This book made available by the Internet Archive.

Facilities Services

Office of Protection Services 75

Office of Physical Plant 77

CONSTRUCTION AND IMPROVEMENTS, NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK 79

REPAIR AND RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS 83

CONSTRUCTION 91

APPENDLX

Smithsonian Institution Organizational Chart 95

Visitors to the Smithsonian, FY 1992 - FY 1996 96

Special Foreign Currency Program 97

Nonappropriated Resources 99

Appropriation Language and Citations 101

Adjustments to FY 1997 Funding 108

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION FY 1998 Budget Request

Account FY 1997 Appropriation FY 1998 Request

Salaries and Expenses $318,492,000 $334,557,000

Construction 10,000,000 58,000,000

Zoo Construction 3,850,000 3,850,000

Repair and Restoration 39,000,000 32,000,000

TOTAL $371,342,000 $428,407,000

Introduction

The Smithsonian Institution is dedicated to the "increase and diffusion of knowledge." Established in 1846 as a trust instrumentality of the United States, the Smithsonian has long been recognized for its pre-eminence in astrophysics, tropical and environmental biology, the history of science, aeronautics and space science, art history, natural history, anthropology, and the conservation of materials. The world's largest museum, education, and research complex, the Institution includes 16 museums and galleries and the National Zoological Park, which receive approximately 25 million visits each year. Objects, works of art, and specimens at the Smithsonian total about 139 million, of which 122 million are in the National Museum of Natural History's collections. As a leading center for studies in the sciences, the Institution has research facilities in eight states and the Republic of Panama. Research also is conducted in the museums and at field sites around the world.

During the last fiscal year, the Institution marked its 150th anniversary. To celebrate that milestone, the Smithsonian generated a lively series of public programs that included exhibitions such as "America's Smithsonian," which traveled to six cities across the Nation during the past year, and "1846: Portrait of a Nation" at the National Portrait Gallery. In addition, on August 10-11, 1996, the Smithsonian welcomed more than half a million people to its birthday party on the National Mall.

Management Improvements

Public commemoration has been paralleled by internal consolidations that are consistent with strategic initiatives to improve operating processes, rationalize relationships between programmatic units and administrative functions, and increase electronic access to the Smithsonian's extraordinary information resources. The report of the Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian Institution, presented to the Board of Regents in May 1995, has provided a framework for these initiatives and for the strategic plan required under the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA). To help shape the Institution's planning, the Regents arranged the recommendations of the Commission into nine groups: governance, management, administration, financing, collections, research, exhibitions, education, and

electronic outreach. Examination of issues in each of these areas by various internal and external entities, including the Regents themselves, is progressing and is expected to lead to the timely submission of a single, Smithsonian-wide strategic plan, together with an initial performance plan, later this year.

Those plans will incorporate objectives and anticipated outcomes of the

• internal working groups that are analyzing elements of human resources management in order to develop a personnel system that will be more rational, equitable, and appropriate for all Smithsonian employees and for the kinds of activities in which the Institution is engaged

• Regents' policy on prospective affiliations with other museums and related organizations

• various issues surrounding collections, such as management policies, acquisition and growth, storage, conservation, and accessibility

These matters, which are substantial concerns of the Institution, as well as of Congress with which we expect further consultation, are thoroughly entwined with one another because they deal directly with the prime resources of the Smithsonian: its staff and the collections with which it is entrusted.

The organizational restructuring initiated by the Secretary in 1995 has continued. With the elimination of two assistant secretaries, offices have been reorganized under the Under Secretary into three directorates: operations, business advancement, and Institutional advancement. Through these directorates the Under Secretary oversees financial and administrative functions, business activities, the central revenue-generating operations of the Smithsonian, and its membership and development components. The Secretary will oversee future national fund-raising campaign efforts. The two assistant secretaries' offices and functions have been abolished. Finally, buy-out authority has enabled the Institution to reduce staff since FY 1994 without resorting to reductions in force, and will, most likely, lead to further consolidation of functions.

The Smithsonian is rapidly applying the fruits of current and prospective information technology to its internal activities, as well as using that technology to reach people far beyond the Mall. Systems that will ease and refine the procurement process are being put in place, as is a new accounting system. Together, these will give Smithsonian management financial information in a timely manner and facilitate additional decentralization of administrative functions that will improve overall accountability and resource application. Related development and acquisition of budget, personnel, policy, and program databases will offer additional opportunities for improvement, while accelerated development of research and collections databases will enhance Institutional capabilities in those areas and provide other scholars and the public much greater accessibility to and information about the resources of the Smithsonian.

FY 1998 Request

For FY 1998, the Smithsonian's request for all operating and capital accounts totals $428.4 million, an increase of $57 million over the FY 1997 appropriation. Of this request, $334.6 million is for the Salaries and Expenses account; $58.0 million for the Construction account; $3.9 million for the Construction and Improvements, National Zoological Park account; and $32.0 million for the Repair and Restoration of Buildings account.

Salaries and Expenses

The Salaries and Expenses (S&E) request includes $10.4 million in increases for core needs to support the daily operations of the Institution. These increases are for necessary pay requirements; extraordinary inflation; utilities, communications, and postage costs; and space rental. These increases are beyond the Institution's control and account for approximately 59% of the total S&E increase requested for FY 1998.

The request also includes a reduction of $0.8 million in non-recurring costs associated with anti-terrorism funding provided in FY 1997.

In addition, the Smithsonian has identified priority program requirements for FY 1998 in three major areas: the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory submillimeter array operations, new facilities support, and collections information systems. The Institution requests 28 positions and $6.5 million for these requirements.

Specific details on these activities are provided within the Salaries and Expenses section of this request.

Capital Accounts

The request for the Institution's capital accounts includes funding for Repair and Restoration of Buildings ($32.0 million) to achieve a balance between correcting the unacceptable condition of four of the older buildings at the Smithsonian and maintaining the current condition of other facilities through systematic renewal and repair. The Institution's Construction request ($58.0 million) addresses requirements to construct the Mall museum building of the National Museum of the American Indian. The FY 1998 request also includes funds for the Zoo's Construction and Improvements account for renovations, repairs, and improvements at Rock Creek and at the Conservation Research Center near Front Royal, Virginia ($3.9 million). Specific details of the capital accounts are provided within the applicable sections of this request.

Smithsonian Institution FY 1998 Budget Request by Appropriation Account

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SALARIES AND EXPENSES

Summary of FY 1998 Change

FY 1997 Appropriation $318,492,000

FY 1998 Increases/Decreases:

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SALARIES AND EXPENSES

This section provides specific details about the Institution's Salaries and Expenses budget request for FY 1998. Of the increases requested, approximately 59% is attributable to mandatory costs for pay; extraordinary inflation; utilities, communications and postage; and rent. The remainder is for operating requirements to continue critical ongoing projects within the Institution, including the National Museum of Natural History East Court project, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory submillimeter array, new facilities at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and the National Museum of the American Indian, and collections information systems development.

Non-Recurring Costs

Fiscal year 1998 non-recurring costs include $835,000 provided in FY 1997 to address antiterrorism requirements. An amount of $100,000 has been retained in the base for the two positions that were authorized in FY 1997 for package screening equipment operators. The Institution is reviewing its security requirements and will be requesting additional funds in future budget submissions.

Mandatory Increases for Sustaining Base Operations

The Smithsonian Institution seeks additional funds for costs for which increases are beyond its control. These costs result from legislatively-mandated pay increases; escalating costs of library materials; utilities, communications and postage; and rent. The Institution requests an increase of $10,353,000 for the mandatory costs shown below.

Salary and Related Costs:

Annualization of FY 1997 Pay Raises Proposed FY 1998 Pay Raises Federal Employees' Retirement System

$1,833,000

4,678,000

100,000

Subtotal, Salary and Related Costs

$6,611,000

Extraordinary Inflation for Library Materials Utilities, Communications, and Postage Rental of Space

$334,000

$3,198,000

$210,000

Total

$10,353,000

Salary and Related Costs

The Institution requests $6,611,000 for the projected higher salary and benefits costs in FY 1998 for FY 1997 staff as described below.

• Annualization of FY 1997 Pay Raises: $1 ,833,000 to annualize the costs of the 3.33 percent January 1997 pay raise.

Proposed FY 1998 Pay Raises: $4,678,000 to fund the anticipated 2.8 percent January 1998 pay raise for three-quarters of a year.

• Federal Employees' Retirement System (FERS): $100,000 to cover the increased benefit costs of FERS participants in the Federal workforce. For FY 1998, the projected cost of former Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) positions now in the FERS system amounts to $9,447,000. The Institution has in its base $9,347,000 to fund this shift, leaving a shortfall of $100,000. Additional funds may be required in the future as the composition of the Institution's Federal workforce continues to shift from CSRS to FERS participation.

FY 1998 Necessary Pay Costs

Extraordinary Inflation for Library Materials

For FY 1998, the Institution requires $334,000 to counter the effects of continuing inflationary increases on book and journal purchasing. Lack of funding to keep pace with extraordinary inflation, combined with chronically unfavorable foreign exchange rates, has seriously jeopardized the vitality of the Institution's library research holdings. In the last ten years, serials' inflation has averaged 11.9% annually and has reached as high as 16%. In FY 1996, for example, Smithsonian Institution Libraries experienced a 13.5 % inflation rate on subscriptions. Although the Institution canceled hundreds of subscriptions to scholarly journals to offset the effects of this inflation, maintaining the remaining subscriptions eroded funds available for book purchases. Without funding to cover current inflation, the Institution's purchasing power will continue to decline, and research throughout will suffer.

