC by the summer Internship 2000 group.

A small sampling of the specialized services provided in FY 2000 include: consultation for ten separate exhibitions; taxidermy and model work for the National Zoo, graphic design and production for the Archives of American Art gallery in New York and for Smithsonian Affiliations, the design and creation of the annual award of the Smithsonian Accessibility Program, special painting services for NMNH and NMAH, and numerous quick turnaround services throughout the Smithsonian.

Other special events of interest include the Treasures Tour 2000 for the Office of Membership and Development, the summer Teachers workshop for the Smithsonian Center for Education and Museum Services, as well as numerous tours of visiting museum professionals and museum study groups. Future projects for OEC include the Burgess Shale: Evolution's Big Bang exhibition for SITES, an inaugural exhibition for the National Museum of the American Indian, and the extensive renovation of the mammal halls at the NMNH.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM CHANGE - The FY 2002 request for the Office of Exhibits Central is $2,494,000, which includes a decrease of $10,000. Savings will result from implementing various administrative efficiencies.

NONAPPROPRIATED RESOURCES - General trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel and associated costs.

MAJOR SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTATION

ABSTRACT - The development of major scientific instrumentation is vital if Smithsonian scientists are to remain at the forefront of their fields. Because of the magnitude of the costs and the time required to fabricate major new instruments and to reconfigure existing ones, the Institution requests funding for such projects under this line item, rather than under individual ones. Since these projects require long-term development and multi-year funding, the Institution also requests that funds in this line item remain available until expended.

For FY 2002, the estimate includes a net decrease of $999,000, including $500,000 for the Multiple Mirror Telescope conversion, $25,000 for the submillimeter array, and $474,000 for Focused Ion Beam Instrumentation at the National Museum of Natural History. These reductions are discussed further in the Non-recurring Costs section of this budget.

PROGRAM - Since FY 1 989, the Smithsonian has received funding under this line item for two SAO projects: development of an array of submillimeter telescopes and conversion of the Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT). SAO began operation of the submillimeter telescope array in Hawaii with two elements in September 1999.

FIRST-CLASS SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

Construction of an Array of Submillimeter Wavelength Telescopes -

The last frontier of ground-based astronomy consists of observing the skies with telescopes sensitive to submillimeter waves —light with wavelengths between those of infrared and radio waves. SAO plays a major role in emerging submillimeter astronomy. Since FY 1992, SAO has been constructing components for its submillimeter array (SMA) of telescopes, located on Mauna Kea in Hawaii. When completed, the SMA will consist of eight movable antennas, two of which will be provided by the Academia

Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Taiwan. The first three SAO antennas have been erected and checked out on Mauna Kea. The first successful measurement of astronomical sources with this three-antenna system on September 23, 2000 was a critical project milestone that proved the viability of the instrument. Additional antennas will be inserted into the array and significant astronomical observations will begin in FY 2001.

The submillimeter array, with its unprecedented combination of wavelength coverage and ability to resolve fine spatial details, will enable SAO scientists to play a major role in understanding the processes by which stars and planets form and the mechanisms that generate prodigious amounts of energy in quasars and in active galaxies. When operational, the SMA will be a major scientific instrument of international stature. The array will be unique in the world in its combination of wavelength coverage and resolving power, and it will measurably enhance the scientific competitiveness of the United States.

In FY 2002, base funding of $3,244,000 will be used for assembly and testing of the final antenna on Mauna Kea, detailed pad preparation at the site, construction of the receivers, building of the electronics/correlator systems, software development, and equipment and supplies. By the end of FY 2002, all eight antennas are expected to be operational on the top of Mauna Kea.

Conversion of the Multiple Mirror Telescope - In mid-May 2000, the first of three secondary mirrors was installed at the converted Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT). By the time of the rededication of the telescope a few days later, images of excellent quality had been obtained with the newly-installed mirror. Following the rededication, the MMT staff worked to prepare the telescope for scientific research, installing the instrument rotator and testing the telescope control hardware and software. During this period, images of superb quality were obtained, demonstrating that the optics and optics supports perform at the specified level. The first scheduled scientific observations were made in September. In October, the first new SAO scientific instrument, an optical imager, was successfully commissioned at the telescope. In 2001, the second of the three secondary mirrors and the wide-field corrector will be tested. Late in 2001 and continuing in 2002, three major wide-field SAO instruments will begin commissioning. These are Hectospec (a moderate-dispersion spectrograph fed by 300 optical fibers), Hectochelle (a high-dispersion spectrograph fed by Hectospec's optical fibers), and Megacam (a wide-field optical imager).

FY 2002 base funding of $3,000,000 will be used to complete the purchase of Megacam's detectors, to machine major mechanical parts for

BINOSPEC (a dual-beam, wide-field spectrograph), and to purchase components for FLAMINGOS (an infrared imager and spectrograph).

Focused Ion Beam Instrumentation - With funding provided in FY 2001, the National Museum of Natural History purchased a focused ion beam/time of flight secondary mass spectrometer, which provides the technology to allow researchers to collect chemical data at the sub-micrometer scale while sacrificing astonishingly little of the actual specimen, a key factor for ultra-precious samples such as those returned from space, or historically important gemstones. It allows for processes such as the measurement of solid state diffusion in crystals, the accurate determination of the age of rock and minerals, and the capability to micro-machine specimens at specific locations. In upcoming years, as extraterrestrial materials arrive by spacecraft to Earth, there will be growing requirements for analysis by only those methods that deliver the highest scientific value for the amount of material consumed. With this instrument, the Smithsonian will be well positioned to make some of the first observations on these rare and valuable specimens.

MUSEUM SUPPORT CENTER

ABSTRACT - The Museum Support Center (MSC) provides for scientific research, conservation, and collections storage in a specially equipped and environmentally controlled facility located in Suitland, Maryland.

For FY 2002, the estimate includes a net decrease of $459,000. This includes a decrease of $559,000, and an increase of $100,000 for necessary pay for existing staff funded in this line item. As in prior years, the Institution requests that the funds for MSC collections storage equipment and move costs remain available until expended.

PROGRAM - Specially-designed, state-of-the-art storage equipment is available at MSC to house the more than 31 million objects and object parts being relocated from the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) and the National Museum of American History (NMAH). MSC accommodates collections storage in four sections (or pods) for three general types of needs: collections storage in cabinets, open shelving for biological specimens in alcohol, and high bay storage for very large objects. The facility also houses laboratories for molecular systematics, conservation, and other specialized research.

MANAGEMENT EXCELLENCE

MSC Operations - The MSC staff provides administrative, shipping, and receiving services, oversees safety and security operations, and maintains strict environmental and cleaning services required for the proper storage of museum collections. The staff also provides computer support services for administrative, research, and collections management data needs at MSC, the National Air and Space Museum's Paul E. Garber Facility and the National Museum of the American Indian's Cultural Resource Center.

MSC Collections Move - The characteristics, variety, volume and scope of the move of Smithsonian collections to MSC, considering the extensive preparation and traveling distance of millions of objects and specimens from nine curatorial departments in two different museums, is unprecedented in the museum world and poses special challenges that must be addressed as part of the move. MSC Move staff technicians inspect the objects for pests and conservation problems, clean them, and stabilize them before their move. The collections relocated to MSC are properly curated, less crowded, and subject to better environmental control than collections in most other museum storage areas. Further, the relocation of collections to MSC provides improved access to those collections, including enhanced electronic collections information. Consequently, they have far better prospects for long term preservation and are significantly more accessible to researchers.

Preparation of oversized specimens, such as Native American boats and totem poles and stone figures from Central and South America that will be stored on the recently installed high-bay shelving equipment system, is currently underway and scheduled to be completed in FY 2001.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM CHANGE - For FY 2002, the request for the Museum Support Center is $3,074,000, which includes a decrease of $559,000. MSC will reflect management decisions to focus on higher priority activities by reducing collections storage equipment ($500,000), reducing base salaries and expenses ($35,000), and reducing Move funds ($24,000).

Collections Storage Equipment (-$500,000) - When MSC was designed in the early 1980's, it was proposed that the four collections storage spaces or "pods" be constructed as open bays capable of accommodating a three-level storage structure. This design was partially implemented in Pod 3 for collections preserved in alcohol, but the limitations of the original design became apparent. A more conventional structure using reinforced concrete decks to provide the three levels in each of the other 3 pods was constructed. The provision of adequate storage at MSC for the balance of the alcohol collections is vital to NMNH. Rooms housing alcohol collections that currently remain at the Mall do not meet present fire codes and consume approximately 50,000 square feet of valuable Museum space.

The Smithsonian is exploring possibilities for alternative storage of alcohol collections This will allow reassigning the area in Pod 3. A collections study is underway and the results will help drive a decision on

the highest priority assignment of the space. A portion of Pod 3 has already been committed as the permanent location for the Smithsonian Museum of American Art and the National Portrait Gallery collections. Redesign of Pod 3 will be initiated in FY 2002. Base funding of $678,000 annually in the Equipment account after this reduction will be used for this purpose.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION ARCHIVES

ABSTRACT - The Smithsonian Institution Archives (SIA) is the institutional memory of a unique American cultural resource and a steward of the national collections. To ensure institutional accountability and enhance public appreciation of a great national treasure, SIA is committed to serving the Smithsonian community, scholars, and the general public. SIA preserves the documentation for major programs, policies, decisions, and events; provides a resource for the study of American science, culture, and museum development; and provides guidance for management of the national collections.

For FY 2002, the estimate includes a net increase of $74,000. This includes a decrease of $6,000, and an increase of $80,000 for necessary pay for existing staff funded in this line item.

PROGRAM - SIA activities include appraising, acquiring, and preserving the records of the Institution and related documentary materials; establishing policies and overseeing the Institution's collections management policy; offering a range of reference, research, and records services; and creating products and services which promote understanding of the Smithsonian and its history.

PUBLIC IMPACT

Research - During FY 2000, SIA responded to 3,500 research inquiries from every state and 29 foreign countries. Curators, attorneys, and administrators drew upon the holdings of SIA along with a host of scholars and members of the general public. SIA sponsored five fellows and numerous interns, research associates and collaborators. Electronic access to research information was enhanced by the placement of 290 histories of Smithsonian units and 760 descriptions of records series into the Smithsonian Institution Research Information System (SIRIS).

Publications - The office published the annual Collection Statistics, completed the annotations for volume 9 of The Papers of Joseph Henry, 1854-57, placed portions of volume 7 of the Henry Papers online, and prepared a revision of Highlights of Smithsonian Collections. A new web site featuring This Day in Smithsonian History, and a new virtual exhibition The Smithsonian at the Turn of the Century were developed. In addition, an essay, The Smithsonian Goes to War: The Increase and Diffusion of Scientific Knowledge in the Pacific, in Science and the Pacific War: . . . 1939-1945, was published. In 2001 and 2002, SIA will increase the volume of publicly accessible information about Smithsonian history and will issue volume 9 of the Papers of Joseph Henry.

