This book made available by the Internet Archive.

Major Scientific Instrumentation 97

Museum Support Center 100

Smithsonian Institution Archives 102

Smithsonian Institution Libraries 105

Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service 108

Administration 111

Facilities Services

Office of Protection Services 113

Office of Physical Plant 115

Construction and Improvements, National Zoological Park 119

Repair and Restoration of Buildings 125

Construction 135

Appendix

Smithsonian Institution Organizational Chart 139

Strategic Plan 141

FY 1999 Performance Plan 163

Visitors to the Smithsonian, FY 1993-FY 1997 168

Special Foreign Currency Program 169

Nonappropriated Resources 171

Appropriation Language and Citations 174

Adjustments to FY 1998 Funding 184

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION FY 1999 BUDGET REQUEST

Introduction

Dedicated to the "increase and diffusion of knowledge," the Smithsonian has, over the past 1 50 years, become pre-eminent in astrophysics, tropical and environmental biology, the history of science, art history, aeronautics and space science, natural history, anthropology, and materials conservation. The world's largest museum, education, and research complex, the Institution includes 16 museums and galleries and the National Zoological Park which receive more than 25 million visits each year. Millions of others visit the Institution's traveling exhibitions and its expanded website, www.si.edu.

Objects, works of art, and specimens at the Smithsonian total about 140 million, of which 122 million are in the National Museum of Natural History. A leading center for study in the sciences, the Institution has specialized research facilities in eight states and the Republic of Panama. The Smithsonian also conducts research in its museums and at field sites around the world.

1 / The FY 1999 request also includes $19,000,000 to become available on October 1, 1999, to complete the National Museum of the American Indian's Mall museum.

In the last fiscal year the Institution built on the success of its sesquicentennial celebration, the key feature of which was America's Smithsonian, a major traveling exhibition that reached people across the country, and continued development of the Institution's website. In addition, the Board of Regents, following up on a recommendation of the Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian Institution, approved a policy on affiliations under which the Institution is developing new long-term relationships with museums and community organizations throughout the country. In the first of these, Bethlehem Steel in the Lehigh Valley of Pennsylvania is working with the Smithsonian to develop a museum of industrial history featuring machinery and other objects that will be loaned from collections at the National Museum of American History. The Smithsonian is also pursuing affiliations programs with the Miami Museum of Science in Miami, Florida; a future Museum of Progress in Scottsdale, Arizona; a planned center for Latino culture in San Antonio, Texas; and a planned Origins of the Southwest museum in Arlington, Texas.

Understanding that communications technologies hold the greatest promise for the future development and dissemination of knowledge, the Institution has made and will continue to make substantial investments in the information infrastructure of the Smithsonian and in electronic imaging and cataloging of the Institution's collections. These efforts to provide the public and scholarly communities with fuller access to and information about the resources of the Smithsonian are entirely consistent with the Institution's strategic plan and are expected to dominate activity in the planning period.

Strategic Plan and FY 1999 Performance Plan

The Institution has completed a five-year strategic plan and an associated performance plan for FY 1999 that are consistent with the guidelines of the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993. These plans are included in the Appendix to this budget justification. The strategic plan builds on the mission of the Smithsonian, established for the increase and diffusion of knowledge, by setting three goals:

• increase knowledge through research activities and use of Smithsonian collections

• diffuse knowledge through exhibitions, publications, programs, electronic communications, and affiliations and through improvements in education and museum training opportunities

• support increased knowledge and diffusion through improvements in finance, management, and physical infrastructure

The FY 1999 performance plan has been developed based on the mission and goals of the strategic plan, and includes performance goals, strategies and measures for each of the program activities listed above. Performance will be measured against the goals and targets for FY 1999 and will be reviewed by senior Smithsonian management at the end of the fiscal year. The results will be forwarded to the Office of Management and Budget and to Congress in the performance management report that is due by March 31, 2000.

As the annual performance planning and evaluation process evolves, the information gained from the process will serve two critical purposes. First, this information will be used by Smithsonian managers to assess performance and progress in key areas, and also will enable managers to make strategic and operational decisions based on more accurate and meaningful data. In addition, the information gained from the process will enable the Institution to communicate more effectively to the public, the Executive Branch, and Congress the results and accomplishments of the Institution's programmatic efforts that support its mission.

FY 1999 Budget Request

For FY 1999, the Smithsonian's request for all operating and capital accounts totals $419.8 million, an increase of $17.5 million over the FY 1998 appropriation. Of this amount, $357.3 million is for the Salaries and Expenses account; $4.5 million for the Construction and Improvements, National Zoological Park account; $40.0 million for the Repair and Restoration of Buildings account; and $18.0 million for the Construction account. The Institution is also requesting an advance

appropriation in the Construction account of $19.0 million to be made available October 1, 1999, to complete the Mall museum building of the National Museum of the American Indian. A summary of the request is provided in the table at the end of this section.

Salaries and Expenses

The Salaries and Expenses (S&E) request includes $10.3 million and one position in increases for core needs to support the daily operations of the Institution. These increases are for additional costs associated with necessary pay, the Civil Service Retirement System, workers' compensation, utilities and communications, rental space, payroll processing, accessibility improvements, implementation of requirements of the Panama Canal treaty, and extraordinary inflation. These increases are beyond the Institution's control and account for approximately 43 percent of the total S&E increase requested for FY 1999.

In addition, the Smithsonian has identified priority program requirements for FY 1999 in two areas: new facilities support at the National Museum of Natural History and the National Museum of the American Indian, and collections digitization. The Institution requests $16.0 million and 101 new positions to meet these requirements, specific details of which are provided in the Salaries and Expenses section of this request. These initiatives fully support all three goals in the Institution's strategic plan.

Capital Accounts

The request for the Institution's capital accounts includes funds for the National Zoological Park's Construction and Improvements account ($4.5 million) for renovations, repairs, and improvements at the Zoo's Rock Creek and Front Royal sites.

The request for the Repair and Restoration of Buildings account ($40.0 million) will help to achieve a balance between correcting the unacceptable condition of four of the oldest buildings at the Smithsonian and maintaining the current condition of other Institutional facilities through systematic renewal and repair.

The Smithsonian's Construction request ($18.0 million in FY 1999 and $19.0 million in FY 2000) addresses construction of the Mall museum building of the National Museum of the American Indian as well as minor construction, alterations, and modifications.

These capital account requests fully support the Institution's third strategic goal, to support increased knowledge and diffusion through improvements in physical infrastructure. Details of the capital accounts are provided in related sections of this request.

Smithsonian Institution FY 1999 Budget Request by Appropriation Account

1/The FY 1999 request also includes $19,000,000 to become available on October 1, 1999, to complete the National Museum of the American Indian's Mall museum.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SALARIES AND EXPENSES

Summary of FY 1999 Change

FY 1998 Appropriation

$333,408,000

FY 1999 Increases/Decreases:

Mandatory Costs -

FY 1999 Requirements

FY 1998 Non-Recurring Costs

Net Mandatory Cost Increases

11,324,000 (1.050,000)

10,274,000

Program Changes -

National Museum of the American Indian

National Museum of Natural History FY 1998 Non-Recurring Costs

Net Natural History Decreases

Digitization of Collections

2,000,000 (2.382.000)

11,000,000

(382,000)

3.000.000

FY 1999 Request

$357,300,000

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SALARIES AND EXPENSES

This section provides specific details about the Institution's Salaries and Expenses budget request for FY 1999. Of the total increase requested, approximately 43 percent is attributable to mandatory costs for sustaining base operations and the remainder is for priority program requirements for critical ongoing projects within the Institution.

Mandatory Increases for Sustaining Base Operations

The Smithsonian Institution seeks additional funds for costs that are beyond its control to manage. These costs result from legislatively-mandated pay increases; increased Civil Service Retirement System contributions; increases in utilities, communications, and rental space; National Finance Center payroll processing charges; accessibility improvements; the transfer of ownership of the Panama Canal; annualization of National Museum of Natural History's East Court positions funded in FY 1998; and escalating costs of library materials. The Institution requests a net increase of $10,274,000 for these mandatory costs, as shown below.

Salary and Related Costs: Annualization of FY 1998 Pay Raises Proposed FY 1999 Pay Raises Change to CSRS Contributions Workers' Compensation East Court Positions Annualization

Subtotal, Salary and Related Costs

$1,357,000

5,173,000

1,055,000

356,000

138.000

$8,079,000

Other Costs:

Utilities, Communications, and Postage $1,886,000

Non-Recurring Utilities, Communications (1,050,000)

and Postage Costs Rental Space 389,000

National Finance Center Payroll Processing 30,000

Accessibility Improvements 425,000

Panama Canal Treaty Implementation 150,000

Extraordinary Inflation for Library Materials 365,000 Subtotal, Other Costs $2,195,000

Total Mandatory Increases $10,274,000

Salary and Related Costs

The Institution requests $8,079,000 for the projected higher salary and benefits costs in FY 1999 for staff as described below. A line-item display of the applicable components of these costs is also provided.

• Annualization of FY 1998 Pay Raises: $1,357,000 to annualize the costs of the 2.45 percent January 1998 pay raise.

• Proposed FY 1999 Pay Raises: $5,1 73,000 to fully fund the anticipated 3.1 percent January 1999 pay raise for three-quarters of a year.

• Change to Civil Service Retirement System fCSRS) Contributions:

$1,055,000 to cover the increased benefit costs of CSRS participants in the Federal workforce.

• Workers' Compensation: $356,000 as specified in the provisions of Section 8147(b) of Title 5, United States Code, as amended

April 21, 1976 by Public Law 94-273. The FY 1999 bill for the Institution's Federal portion ($2,066,000) covers the actual expenses incurred for the period July 1, 1 996 through June 30, 1997.

• National Museum of Natural History East Court Positions

Annualization: $138,000 to annualize the costs of 15 positions provided in FY 1998 for East Court facility operations.

FY 1999 Necessary Pay Costs

Utilities, Communications and Postage

The Institution requests a net increase of $836,000 in FY 1999 to cover anticipated increased costs attributable to new facilities, increased consumption, and projected rate increases.

The following table displays utilities, communications and postage data from FY 1997 through FY 1999; detailed explanations of each line-item follow.

Federal Utilities, Communications and Postage Costs FY 1997 - FY 1999

Electricity - A major component of the Utilities account is electricity. In addition to lighting and office equipment, electricity powers the machinery that provides cooling for Smithsonian buildings. A vigorous energy management program has allowed the Institution to control electrical consumption levels in order to offset projected rate increases for FY 1999. The most significant element of the program is the installation of automated central controls on most building systems which allow staff to cycle motors on and off as required to limit consumption during high use or high rate periods. Energy efficient lighting in museums and storage facilities also contributes to savings in electricity. The FY 1999 estimate reflects slightly increased costs associated with installation of a new heating, ventilating and air

conditioning system in Building 17 at the Paul E. Garber facility in Suitland, Maryland, and a new central utilities plant at the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum in New York. Requirements for the National Museum of the American Indian's Cultural Resources Center and the federal portion of the National Museum of Natural History's West Court are being requested in the line-items of those respective museums.

Steam - Steam is used primarily for heating Smithsonian Mall and New York facilities, year-round humidification, and hot water production. Maintaining an interior environment conducive to the preservation of artifacts results in large steam consumption. FY 1999 estimated costs reflect a three percent historical inflation rate, and an anticipated four percent rate increase for New York City facilities. A temporary increase is also projected as a result of building construction (such as roof, skylight and window replacements) at several major museums. Requirements for the federal portion of the National Museum of Natural History's West Court costs are included in the NMNH line-item.

Gas - Natural gas is used for heating and cooling at most facilities outside of the Mall area. One of the most successful of the Smithsonian's energy management efforts is the installation of new boilers in older facilities which allow the use of either natural gas or fuel oil, depending on which is cheaper at the time. Although the cost of natural gas has been increasing in recent years, the Institution has found that natural gas is more often the cheaper of the two fuels. The Smithsonian purchased more natural gas than fuel oil in FY 1997, and the FY 1998 and 1999 estimates reflect this trend. The estimate also includes a consumption increase associated with operation of the new utilities plant at the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum in New York City, as well as an overall three percent annual cost increase based on past experience. Requirements for the National Museum of the American Indian's Cultural Resources Center are being requested in the NMAI line-item.

Fuel Oil/Water - The FY 1999 estimate assumes a decrease in fuel oil consumption that corresponds to the increase in natural gas usage in facilities away from the Mall. However, the lower fuel oil cost will be partially offset by an anticipated increase in water consumption at

satellite facilities in Maryland and Virginia. A three percent inflation rate has also been incorporated into the FY 1 999 estimate. Requirements for the National Museum of the American Indian's Cultural Resources Center are being requested in the NMAI line-item.

DC Government Water/Sewer - The FY 1999 estimate for the District of Columbia government's water and sewer costs is based on cost projections provided by the District government in September 1997.

Communications/Networks - The FY 1999 estimate for communications includes increases to maintain and upgrade the Institution's communications network infrastructure (SINET) and voicemail system and to support an Institution-wide radio trunking system to better utilize assigned radio frequencies. The FY 1999 request also includes an estimated five percent annual increase in basic telecommunications charges. These needs are offset in part by the $1.05 million appropriated in FY 1998 for one-time costs of communications equipment for the National Museum of American Indian.

Postage - The FY 1 999 estimate for postage reflects a projected reduction in use, based on current experience and a trend identified by the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) towards increased usage of electronic media over written communications. The estimate also includes an amount to cover the full annualized cost of the proposed 1998 USPS rate increase.

Rental of Space

The Institution requests $389,000 for increased expenses in the central rental account. Leased space in the Washington, D.C., New York and Boston areas provides critical collection housing and storage as well as space for the Institution's exhibition, education, research and collections programs. The increase reflects projected cost increases in base rent, operating and real estate charges.

The following table reflects the projected costs for Federal central rental space for FY 1997 through FY 1999.

Federal Central Rental Costs FY 1997 - FY 1999

National Finance Center Personnel and Payroll Processing

The Smithsonian contracts with the U.S. Department of Agriculture's National Finance Center to support personnel management and payroll processing. Additional funding of $30,000 is requested to cover costs incurred by the National Finance Center for system modifications. These increases are uncontrollable but necessary to continue the payroll and personnel system services provided by the Center.

Accessibility Improvements

The Smithsonian has created an infrastructure for improving accessibility for staff and visitors with disabilities. Policy, implementation guidelines, facility and program surveys, five-year improvement plans, and extensive training programs are in place. Funding of $425,000 and one position are requested for the Institution to begin to aggressively address existing deficiencies and avoid future ones.

In order to meet the accessibility standards established pursuant to the Architectural Barriers Act, the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, and the Americans with Disabilities Act, the Smithsonian must improve access to its resources for people with disabilities. The requested funds will enable the Institution to make accessibility improvements in accordance with its five-year accessibility improvements plan, which includes:

• correcting existing programmatic deficiencies by improving the legibility of labels, providing alternative formats for publications, and captioning videos and computer programs ($300,000)

• increasing the quality and availability of access services, such as sign language interpreters, readers, and audio describers ($50,000)

• providing for one staff member to review the design and construction of new and renovated facilities ($75,000)

These key elements will substantially increase the level of access throughout Smithsonian museums and the National Zoo and will set the standard for visitor models that can be emulated by museums worldwide.

Implementation of the Panama Canal Treaty

Funding of $150,000 is requested for FY 1999 to support the increase in operating costs at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) in Panama resulting from implementation of the 1977 Panama Canal Treaty. Under the terms and conditions of this treaty, responsibility for the operation of the Panama Canal and its related facilities will be turned over to the Republic of Panama by the United States on December 31, 1999.

All support services provided to STRI by the United States Department of Defense (DOD) will terminate by the end of December 1999; some services have already been curtailed or eliminated. DOD currently provides mail services, vehicle and research vessel fuel, purchase privileges through its commissaries and supply stores, transportation of large equipment from the United States to Panama, and, until recently, some medical services. Additional costs to replace these services are anticipated to be $1 50,000 annually.

In addition to the loss of various support services, changes to the personnel system will be required under the Treaty's implementation and will likely become effective in FY 2000. Preliminary cost estimates as a

result of these changes are slightly over $1 million; these implementation costs will be a candidate for the FY 2000 budget request.

Extraordinary Inflation for Library Materials

For FY 1999, the Institution requires $365,000 to counter the effects of continuing inflationary increases on book and journal purchases. Lack of funding to combat ten years of annual double-digit inflation, combined with chronically unfavorable foreign exchange rates, continues to jeopardize the vitality of the Institution's library research holdings.

In the last ten years, the journal inflation rate averaged 11.9 percent annually, and has reached as high as 16 percent; in FY 1998, an additional 12 percent increase is expected. With funds provided in FY 1998, the Institution has been able to maintain its current number of journal subscriptions without cancellations. Prior to FY 1998, more than 1,200 subscriptions were canceled.

In order to maintain those journals essential to Smithsonian research, the Institution has reduced its book purchases over time by 50 percent. Funding provided in FY 1998 has allowed the Institution to begin to stem the decline of book purchases, but only modestly. While the Institution takes advantage of inter-library loans, this program cannot adequately meet the needs of research staff.

Without funding to cover current inflation, the Institution's book and journal purchasing power will continue to decline, and research throughout the Institution will suffer.

Summary of Program Changes

To ensure excellence in its public programs and facilities, and capitalize on new opportunities for expanded outreach, the Institution requires funding for the following critical ongoing projects in FY 1999:

• The National Museum of the American Indian move of collections in New York to the Cultural Resources Center (CRC) in Suitland, Maryland (89 positions and $11,000,000). This request supports the physical move of artifacts; the beginning operations of the CRC; development of inaugural exhibits at the Mall museum; and provision of support services, including security, building and grounds maintenance, libraries, and utilities. This project supports the Smithsonian Institution's FY 1999 Performance Plan's goals to provide effective collections care, including improved storage, and to provide new and updated exhibits that serve a wider audience.

• The National Museum of Natural History East Court move and relocation ($1,500,000). This request supports the relocation of staff and collections into the East Court building and related spaces; provision of additional space for education offices, instructional classrooms, and public restrooms; and provision of temporary swing space during the mechanical renovation of the Natural History Building. This project supports the Institution's FY 1999 Performance Plan's goal to provide effective collections care, including improved storage.

•

The National Museum of Natural History West Court operations (12 positions and $500,000). This request supports the provision of new and expanded space for staff, public restaurants, the Discovery Room, a hands-on learning center, a 2D/3D theater, and the anthropology film archives. This project supports the Institution's strategic goal of diffusing knowledge through programs and through improvements in education.

Digitization of collections ($3,000,000). This request supports the re--cording of Smithsonian collections in digital form and making them accessible online and in various multimedia formats. This project supports the Smithsonian's FY 1999 Performance Plan goal

to provide improved access to collections, including expanded use of electronic technology.

These initiatives are described in the National Museum of the American Indian, the National Museum of Natural History, and the Institution-wide Programs line-items that follow.

Anacostia Museum

Abstract - The Anacostia Museum includes the Center for African American History and Culture and serves as a national resource for increasing public understanding and awareness of the historical experiences and cultural expressions of people of African descent and heritage living in the Americas. Combining a community-focused approach to museology with the exploration of contemporary issues and art gives the museum a unique interdisciplinary and multifaceted research, exhibition and educational outreach profile. These activities provide the public and scholars with new insights into Black culture from local, national, and international perspectives.

For FY 1999, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Anacostia Museum. The Institution requires $37,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The programmatic combination of the Anacostia Museum and the Center for African American History and Culture has provided the Smithsonian with unparalleled opportunities to provide local, national, and international audiences with greater understanding of the historical experiences and cultural expressions of people of African descent living in the Americas. The community-focused work, which has been the hallmark of the Anacostia Museum, continues to inform and inspire work at small and medium-sized museums across the country. The Center's exhibitions and programs in the Arts and Industries Building (A&l) have created new

audiences for African American-related cultural offerings. The combined multifaceted and multidisciplinary programs of research, collections development, documentation and educational outreach have led to a complete consolidation and merger in FY 1998.

Research and Collections - The Anacostia Museum received a major grant from the Lilly Endowment in 1996, which will allow the museum to complete work on the exhibition, "Speak to My Heart: African American Communities of Faith and Contemporary Society." The exhibition will be mounted in the Arts and Industries North Gallery in early 1998. Work has begun on two new initiatives. The first, "With These Hands," will explore the cooking and food- related traditions of Africans, Blacks in the Caribbean, and African Americans. The second, "Black Images: Black Visions," will examine African Americans in film. The Museum will acquire the collections of the Black Film Makers Foundation in FY 1999. Staff continue to develop another initiative, "No Ways Tired: African American Women and Work."

As a result of mounting the exhibition, "Speak to My Heart: African American Communities of Faith," the museum has acquired a number of objects relating to African American churches. Additionally, as a result of the exhibit, "Man Made: African American Men in the Quilting Tradition," the museum has added five quilts to its collection.

Exhibitions - The gallery at the Anacostia Museum was closed in 1997 to construct new archival storage space. It reopened in January 1998 with "Man Made: African American Men in the Quilting Tradition" and an exhibit of photographs of Muhammad Ali by Howard Gingham. From January to March 1997, visitors to the gallery in the Arts and Industries Building were able to see "Feeling the Spirit and the Black Transatlantic Experience," featuring the photography of Chester Higgins, Jr. and Stephen Marc. In April 1997, visitors were able to explore the lives of black musicians and dancers who lived in Paris from the 1920's through 1940's in the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Services' exhibition, "Jazz Age in Paris." The final exhibition, "Caribbean Visions," opened in August 1997 and provided visitors with the first comprehensive survey of contemporary paintings and sculpture from the Caribbean region.

Education and Programs - The Lucy Moten Elementary School Partnership, an Anacostia Museum program since 1992, continues to flourish. The Anacostia Museum has continued to provide an array of programs for diverse audiences. Highlights included its annual Juneteenth Celebration, a Kwanzaa Family Workshop in December, tours of historic sites throughout the year, a storytelling workshop in April, and a workshop in December designed to help community and civic organizations develop their own Black History Month programs and exhibits. In addition to the programs sponsored at the Anacostia Museum, programs on the National Mall included an interview with photographers Stephen Marc and Chester Higgins, a film series, and a lively discussion of transnational black identities featuring UCLA professor Robert Hill, Canadian film critic, Cameron Bailey, and cultural critic and performance artist, Coco Fusco.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel, fundraising and other related costs. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for specific Anacostia Museum programs and projects.

Archives of American Art

Abstract - The Archives of American Art (AAA), a national research repository with reference centers in New York, Washington, Detroit, Boston, and Los Angeles, has the world's largest collection of archival materials relating to the history of the American visual arts, including original manuscripts, photographs, works of art on paper, and audio and video interviews. The collection is housed in Washington, D.C., with microfilm copies of many of the documents made available in reference centers and through national and international interlibrary loans. The Archives actively seeks, collects, and preserves original source materials for study by scholars, students, curators, collectors, and others interested in the history of art, and encourages research in American art and cultural history through publications, symposia, and other public programs.