Utilities, Communications, and Postage

The Institution requests $3,198,000 in FY 1998 to cover anticipated increased costs. The FY 1998 increases are attributable to projected rate increases from Potomac Electric and Power Company (PEPCO), General Services Administration (GSA) in Washington, D.C., and Consolidated Edison in New York City; continued upgrading of exhibit halls; estimated costs associated with the National Museum of the American Indian's Cultural Resources Center; and continued expansion and increased usage of computer networks.

A significant portion, $1,050,000, of the total anticipated costs is for one-time essential communications and related infrastructure requirements for the National Museum of the American Indian's Cultural Resources Center.

The following table shows utilities, communications and postage estimates from FY 1996 to FY 1998; detailed explanations of each line-item follow.

Federal Utilities, Communications and Postage Costs FY 1996 - FY 1998

Electricity - The major component of the Utilities account is electricity. The FY 1998 estimate reflects a projected annual rate increase of 5 percent for all utility accounts. The FY 1998 estimate also reflects consumption increases associated with the occupancy of the National Museum of the American Indian's Cultural Resources Center. The continued installation of additional personal computers and upgrading of exhibit halls in most Smithsonian museums also necessitates general increases.

Steam - Steam is used primarily for heating Smithsonian facilities, year-round humidification, and hot water production. The large consumption of steam is a direct result of maintaining an interior environment conducive to the preservation of artifacts. The increase reflects projected increases in costs from both General Services Administration in Washington, D.C. and Consolidated Edison in New York City.

Gas - A projected rate increase of 3 percent is reflected in the FY 1998 estimate, as well as new requirements for the National Museum of the American Indian's Cultural Resources Center.

Fuel Oil/Water - The FY 1998 estimate reflects a 4 percent historical rate increase in fuel oil.

D.C. Government Water/Sewer - The FY 1998 estimate for the District of Columbia government's water and sewer costs are based on cost projections provided by the District government in December 1996 and anticipated adjustments.

Communications - The FY 1998 estimate for communications includes increases for communications via networks and for the National Museum of the American Indian's Cultural Resources Center. Management improvements, including the satellite communications link built in FY 1996 between Washington, D.C. and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama, have stabilized all other costs.

NMAI Communications - The FY 1998 estimate includes one-time increases to cover communications needs at the National Museum of the American Indian's Cultural Resources Center in Suitland, Maryland. The estimated cost of the design, purchase, and installation of communications cabling is $800,000. This includes costs for telephone vertical wiring, data and audiovisual vertical cabling, and all other related horizontal cabling, equipment, and terminations. Also, a telephone system which will provide flexible, economic voice communications is estimated to cost $250,000 for design and installation of the system, and for the purchase and installation of phone sets.

Postage - The FY 1998 estimate reflects the historical 5 percent annual increase in postage costs.

Rental of Space

The Institution requests $210,000 in FY 1998 for expenses in the central rental account. Leased space at L'Enfant Plaza, 1111 North Capitol Street, Archives of American Art space in New York and Boston, Fullerton storage, and Smithsonian archival storage space provide critical housing and storage for administrative support and some program activities which provide valuable services to the Institution's exhibition, education, research and collection programs. The increase reflects costs for additional space required by the National Museum of American Art and Anacostia Museum.

The following table reflects the projected costs for rental space for FY 1996 to FY 1998.

Federal Central Rental Costs FY 1996 - FY 1998

Priority Program Requirements

Three major areas require funding in FY 1998. Described below, these include:

• the final increment of operating funds needed for the submillimeter array at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory

• operating support for new facilities which are now coming "on line" and

• support for the continued development of major collections information systems throughout the Institution.

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) Submillimeter Array Operations (0 Positions and $1,225,000)

Since FY 1992, SAO has been developing and testing components for the submillimeter telescope array that will be located in Mauna Kea in Hawaii. The Smithsonian requests an increase of $1,225,000 in FY 1998 to fund operations for the array. Ground-breaking occurred in June 1995, with initial operations expected in FY 1998. This funding will support operations including communications, utilities, equipment, maintenance, supplies, materials, travel, shipping, and other non-salary expenses.

The submillimeter telescope array will measurably enhance the scientific competitiveness of the United States for ground-based astronomy-observing the skies with telescopes sensitive to submillimeter waves. Submillimeter observations will make fundamental contributions to our understanding of the processes by which stars form and of the mechanisms that generate prodigious amounts of energy in quasars and in active galaxies. SAO scientists will play a major role in unlocking these secrets utilizing the array and its unprecedented combination of wavelength coverage and ability to resolve fine spatial details.

New Facilities Support (28 Positions and $4,362,000)

The Institution requests funding to support start-up and/or operating costs for new and renovated facilities which will be completed by the end of FY 1998 at the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), the National Museum of the American Indian, and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Funding is critical in order to properly protect and maintain these new facilities.

National Museum of Natural History East Court Project (15 Positions and $3,134,000) - The National Museum of Natural History East Court Building is to include space for research and collections activities providing critically needed relocation space within the building for all its occupants as they are, in turn, temporarily displaced, each for one year, by the mechanical renovation of the entire Natural History Building, a major capital renewal project. This massive renovation effort over the next decade will provide the Museum with completely new heating, ventilating, air conditioning and electrical systems. In addition, the new East Court building is to provide public service space, including education offices and classrooms, and much needed public restrooms.

The timely and uninterrupted progress of the mechanical renovation is dependent on the prompt occupancy of the East Court building and related relocations. Specifically, the Museum's Department of Entomology, the East Court's principal occupant, is to be relocated to the new building and to adjacent space in the NMNH East Wing from four widely separated locations in the existing building. The Molluscs Division is to move from the East Wing location to space in the West Wing vacated by Entomology. The Molluscs move physically unites the Department of Invertebrate Zoology.

Included in this request are 12 positions and $431,000 to provide basic and essential facility management services to the East Court Building. These services include cleaning, labor and minor maintenance. The requested funding provides for staff; operational supplies, such as paper products and cleaning chemicals; and contracts needed to accomplish these basic ongoing services so critical to the functioning of this new building.

Also included in this request are 3 positions and $321,000 for the Office of Physical Plant to maintain this facility. These engineer system repairmen positions and related supplies are equally important to the environment of the building because they maintain the heating and air conditioning systems, the proper functioning of which is critical to the occupancy of the building. Further, the requested funds provide for essential equipment service contracts, including elevator maintenance.

Since the last budget submission, it has become increasingly clear that additional funding is necessary to occupy the new building and accomplish the related relocations. Beyond the funding needed to complete the building's data network, additional funds are required for collections storage cabinets and relocations. An amount of $311,000 is requested for the purchase and installation of the remaining electronic components and cabling for the network in one-time, no-year funds. This must be accomplished so that the new building can be occupied on schedule with this basic utility in place.

One-time funds in the amount of $1,615,300 are requested for new, space-efficient collections storage cabinets which are vital to house the specimens being relocated to the new, but limited, East Court space. Without these cabinets installed on the building's compact storage system, the Entomology relocation cannot be achieved.

The move of offices, laboratories, and specimens into the new building and related relocations was forecast to be accomplished using existing in-house resources. However, the planning for this effort has revealed the need for significant additional support for contracts, supplies, and equipment beyond existing resources, mostly because of the extremely fragile nature of the millions of specimens to be relocated. Specifically, the relocation of these very delicate specimens, such as butterflies and moths, which involves inspecting them for pests and cleaning them, stabilizing them for transport, maintaining inventory control, packing and moving them, and placing them in their final storage locations, requires substantial amounts of labor and specialized supplies and equipment. Also, in addition to the fragile specimens to be moved, funding is required to assist with the office and laboratory relocations to ensure timely occupancy of the new building and the continued progress of the mechanical renovation project. Support for these relocations ($455,700) is requested in FY 1998 on a one-time basis to remain available until expended. Additional funding for these relocations will be requested in future budgets.

An important external benefit coming from the successful relocation of the Entomology Department into its new space will be one with immediate positive economic consequences for the nation. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) uses Entomology's collections some 2,500 times each year to identify, on an urgent basis, insects found in cargoes entering United States ports. This work keeps potentially harmful insect pests out of the country. However, these cargoes are held in quarantine until the insects are determined to be harmless. Presently, the Entomology collections are severely overcrowded and not in proper order for users. This causes delays for the USDA in its pest identification. With the move, the relocated collections will be decompressed and arranged to allow efficient access for the USDA and other researchers.

National Museum of the American Indian Cultural Resources Center Initial Operating Requirements (6 Positions and $893,000) - The completion of the Cultural Resources Center is projected for September 1998. Funds are required for other Smithsonian offices to support operations at the Cultural Resources Center beginning in the second half of FY 1998 as this construction nears completion. Funding is requested for three positions and $137,000 for the Office of Protection Services to provide minimum security at the Cultural Resources Center until the facility is occupied. The Institution also requests three positions and $156,000 for the Office of Physical Plant to provide basic maintenance of the building's systems. Additionally, $600,000 in one-time funds is necessary for the acquisition of essential equipment to help maintain the building: liftrigging, forklift, carts, and dollies for the loading dock area; trash and recycling equipment; accessibility equipment; and generators, pumps, lifts, vehicles, small tools and ground maintenance equipment.

These funds will allow the Cultural Resources Center to be properly protected and maintained until the move of the collections begins in FY 1999. Move planning is well underway, and a comprehensive request for funding this 5-year relocation effort will be included in the Institution's FY 1999 budget request.