MANA GEMENT EXCELLENCE

Collections Management - Much of SIA's activities during FY 2000 focused on collections management. Basic control information over holdings, previously maintained in multiple databases, was moved and integrated into a new collection management system. Staff also assisted with the conversion of SIRIS to a new Horizon platform.

Preservation work included mold remediation, pest monitoring of records, and surveying map-case file drawers. In addition, SIA agreed to participate in an environmental monitoring project, sponsored by the Image Permanence Institute, to produce a climate notebook of conditions within SIA facilities. Records management services included the survey of paper and electronic records at the Freer Gallery of Art/Arthur M. Sackler Gallery.

Electronic Records - Electronic records work focused on Smithsonian web sites and the development of guidance on how best to capture for posterity the look, feel, and contents of the Institution's many web sites. Additionally, SIA analyzed the recordkeeping implications of museums migrating to automated collections information systems, and the use of data modeling to analyze flows and relationships among an organization's information structures. SIA continues to give priority attention to electronic records issues, and to seek ways to provide greater public access to the holdings while providing appropriate care and protection for them. In addition, SIA will educate Smithsonian staff on how to handle email, establish electronic recordkeeping systems, and transfer web sites to SIA custody.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM CHANGE - The FY 2002 request for the Smithsonian Institution Archives is $1,611,000, including a decrease of $6,000, which will result from implementing various administrative efficiencies.

NONAPPROPRIATED RESOURCES - General trust funds provide partial support for the Joseph Henry Papers project, the appraisal of audio-visual materials, the preservation projects for film, tape and paper, and other programmatic activities.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES

ABSTRACT - The Smithsonian Institution Libraries (SIL) acquires, organizes, and delivers scholarly, scientific, and educational resources and information in all forms, including digital and electronic, to Smithsonian and affiliated staff and to libraries, researchers, and the general public worldwide. SIL also exhibits and interprets its collections for students, scholars, and lifelong learners; provides factual information in response to queries; and sponsors educational activities for a broad audience through public programs and publications in both paper and electronic forms.

For FY 2002, the estimate includes a net decrease of $221,000. This includes a decrease of $510,000, which will be achieved by consolidation of libraries and will result in a decrease of 12 FTEs, and an increase of $289,000 for necessary pay for existing staff funded in this line item.

PROGRAM - Through 22 branch libraries and the Internet, SIL staff encourage use of printed and electronic collections using instructional and promotional methods and provide information services such as inter-library lending, document delivery, printed and electronic user guides, and specialized finding aids. In FY 2000, SIL further developed collections of interest to Hispanic/Latino researchers and committed to continue service to this community in a Memorandum of Agreement with the Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives. SIL staff served on the National Museum of American History web site team and produced resource guides for use in the museum and on The American Presidency exhibition web site.

In FY 2000, SIL implemented four modules of a new integrated library system, Horizon, as the basis for the Smithsonian Institution Research Information System (SIRIS) library catalog. The new system will

streamline acquisition, cataloging, maintenance, and circulation of library materials and provide more powerful searching capability to the researcher.

The Internet is emerging as a source of significant scholarly information. In FY 2000, SIL participated in an international pilot project sponsored to enhance access to materials available via the Internet through cooperative cataloging based on state-of-the-art technology and international standards. SIL also improved access to the collection with the completion of a two-year project to add information to SIRIS records for approximately 950 of SIL's most heavily used serials. Researchers interested in finding a particular volume of a journal can now use the SIRIS library catalog rather than going to the shelves or asking a librarian to find this information.

PUBLIC IMPACT

Collection Acquisitions - As in past years, more than 65% of SIL acquisitions expenditures were for print and electronic materials in the sciences. Despite continuing inflationary pressure that caused purchase of scholarly books to decline, SIL maintained its level of support for science journal subscriptions and added several significant databases and hundreds of electronic journals especially valuable for researchers at a variety of Smithsonian research centers. In FY 2001 and FY 2002, SIL information specialists will collaborate with curators and researchers to review journal subscriptions and electronic resources to spend limited funding effectively. SIL hopes to raise from private donors additional acquisition endowments to supplement collection acquisition funds in future years. In FY 2000, SIL purchased a 220-volume set of the first scientific journal ever published, the Journal des scavans [savants] (1665-1759) to support research in the history of science and technology.

Outreach - SIL makes its collections accessible to the broadest range of users possible through SIL digital editions and online exhibitions. SIL prepares digital editions of rare, out-of-print, and extremely valuable materials of strong scholarly and educational value in Smithsonian-specific subject areas. In prior years, SIL mounted editions of books consisting of 2,760 images in the disciplines of natural history, American history, and anthropology. In FY 2001, SIL plans to add over 3,800 images including over 1,000 historical illustrated industry catalogs of sewing machines, a digital edition of The Horse in Blackfoot Indian Culture by John Ewers, and other important texts. SIL will also mount Web versions of two of its exhibitions, Underwater Web: Cabling the Seas and Voyages: A Smithsonian Libraries Exhibition.

In FY 2001, SIL will open a new web site, Galaxy of Knowledge, organized specifically for public use and filled with content related to SIL's strongest collections in science, technology, American history, and art and design. Educational/curriculum consultants will help identify SIL resources of interest to K-12 students and assist with packaging them for classroom use over the Internet. Working with scientists, curators, historians, conservators, and other specialists in the museums, SIL subject specialists evaluate, organize and mount subject guides to Internet-accessible resources in their respective disciplines. As more graphical and user-intuitive methods of navigating the Web develop in these disciplines, SIL plans to continually enhance the subject guides.

Exhibitions - In FY 2000, the Libraries displayed Czech avant-garde books, 1920-1939, at the Cooper Hewitt National Design Museum. Frontier Photographer: Edward S. Curtis appeared in an online version and development continued for exhibitions on international communications in The Underwater Web: Cabling the Seas. Voyages: A Smithsonian Libraries Exhibition, with an accompanying catalog, will display highlights from SIL collections at the Grolier Club in New York in 2001 and in Washington DC in 2002.

Education and Public Programs - In May 2000, SIL sponsored The Panama Canal and the American Imagination, a free public event which complemented the story told in the Smithsonian Libraries Gallery exhibition, Make the Dirt Fly! Building the Panama Canal. A prize-winning fiction writer, historians of the Canal and of public health, and a leading Panamanian scientist spoke to a 120-person audience. The Libraries held its first Baird Society Benefactors dinner featuring a second group of distinguished speakers on the Panama Canal, including Smithsonian Regent Senator Howard Baker and Panamanian Ambassador William Ford.

In March 2000, the Libraries presented a program in New York City featuring Czech avant-garde design in a gift collection now at the Cooper-Hewitt Library. The annual Dibner Library Lectures continued with Stephen Dick speaking on Extraterrestrial Life and our World View at the Turn of the Millennium in May and Kenneth Caneva speaking on The Form and Function of Scientific Discoveries in November 2000. The Libraries program on Authors Working in the Smithsonian Libraries for The Smithsonian Associate members was an illustrated lecture by author Doris Rich on female aviators. SIL is preparing for educational programming to accompany both the Underwater Web and Voyages exhibitions.

MAN A GEMENT EXCELLENCE

Collections Management - To care for SIL collections, the Libraries' Preservation Services Department did emergency treatment for insect infestation and cleaning of 2,800 items destined for the National Zoological Park and the National Museum of the American Indian libraries. The department continued extensive preservation work on The Gardener's Dictionary (1768), prepared 1,500 protective enclosures for books, labeled 7,000 books, and arranged for binding of 6,000 volumes. Staff prepared condition reports on 248 books scheduled for exhibition. Preservation services staff tested and evaluated a mass deacidification process that may eventually halt paper deterioration. SIL was selected to become a participant in an Image Permanence Institute trial of a new datalogger for environmental monitoring. If successful, the new remote-sensing monitors will provide SIL and other libraries with accurate information on the temperature and humidity in widely scattered locations and support better planning and maintenance of environmental control systems.

Space and HVAC renovations in the National Air and Space Museum and Anthropology libraries improved accessibility to the collections as well as environmental and storage conditions. SIL's Natural History Rare Book Library is under construction. Planning for compact shelving for the SIL Research Annex continued.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM CHANGE - For FY 2002, the request for the Smithsonian Institution Libraries is $7,237,000, which includes a decrease of $510,000. The decrease is due to consolidating functions, resulting in the closing of three branch libraries (Museum Reference Center, Horticulture library, and Museum Support Center library), reassignment of the existing staff to currently vacant positions, and moving the collections to a central location. In addition, management decisions to focus on higher priority activities result in the elimination of five work-study student appointments and one FTE at a remote library, as well as the transfer of one vacant federal FTE to trust funds. Implementing various administrative efficiencies will result in savings of $31,000.

NONAPPROPRIATED RESOURCES - General trust funds help defray costs of providing information services to the trust-funded units and support exhibitions, publications, public programs, and fundraising. Designated funds from donors support specific projects and programs, such as the SIL/Dibner Library Resident Scholar Program, the Baird Society Scholar program, lectures, and publications. Income from endowment funds supports acquisitions and preservation activities, including those of the Libraries' new Natural History Rare Book Library.

ADMINISTRATION

ABSTRACT - Administration includes executive management and related functions provided by the Offices of the Secretary; the Under Secretaries for Science, American Museums and National Programs, and Finance and Administration; and the Director of the International Art Museums Division.

For FY 2002, the estimate includes a net increase of $612,000. This includes a decrease of $1,132,000, due to consolidations and outsourcing, which will result in a decrease of 26 FTEs. It also includes an increase of $373,000 for increased Workers' Compensation costs, which is discussed in the Mandatory Increases section of this budget, and an increase of $1,371,000 for necessary pay for existing staff funded in this line item.

PROGRAM

MANAGEMENT EXCELLENCE

Office of the Secretary - The Office of the Secretary oversees the Smithsonian Institution and maintains continuous communication with the Board of Regents and its committees. Organizations reporting directly to the Office of the Secretary include the Office of Inspector General, Office of Policy and Analysis, Office of Diversity Initiatives, and Office of Development. The Office of Inspector General conducts, supervises, and coordinates audits and investigations to prevent and detect fraud, waste, and abuse of Smithsonian programs and operations. The Office of Policy and Analysis provides timely and accurate information for decision-making to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the Smithsonian Institution. The Office of Diversity Initiatives promotes equal opportunity by strategic recruiting and ensuring compliance with all applicable regulatory guidelines pertaining to all aspects of equal opportunity in the Smithsonian's employment and business relationships. In addition, it serves the Smithsonian, its visitors and staff by advancing and focusing the Institution's efforts to become accessible and welcoming to people with

disabilities. The Office of Development provides both direct fund raising and development support activities in response to Institution-wide and selected museum and research institute development activities.