For FY 1999, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Archives of American Art. The Institution requires $48,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Archives of American Art continues to make significant contributions to promoting scholarship in the study of American art by fulfilling its mission of collecting, preserving, and making available materials pertaining to the history of the American visual arts.

Research - In FY 1997, the Archives continued to improve its services to researchers and the public in a variety of ways, including updating and

improving its Web site. Over 3,000 researchers visited the five reference centers, using either collections on microfilm or consulting original material. Almost 8,000 telephone and mail inquiries were logged, and over 11,000 reels of microfilm were used. The Inter-Library Loan Program distributed 2,800 reels of microfilm. In addition, the Archives loaned materials for exhibitions to other cultural institutions such as The Phillips Collection; the Paul Robeson Cultural Center, Rutgers University; the Museum of Contemporary Art (Los Angeles); The Parrish Art Museum; the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden; and the National Portrait Gallery.

Collections - In FY 1997, the Archives acquired several notable collections of papers and added many oral histories to its collections. Among the collections were the papers of the Hans Hofmann Estate; Hofmann (1880-1966) achieved fame through his paintings and by the school he established in America after fleeing Nazi Germany. Another important addition is the Klaus Perls Gallery collection from the gallery founded in 1935 by Klaus G. Perls. Also acquired in FY 1997 were the papers of Tomas Ybarra-Frausto, a scholar and former chair of the Smithsonian Council and the Smithsonian Latino Oversight Committee. His papers, 20,000 items, consist of correspondence, photographs, and rare printed material gathered for his research on Latino artists. These papers constitute a major addition to the holdings already documented in the Archives' publication, The Papers of Latino and Latin American Artists (1996). These important papers were the inspiration for a display in celebration of Hispanic Heritage Month entitled, "Tomas Ybarra-Frausto and the Chicano Art Movement (1965-1997)," in the National Museum of American Art/National Portrait Gallery Library.

Collections Management - The Archives made significant progress in the processing of collections with additional support provided by grants: 205 linear feet of collections were processed and 124 reels of microfilm were completed. With support from another grant, the Archives continued development of the Name Authority Project, a database of artists' names that is a valuable cross-reference tool for researchers.

Publications and Outreach - FY 1997 saw several important Archives publications, including Reading Records: A Researcher's Guide to the Archives of American Art, as well as A Finding Aid to the Waiter Pach Papers and Paris: A Guide to Archival Sources for American Art History. These publications comprise a significant resource for researchers in

American art history and complement the reference services that are central to the Archives' mission. Other forms of outreach in FY 1997 included lectures by staff to scholarly and general audiences, as well as staff participation in a variety of professional and public venues, such as lectures, symposia, and workshops. The Archives actively promoted educational opportunities by its participation in intern programs, including overseeing the work of two students from the Minority Internship Program and the James E. Webb Internship Program for Minority Graduate Students in Business and Public Administration. The final report of the Latino Oversight Committee, Towards a Shared Vision: U.S. Latinos and the Smithsonian institution, commended the Archives for its publications, collecting, and outreach programs. Other outreach included displays from collections mounted in the Archives' New York display space, including "Invitation to Contemporary Art" and "Visual Thinking: Sketchbooks from the Archives of American Art."

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel, fundraising and general program support. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects.

Arthur M. Sackler Gallery/Freer Gallery of Art

Abstract - The Arthur M. Sackler Gallery was founded in 1982 and opened to the public in 1987 to house a gift of Asian art from Dr. Arthur M. Sackler and to develop an active program of loan exhibitions. The Freer Gallery of Art, founded in 1906 and opened to the public in 1923 as the first art museum of the Smithsonian Institution, had its origin in Charles Lang Freer's gift of Asian art and a specialized collection of American art. Both museums actively seek to study and celebrate the historical and contemporary achievements of the arts of Asia.

Administered by a single staff, the combined resources of the Freer and Sackler galleries form an important international center dedicated to the ongoing collection, preservation, study, and exhibition of Asian art, as well as to educational programs that increase public awareness. While the Freer Gallery neither lends objects nor exhibits works borrowed from museums or individuals, the Sackler Gallery both lends from its collections and borrows works to augment its own holdings.

For FY 1999, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and the Freer Gallery of Art. The Institution requires $1 51,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Sackler and Freer galleries share a general aesthetic focus on Asia. While the Sackler Gallery extends this focus to the present day,

embracing a wider range of media and artistic expression, the Freer Gallery emphasizes the major historical artistic traditions from the beginnings of history through the 19th century. In addition to the program on American art and its interrelationship with Asian traditions at the Freer Gallery, the goal of the Freer and Sackler galleries is to expand knowledge and appreciation of Asian artistic traditions through exhibitions, education, research, conservation, and acquisitions. In addition, the galleries, with the aid of in-depth public programs related to exhibitions, provide wider cultural and physical contexts that aid in understanding the forms and complexities of Asian art. A continuing calendar of public programs explores both the living arts of Asia and in-depth aspects of individual Asian societies.

Research - The Freer and Sackler galleries share research staff and support facilities that together constitute an international center for advanced scholarly research in Asian art, as well as on specific areas of American art in the Freer Gallery. Research provides the basis for exhibitions, publications, and collections acquisitions. The galleries disseminate research results to the public through lectures, symposia, collection research files, monographs, exhibitions and exhibition catalogues, free gallery guides, and brochures.

Collections - In FY 1997, the Sackler Gallery received 148 objects as gifts and acquired 18 objects by purchase. Highlights included a group of Khmer kingdom ceramic vessels (10th-13th century) from Thailand and Cambodia, an early 1 5th century Tibetan figure of Lhamo made of gilt copper, and a Turkish cenotaph cover (17th-18th century) made of brocaded silk satin. In FY 1997, the Freer Gallery of Art received 436 objects as gifts, including 432 to the Study Collection, 14 objects by purchase, and 7 objects transferred to the Permanent Collection from the Study Collection. Highlights included a 9th century Near Eastern manuscript of the Koran; a 7th century silver, lobed-dish from Sogdia in Central Asia; and a Japanese lacquer accessory box with gold, silver, and mother-of-pearl inlay by Akatsuka Jitoku (1871-1936).

Conservation - Treatment of the collection continues to emphasize the safety and physical well-being of the objects, while departmental research seeks to understand the origin and physical nature of works of art and thereby improve their care and treatment.

Exhibitions - Exhibitions provide the primary public links with the cultural diversity of Asia. Exhibitions at the Sackler Gallery draw from public and private collections both domestically and abroad and from the Gallery's own collections. As the Freer celebrates its 75th year, planning and installation are currently underway for six new exhibitions in the Sackler and nine in the Freer for FY 1998. Exhibitions at the Freer Gallery continue to include temporary exhibitions that each year draw from the rich resources of the Gallery collection.

Education - The Education Department develops curricula materials in a variety of media that are related to the national collections and loan exhibitions, and are distributed nationally. Public programs for both galleries reach out to varied and diverse audiences with programs that expand and enhance the collections and exhibitions by means of film, family programs, Asian music and dance, chamber music, and lectures. Teacher workshops and in-service programs are conducted locally and nationally. The department is developing a publication drawing upon the collection which introduces Asian art to young people. Development of an educational Web site is ongoing.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for general operations and to defray the costs of research, collection acquisitions, fundraising, and expenses related to the membership program. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects.

Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies

Abstract - The Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies (CFPCS) conducts scholarly research and public programs that promote understanding and continuity of traditional grass roots regional, ethnic, tribal, and occupational heritage in the United States and abroad. The Center maintains the Folkways Archives and Collections. It also produces the annual Festival of American Folklife; Smithsonian/Folkways Recordings; documentary films, videos, and print publications; training programs and educational materials; and museum and traveling exhibitions. The Center cooperates with Federal and state agencies to advance the Nation's interest in cultural matters.

For FY 1999, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies. The Institution requires $35,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - Research - Research projects document and study the continuing practice of local traditions among diverse communities in contemporary society. Current projects examine the relationship between culture and grass roots economic development, cultures of immigrants to the United States, cultural traditions in New Hampshire, the emerging culture of the United States-Mexico borderlands, and toys and toy makers. Center scholars and fellows pursue research on American regional music, American builders and

craftspeople, cultural impact of technological change, urban United States Latino culture, and African American traditions.

Festival of American Folklife - The Festival of American Folklife, held annually on the National Mall since 1967, educates a broad public about American and human cultural heritage and encourages tradition bearers by giving national recognition to their artistry, knowledge, and wisdom. The Festival provides a national and international model for the research-based presentation of cultural traditions. Over one million people visit the Festival each year, and millions more are reached by media coverage. In FY 1998, the Festival will feature the Philippines, Wisconsin, the Baltic Region and the Rio Grande Basin. In FY 1999, the Festival will feature New Hampshire, Romania and South Africa.

Archives and Collections - The Folkways Archives contains audiotapes, records, videotapes, photographic images, film, and paper files documenting cultural traditions from all parts of the United States and most regions of the world. Holdings include the original master recordings of Woody Guthrie performing "This Land Is Your Land," and original master tapes of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., as well as speeches and songs of the civil rights movement. The collection contains documentation of music, occupational lore, family folklore and immigration stories.

Smithsonian/Folkways Recordings - Folkways produces documentary recordings of American and worldwide music, performance, and verbal arts, many of which have won Grammy awards and nominations.

Publications and Documentary Films - The Smithsonian Folklife Studies series consists of scholarly monographs coupled with documentary films, generally released to colleges and universities.

Training Programs and Educational Materials - The Center develops curriculum materials and offers teacher training for understanding American cultural traditions. Teacher and student guides, recordings and videotapes are developed in partnership with state education departments and professional associations. In FY 1998, training kits will continue to be distributed on Native peoples in the Americas and on Iowa Traditions.

Traveling Exhibitions - The Center produces modest traveling exhibitions developed from research and Festival programs. An exhibit on Maroon cultures of the Southern United States and the Caribbean is traveling in FY 1998 through FY 1999.

Public Service - The Center collaborates with economic development, tourism, culture, and education departments of states to develop Festival programs and remount them "back home." Projects include the development of educational materials and the sharing of archives.

Internet - The Center maintains a Home Page as part of the Smithsonian's presence on the Internet. Folkways makes audio clips and data on its collection available to the public, and the Festival produces programs on selected folklife topics for the Web.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel, fundraising, and general program support. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects.

Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum

Abstract - Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, explores the creation and consequences of the designed environment. Design, a process of shaping matter to a purpose, is a fundamental activity. Cooper-Hewitt examines all aspects of design, including architecture, industrial design, interior design, textiles, and graphic arts. The Museum is a public trust founded on the principle that understanding the past and present will shape the future. Today, the scale and pace of change require a new understanding, one that recognizes that individuals, societies, and the natural environment are linked through design.

For FY 1999, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum. The Institution requires $69,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, is the only museum in America devoted to historical and contemporary design. The Museum pursues its goal through exhibitions, publications, provisions for collections study, research, and educational programs for professionals, the adult public, and schoolchildren. In addition, the Museum jointly offers, with the Parsons School of Design, a graduate program in the history of decorative arts.

Research - Approximately 350 scholars, private individuals, designers, and corporate representatives visited the collections for research purposes.

Notable research included the establishment of a Latino-American Design Archive. The Museum's specialized research library, which complements the collection, received over 1,000 visitors from corporations, museums, and universities around the world. In FY 1997, the Institution named the eighth Peter Krueger-Christie's Fellow to conduct research on the Sutnar archives. The Krueger summer internship program provided six college undergraduates the opportunity to gain first-hand museum work experience.

Collections - In FY 1997, the National Design Museum acquired 2,056 objects for its collection. During the same period, the Museum loaned 66 objects and borrowed 237 objects from 36 lenders for exhibitions.

Exhibitions - During FY 1997, the Museum presented "Design for Life: A Centennial Celebration," an exhibition that used the permanent collection to illustrate that design is a central facet of human life. A book of the same title accompanied the exhibition, and the Museum will present a variety of related special lectures and seminars in concert with the centennial exhibition. Other exhibition highlights from FY 1997 include: "Henry Dreyfuss Directing Design: The Industrial Designer and His Work (1929-72)," which examined the work of one of the pioneers of industrial design in America and received critical acclaim; "The Jewelry of Tone Vigeland," a retrospective of the Norwegian jewelry designer; "Do-lt-Yourself Architecture for the Great Outdoors," an outdoor exhibition of tents; and "Disegno: Italian Renaissance Designs for the Decorative Arts," an exhibition of works on paper that explored Renaissance concepts of design and their impact on the decorative arts.

Publications - The Museum was prolific in FY 1997 with the following catalogues published: Disegno: Italian Renaissance Designs for the Decorative Arts, Henry Dreyfuss: The Man in the Brown Suit, and Design for Life. The Museum also co-published a survey of 20th-century design with the publishing firm Dorling Kindersley, titled The Look of the Century. The Museum printed the Magazine three times in FY 1 997 that included museum news, information on exhibitions, and program listings.

Educational Programs - The National Design Museum's appropriation for educational programs allowed the Museum to continue to offer free programs for children and the general public. In all, 12,000 school students and educators participated in these programs. The Museum reopened its

first floor galleries on September 16, 1997, with the exhibition "Mixing Messages: Graphic Design in Contemporary Culture." This exhibition explored the power and pervasiveness of visual communications during the last fifteen years.

Renovation - The Museum continues its renovation in FY 1998. The entire facility, including renovated office and collection management space, will reopen in June 1998.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel and other related costs. In addition, these funds provide general support for research activities, education programs, publications, fundraising, and acquisitions. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects, such as scholarly research, exhibitions, scholarships, internships, collaborations, and acquisitions. Government Grants and Contracts provide support for outreach programs and conservation.

Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden

Abstract - The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (HMSG) was established as the Smithsonian's museum of modern and contemporary art by Public Law 89-788, signed on November 7, 1966. While the nucleus of the collection remains Joseph Hirshhorn's original gift, it has been greatly enriched by additional gifts from Mr. Hirshhorn and the 1981 bequest of art he had collected since 1966. Other benefactors, such as collectors and artists, continue to give works to the Museum. Purchases made from funds provided by appropriations, the Smithsonian's Trust funds, Mr. Hirshhorn, other private donors, and sales from the permanent collection have continued to strengthen the collection and emphasize its contemporary character. Museum programming features works from the collection, special exhibitions, and a wide variety of public programs.

For FY 1999, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. The Institution requires $110,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden presents exhibitions; manages, conserves, exhibits, and publishes its collection; acquires new works for the collection; and develops public programs for a broad audience of all ages.

Collections - Among the works acquired in FY 1997 were: Carlos Alfonzo, Study 2 (1988); Reinhard Mucha, Zossen (1996); and Richard Stankiewicz, Reminiscence of Suzie (1957).

Exhibitions - Three major exhibitions will be presented in FY 1998. The fall 1997 exhibition, "Stanley Spencer: An English Vision," was co-organized by the HMSG and The British Council and features the work of British painter Stanley Spencer. The exhibition will also be seen at the Centro Cultural/Arte Contemporaneo, Mexico City, and the California Palace of the Legion of Honor, Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. The second exhibition is "George Segal, A Retrospective: Sculptures, Paintings, Drawings." The exhibition is organized by the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, and will also travel to the Jewish Museum, New York, and the Miami Art Museum. The third exhibition, to open in June 1998, will be "Triumph of the Spirit: Carlos Alfonzo, A Survey (1975 - 1991)." The exhibition of this Cuban-born American artist is organized by the Miami Art Museum and curated by the Hirshhorn's Assistant Curator, Olga Viso. In addition, the Museum's ongoing Directions series will present the works of Toba Khedoori, Kiki Smith, and Tony Oursler, and "The Collection in Context" series will focus on major works of art in the HMSG collection by the English sculptor Henry Moore.

Public Programs - To facilitate visitor appreciation and understanding of modern and contemporary art, the Museum presents lectures, including in FY 1998 a four-lecture series on the work of Stanley Spencer, and a film program. The Museum also produces a wide variety of printed materials including catalogues, brochures, and extended wall labels. Highlights in FY 1998 include the publication of Stanley Spencer: An English Vision, in conjunction with the exhibition of the same name that opened in the fall of 1997. The fifth annual Mordes Lecture in Contemporary Art featured Roberta Smith, art critic for the New York Times.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel and related travel costs. In addition, these funds provide general support for research activities, education programs, and fundraising. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects, such as collections acquisitions, public programs, and exhibitions.

National Air and Space Museum

Abstract - The mission of the National Air and Space Museum (NASM) is to memorialize the national development of aviation and space flight. It serves as the repository for, preserves, and displays aeronautical and space flight equipment and data of historical interest and significance to the progress of aviation and space flight. It also provides educational material for the historical study of aviation and space flight and their technologies.

In addition to its Mall location, NASM maintains the Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Facility in Suitland, Maryland. Work continues on the Dulles Center in Virginia which will house the Museum's collections and restoration facilities, enabling the Museum to exhibit much more of its collection including its largest aircraft and spacecraft.

For FY 1999, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the National Air and Space Museum. The Institution requires $379,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - In FY 1 997, NASM had 8.4 million visitors and through its Web page, reached over 100,000 people per day.

Research - Historical research during 1997 concentrated on documenting collections and extending knowledge of the provenance of objects. NASM staff hosted two major seminars this year: "Reconsidering

Sputnik: Forty Years since the Soviet Satellite" centered on NASM's acquisition of the previously classified "Corona" spy satellite, bringing together political and technical historians in September; and "50 Years of Supersonic Flight" in October was attended by members of both the historical and engineering communities. Significant findings by NASM scientists were instrumental in deciding the landing site for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Mars Pathfinder spacecraft. In addition, the geology of the landing site was mapped by NASM scientists.

Collections Management - In FY 1997, NASM began the first steps to revise its Collections Information System, which was cumbersome and hindered the ability to update the registrarial files. New hardware and software are currently being procured to update system capabilities.

Preservation and Restoration - NASM completed 75 percent restoration of the Aichi Seiran (submarine launch aircraft), 90 percent of the Hawker Hurricane, and made significant progress on four other major restoration projects. In addition, preservation and restoration shop personnel were responsible for eighteen artifact moves, including the Hiller helicopter to the Hiller Museum in California, and the OS2U Kingfisher to the Palm Springs Air Museum. Loan activities will soon be curtailed due to construction in the Mall museum, and the need for collections inventories and preparation of the objects for the major artifacts move to the Dulles Center.

Exhibitions - In November 1996, NASM opened a number of exhibits commemorating the Air Force's 50th anniversary. In May 1997, the Space Hall was reopened as "Space Race," a major permanent exhibit commemorating the race between the United States and the Soviet Union. Complementing "Space Race" was the opening of a new IMAX movie, "Mission to Mir." The traveling exhibit, "Women and Flight," opened in June 1997. During the NASA Sojourner mission, NASM displayed "real time" images of Mars for public viewing at the Mall museum. In October 1997, the exceptionally popular "Star Wars - The Magic of Myth" exhibit opened.

Publications - Ten new books, translations and reprints were completed by NASM authors during 1997, including: Wings and Warriors: My Life as a Naval Aviator by Director Don Engen; Air and Space: The

NASM Story of Flight by Andrew Chaiken; Star Wars: The Magic of Myth by Mary Henderson; and Women in Flight by Carolyn Russo. The Rocket and the Reich by Michael Neufeld was published in German translation. In addition, the Smithsonian history of Aviation Series published six books including reprints of Into the Teeth of the Tiger by Deputy Director Don Lopez, and Visions of a Flying Machine by Peter Jakab. Scientific results on subjects ranging from Mars geology to remote sensing of Earth were published in scientific journals.

Education - Educational outreach efforts continued for the "How Things Fly" gallery through publication of a field trip guide to the gallery for educators. Summer teacher institutes which featured the "How Things Fly" gallery were conducted along with Space Day and Mars Day events. In celebration of its 50th Anniversary, the United States Air Force Band presented a series of noon-time concerts. As part of the "Women in Flight" exhibit, Marsha Ivins, Mission Specialist and veteran of four space shuttle missions, spoke about her experiences in an evening lecture. The weekly "Flights of Fancy" stories for children continued to be a popular public offering. NASM's docent corps continued to provide daily and weekend tours and lectures for NASM's visitors. Selected docents presented special "Forces of Flight" demonstrations in the "How Things Fly" gallery.

Dulles Center - In FY 1997, the National Air and Space Museum concentrated its efforts for the Dulles Center in three areas: designing the facility and associated infrastructure; establishing a fundraising structure and operation; and formulating a facilities financing plan. The Smithsonian will include Dulles Center-related staffing and transition costs in its FY 2000 budget request.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel. In addition, these funds provide general support for research activities, education programs, exhibitions, and fundraising. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects, such as research, exhibitions, collections care, education programs, and the Dulles Center capital campaign. Government Grants and Contracts provide support for research and other scientific activities.

National Museum of African Art

Abstract - The National Museum of African Art (NMAfA) is devoted to the collection, preservation, research, exhibition, and interpretation of the visual arts of Africa. Although the Museum's primary emphasis is on the traditional cultures of the sub-Saharan region, it also studies and exhibits the arts of North Africa and the ancient and contemporary arts of the entire continent.

For FY 1999, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the National Museum of African Art. The Institution requires $88,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The National Museum of African Art educates and instills an appreciation for the cultures and visual arts of Africa through the acquisition, care, research, exhibition, and interpretation of works of art in the context of African history, culture, and aesthetics.

Research - Research by the Curatorial Department continued on the permanent collection and newly acquired works to be included in the FY 1998 publication, Selected Works: The National Museum of African Art. Other significant endeavors include a book and exhibition on the life and art of Olowe of Ise, an important traditional Yoruba sculptor from Nigeria, and an exhibition and booklet on a figurative ivory tusk from the Loango coast, Congo.

The Conservation Department has conducted research into techniques for the treatment and care of the Museum's rapidly expanding modern art collection. NMAfA's Olowe bowl is also the subject of ongoing research. In conjunction with the Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education, the black incrustation on an Akan figure, the black inlay decorating a carved Loango ivory and the black components of Tuareg laminated metal work were identified.

Collections - During FY 1997, NMAfA acquired 54 works of art, including both traditional and modern works. Important works of traditional art include an ivory altar tusk (c. 1850) from the Benin Kingdom, Nigeria; a seated female Dogon figure from Mali; and an Ibibio mask from Nigeria. Significant modern works include a wood sculpture Erosion (1992) by the Ghanaian artist El Anatsui and four metal sculptures: Church Ede (1985), Masquerader with Boat Headdress (1987), Woman (1986) and Small Iriabo [Clapping Girl) (1987) by the Nigerian artist Sokari Douglas Camp.