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Facilities Management Support (7 Positions and $335,000) -About 95,000 square feet of new or renovated facilities will have been added at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) in Panama between FY 1991 and the end of FY 1997, including the new Barro Colorado Island laboratory, the renovated Ancon building, the new logistics support center, the library expansion and renovation, and two renovated facilities on Naos Island. These facilities, dispersed throughout the Isthmus of Panama, have more sophisticated systems than those they replaced, and their maintenance is complicated by the corrosive tropical climate. STRI facilities house 34 resident researchers and support more than 300 visiting scientists, primarily from the United States, who base their research at STRI because of its modem facilities and installations. Providing adequate maintenance and security is essential to the continued support of the research infrastructure.

The requested funds will support seven facilities management positions ($170,000), associated facilities operating costs ($30,000), and related contractual security support ($135,000).

Collections Information Systems (0 Positions and $960,000)

One of the Secretary's priorities is to make the Smithsonian's collections and associated information more widely available to the public. The Institution has made major strides in the application of technology to support electronic outreach, with the goal that every city, town and household in the nation will have electronic access to some of the vast resources held by the Institution. to supplement the public exhibits and other programs offered in the Institution's museums, research institutes, and traveling exhibitions. For FY 1998, the Institution requests $960,000 in the Institution-wide Programs line-item to further increase public accessibility through the continued development and implementation of the National Museum of Natural History's Collections and Research Information System (CRIS); the implementation of a single, off-the-shelf, automated collections information system for the Smithsonian's six art museums (ARTCIS); and continued development of collections information systems at the National Museum of American History and the National Air and Space Museum.

These funds will support the existing bases of these systems and provide for a single standard to link them in the most cost-effective manner. The majority of these funds will be used for contractual support to provide user and technical training, technical services, maintenance fees, and user licenses, with the remainder being used for imaging equipment, other hardware, and related software.

The continued support of Federal funds is essential for the core collections information and accountability elements of these systems. The Smithsonian is actively seeking private support for digitization of a major portion of its collections, an element of the Institution's outreach goals that is attractive to foundations and corporations. This public/private partnership is central to the full-scale development and deployment of these systems in order to reach the American public.

Anacostia Museum

Abstract - The Anacostia Museum (AM) serves as a resource for African American history and culture. community-based museology, and the exploration of contemporary African American culture in the African diaspora. The museum's research, exhibition, and educational outreach activities focus primarily on the Washington metropolitan region and neighboring states of the Upper South.

The Center for African American History and Culture (CAAHC) is an integral element of the Anacostia Museum. The Center presents exhibitions and programs that are national and international in scope. The combined activities of the Anacostia Museum and the Center offer the public and scholars the opportunity to gain new insight into African American culture.

For FY 1998, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Anacostia Museum. The Institution requires $32,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The programmatic combination of the Anacostia Museum and the Center for African American History and Culture has provided the Smithsonian with unparalleled opportunities to provide local, national, and international audiences with greater understanding of the historical experiences and cultural expressions of people of African descent living in the Americas. The community-focused work which has been the hallmark of the Anacostia Museum continues to inform and inspire work at small and medium-sized museums across the country. The Center's exhibitions and programs in the Arts and Industries Building (A&I) and in other Mall-based facilities have created new audiences for African American-related cultural offerings. The combined multifaceted and multidisciplinary programs of applied research, collections development, documentation and educational outreach will lead to a complete consolidation and merger in FY 1998.

Research and Collections - The Anacostia Museum received a major grant from the Lilly Endowment in 1996 which will allow the museum to complete work on the exhibition. "Speak to My Heart: African American Communities of Faith and Contemporary Society." The exhibition will be mounted in the Arts and Industries North Gallery in early 1998. Work has begun on three new research

endeavors. The first, "Holding Home," will explore African American rural life and its influence on community life and African American culture. "No Ways Tired," an exhibition project scheduled for completion in 2001, will examine the relationship between African American women and work. A new collecting initiative which focuses on African Americans in print and broadcast journalism rounds out the new collections and research agenda.

Radcliffe Bailey's "Altar for Four," a contemporary work of art dedicated to the four young girls killed during the bombing of their church in the 1960s, and a raft made of Styrofoam and used by Cuban refugees were added to the collection in 1996.

A construction project to add an Archive Study and Storage Center will close the public spaces of the Museum from February-September 1997. The construction will have little impact on staff areas. The Museum will become more accessible to the public with the addition of an elevator and the extensive archive collection will be better contained. The Museum will maintain public activity during the construction period through outreach programming and exhibition activities at galleries in the Arts and Industries Building.

Exhibitions - In April 1996, "Down Through the Years: Stories from the Anacostia Museum Collection" was the first exhibition mounted to highlight the museum's collecting activities. In July 1996, the museum's community connections were highlighted by the mounting of "Footsteps from North Brentwood," an exhibition which explored the history of North Brentwood, Maryland—the state's first incorporated black town. It was developed in conjunction with the North Brentwood Historical Society. "Visual Journal: Harlem and DC in the Thirties and Forties" opened on April 18, 1996, giving visitors to A&I a unique glimpse into black life in New York and Washington, D.C. during pivotal times in American history. The exhibition featured work by Gordon Parks, Robert McNeil, the Scurlock Studio, and Marvin and Morgan Smith. A later photographic exhibition, "Points of Entry," explored the issue of immigration, and the connection between African Americans, European, and Caribbean immigrant groups.

Education and Programs - The Lucy Moten Elementary School Partnership, an Anacostia Museum program since 1992, continues to flourish. The Anacostia Museum has continued to provide an array of programs for diverse audiences. Highlights included its annual Juneteenth Celebration, a Kwanzaa Family Workshop in December, tours of historic sites throughout the year, a storytelling workshop in April, and a workshop in December designed to help community and civic organizations develop their own Black History Month programs and exhibits. In addition to the programs sponsored at the Anacostia Museum, the Center for African American History and Culture presented a number of programs including book signings; a tribute to the world acclaimed tap dancers, the Nicholas Brothers; and a tribute to the dean of African American orchestral composers, William Grant Still.

Nonap propriated Rpsnnrrre - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel and other related costs. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for specific Anacostia Museum programs and projects.

Archives of American Art

Ahstract - The Archives of American Art (AAA), a national research repository with reference centers in New York, Boston, Detroit, Los Angeles, and San Francisco, has the world's largest collection of archival materials relating to the history of the American visual arts, including original manuscripts, photographs, works of art on paper, and tape-recorded oral and video interviews. The collection is housed in Washington, D.C., with microfilm copies of many of the documents made available in the reference centers and through national and international inter-library loans. The Archives actively seeks, collects, and preserves original source materials for study by scholars, students, curators, collectors, and others interested in the history of art, and encourages research in American art and cultural history through publications, symposia, lectures, and other public programs.

For FY 1998, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Archives of American Art. The Institution requires $42,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Archives of American Art documents the art and cultural history of the United States and encourages its study by collecting, preserving, and making easily accessible the primary source materials that are essential to research. Each year, AAA raises a significant portion of its operating funds from private sources.

Collections - In FY 1996, the Archives acquired several notable collections of papers and added many oral history transcriptions to its collections. An additional twenty-eight linear feet of papers from the estate of Rockwell Kent (1882-1971), one of the best known illustrators of the first half of the twentieth century, were added to the current holdings of that artist. The former editor of ART gallery Magazine donated records and correspondence from the publication which, between 1957 and 1983. listed exhibitions in all New York city galleries. In addition, two photographs taken in the 1950s by Louise Bourgeois (b. 1911) of Willem De Kooning (b. 1904) became part of the permanent collection. Another important donation was the Mark Rothko (1903-1970) trial papers documenting a landmark lawsuit between a renowned artist's estate and a major New York gallery. Photocopies of documents from the Andy Warhol (1930-1987) estate provide a fascinating case study of various methodologies used

to determine the fair market value of one of the largest and most complex estates of an artist. Financed under the Institution's support of Latino initiatives, a major oral history project began with an interview with Rupert Garcia (b.1941), painter and printmaker and member of "Los Four." Mr. Garcia discusses the Chicano art movement, various influences on his work, and the Latino experience. The Archives also received the papers of Carlyle H. Smith (b.1912), silversmith and jewelry designer.

Collections Management - During FY 1996, the Archives processed seventy-four collections totaling approximately one hundred and eighty-eight feet. Of these collections, sixty were microfilmed, resulting in a total of 163 reels of film.

Research - In FY 1996, the Archives' reference centers across the country received 3,325 researchers and responded to 8,429 telephone, mail, or Internet inquiries. A total of 10,087 reels of microfilm were consulted, and an additional 2,437 reels of microfilm were disbursed through the Inter-Library Loan Program.

Public Service - Throughout FY 1996, staff from the Archives strove to reach out to a wider audience through public speaking engagements and publications. A sampling of lectures included "Jean Hugo: Drawings of the War Years, 1915-1919;" "Gertrude Stein is not in the Back of the Coffee Shop: The East Village Art Scene in New York, 1981-1986;" " Interpreting Latino Cultures: Research and Museums;" "From Omaha to Abstract Expressionism: Pollock, Rothko, and others Respond to World Warn"; and "Creeping Toward Modernism, 1871-1945." Publications included "A History of the San Francisco Art Institute," a catalog essay; Jan Cox 1918-1980 Grafiek; and a book entitled On the Edge of America: California Modernist Art 1900-1950.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for publication of AAA's quarterly Archives of American Art Journal and for expenses of its Board of Trustees. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support to help underwrite AAA's general operating expenses, including the oral history and publications programs. For example, in FY 1996, funds from the Starr Foundation provided for the completion of the Name Authority Cataloging Project, automating AAA's authority files to make them more readily accessible by computer. A grant from the King and Jean Cummings Charitable Trust underwrote oral history interviews in Maine. Two individuals provided support for the Crafts Artists Documentation project, and the Judith Rothschild Foundation underwrote the processing of an important collection of papers (Abraham Ratner). The Milton & Sally Avery Arts Foundation provided support for the New York Regional Center of the Archives. The Henry Luce Foundation made a major grant for processing three important collections, including the Rockwell Kent papers.