Under Secretary for Science - The Under Secretary for Science provides leadership and oversight of the scientific research and associated public programming activities at the National Museum of Natural History and the National Zoological Park. The Under Secretary oversees research centers in astrophysics and marine and terrestrial ecology that are based in Boston, Massachusetts; Edgewater, Maryland; Fort Pierce, Florida; and in the Republic of Panama. The Under Secretary for Science is also responsible for the education and outreach activities carried out by the National Science Resource Center and the Office of Fellowships. A plan is presently under development to restructure the science units in order to improve the integration and enhance the productivity of research conducted at the different sites.

Under Secretary for American Museums and National Programs - The

Under Secretary for American Museums and National Programs is responsible for all of the Institution's museums and galleries that focus on the American experience, including American history, social and cultural heritage, as well as the Institution's national outreach programs. The museums that are part of this office spotlight American culture, achievements and accomplishments. The National Programs bring the experience of the Smithsonian to local communities around the country.

■ Director of National Programs - The Director of National Programs provides leadership and direction in maximizing the public impact of the Smithsonian's outreach activity. The Director oversees the Smithsonian Affiliations Program, the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, Smithsonian Center for Education and Museum Studies, and The Smithsonian Associates, which are included in the Outreach section of the budget.

■ Latino Initiatives - The Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives works to develop significant and long-term representation of Latino heritage and contributions to US history, arts, music, culture and science.

■ Government Relations - The Office of Government Relations acts as the Institution's primary agent with the Administration, the Congress, and federal, state, and local entities, by presenting Smithsonian policies and plans, developing and clearing legislative proposals, and coordinating Smithsonian participation at legislative hearings.

■ Special Events/Conference Services - The Office of Special Events and Conference Services handles the arrangements for special Institutional events and provides expertise to Smithsonian museums and research institutes on issues of domestic and international protocol.

Under Secretary for Finance and Administration - The Under Secretary for Finance and Administration serves as the Institution's chief operating officer with responsibility for the day-to-day administration of the Smithsonian Institution. These essential activities are provided by the following organizations.

• Finance - The Chief Financial Officer provides strategic direction and advice for financial management functions and assures that the Institution's fiduciary responsibilities are carried out. The Office of Planning, Management, and Budget provides information and financial data and analysis, and plans, allocates and manages resources for the Smithsonian. The Office of the Comptroller accounts for and reports on the Smithsonian's assets, liabilities, and equities by collecting, authenticating, classifying, and recording financial transactions. The Office of Contracting oversees the acquisition, contracting, and property management functions for the Institution. The Office of the Treasurer is responsible for the growth, safety and integrity of the financial assets of the Smithsonian and assists in identifying and controlling risks. The Office of International Relations fosters and helps coordinate the Institution's activities abroad.

• Information Technology - The Chief Technology Officer provides the basic infrastructure and resources, leadership, support and guidance for the Smithsonian's uses of information technology. The Office of Information Technology is responsible for the Institution's central computing and telecommunication services, provides an applications development and customer assistance program, and assures the integrity and security of Institutional automated data. The Office of Imaging, Printing, and Photographic Services serves the photographic and imaging needs of museums and research institutes. Other offices under the Chief Technology Officer include Smithsonian Institution Archives and Smithsonian Productions. These offices are included elsewhere in this budget.

• Human Resources - The Office of Human Resources plans, directs, develops, organizes, administers and evaluates a comprehensive program of human resources management for the Smithsonian's diverse employee population.

• General Counsel - The Office of the General Counsel (OGC) provides legal advice and services to protect the interests of the Smithsonian. OGC represents the Smithsonian in litigation, issues final determinations on administrative tort and personal property claims, and monitors developments in the law that influence Smithsonian operations and programs.

• Facilities - The Office of Facilities Services oversees the Institution's facility functions to ensure comprehensive, integrated facilities programs. The Office of Environmental Management and Safety administers environmental management, fire protection and prevention, occupational health, and employee and visitor safety programs. Other facility functions reside with the Office of Physical Plant and Office of Protection Services; these offices are included in the Facilities Services section of this budget.

Other offices included under Finance and Administration, which are justified elsewhere in this budget, are Smithsonian Institution Libraries and the Office of Exhibits Central.

Director, International Art Museums Division - The Director, International Art Museums Division provides leadership and oversight for all polices, programs and activities of the National Museum of African Art, the Freer Gallery of Art, the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, and the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM CHANGE - For FY 2002, the request for Administration is $36,144,000, which includes a decrease of $1,132,000 and 26 FTEs. Management decisions on how best to achieve various central services have resulted in the following decreases: $35,000 and 4 FTEs for outsourcing the accounts payable function of the Office of the Comptroller (OC) and $7,000 and 1 FTE for outsourcing OC's payroll function; $281,000 for reducing contractual services for the Office of Information Technology; $91,000 and 2 FTEs for consolidating the functions of the Office of International Relations with the Under Secretary for Science; $ 1 50,000 and 10 FTEs for outsourcing the duplicating function of the Office of Imaging, Printing and Photographic Services; $75,000 and 1 FTE for the Office of Inspector General; and $335,000 to reduce base funding for Finance and Administration units through various administrative efficiencies. There is also a reduction of $58,000 and 6 FTEs that results from closing three satellite health clinics at the National Museum of American History, the National Air and Space Museum, and the National Zoological Park. The main Smithsonian health clinic in the Victor Building, which provides occupational health services for Smithsonian staff, will

remain open. Finally, there is a reduction of $100,000 and 2 FTEs reflecting reduced administrative costs in National Programs. The outsourcing of accounts payable, payroll and duplicating functions will begin in FY 2001.

NONAPPROPRIATED RESOURCES - General trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel and other related costs. Donor/sponsor designated funds provide support for costs related to programs and projects such as scientific research, fund raising, and public relations. Government grants and contracts provide support for special initiatives, conferences, and seminars.

OFFICE OF PROTECTION SERVICES

ABSTRACT - The Office of Protection Services (OPS) protects and secures the National Collections entrusted to the Smithsonian Institution and ensures the safety and security of staff and visitors, while permitting an appropriate level of public access to collections and properties.

For FY 2002, the estimate includes a net increase of $706,000. This includes a decrease of $1,743,000, which will be achieved by efficiencies in guard service and will result in a decrease of 39 FTEs. It also includes increases of $800,000 for security system modernization and $1,649,000 for necessary pay for existing staff funded in this line item. The Institution requests that the $800,000 remain available until expended.

PROGRAM - The Office of Protection Services provides around-the-clock security for all Smithsonian facilities in the Washington DC area; the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Maryland; the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum and the National Museum of the American Indian in New York City; and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama. OPS security systems integrate uniformed personnel and electronic monitoring. Staff provide investigation services and escorts to ensure a safe and secure operating environment. OPS has developed a security modernization program that better meets security and customer service requirements by providing integrated card access, alarm monitoring, and closed-circuit television (CCTV) systems. OPS conducts a comprehensive training program to ensure that employees are prepared for their duties and responsibilities, especially as new electronic systems are installed.

PUBLIC IMPACT AND MAN A GEMENT EXCELLENCE

Modernization - As part of its long-term strategic plan for security system upgrades and modernization, the Office of Protection Services is

collaborating with the United States Army Engineering and Support Center, Huntsville (USAESCH) to implement a master plan to support planning, procurement, and integration of electronic security systems at the Smithsonian Institution. This modernization program replaces security systems in all Smithsonian buildings, will affect over 12,000 employees and volunteers, and will integrate access-card readers, CCTV cameras, and alarm zones. In FY 1999, with the assistance of USAESCH, the Office of Protection Services evaluated and selected two modern off-the-shelf electronic security management systems to replace the 20-year-old Smithsonian Institution Proprietary Security System (SIPSS), and to ensure that the Institution was prepared to meet the technological requirements for the year 2000. In FY 2000, OPS completed SIPSS system replacement for the National Air and Space Museum, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, the Arts and Industries Building, the Smithsonian Institution Building, and the Renwick Gallery of the Smithsonian American Art Museum. OPS completed SIPSS replacement engineering designs in the National Museum of Natural History, the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and OPS's Central Control office; these installations will take place in FY 2001. Also in FY 2000, OPS began engineering designs for the Museum Support Center, the National Museum of American History and the Quadrangle, which includes the National Museum of African Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. OPS will complete the designs and begin new system installations for these facilities in FY 2001.

Operations - In FY 2000, the Office of Protection Services inaugurated a drug-testing program for security officers, supervisors, and other staff who are authorized to carry weapons or otherwise have access to weapons. The program, which covers 630 staff in the Office of Protection Services, the National Zoological Park Police and the National Postal Museum security force, is administered by the Department of the Interior under a Memorandum of Understanding with the Smithsonian. The Department of the Interior handles random specimen collection on a monthly basis and oversees testing conducted in laboratories approved by the Department of Health and Human Services.

The Office of Protection Services continued to expand its comprehensive training program for security officers, supervisors, and administrative staff in FY 2000. Over 400 officers and their supervisors attended communications and teamwork training. OPS maintains a continuing program of in-house training in security and safety skills, at entry level and updated annually, to ensure that OPS security officers meet their legal responsibilities for enforcing secure and safe conduct at Smithsonian Institution facilities.

The Office of Protection Services also responds to special security demands. In addition to providing increased security for exhibitions such as the popular Salvador Dali show at the Hirshhorn Museum, OPS staff in cooperation with other police and security agencies enhanced security around Smithsonian facilities during the April 2000 International Monetary Fund meeting in Washington. OPS personnel made 73 escorts of museum objects totaling almost $440,000,000 in value, including safeguarding the pandas on the final leg of their journey from the People's Republic of China to the National Zoo. Working with the National Park Police, OPS security heightened enforcement against unlicensed vendors and individuals who harass visitors, resulting in a 50% reduction in FY 2000 in the number of incidents from the year before. In January 2001, OPS provided security for the Presidential and Vice-Presidential Inaugural activities occurring in the vicinity of Smithsonian museums on the National Mall, and in spring 2001, the full complement of security officers will be posted to the Anacostia Museum in anticipation of its reopening to the public in the fall.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM CHANGE - For FY 2002, the Smithsonian requests $35,640,000 for the Office of Protection Services, which includes a decrease of $1,743,000. This includes a decrease of $146,000 to OPS base funding, and a decrease of 39 FTEs and $1,597,000 for reduced guard force and costs, which is explained below. The Smithsonian also requests an increase of $800,000 for security system modernization. The Institution requests that these funds remain available until expended.

Reduction of Guard Force and Costs (-39 FTEs and -$1,597,000) - A

reduction in the Smithsonian guard force will achieve savings of 39 FTEs and $1,297,000 by decreasing the number of guards in the museums. Management will identify the most efficient use of guards and their placement throughout the museums. The reduction will be negotiated between OPS and individual museums depending on such factors as visitation and risk levels. In addition, OPS will reduce non-reimbursed overtime, which will result in a savings of $300,000. Overtime services are used to cover vacations, sick leave, and vacancies, as needed. Security managers usually cover posts by working existing staff on overtime. This reduction will also be coordinated with individual museums to ensure visitor safety and security of the collections.