In FY 1997, the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives' major acquisition consisted of the negatives (approximately 3,000), vintage prints, exhibition prints and records of the Constance Stuart Larrabee Collection of South African photographs, a donation by the photographer. Another donation contained 437 black and white prints and 114 black and white negatives from the Belgian Congo (c. 1930). The Archives also purchased three important historical albums. In all, the Archives added 4,597 items through donation and 353 items through purchase to its historical holdings. In addition, 8,610 new photographs (transparencies and black and white) of 390 objects in the permanent collection, installations, and events were added to the Archives.

Collections Management - In FY 1997, the Registration Department rehoused numerous recent acquisitions of modern art, including large works on paper by Chant Avedissian, and assembled a major three-dimensional work by Sokari Douglas Camp. The department also continued to prepare its collection information for conversion to a new automated system in FY 1998.

The Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives joined the Smithsonian Institution Resource Information System (SIRIS). Continuing its program of documenting rare historical collections, the Archives commissioned black

and white copy negatives for 935 vintage prints in albums and procured 688 black and white prints of previously copied vintage materials.

Exhibitions - NMAfA presented two major exhibitions in FY 1 997. "Memory: Luba Art and the Making of History," organized by the Museum for African Art, New York, explored how works of art functioned in the reconstruction of memory and the making of history in one of the most important Central African kingdoms. The other exhibition was "Treasures from Tervuren: Selections from the Belgian Royal Museum for Central Africa." Point of View Gallery exhibitions included "Ceramic Gestures: New Works by Magdelene Odundo," organized by the University Art Museum, UC Santa Barbara; "A King and His Cloth: Asantehene Agyeman Prempeh I," which featured a stunning adinkra cloth that once belonged to the Asante king; and "Adire: Resist-Dyed Cloths of the Yoruba," which presented a selection of cloths collected in southwestern Nigeria between 1962 and 1972.

Publications - The museum published exhibition brochures to accompany each of the three Point of View Gallery exhibitions in FY 1 997.

Education - During FY 1997, NMAfA offered 1,481 public programs, serving 37,260 individuals. The museum published an educational programs brochure for local and national distribution and a free gallery guide for families to accompany the Luba exhibition.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provided support for the Director's salary, benefits and travel, as well as general operations, exhibitions, and related public programs, collections acquisitions, and fundraising. The Smithsonian's Collections Acquisitions Program provided funds for some of the museum's new collections purchases and the Special Exhibitions Fund supported the production of a film to accompany an upcoming FY 1998 exhibition. Donor/Sponsor designated funds provided support for the costs of publications and collections acquisitions.

National Museum of American Art

Abstract - The National Museum of American Art (NMAA) is the nation's museum dedicated to the arts and artists of the United States from colonial times to the present. The Museum promotes art as a source of enrichment for the layperson and scholar alike and serves as a resource in the broadest possible sense for American visual arts. The Museum's programs make American art available to national audiences and beyond, as well as to those who visit its two historic landmark buildings in Washington, D.C. Outreach takes the form of circulating exhibitions, educational materials, publications, automated research resources, and a vast and growing offering of online services which reflect the diversity of the country's citizenry and art.

For FY 1999, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the National Museum of American Art. The Institution requires $219,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - NMAA stimulates an understanding of American visual expression in its broadest contexts through interpretive exhibitions, publications, and programs. As a national institution, NMAA explores and serves the heritage of diverse communities in the United States.

Research - Two senior and three pre-doctoral scholars enjoy research privileges this year. The Charles C. Eldredge Prize for outstanding

scholarship in the field of American art was awarded to Susan Rainey for her 1 994 book, Creating Picturesque America: Monument to the Natural and Cultural Landscape.

Collections - The Museum's collection of approximately 38,000 objects encompasses painting, sculpture, graphic art, photography, and folk art, and modern crafts at its Renwick Gallery. Objects acquired in FY 1 997 and FY 1998 include works by Latino artists Carmen Lomas Garza and Maria Brito; The Rosenak Collection of American Folk Art; a recent painting by artist, Jennifer Bartlett; a large-scale Polaroid print by photographer Ellen Carey; 69 prints by the contemporary American painter Robert Cottingham; and a painting by the Impressionist Frederick Carl Frieseke. Among the Renwick's notable acquisitions were ten pieces of turned wood by various artists and a ceramic sculpture by Michael Lucero.

Exhibitions - Highlights of FY 1997 and FY 1998 exhibitions included "Singular Impressions: The Monotype in America," featuring monotypes from the NMAA collection as well as many loans; "Miriam Schapiro: A Woman's Way," in celebration of a major new acquisition; "The Bard Brothers: Painting America under Steam and Sail;" David Hockney's installation, "Snails Space: Painting as Performance;" Nam June Paik's "Megatron/Matris," a 215-monitor video wall; "The Paintings of Charles Burchfield;" "Colonial Art from Puerto Rico: Selections from the Gift of Teodoro Vidal;" "Ansel Adams, A Legacy: Masterworks from the Friends of Photography Collection;" and an installation from the permanent collection titled "Time Out! Sports in Art," in conjunction with the opening of the new MCI arena. At the Renwick Gallery, exhibitions included "The Renwick Gallery at Twenty-Five," celebrating its quarter-century anniversary, and "Michael Lucero: Sculpture." Eight exhibitions will be seen at 23 venues across the country as part of the NMAA traveling exhibition program.

Publications - The Museum added an online version of its award winning journal, American Art, and an online shop to its already substantial World Wide Web site. Print publications this year include a bilingual (English and Spanish) brochure featuring an important gift to the Museum from a Puerto Rican collector, Teodoro Vidal; Calico and Chintz: Antique Quilts from the Co/lection of Patricia S. Smith; and Singular Impressions: The Monotype in America.

National Outreach and Education - The Museum's largest outreach project, "Save Outdoor Sculpture!" continues its work with a new goal of preserving 10,000 sculptures for the new century. Toward this goal, conservation has begun on Taft's Foundation of Time in Chicago, the 500th sculpture to be registered in the SOS! 2000 Honor Roll. Over 31,000 sculptures have been reported nationwide; nearly half need treatment or maintenance.

Extensive programming continues to attract visitors to NMAA, including lectures, films, symposia, and family days. The recently opened Activity Room, which provides pre- and post-visit art activities and demonstrations, has served more than 1,600 students this year, and a Saturday Art Stop! family program has brought hundreds more visitors to the Museum.

In 1997, workshops were conducted for 450 teachers in the greater Washington metropolitan area and one for fifty teachers from Nebraska as part of an ongoing partnership. Docents are continuing their telecomputing activities with Nebraska students as part of NMAA's continuing outreach efforts. To date, the teacher packets produced for NMAA's National Arts and Humanities Program have received thirteen prestigious awards, and videos have been broadcast to millions through local and national public and educational television. The Museum continued to enhance its presence on the Web, with new sites designed to explore the exhibitions "Singular Impressions: The Monotype in America" and "Renwick at Twenty-Five."

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel, fundraising, and other related costs. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for specific programs and projects. Exhibitions and education programs received support from foundations, embassies and corporations.

National Museum of American History

Abstract - The National Museum of American History (NMAH) dedicates its collections and scholarship to inspiring a broader understanding of our nation and its many peoples. It creates learning opportunities, stimulates imaginations, and presents challenging ideas about the country's past. This mission statement serves as a guide to NMAH staff as it develops public programs, opens new and updates existing exhibitions, conducts research, and enriches the collections.

This line-item also includes the National Postal Museum (NPM). Its mission is to preserve and interpret the material and intellectual heritage of postal communications and philately through its collections, exhibits, publications, and educational programs.

For FY 1999, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the National Museum of American History or the National Postal Museum. The Institution requires $567,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The following are highlights of the National Museum of American History's recent achievements in interpreting this country's rich and diverse history.

Research and Publications - Extensive research led to many important publications in FY 1997, including the National Jewish Book Award winner for 1997 Judaica at the Smithsonian: Cultural Politics as Cultural Model by

G.C. Grossman and R.E. Ahlborn, and The Workboats of Smith Island by Paula Johnson. Musical research led to the production of four compact disc recordings of American popular, jazz and classical music.

Collections - In FY 1997, the Museum received objects through donation and purchase, including the Teodoro Vidal Collection of Puerto Rican artifacts. NMAH also acquired an 1862 stoneware jar with Biblical inscription made by famed African-American slave Dave of South Carolina; a very rare electric pen, patented by Thomas Edison in 1876; and a costume and other personal memorabilia from the estate of the singer Ella Fitzgerald.

Collections Management - In FY 1997, the multi-year asbestos removal and renovation of Building 17 at Silver Hill, Maryland, made significant progress in collection decontamination and relocation. Also in FY 1997, new reengineering efforts led to improved and streamlined outgoing loan procedures while staff made significant progress on recordkeeping backlogs. The NMAH Collections Information System progressed in training and records conversion to a new software system. In FY 1998, data entry for new accessions and ongoing work will begin.

A conservation conference was held in FY 1997 to evaluate the best means of prolonging the life of the Star Spangled Banner, and plans have subsequently been developed to remove the flag from its current location for treatment and, ultimately, reinstall it in new housing. As part of the country's millennium celebrations, refurbishment of the flag will begin in September 1998 with complete reinstallation by late 2001. The estimated cost for removal of the flag, development of a conservation laboratory, and conservation itself is approximately $5 million. Reinstallation, including alterations to permit improved public viewing, will cost several million dollars more. Funding will be identified from public sources and raised from the private sector.

Exhibitions and Public Programs - In September 1997, the Museum launched its new Web site, which features virtual exhibitions, a historical timeline, special activities for children and classrooms, music clips, and finding aids for archival materials.

In FY 1997, NMAH produced a series of exhibitions and public programs. Museum visitors joined in "Electrified, Amplified, and Deified: The Electric Guitar, Its Makers and Players." Associated programs included a guitar exhibition from the collection of Scott Chinery, a symposium, films, informal talks with guitar makers, evening concerts, and an electronic videoconference. Beyond Category: The Duke Ellington Education Kit reached classrooms this year. This one-of-a-kind curriculum for grades 6 and up explores Ellington's life and music in the context of social and cultural history. Two exhibitions highlighted the family in the summer of 1997, "The Family Car," a show on the importance of the automobile to American family life, and the "American Family," an exhibition that documented the American family through the museum's collections and photographs submitted by the American public. In FY 1998, two exhibitions opened: "Computer Bugs," tracing the origin of the word "bug" to describe a machine that will not work, and "Levittown House," commemorating the 50th anniversary of the first large scale suburban housing development in the post-World War II United States.

The following are highlights from the National Postal Museum. In FY 1997, a new gallery, "What's In the Mail For You!" opened. The gallery is devoted to the evolution and importance of direct mail from the 19th century to the present. Two new educational videos debuted, "To the Country" and "To the Second Century," both celebrating the creation of Rural Free Delivery. NPM acquired 43 original letters and documents pertaining to the production of the first official United States postage stamps, which were issued in 1847.

Nonappropriated Resources - National Museum of American History General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel. In addition, these funds provide general support for research activities, conservation, publications, exhibitions, fundraising, and acquisitions. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for specific programs and projects, such as collections maintenance, special events, education programs, acquisitions and exhibitions.

The U.S. Postal Service provides major operating and program support to the National Postal Museum annually.

National Museum of the American Indian

Abstract - The National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI), established in 1989 by Public Law 101-185, recognizes and affirms to Native American communities and the non-Native American public the historical and contemporary cultures and cultural achievements of the native peoples of the Western hemisphere. This is achieved through development and use of its collections and nationwide public programming, research, and exhibitions executed in consultation with native peoples. The mission of NMAI states that the Museum has a special responsibility, through innovative public programming, research, and collections, to protect, support, and enhance the development, maintenance, and perpetuation of Native American culture and community.

NMAI operates administrative offices in Washington, D.C.; an exhibition center in New York City at the George Gustav Heye Center (GGHC) in the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House; and the Research Branch located in the Bronx, New York. The Research Branch temporarily houses curatorial offices, a conservation laboratory, and most of the Museum's collections. The Cultural Resources Center (CRC), a reference, collections, and program support center, under construction in Suitland, Maryland, will open in Fall of 1998. A museum building on the Mall is planned to open early in the next century.

For FY 1999, the Institution requests 89 positions and $11,000,000 to move collections from New York City to the Cultural Resources Center; to begin operations with the opening of the Cultural Resources Center; to begin development of Mall museum exhibitions; and to provide Smithsonian support services, including security, building and grounds maintenance, libraries, and utilities. The Institution requires $245,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item. As in FY 1998, the Institution requests that the funds for this line-item remain available until expended.

Program - The Museum of the American Indian, located in New York City, opened its doors to the public in 1922. On June 24, 1990, the collection was transferred to the Smithsonian Institution to form the base of the National Museum of the American Indian. The collection, initiated near the turn of the century, is one of the world's largest assemblages of artifacts of the indigenous cultures of the Western hemisphere.

Collections Management and Access - The Museum is preparing for two major projects while continuing its ongoing work of repatriation, preservation of collections, training interns and other students, accommodating researchers and other visitors, and processing loans and gifts. One major project is the moving of collections to the new Cultural Resources Center nearing completion in Suitland. It is projected that it will take five years to move the one million object collection. Currently underway is a pilot move, designed to test assumptions and procedures for the collections move which begins in October 1998. The move also affords NMAI an opportunity to undertake a 100 percent inventory of collections, assess the collection's physical condition, and digitize an image of each object, which will be put into a new database and made fully accessible via the Web. The second major project is the research and content development for the exhibitions for the Mall museum. Curators are currently writing exhibition script, selecting objects, and beginning to contact the numerous collaborators throughout the country, at universities and in Indian communities, who will work with NMAI staff to create the permanent exhibitions.

Exhibitions and Public Programs - A regular cycle of changing exhibitions continues at the Heye Center and other public programs provide an emphasis on connecting native culture and expression directly with the public. "To Honor and Comfort: Native American and Native Hawaiian Quilting Traditions," opened in October 1997. Continuing through January

1998, it highlights how the two groups use quilts in family life. "Memory and Imagination: The Legacy of Maidu Indian Artist Frank Day," will open on February 15 and continue through May 3, 1998; this retrospective exhibition features paintings by Frank Day depicting Maidu folklore and history. "Indian Humor," scheduled to open in May 1998, brings together artists to show the depth and vitality of humor in contemporary Native fine arts. "The Art of Being Kuna," scheduled from June 1998 to January

1999, focuses on themes of visual expression, influence of the natural environment, Kuna history and cultural continuity. "Spirit Capture: Native Americans and the Photographic Image," is the first exhibition to focus on the Museum's extensive photo archives, and is scheduled to run approximately three years commencing March 1999. "Stories of the People" was installed in August 1996 and will end its run in late January 1998 at the Arts and Industries Building on the National Mall. The Museum also initiates collaborative projects directly with native communities and tribal centers to result in exhibitions, programs, and sharing of expertise in Washington, New York City, and reservation and rural locales. The exhibition master plan for the Mall museum will be completed in

FY 1998 and design development will begin for the three major inaugural exhibits.

National Campaign - Fundraising goals for FY 1998 include capital for the CRC construction fund, and support for the endowment and other program funds. Membership income in excess of costs associated with this effort will be used to help complete the Cultural Resources Center and support other Museum activities, including support of the National Campaign Office, research, documentation, conservation, exhibitions and other public programs.

Explanation of Program Change - For FY 1999, the Institution requests 89 positions and $11,000,000 to move collections from New York City to the Cultural Resources Center; to begin operations with the opening of the Cultural Resources Center; to begin development of Mall museum

exhibitions; and to provide Smithsonian support services, including security, building and grounds maintenance, libraries, and utilities.

Move of the Collections from New York City to Suitland, Maryland, Cultural Resources Center Facility Start-Up, and Mall Museum Exhibit Development (53 positions and $8,884,000)

NMAI permanent collections contain one million artifacts stored in cramped and deteriorating quarters in the Research Branch in New York, requiring constant building maintenance and upgrades for minimal safety and security standards. The collection and permanent staff will begin moving to the new facility under construction at the Smithsonian's Museum Support Center in Suitland, Maryland, in FY 1999. Plans for the relocation of the collection are based on the current construction schedule, with occupancy expected to begin October 1998.

The plan to move the collection from New York entails a complex set of procedures that include moving part of the collection to temporary storage so space can be cleared to provide a staging area for assembling, cleaning, repairing (if necessary), photographing, digitizing, barcoding and packing the objects before relocation. As objects are moved and space permits, teams of packers will work simultaneously to prepare and pack the collection. These teams will consist of staff trained to be sensitive to conservation, registration, traditional care, collections and photographing needs.

NMAI will contract for much of the move function. The current, permanent museum staff in the curatorial, repatriation and conservation departments will continue to provide repatriation support, change exhibits at George Gustav Heye Center, support exhibit development for the Mall museum, and assist with the move as needed. This vast undertaking of relocating one of the largest collections of Native American artifacts will be handled in tandem with an ongoing, active museum operation, although some alterations in normal operations will be required. Augmenting this permanent museum staff will be a cadre of eleven leaders who will supervise contract packers and provide quality control to prevent damage to the collection during the move process.

In addition to the relocation itself, this request includes funding for development of a collections information system to ensure more secure documentation and tracking of objects as they are moved from the Research Branch in New York to the new Cultural Resources Center in Suitland. Once digitized and incorporated into the Embark database, images with the associated object records will be available for repatriation reviews, education and research purposes across the Internet, as well as within the Smithsonian-wide Area Network.

In order to begin operations at the Cultural Resources Center, minimal programmatic needs must be met. These include research, collections management and public programs.

The Institution anticipates significantly increased use of the collection by visiting tribal members and scholars and by exhibits staff preparing for the Mall Museum inaugural exhibit. The new facility will allow NMAI to expand research activities in areas that had been restricted by the crowded collections storage and inadequate workspace at the Research Branch facility in New York. Funding is requested for three curatorial staff who will specialize in Eastern Woodlands Indians and in the populations of Mesoamerica, and who will also work on collections documentation. These staff will provide increased support for the museum's repatriation program as well.

Three museum technicians, one conservation technician, and one program assistant are required to assist in the ongoing collections management responsibilities, including improved inventory control, due to increased public access in the new facility. In addition, a database manager is essential to ensure an efficient inventory process and will be particularly important during the relocation of the collections.

The resource center located within the new Suitland facility requires seven staff to provide research assistance and services to both Native and non-Native visitors and researchers. In addition, staff will develop Web versions of exhibits to enable public access to the museum and its services via the Internet. The film and video collection will be relocated from New York into the Museum's archive center at CRC and will expand its activities, requiring a manager for its film and video collections. Staffing in Community Services and Training includes two program coordinators for Central and South America, and two assistants. This increase in staff will

enable the Cultural Resources Center to establish an essential link with Indian peoples and organizations throughout the hemisphere. The added staff will provide outreach services, increased access to NMAI resources and collections, and will develop collaborative projects as requests for NMAI services from Native communities, museums, and the general public continue to increase.

In addition to programmatic needs, administrative support and other start-up requirements must be funded. Technology and administrative staff support for NMAI's operations at CRC will be required in early FY 1999. Four positions are required for the Network Control Center, which will provide communications between CRC, the Mall and GGHC. This facility will also provide the ability to link to native and other museums, tribal facilities, and educational organizations throughout the hemisphere and will be compatible with the existing facility at GGHC and the future Mall facility. Each of the three physical sites comprising the National Museum of the American Indian requires administrative support to address onsite needs and particular points of focus. For CRC, this request includes three positions for an administrator, a technician and a secretary to provide procurement, finance, personnel and other administrative support for the ongoing programs of the CRC.

Funds are requested for in-house facilities support positions at the CRC including a facility manager, custodial supervisor, seven custodians and a laborer. These positions are in line with normal Smithsonian facility support for building maintenance and occupancy. These staff will provide support services to specialized areas such as conservation and photo labs, as well as general office and public space.

Funds are also requested for computers and communications equipment in support of permanent staff, programs, and the inventory control system, as well as for furnishings. This equipment is essential to the timely implementation of the move plan and the imposition of security safeguards as the collection is relocated. It is also essential to the expected CRC programmatic functions, such as outreach. Furnishings for the CRC building include workshop equipment for film and video processing, the conservation lab, and the photo lab; resource center equipment and library furnishings; and equipment in support of security and physical plant requirements. As equipment needs are met in FY 1999, these funds will be redirected to the physical move of the collections to CRC, the maintenance

of an acceptable permanent base for routine equipment replacement, and Mall museum requirements.

Four positions, to include two exhibit developers, one graphic designer and one secretary, and related funding are requested to support preliminary design of the inaugural exhibits for the Mall museum, scheduled to open in 2002. Typical exhibition planning begins three to four years prior to the opening of a gallery exhibit. The Mall museum will have just over 50,000 square feet of exhibition space in three major galleries and will utilize almost 30,000 square feet of additional program area space for display of objects from the collections. Development of this space is an extraordinary undertaking for the Smithsonian, requiring extensive planning and development efforts and thorough consultation with Native peoples.

Support Provided by Other Smithsonian Offices (36 FTE and $2,116,000)

Significant funds are required by other Smithsonian offices to support operations at the Cultural Resources Center. These include security services administered by the Office of Protection Services, physical plant support provided by the Office of Physical Plant, and library services provided by the Smithsonian Institution Libraries. Funds are also required for projected utility and communications costs at the CRC.

This request includes funding for Office of Protection Services' requirements to support move needs at the Bronx facility and staffing at the Suitland, Maryland facility (20 positions and $800,000).

Fourteen positions and $660,000 are requested to provide full funding for Office of Physical Plant support, to include foremen, air-conditioning equipment mechanics, electrical mechanics, a general crafts worker, gardeners, drivers and mail clerk positions at the Suitland facility. These positions are in line with normal support provided to other Smithsonian museum facilities.

Two positions and $121,000 are requested for a librarian and staff assistant to provide reference service required by NMAI's special Native American collection. These staff will prepare the home pages and identify and link appropriate electronic resources from the Internet and internal databases. They will also be responsible for enforcing policies relating to housing, handling, and securing books and journals in the NMAI collection,

and developing exhibitions and other public programs based on the Smithsonian Institution Libraries Native American Collections.

Funding of $535,000 is requested to annualize the estimated utility (gas and electric) and communications costs at the Suitland facility.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel, fundraising, a portion of the National Campaign costs, and specialized program activities. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects, including construction of the Mall museum, educational programs, exhibits, and outreach.