Arthur M. Sackler Gallery/Freer Gallery of Art

Abstract - The Arthur M. Sackler Gallery was founded in 1982 (opened to the public in 1987) to house a gift of Asian art from Dr. Arthur M. Sackler and to develop an active program of loan exhibitions. The Freer Gallery of Art, founded in 1906 (opened to the public in 1923) as the first art museum of the Smithsonian Institution, had its origin in Charles Lang Freer's gift of Asian art and a specialized collection of American art. Both museums actively seek to study and celebrate the historical and contemporary achievements of the arts of Asia.

Administered by a single staff, the combined resources of the Freer and Sackler galleries form an important international center dedicated to the ongoing collection, preservation, study, and exhibition of Asian art, as well as to educational programs that increase public awareness. While the Freer Gallery neither lends objects nor exhibits works borrowed from museums or individuals, the Sackler Gallery both lends from its collections and borrows works to augment its own holdings.

For FY 1998, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and the Freer Gallery of Art. The Institution requires $131,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Progr a m - The Sackler and Freer galleries share a general aesthetic focus on Asia. While the Sackler Gallery extends this focus to the present day, embracing a wider range of media and artistic expression, the Freer Gallery emphasizes the major historical artistic traditions from the beginnings of history through the 19th century. In addition to the program on American art and its interrelationship with Asian traditions at the Freer Gallery, the goal of the Freer and Sackler galleries is to expand both knowledge and appreciation of Asian artistic traditions through exhibitions, education, research, conservation, and acquisitions. In addition, the galleries, with the aid of in-depth public programs related to exhibitions, provide wider cultural and physical contexts that aid in understanding the forms and complexities of Asian art; a continuing calendar of public programs explores both the living arts of Asia and in-depth aspects of individual Asian societies.

Exhibitions - Exhibitions provide the primary public Links with the cultural diversity of Asia. Exhibitions at the Sackler Gallery draw from public and private collections both domestically and abroad and from the Gallery's own collections. As the Sackler celebrates 10 years and the Freer prepares to celebrate its 75th year, planning and installation are currently underway for five new exhibitions in the Sackler and nine in the Freer for FY 1997. Exhibitions at the Freer Gallery continue to include temporary exhibitions that each year draw from the rich resources of the Gallery collection.

Education - The Education Department develops curricula materials in a variety of media that are related to the national collections and loan exhibitions, and are distributed nationally. Public programs for both Galleries reach out to varied and diverse audiences with programs that expand and enhance the collections and exhibitions by means of film, family programs, Asian music and dance, chamber music, and lectures. Teacher workshops and in-service programs are conducted locally and nationally. The department is developing a publication drawing upon the collection which introduces Asian art to young people.

Research - The Freer and Sackler galleries share research staff and support facilities that together constitute an international center for advanced scholarly research in Asian art, as well as on specific areas of American art in the Freer Gallery. Research provides the basis for exhibitions, publications, and collections acquisitions. The galleries disseminate research results to the public through lectures, symposia, collection research files, monographs, exhibitions and exhibition catalogues, free gallery guides, and brochures.

Conservation - Treatment of the collection continues to emphasize the safety and physical well-being of the objects, while departmental research seeks to understand the origin and physical nature of works of art and thereby improve their care and treatment. A private research foundation supports a special program with Japan to conserve and restore Japanese paintings in the Freer collection.

Collections - In FY 1996, the Sackler Gallery received 91 objects as gifts and acquired 27 objects by purchase. Highlights included a 7th century Chinese stone figure of a mourning attendant, an Indian figure from the Hoysala period (12th-13th century), and a bronze representation of the god Jambala from Tibet. In FY 1996, the Freer Gallery received 24 objects as gifts, including four to the Study Collection, and acquired 29 objects by purchase. Highlights included a 10th-century B.C. Chinese ceremonial broad-ax blade, a collection of Japanese woodblock prints depicting fish, and a collection of Korean ceramics dating from the 15th to the 17th century.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support to defray the costs of research, collection acquisitions, and expenses related to the membership program. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects.

Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies

Ahstract - The Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies (CFPCS) conducts scholarly research and public programs that promote understanding and continuity of traditional grass roots regional, ethnic, tribal, and occupational heritage in the United States and abroad. The Center maintains the Folkways Archives and Collections. It also produces the annual Festival of American Folklife; Smithsonian/ Folkways Recordings; documentary films, videos, and print publications; training programs and educational materials; and museum and traveling exhibitions. The Center cooperates with Federal and state agencies to advance the Nation's interest in cultural matters.

For FY 1998, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies. The Institution requires $29,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item. In FY 1997, $200,000 was added to this line-item's base to help offset costs of the FY 1997 Folklife Festival (Mississippi) and future festivals.

Progr a m - Research - Research projects document and study the continuing practice of local grass roots traditions among diverse communities in contemporary society. Current projects examine the relationship between culture and grass roots economic development, cultures of immigrants to the United States, cultural traditions in the American heartland, the emerging culture of the United States-Mexico borderlands, and folklife in the American South. Center scholars and fellows pursue research on American regional music, American builders and craftspeople, cultural impact of technological change, urban United States Latino culture, and African American traditions.

Festival of American Folklife - The Festival of American Folklife, held annually on the National Mall since 1967, educates a broad public about American and human cultural heritage and encourages tradition bearers by giving national recognition to their artistry, knowledge, and wisdom. The Festival provides a national and international model for the research-based presentation of cultural traditions. Over one million people visit the Festival each year, and millions more are reached by media coverage. In 1996, the Festival featured the American South (with the Olympics), Iowa (with its sesquicentennial), and the occupational traditions of the Smithsonian itself (for its 150th anniversary). "Restagings" of the festival occurred at the Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia; in Des Moines, Iowa; and as part of the

Smithsonian's 150th anniversary. In 1997, the Festival will feature African Immigrants to the United States, cultural traditions of the Mississippi Delta, and Sacred Music.

Smithsonian/Folkways Recordings - Folkways produces documentary recordings of American and worldwide music, performance, and verbal arts that have won Grammy awards and nominations. Recent releases on music of Iowa, Puerto Rico, the South, the American Indian, Ella Jenkins, and children's songs indicate the breadth of subject matter. Recordings distributed to general audiences take the form of compact discs, cassettes, videos, and even CD-ROMs with booklets and/or liner notes.

Publications and Documentary Films - The Smithsonian Folklife Studies series consists of scholarly monographs coupled with documentary films, generally released to colleges and universities. In 1996, the Center released the documentary Jerusalem: Gates to the City, based on research of cultural life in Jerusalem. Other books, such as the Smithsonian Folklife Cookbook, reach broad audiences.

Training Programs and Educational Materials - The Center develops curriculum materials and offers teacher training for understanding American cultural traditions. Teacher and student guides, recordings and videotapes are developed in partnership with state education departments and professional associations. In 1996, the Center published training kits on the United States-Mexico Borderlands. In 1997, training kits will be available on Native peoples in the Americas and on Iowa Traditions.

Traveling Exhibits - The Center produces modest traveling exhibitions developed from research and Festival programs. An exhibit on Maroon cultures of the Southern United States and the Caribbean is expected to be completed in 1997.

Archives and Collections - The Folkways Archives contains audiotapes, records, videotapes, photographic images, film, and paper files documenting cultural traditions from all parts of the United States and most regions of the world. Holdings include the original master recordings of Woody Guthrie performing "This Land Is Your Land" and original master tapes of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., as well as speeches and songs of the civil rights movement. The collection contains documentation of music, occupational lore, family folklore and immigration stories.

Public Service - The Center collaborates with economic development, tourism, culture, and education departments of states to develop Festival programs and remount them "back home." Projects with Hawaii, Michigan, New Mexico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and recently Iowa also extended to the development of educational materials and the sharing of archives. The Center continues to work with New Hampshire and Wisconsin in this manner.

Internet - The Center maintains a Home Page as part of the Smithsonian's presence on the Internet. Folkways makes audio clips and data on its collection available to the public, and the Festival produces programs on selected folklife topics for the World Wide Web.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel and general program support. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects. For example, in FY 1996, the Center received support from the Iowa Sesquicentennial Committee and the Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games. Government Grants and Contracts provide support for exhibitions.

Conservation Analytical Laboratory

Ahstract - The Conservation Analytical Laboratory (CAL), located at the Museum Support Center in Suitland, Maryland, is the Smithsonian's specialized research facility for the conservation and technical study of museum objects. CAL staff examine the conservation-related properties of materials, extract historical information from their technical record, and improve conservation treatment technology. Experience with a wide range of materials and expertise in analytical and technological studies enables CAL to engage successfully in collaborative research with anthropologists and art historians. CAL also conducts a conservation training program that includes basic and advanced conservation theory and technique, supports and organizes workshops and seminars, and disseminates the latest knowledge in the field of conservation and cultural materials research to museums and research professionals throughout the United States and the world.

For FY 1998, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Conservation Analytical Laboratory. The Institution requires $68,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Progr a m - CAL's program areas include research and development, education and training, and support and collaboration.

Research and Development - In one research area, physical and natural scientists collaborate with scholars from the arts and humanities to address questions of an art historical or archeological nature. A number of techniques used in these programs require specialized facilities that CAL operates in collaborative agreements with the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST). Other research involves collaboration with and use of equipment at the Carnegie Institution of Washington. In the program of studies on the provenance of archaeological ceramics, CAL is working in collaboration with American and Mexican scholars and institutions on a project focusing on production centers of Casas Grandes polychromes. In CAL's biogeochemistry program, researchers continue to study the preservation of biomolecular information in the archaeological and fossil record, including a project on the recovery of genetic information from archaeological plant seeds.