Security System Modernization ($800,000) - For FY 2002, the Institution requests an increase of $800,000 to complete critical elements of two of the security modernization efforts at the Museum of Natural History and the National Air and Space Museum. These facilities do not currently meet the Smithsonian's technical security requirements for perimeter electronic security on the windows, entrances, and exits of the

buildings that will be in place everywhere else in the Institution. With this funding the Smithsonian will also replace old components and install new technical security equipment in high value gallery and collection storage areas in these two museums. The Smithsonian requires $600,000 for the National Museum of Natural History and $200,000 for the National Air and Space Museum. The Institution requests that these funds remain available until expended.

The proposed plan will follow up on work initiated in FY 1999, which replaced core systems and components affected by Y2K in all Smithsonian facilities. In FY 2001, in partnership with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' Electronic Security Center of Expertise in Huntsville, Alabama, the Smithsonian will continue the replacement of the antiquated Smithsonian Institution Proprietary Security System (SIPSS) in the National Museum of Natural History and begin to install modern security systems at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and the OPS Central Control Office. Additionally, the Smithsonian will complete engineering work and begin installations for SIPSS replacement at the Museum Support Center; the National Museum of American History; the Freer Gallery of Art; and the Quadrangle, which includes the National Museum of African Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery.

NONAPPROPRIATED RESOURCES - General trust funds pay for mandated trust employee background security investigations conducted by the Office of Personnel Management. General trust funds also support the annual National Conference on Cultural Property Protection. For over twenty years, this self-supporting conference has provided an opportunity for the diffusion of knowledge among security, library, and administrative professionals throughout museums, libraries, universities, and other cultural property institutions. The 2000 conference attracted 153 participants from around the United States, Canada, and the world. The 2001 conference, with the theme Valuing Security: Setting Standards and Measuring Performance, will be held in Arlington, Virginia.

OFFICE OF PHYSICAL PLANT

ABSTRACT - The Office of Physical Plant (OPP) creates, preserves, restores, and protects a physical environment that enables the Smithsonian to achieve its goals. OPP creates an environment in which the Smithsonian buildings and grounds are recognized as a benchmark of quality; and provides a functional, pleasing, safe, and accessible environment to maintain the collections. OPP also creates an environment in which visitors experience an appreciation for our heritage, and for the Smithsonian, its buildings, and the collections held as a national treasure.

For FY 2002, the estimate includes a net increase of $2,059,000. This includes a decrease of $1,106,000, which will be achieved by eliminating unnecessary programs and outsourcing others, resulting in a decrease of 17 FTEs. The request also includes increases of $1,795,000 (included in this line item but justified in the Mandatory Increases section), which will support increases in the Institution's central utilities, communications, and postage accounts, and $1,370,000 for necessary pay for existing staff funded in this line item.

PROGRAM - OPP administers, maintains, and repairs 16 museum and art gallery buildings and associated grounds and gardens. Additionally, OPP supports many other work and collection storage areas by providing architectural, engineering, construction, and facility planning services. OPP provides trade and craft support, utilities, transportation, mail services, exhibit renovation, and many other related services in support of research, exhibitions, education, and public programs. OPP also provides technical support to several Smithsonian units located outside the Washington DC metropolitan area, including the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama; the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts and its Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in Arizona; the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Maryland; and

the National Museum of the American Indian and the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum in New York City.

OPP provides building management staff required to operate and maintain the Victor Building (VB). The American Art/Portrait Gallery/VB Office of Facilities Management, assigned to OPP for the duration of the Patent Office Building (POB) renovation, provides custodial, labor, minor maintenance, shipping, transportation for the museum director, and safety & occupational health services for the National Portrait Gallery, the Smithsonian American Art Museum, Renwick Gallery, and Victor Building. This office also acts as liaison to the occupants of the Old POB, Renwick and Victor Building in construction and alteration projects, and in all environmental concerns.

PUBLIC IMPACT

Functionality and Accessibility of Buildings - OPP inspects Smithsonian facilities and analyzes their current condition. With this information, the staff determines the remaining service life of building systems and components and estimates repair or replacement requirements to keep each building operating at an acceptable level of performance. OPP uses these building assessments to develop, evaluate, and prioritize the five-year plan for Repair and Restoration of Facilities.

Research, Outreach, Publication - OPP contributes to the Institution's research and publication programs in several significant ways. Two divisions manage collections and have responsibilities in four primary areas: architectural history, historic preservation, collections management, and archives.

Museum Environments and Exhibitions - OPP maintains the grounds and gardens that surround the Smithsonian museums, accenting the buildings' exhibits and enhancing the public experience. OPP staff grow over 200,000 flowering plants every year and provide holiday decorations and floral and horticultural support for museum programs.

MANAGEMENT EXCELLENCE

Centralized Facilities Management System - OPP is leading the implementation of an automated facilities management system throughout the Smithsonian. By working collaboratively to develop agreed upon standards with the facilities management offices that are part of each museum's staff, the Smithsonian is beginning to have a central database of reliable facilities information. Facilities Center is a consolidated information system that provides reliable and accurate information about every work request and project. OPP will use it to manage maintenance and assets,

including the buildings themselves. Eventually the database will link to facilities drawings that can be shared by anyone using the system.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM CHANGE - For FY 2002, the request for this line item is $76,173,000, which includes a decrease of $1,106,000. The cargo transport program ($94,000 and 2 FTEs), the transportation dispatch service ($92,000 and 2 FTEs), and support for program work ($500,000) will be eliminated. Vehicle maintenance ($39,000 and 5 FTEs) and rigging support ($170,000 and 3 FTEs) will be outsourced, based upon management decisions about the most effective way to provide these services. OPP would also realign mail service, resulting in a reduction of 5 FTEs and $86,000. All of the above management improvements, except the support for program work, will be initiated in FY 2001. Additionally, OPP will enact various administrative efficiencies, resulting in a savings of $125,000.

NONAPPROPRIATED RESOURCES - General trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel, related support costs, the Trust share of space rental costs for administrative activities, and support services offered to other units by the Office of Physical Plant. Donor/sponsor designated funds provide support for costs associated with the upkeep of Smithsonian gardens.

REPAIR, RESTORATION AND ALTERATION OF FACILITIES

The Institution is responsible for over 400 buildings, totaling more than 7.6 million square feet of space, ranging in age from new to over 1 50 years old. These buildings, including many visible and valuable structures, house the Institution's programs and activities and provide safe storage for irreplaceable collections made accessible to millions of scholars and visitors each year. Included are museum and gallery buildings as well as restoration and storage buildings, centers for research and education, and a zoological park.

An aggressive and sustained program of renewal is imperative if the Smithsonian is to provide for the safety and comfort of its visitors and staff, and to honor its commitment to stewardship of the artifacts and facilities with which it has been entrusted. The Institution has developed such a program, which emphasizes restoring these buildings over the next decade while sustaining a constant funding level to continue renewal and code compliance in the Smithsonian's other facilities. For the first time, the Institution is also requesting resources for maintenance of facilities as part of the RR&A appropriation. Placing these resources in this account acknowledges that proper planned maintenance is essential to avoid the future buildup of the backlog of repair work that now plagues Smithsonian facilities. Taken together, the parts of this program will support timely attention to deficiencies, fostering a proactive approach to sustaining the viability of its physical infrastructure. This request will allow the Institution to begin implementation of the program.

Recent Smithsonian assessments of key facilities reveal deterioration in these facilities. Most of this need is in the monumental buildings on or near the Mall, and at the National Zoological Park, and represents HVAC electrical and other utility systems, roofs and building facades, elevators and conveying systems, fencing and roadways, and fire detection systems that have failed. In addition to renewal of systems in these major facilities, funding is also required

1 Includes the rescission of 0.22% contained in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, Section 1403, Public Law 106-554.

to comply with life safety codes and accessibility modifications, to restore and modernize the buildings, and to relocate staff and collections.

More than half of the square footage owned by the Smithsonian Institution is in structures built or last renovated 25 to 40 years ago. Now at the end of their useful life, their systems must all be replaced or repaired at the same time: a factor known as block obsolescence. Moreover, buildings must be updated to meet current code requirements as well as standards established by the Americans with Disabilities Act. Other upgrades are needed to modernize these buildings so that they fully support the exhibitions, research and collections care activities for which they were intended.

These circumstances of block obsolescence are not unique to the Smithsonian. The 1998 report of the National Research Council, Stewardship of Federal Facilities, notes that since 1 789, the federal government has constructed or otherwise acquired more than 500,000 buildings. The report also emphasizes the need to stem the tide of deteriorating buildings and their infrastructure by investing more than $300 billion in them:

Despite the historic, architectural, cultural and functional importance of, and the economic investment in, federal facilities, studies by the General Accounting Office (GAO) and other federal government agencies indicate that the physical condition of this portfolio of public assets is deteriorating. Many necessary repairs were not made when they would have been most cost effective and have become part of a backlog of deferred maintenance. In addition, a large proportion of federal facilities are more than 40 years old. As wear and tear on buildings and their systems increases, the need for maintenance and repair to sustain their performance and functionality also increases. Federal agency program managers, the GAO, and research organizations have all reported that the funding allocated for the repair and maintenance of federal facilities is insufficient. 1

In March 2000, the General Accounting Office issued Federal Buildings: Billions Are Needed for Repairs and Alterations in which it noted that

GSA [General Services Administration] data indicate that billions of dollars are needed to satisfy the repair and alteration needs in government-owned buildings that it manages. These repairs and alterations are needed so that buildings can better meet quality,

' Stewardship of Federal Facilities, National Research Council, National Academy Press, 1998, P-2.

health, and safety standards. If this work is not done, buildings could continue to deteriorate and become functionally obsolete. 2

Assessment of Facility Conditions - Building systems and components have limited life expectancies. Despite planned preventive maintenance and repair efforts, the heavy and constant use of Smithsonian facilities exacerbates the natural aging process of components. As building systems age, the risk of operational failure, unscheduled closings, and damage to collections increase dramatically. In addition, aging systems require increasingly frequent maintenance and repair, which drive up costs. Eventually, systems reach the breakdown mode of operation. Once a system has reached this stage, it can no longer reliably support activities housed in the building. In the case of museum mechanical systems (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) or roofs, this usually means that the continuous close control of environmental conditions and protection from the elements required to preserve collections cannot be guaranteed. In addition, it costs as much as five times more to achieve minimally acceptable performance through breakdown maintenance—that is, repairing or replacing system components on an emergency basis when they fail. More importantly, because of the Institution's high public visibility and nearly 35 million annual visits, the potential for irreparable damage to the collections and unplanned system failures, as well as the public's safety, is a major concern. When a system has deteriorated to the breakdown point, major renewal or replacement is the only way to regain acceptable performance. The Institution carefully inspects its facilities on a scheduled basis and analyzes the current condition of its buildings. Parameters used to assess existing conditions are watertight enclosure; age and condition of heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) and electrical systems; and compliance with current codes and industry operating standards. With this information, the staff determines the remaining life of building systems and components and estimates repair or replacement requirements to keep each building operating at an acceptable performance level.