National Museum of Natural History

Abstract - The National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) is one of the leading international centers for research on natural history and anthropology. Research is conducted by more than 100 Smithsonian and 50 affiliated agency scientists working worldwide in the field who use the museum's unparalleled collections and laboratory facilities. Thousands of visiting scientists are accommodated each year and training is provided for technicians and scientists at undergraduate and graduate levels. Public exhibits at the museum attract about six million visitors annually. Outreach programs, including traveling exhibits, interactive electronic "classrooms and field trips," and informational web sites serve millions more, nationally and internationally. The museum is committed to maintaining its intellectual and institutional leadership in its scientific disciplines; to conserving and expanding access to its irreplaceable collections; to the training of the next generation of scientists and technicians; to the development and implementation of innovative real and virtual educational materials and methodologies that expand and enhance the public use of our resources; and to maintaining its recognition as America's authoritative source of knowledge of humanity's place in the natural world.

For FY 1999, the Smithsonian requests an increase of $1,500,000 for the continuing East Court move and relocations, to remain available until expended, and 12 positions and $500,000 for West Court operations. These increases are offset by one-time funding ($2,382,000) provided in

FY 1998 for East Court communications, equipment and other related move costs. The annualized cost of positions provided in FY 1998 for East Court building management ($100,000) is included in this line-item, but justified in the Mandatory Increases section of this budget request. The Institution requires $1,060,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff in this line-item.

Program - Research - The scientific research program of the museum not only produces more than 600 published books and papers per year, but it also forms the underpinning for the museum's public programs, exhibits and other forms of educational outreach. The research of the Museum's scientists and more than 7,000 visiting scientists per year is based upon the extensive National Collections of about 122 million natural history objects - animals, plants, cultural objects, minerals and meteorites. Scientists in seven scientific departments conduct research in four broad areas: (1) biological diversity, (2) human cultural and biological diversity, (3) ecosystem history and global change, and (4) earth and planetary processes. Research projects are diverse and important; they involve extensive collaboration with colleagues at academic institutions in the U.S. and abroad, and always include a strong component of fieldwork that takes scientists to all continents, from the Antarctic to the Arctic. The Museum's scientists are contributing materially to a better understanding of worldwide biodiversity, present and past global environmental change, the interactions of humans with their environments, and the geological history of the Earth. Innovative initiatives such as the Global Volcanism Program, Biodiversity Programs and the Evolution of Terrestrial Ecosystems have established the museum as a world center for research in these areas. The research spectrum in the museum is enhanced by the presence of research laboratories run by affiliated agencies such as Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Agriculture, Department of the Interior, and United States Geological Survey. Also included in this line-item is a portion of the International Environmental Science Program (IESP) which supports work in archeology, botany, entomology, herpetology, and ichthyology on the lowland forest biota. lESP-sponsored fieldwork is undertaken in Brazil, Columbia, French Guiana and Peru.

During fiscal year 1997, the Museum's researchers continued their high level of productivity. Several scientists received individual honors,

including medals from scientific societies, honorary degrees from U.S. universities, and in one case, the Key to the City of Miami! A number of landmark books were published, including Bats in Question, A Guide to the Kiowa Collection at the Smithsonian Institution, John J. Wurdack Festschrift, The National Gem Collection, Languages - Volume 17 of the Handbook of North American Indians, and Checklist of the Plants of the Guianas. Papers were published in leading journals such as Science and Nature. Research-related activities included teaching at the college level, and supervision of dissertation and thesis research of approximately 100 Ph.D. and Masters-level students. The Research Training Program, a unique summer research course for college undergraduates, continued with great success; during FY 1997, 28 students were hosted for the ten-week program.

Collections - The national collections, the heart of the museum, were established to document the cultural and natural diversity of the earth and to provide a foundation for understanding the earth and its ecosystems. These collections and their all-important associated data continue to be developed, and are maintained and made available for use by a worldwide community of scholars and constituents in a range of biological, geological, and cultural research and educational activities. The Museum is working towards increasing electronic accessibility to the collections, showing that collections and collections information can help solve current and future problems of mankind, and bringing to the attention of decision makers the importance of the National Collections as a global resource.

Public Programs - The "Janet Annenberg Hooker Hall of Geology, Gems, and Minerals" opened in September 1997 to great acclaim. The Hall is the culmination of over a decade of research and development and, at 22,000 square feet, it is the largest single exhibit project ever attempted by the museum. "Global Warming" and "Amber: Window to the Past" were important special exhibits, while "Spiders" and "Ocean Planet," two NMNH products, continue to circulate nationally. Outreach service to a national school audience increased dramatically with the first series of "Electronic Field Trips," where students tour the museum's exhibitions and research resources via two-way video and Internet-based services and materials.

Explanation of Program Change - The Institution requests an increase of $1,500,000 in FY 1999 to continue the East Court move and relocations, and 12 positions and $500,000 for West Court operations. These increases are offset by one-time funding ($2,382,000) provided in FY 1998 for East Court communications, equipment and other related move costs.

The relocation to the National Museum of Natural History East Court Building, which will provide space for research and collections activities, public service space for education offices and instructional classrooms, and needed public restrooms, will begin in FY 1998. The Major Capital Renewal Project, which is well underway and will last for a decade, will provide the National History Building with a new heating, ventilating, and air conditioning system. The progress of this mechanical renovation project is dependent upon the prompt occupancy of the East Court Building and related spaces.

During FY 1998, collections will undergo major preparation for their move into the new East Court Building. As discussed in last year's budget justification, the relocation of millions of delicate specimens, including insect collections from fieldwork carried out since 1881, involves significant preparation. Equipment, supplies, and contracts for labor are being procured. Insect specimens will be inspected for pest infestations, fumigated and stabilized for transport. As required, these fragile specimens will be transferred to new trays with polyethylene liners and/or new drawers in order to prevent damage to them from vibration during their move and to improve the long-term conservation of the specimens.

The cabinets and compactors to house the collections are also being procured. When the East Court Building construction is completed and the cabinets and compactors are installed, the specimens will be packed, moved and placed in their final storage location. As indicated last year, the Entomology collections are severely overcrowded and not in proper order for users. In addition to slowing other researchers efforts, this causes delays for the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in its pest identification process. The USDA's Systematic Entomology Laboratory uses the Entomology collections approximately 2,500 times each year to identify, on an urgent basis, insects found in cargoes entering United States ports. This work keeps potentially harmful insect pests from entering the country. With the East Court move, the relocated collections will be

decompressed and arranged to allow efficient access for the USDA and other researchers.

Also in FY 1998, the remainder of the communications equipment will be procured and installed, the building will be thoroughly cleaned, and furnishings will be installed so that offices can be occupied in an orderly fashion after construction is completed.

The requested increase of $1,500,000, to remain available until expended, will support contracts, supplies, equipment and other needs related to the continuing relocation of staff and collections into the East Court Building and related spaces. As stated in last year's justification, this effort requires supplemental contract labor and specialized supplies and equipment to accomplish the move of fragile specimens and to assist with the timely relocation of offices and laboratories. It is crucial to keep the Natural History Building mechanical renovation project on schedule, to minimize the interruption of regular scientific work, and to maintain access to important and frequently used reference collections. Once the East Court relocations are complete, the Institution requests that these funds be made available for the Institution-wide Programs line-item to support the digitization of collections; this initiative is a high-priority for the Institution to improve collections access and information available to the public. These funds would be reprogrammed to the Institution-wide Programs line-item as soon as the East Court relocations are complete.

The Discovery Center, also known as the West Court project, is now under construction within the National Museum of Natural History Building. The costs of this construction are fully funded through District of Columbia revenue bonds, which the Institution will repay using its nonappropriated funds. Occupation will begin late in 1998. Housing staff and public restaurants as well as a new, large-format, 2D/3D theater, it also will provide new and expanded space for the Discovery Room, Natural History's hands-on learning center formerly located in the old West Court, and for the anthropology film archives. The Discovery Center will be integrated with the existing structure, which will result in expansion of both public and nonpublic space, as well as with the building's mechanical support systems.

Funds are requested for seven positions and $247,000 to support building management staff and related costs in the National Museum of Natural History. The Institution also requests two positions and $104,000 to support building management staff in the Office of Physical Plant and related costs. Additionally, three positions and $111,000 are requested to support security guards and related costs in the Office of Protection Services. These funds will provide for a modest increase in the level of building support services required to maintain this greatly expanded space.

Funds are also requested for a portion of utility charges to be incurred as a result of the additional space ($38,000). The theater and restaurants in the Discovery Center will be assessed for the remainder of the utility costs in the same manner as other revenue-producing activities.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel, fundraising, and general program costs. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for cost related to specific programs and projects. Government Grants and Contracts provide support for research and exhibitions.

National Portrait Gallery

Abstract - The National Portrait Gallery (NPG) exhibits and studies portraits of major figures in American history and culture. It also studies the artists who created portraits in its collection, and sponsors scholarly and public activities in these areas.

For FY 1999, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the National Portrait Gallery. The Institution requires $153,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Gallery collects, researches, and exhibits portraits in all media as both historical and artistic documents.

Collections Acquisitions - In FY 1997, acquisitions included a self-portrait drawing by the noted artist Jacob Lawrence; four screen prints portraying Marilyn Monroe (two as gifts of Daniel Solomon, two purchased from Numark Gallery) by pop artist Andy Warhol; caricatures of Katharine Hepburn, Lionel Barrymore, Edward G. Robinson, Charles Laughton, Spencer Tracy and Freddie Bartholomew by the Walt Disney Studio (gifts of Miriam and Stuart Reisbord); and portraits of Irving Berlin, Merce Cunningham, Joseph Brant and Lionel Hampton. Conservation was completed on an important painting of Jenny Lind by Francis Bicknell Carpenter.

Research - NPG celebrated two years of bringing its collections, programs, and exhibitions to researchers and the public via the Web. A monthly portrait quiz on America Online attracted a regular following of participants with NPG exhibition catalogues awarded to the winners. This year's special exhibitions~"Louis Armstrong," "Red, Hot, and Blue," "Breaking Racial Barriers," "Le Tumulte Noir," "Edith Wharton's World," and "Mathew Brady's Portraits"-are vividly represented with text and images on the Portrait Gallery's Web site. The Catalog of American Portraits added collections in Oregon and the Dakotas to its research database, which is now accessible via NPG's Web site and the Smithsonian's Intranet site, Prism. The Web site's research and collections database search received close to 10,000 queries over the year. The Peale Family Papers has submitted Volume 5, The Autobiography of Charles Willson Peale to Yale University Press for publication.

Exhibitions - "Red, Hot & Blue: A Salute to American Musicals," a collaboration between the National Portrait Gallery and the National Museum of American History, was a major exhibition. Approximately 200,000 visitors viewed the exhibition, and museum shop sales surpassed previous records. The illustrated book accompanying the exhibition became a Book-of-the-Month Club alternate. Public programs offered with the exhibition ranged from original musical performances at both museums to an Associate-sponsored conversation between the show curators and Broadway legend Hal Prince that was videotaped for broadcast. The exhibition "Edith Wharton's World: Portraits of People and Places" marked the 100th anniversary of the publication of Wharton's book The Decoration of Houses. Scenes of New York, Venice and Paris accompanied portraits of social leaders, industrialists, politicians and members of the intelligentsia of the period. "Mathew Brady's Portraits: Images as History, Photograpy as Art," the first comprehensive study of Brady's entire career in this century, spanned the history of photography in 19th century America. The exhibition included early daguerreotypes and majestic Imperial photographs, as well as tiny cartes de visites that were made at the time of the Civil War. It will travel to the Fogg Art Museum at Harvard University and the International Center of Photography in New York City. "Breaking Racial Barriers: African Americans in the Harmon Foundation Collection," an exhibition drawn from NPG's collection, recreated the original 1944 exhibition organized by the Harmon Foundation to combat racial prejudice. "Le Tumulte Noir: Paul Colin's Jazz Age Portfolio" featured a colorful

portfolio of lithographs by Paul Colin celebrating Josephine Baker and the jazz craze in 1920s Paris.

Education - NPG continues to reach out to new audiences and to those who are unable to visit through programs focusing on themes and subjects suggested by the gallery's permanent collection and special exhibitions. Portraits in Music programs featured artists such as Irving Berlin, George Gershwin, Cole Porter, Lerner and Lowe, Duke Ellington and W.C. Handy. Illuminated Lectures included "Posing for the Presidency," "Leading Ladies: Women and Reform in the United States," and "The Age of Optimism." Programs are offered to students and are presented either at the school or in the museum at the request of the teachers. In classrooms and at the museum, gallery guides help students become actively involved in creating and interpreting portraits as they learn about themes in American history.

Susan W. Dryfoos's film "The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story" had its Washington, D.C. premier at NPG following a reception honoring the great caricaturist. Hirschfeld later returned to be interviewed and captured on film as the twenty-first in NPG's series of "Living Self-Portraits." Black Broadway, an original "Cultures in Motion" musical production, was presented in conjunction with the exhibition "Red, Hot & Blue." Singers, dancers, and actors highlighted the history of black music and dance on Broadway.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support to help defray costs of publications, public lectures, symposia, special events for exhibition openings, loan exhibition development, fundraising, management, and research. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects.

National Zoological Park

Abstract - When the National Zoological Park (NZP) was founded in 1889, its mission was defined as "the advancement of science and the instruction and recreation of the people." The Zoo still works to achieve these ends. NZP's exhibits are alive, and new exhibits require new construction, not merely remodeling. Since NZP's public function is educational and recreational, it seeks to enhance public awareness about biology and related subjects. This emphasis means that the Zoo is concerned with all aspects of life, both terrestrial and aquatic, small and large, past and present. Responding to the world environmental crisis, the Zoo is now committed to representing the whole of life on earth, plant and animal, in all its complexity and glory. To this end, NZP is transforming the animals-only zoological park into a biological park. The BioPark will highlight the intermeshing relationships of animals and plants, educate visitors by its spectacle and beauty, and foster a concern for the future of life in all its forms.

For FY 1999, the Smithsonian Institution is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the National Zoological Park. The Institution requires $550,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - NZP serves both the general public and more specialized audiences by promoting the conservation of life on Earth through informal and formal education, research, and animal health programs. NZP's educational efforts center on biological literacy, with special emphases on

evolution, complex adaptive interactions, the origins and importance of biodiversity, global change, and the impact of humans on the rest of the world. In pursuit of its mission, NZP exhibits a wide range of living plants and animals on its 1 63-acre facility in Rock Creek Park in Washington, D.C. It also maintains the Conservation and Research Center as a major endangered species propagation, conservation, training, and research center on 3,150 acres near Front Royal, Virginia. The scale and scope of the Zoo's programs require a skilled support staff, with specialized equipment and materials capable of developing and maintaining the unique systems essential to sustaining living animal and plant exhibits. Also included in this line-item is a portion of the International Environmental Science Program which supports long-term studies of the endangered Golden Lion Tamarin.

Research - Zoo geneticists continue to analyze genetic variability in endangered species as well as its relevance to extinct and living species. Zoo pathologists have now identified the virus that has caused the death of many young zoo elephants, and are studying the route of transmission and the incidence of the virus in wild elephant populations. Pathologists are also trying to develop a treatment for elephants struck by the virus; the first affected calf was recently treated with apparent success. Behavioral research on golden lion tamarins continues to be applied to endangered species management and the reintroduction program in Brazil. Nutritional research, involving the evaluation and analysis of vertebrate diets and maternal milk from wild and zoo animals, continues to provide important data for species recovery programs, from desert tortoises to giant pandas. The Migratory Bird Center acquires and disseminates scientific data to help conserve birds that migrate from North America to the tropics.

Living Exhibits - The Amazonia Science Gallery, which opened in December 1996, continues to develop and expand its programs for exhibiting real-time research for the visiting public. A new exhibit on North American prairies, featuring bison and prairie dogs, is in the final stages of construction and is scheduled to open in late 1998. "Living in Water," an exhibit on the biological complexities and importance of water, is being conceptually developed, as is a new urban wildlife center. The animal collection was renewed with the births of a gorilla, two Asian rhinos, a giraffe, a Speke's gazelle, naked mole rats, a Kori bustard and three flamingoes.

Animal Conservation - Conservation programs at the Conservation and Research Center focus on the preservation of endangered species and their habitats, and the development of specialized education and training programs. Staff members continue to play a leading role in conserving black-footed ferrets, Guam rails, Micronesian kingfishers, and a variety of other threatened species through a dynamic combination of field research, laboratory investigations and interactive management of wild and captive populations. Scientists pursue national and international conservation goals through a variety of custom-designed training courses in wildlife management, zoo biology, genetics, geographic information systems, and conservation education. These courses, taught at the Center and at various locations abroad, are aimed at students and professionals from the U.S. and developing countries. In additional to its inter-disciplinary research, management, and training programs, the Center maintains CONSLINK, a readily-accessible, international computerized bulletin board dealing with conservation issues and findings.

Education - The Zoo continues its diverse education initiatives by training students and post-doctoral researchers, conducting research lecture series and demonstrations at special events in the Zoo, completing exhibit development and educational films, and participating in the electronic dissemination of information through the Internet. New Opportunities in Animal Health Sciences and the local Latino and African-American communities developed community outreach education programs which brought together the research community and neighboring schools. Programs like "Scientists in the Classrooms" enable students and teachers from local schools to learn about biology and conservation directly from zoo scientists and researchers. Teleconferencing will continue to be expanded in FY 1998, reaching millions of teachers and students across the nation.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel, general support, fundraising, outreach, and acquisitions. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects, such as conservation, research, and training. Government Grants and Contracts provide support for research.

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory

Abstract - The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) conducts research to increase understanding of the origin and nature of the universe and to communicate this information through publications, teaching, and public presentations. SAO studies diverse systems, including the large-scale structure of the universe, clusters of galaxies, quasars, the sun, and planets. SAO also conducts research in laboratory astrophysics, atmospheric physics, geophysics, medical physics, and precollege science education. SAO research has a major impact in the worldwide scientific community and has helped the United States maintain worldwide leadership in science.

For FY 1999, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. The Institution requires $386,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funding in this line-item.

Program - SAO is a member of the Center for Astrophysics (CfA), headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In collaboration with the Harvard College Observatory, SAO pursues a broad program of research organized by the following disciplines: atomic, molecular and medical physics; high-energy astrophysics; optical and infrared astronomy; planetary sciences; radio and geoastronomy; solar and stellar physics; theoretical astrophysics; and science education.

SAO's observation facilities include the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in Arizona, the Oak Ridge Observatory in Massachusetts, and a millimeter-wave radio telescope at Cambridge, as well as instruments occasionally launched aboard balloons, rockets, and spacecraft. SAO is constructing a facility near the summit of Mauna Kea on the island of Hawaii for the Smithsonian submillimeter array.

Research - In FY 1997, SAO made significant advances in several areas. SAO scientists recently discovered a Jupiter-mass planet in near-circular orbit about a nearby Sun-like star. The planet has a period of about 40 Earth days and a distance from the parent star of about one-fourth the distance between the Earth and the Sun. This discovery bolsters the growing view that Jupiter-like bodies are common companions to Sun-like stars. The newly discovered planet provides important evidence for how these planets form and supports the view that planetary systems like our own are common occurrences in the Milky Way. The circular nature of the orbit implies an origin similar to that of the planets in our own Solar System. A highly elongated orbit would suggest that the new planet was a "failed star" rather than a planet.

Scientists at SAO collaborating with colleagues at Harvard and elsewhere discovered a new class of objects roaming the outer reaches of the Solar System. A Texas-sized miniplanet was found well beyond the orbit of Pluto and in a region previously thought to be empty. The discoverers opine that the new class of objects may have as many as 6,000 members. The discovery suggests that planetary systems are a richer environment than hitherto believed and that there is still much to learn about our own.

The sky as viewed by gamma-ray astronomers looks very different from the sky as seen by others. Familiar objects such as the Sun and Moon pale to insignificance, while faint ordinary-appearing objects blaze forth as new beacons. When ultra-high energy photons smash into molecules high in the Earth's atmosphere, they produce a cascade of radiation visible from the ground. SAO scientists discovered a tenfold increase in the ultra-high energy photons emitted by a giant elliptical galaxy located some 400 million light years from Earth. For two months in the spring of 1997, this object became the brightest object in the gamma-ray sky, pointing to the existence of a hitherto unknown mechanism at work in the churning maelstrom at the heart of distant galaxies.

Development of instrumentation of unprecedented sensitivity operating at cyrogenic temperatures allowed SAO scientists to detect and identify twenty-seven previously undetected carbon-chain molecules in the laboratory. The largest has a molecular weight nearly three times that of glycine, the simplest amino acid. Several of these new molecules have since been found in envelopes surrounding stars and in giant molecular clouds in the Milky Way, and the others are also candidates for astronomical detection.

Education - In FY 1997, SAO continued work on a discovery-based elementary-school science curriculum using astronomy as a unifying theme, produced videos for K-12 science teachers, and led a multi-institutional program to improve the education of men and women preparing to teach science and mathematics in elementary, middle, and high schools. SAO's Summer Intern Program brought a dozen college undergraduates to Cambridge to work with SAO scientists on a variety of research projects.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust Funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel and general operations. In addition, these funds provide general support for research, fellowships, business expenses, and fundraising. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects. Government Grants and Contracts provide support for major research in SAO's areas of expertise and experience which is often carried out in cooperation with both governmental and academic institutions in the United States and abroad.

Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education

Abstract - The Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education (SCMRE), located at the Museum Support Center in Suitland, Maryland, is the Smithsonian's specialized research facility for the conservation and technical study of museum objects. SCMRE staff examine the conservation-related properties of materials, extract historical information from their technical record, and improve conservation treatment technology. Experience with a wide range of materials and expertise in analytical and technological studies enables SCMRE to engage successfully in collaborative research with anthropologists and art historians. SCMRE also conducts a conservation training program that includes basic and advanced conservation theory and technique, supports and organizes workshops and seminars, and disseminates the latest knowledge in the field of conservation and cultural materials research to museums and research professionals throughout the United States and the World.

For FY 1999, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education. The Institution requires $79,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - SCMRE's program areas include research and development, education and training, and support and collaboration.

Research and Development - SCMRE's international reputation for expertise in provenance studies of archaeological ceramics through chemical characterization resulted in an invitation by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to develop and coordinate an international program of studies involving the use of neutron activation analysis in research in Latin American archaeology. In addition to SCMRE, seven research teams from six Latin American countries participate in this three-year program.

Research on archaeological material from the sites of the Hayanonim and Meged caves in Israel, uncovered biogeochemical evidence of burnt bone, confirming the early use of fire by man at these sites about 100,000 years ago.

Research performed by SCMRE staff in recent years on the effects of such environmental conditions as temperature and relative humidity on the long-term stability of collection materials culminated in an international symposium of standards for the museum collections environment. This symposium was organized in collaboration with the National Center for Preservation Technology and Training (NCPTT) of the National Park Service. A professional publication based on the recommendations resulting from this symposium is planned for next year.