Another important research focus at CAL is the identification and characterization of the chemical and physical processes involved in the deterioration of materials in museum collections (conservation science) and the development and evaluation of treatment techniques for unstable collection items (treatment technology). In the program of research on the preservation of natural history specimen collections, CAL researchers have succeeded in retrieving DNA from some collection specimens preserved with formaldehyde and have made significant progress toward optimizing future DNA retrieval from newly-collected specimens. In the program on preservation of modern, manmade materials, a nondestructive method to evaluate the degree of deterioration in videotape binder, in order to determine the optimal time for copying, has been fully developed. In the coming year, the new method will be offered as a service to Institutional archivists to test its practical application.

Education and Training - The preservation of archival materials is the focus of the RELACT (Research Collections, Libraries, and Archives Conservation Training) program, conducted by CAL in collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution Archives and Smithsonian Institution Libraries. This year, staff from numerous Smithsonian units attended a lecture and demonstration series to receive training in preservation management and practices, while actual preservation projects were undertaken in four research collections with CAL providing technical assistance, consultation, training, and access to supplies and equipment. In the archaeological conservation training program, interns had the opportunity to work during excavation field seasons at two very different sites, one in the Middle East and one in Central America, under the guidance of CAL's archaeological conservator. With the graduation of the Furniture Conservation Training Program (FCTP) Class of 1996, a new class of students was selected and began their course work. The FCTP is now entering its fourth cycle. A new project to develop an interdisciplinary curriculum in art and materials technology is now underway in collaboration with a local high school. This project, designed for both high school and undergraduate college levels, will be completed by the year 2000.

Support and Collaboration - CAL's technical support staff continued to provide analytical and technical assistance to conservation and curatorial staff in the various Smithsonian museums, as well as to the ongoing research efforts at CAL. During FY 1996, the staff performed a total of 3,249 analyses of which half were for other Smithsonian units. Technical support staff also maintain CAL's extensive research and computing equipment. Within the group, the Technical Information Section provided answers to 2,011 requests for information from the general public and museum professionals, both nationally and internationally. This section also assists with production of CAL technical guidelines and other publications for museum professionals and, in collaboration with CAL's education coordinator, a Home Page on the World Wide Web.

Nonap propriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for research and education activities. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects. For example, funds from the Samuel H. Kress Foundation supported the archaeological conservation program in 1996. Government Grants and Contracts provide support for special projects that utilize CAL's expertise and experience.

Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum

Abstract - Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, explores the creation and consequences of the designed environment. Design, a process of shaping matter to a purpose, is a fundamental activity. Cooper-Hewitt examines all aspects of design, including architecture, industrial design, interior design, textiles, and graphic arts. The Museum is a public trust founded on the principle that understanding the past and present will shape the future. Today, the scale and pace of change require a new understanding — one that recognizes that individuals, societies, and the natural environment are linked through design.

For FY 1998, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the National Design Museum. The Institution requires $55,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Progr a m - Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, is the only museum in America devoted to historical and contemporary design. The Museum pursues its goal through exhibitions, publications, provisions for collections study, research, and educational programs for professionals, the adult public, and schoolchildren. In addition, the Museum jointly offers, with the Parsons School of Design, a graduate program in the history of decorative arts.

Renovation - The Museum closed its galleries and its shop to the public on August 21, 1995, to begin an extensive renovation project and reopened half of their exhibition space on September 16, 1996. The garden remained open to visitors. The renovation project makes the Museum's facilities and collections more accessible to the public and has been approved by the New York City Landmarks Commission and the New York State Historic Preservation Office. The entire facility, including renovated office and collection management space, will reopen in the fall of 1997.

Exhibitions - While the Museum was closed for most of FY 1996, three exhibitions were held off-site. "Six Bridges and the Making of the New York Megalopolis," the work of bridge engineer Othmar Amman, was exhibited at the Paine Webber Art Gallery; "The Avant Garde Letterhead" was exhibited at the American Institute of Graphic Arts; and "Help Design Frederick Douglass Circle" was exhibited at the Charles Dana Discovery Center in Central Park.

On September 16, the Museum reopened its first floor galleries with the exhibition "Mixing Messages: Graphic Design in Contemporary Culture." This exhibition explored the power and pervasiveness of visual communications during the last fifteen years.

Publications - The Museum printed the Magazine three times in FY 1996 and distributed it to members and subscribers. The Magazine included museum news, information on exhibitions, and program listings. Exhibition brochures were published in conjunction with the exhibitions "Six Bridges and the Making of the New York Megalopolis" and "The Avant Garde Letterhead". A major publication and exhibition brochure were published to accompany the "Mixing Messages: Graphic Design in Contemporary Culture" exhibition.

Collections - In FY 1996, the National Design Museum acquired 1,564 objects for its collection. Among the most notable were two French drawings ca. 1815 and a dessert service of 82 pieces ca. 1890. During the same period, the Museum loaned 209 objects and borrowed 263 objects from seven lenders for exhibitions.

Educational Programs - The National Design Museum's appropriation for educational programs allowed the Museum to continue to offer free programs for children and the general public. Since the Museum was closed for most of FY 1996, the Education Department focused on the architecture, design and history of the Carnegie Mansion, home to the National Design Museum. In all, 3,016 public and private school students participated in free guided tours.

In July, the Museum hosted its third annual Summer Design Institute for Educators and created special programs for high school students, including Design Career Days and Studio After School. The Museum also sponsored a summer series of free lectures and concerts entitled "Crosscurrents."

Research - Approximately 350 scholars, private individuals, designers, and corporate representatives visited the collections for research purposes. Notable research included the establishment of a Latino-American Design Archive. The Museum's specialized research library, which complements the collection, received over 1,000 visitors from corporations, museums, and universities around the world.

In FY 1996, the Institution named the seventh Peter Krueger-Christie's Fellow to conduct research on the Edward Caldwell and Company lighting archive. The Krueger summer internship program provided for six college undergraduates to gain first-hand experience of museum work.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel and other related costs. In addition, these funds provide general support for research activities, education programs, publications, fundraising, and acquisitions. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects, such as scholarly research, exhibitions, scholarships, internships, collaborations, and acquisitions. Government Grants and Contracts provide support for outreach programs and conservation.

Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden

Ahstrart - The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (HMSG) was established as the Smithsonian's museum of modem and contemporary art by Public Law 89-788, signed on November 7, 1966. While the nucleus of the collection remains Joseph Hirshhorn's original gift, it has been greatly enriched by additional gifts from Mr. Hirshhorn and the 1981 bequest of art he had collected since 1966. Other benefactors, such as collectors and artists, continue to give works to the Museum. Purchases made from funds provided by appropriations, the Smithsonian's Board of Regents, Mr. Hirshhorn, private donors, and sales from the permanent collection have continued to strengthen the collection and emphasize its contemporary character. Museum programming features works from the collection, special exhibitions, and a wide variety of public programs.

For FY 1998, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. The Institution requires $98,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden presents exhibitions; manages, conserves, exhibits, and publishes its collection; acquires new works for the collection; and develops public programs for a broad audience of all ages.

Exhibitions - Three major exhibitions will be presented in FY 1997. The fall 1996 show, "Richard Lindner: Paintings and Watercolors 1948-1977," was organized by the HMSG and features the work of a German-bom, American artist. The exhibition will be seen at the Haus der Kunst, Munich in early 1997 following the Washington, D.C. presentation. The second major exhibition is "Jeff Wall," a Canadian artist whose show will feature approximately 35 photographic works featuring color transparencies mounted on light boxes. The exhibition is being organized by the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, and will premiere at the Hirshhorn in February 1997. The third major exhibition, to open in June 1997, will feature recent acquisitions to the collection from the years 1991-1996, accompanied by a catalogue. In FY 1997, the work of three artists will be presented in the Museum's ongoing Directions series: Austrian Rudolf Schwarzkogler, Louise Lawler, and Toba

Khedoori. Two additional exhibitions in the series "The Collection in Context" will focus on major modern works of art in the HMSG collection by Paul Gauguin and Raymond Duchamp-Villon.

Collections - Among the works acquired by purchase in FY 1996 were: Joseph Beuys, Memory of My Youth in the Mountains (1977); Alberto Giacometti, Annette Seated in the Studio (1954); and Wayne Thiebaud, Girl with Ice Cream Cone (1963).

Public Programs - To facilitate visitor appreciation and understanding of modern and contemporary art, the Museum presents lectures and a film program, and produces a wide variety of materials including catalogues, brochures, and extended wall labels. Highlights in FY 1997 include publication of Richard Lindner, in conjunction with the exhibition of the same name that opened in the fall of 1996, and Family Guide: Hirshhom Museum and Sculpture Garden, made possible by a grant from the Smithsonian's Special Exhibition Fund. In addition, the museum co-published Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden: 150 Works of Art with Harry N. Abrams, Inc. The fourth annual Mordes Lecture in Contemporary Art featured Nicholas Serota, Director of the Tate Gallery, London.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel and related travel costs. In addition, these funds provide general support for research activities, education programs, and fundraising. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects, such as collections acquisitions, public programs, and exhibitions.

National Air and Space Museum

Abstract - The mission of the National Air and Space Museum (NASM) is to memorialize the national development of aviation and space flight. It serves as the repository for, preserves, and displays aeronautical and space flight equipment and data of historical interest and significance to the progress of aviation and space flight and provides educational material for the historical study of aviation and space flight and their technologies.