Work has already begun on two of the Smithsonian's major buildings, the National Museum of Natural History and the Patent Office Building, as discussed below. The most significant deficiencies at these facilities are antiquated and failing mechanical and other utility systems, but a number of modifications are also required to meet life safety and accessibility codes.

PUBLIC IMPACT

FY 2002 REQUEST - The Institution requests a funding level of $67.9 million

for FY 2002, which includes $10 million for the National Zoological Park.

2 United States General Accounting Office, Federal Buildings: Millions are Needed for Repairs and Alterations, March 2000, p. 14-15.

Funding at the requested level will allow the Institution to make progress toward the timely renewal of the most deteriorated buildings, and to make ongoing repairs required to maintain current conditions in newer buildings.

The FY 2002 RR&A request includes:

Smithsonian locations (excluding Zoo) $57,900,000

National Zoological Park 10,000,000

TOTAL $67,900,000

The Smithsonian expects to use the funds requested in FY 2002 to perform work in the categories described below. The chart following this narrative, based on the President's FY 2002 budget, provides a summary of projected expenditures by category of work for FY 2002-FY 2006. The Institution contracts for most RR&A projects unless it is more cost-effective to use existing employees or to hire temporary staff to accomplish the work. The National Zoological Park also contracts for certain ongoing maintenance services with funding in the RR&A account. The account also funds expenses required to accomplish the RR&A work, such as security requirements or relocation of staff and collections that might be placed at risk during construction.

Major Renewal Projects - This category includes the major renovation of Smithsonian facilities to ensure their long-term preservation and usefulness. Projects in this category differ in magnitude, expense, and planning complexity. Work in this category primarily addresses the major replacement requirements for HVAC and electrical systems at the Institution's older facilities where these and other critical building systems are nearing the end of their useful service lives. Most of the Smithsonian's facilities on or near the Mall now need or are nearing the need for major renewal.

Projects in this category involve complete replacement of HVAC, electrical, and plumbing systems, and restoration or replacement of exterior components such as facade, roof, and windows to ensure long-term operation and preservation of the building. Modifications to the building also improve energy efficiency, meet fire detection and suppression requirements, and correct hazardous conditions. By combining these kinds of tasks into a single project, the Institution saves money and avoids repeated disruption to activities in the building. The Smithsonian achieves operating efficiencies as well by designing new building systems and components to work together. The impact of renovation work on programmatic activities is a key factor in planning a major project. Work of this magnitude causes serious disruption to activities in the building. The Institution must relocate staff and collections from the areas under construction to prevent damage, allow staff to continue working during

the construction period, and ensure safety and, when possible, continued public access. Major renewal projects are often phased over a number of years to achieve the most efficient balance of cost savings with minimal disruption to public programs and staff activities.

The current condition and planned renewal of facilities in the FY 2002 request is summarized below.

• Patent Office Building ($15,000,000) - By far the most pressing candidate for infusion of funds in this request is the Patent Office Building, home of two Smithsonian museums —the National Portrait Gallery and the Smithsonian Museum of American Art. One of the oldest and stateliest of Washington buildings, designed by Robert Mills and Thomas U. Walter and built between 1836 and 1868, it was last renovated in 1968. The Smithsonian recently replaced the roof, but the mechanical and electrical systems inside the 332,000 square foot building are over 30 years old and in very poor condition. Other utility systems have seriously deteriorated as well, including electronic panel boards, switchgear and distribution networks, fire protection systems, plumbing, steam distribution, and communications systems. The elevators break down frequently, the exterior of the building is also deteriorated, and many interior surfaces have sustained significant water damage. Substantial modifications are also required to support current life safety and health codes, and meet accessibility requirements.

Renovation of the building calls for replacing all major building systems, repairing basic infrastructure deficiencies, and bringing the premises into compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act. Some mechanical and electrical systems will be relocated in new spaces beneath the courtyard and the adjacent excavated areas will accommodate an auditorium and the security control and monitoring center. The staff will relocate to the newly acquired Victor Building in spring 2001, and collections will be stored in leased space during the duration of the project. The building closed to the public in January 2000 to allow staff to prepare for relocating the collections and operations in advance of construction.

The total cost of renovating the Patent Office Building is estimated to be $151 million. This represents an increase from the earlier estimate of $110-$120 million, which was developed in 1996-1997. The Institution's initial projections for the Patent Office Building project did not adequately anticipate the competitiveness of the labor market in the metropolitan area. The recent unpredictable labor market conditions, labor shortages and prevailing labor rates have had a significant impact on the estimated costs to completion. Construction starts in the Washington metropolitan area have

increased by approximately ten percent over the previous year, have created labor shortages, and driven up labor prices. These increases are reflected in the Davis-Bacon wage rates. Hourly wages have risen at a rate of 5.3 percent annually before inflation. With inflation, this represents the fastest rate increase recorded in the past 25 years. Further, the unemployment rate in the construction industry in the metropolitan area is an astounding one-percent. Such labor-related market conditions have resulted in local construction projects averaging ten percent higher than expected.

The original budget was based on a completion date in 2003. The current estimate predicts completion a year later. Taking into account the labor costs, revisions in scope, and the passage of time, the project estimate has been increased to $151 million.

To date, $33.6 million in RR&A funding has been allocated to this project. The Smithsonian completed planning and a historic structure survey, and has nearly completed design of the physical plant renewal project ($9.8 million). Contract documents will be complete in September 2001. Meanwhile, as a first phase, the Institution recently awarded contracts for removal of the antiquated systems and all hazardous materials in the building ($7.3 million), construction management of the project ($3.1 million), and relocation of a small number of collections ($0.1 million). The demolition and removal of hazardous materials will begin as soon as the building is vacant. The Institution expects to contract later this year to lease space for collection storage and to relocate the collections, replace the windows, and restore the facade of the building ($13.3 million).

The Smithsonian requests $15 million in FY 2002. The remaining funding to complete the renewal and restoration ($102.4 million) will be sought in future years. (Please see the table at the end of this section.)

The Institution plans to complete the renewal of the Patent Office Building by September 2004. The renewal of the Patent Office Building will result in a fully restored building capable of supporting the varied functions of the two museums housed in it. The revitalized building will be the centerpiece of a neighborhood renaissance that is bringing significant economic recovery to the surrounding area. Along with the MCI Sports and Entertainment Arena and the new Washington Convention Center, the Patent Office Building will serve as a lively venue for events and entertainment, drawing new audiences with evening hours, expanded events, and public attractions. The planned renovation will add an estimated 100,000 square feet for public use, as well as dramatically improve the space already in use.

In addition to renovations to be made from appropriated funds, the Institution plans to make further enhancements. These enhancements, to be funded from private sources and projected to cost in the range of $24 million, include a glass dome over the building's 28,000 square foot courtyard, a modern kitchen and restaurant and the addition of up to two exterior visitor kiosks.

National Museum of Natural History ($12,000,000) - This historic beaux-arts building was built in 1911, and the wings were added in the 1 960s. Some of the mechanical equipment in the original building was replaced at that time. Now almost 40 years old, the mechanical, electrical, and other utility systems are all about 10 years past their normal life span. Given funding limitations and the difficulty of closing dozens of laboratories and galleries, as well as relocating collections, the Smithsonian opted several years ago to keep the museum open and accommodate complete renovation, wing by wing, floor by floor, by moving occupants and collections in an elaborate, carefully planned staging process.

Based on this master implementation plan, completed in 1987, the Institution is in the midst of a comprehensive renovation program in the National Museum of Natural History building, which will replace the HVAC equipment, ductwork, electrical equipment and wiring, piping systems, and the roof and windows of the main building. Asbestos and lead will be abated or encapsulated; the fire protection, communications, alarm, and emergency power systems will be upgraded; storm water systems and a hazardous chemical control facility will be installed; and the Museum's main entrance on the Mall will be made accessible to persons with disabilities.

The estimated total cost of the renovation of the National Museum of Natural History is $200 million. Using $76 million provided to date, the Institution has completed approximately 38 percent of the required renovation. Most of this work was exterior work, such as replacement of the windows in the wings, and other work that did not require disrupting the public and staff. The Institution has also replaced the central cooling plant and emergency generator, abated asbestos in the attics and mechanical spaces, constructed new rooftop mechanical rooms, upgraded some elevators and communications systems, restored the rotunda, and completed about one-third of the space in the east wing.

The remaining portions of the project include system replacement and interior renovations to the galleries and the west wing of the building, which houses collections and laboratories. The Institution requests $12 million in FY 2002 to complete system replacement in the Rotunda, replace sewer and other utility routing lines running beneath the floor of the main building,

and begin the floor-by-floor interior renovation of the west wing of the building.

Arts and Industries Building ($6,000,000) - Originally designed to house the rapidly growing National Museum, the Arts and Industries Building was started in April 1879 and completed in March 1881. The last major renovation of the building utility systems took place in the 1970s. The HVAC equipment, electrical and other utility systems are now nearly 30 years old, and break down with increasing frequency.

The estimated cost of the total renovation of the Arts and Industries Building is $105 million. The Smithsonian has completed concept design of the project, using $3.5 million previously provided, and will use $3.7 million in FY 2001 to complete schematic design. The Institution requests $6 million in FY 2002 to replace the older deteriorated sections of the roof, while the building is occupied.

National Zoological Park - ($5,000,000)

Rock Creek ($5,000,000) - Like the monumental buildings around the National Mall, the National Zoological Park's Rock Creek site has a number of historic buildings that are in urgent need of renewal. The Zoo, responding to the Secretary's priority to increase public impact, is aggressively reviving and reopening areas of the Rock Creek Park that have been closed or are in poor condition.

A number of buildings at Rock Creek are currently below the acceptable performance level. As major components of the building systems age, the risk of operational failure, unscheduled closings, and danger to the animal collections and research efforts increase dramatically. Among the buildings with serious deficiencies, including structural deficiencies, failing HVAC systems, obsolete or inadequate electrical systems and leaking roofs or siding, are the Australia Building, the Bear Exhibit, the Mane Building, the Elephant House, the Property Yard and Valley Keeper areas. Several other buildings barely meet a minimum acceptable performance level, including the Reptile Building, Deer and Tapir Building, and Seal/Sea Lion Exhibits. In addition to outdated utility systems and failing exterior structures of individual buildings, basic infrastructure deficiencies include antiquated and inadequate central utility service capacities and distribution systems, obsolete fire alarm and smoke detection systems, practically nonexistent central monitoring of animal life support systems (such as water treatment and climate control), and deteriorated roadways and bridges.