Work continued on ongoing projects such as the retrieval of biomolecular information from fluid fixed natural history collection specimens, provenance studies of African bronzes, and technological studies on Far Eastern ceramics.

Education and Training - Serving the interests of scholars regarding an important aspect of the Hispanic-American cultural patrimony, SCMRE organized and hosted the first of several activities—a workshop concerning the preservation of Hispanic polychrome wood veneration artifacts, or santos. Potential future activities include three additional regional workshops and an international scholarly conference on the material technology and preservation of santos and related artifacts.

Development of an interdisciplinary high school curriculum in arts and materials technology, a project titled Science Teaching Art Teaching Science (STATS), progressed with the assistance of a visiting specialist in

science curriculum development. Presently in the final stages of compiling the first of twelve modules of the course, SCMRE staff intend to complete three units per year for the next three years, enabling the nationwide distribution by 2001 of a complete curriculum package for physical science instruction based on art and cultural materials.

In addition to these special initiatives, SCMRE continued its more traditional offerings through the Furniture Conservation Training Program, the RELACT (Research Collections, Libraries, and Archives Conservation Training) program for archives preservation, additional specialist courses, and internships and fellowships in material characterization and preservation studies.

Support and Collaboration - SCMRE's technical support staff continued to provide analytical and technical assistance to conservation and curatorial staff in various Smithsonian museums, as well as to ongoing research and educational efforts at SCMRE. During FY 1997, the staff performed more than 2,300 analyses of which 35 percent were for other Smithsonian units. Technical support staff also operated and maintained SCMRE's extensive research and computing equipment. The Technical Information Section provided answers to almost 1,000 requests for information from the general public and museum professionals, both nationally and internationally. The staff also assisted with the production and distribution of SCMRE technical guidelines and other publications for museum professionals and, in collaboration with SCMRE's education coordinator, maintained and updated SCMRE's Web site.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for research and education activities. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects. Government Grants and Contracts provide support for special projects that use SCMRE's expertise and experience.

Smithsonian Environmental Research Center

Abstract - The Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) is dedicated to increasing knowledge of the biological and physical processes that sustain life on Earth. SERC's interdisciplinary research applies long-term studies to examine the ecological questions about landscapes of linked ecosystems, especially those impacted by human activities. SERC scientists use an experimental approach to discover mechanisms regulating the structure and dynamics of the environment. Located on the shore of the Chesapeake Bay, SERC uses the geographic features of the nation's largest estuary to investigate interconnections of aquatic, terrestrial and atmospheric components of complex landscapes. These studies are then compared on regional, continental and global scales. For improved stewardship of the biosphere, SERC's research provides data, publications and expert consultation in support of conservation, environmental policy and management of natural resources. Connected to an international network of collaborators, SERC trains future generations of scientists to address ecological questions of the nation and the globe. SERC's education programs in ecology demonstrate to the public the active process of research, and infuse scientific approaches for environmental issues through experiencing nature.

For FY 1999, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. The Institution requires $78,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - Research - SERC research aims to understand how complex landscapes function and what elements are key to sustaining life on Earth. SERC develops innovative approaches and instrumentation to measure environmental change in four ecological levels:

Global change - impacts of altered atmospheric composition (C0 2 , ozone, trace gases) and solar radiation (UV) on plants; effects of weather patterns and disturbance regimes on ecosystem stability; changes in biogeochemical cycles; habitat fragmentation; and biological invasions of introduced species.

Landscape ecology - fluxes of nutrients and pollutants through linked ecosystems, especially interactive effects of geology and land use by agriculture and forestry; and habitat requirements for migratory species.

Ecology of coastal systems - linkages of estuaries to terrestrial watersheds and oceanic processes; ecological impacts of commercial fisheries; causes and effects of plankton blooms; and regulation of productivity in wetlands and estuaries.

Population and community ecology - structure and regulation of food webs; forest succession; population dynamics; and determinants of species' distribution.

SERC research has been applied in the past year to modelling exercises predicting changes in plant processes under an atmosphere with doubled C0 2 concentration; to the roles which riparian forests play in controlling the amount of nutrients entering the Chesapeake Bay, a key factor identified in the recent Pfiesteria bloom; to the impact of invasive species carried in ballast waters on the ecosystems of major port areas such as Pearl Harbor, San Francisco Bay, Chesapeake Bay and Valdez, Alaska; and in examining the effects of the ozone layer in the environmentally sensitive Antarctic region.

Also included in this line-item is a portion of the International Environmental Science Program which supports long-term monitoring efforts of a series of environmental parameters in the Rhode River estuary of the Chesapeake Bay.

Educational Activities - SERC provides a series of educational opportunities to groups of students and the general public. The Philip D. Reed Education Center, dedicated in late 1997, will allow SERC to double its capacity of visitors. SERC's approach to education is to allow the visitors to experience their environment first hand by a series of observational and hands-on activities.

SERC also provides a number of opportunities for professional training from the undergraduate through post-doctoral levels. This training has proven to be critical in preparing the next generation of environmental scientists in this country. These individuals contribute to the overall research and educational goals of SERC and disseminate their findings to the wider national community.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel, research, fundraising, work/learn and fellowship programs. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects, such as research, education, and internships. Government Grants and Contracts provide support for special projects at SERC that use the expertise of the staff to meet national goals.

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

Abstract - The only U.S. research facility located in the mainland tropics and dedicated to the study and conservation of the World's tropical ecosystems, the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) studies the functioning and composition of these systems for scientific research and for developing conservation policy in the tropics. STRI maintains a core of resident scientists and supports visiting scientists and research fellows from around the World. It also maintains a series of protected marine and terrestrial field sites and well-equipped laboratories for basic and applied tropical research, including the Barro Colorado Nature Monument (BCNM) where research in tropical biology has been conducted for more than 70 years. STRI was designated custodian of the BCNM under the terms of the Panama Canal Treaties of 1977 and an extension of custodianship of the area beyond the year 2000 was confirmed recently in agreements with the Republic of Panama. STRI has also erected the first construction cranes to study the canopies of tropical forests; runs a modern, oceangoing research vessel for marine and paleobiological studies; and houses a first-class research library and conference center.

For FY 1999, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. The Institution requires $239,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item. Included in the STRI line-item, but justified in the Mandatory Increases section of this request, are funds to support the increase in operating costs at STRI resulting from implementation of the 1977 Panama Canal Treaty ($150,000).

Program - The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute performs four major functions in fulfilling its mission in tropical biology. STRI conducts fundamental research on the ecology, physiology, evolution, and behavior in the tropics of plants and animals, including humans, with emphasis on the relationship of tropical organisms to global climate change; provides facilities and logistical support for the international scientific community to study terrestrial and marine tropical biology; supports environmental education, conservation, and management of tropical ecosystems; and protects and manages the Barro Colorado Nature Monument. Also included in this line-item is a portion of the International Environmental Science Program which supports long-term monitoring of insect, amphibian, mammal, and bird populations by surveys and censuses on Barro Colorado and in Soberania National Park. Recruitment and reproduction monitoring of corals, urchins, macro algae sponges, and fish on a site of reefs near Galeta and San Bias, on the Caribbean side of Panama, are conducted by a group of STRI researchers.

Fundamental research programs at STRI include:

Plant Physiology and C0 2 Studies - STRI has become the center for research on tropical plant physiology, as well as on the response of tropical forest systems to elevated levels of C0 2 and consequent global warming. Having conducted pioneering, small-scale experimentation on the effects of elevated C0 2 on forest growth and carbon sequestration, STRI obtained support in FY 1998 from the Department of Energy for a large-scale C0 2 experiment on tropical forests through establishment of the first free air carbon dioxide enhancement (FACE) experiment. Studies on the dynamic changes in forests have been intensified in order to examine the impact upon these systems of the mega El Nino event of 1997 through 1998.

Tropical Forest Canopy Biology - Extraordinary levels of biodiversity have been discovered in the canopies of tropical rainforests. STRI pioneered the study of the canopy using construction cranes to systematically reach the tops of trees where much of the biological activity of the tropical forest takes place. These cranes continue to attract scientists studying the exchange of gases between the canopy and the atmosphere and the intricate responses of the canopy to light, humidity, atmospheric carbon, and wet/dry seasonal changes. These studies are

revolutionizing the understanding of tropical forest biology and providing crucial data for sound conservation and management of tropical forests.

Paleoecological Studies - STRI scientists are reconstructing a variety of historical records of fundamental importance to global change models. Understanding the closure of the Isthmus over the last 10 million years has led to understanding how changes in ocean currents have altered marine ecosystems in the Eastern Pacific and Caribbean, initiated glaciation in the northern hemisphere, and triggered El Nino events. Studies of pollen and phytoliths in lake sediments have traced dramatic climate changes and their effects on tropical forests since the last Ice Age 20,000 years ago and have tracked the evolution and ecological effects of the origin of agriculture in this hemisphere during the last 11,000 years. Paleoecological studies provide the only empirical data on how global systems change through time.

Tropical Marine Ecology - STRI researchers continue to document a catastrophic regional decline in coral reef cover and structure by tracking the dynamics of coral reefs along the Caribbean coast of Panama. The techniques of molecular systematics have revealed more relationships than previously thought between corals and their algae symbionts. These relationships are fundamental to coral reef ecology because the increasing frequency of the expulsion of algae (coral bleaching) and the environmental stress that results may be harbingers of global warming.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust Funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel. In addition, these funds provide general support for research, fellowships, publications, collections acquisition, and fundraising. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects, such as research and the purchase of scientific equipment. Government Grants and Contracts provide support for research, internships, and symposia.

Communications and Educational Programs

Abstract - The Smithsonian's communications and educational programs promote the building of academic, scholarly, and community-based ties with the public, educational centers, and institutions throughout the Nation. This line-item includes the Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center, the Office of Public Affairs, Smithsonian Press/Smithsonian Productions, the Office of Fellowships and Grants, the Center for Museum Studies, the Smithsonian Office of Education, and the National Science Resources Center.

For FY 1999, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for Communications and Educational Programs. The Institution requires $128,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - Visitor information and Associates' Reception Center (VIARC) -

The Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center seeks to broaden the public's knowledge, appreciation and enjoyment of the Smithsonian and to facilitate and promote participation in its programs and activities. As a central support organization and the principal contact point for information about the Institution, VIARC's work is carried out through the Smithsonian Information Center; 17 museum information/member reception desks; response services for public and member mail, telephone and electronic inquiries; outreach to the tourism industry; outdoor way-finding stations; and volunteer programs which provide primary support for the Institution's

public information activities and for staff project assistance behind-the-scenes.

Office of Public Affairs (OPA) - The Office of Public Affairs acquaints the public with the programs and policies of the Institution through a variety of publications and by working with newspapers, magazines, television, and radio, to gain media exposure for its exhibits, public events, and research. A major goal of OPA is to encourage culturally diverse audiences to take advantage of the many resources of the Smithsonian.

Smithsonian Institution Press/Smithsonian Productions - The

Smithsonian Institution Press/Smithsonian Productions is a multimedia publisher of scholarly and popular works related to the Institution's collections and research interests. Among these works sold to the trade are academic and technical books and series, general interest highly-illustrated books, classic recordings, and historic videos as well as television, film, and radio programs and special products created both in-house and with commercial partners. As the Institution's publisher and principal media center, the office distributes a range of official printed and electronic documents, such as the Smithsonian Contributions and Studies series, Smithsonian Year, and Annals of the Institution, to the international academic community and the general public.

Office of Fellowships and Grants - The Office of Fellowships and Grants manages the Institution's centralized fellowship and internship programs, all other stipend appointments, and competitive Trust-funded grant programs that support research and other scholarly activities by Smithsonian staff and their collaborators.

Center for Museum Studies - The Center for Museum Studies provides training, information, and professional support to museums. The Center trains museum practitioners from the United States and abroad in all aspects of museum work and provides internship referral, registration, counseling, and career development services.

Smithsonian Office of Education (SOE) - Drawing on the Smithsonian's research, exhibitions, and staff expertise, SOE serves both a local and national audience. SOE provides classroom teachers with professional development opportunities and curriculum materials; young people with

museum-based programs; and educators in general with a central point of access to the Smithsonian. The Office also reaches a broad audience of parents, teachers, and students through a variety of electronic services. SOE's collaborations with Smithsonian museums and other educational organizations build and support relationships among the Nation's museums, schools, and other community-based institutions.

National Science Resources Center (NSRC) - The National Science Resources Center works closely with the National Academy of Sciences to improve the quality of science education in the Nation's schools. Through its materials development, information dissemination, and outreach programs, NSRC supports systemic science education reform efforts in communities across the Nation. NSRC programs stress the involvement and collaboration of teachers and scientists, and place a special emphasis on increasing the number of under-represented minorities and women engaged in the study of science. Scientists and engineers from academia and the business community, as well as teachers and educators, play a strong role in the development and implementation of NSRC programs.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel and other related costs. In addition, these funds provide general support for educational outreach, special events, television/film production, and general operations. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects. Government Grants and Contracts provide support for public and school programs, program materials, and collaborations.

Institution-wide Programs

Abstract - As part of the Restructuring Plan reviewed and approved by Congress in 1993, the Smithsonian reallocated funds to create two Institution-wide funding programs: one supports the units' needs to replace, upgrade, and acquire new research equipment; the other enables the myriad of information technology needs across the Institution to be addressed systematically. In fiscal year 1995, the Institution received funds to support the development of a third Institution-wide program for Latino programming. These funds are important to meet the on-going need to acquire state-of-the-art research equipment, continue to improve the information infrastructure and systems, and increase Latino programs, research and collections. The Institution requests that the funding in each of these programs remain available until expended.

For FY 1999, the Smithsonian requests an increase of $3,000,000 for digitization of collections.

Research Equipment - The research equipment program helps fund some of the most basic research equipment needs of the Institution. Requirements to replace dysfunctional equipment and acquire new research tools far exceed the existing base funds of $ 1,885,000. Each year, unit directors in the museums, research centers and research support offices determine the most effective application of the funds to meet the highest priority needs.

All program units at the Institution received some level of support for research equipment in FY 1997. Some of the major purchases included:

• an infrared camera, solar eclipse equipment, a direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering facility, a helium leak detector, and high speed photometers for the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory;

• a controlled environment chamber, a DNA thermal cycler, a DNA sequencer, an autoclave, and an ultralow freezer for the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute;

• a liquid scintillation analyzer, a micro flow analyzer, a calorimeter, a gas chromatograph, and a photosynthesesis system for the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center;

• an element analyzer, analytical balances, a global positioning system, a centrifuge, and a microsatellite for the National Zoological Park;

• new microscopes and associated special lighting systems, and a water quality monitoring system for the Belize research station for the National Museum of Natural History; and

• an Induction Coupled Plasma (ICP) mass spectrometer, a multiwave microwave sample digestion system, and a perchloric fume hood for the Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education.

Information Resources - In FY 1997, the information technology program supported several strategic, multi-year initiatives. The primary focus has been making the collections and other resources accessible through the Institution's communications network systems. Significant enhancements were made to the data communications network to improve its reliability and functional capabilities, including cabling the National Zoological Park and beginning a two-year Phase I upgrade of the networking equipment serving the museums, offices and research institutes. To take advantage of new network and Web capabilities, the museums, Libraries, and Archives have been enhancing their collection and research information systems. The National Museum of American History continued its implementation of

its collections information system. A collaborative effort of the Institution's art museums resulted in the acquisition of a single art CIS (collections information system) to serve the six Smithsonian art museums. The National Museum of Natural History has focused on a public access module for its Collections Research Information System. The National Air and Space Museum researched, tested and identified a system to improve its collections management operations. A design has been completed to implement a single Internet search capability able to perform research on and provide digitized images of all of the Institution's collections. In separate initiatives, new systems to enhance financial management, policy and planning in the Office of Planning, Management and Budget and automated position classification in the Office of Human Resources have been implemented.

In FY 1998 with base funds of $2,810,000, the Institutional focus continues to be the improvement of its data communication network and its information systems. Collections information systems continue implementation in the National Museum of American History, the National Museum of Natural History, the National Air and Space Museum, the National Postal Museum, and the Anacostia Museum, and the Institution's art museums. Emphasis will be to move all information off legacy mainframe systems by the year 2000. Replacement of the Smithsonian Institution Research Information System (SIRIS), which provides worldwide access to catalogs of the Institution's libraries and many of its archives and other research resources, is being initiated to move from a central mainframe to a client-server environment. Funds will also support improvements in human resource data management and time and attendance automation. The Institution will continue to strengthen and standardize its communications and computer infrastructure.

Explanation of Program Increase - For FY 1999, the Institution requests an increase of $3,000,000 to support digitization of its collections to remain available until expended. One of the Secretary's primary goals for the Smithsonian is recording collections in digital form and making them accessible online and in other multimedia forms. Expanded electronic access gives the Smithsonian an opportunity to make its extraordinary, and in many cases unseen, collections available to the public and scholarly communities on a scale not previously possible.

Pilot projects created by several Smithsonian museums, a number of which have won awards, have demonstrated the feasibility and success of varied electronic approaches to providing information and images from the collections. These efforts also indicate that the Institution is at a point that warrants full implementation of a coordinated program of electronic access to images and data on its collections.

A program that will evolve into an incomparable source of material for research, exhibitions and education purposes over five years will require increments of new funding in each of those years and thoughtful planning in order to bring together curators, collections, components, and systems.

In 1998, the Smithsonian will work on linking automated registrarial records so that staff will be able to query the collections systems for information about any subject of interest. What is missing is the ability to actually see the objects under discussion. Digitizing the collections would, therefore, not only make the collections available to the general public but will make the curatorial and research efforts done at the museums, here and elsewhere, richer.

With this funding, the Smithsonian can effectively implement a systematic process for realizing the Institution's goals in an electronic environment. This encompasses setting priorities for imaging specific collections and enhancing data content, refining digital production processes, choosing proper search engines, and developing presentation templates. Several million digitized images of objects in the Institution's collections, along with accompanying data, may be anticipated by 2003.

As it has with other major initiatives in the past, the Institution is aggressively seeking partnerships and cooperative ventures with the private sector and other cultural, scientific, and educational entities to supplement Federal resources.

The requested funding of $3,000,000 will cover costs of the initial digitization effort as follows: (1) retrospective photography and digitization, (2) hardware/software (scanners, image servers, software for development of electronic exhibitions and other presentation formats, image management systems), and (3) contractual services, such as digitization and image management, photography, and retrospective cataloguing (data enhancement). Distribution of costs among specific collections, activities, and museums will be determined as the overall coordination is refined and priorities are established through an orderly planning process.

Latino Exhibitions, Acquisitions, and Educational Programming - The Institution has $998,000 in its base to support exhibitions, research and educational initiatives that illuminate and highlight Latino contributions to America and permit a wider sharing of Latino accomplishments in the sciences, humanities and performing arts. Designated as the Latino Initiatives Fund, these funds are dispersed annually to Smithsonian units on a competitive basis, with an emphasis on projects with the potential to attract matching and, ultimately, sustaining funds from non-Federal sources.

To date, this program has been the catalyst of very significant activities. In FY 1997, the Latino Initiatives Fund supported the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service's presentation of "American Voices: Latino Photographers in the United States." The National Museum of Natural History co-sponsored an international symposium in San Antonio, Texas, on the connections between the colonial missions of Mexico and Texas. Latino Initiatives Fund support made it possible for the Smithsonian Institution Tropical Research Institute's bilingual exhibit, "Coral Reefs: Caribbean Connections/Arrecifes Coralinos: Conexiones Caribenas," to travel to three venues in the continental U.S.

Office of Exhibits Central

Abstract - The Office of Exhibits Central (OEC) is the Smithsonian Institution's most comprehensive exhibit producer. OEC is expert in the specialized needs of traveling, temporary, and permanent exhibitions, including design, editing, graphics, model-making, fabrication, crating, and installation. The Office is also involved in concept development, object selection, product research, and prototype testing. OEC staff make recommendations about the need for conservation assistance and conduct training in exhibit design and production with museums across the country and abroad.

For FY 1999, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Office of Exhibits Central. The Institution requires $67,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Office of Exhibits Central is a full-service organization with specialized teams in design, editing, graphics, model-making, and fabrication.

The Design and Editing team works with a curator's preliminary ideas to develop an overall exhibition plan. Exhibit designers are responsible for all aspects of visual presentation. OEC's exhibit editors work closely with designers and subject specialists to ensure that words, design, graphics, and artifacts work together to create an effective presentation. The graphics team provides silk-screening, typesetting, photo mounting, vinyl lettering, and conservation matting and framing. The model-making team creates scientifically and historically accurate dioramas, models, and mannequins; they also bracket artifacts for display and offer taxidermy services. The fabrication

team constructs fine cabinetry and exhibit components; sheet plastic work, artifact handling, and custom paint finishes are a specialty. The packing and shipping team builds crates and packs exhibitions that travel across the country and around the World.

The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) was again OEC's main client for FY 1997. OEC produced two conceptual exhibit designs for fundraising packages. One fundraising package was for the "Barn Again" (large version) exhibition, the other for the "Coral Reefs" exhibition. OEC designed, produced and installed two exhibitions for the America Jazz Heritage program, "Jazz Age in Paris" and "Seeing Jazz." OEC also designed two exhibitions for the States Humanities Councils, "Barn Again" (small exhibit format) and "Vanishing Amphibians." OEC was actively involved in two Hispanic exhibitions, "American Voices" and the "Art of Jack Delano." Some other exhibitions of distinction were "Flag in American Indian Art," "Six Bridges," "Women in Flight," and "Exotic Illusions."

OEC is currently involved in other projects of special note. These include: "Between a Rock and a Hard Place, the American Sweatshop," for the National Museum of American History; the "Star Wars" exhibit for the National Air and Space Museum; "Audubon" and "Smithson to Smithsonian" for the Smithsonian Institution Libraries; "MiniCrossroads" for the Center for Arctic Studies at the National Museum of Natural History; and "Strong Heart" for the International Gallery. OEC also has provided many specialized services to Smithsonian offices such as the Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies; Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center; the Office of Government Relations; the Office of Special Events and Conference Services; Center for African American History and Culture; the National Zoological Park; Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden; the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum; the Discovery Theater; and the National Postal Museum.

Future exhibitions include "Speak to My Heart" for the Anacostia Museum, "Pursing Promise" for the National Museum of American History, "Ainu" for the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH),"Woody Guthrie" for SITES, and the inaugural exhibits for the National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI).

Training of OEC and Smithsonian staff, the use of volunteers and interns, and the sharing of information and resources with other offices and museums was again an important part of OEC's mission for 1997. OEC trained four interns from Ghana in exhibit production and offered extensive design and conceptional information and training to designer Jon Weinberg of South Africa. OEC is collaborating with the Museum Support Center move team, conducting training and providing work space to support the processing, crating and storage of numerous NMNH artifacts. OEC has also provided consultation and conceptual support for the creation of NMAI's Cultural Resources Center. OEC conducted numerous tours of its facility to museum colleagues from around the World.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel and associated costs.