In addition to its Mall location, NASM maintains the Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Facility. Planning, design, and fund raising continue for the Dulles Center which will house the Museum's collections and restoration facilities, enabling the Museum to exhibit much more of its collection including its largest aircraft and spacecraft.

For FY 1998, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the National Air and Space Museum. The Institution requires $343,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - Collections Management - FY 1996 acquisitions included a Bell UH-1H helicopter, a major Vietnam era artifact; an early model Raven hot air balloon of the sort that sparked interest in sport ballooning in the 1950s; and the rhinestone-studded wings worn by Roscoe Turner, a leading racing pilot and aviation personality of the 1930s. Among archival acquisitions was the Fokker Aviation, USA Inc. collection documenting development of short- and medium-haul airliners. A cyclic inventory of the collections was completed, and two climate-controlled storage units were put into operation, affording additional and better quality storage.

Preservation and Restoration - In FY 1996, restoration projects included the Ohka, a Japanese suicide weapon; three other World War II aircraft: the inboard wing sections of the B-29 "Enola Gay," the Hawker Hurricane fighter, and the Aichi Seiran; the World War I era Nieuport 28, the aerobatic Pitts Special; and the Saturn V launch vehicle.

Research - Research was conducted on a range of space history topics, including the career of rocket pioneer Robert Goddard. Staff planned and hosted a special two-day symposium on the past, present and future of flight technology. Research in planetary geology and geophysics continued utilizing Mercury, Venus, the Moon and Mars data returned by the Mariner 10, Magellan, Clementine, and Viking spacecraft. As part of the Institution's Global Change Research Program, remote sensing and geomorphologic studies of the hyperarid and semi-arid regions of Earth continue. Remote sensing data continues to be used to study the impact of urban growth in the Washington/Baltimore Metropolitan area on changes in land use and vegetation loss.

Exhibitions - In FY 1996, NASM opened "How Things Fly," a permanent exhibition containing hands-on exhibits that visitors can use to learn about the physical principles that underlie air and space flight. The XP-59A, America's first jet aircraft was hung in the "Milestones of Flight" gallery, and aerobatic champion Patty Wagstaff's Extra 260 aircraft was reinstalled in "Pioneers of Flight." A temporary exhibit, "Viewing the Violent Universe: the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory," was also on display. NASM premiered an IMAX film, "Cosmic Voyage," which examines the scale of the universe from the deepest known structures within an atom to the outer reaches of the known universe. Electronic versions of several galleries are available on the World Wide Web.

Publications - In FY 1996, several of our titles were reprinted: Michael J. Neufeld's The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemunde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era, Harvard University Press, and the Official Guide to the National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution Press. Two new editions were published: Milestones of Aviation, edited and with a new chapter by John Greenwood, and a second edition of Jupiter: The Giant Planet by Rita Beebe in the Smithsonian Library of the Solar System series (Smithsonian Institution Press). New titles in the Smithsonian History of Aviation series, also published by the Smithsonian Press, include Blankets of Fire: U.S. Bombers over Japan during World War II, by Kenneth P. Werrell; Soaring above Setbacks: The Autobiography of Janet Harmon Bragg, African American Aviator, as told to Marjorie M. Kriz; and Stalin's Aviation Gulag: A Memoir of Andrei Tupolev and the Purge Era, by L.L. Kerber.

The Museum's Archival Videodisc series continues to grow. Videodisc 7 was completed this year, bringing to nearly 700,000 the images reproduced from the Museum Archives on laser videodiscs since 1980.

Education - Educational outreach for the "How Things Fly" exhibition included public and school programs, two teacher institutes, and handouts with learning activities for families. To support the film "Cosmic Voyage," NASM produced a teacher's guide and offered teacher workshops. Work continued on the Science Information Infrastructure with the completion of an Internet student activity and a summer institute for teachers. Other educational outreach initiatives included 51 public programs; a three-week summer science camp; and weekly "Flights of Fancy: Stories for Children."

Nonap propriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel. In addition, these funds provide general support for research activities, education programs, exhibitions, and fundraising. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects, such as research, exhibitions, collections care, and education programs. Government Grants and Contracts provide support for research and other scientific activities.

National Museum of African Art

Abstract - The National Museum of African Art (NMAfA) is devoted to the collection, preservation, research, exhibition, and interpretation of the visual arts of Africa. Although the Museum's primary emphasis is on the traditional cultures of the sub-Saharan region, it also studies and exhibits the arts of North Africa and the ancient and contemporary arts of the entire continent.

For FY 1998, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the National Museum of African Art. The Institution requires $77,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The National Museum of African Art educates and instills an appreciation for the cultures and visual arts of Africa through the acquisition, care, research, exhibition, and interpretation of works of art in the context of African history, culture, and aesthetics.

Collections - During FY 1996, NMAfA acquired 127 works of art, including 72 modem works which represent a new collecting emphasis for the Museum. Important works of traditional art include: the bequest of a Bowl with Figures by the artist Olowe of Ise (c. 1875-1938); the gift of an important Yoruba shrine cover attributed to Areogun (c. 1860-1956); and the purchase of a Baule heddle pulley and an outstanding Bamana female figure. Works of art by modern African artists include works from South Africa, Sudan, Nigeria, Ghana, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt.

During FY 1996, the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives acquired a total of 962 items. Among the most important purchases were three with images from Nigeria, the earliest dating to ca. 1891-96. In addition, 6,683 new photographs of objects, installations, and events were added to the Archives.

Collections Management - In FY 1996, the Registration Department processed outgoing loans for several major exhibitions including "Rings: Five Passions in the World of Art" for the 1996 Summer Olympic Games, and "Africa: The Art of a Continent" at the Royal Academy in London and the Guggenheim Museum. The Department also reorganized its main storage space to accommodate recent acquisitions of modern African art.

The Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives completed the Eliot Elisofon Motion Picture Film Preservation Project, funded by a Research Resources Grant from the Smithsonian's Office of Fellowships and Grants. The Archives commissioned copy photography of a total of 903 photographs in historic albums at the Northeast Document Conservation Center in Andover, Massachusetts. All new object photography was entered into a computer database.

Research - An ongoing program of collections research is underway for the FY 1997 publication of Selected Works: The National Museum of African Art which will celebrate the growth of the permanent collection. In cooperation with the Smithsonian's Conservation Analytical Laboratory, several NMAfA collection objects were subjected to analysis. X-ray fluorescence of a Fon horse and rider indicated the homogeneity of the component parts which enabled the object to be appropriately cleaned. Analysis of the decorative metal casing over the shell on an Akan "display object" proved to be lead alloy. In the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, staff continued their research on historical postcards from Africa.

Exhibitions - In FY 1996, NMAfA presented two major exhibitions: "Crowning Achievements," organized by the UCLA Fowler Museum, which celebrated African arts of dressing the head; and "Memory: Luba Art and the Making of History," organized by the Museum for African Art in New York, which explored the sculptural art of the Luba of Zaire. Point of View Gallery exhibitions included "Art from the Forge" and two shows on contemporary African artists: "Seydou Keita, Photographer: Photographs from Bamako, Mali" and "Ceramic Gestures: New Vessels by Magdalene Odundo."

Publications - In FY 1996, the Museum published exhibition brochures to accompany "Seydou Keita, Photographer: Portraits from Bamako, Mali" and "Ceramic Gestures: New Vessels by Magdalene Odundo." It also produced a family guide for "Crowning Achievements: African Arts of Dressing the Head" and an educational programs brochure for "Memory: Luba Art and the Making of History." Also in FY 1996, SI Press published Dreams and Reverie: Images of OtherworldMates among the Baule, West Africa by NMAfA's chief curator. Curators also contributed to the Guggenheim Museum catalogue, Africa: The Art of a Continent and to the 33-volume Dictionary of Art.

Education - During FY 1996, NMAfA offered 1,113 public programs, serving 37,875 individuals. The Museum published an educational programs brochure and a free gallery guide for families to accompany the exhibition, "Crowning Achievements: African Arts of Dressing the Head."

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for general operations, exhibitions, collections acquisition, scholarly studies, and fundraising. For example, the Smithsonian's Collections Acquisition Program provided a portion of funds used for new collections acquisitions, and grants from the Women's Committee and Research Opportunities Program supported curatorial research initiatives. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects including higher education programs, publications, exhibitions and collections acquisition.

National Museum of American Art

Abstract - The National Museum of American Art (NMAA) is the nation's museum dedicated to the arts and artists of the United States from colonial times to the present. The Museum promotes art as a source of enrichment for the layperson and scholar alike and serves as a resource in the broadest possible sense for American visual arts. The Museum's programs make American art available to national audiences and beyond, as well as to those who visit its two historic landmark buildings in Washington, D.C. Outreach takes the form of circulating exhibitions, educational materials, publications, automated research resources, and a vast and growing offering of online services which reflect the diversity of the country's citizenry and art.

For FY 1998, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the National Museum of American Art. The Institution requires $181,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Progr a m - NMAA stimulates an understanding of American visual expression in its broadest contexts through interpretive exhibitions, publications, and programs. As a national institution, NMAA explores and serves the heritage of diverse communities in the United States.

National Outreach and Education - The Museum's largest outreach project, "Save Outdoor Sculpture!" continues. In addition to the fifty states and the District of Columbia, the U.S. special jurisdictions of American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Marianas, and Puerto Rico joined the program in FY 1996. The Virgin Islands are scheduled to join in FY 1997. Just over 29,000 sculptures have been reported to date; 89 of 107 project sites have now completed their surveys. An international town meeting was held to celebrate results and to consider the next steps in caring for the nation's outdoor sculpture.