The National Zoological Park is developing a site utilities master plan to renovate the underground utility infrastructure at Rock Creek. This plan, when complete in spring 2001, will guide the replacement and upgrade of the antiquated and inadequate utility systems —electrical, water, sewer, storm water, telecommunications, steam and gas—that serve the Park.

For FY 2002, $5 million is requested to continue renewal of the buildings and infrastructure at Rock Creek. The work will include road and bridge improvements ($0.5 million), utility infrastructure improvements ($1 million), replacement of the roofs of the Reptile and Small Mammal Houses ($1.2 million), design of the Deer and Tapir Area ($1.4 million), contingencies for the Mane Building renovation ($0.2 million), and concept design of the Elephant House renewal ($0.5 million) and the Small Mammal renovation ($0.2 million).

Ongoing Repair and Modification Requirements. In addition to the major renewal projects described above, the Institution must continue routine repairs to all facilities in order to keep them in viable operating condition. Failure to address these ongoing requirements will accelerate deterioration of building systems. Eventual replacement costs, if not addressed when the fix needed is routine, will become part of a backlog of repair and renewal.

When developing its annual and long-range budget requirements, the Smithsonian evaluates risk to the public, the collections, and the facilities themselves by applying a rigorous priority system to balance the need for major renewal work with the ongoing needs of other facilities. The staff prioritizes these requirements as follows:

Priority A:

• Correct conditions that threaten public safety or health

• Repair or replace actively failing building envelope or utility components,

e.g., roof leaks or HVAC breakdowns, that may threaten the collections or disrupt programs

Priority B:

• Correct conditions required to meet life safety or health and other codes

with a deadline in the future

• Repair or replace building envelope or utility components in imminent

danger of failure, e.g., minor roof leaks or failing equipment.

Priority C:

• Renew facility components based on predicted schedule and observable

condition

• Continue ongoing or phased renovation efforts, including work needed as

part of a higher priority project

• Repair or replace equipment that will produce energy or maintenance

savings or credits

Priority D:

• Repair or renew building conditions that could be deferred

In applying the priorities and scheduling the projects, the staff considers other factors which influence how and when projects might be scheduled, such as possible disruptions to the public or opportunities to group projects to get better pricing, as well as the availability of swing space for staff and collections during the projects. The detail of how each project is ranked can be found in "The Repair, Restoration and Alteration of Facilities, FY 2002-FY 2006 Five-Year Plan," to be provided separately.

Code Compliance and Security ($7,020,000) - This category includes projects included in the Fire Detection and Suppression, and the Access, Safety and Security categories. The majority of the work in this section, as well in the next, is done by contract. When appropriate and cost-effective, the rest may be done by existing or temporary staff. The amounts indicated, represent current FY 2002 planning estimates for each subcategory.

• Smithsonian other than National Zoological Park ($5,570,000)

Fire Detection and Suppression ($10,000) - Smithsonian staff have developed a fire protection master plan for every major Smithsonian facility. Projects typically include installation of smoke alarms, sprinklers, and firewalls and doors to create fire zones.

Access, Safety, and Security ($5,560,000) - These projects provide better access to the Institution's facilities for persons with disabilities, improve environmental conditions in buildings, and correct conditions that threaten the security of the collections. Work includes asbestos abatement and correction of ventilation problems; modifications to ensure accessibility of public facilities, eliminating obstructions and overhead hazards, improving emergency warning systems, and providing seating space for wheelchair users and listening systems for the hearing impaired; and projects to improve the security of the staff, visitors and collections, such as installing security surveillance systems, improving exterior lighting, and installing card access systems to limit and document entry to certain spaces.

• National Zoological Park ($1,450,000) - Projects in this category include fire detection and suppression and the access, safety and security projects.

Infrastructure Repairs and Modifications ($20,980,000) - This category includes projects in the General Repair, Facade, Roof and Terrace Repair, Utility Systems Repair, and Repair and Restoration Planning, Design, and Inspection categories. This category also includes Alterations and Modifications (A&M) projects. The amounts indicated represent current planning estimates for each category.

• Smithsonian other than National Zoological Park ($ 14,620,000)

General Repair ($7,445,000) - These projects include minor, unscheduled, but essential, repairs that the Institution cannot anticipate specifically. Estimates of requirements are usually based upon historical data on the volume of work needed each year.

Facade, Roof, and Terrace Repair ($1,270,000) - This work includes a variety of projects required to ensure that buildings remain watertight. Projects include patching or replacing portions of roofs, recaulking facade joints, and repairing and repainting window frames and other exterior components. Smithsonian buildings require continuing facade work in order to restore and maintain intact the building envelopes.

Utility Systems Repair ($3,405,000) - These projects maintain, repair, and upgrade the HVAC, plumbing, electrical, and communications systems throughout the Institution's facilities. Ongoing renovations, repairs, and replacement of deteriorated equipment components are essential for ensuring reliable and energy-efficient operation of utility systems. The long-term preservation of the National Collections depends upon stable temperature and humidity conditions.

Repair and Restoration Planning, Design, and Inspection ($2,500,000) -

The Smithsonian uses funds to identify and analyze long-range repair and restoration needs and to design future-year projects in advance of funding requests. In addition to improving the accuracy of cost estimates, design of projects in advance of funding reduces escalation costs by enabling the staff to award construction contracts as soon as resources are appropriated. Needed repairs are also accomplished much sooner, thus preventing further deterioration and ensuring faster compliance with codes.

• National Zoological Park Infrastructure Repairs ($3,550,000) - Funds in this category support general repairs; facade roof and terrace repairs; utility systems repairs; and planning, design, and inspection.

• Alterations and Modifications (A&M) ($2,810,000) - The Institution must make changes, improvements or minor additions to existing space and plan for future requirements in order to maintain the vitality and operating effectiveness of its programmatic activities. Funding in A&M allows staff to contract for space planning and feasibility studies to ensure the best programmatic use of space as needs change, for design and construction of specific building modifications and minor additions, and for equipping of changed space. Individual projects will cost no more than $1 million and will have little or no impact on facility operating costs. A&M projects for the National Zoological Park are included here.

Preventive Maintenance ($1,900,000 and 37 FTEs) - For the first time, the Institution is also requesting resources for maintenance of facilities as part of the RR&A appropriation. These resources are included in this account to acknowledge that proper planned preventive maintenance is essential to avoid the buildup of the backlog of repair work that now plagues Smithsonian facilities. The Institution requests up to 37 FTEs and $1.9 million to improve the condition and functionality of Smithsonian facilities by providing the Office of Physical Plant (OPP) with resources required to perform necessary building maintenance and increase the amounts of preventive and predictive maintenance on component systems. The funding will allow hiring up to 37 additional utility systems, trade and craft mechanics to perform scheduled preventive maintenance tasks on HVAC, electrical, plumbing, roofing, interior surfaces, and other building systems and components. OPP will also examine options for contracting the work out, rather than hiring additional staff. OPP will also use contracts for such specialty services as inspection, testing, and preventive maintenance of automatic/fire/roll-up doors, high voltage electrical panels, fire alarm systems, fire sprinklers, cooling tower testing and cleaning; and thermographic and vibration analysis.

Conditions and systems in Smithsonian facilities have been taxed beyond their useful life. Deteriorating interior finishes of buildings and aging mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems are in constant need of maintenance and repair. Current base resource levels do not allow for comprehensive preventive and predictive maintenance to be performed as scheduled. Recent analysis of work performed indicates that the current ratio of unscheduled maintenance to scheduled maintenance is approximately 4:1. While systems are in place to schedule preventive maintenance and to test for predictive maintenance, frequent breakdowns occur and take priority over

scheduled work. This situation leads to reduced service life of installed systems, and increases in deferred repair and renewal requirements.

The additional staff will enable OPP to operate systems, troubleshoot problems, make emergency repairs, perform scheduled preventive maintenance and contract for additional maintenance services. The result will be improved conditions and longer operating life for the Institution's facilities.

Smithsonian Institution Repair, Restoration, and Alteration of Facilities FY 2002-FY 2006 Based on Approved FY 2002 Budget

(Dollars in millions)

*New category includes preventive and planned maintenance for all facilities except the National Zoological Park (the Zoo).

*'Estimates for the Zoo include $3.5 million annually for maintenance service contracts. Maintenance of the rest of Smithsonian facilities is included in Salaries and Expenses account.

CONSTRUCTION

Plans for facility development represent a major investment in the continuing vitality of all Smithsonian programs, whether they are for collections management, research, public exhibitions, education, or its many support services. To carry out these plans, the Institution requests $30,000,000 in FY 2002.

The FY 2002 Construction program includes:

National Museum of the American Indian Mall Museum

$30,000,000

PUBLIC IMPACT

National Museum of the American Indian Mall Museum ($30,000,000) - Public Law 101-185, which created the National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI), authorized the Institution to construct three facilities to house the new museum and its collections. The Museum's main exhibition building will be constructed on the National Mall near the foot of Capitol Hill. The location, adjacent to the world's most frequently visited museums, will provide excellent exposure for Native American artifacts and related museum activities centered on Native American culture. The Mall Museum will house permanent and changing exhibitions, reference and resource areas, an auditorium, a native foods cafe, retail areas, and space for performances and other public programs in approximately 254,000 square feet of programmed space. The other NMAI buildings include the George Gustav Heye Center, which opened in New York City in 1 994 and provides 82,000 square feet of exhibition and public program space, and the Cultural Resources Center in Suitland, Maryland, which opened in 1999 and will house more than one million artifacts in the Museum's collection and related care and study activities in 145,000 square feet of space.

1 Includes rescission of $21,000 from Consolidated Appropriations Act, Section 1403, Public Law 106-554.

The final design for the Mall Museum was approved by both the National Capital Planning Commission and the Commission of Fine Arts in the summer of 2000. Construction documents were completed shortly thereafter and cost and technical proposals were requested from interested contractors in the fall of 2000. The first round of cost proposals was received January 16, 2001. Final offers by construction phase are due at the end of March 2001.

In 1989, the planning, design and construction of the Mall Museum was estimated at $110 million. Between 1990 and 2000, a total of $73.3 million was appropriated and the balance raised from private funds. Since that original estimate, significant cost increases have driven the total project construction costs to an estimated $186 million. This estimate may change based on final construction bids. Excluding scope changes and soft costs, these increases are attributable to a number of factors:

• Restart with a new design team following the termination of the original architect and subsequent design modifications required by the Commission of Fine Arts and National Capital Planning Commission ($10-$12 million).

• Cost of construction ($24 million) related to the complexity of the curvilinear design and exterior skin construction; and

• Cost increases ($18-$23 million) resulting from a three-year delay in the project and the sharp escalation in the capital region construction market since 1999.

A ceremonial groundbreaking took place in September 1999, and a site preparation contract was awarded. This preparatory work, including site fencing, utility relocation, sheeting and shoring, and full excavation of the site, was completed in January 2001.