Major Scientific Instrumentation

Abstract - The development of major scientific instrumentation is vital to Smithsonian scientists remaining at the forefront of their fields. Because of the magnitude of the costs and the time-scale required to fabricate major new instruments and to reconfigure existing ones, the Institution requests funding for such projects under this line-item, rather than under individual ones. Since these projects require long-term development and multi-year funding, the Institution also requests that funds in this line-item remain available until expended.

The FY 1999 funding for this line-item reflects no increase over the FY 1998 base. For FY 1999, funds will be used to continue construction of the submillimeter telescope array ($4,744,000) and to continue conversion and development of instrumentation for the Multiple Mirror Telescope ($2,500,000).

Program - Since FY 1989, the Smithsonian has received funding under this line item for two SAO projects: development of an array of submillimeter telescopes and conversion of the Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT). SAO expects the submillimeter telescope array to be operating, in part, in Hawaii by the end of 1999.

Construction of an Array of Submillimeter Wavelength Telescopes -

The last frontier for ground-based astronomy consists of observing the skies with telescopes sensitive to submillimeter waves-light with wavelengths between those of infrared and radio waves. SAO plays a

major role in emerging submillimeter technology. Since FY 1992, SAO has been constructing components for its submillimeter array of telescopes to be located on Mauna Kea in Hawaii. The submillimeter array, with its unprecedented combination of wavelength coverage and ability to resolve fine spatial details, will enable SAO scientists to play a major role in understanding the processes by which stars form and the mechanisms that generate prodigious amounts of energy in quasars and in active galaxies. When operational, the SAO submillimeter array will be a major scientific instrument of international stature. The array will be unique in the world in its combination of wavelength coverage and resolving power, and it will measurably enhance the scientific competitiveness of the United States.

In FY 1999, SAO will continue constructing and testing the individual antennas in Westford, Massachusetts, as well as the associated receivers and electronics in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Shipment of major components to the summit of Mauna Kea will begin in 1998 and will continue throughout the year. Preliminary astronomical observations on Mauna Kea also are expected to begin during the year.

The submillimeter array requires a "base camp" of operations; staff can work at the high altitude of Mauna Kea for only short periods of time. The Institution anticipated using space in a Federal building, which was to have been constructed in the University of Hawaii's Science Park in Hilo, HI. However, funds for this facility were not appropriated by Congress. The Institution is currently reviewing its options to locate and fund suitable space; future budget requests may include increases to cover the cost of such space.

Conversion and Instrumentation of the Multiple Mirror Telescope - The

conversion of the Multiple Mirror Telescope to one with a single 6.5-meter diameter mirror will more than double the light-gathering power of the telescope and increase its field-of-view more than several hundredfold. The converted telescope and its new instrumentation will allow scientists to observe up to 300 objects simultaneously, an enormous increase in efficiency of data collection over that possible with the MMT.

The 6.5-meter primary mirror was polished in the Steward Observatory Mirror Laboratory at the University of Arizona. The completed mirror has now been installed in its cell and its complex support system is being tested in the Mirror Laboratory. Following the successful completion

of these tests and the mirror thermal control system, the present MMT telescope will be decommissioned and removed from the MMT building. The installation of the new telescope, the aluminization of its primary mirror, and the debugging of the complex control systems will take approximately an additional nine months to complete. The new telescope is expected to see "first light" in late 1998 or early 1999.

SAO is constructing five instruments for the converted MMT. Each of these instruments will exploit the large collecting area and large field of view of the converted telescope. The instruments will be delivered to the telescope on a staggared schedule, approximately one per year starting at the first light of the wide-field focus (early 1999). During FY 1998, a multi-object spectrograph designed to simultaneously gather light from up to 300 galaxies is being prepared for delivery to the converted MMT, design is nearing completion of a higher resolution spectograph to bring the power of multiobject spectroscopy to problems in stellar astrophysics, including detection of extrasolar planets; and the detailed design has begun of a large format optical array that will unlock the converted MMT's potential for wide-field pictures of the sky. In FY 1998, design of the two additional instruments has been initiated. In FY 1999, the higher resolution spectrograph will be completed, construction of the optical camera will begin, and design of the remaining instruments will continue.

These instruments will allow SAO scientists to use the converted MMT for a broad range of investigations, from the study of stellar systems containing neutron stars and black holes to the discovery of distant galaxies at the edge of the observable universe.

Museum Support Center

Abstract - The Museum Support Center (MSC), located in Suitland, Maryland, is a specially equipped and environmentally controlled facility providing state-of-the-art technology for scientific research, conservation, and collections storage. MSC accommodates collections storage in four sections (or pods) for three general types of needs: collections storage in cabinets, "wet" collections stored on open shelving for biological collections in alcohol, and "high-bay" storage for very large objects. MSC also houses the Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education (SCMRE) and conservation laboratories for the National Museum of American History (NMAH) and the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), the NMNH Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and other NMNH specialized research laboratories. MSC's facilities provide the best possible conditions for preservation of the National Collections for future generations.

For FY 1999, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Museum Support Center. The Institution requires $74,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item. As in FY 1997, the Institution requests that the funds for MSC collections storage equipment and move costs remain available until expended.

Program - MSC provides facilities for the conservation and preservation of museum objects, conservation training, scientific research, and storage of museum collections. Specially-designed, state-of-the-art storage equipment

is available at MSC to house the more than 27 million objects and object parts being relocated from NMAH and NMNH.

The MSC operational staff provides computer services for administrative, research, and collections management data. The staff also provides shipping and receiving services, oversees safety and security operations, and maintains strict environmental and cleaning services required for the proper storage of museum collections.

The size and scope of the move of Smithsonian collections to the Museum Support Center, including the preparation and relocation of millions of objects and specimens from nine curatorial departments in two different museums, is unprecedented within the museum world. The volume, characteristics, and variety of the collections and the distance of the transfer pose special challenges that must be addressed as part of the move. MSC Move staff technicians inspect the objects for pests and conservation problems, clean them, and properly stabilize them prior to their move. Objects that have been contaminated by asbestos in storage areas receive additional treatment. The collections relocated to MSC are properly curated, less crowded, and subject to better controlled environmental conditions than collections in most other Smithsonian storage areas. As a result, they have far better prospects for long-term preservation and will be significantly more accessible to researchers.

MSC Collections Storage Equipment - By the end of FY 1997, storage cabinets were installed in 100% of Pod 1, 88% of Pod 2, and 50% of Pod 4. The shelving system to house collections stored in alcohol was installed in 25% of Pod 3. The Institution is continuing to procure and install the balance of the collections storage equipment for Pods 2, 3 and 4, as well as the required shelves and drawers that fit into this equipment.

MSC Move - During FY 1997, the Smithsonian continued to make significant progress on the transfer of collections and will continue to move collections to MSC in FY 1998. In FY 1997, NMAH moved 1,603 objects, including patent models, glass and ceramics, and glass plate negatives. As of November 1997, 418,656 fossil specimens have been moved from the NMNH's Department of Paleobiology collections. Other collections moved included 98,825 insects; 50,518 mineral science specimens; 26,842 botanical specimens; 25,739 archaeobiology objects; and 10,785 mammals.

Smithsonian Institution Archives

Abstract - The Smithsonian Institution Archives (SIA) is the official repository for the archival records of the Institution, the center of a range of historical research activities, and the source of guidance and information on the National Collections. SIA assures systematic and comprehensive historical accountability for the Institution's public trust.

For FY 1999, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Smithsonian Institution Archives. The Institution requires $41,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Smithsonian Institution Archives assures the Regents, Secretary, and staff of a reliable and accessible record of Institutional history and collections management practice. The Archives Division and the newly formed Electronic Records Program provide oversight and policy for the disposition of Institutional records; assist offices in the management and appraisal of their records; and engage in the description, preservation, and use of archival records. The Institutional History Division conducts research on Smithsonian history; maintains an oral and video history program; and publishes the papers of Joseph Henry, the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. The National Collections Program collects, analyzes, and reports information on the National Collections and maintains oversight of the Institution's

collections management policy, which governs the care and handling of the Smithsonian's object, library, and archival collections.

Research and Reference Services - SIA responded to 2,682 reference requests during FY 1997. While the number of electronic mail requests is increasing, the primary vehicles continue to be phone, mail, and in-person visits. Research conducted by scholars using the Archives was broad ranging, including a history of tropical field science and conservation, Ansel Adams, the history of meteoritics at the Smithsonian, and American anthropology in the 19th century. Smithsonian staff used the Archives for a variety of reasons, such as the review of architectural drawings of Baird Auditorium in preparation for rewiring, the history of the Star Spangled Banner in preparation for conservation work on "Old Glory," and research on Native American archival records in support of repatriation.

Archives Management - Space shortages required SIA to place a moratorium on the receipt of new accessions into the Archives for part of FY 1997, resulting in only 170 accessions comprising a total of 655 cubic feet of records (1.3 million items). New funds for leased space have permitted SIA to enter into contractual arrangements for offsite storage. Working on behalf of a consortium of Smithsonian archival programs, arrangements were made for the transfer of 2,500 cubic feet of OSIA records, and 2,500 cubic feet of records from other repositories, to the offsite storage facility. In addition, SIA undertook intensive preservation work (from hands-on treatment to disaster planning) during the year, and placed online all 1,100 descriptions of its holdings as published in the 1996 Guide to the Smithsonian Archives. Records Center operations during the year included the transfer of 452 cubic feet (904,000 items) and discard of 692 cubic feet (1.4 million items).

Collections Management - Staff of the National Collections Program (NCP) compiled and published its eleventh annual statistical report which provided data on collection size, growth, and activity for Smithsonian collecting units. Additionally, staff are coordinating a major review and revision of the directive on Smithsonian Collections Management Policy. NCP staff have also coordinated the review of individual collections management policies for three Smithsonian

organizations, and assisted in the implementation of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 116 requirements relating to accounting for museum collections.

Historical Services and Outreach - The 200th anniversary of the birth of Joseph Henry, the first Secretary of the Smithsonian and a noted scientist, was marked in 1997. SIA staff gave lectures, published articles, supported exhibitions, and prepared special events in association with this commemoration. In addition, SIA has greatly enhanced its Web site (http://si.edu/archives); sponsored a Research-in-Progress lecture series; conducted oral histories; mentored numerous Smithsonian fellows and interns; began work on a database documenting Smithsonian relations with Latin America; and vetted many Institutional issuances for their historical accuracy.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs associated with the Joseph Henry Papers project. Donors include the National Academy of Sciences, the Ida Hornstein Reingold Memorial Fund, the Richard Lounsbery Foundation, and the Seidell Foundation.

Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Abstract - The Smithsonian Institution Libraries (SIL) supports the mission of the Smithsonian Institution "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge" by providing access to information in all forms to Smithsonian scientists, scholars, curators, and staff, as well as to others with research needs. The Libraries accomplishes this support by building, organizing, managing, housing, and preserving collections; providing reference services and consultation; employing all appropriate technologies for finding and disseminating information; and contributing to and drawing from remote data bases. The Libraries offers educational opportunities, including exhibitions, internships, publications, lectures, and user instruction. The Libraries participates in local, national, and international networks and cooperative activities that promote the sharing of information, access to recorded knowledge, and the support and advancement of scholarly communication.

For FY 1999, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for Smithsonian Institution Libraries. The Institution requires $163,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item. An increase of $365,000 justified in the Mandatory Increases for Sustaining Base Operations section of this budget request will support extraordinary inflation for library materials. Additionally, funds and positions are being requested in the National Museum of the American Indian line-item for library support at the Cultural Resources Center in Suitland, Maryland ($121,000 and 2 positions).

Program - The Smithsonian Institution Libraries strengthens multi-disciplinary research at the Smithsonian Institution by providing research support services, collections acquisitions and management, and outreach programs. SIL staff use information technology for most internal library operations, as well as for resource sharing and communication with other libraries and information repositories. SIL's collections contain more than 1.2 million volumes and include 7,000 current journals, 40,000 rare books, and more than 1,800 manuscript units.

SIL supports researchers in 17 branches and houses its collections in Smithsonian buildings in Washington, D.C. and other locations, including Edgewater, Maryland; Suitland, Maryland; New York, New York; and the Republic of Panama. SIL controls these collections and makes them available as a single resource to researchers at the Institution and worldwide through the Smithsonian Institution Research Information System (SIRIS) online catalogue available on the Internet and the Web and through the Online Computer Library Center, which maintains an international bibliographic data base.

Research Support Services - To increase resource sharing and enhance information access, the Chesapeake Information and Research Library Alliance, which SIL helped found in 1996 with six members, added the Library of Congress.

SIL staff continued to plan for the National Museum of the American Indian Branch Library at the Cultural Resources Center. The design concepts for the National Museum of Natural History's Rare Book Library were refined. Work began on renovations to make Central Reference and Loan Services fully accessible.

The Libraries' home page on the Web and those of fifteen branch libraries are now available to users of the Internet worldwide. SIL also offers extensive electronic reference services on site at most branches.

Collections - SIL acquires materials through purchase and gifts and through a publication exchange program with 4,600 partners in 150 countries. Records added to an SIL online index and finding guide to the literature of African arts and culture, funded by a three-year Getty Trust grant, have now reached 13,000. As a first step to expanding access to the SIL collection of historic trade literature, the SIL is developing a finding aid to trade literature

documenting the United States sewing machine industry during the 1 9th and early 20th centuries.

In 1997, SIL produced an electronic edition of a Bureau of American Ethnology (BAE) publication and recently added to the SIL Website an index to the BAE series with linked title pages. These are the first publications in the SIL Digital Library.

Outreach - The Dibner Fund supported an illustrated lecture on "Pencils, Paper Clips and Invention," delivered by Henry Petroski, as well as three SIL/Dibner Library Resident Scholars of the History of Science and Technology. The Libraries opened a new exhibition, "Audubon and the Smithsonian." Since 1960, SIL, with support from the Seidell fund and the National Science Foundation, has published and distributed gratis copies of 280 scientific books and articles translated into English from other languages.

In 1997, SIL hosted a librarian from Romania who was sponsored by the SOROS Foundation and the Library of Congress; a library student from Hamburg, Germany; and an intern in the SIL Preservation Services Department from the University of Maryland.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust Funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel, fundraising, general operations and research. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects. For example, the Libraries Special Collections and Ripley endowments support the purchase of books in many disciplines.

Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service

Abstract - The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) shares with the Nation the Institution's collections and curatorial expertise. Every year, millions of people from coast-to-coast experience the National Mall from afar by visiting SITES exhibitions in museums, university galleries, science centers, historical societies, libraries, zoos, aquariums and schools. SITES' top priority is increasing the availability of Smithsonian exhibitions among people who cannot see them firsthand by visiting the Institution's museums. With the FY 1996 merger of SITES and the Smithsonian's International Gallery into a single entity, selected traveling exhibitions are able to premiere in Washington before being sent out on national tour. This line-item includes International Gallery operations.

For FY 1999, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service. The Institution requires $72,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service reconfigures and packages, for widespread travel, exhibitions developed by the Institution's museums and program offices, as well as by outside organizations. SITES tailors the form and content of these exhibitions to meet the program needs and technical capabilities of museums and cultural and educational facilities nationwide.

SITES exhibitions do more than present artifacts. They represent a broad range of human perspectives; they pose questions, communicate abstractions, and challenge visitors to make connections between objects, people, places, events, and ideas. By emphasizing diverse viewpoints and using inquiry as a means of interpreting exhibition themes and images, SITES encourages people of all ages and backgrounds to explore the full breadth of possibilities about themselves, others, and the world around them. As a high-visibility outreach arm of the Smithsonian, SITES has more than 60-plus exhibitions that tour museums and cultural centers in all 50 states. SITES hopes that its expanded visitor base in FY 1998 will enable more Americans than ever to experience the rich variety of exhibition programs available from the Smithsonian.

Smithsonian Exhibitions - The runaway success of newer SITES initiatives created to place Smithsonian exhibits in public libraries and rural communities continues to expand the organization's national audience. By circulating multiple, small-format copies of major Smithsonian exhibitions to locations once excluded from major outreach programming, SITES guarantees a true national presence for the Institution. The addition to SITES programs in FY 1998 and FY 1999 of innovative, low-cost versions of three, high-visibility exhibitions-"Red, Hot and Blue," "Jazz Age in Paris," and "Barn Again: Celebrating an American lcon"~will increase Smithsonian outreach services in new alternative venues, including town halls and historic American theaters.

SITES programs for FY 1998 continue to mirror the scope and vitality of the Institution. Traveling exhibitions about Woody Guthrie's music, American Indian quilts, coral reefs, model airplanes, solar energy, Latino photography, musical theater, American glass, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Hubble Space Telescope are but a small sampling of the many subjects through which SITES represents collections and research from the Institution's many museums and program offices.

Exhibition Partnerships - New collaborations with vacation trade businesses increasingly enable SITES to present Smithsonian exhibits in locations capable of attracting viewing audiences on an unprecedented scale. The FY 1998 installation of "Earth 2U: Exploring Geography" at Silver Dollar City in Branson, MO., for example, will draw more visitors to a

Smithsonian exhibition during a single summer than all of the other stops on the show's five-year, forty-city tour combined. In FY 1999, "American Glass: Masters of the Art" will be featured at Dollywood, another leading vacation destination located in the greater Nashville area.

Opportunities to expand the Institution's national presence in entire geographic regions continue to unfold though SITES' partnership with State Humanities Councils. In FY 1999 multiple copies of the millennium exhibition, "Yesterday's Tomorrow's," will circulate on itineraries that include five and six locations in a single state. Outreach on an even broader scale will take place with the FY 1999 opening of "Reflexiones," a photo journalistic portrait of America's Latino and Hispanic communities. Supported by funds from Time Warner, Inc. and Banco Popular de Puerto Rico, 5,000 copies of "Reflexiones" will travel simultaneously to cities and towns, large and small, in all 50 states, as well as in United States territories abroad.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel, fundraising, design and production, publications, materials, outside specialists, and contractual services. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects.

Administration

Abstract - Administration includes executive management and related functions provided by the Offices of the Secretary, Under Secretary, and Provost.

For FY 1999, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for Administration. The Institution requires $803,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item. Included in the Administration line-item, but justified in the Mandatory Increases section of this request, are funds to cover Workers' Compensation ($356,000), National Finance Center Payroll Processing ($30,000), and Institution-wide accessibility improvements ($425,000 and one position).

Program - Office of the Secretary - The Office of the Secretary, supported by the Office of the Under Secretary and the Office of the Provost, oversees the Smithsonian Institution and maintains continuous communication with the Board of Regents and its committees. Staff support for biodiversity and environmental affairs, community affairs, and electronic communications are integrated within this office. This line-item also includes the Office of Inspector General and Institution-wide planning, management analysis, and budgeting functions.

Office of the Provost - The Provost serves as the Smithsonian's chief programs officer, providing leadership and integrated oversight for all of the

Institution's programmatic activities carried out in the museums, research institutes, central education and other program offices, as well as research support units including libraries and archives. The Provost reviews and evaluates the management of programs in research, exhibitions, and education outreach in the sciences, arts, and humanities; provides operational facilitation to the program units; and maintains close working relationships with directors and their boards. In addition, the Office of the Provost is responsible for Institutional studies and adherence to laws governing accessibility and scientific diving.

The Office also provides oversight of the International Environmental Science Program (IESP), which supports studies of the world's ecosystem, especially in tropical and subtropical regions where the rapid rate of deforestation, diminution of coral reef cover, loss of suitable soil, and the threat to wildlife are of critical importance to biological diversity and global change. Minimal IESP funds are maintained in this line-item to support short-term monitoring projects, while the remaining funds are distributed to the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, the National Zoological Park, the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, and the National Museum of Natural History to support long-term studies.

Office of the Under Secretary - The Under Secretary serves as the Institution's chief operating officer and is responsible for the day-to-day administration of the Institution. This office oversees the Institution's central business activities; the activities of the General Counsel; government relations activities, including liaison functions with Federal agencies, state and local governments, and organizations with related interests; central computing and telecommunications services; and communications with the public. This office also oversees all administrative, facility and finance functions, as well as special events.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel and other related costs. A significant portion of funds in FY 1997 was dedicated to the celebration and festivities in honor of the Smithsonian Institution's 150th anniversary. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects, including scientific research, fundraising, public relations, and planning and studies related to executing recommendations of the Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian Institution. Government Grants and Contracts provide support for special initiatives, conferences, and seminars.

Office of Protection Services

Abstract - The Office of Protection Services (OPS) protects and secures the National Collections entrusted to the Smithsonian Institution, and ensures the safety and security of staff and visitors, while permitting an appropriate level of public access to collections and properties.

For FY 1999, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Office of Protection Services. Funds and positions are being requested in the National Museum of Natural History line-item for the Office of Protection Services in support of West Court ($111,000 and 3 positions) and in the National Museum of the American Indian line-item for OPS support at the Cultural Resources Center in Suitland, Maryland ($800,000 and 20 positions). The Institution requires $932,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Office of Protection Services provides round-the-clock security for all Smithsonian facilities in the Washington, D.C. area; the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum and the National Museum of the American Indian in New York City; and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama. OPS integrates uniformed security services with electronic security system monitoring and maintenance, investigations services, and escorts to provide a safe and secure operating environment. OPS continues to modernize by providing automated systems and equipment and to improve the training of employees.

Security Systems - OPS has developed a long-term strategic plan for security system upgrades and replacements. This plan will ensure replacement of the existing system with systems that address the increasing threats to security, as well as new requirements associated with renovation or redesign of facilities. The estimated cost to meet this strategic plan is in excess of $12 million; this project will be a candidate for future budget requests.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for conducting employee background security investigations, and security conferences and seminars.

Office of Physical Plant

Abstract - The Office of Physical Plant (OPP) administers, maintains, and repairs 15 museum and art gallery buildings and grounds, as well as many other work and collection storage areas, by providing architectural, engineering, and facility planning services. In support of research, exhibitions, education, and public programs, OPP provides utilities, transportation, mail services, exhibit renovation, and many other related services. OPP also provides technical support to several Smithsonian units located outside the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, including the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama, the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in Arizona, the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Maryland, and the National Museum of the American Indian and the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum in New York City.

For FY 1999, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Office of Physical Plant. Funds and positions are being requested in the National Museum of Natural History line-item for the Office of Physical Plant in support of West Court ($104,000 and 2 positions) and in the National Museum of the American Indian line-item for OPP support at the Cultural Resources Center in Suitland, Maryland ($660,000 and 14 positions). The annualized cost of positions provided in FY 1998 for East Court building management ($38,000) is included in this line-item, but justified in the Mandatory Increases section of this budget request. An net increase of $1,225,000, also included in this line-item but justified in the Mandatory Increases section, will support increases in the Institution's central utilities,

communications, postage, and rental accounts. The Institution also requires $812,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - Office of Physical Plant: Immediate Office - The immediate office administers facility projects and financial management for construction, maintenance and repair operations, and other support services within Smithsonian Institution facilities. It provides trade and craft support for the Institution that includes plumbing, electrical, wood-crafting, painting, and plastering efforts for Smithsonian units.