Extensive exhibition-related programs continued to attract large numbers of visitors. The Museum opened a Docent Activity Room which provides classroom space for pre- and post-visit art activities and demonstrations. The Museum released and distributed nationally "Latino Art & Culture in

the United States," the third in its series of educational resource sets, which features Latino artists' objects found in the Museum's collections.

Technology continued to play a large role in education programming in 1996. A second week-long workshop for Nebraska teachers introduced teaching strategies combining art and technology. The Museum continued to enhance its presence on the World Wide Web, with new sites designed to explore the exhibitions "American Kaleidoscope" and "American Photographs: The First Century," as well as the installation of Edmonia Lewis's Cleopatra.

Exhibitions - Highlights of FY 1995 and FY 1996 exhibitions included "Gilded Age Watercolors and Pastels from the Collection," featuring works by artists such as Chase, Hassam, Moran, and Homer; "Lost and Found: Edmonia Lewis's Cleopatra," an installation that reintroduced the public to a masterwork from the last century by a celebrated African American sculptor; "The Art of Thomas Wilmer Dewing," featuring works from the artist's entire career; "American Kaleidoscope: Themes and Perspectives in Recent Art," an exhibition featuring the work of 14 living artists from around the U.S.; and "American Photography: The First Century," featuring photographs from the newly acquired Isaacs Collection. At the Renwick Gallery, "Calico and Chintz: Antique Quilts from the Patricia Smith Collection" presented the finest private collection of such quilts in the U.S.; and "The Renwick Gallery at Twenty-Five," celebrated its quarter-century anniversary.

Collections - The Museum's collection of approximately 38,000 objects encompasses painting, sculpture, graphic art, photography, and folk art, as well as modern crafts at its Renwick Gallery. In FY 1996 and 1997, objects acquired by purchase and gift included works by Chinese-American artist Hung Liu; celebrated African American artist Romare Bearden; California artist David Hockney; 19th-century sculptor Randolph Rogers; contemporary artist Michael Mazur; and stop-action photographer Harold Edgerton. The Museum has also extended its scope by the addition of the Teodoro Vidal Collection of Puerto Rican paintings, miniatures, and santos that date from the 1680s through the 19th century. Among the Renwick Gallery's most notable acquisitions was a collection of Evelyn Ackerman cloisonne enamels.

Publications - The Museum published a ground-breaking CD-ROM based on its permanent collection, rich with images, text, video, audio, and a wealth of resources for both general users and scholars. Exhibition catalogs this year included American Kaleidoscope, Themes and Perspectives in Recent Art and American Photographs: The First Century.

Research - Two senior and six pre-doctoral scholars enjoy research privileges this year. The Charles C. Eldredge Prize for outstanding scholarship in the field of American art was awarded to Dr. Michael Leja for his book, Reframing Abstract Expressionism: Subjectivity and Painting in the 1940s, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel and other related costs. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for specific programs and projects. For example, the Partnership in American Photography, with the Consolidated Natural Gas Company, provided funds for the Charles Isaacs collection exhibition and an accompanying site on the World Wide Web. The Foundation for the National Capital Region made possible the construction and initial operations of a new all-ages learning center at the Museum.

National Museum of American History

Ahstrart - The National Museum of American History (NMAH) dedicates its collections and scholarship to inspiring a broader understanding of the nation and its many peoples. It creates learning opportunities, stimulates imaginations, and presents challenging ideas about the country's past. This mission statement serves as a guide to NMAH staff as they develop a wealth of public programs, open new and update existing exhibitions, conduct research, and enrich the collections.

The NMAH also administers the National Postal Museum (NPM). Its mission is to collect, preserve, and interpret the personal and cultural heritage of the American people as it relates to postal history and philately.

For FY 1998, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the National Museum of American History. The Institution requires $482,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Progr a m - The following are highlights of the Museum's recent achievements in interpreting this country's rich and diverse history.

Collections - In FY 1996, the Museum received objects largely through donation, including an amino acid analyzer used in Nobel Prize winning research by Stanford Moore and William Stein at Rockefeller University, the manuscript diary of piano maker William Steinway, and artifacts from a California sweat shop. Fiscal year 1997 will feature the acquisition of the Teodoro Vidal Collection of Puerto Rican artifacts.

Research and Publications - Extensive research has led to many important publications in FY 1996, including the exhibition catalog book, Red, Hot & Blue: A Smithsonian Salute to the American Musical; and Festschrift for Vladimir and Elivira Eliza Clain-Stefanelli. Musical research has produced three major compact disc recordings of American popular, jazz, and classical music.

Collections Management - In FY 1997, the multi-year asbestos removal and renovation of Building 17 at Silver Hill will begin implementation. Projects to re-engineer collections management processes will streamline operations and improve public access to collections. In FY 1996, the Museum selected an off-the-shelf software for its automated Collections Information System, which has a public access component. Data conversion will begin in FY 1997.

Exhibitions and Public Programs - In FY 1996, NMAH produced several 150th anniversary related exhibits which emphasized the history of collecting at the Smithsonian and its leading role in the Nation's cultural life, including "The 1896 Washington Photo Salon," "We the People: Winning the Vote," and "American Quilt Legacy." NMAH also coordinated the scholarly symposium, "Mind on Freedom: Celebrating the History and Culture of America's Black Colleges and Universities." To further enhance visitors' experiences, the Museum opened the new orientation theatre within the First Ladies Hall and launched an audio tour of this popular exhibition. The Museum also opened The Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation.

To enhance the public's understanding of the Internet, NMAH will open two temporary exhibitions, "24 Hours in Cyberspace" and "Surfing the Internet," in FY 1997. The Museum also anticipates moving from conceptual design to production of the exhibition tentatively entitled "Pursuit of Promise," which documents aspects of 19th-century American life; and "On Time," a renovation of the existing "Hall of Timekeeping." The Museum will also present "Wade in the Water," which examines the historic role of black churches and sacred music in American life. To broaden and improve visitor services, the Museum is planning a new "Orientation Exhibit" and "Visitors' Center." Work will be completed in FY 1997 on the production of the "Duke Ellington" and "Field to Factory" curriculum kits.

In line with its 1994 strategic plan, the Museum designed a comprehensive Blueprint for long-term facilities and exhibitions improvements featuring such activities as the preservation and reinstallation of the Star Spangled Banner, and new approaches to visitor orientation. A national advisory board has been formed to support fundraising for the Blueprint and promote museum programs.

The National Postal Museum - In FY 1996, the Museum completed all of the policies, plans and procedures required of a national museum. Several new exhibitions opened, including: "Artistic License: The Duck Stamp Story," which is housed in the new Jeanette Cantrell Rudy Gallery; and "What's In the Mail For You," which highlights the development of the mail order industry in America. Many educational opportunities were provided through 20 public programs, a variety of publications, and the popular Discovery Center. The Museum will launch an endowment campaign in FY 1997.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel. In addition, these funds provide general support for research activities, conservation, publications, exhibitions, fundraising, and acquisitions. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects, such as collections maintenance, special events, education programs, acquisitions, and exhibitions. A significant gift in 1996 from Discover Card supported an exhibition on homes and family life. Government Grants and Contracts provide support for exhibitions. In 1996, the Museum received a generous pledge from Memphis and Shelby County, Tennessee, to support a traveling exhibition on the roots of Rock and Roll music in America. The National Postal Museum is largely operated by a grant from the U.S. Postal Service.

National Museum of the American Indian

Ahstra ct - The National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI), established in 1989 by Public Law 101-185, recognizes and affirms to Native American communities and the non-Native American public the historical and contemporary cultures and cultural achievements of the native peoples of the western hemisphere. This is achieved through development and use of its collections and nationwide public programming, research, and exhibitions executed in consultation with native peoples. The mission of NMAI states that the Museum has a special responsibility, through innovative public programming, research, and collections, to protect, support, and enhance the development, maintenance, and perpetuation of Native American culture and community. NMAI operates administrative offices in Washington, D.C.; an exhibition center in New York City at the George Gustav Heye Center (GGHC) in the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House; and the Research Branch located in the Bronx, New York. The Research Branch houses curatorial offices, a conservation laboratory, and most of the Museum's collections. The Cultural Resources Center (CRC), a reference, collections, and program support center, is under construction in Suitland, Maryland, and a museum building on the Mall is planned to open early in the next century.

For FY 1998, the Smithsonian Institution is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the National Museum of the American Indian. The Institution requires $195,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item. As in FY 1997, the Institution requests that the funds for this line-item remain available until expended. There are increases for FY 1998 to support initial facility-related costs of the CRC cited under the applicable line-items and in the Priority Program Enhancements section of this request. The Institution will submit a comprehensive request for FY 1999 to fund the move of the NMAI collections from New York to Maryland and to begin full operations at the Cultural Resources Center.

Program - The Museum of the American Indian, located in New York City, opened its doors to the public in 1922. On June 24, 1990, the collection was transferred to the Smithsonian Institution to form the base of the National Museum of the American Indian. The collection, initiated near the turn of the century, is one of the world's richest assemblages of artifacts of the indigenous cultures of the Western hemisphere.

Exhibitions and Public Programs - A regular cycle of changing exhibitions continues at the Heye Center, and other public programs provide an emphasis on connecting native culture and expression directly with the public. A new exhibit, "To Honor and Comfort: Native American and Native Hawaiian Quilting Traditions," will run from October 1997 until January 1998 and will highlight how the two groups use quilts in family life. Two exhibits featuring Yup'ik Eskimo masks and Yup'ik subsistence in southwest Alaska will open on March 1997 and continue until August 1997. "Stories of The People" was installed in August 1996 and continues until August 1997 at the Arts and Industries Building on the National Mall. In support of its exhibitions and programs, NMAI has a network of advisors who serve as a direct connection to Native people on issues of content development, collections documentation and use, and furtherance of the Museum's mission. The Museum also initiates collaborative projects directly with native communities and tribal centers to result in exhibitions, programs, and sharing of expertise in Washington, New York City, and reservation and rural locales. The exhibition master plan for the Mall museum will be complete in fiscal year 1997, and design development will begin for the three major inaugural exhibits.