Based on the new cost estimate of $186 million, the Institution has identified a shortfall of $76 million. For FY 2002, the Institution requests $30 million for construction of the building and plans to request an additional $10 million in FY 2003. The Institution anticipates a need for some $20 million more —resulting from expenses such as additional fundraising costs and bridge financing —to open the museum. In light of the significant increase in project costs, an aggressive fund-raising campaign is already underway among individuals, foundations, corporations and Native American tribes throughout the country. The projected opening of the Museum is the end of 2003.

Smithsonian Institution

Long Range Construction Program FY 2002 - FY 2006

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VISITS TO THE SMITHSONIAN FY 1996 - FY 2000

MUSEUM MALL

SI Castle

A&l Building

Natural History

Air and Space/Silver Hill

Freer Gallery

Sackler Gallery

African Art

Ripley Center

American History

Hirshhorn

FY 1996

1,722,551

725,620

5,171,318

6,935,989

321,005 164,395 232,352 141,548 4,578,490 742,139

FY 1997

FY 1998

1,812,172 1,890,838

986,348 875,853

5,859,717 6,476,700

8,348,096 10,238,890

290,939 176,627 227,703 134,579 5,106,387 767,229

330,104 207,653 232,939 300,147 5,579,039 829,782

FY 1999

1,854,903

742,415

7,076,380

9,410,872

364,305 213,276 245,786 333,537 5,680,001 795,646

FY 2000

1,836,963

868,171

9,489,272

9,008,608

347,607 224,151 234,295 502,334 6,261,715 951,570

OFF MALL

American Art/ Portrait Gallery 1

Renwick

Anacostia 2

Cooper-Hewitt 3

American Indian 4

National Zoo

Postal

298,150

98,832 39,900 25,246

318,891 2,700,000

341,210

374,494

132,481 7,206 100,804 577,962 2,634,000 450,288

550,087

130,700 26,100 131,949 615,697 2,800,000 423,760

362,854

125,910 25,794 108,579 587,546 2,682,283 461,743

176,881

146,071 3,302 150,786 498,316 2,360,876 450,483

TOTAL

24,557,636 27,987,032 31,640,238 31,071,830 33,511,401

Closed to the public January 2000.

Closed to the public December 1996 through January 1998; September 1998; and December

1999 through present. Galleries closed to the public August 1995 through September 1996; the Garden remained open. Includes the George Gustave Heye Center, which opened in 1994, and the Cultural Resources

Center, which opened in April 2000.

SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM

Program of Grants for Research - Through its Special Foreign Currency Program, the Smithsonian makes grants to United States universities, museums, and other institutions of higher learning (including the Institution itself) primarily for research and advanced professional training in fields of traditional Smithsonian competence.

Excess currency appropriations directly funded the program through FY 1986. Outlays from budget authority provided through FY 1986, including the Forward-funded Reserve for the American Institute of Indian Studies, have continued. In addition, since FY 1986 the Smithsonian has received allocations of U.S.-owned Indian rupees from funds appropriated to the Department of State in FY 1 985 for the establishment of the U.S.India Fund for Education, Cultural, and Scientific Cooperation.

Since its initiation in 1 965, the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program has been a major source of support for research carried out by United States institutions in those countries for which excess foreign currencies are available. The full responsibility for the design, execution, and publication of research results rests with the scholar working within a program of a United States institution. Smithsonian foreign currency grants strengthen the fundamental research and training activities of collaborating institutions abroad, because most projects directly involve host country institutions and scholars. Enduring professional ties, which result from joint efforts and scholarly exchange, contribute to the strongest form of United States cultural relations with other nations. These ties also contribute to the global integration of research data in the sciences. As a result of this interaction, the gap between scholars from industrial and developing nations has narrowed. Moreover, research sponsored by the program aims, in part, to improve understanding of the environment, as well as management and conservation of scarce natural and cultural resources threatened by the rapid growth of world population and technological development.

In FY 2000, ongoing research supported by these grants included projects in archeology, anthropology, art history, natural sciences, and astrophysics.

Forward-Funded Reserve for the American Institute of Indian Studies - Since 1967, the Smithsonian has provided annual funding through the Special Foreign Currency Program to the American Institute of Indian Studies (AIIS) for its fellowships, research, symposia, and publications

programs, as well as for its administrative costs. The Smithsonian has helped sustain this Institute and other American research centers abroad for more than 30 years because of their contributions to scholarship and science without regard to national boundaries and because of their special service to American scholars.

With Special Foreign Currency Program funding received from FY 1980 through FY 1985, the Smithsonian established a forward-funded reserve of $7,170,000 equivalent in rupees. This reserve enabled the AIIS to sustain its programs after the removal of India from the excess currency list in 1985. Since FY 1986, AIIS, with oversight from the Smithsonian, has drawn upon funds in this reserve for its fellowship program and administrative costs in India. The Institution continues to examine annual proposals through its peer review system before releasing funds to AIIS.

The reserve should provide core support for AIIS programs well into the new millenium. In 1990 Congress authorized the deposit of the reserve in interest-bearing (rupee) accounts in order to help continue the viability of the fund. In FY 1993, the first deposits totaling an equivalent of $4,000,000 were made to the interest-bearing accounts. Most of the funds remaining in the reserve were deposited into interest-bearing accounts in FY 1995. The first draw-down of those funds occurred in 1998 when the last rupee grant was made.

TRUST FUNDS

In addition to support provided by federal appropriations, the Institution receives trust funds to expand and enrich its programs. The following provides an overview of all sources of funding.

The Institution's trust funds include general trust funds with limited or no restrictions on their use, designated funds restricted by the donor or sponsor, and government grants and contracts. Projections are subject to the uncertainty of the size of donations, grants, and contracts; to fluctuations in visitor attendance; and to the volatility of the economy, which directly affects the return on the endowment as well as restaurant, mail order, and museum shop revenues, memberships, and other auxiliary activities. The Institution's gross operating revenue, less the expenses of the auxiliary activities, represents the net operating revenue available for programmatic and related purposes. The following table provides a summary of the sources of trust operating funds.

SOURCE AND APPLICATION OF TRUST FUNDS - The following sections describe the sources of each category of trust funds as well as a general description of their application.

General Trust Funds - The sources of general trust funds are investment income; earnings from unrestricted endowments; net proceeds from the museum shops, mail order, and food service concessions; sales of Smithsonian books, records, and other products based on designs and objects in the collections; theater/planetarium operations at the National Air and Space Museum and the Samuel C. Johnson IMAX Theater in the National Museum of Natural History; rental of exhibitions of the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service; membership programs (including Smithsonian and Air and Space magazines); the sale of posters, exhibition brochures, catalogs, and other publications; and admission fees. Projected sources of FY 2001 general trust funds total $97,000,000. These funds are used to support Administrative Programs such as central management, legal counsel, accounting, personnel, contracting, budget, and education and public programs such as fellowship and award programs, scholarly studies and exhibitions.

Donor/Sponsor Designated Funds - Designated trust funds include gifts, grants, and earnings on endowments from individuals, foundations, organizations, and corporations that specify the purpose of the funds. Designated funds in FY 2001 are projected to total $62,000,000. Generally, these funds support a particular exhibition or program, are used to manage the Smithsonian collections, and support research projects.

Government Grants and Contracts - Various government agencies and departments provide grants and contracts for projects that only the Smithsonian can conduct because of its expertise in a particular area of science, history, art, or education and because of its ability to respond quickly to certain needs. For FY 2001, government grants and contracts are projected to be $68,000 000. Of this amount, $56,000,000 is provided for astrophysical research and development carried out by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.

APPROPRIATION LANGUAGE AND CITATIONS

The Act of August 10, 1846, 9 Stat. 102-106, 20 U.S.C.§§ 41-70, established the Smithsonian Institution "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge," and provided the organizational structure for the Institution's administration. The mission of the Smithsonian Institution has remained unchanged throughout its 155-year history, although additional authority for many of the Institution's programs and operations has been enacted over the years. Those statutes, along with the Smithsonian charter, are cited below as the authority for the Smithsonian Institution appropriation language, except where specific authorizing language has been included in the wording of the appropriation itself.

Appropriation: Salaries and Expenses

1. For necessary expenses of the Smithsonian Institution, as authorized by law, including research in the fields of art, science, and history;

20 U.S.C.§§ 50, 53a, 69, 75b(b), 76bb(c), 77a, 78, 80a(a), 80m, 80q-1 (b)(1),(3) provide that (1) "...all objects of art and of foreign and curious research, and all objects of natural history, plants, and geological and mineralogical specimens...shall be so arranged and classified...as best to facilitate the examination and study of them..." (2) "Appropriations are authorized for...the making of solar observations at high altitudes..." (3) "The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution is hereby authorized...to continue independently or in cooperation anthropological researches among the American Indians and the natives of lands under the jurisdiction or protection of the United States..." (4) "The Gallery [National Portrait Gallery] shall function as a free public museum for the exhibition and study of portraiture and statuary depicting men and women who have made significant contributions to the history, development, and culture of the people of the United States and of the artists who created such portraiture and statuary." (5) "The Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden...shall be used for the storage, exhibition, and study of works of art..." (6) "The national air and space museum shall...provide educational material for the historical study of aviation and space flight." (7) "The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution is authorized to cooperate with any State, educational institution, or scientific organization in the United States for continuing paleontological investigations..." (8) "It shall be equipped with a study center

for scholarly research into the meaning of war, its effect on civilization, and the role of the armed forces..." (9) "...the Board may...conduct programs of research and education (in the Museum of African Art)..."(10) The purposes of the National Museum [of the American Indian] are to (1) advance the study of Native Americans, including the study of language, literature, history, art, anthropology, and life...(3) provide for Native American research and study programs.

development, preservation, and documentation of the National Collections;

20 U.S.C.§§ 50, 50a, 59, 69, 75e, 76c, 76cc(a), 77a, 80a, 80m, 80q-1 (b)(2), 81 provide that (1) "...all objects of art and of foreign and curious research, and all objects of natural history, plants, and geological and mineralogical specimens...shall be delivered to such persons as may be authorized by the Board of Regents to receive them, and shall be so arranged and classified...as best to facilitate the examination and study of them..." (2) "The Smithsonian Institution is authorized to include in its estimates of appropriations such sums as may be needful for the preservation and maintenance of the John Gellatly art collection." (3) "All collections of rocks, minerals, soils, fossils, and objects of natural history, archaeology, and ethnology...when no longer needed for investigations in progress shall be deposited in the National Museum." (4) "The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution is hereby authorized...to continue independently or in cooperation...the excavation and preservation of archaeological remains." (5) "...the Board may - (1) purchase, accept, borrow, or otherwise acquire portraiture, statuary, and other items for preservation, exhibition, or study." (6) "...the Regents are authorized...to acquire (by purchase or otherwise) and sell contemporary works of art or copies thereof..." (7) "There is established in the Smithsonian Institution a Board of Trustees...which shall have the sole authority (i) to purchase or otherwise acquire...works of art for the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden..." (8) "The national air and space museum shall...collect, preserve, and display aeronautical and space flight equipment of historical interest and significance..."