Architectural History and Historic Preservation Division - The

Architectural History and Historic Preservation (AHHP) division establishes and oversees historical preservation policy and practices for the Smithsonian. AHHP functions as a center for research and maintains the Castle Collection of 19th century furnishings.

Design and Construction Division - The Design and Construction Division (DCD) provides project management and professional assistance to Smithsonian units that guarantee safe environments for visitors, staff, and the National Collections. It also performs ongoing surveys of all facilities to determine the requirements needed to bring the Institution into compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act. DCD oversees projects and manages financial resources for the Institution's Repair and Restoration and Construction programs. In addition to repairs and construction, DCD assists with exhibit construction and other space modification projects. Primary services include orchestration of planning, design, and construction activities; financial management of all projects; review of exhibit designs to ensure compatibility with existing building systems; and compliance with safety, health, and accessibility requirements.

South Group Facilities Management - South Group Facilities Management is responsible for minor maintenance, labor services, lamping, craft services, shipping and receiving, special events, safety, and, in consultation with the Smithsonian's Office of Environmental Management and Safety, occupational and environmental health program planning and execution for the Arts and Industries and Smithsonian Institution buildings. The South Group Facilities Management staff also coordinates and monitors contracts for structural maintenance, waste and recyclable trash removal, pest control, and renovation projects for these buildings.

Quadrangle Facility Management - Quadrangle Facility Management provides a wide variety of support services to the Education Center of the S. Dillon Ripley Center, National Museum of African Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Associates, Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, and the Office of International Relations. These services include space scheduling, labor services, rigging, minor maintenance, lamping, shipping and receiving, and other related services. The Quadrangle Facility Management Office is also responsible for coordinating trash removal and pest control services.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel, related support costs, the Trust share of space rental costs for administrative activities located at L'Enfant Plaza, and support services offered to other units by the Office of Physical Plant. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs associated with the upkeep of Smithsonian gardens.

CONSTRUCTION AND IMPROVEMENTS NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK

The National Zoological Park maintains 600,000 square feet of exhibition, animal care, and research facilities spread over 167 acres at Rock Creek Park (RCP) and over 230,000 square feet of facilities on 3,150 acres at the Conservation and Research Center (CRC) in Front Royal, Virginia.

Appropriations to this account provide funding of design and construction for repair and renovation of existing exhibits, buildings, utilities, roads, grounds, and infrastructure, including major capital renewal; improvements to access, safety, and security; alterations and additions to existing exhibits, buildings, utilities, roads, grounds, and infrastructure; and new facilities and exhibits outlined in the Master Plans.

Current priorities focus on maintenance, repair, and safety improvements to existing facilities along with the general renovation of at least one major exhibit each year, to keep the National Zoological Park (NZP) facilities viable and exciting for the public. The account also funds expenses required to accomplish the work, such as relocation of animals. The Zoo contracts for most design, construction and improvement projects unless it is more cost effective to hire temporary staff to accomplish the work.

The FY 1999 request includes:

Rock Creek and Front Royal Master Plans Holt House Structural Evaluation Renovation, Repair and Improvements

$600,000

100,000

3.800.000

$4,500,000

Current NZP Facility Conditions

Within the past year, a condition analysis has been completed of NZP's facilities, similar to that which was conducted of the Institution's museums and other major buildings. The chart below plots the current position of the Zoo's major facilities on a curve in relation to their overall expected life. The curve represents a composite rate of deterioration for all building systems over an estimated 40-year life span. The NZP buildings were placed on the curve according to their estimated remaining useful life. Parameters used to assess existing conditions were watertight enclosure; age and condition of heating, ventilating, air conditioning (HVAC), and electrical systems; and compliance with current codes and industry operating standards.

National Zoological Park Facility Conditions

FY 1999

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Very Poor

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Minimum Acceptable Performance

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Maximum Useful Life

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Lion/Tiger, GSPB Property

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Zone of Accelerating Risk of Failure

Holt House

Life-Cycle Time in Years

The chart indicates that the facilities with the most serious deficiencies are the Holt House, Bear exhibits, Australia Building, Property Yard Shelter, Lion/Tiger Building, and the General Services Building.

Major exhibits, including the Reptile Building, Elephant House and Seal/Sea Lion Exhibits, are rapidly approaching the state where the increasing risk of building system or component failure threatens closing of the exhibits to public and staff activities, and exposing the animals to unacceptable risk. These conditions are further exacerbated by the old water, electrical, and sewer systems that support the existing buildings. These systems are, in many cases, older than the buildings themselves.

An analysis of existing building conditions has been prepared indicating an immediate need for more than $26 million for renovation and repair of facilities and infrastructure at the Rock Creek site alone. An assessment of facilities at Front Royal is under development to determine the condition of facilities at that site.

Rock Creek and Front Royal Master Plans ($600,000) - The last Rock Creek Master Plan was completed in 1986 and the last Conservation Research Center Master Plan was completed in 1981. A Master Plan is a living document that changes over time and requires periodic assessment. As the National Zoological Park enters the next century, it is essential to have a guiding vision for the evolution of the Biopark environment. NZP requests $600,000 in FY 1999 to update the Master Plans for both facilities.

Holt House Structural Evaluation ($100,000) - The Holt House is located in Rock Creek Park and it is accessible by the rear gate to the Zoo off Adams Mill Road and Walter Pierce Park. This Georgian structure became part of the Zoo in 1890 and was used as an administration building for nearly a century. The structure has not been used since the mid-1980s. A facility assessment is required to determine the future of the building. NZP requests $100,000 in FY 1999 to prepare a Historic Structures Report on the Holt House.

Renovation, Repair and Improvements ($3,800,000) - The National Zoological Park is responsible for the renovation, repair, and preventive maintenance of its facilities. The Zoo strives to maintain a safe environment for its visiting public and staff, provide ecologically suitable and comfortable enclosures for the animals, and maintain all buildings in sound condition. The request of $3,800,000 for FY 1999 is needed to stabilize maintenance of existing facilities at Rock Creek and at Front Royal, as described below.

Rock Creek - There are approximately 26 major structures at Rock Creek along with approximately 40 minor ones on the 167-acre site. The entire site and all of the older buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The buildings constructed before and during the Work Projects Administration (WPA) era (c.1 935-1945) are considered a valued portion of our national heritage.

Construction of facilities and infrastructure at the Rock Creek site was begun over 107 years ago and the site was subsequently developed one area at a time. Much of NZP's physical plant is technologically outdated and at least one third of the major exhibit buildings have reached or are approaching the end of their useful life. These facilities require complete renovation of exterior structure (roofs, windows, doors, skylights), animal habitats, mechanical, plumbing, fire alarm, fire protection, and electrical systems, as well as updating of educational information and improving accessibility.

The 4,160 Kilovolts per ampere (KVA) electric distribution service must be upgraded to the more efficient, higher capacity 13,000 KVA electric service, and most building primary and secondary distribution systems must be upgraded to meet code and safety standards, exhibit needs and animal requirements.

As major components of the building systems age, the risk of operational failure, unscheduled closings, and danger to the animal collections and research efforts increases dramatically.

Front Royal - The Conservation and Research Center (CRC), located on a 3,150-acre site at Front Royal, is devoted to the conservation of endangered wildlife through programs in propagation, research, and international biodiversity training. There are more than 100 structures at CRC, ranging from animal shelters to research laboratories and residences. The property has more than two and one half miles of roads, 20 miles of jeep trails, and 30 miles of fences. The CRC facilities and infrastructure were constructed over an 85-year time-span.

The renovation, repair and improvement program at Front Royal for FY 1999 includes renovating, repairing and upgrading the physical, environmental, and operating systems that impact the security for the facility and improve the efficiency of energy use and scientific operations.

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REPAIR AND RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS

In order to provide an incremental increase in the annual level for improving the conditions of the Institution's buildings, the Smithsonian is requesting $40 million for FY 1999 for the Repair and Restoration of Buildings. The Institution is steward of the valuable and visible buildings that form a vital infrastructure for programs and activities. It is a safe haven for many irreplaceable collections that are made accessible to millions of scholars and visitors each year. Many of the buildings are themselves important icons of the Nation's cultural heritage, part of the Nation's "face" to the world, and are preserved with the intent of occupying them indefinitely. Funding for repair and renewal of the Institution's facilities has not kept pace with need, resulting in accelerated deterioration of the Smithsonian's physical plant. The current estimate of unfunded facilities renewal requirements is in the $250 million range. In May 1995, the Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian Insititution expressed concern about the magnitude and continuing growth of the deferred maintenance problem and recommended an immediate investment in renovation and restoration of the Institution's facilities. "Otherwise, the Smithsonian will no longer convey to our citizens, or to the world, the image of a nation rich in cultural experience, in natural resources, and in its vision for the future."

Assessment of Facility Conditions

Building systems and components have limited life expectancies. Despite planned preventive maintenance and repair efforts, their heavy and constant use has exacerbated the natural aging process of components. As building systems age, the risk of operational failure, unscheduled closings, and damage to collections increases dramatically.

The National Museum of Natural History (built in 1910 with wings added in 1960-1964 and the Smithsonian's largest building in terms of area at 1.1 million square feet) and the American Art and Portrait Gallery Building (built between 1836-1860) are already in seriously deteriorated condition. Two more buildings, the Smithsonian Institution (Castle) Building (1846) and the Arts and Industries Building (1879), are rapidly approaching the state where the increasing risk of building system or component failure threatens the closing of significant portions to public and staff activities and exposes collections to unacceptable risks of irreparable damage. Together, these four buildings represent 30 percent of the Institution's usable area and contain significant amounts of public space. The cost to renew these four facilities is estimated to be at least $200 million.

Although other Smithsonian buildings are not yet below the "Good" range in overall condition, periodic repair and upgrade of individual systems and components in these facilities is necessary to maintain them in efficient operating condition. Failure to renovate and renew on a planned schedule and in a timely manner hastens decline of the overall condition of a building.

Planned Renewal of Smithsonian Facilities

The Institution seeks a balance between correcting the unacceptable condition of its four older buildings and maintaining the current condition of its other facilities through systematic renewal and repair. The Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian Institution concluded that, "A total of $50 million each year for the next decade would assure that present facilities are restored to the point of being safe and appropriate for people and for collections." The following chart illustrates projected facilities conditions by fiscal year 2003 at the $50 million level.

Smithsonian Facilities Conditions in FY 2003 at $50 Million Projected Conditions

Excellent

Good

<D o c (0 Fair

<5 Poor Very Poor

Failures

10 20 30

Life-Cycle Time in Years

40

Progress To Date

The Institution is making progress in ameliorating the most serious facilities deficiencies with increased funding received since FY 1996. The most significant work includes replacing the roof at the American Art and Portrait Gallery Building, replacing the skylights and window walls at the National Air and Space Museum, and continuing major capital renewal at the National Museum of Natural History. The Institution is also actively designing major capital renewal projects at the American Art and Portrait Gallery, the Arts and Industries and the Smithsonian Institution (Castle) buildings. As shown on the five-year plan that follows this narrative, beginning in FY 1999 the majority of anticipated resources will be devoted to work in the four buildings in most critical need of renewal.

FY 1999 Request

While the goal is annual funding at the $50 million level, economic realities have guided the Institution's request of $40 million for FY 1999. This amount represents a $8 million incremental increase over the $32 million appropriated in FY 1998. The Smithsonian is very

appreciative of past Congressional support for this important effort. The resources requested in FY 1999 will continue to move the Institution in the direction of more responsible stewardship of its physical assets.

The Smithsonian expects to use the funds requested in FY 1999 to perform work in the following categories. The chart following the narrative provides a summary of projected expenditures by category of work for FY 1999 - FY 2003.

Major Capital Renewal ($18,100,000)

The Major Capital Renewal category includes the cyclical replacement of major building systems and equipment and major renovation required ensuring long-term preservation of the buildings. Projects in this category are different in magnitude, expense, and planning complexity from routine ongoing restoration work, repair projects, or replacements undertaken when a piece of equipment fails. Work in this category primarily addresses the major replacement requirements for HVAC and electrical systems at the Institution's older buildings where systems are nearing the end of their useful service lives. The American Art and Portrait Gallery, Arts and Industries, Natural History, and Smithsonian Institution buildings are all now in need of major capital renewal.

Projects in this category involve complete replacement of heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC), electrical, and plumbing systems, and restoration or replacement of exterior components such as facade, roof, and windows to ensure long-term operation and preservation of the building. Modifications to the building also improve energy efficiency, meet fire detection and suppression requirements, and correct hazardous conditions. By coordinating these kinds of tasks, the Institution saves money and avoids repeated disruption to activities in the building. The Smithsonian achieves operating efficiencies as well by designing new building systems and components to work together. For example, by installing multiple-paned windows and increasing insulation, the Smithsonian can select heating and cooling equipment with lower capacity. The equipment costs less to

purchase and install, and long-term operating costs are lower. The impact of renovation work on programmatic activities is a key factor in planning a major project. Work of this magnitude causes serious disruption to activities in the building. The Institution must relocate staff and collections from the areas under construction to prevent damage, allow staff to continue working during the construction period, and ensure continued public access and safety. Major Capital Renewal projects are phased over a number of years to achieve the most efficient balance of cost savings while minimizing disruptions to public programs and staff activities.

In FY 1999, the Smithsonian plans to use approximately $18.1 million for Major Capital Renewal work at the National Museum of Natural History, $15.1 million; at the American Art and Portrait Gallery, $1.0 million; at the Arts and Industries Building, $1.5 million; and at the Smithsonian "Castle," $0.5 million.

Repairs, Restoration and Code Compliance ($21,900,000)

The Repairs, Restoration, and Code Compliance projects primarily involve ongoing repairs and other work to meet safety and health requirements to keep the newer Smithsonian buildings at an acceptable level of performance. This work is described in six categories of routine maintenance and repair projects.

General Repairs - Projects in this category include minor, unscheduled, but essential repairs that the Institution cannot anticipate specifically or that do not fit into one discrete category.

Facade, Roof, and Terrace Repairs - Maintaining the integrity of the exteriors of all Smithsonian buildings is critical. This maintenance will prevent major structural and interior damage and deterioration due to age, water intrusion, and weathering. Proper care will ensure a safe environment for visitors, staff, and collections. In addition, energy conservation and environmental control demand weather-tight exteriors. Work in this category includes a variety of projects accomplished cyclically according to the life of the materials used. For example, most kinds of roofs need replacing nearly every 20 years;

facade joints need recaulking and repainting about every ten years; and window frames and other exterior trim need repainting every five years. Smithsonian buildings require continuing facade work in order to restore and maintain intact the building envelops.

Fire Detection and Suppression Projects - A major Institutional priority is to provide fire protection and safety measures meeting today's standards with state-of-the-art technology. Smithsonian staff have developed a fire protection master plan for every major Smithsonian facility. The Institution has completed much of the required work. In several buildings, needed improvements will be incorporated into the Major Capital Renewal projects. Smaller discrete projects are included in this category, and are completed as needed. The work typically includes installation of detection systems such as smoke alarms, suppression systems such as sprinklers, and architectural modifications to create fire zones by installation of firewalls and doors.

Access, Safety, and Security Projects - The Institution continues to emphasize providing better access to its facilities for persons with disabilities, improving environmental conditions for the health and safety of visitors and staff, and correcting facility conditions that threaten the security of the National Collections. Work in this category includes:

• projects to eliminate hazardous conditions in Smithsonian buildings such as asbestos abatement and correction of ventilation problems;

• modifications to ensure accessibility to public spaces and amenities by persons with disabilities such as improving entry by wheelchair, eliminating obstructions and overhead hazards, correcting elevator deficiencies, changing placement of drinking fountains, improving emergency warning systems, and providing seating space for wheelchair users and listening systems for the hearing impaired; and

• projects to improve the security of the collections, staff and visitors, such as installing security surveillance systems, improving exterior lighting around buildings, and installing card access systems to limit and document entry to certain spaces.

Utility Systems Repairs - Projects in this category are to maintain, repair, and upgrade the heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems (HVAC), as well as plumbing, electrical, and communications systems throughout the Institution's facilities. Ongoing renovations, repairs, and replacement of deteriorated equipment components are essential for ensuring reliable and energy-efficient operation of utility systems. The long-term preservation of the National Collections depends upon stable temperature and humidity conditions.

Energy management remains a high priority at the Smithsonian. Energy conservation gains from adjusting equipment and modifying operations have already been implemented. Significant energy savings opportunities remain through upgrading HVAC systems, replacing obsolete equipment, and extending central automated controls for existing systems. The Institution modifies existing HVAC systems to accommodate programmatic growth, changes in the use of buildings, and the environmental needs of collections, as they become well understood. The Institution uses an integrated approach to plan for long-range, systematic HVAC improvements that will meet museum environmental requirements in an energy-efficient manner.

Advanced Planning and Inspection - The Smithsonian uses funding in this category to identify and analyze long-range repair and restoration needs and to design future-year projects in advance of funding requests. The ability to identify, in advance of funding requests, the precise requirements and costs of individual projects is key to the success of the R&R program. Thorough planning and development of design concepts provide detailed estimates and identify logistical considerations that allow staff to plan repair strategies and establish immediate and long-range budget requirements. In addition to improving the accuracy of cost estimates, design of projects in advance of funding saves the Institution in escalation costs by enabling the staff to award construction contracts as soon as resources are

appropriated. Needed repairs are also accomplished much sooner, thus preventing further deterioration and ensuring faster compliance with codes.

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CONSTRUCTION

Plans for facility development represent a major investment in the continuing vitality of the Smithsonian's programs that include collection management, research, public exhibitions and education, and other services. The Institution requests $18 million in FY 1999 to carry out these plans. The five-year program is summarized on the chart following this narrative.

The FY 1999 Construction request includes:

Major Construction: National Museum of the American Indian Mall Museum

$16,000,000

Minor Construction, Alterations and Modifications and Planning

2.000.000

Total $18,000,000

Major Construction

National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI) Mall Museum ($16,000,000) - Public Law 101-185, which created the National Museum of the American Indian, authorized the Institution to construct three facilities to house the new museum and its collections. The Museum's main exhibition building will be constructed on the National Mall near the foot of Capitol Hill. The location, adjacent to the world's most frequently visited museums, will provide excellent exposure for Native American

1/ The FY 1999 request also includes $19,000,000 to become available on October 1, 1999, to complete the National Museum of the American Indian's Mall museum.

artifacts and related museum activities centered on Native American culture. The approximately 250,000 square foot building will house permanent and changing exhibitions, reference and resource areas, an auditorium and conference center, integrated performance and retail areas, and space for other public programs. The other NMAI buildings include the George Gustav Heye Center, opened in New York City in 1994, which provides 82,000 square feet of exhibition and public program space. The Cultural Resources Center now under construction in Suitland, Maryland will house more than one million artifacts in the Museum's collection and related care and study activities. The Center will consist of 145,000 square feet of space when completed in late 1998.

The Institution has completed overall programming and planning for the new Mall Museum and the National Capital Planning Commission and the Commission of Fine Arts have approved the conceptual design. The architect has completed the detailed design stage, which includes the specific layout of spaces, and identifies building systems, architectural features, building materials and finishes.

The Institution received $29 million in FY 1998 to begin construction of the Museum. The $16 million requested in FY 1999 will continue construction. The FY 1999 budget request also includes $19 million to become available October 1, 1999 to complete the NMAI Mall Museum. The current schedule calls for opening the building to the public in the year 2002.

Minor Construction, Alterations and Modifications and Planning

The Smithsonian requests $2.0 million in FY 1999 to continue the program of Minor Construction, Alterations and Modifications (A&M) in its many facilities in the Washington, D.C. area, as well as in Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, Arizona, and Panama. The Institution must make changes or improvements to existing space or minor additions to space and plan for future requirements in order to maintain the vitality and operating effectiveness of its many and varied programmatic activities. Funding in A&M will allow staff to contract for space planning and feasibility studies to ensure the best programmatic use of space; design and construction of specific building modifications and minor additions, and

equipping of changed space. Individual projects are estimated at less than $1.0 million and will have little impact on facility operating costs.

Although in the past the Institution has requested approval of specific A&M projects and funding levels, in FY 1999 funding is requested at the program level, to make the most efficient use of the funds for the highest priority work. The Smithsonian has currently identified a list of requirements in excess of $12 million. However, the relative urgency of individual projects, and the amounts required to complete them, can vary in response to changing program directions.

Among the current priorities for funding in FY 1999 are projects such as completion of staff housing units on Barro Colorado Island at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and the renovation of library spaces in the Museum of American History. Staff will also conduct space planning and feasibility studies of future requirements, and complete design of A&M projects to be constructed in future years.

Funding for Alterations and Modifications projects will support the Institution's mandate to maintain responsible custody of the artifacts of history, culture, and natural and physical environments that the Smithsonian holds in trust; conduct research; and contribute to the education and cultural foundation of society through public programs.

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John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts

National Gallery of Art

Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars

The Secretary

Inspector General

Secretariat

Planning,

Management and

Budget

Membership

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General Counsel

Government Relations

Operations Directorate

FINANCE Comptroller Contracting Risk and Asset Management

ADMINISTRATION Equal Employment and Minority

Affairs Human Resources Ombudsman

FACILITIES Environmental Management and Safety Physical Plant Protection Services

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Imaging, Printing, and Photographic

Services Information Technology

The Under Secretary

The Provost

Communications — Public Affairs -- Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center

Special Events

and Conference

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Business Advancement Directorate

Smithsonian Magazine

Smithsonian Associates

Smithsonian Businesses -Retail

- Concessions

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January 26, 1998

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Attachment 1 ADVISORY BOARDS AND COMMISSIONS

Anacostia Museum Board

Archives of American Art Board of Trustees

Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Board of Trustees

Folklife Advisory Council

Folkways Advisory Committee

Freer Gallery of Art Visiting Committee

Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Board of Trustees

National Air and Space Museum Advisory Board

National Museum of African Art Commission

National Museum of American Art Commission

National Museum of American History Board

National Museum of the American Indian Board of Trustees

National Museum of Natural History Board

National Portrait Gallery Commission

National Postal Museum Advisory Commission

National Science Resources Center Advisory Board

National Zoological Park National Advisory Board

Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Visiting Committee

Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Advisory Board (proposed)

Smithsonian Institution Archives and Special Collections Council

Smithsonian Institution Libraries Users Advisory Committee

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Visitors to the Smithsonian FY 1993- FY 1997

MALL FY 1993 FY 1994 FY 1995 FY 1996 FY 1997

SI Building 1,985,420 1,615,846 1,743,169 1,722,551 1,812,172

A&IBldg. 1,024,495 941,957 917,027 725,620 986,348

Natural History 6,369,783 5,734,342 5,842,987 5,171,318 5,859,717

Air and Space 8,280,284 8,566,238 8,297,873 6,935,989 8,348,096

Freer Gallery/l 333,003 490,379 444,090 321,005 290,939

Sackler Gallery 246,503 193,321 198,827 164,395 176,627

African Art 367,650 319,324 307,382 232,352 227,703

Ripley Center 305,459 204,495 153,954 141,548 134,579

American History 5,306,769 4,918,035 4,828,078 4,578,490 5,106,387

Hirshhorn 870,036 820,429 809,435 742,139 767,229

OFF-MALL

Art/Portrait Gallery 420,542 383,444 400,258 298,150 374,494

Renwick Gallery 132,532 123,329 117,066 98,832 132,481

Anacostia/2 45,831 41,671 50,031 39,900 7,206

Cooper-Hewitt/3 121,839 104,721 89,073 25,246 100,804

Amer. Indian/4 71,585 30,022 321,585 318,891 577,962

National Zoo/5 3,200,000 3,300,000 3,000,000 2,700,000 2,700,000

Postal Museum/6 112.137 373,293 381,042 341,210 450,288

TOTAL 29.193.868 28.160.846 27.901.877 24.557.636 28.053.032

1/ Closed to the public September 1988 through May 1993.

2/ Closed to the public December 1996 through January 1998.

3/ Galleries closed to the public August 1995 through September 1996; the garden remained open.

4/ The George Gustav Heye Center opened to the public in October 1994 in New York City.

5/ Number of visitors based on sampling system.

6/ Opened to the public July 1993.

SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM

Program of Grants for Research - The Smithsonian Institution, through its Special Foreign Currency Program, makes grants to United States universities, museums, and other institutions of higher learning, including the Smithsonian itself, primarily for research and advanced professional training in fields of traditional Smithsonian competence.

Excess currencies appropriations directly funded the program through FY 1986. Outlays from the budget authority appropriated through FY 1986, including the Forward-Funded Reserve for the American Institute of Indian Studies, will continue through the 1990s. In addition, since FY 1986 the Smithsonian has received allocations of U.S.-owned Indian rupees from the funds appropriated to the Department of State in FY 1 985 for the establishment of the U.S.-India Fund for Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Cooperation.

Since the initiation of the Program in 1965, the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program has been a major source of support for research carried out by United States institutions in those countries for which excess foreign currencies are available. The full responsibility for the design, execution, and publication of research results rests with a scholar working within the program of a United States institution. Smithsonian foreign currency grants strengthen the fundamental research and training activities of collaborating institutions abroad, since most projects directly involve host country institutions and scholars. Enduring professional ties, which result from joint efforts and scholarly exchange, contribute to the strongest form of United States cultural relations with other nations. These ties also contribute to the global integration of research data in the sciences. As a result of this interaction, the gap between industrial and developing nations' scholars has narrowed. Moreover, research sponsored by the program aims, in part, to improve understanding of the environment and the management and conservation of scarce natural and cultural resources that are threatened by the rapid growth of World population and technological development.

In FY 1997, ongoing research supported by these grants included projects in archeology, anthropology, art history, biology, and astrophysics.

Forward-funded Reserve for the American Institute of Indian Studies - Since 1967, the Smithsonian has provided annual funding through the Special Foreign Currency Program to the American Institute of Indian Studies (AIIS) for its fellowships, research, symposia, and publications programs, as well as its administrative costs. The Smithsonian has helped sustain this Institute and other American research centers abroad for the last 30 years because of their significant contributions to scholarship and science, without regard for national boundaries and because of their special service to American scholars.

With Special Foreign Currency Program funding received from FY 1980 through FY 1985, the Smithsonian established a forward-funded reserve of $7,170,000 equivalent in rupees. This reserve enabled the AIIS to sustain its programs after the removal of India from the excess currency list in 1985. Since FY 1986, AIIS, with oversight from the Smithsonian, has drawn upon the funds from this reserve for its fellowship program and administrative costs in India. The Institution continues to examine annual proposals through its peer review system before releasing funds from the reserve account to AIIS. The reserve should support AIIS programs through the 1990s in conjunction with continued support from the U.S.-India Fund. In 1990, the U.S. Congress authorized the deposit of the reserve in interest-bearing (rupee) accounts, a plan that will help to continue the viability of the fund for many years. In FY 1993, the first deposits totaling an equivalent of $4 million were made to the interest-bearing accounts. Most of the funds remaining in the reserve were deposited into interest-bearing accounts in FY 1995.

U.S.-India Fund for Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Cooperation - In

FY 1985, Congress appropriated $100 million equivalent in U.S.-owned Indian rupees to the Department of State to establish the U.S.-India Fund for Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Cooperation. Since FY 1986, the Smithsonian has received allocations from this fund to continue programs in India similar to those administered under the Special Foreign Currency Program, which would otherwise have ended when India lost excess currency status in 1985. The Institution has received a total of $17.6 million through FY 1996. The FY 1997 final allocation of the principal totaled $1.1 million equivalent. Based on current requirements, the principal of the U.S.-India Fund will be totally obligated by January 1998.

NONAPPROPRIATED RESOURCES

In addition to support provided by Federal appropriations, the Institution receives nonappropriated funds to expand and enrich its programs. The Institution presents an explanation of nonappropriated funds (Trust funds) along with this Federal budget request to provide an overview of all funds.

The Institution's Trust funds include general Trust funds with limited or no restrictions on their use; designated funds, restricted by the donor or sponsor; and government grants and contracts. Projections for FY 1998 are subject to the uncertainty of the size of donations, grants, and contracts; to fluctuations in visitor attendance; and to the volatility of the economy, which directly affects the return on the endowment; restaurant, mail order, and museum shop revenues; memberships; and other auxiliary activities. The Institution's gross operating revenue, less the expenses of the auxiliary activities, represents the net operating revenue available for programmatic and related purposes. The following table provides a summary of the sources of nonappropriated operating funds.

Source and Application of Nonappropriated Trust Funds - Information on the application of General Trust funds, designated funds, and government grants and contracts for FY 1997, FY 1998 and FY 1999 is provided with each line-item in this budget. The following provides the sources of each category of Trust funds as well as a general description of their application.

General Trust Funds - The sources of General Trust funds are investment income; earnings from unrestricted endowments; net proceeds from the museum shops, mail order, and food service concessions; sales of Smithsonian books, records, and other products based on designs and objects in the collections; theater/planetarium operation of the National Air and Space Museum; rental of exhibits for the Smithsonian Institution

Traveling Exhibition Service; membership programs (including the Smithsonian and Air and Space magazines); the sale of posters, exhibit brochures, and publications; admission fees; and overhead recovery on government grants and contracts the Smithsonian receives. Overhead recovery is the principal source of Trust support for central management and administrative service units of the Institution, including legal counsel, accounting, personnel, procurement, and budget. General Trust funds also support various activities of units such as Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum; Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies; Office of Membership and Development; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center; and a variety of Institutional and unit-based programs. The Board of Regents approves allotments to these activities.

In addition to the support of operations, General Trust funds support the Institution's fellowship and award programs and exhibitions. The Institution uses General Trust funds to support various fellowship programs with FY 1998 funding of $1.9 million. The Institution also uses General Trust funds to make awards under its Collections Acquisition, Educational Outreach, and Scholarly Studies programs. In the FY 1998 budget, a total of $2.2 million has been allotted for these awards as follows: $631,000 to purchase exceptional objects important to the collections; $226,000 to conduct a wide range of educational outreach programs of benefit to the public, with special focus on diverse cultural audiences; and $1.3 million for innovative scholarly research projects. These include multi-disciplinary research projects initiated by the Institution's research staff, occasionally in collaboration with scholars from other institutions.

The Institution supports exhibition programs with Federal funds and donations from individuals, foundations, and corporations as well as with its Special Exhibition Fund (SEF). This General Trust fund, with $1.3 million in FY 1998, provides additional funds for temporary and permanent exhibitions proposed by Smithsonian units that, regardless of scale, are of outstanding educational value to the public. The SEF gives special consideration to exhibitions that approach content in imaginative ways; that allow units to explore new or expand current interpretive or exhibition techniques; that are worthy but, by their nature, unlikely to attract major private contributions; and that are likely to reach previously underserved audiences.

Donor/Sponsor Designated Funds - Designated Trust funds include gifts, grants, and earnings on endowments from individuals, foundations, organizations, and corporations that specify the use of the donation or bequest. Projected FY 1998 designated funds total $29.9 million. Generally, these funds provide support for a particular exhibit or research project. The Freer endowment, the Institution's largest designated endowment, accounts for nearly one quarter of the Institution's endowment principal.

Government Grants and Contracts - Various Government agencies and departments provide grants and contracts for special projects that only the Smithsonian can conduct because of its expertise in a particular area of science, history, art, or education and because of its ability to respond quickly to certain needs. For FY 1998, government grants and contracts for operations are projected to be $57.5 million.

APPROPRIATION LANGUAGE AND CITATIONS

The Act of August 10, 1846, 9 Stat. 102-106, 20 U.S.C. §§ 41-70, established the Smithsonian Institution "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge," and provided the organizational structure for the Institution's administration. The mission of the Smithsonian Institution has remained unchanged throughout its 151-year history, although additional authority for many of the Institution's programs and operations has been enacted over the years. Those statutes, along with the Smithsonian charter, are cited below as the authority for the Smithsonian Institution appropriation language, except where specific authorizing language has been included in the wording of the appropriation itself.

Appropriation: Salaries and Expenses

1. For necessary expenses of the Smithsonian Institution, as authorized by law, including research in the fields of art, science, and history;

20 U.S.C.§§ 50, 53a, 69, 75b(b), 76bb(c), 77a, 78, 80a(a), 80m, 80q-1 (b)(1), (3) provide that (1) "...all objects of art and of foreign and curious research, and all objects of natural history, plants, and geological and mineralogical specimens...shall be so arranged and classified...as best to facilitate the examination and study of them..." (2) "Appropriations are authorized for...the making of solar observations at high altitudes..." (3) "The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution is hereby authorized...to continue independently or in cooperation anthropological researches among the American Indians and the natives of lands under the jurisdiction or protection of the United States..." (4) "The Gallery [National Portrait Gallery] shall function as a free public museum for the exhibition and study of portraiture and statuary depicting men and women who have made significant contributions to the history, development, and culture of the people of the United States and of the artists who created such portraiture and statuary." (5) "The Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden...shall be used for the storage, exhibition, and study of works of art..." (6) "The national air and space museum shall...provide educational material for the historical study of aviation and space flight." (7) "The Secretary of the

Smithsonian Institution is authorized to cooperate with any State, educational institution, or scientific organization in the United States for continuing paleontological investigations..." (8) "It shall be equipped with a study center for scholarly research into the meaning of war, its effect on civilization, and the role of the armed forces..." (9) "...the Board may...conduct programs of research and education (in the Museum of African Art)..."(10) The purposes of the National Museum [of the American Indian] are to (1) advance the study of Native Americans, including the study of language, literature, history, art, anthropology, and life. ..(3) provide for Native American research and study programs.

development, preservation, and documentation of the National Collections;

20 U.S.C.§§ 50, 50a, 59, 69, 75e, 76c, 76cc(a), 77a, 80a, 80m, 80q-1 (b)(2), 81 provide that (1) "...all objects of art and of foreign and curious research, and all objects of natural history, plants, and geological and mineralogical specimens...shall be delivered to such persons as may be authorized by the Board of Regents to receive them, and shall be so arranged and classified...as best to facilitate the examination and study of them..." (2) "The Smithsonian Institution is authorized to include in its estimates of appropriations such sums as may be needful for the preservation and maintenance of the John Gellatly art collection." (3) "All collections of rocks, minerals, soils, fossils, and objects of natural history, archaeology, and ethnology...when no longer needed for investigations in progress shall be deposited in the National Museum." (4) "The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution is hereby authorized...to continue independently or in cooperation...the excavation and preservation of archaeological remains." (5) "...the Board may -(1) purchase, accept, borrow, or otherwise acquire portraiture, statuary, and other items for preservation, exhibition, or study." (6) "...the Regents are authorized...to acquire (by purchase or otherwise) and sell contemporary works of art or copies thereof..." (7) "There is established in the Smithsonian Institution a Board of Trustees...which shall have the sole

authority (i) to purchase or otherwise acquire...works of art for the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden..." (8) "The national air and space museum shall...collect, preserve, and display aeronautical and space flight equipment of historical interest and significance..." (9) "...the Smithsonian Institution shall collect, preserve, and exhibit military objects of historical interest and significance." (10) "...the Board may purchase, accept, borrow or otherwise acquire additional works of art or any other real or personal property for the Museum (of African Art); preserve, maintain, restore...or otherwise hold any property of whatsoever nature acquired..." (11) The purposes of the National Museum [of the American Indian] are to...(2) collect, preserve, and exhibit Native American objects of artistic, historical, literary, anthropological, and scientific interest..." (12) "The National Zoological Park is placed under the direction of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, who are authorized to transfer to it any living specimens, whether of animals or plants, in their charge, to accept gifts for the park...to make exchanges of specimens..."

presentation of public exhibits and performances;

20 U.S.C.§§ 75b(b), 76c(b), 76bb(c), 77a, 80a(a), 80m(a), 80q-1(b) provide that (1) "The Gallery [National Portrait Gallery] shall function as a free public museum for the exhibition and study of portraiture and statuary..." (2) "In order to encourage the development of contemporary art and to effect the widest distribution and cultivation in matters of such art, the Regents are authorized to...conduct exhibitions..." (3) "The Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden...shall be used for the storage, exhibition, and study of works of art..." (4) "The national air and space museum shall...collect, preserve, and display aeronautical and space flight equipment of historical interest and significance..." (5) "...the Smithsonian Institution shall collect, preserve, and exhibit military objects of historical interest and significance." (6) "...the Board may...display...any property of whatsoever nature acquired (for the Museum of African Art)..." (7) The purposes of the National Museum [of the American Indian] are to. ..(2) collect, preserve, and exhibit Native

American objects of artistic, historical, literary, anthropological, and scientific interest..."

collection, preparation, dissemination, and exchange of information and publications;

20 U.S.C.§ 53a provides that "Appropriations are authorized for the...preparation of manuscripts, drawings, and illustrations for publication."

conduct of education, training, and museum assistance programs;

20 U.S.C.§ 65a provides "The Director of the National Museum under the direction of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution shall - (1) cooperate with museums and their professional organizations in a continuing study of museum problems and opportunities, both in the United States and abroad; (2) prepare and distribute significant museum publications; (3) perform research on, and otherwise contribute to, the development of museum techniques..."

20 U.S.C.§ 77a provides that "The national air and space museum shall...provide educational material for the historical study of aviation and space flight."

20 U.S.C.§ 79a provides that "The purpose of setting aside such an area [Barro Colorado Island] is to preserve and conserve its natural features...thus providing a place where duly qualified students can make observations and scientific investigations for increase of knowledge, under such conditions and regulations as may be prescribed by the Smithsonian Institution."

20 U.S.C. § 79e provides that "There are authorized to be appropriated annually...such sums as are necessary for the administration of [the Canal Zone Biological Area] for the maintenance of laboratory or other facilities..."

The Panama Canal Treaty and ancillary agreements vest in the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute responsibility to serve as

custodian of the Barro Colorado Nature Monument. The Panama Canal Act of 1979, Public Law 96-70, as amended, implements the provisions of the Panama Canal Treaty.

20 U.S.C.§ 80m(a)(3) provides that "...the Board may...conduct programs of research and education (in the Museum of African Art)..."

maintenance, alteration, operation, lease (for terms not to exceed thirty years), and protection of buildings, facilities, and approaches;

20 U.S.C.§§ 53a, 76g, 76ee, 79b, 80m, 81 provide that (1) "Appropriations are authorized for the maintenance of the Astrophysical Observatory and...for repairs and alterations of buildings and grounds occupied by the Smithsonian Institution in the District of Columbia and elsewhere..." (2) "There are authorized to be appropriated annually such sums as may be necessary to maintain and administer the Gallery [National Portrait Gallery]..." (3) "There is authorized to be appropriated...such additional sums as may be necessary for the maintenance and operation of such [Hirshhorn] [M]useum and [S]culpture [G]arden." (4) "The Smithsonian Institution shall...be responsible for the construction and maintenance of laboratory and other facilities on the area provided for the use of students authorized to carry on studies within the confines of the area..." (5) "...the Board may...preserve, maintain...any property of whatsoever nature acquired (for the Museum of African Art)..." (6)"The National Zoological Park is placed under the direction of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, who are authorized...to administer and improve the said Zoological Park for the advancement of science and the instruction and recreation of the people." Public Law 101-512 making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies for the fiscal year 1991 extended the maximum term from ten years to thirty years.

not to exceed $ for services as authorized by 5 U.S.C.§

3109;

5 U.S.C.§ 3109 provides that "When authorized by an appropriation or other statute, the head of an agency may procure by contract the temporary (not in excess of 1 year) or intermittent services of experts or consultants or an organization thereof, including stenographic reporting services."

8. up to 5 replacement passenger vehicles;

31 U.S.C.§ 1343 provides that "(b) An appropriation may be expended to buy or lease passenger motor vehicles only-- (1) for the use of-...or, (2) as specifically provided by law.

9. purchase, rental, repair, and cleaning of uniforms for employees;

5 U.S.C.§ 5901 provides that "(a) There is authorized to be appropriated annually to each agency of the Government of the United States,...on a showing of necessity or desirability, such sums as may be necessary to carry out this subchapter. The head of the agency concerned...shall- (1) furnish to each of these employees a uniform at a cost not to exceed $400 a year...or (2) pay to each of these employees a allowance for a uniform not to exceed $400 a year..."

40 U.S.C.§ 193t provides that "The special police provided for in section 193n of this title [Smithsonian Institution]...may be furnished, without charge, with uniforms and such other equipment as may be necessary for the proper performance of their duties..."

10. of which not to exceed $ for the instrumentation program,

collections acquisition, Museum Support Center equipment and move, exhibition reinstallation, the National Museum of the American Indian, and the repatriation of skeletal remains program shall remain available until expended;

Wording added by the Congress in Public Law 100-446 making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and related agencies for the fiscal year 1989 to permit the Institution to establish no-year funding within the Salaries and Expenses

account for the development of major scientific instrumentation. Public Law 101-512 making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies for the fiscal year 1991 also allowed no-year funding to be used for purchases for museum collections; the costs of purchasing collections storage equipment and the preparation of objects and the move of collections to the Museum Support Center; the design, production, and reinstallation of museum exhibitions; the operating costs associated with the new National Museum of the American Indian; and the repatriation of skeletal remains. In addition, Public Law 103-332 making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies for the fiscal year 1995 established no-year funding for research equipment; information technology needs; and Latino programming at the Institution.

31 U.S.C.§ 1301(c) provides "An appropriation in a regular, annual appropriation law may be construed to be permanent or available continuously only if the appropriation ... (2) expressly provides that it is available after the fiscal year covered by the law in which it appears."

11. and, including such funds as may be necessary to support American

overseas research centers and a total of $ for the Council of

American Overseas Research Centers:

Wording added by the Congress in Public Law 99-190 making appropriations for the Department of Interior and Related Agencies in 1986. Public Law 100-446 making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies for the fiscal year 1989 modified reference to add specific dollar sum to be provided to the Council of American Overseas Research Centers.

12. Provided, That funds appropriated herein are available for advance payments to independent contractors performing research services or participating in official Smithsonian presentations.

31 U.S.C.§ 3324 provides that "(b) An advance of public money may be made only if it is authorized by-- (1) a specific appropriation or other law..."

Appropriation: Construction and Improvements, National Zoological Park

1. For necessary expenses of planning, construction, remodeling, and equipping of buildings and facilities at the National Zoological Park,

20 U.S.C.§ 81 provides that "The National Zoological Park is placed under the direction of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, who are authorized...to administer and improve the said Zoological Park for the advancement of science and the instruction and recreation of the people."

2. by contract or otherwise,

Wording for clarification only.

3. to remain available until expended.

31 U.S.C.§ 1301(c) provides "An appropriation in a regular, annual appropriation law may be construed to be permanent or available continuously only if the appropriation... (2) expressly provides that it is available after the fiscal year covered by the law in which it appears."

Appropriation: Repair and Restoration of Buildings

1. For necessary expenses of repair and restoration of buildings owned or occupied by the Smithsonian Institution, by contract or otherwise, as authorized by section 2 of the Act of August 22, 1949 (63 Stat. 623),

20 U.S.C.§ 53a provides that "Appropriations are authorized...for repairs and alterations of buildings and grounds occupied by the Smithsonian Institution in the District of Columbia and elsewhere..."

2. including not to exceed $ for services as authorized by 5

U.S.C.§3109,

5 U.S.C.§ 3109 provides that "When authorized by an appropriation or other statute, the head of an agency may procure by contract the temporary (not in excess of 1 year) or intermittent services of experts or consultants or an organization thereof, including stenographic reporting services."

3. to remain available until expended:

31 U.S.C.§ 1301 provides "An appropriation in a regular, annual appropriation law may be construed to be permanent or available continuously only if the appropriation—... expressly provides that it is available after the fiscal year covered by the law in which it appears."

4. Provided, That contracts awarded for environmental systems, protection systems, and exterior repair or restoration of buildings of the Smithsonian Institution may be negotiated with selected contractors and awarded on the basis of contractor qualifications as well as price.

Wording added to allow for negotiations with the most competent firms for restoration and renovation work where it can be certified that such work must be performed to meet the special needs of historic structures, the protection of collections, or public safety.

Appropriation: Construction

1. For necessary expenses for construction,

20 U.S.C.§ 53a provides that "Appropriations are authorized. ..for repairs and alterations of buildings and grounds occupied by the Smithsonian Institution in the District of Columbia and elsewhere..."

2. to remain available until expended.

31 U.S.C.§ 1301(c) provides "An appropriation in a regular, annual appropriation law may be construed to be permanent or available continuously only if the appropriation... (2) expressly provides that it is available after the fiscal year covered by the law in which it appears."

3. Provided, That notwithstanding any other provision of law, a single procurement for the construction of the National Museum of the American Indian may be issued which includes the full scope of the project: Provided further, That the solicitation and the contract shall contain the clause "availability of funds" found at 48 CFR 52.232.18.

Wording added by Congress to Public law 105-83 (making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies for fiscal year 1998) permits the Smithsonian to solicit and award a contract for the construction of the National Museum of the American Indian on the National Mall prior to receiving full funding to complete the project.

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