(9) "...the Smithsonian Institution shall collect, preserve, and exhibit military objects of historical interest and significance."

(10) "...the Board may purchase, accept, borrow or otherwise

acquire additional works of art or any other real or personal property for the Museum (of African Art); preserve, maintain, restore...or otherwise hold any property of whatsoever nature acquired..." (11) "The purposes of the National Museum [of the American Indian] are to...(2) collect, preserve, and exhibit Native American objects of artistic, historical, literary, anthropological, and scientific interest..." (12) "The National Zoological Park is placed under the direction of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, who are authorized to transfer to it any living specimens, whether of animals or plants, in their charge, to accept gifts for the park...to make exchanges of specimens..."

3. presentation of public exhibits and performances;

20 U.S.C.§§ 75b(b), 76c(b), 76bb(c), 77a, 80a(a), 80m(a), 80q-1(b) provide that (1) "The Gallery [National Portrait Gallery] shall function as a free public museum for the exhibition and study of portraiture and statuary..." (2) "In order to encourage the development of contemporary art and to effect the widest distribution and cultivation in matters of such art, the Regents are authorized to...conduct exhibitions..." (3) "The Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden...shall be used for the storage, exhibition, and study of works of art..." (4) "The national air and space museum shall...collect, preserve, and display aeronautical and space flight equipment of historical interest and significance..." (5) "...the Smithsonian Institution shall collect, preserve, and exhibit military objects of historical interest and significance." (6) "...the Board may...display...any property of whatsoever nature acquired (for the Museum of African Art)..." (7) "The purposes of the National Museum [of the American Indian] are to...(2) collect, preserve, and exhibit Native American objects of artistic, historical, literary, anthropological, and scientific interest..."

4. collection, preparation, dissemination, and exchange of information and publications;

20 U.S.C.§ 53a provides that "Appropriations are authorized for the...preparation of manuscripts, drawings, and illustrations for publication."

conduct of education, training, and museum assistance programs;

20 U.S.C.§ 65a provides "The Director of the National Museum under the direction of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution shall - (1) cooperate with museums and their professional organizations in a continuing study of museum problems and opportunities, both in the United States and abroad;... (3) prepare and distribute significant museum publications; (4) perform research on, and otherwise contribute to, the development of museum techniques...."

20 U.S.C.§ 77a provides that "The national air and space museum shall...provide educational material for the historical study of aviation and space flight."

20 U.S.C.§ 79a provides that "The purpose of setting aside such an area [Barro Colorado Island] is to preserve and conserve its natural features...thus providing a place where duly qualified students can make observations and scientific investigations for increase of knowledge, under such conditions and regulations as may be prescribed by the Smithsonian Institution."

20 U.S.C. § 79e provides that "There are authorized to be appropriated annually...such sums as are necessary for the administration of [the Canal Zone Biological Area] for the maintenance of laboratory or other facilities..."

The Panama Canal Treaty and ancillary agreements vest in the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute responsibility to serve as custodian of the Barro Colorado Nature Monument. The Panama Canal Act of 1979, Public Law 96-70, as amended, implements the provisions of the Panama Canal Treaty.

20 U.S.C.§ 80m(a) provides that "...the Board [of Regents] may... (3) conduct programs of research and education (in the Museum of African Art)...."

maintenance, alteration, operation, lease (for terms not to exceed thirty years), and protection of buildings, facilities, and approaches;

20 U.S.C.§§ 53a, 76g, 76ee, 79b, 80m, 81 provide that respectively, (1) "Appropriations are authorized for the maintenance of the Astrophysical Observatory and...for repairs

and alterations of buildings and grounds occupied by the Smithsonian Institution in the District of Columbia and elsewhere..." (2) "There are authorized to be appropriated annually such sums as may be necessary to maintain and administer the Gallery [National Portrait Gallery]..." (3) "There is authorized to be appropriated...such additional sums as may be necessary for the maintenance and operation of such [Hirshhorn] [M]useum and [S]culpture [GJarden." (4) "The Smithsonian Institution shall...be responsible for the construction and maintenance of laboratory and other facilities on the area provided for the use of students authorized to carry on studies within the confines of the area..." (5) "...the Board may...preserve, maintain...any property of whatsoever nature acquired (for the Museum of African Art)..." (6)"The National Zoological Park is placed under the direction of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, who are authorized...to administer and improve the said Zoological Park for the advancement of science and the instruction and recreation of the people." Public Law 101-512 making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies for the fiscal year 1991 extended the maximum term for leases from ten years to thirty years.

7. not to exceed $ for services as authorized by 5 U.S.C.

3109;

5 U.S.C.§ 3109 provides that "When authorized by an appropriation or other statute, the head of an agency may procure by contract the temporary (not in excess of 1 year) or intermittent services of experts or consultants or an organization thereof, including stenographic reporting services."

8. up to 5 replacement passenger vehicles;

31 U.S.C.§ 1343 provides that "(b) An appropriation may be expended to buy or lease passenger motor vehicles only- (1) for the use of-...or, (2) as specifically provided by law."

9. purchase, rental, repair, and cleaning of uniforms for employees,

5 U.S.C.§ 5901 provides that "(a) There is authorized to be appropriated annually to each agency of the Government of the United States,...on a showing of necessity or desirability, such

sums as may be necessary to carry out this subchapter. The head of the agency concerned...shall- (1) furnish to each of these employees a uniform at a cost not to exceed $400 a year...or (2) pay to each of these employees a allowance for a uniform not to exceed $400 a year..."

40 U.S.C.§ 1 93t provides that "The special police provided for in section 193n of this title [Smithsonian Institution]...may be furnished, without charge, with uniforms and such other equipment as may be necessary for the proper performance of their duties..."

10. of which not to exceed $ for the instrumentation program,

collections acquisition, Museum Support Center equipment and move, exhibition reinstallation, the National Museum of the American Indian, the repatriation of skeletal remains program, research equipment, information management, and Latino programming shall remain available until expended

Wording added by the Congress in Public Law 100-446 making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and related agencies for the fiscal year 1 989 to permit the Institution to establish no-year funding within the Salaries and Expenses account for the development of major scientific instrumentation. Public Law 101-512 making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies for the fiscal year 1991 also allowed no-year funding to be used for purchases for museum collections; the costs of purchasing collections storage equipment and the preparation of objects and the move of collections to the Museum Support Center; the design, production, and reinstallation of museum exhibitions; the operating costs associated with the new National Museum of the American Indian; and the repatriation of skeletal remains. In addition, Public Law 103-332 making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies for the fiscal year 1995 established no-year funding for research equipment; information technology needs; and Latino programming at the Institution.

31 U.S.C.i 1301(c) provides "An appropriation in a regular, annual appropriation law may be construed to be permanent or available continuously only if the appropriation ... (2) expressly provides that it is available after the fiscal year covered by the law in which it appears."

11. and including such funds as may be necessary to support American

overseas research centers and a total of $ for the Council of

American Overseas Research Centers:

Wording added by the Congress in Public Law 99-190 making appropriations for the Department of Interior and Related Agencies in 1986. Public Law 100-446 making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies for the fiscal year 1989 modified reference to add specific dollar sum to be provided to the Council of American Overseas Research Centers.

12. Provided, That funds appropriated herein are available for advance payments to independent contractors performing research services or participating in official Smithsonian presentations:

31 U.S.C.§ 3324 provides that "(b) An advance of public money may be made only if it is authorized by— (1) a specific appropriation or other law..."

13. Provided further, That the Smithsonian Institution may expend Federal appropriations designated in this Act for lease or rent payments for long term and swing space, as rent payable to the Smithsonian Institution, and such rent payments may be deposited into the general trust funds of the Institution to the extent that federally supported activities are housed in the 900 H Street, N.W. building in the District of Columbia: Provided further, That this use of Federal appropriations shall not be construed as debt service, a Federal guarantee of, a transfer of risk to, or an obligation of, the Federal Government; Provided further, That no appropriated funds may be used to service debt which is incurred to finance the costs of acquiring the 900 H Street building or of planning, designing, and constructing improvements to such building.

Wording added by the Congress in Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2000, as enacted by section 1000(a)(3), Division B of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2000 (Public Law 106-113, approved November 29, 1999).

Appropriation: Repair, Rehabilitation and Alteration of Facilities

1. For necessary expenses of repair, restoration and alteration of facilities owned or occupied by the Smithsonian Institution, by

contract or otherwise, as authorized by section 2 of the Act of August 22, 1949 (63 Stat. 623),

Act of August 22, 1949 (63 Stat. 623), 20 U.S.C.§ 53a, provides that "Appropriations are authorized...for repairs and alterations of buildings and grounds occupied by the Smithsonian Institution in the District of Columbia and elsewhere..."

20 U.S.C.§ 81 provides that "The National Zoological Park is placed under the direction of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, who are authorized...to administer and improve the said Zoological Park for the advancement of science and the instruction and recreation of the people."

2. including not to exceed $ for services as authorized by 5

U.S.C. 3109,

5 U.S.C.§ 3109 provides that "When authorized by an appropriation or other statute, the head of an agency may procure by contract the temporary (not in excess of 1 year) or intermittent services of experts or consultants or an organization thereof, including stenographic reporting services."

3. to remain available until expended,

31 U.S.C.§ 1301 provides "An appropriation in a regular, annual appropriation law may be construed to be permanent or available continuously only if the appropriation—... expressly provides that it is available after the fiscal year covered by the law in which it appears."

4. of which $ is provided for repair, rehabilitation and alteration

of facilities at the National Zoological Park:

Wording added by the Congress in Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2000, as enacted by section 1000(a)(3), Division B of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2000 (Public Law 106-113, approved November 29, 1999) for clarification.

5. Provided, That contracts awarded for environmental systems, protection systems, and repair or restoration of facilities of the

Smithsonian Institution may be negotiated with selected contractors and awarded on the basis of contractor qualifications as well as price:

Wording added in fiscal year 1 984 to allow for negotiations with the most competent firms for restoration and renovation work where it can be certified that such work must be performed to meet the special needs of historic structures, the protection of collections, or public safety.

Appropriation: Construction

1. For necessary expenses for construction,

20 U.S.C.i 53a provides that "Appropriations are authorized...for repairs and alterations of buildings and grounds occupied by the Smithsonian Institution in the District of Columbia and elsewhere..."

2. to remain available until expended.

31 U.S.C.§ 1301(c) provides "An appropriation in a regular, annual appropriation law may be construed to be permanent or available continuously only if the appropriation... (2) expressly provides that it is available after the fiscal year covered by the law in which it appears."

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