Collections Management and Access - The Museum continues to place the highest priority on the return of human remains to the tribes, recording several successful cases. In July 1996, representatives of the Haudensosaunee Confederacy (Iroquois) received 74 sacred belts and strings of anakoha (wampum) repatriated from the Museum. In September 1996, 13 remains were returned to the Quechua community outside Cuzco, Peru. The Board of Trustees approved the deaccession and repatriation requests for objects covered in fifteen research reports.

Representatives of at least 16 tribes visited the collection in 1996 to research materials related to repatriation and other issues, such as traditional care of objects, storage of sacred objects, and ceremonial access. Many other individuals used the collection for curatorial research and for information on conservation methods and training.

National Campaign - In September 1996, the National Campaign reached its first fundraising goal of $36.7 milhon, which represents one-third of the total construction cost of the museum on the National Mall (total estimated cost $110 million). As the Museum completes its capital fundraising goals, it will turn its attention to seeking support for programs. In December 1996, the NMAI's membership was almost 65,000. Membership income in excess of costs associated with this effort will be used to help complete the Cultural Resources Center and support other Museum activities, including research, documentation, conservation, exhibits and other public programs.

Nonappro priated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel, a portion of the National Campaign costs, and specialized program activities. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects, including construction of the Mall museum, educational programs, exhibits, and outreach.

National Museum of Natural History

Ahstrart - The National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) is one of the leading international centers for research on natural history and anthropology. The staff publishes more than 600 books and scientific reports each year on topics that include human biology and culture, ecological dynamics, biodiversity, complex interrelationships of plants and animals, and the evolution of the earth and solar system. NMNH attracts nearly six million visitors each year to its exhibit halls, which provides a unique opportunity and responsibility for improving scientific understanding. NMNH also welcomes thousands of scholars and scientists who use its collections and collaborate with its researchers. Staff are committed to presenting the best current scientific thinking in a stimulating environment. Expressions of this commitment include innovative development in the area of science education including exhibitions, educational programs for all ages, and publications for general audiences. NMNH houses one of the world's largest and most valuable assemblages of natural history specimens and cultural artifacts. NMNH acquires, preserves, and interprets these vast collections and makes them accessible as an indispensable resource to the scientific community and public.

For FY 1998, the Smithsonian requests an increase of 15 positions and $3,134,000 for NMNH East Court facility management. Workyears associated with this increase will be accommodated within the Institution's workyear ceiling. A detailed justification of this increase is provided in the FY 1998 Priority Program Enhancements section of this request. The Institution requires $903,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff in this line-item.

Program - Research - NMNH staff scientists continue to focus their research on five main areas: (1) biological diversity: systematics, evolution and ecology; (2) human cultural and biological diversity; (3) ecosystem history and global change; (4) earth and planetary processes; and (5) collections as world resources. Highly diverse research projects contribute substantially to an understanding of worldwide biodiversity issues, the causes and effects of global environmental change, and the interactions of humans with their environments and with natural resources. Also included in this line-item is a portion of the International Environmental Science Program which supports work in archeology, botany, entomology, herpetology, and ichthyology on the lowland forest biota. Fieldwork is undertaken in Brazil. Columbia, French Guiana and Peru.

NMNH researchers continued their excellence in scholarly publication by writing or editing more than 600 journal articles, monographs and books. Three researchers received special awards during FY 1996 for their contributions to their scientific disciplines. Several landmark books were published, including Measuring and Monitoring Biological Diversity; Standard Methods for Mammals; and Biodiversity II: Understanding And Protecting Our Biological Resources by staff in the office of Biological Diversity; Null Models In Ecology by a researcher in the Vertebrate Zoology department,-Humanity's Descent: The Consequences of Ecological Instability - studies on early man by an anthropologist; and The Terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene Transition In North America by a scientist in paleobiology. A scientist in Mineral Sciences contributed to a cover article on meteorites in the journal Science. Research-related activities of many scientists included teaching at the college level, and supervision of dissertation and thesis research of Ph.D. and Masters-level students.

Collections - NMNH continues to increase public access to the collections through development of the Collections and Research Information System. In FY 1996, the public access module, accessed via the World Wide Web, handled four million information requests. Of particular interest to the public are the digitized images of collection items that can now be viewed electronically. The transaction management module, as it is further deployed within the scientific departments, continues to increase the efficiency by which staff can provide and monitor the huge number of loans of physical items from the National Collections. NMNH acquired a number of notable collections, including an extremely rare pair of platinum crystals from Russia; twelve uncut rubies from a single, natural group in Burma; a significant group of "Assassin Bugs," actively studied as vectors of disease in humans; and a collection of deep-water, marine snails, important because of their rarity, beauty, and research and commercial values. In addition, during the period of June 1995 to May 1996, the Repatriation Office returned human remains to the village of Ninilchik and the Yerington Paiute, the Cheyenne River Sioux, the Pawnee, the Arikara, the Wichita, and the Spokane tribes.

Public Programs - NMNH attendance for FY 1996 totaled 5.2 million visitors. "Ocean Planet," a major exhibition on display until April 30, 1996, was funded through grants from Times Mirror Magazines, Inc., the National Science Foundation, and the Pew Charitable Trust. The exhibition used video tapes, interactives and computer resource stations to help visitors gain a broader understanding of the many ways the world's oceans influence our lives, as well as some of the perils that these oceans face. The exhibition will travel around the country for the next four years. Two temporary exhibits were mounted: "Landscape Kimonos by Itchiku Kubota" displaying exquisite kimonos that, displayed side by side, portray a continuous landscape image as well as individual themes; and "Eyes on Science," featuring 150 years of scientific illustration. NMNH continues to increase public access to its collections and research activities. As an example, the Natural Partners' Project is working to create an electronic classroom at NMNH with connections to schools around the country. This classroom will allow NMNH professionals to broadcast real-time interactive lectures and teacher's training programs to audiences across the nation and around the globe.

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Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel and general program costs. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects. Government Grants and Contracts provide support for research and exhibitions.

National Portrait Gallery

Abstract - The National Portrait Gallery (NPG) exhibits and studies portraits of major figures in American history and culture. It also studies the artists who created portraits in its collection, and sponsors scholarly and public activities in these areas.

For FY 1998, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the National Portrait Gallery. The Institution requires $128,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Progr a m - The Gallery collects, researches, and exhibits portraits in all media as both historical and artistic documents.

Collections Acquisitions - In 1996, painting and sculpture acquisitions include Samuel Ringgold by John Vanderlyn, Leonard Wood by John Singer Sargent, Ginger Rogers by Isamu Noguchi, and Mary Church Terrell by Betsy Graves Reyneau. Lincoln Kirstein by Jamie Wyeth; William Lloyd Garrison by Nathaniel Jocelyn; and Arthur Sackler, Grant Wood and Mary Letter (Lady Curzon) came through gifts or bequests. Acquisitions of prints and drawings include James Russell Lowell by Samuel Lawrence; Henry James and Charles Yerkes by Max Beerbohm; Harpo Marx, Eva Le Gallienne, and Mae West by Miguel Covarrubias; and Titian Peak's self portrait. Photographic portraits acquired include a daguerreotype of abolitionist John Brown by African-American daguerreotypist, Augustus Washington; four rock and roll stars by Linda McCartney; a daguerreotype of Peter Cooper and his family; and Western explorer John Wesley Powell.

Research - The NMAA/NPG Library received by gift or exchange in 1996 more than 550 items from museums both domestic and international. The Library's gift and exchange program which sent 1,000 items to its exchange partners, remains the most important source of exhibition catalogs for the Library, while, at the same time, it disseminates the published works of NPG and the National Museum of American Art to scholarly institutions, in this country and abroad. Two major publications were generated by the Peak Family Papers: Selected Papers of Charles Willson Peale and His Family, Vol. 4. Charles Willson Peale: His Last Years, 1820-1827 (Yale University Press, New Haven, 1996) and The

Peale Family: Creation of a Legacy, 1770-1870 (Abbeville Press, New York, 1996) related to a traveling exhibition on the Peale family that opened in Philadelphia in November, 1996, and will travel to San Francisco and Washington, D.C. NPG launched its own World Wide Web site to offer previews and information on Gallery collections, exhibitions, programs, events, and publications.

Exhibitions - NPG's celebration of the Smithsonian's 150th anniversary began with "1846: Portrait of the Nation." This premier birthday exhibition focused on the bustling political, cultural and social character of America in 1846, including battles over slavery in Congress, the beginning of the Mexican-American war, a medical breakthrough in anesthesia, and publication of Herman Melville's Typee. In addition, the Portrait Gallery offered a diverse array of shows from "Cecilia Beaux and the Art of Portraiture" and "Rebels: Painters and Poets of the 1950's" to "Louis Armstrong: A Cultural Legacy" and "Image of the President: Photographs by George Tames, 1944-1974." NPG joined the Smithsonian's 150th traveling exhibition by lending 36 objects to the tour including Rembrandt Peale's porthole portraits of George and Martha Washington, and paintings of Joe Louis. "Red, Hot & Blue! A Salute to American Musicals," a joint venture with the National Museum of American History, included approximately four hundred photographs, caricatures, and memorabilia.

Publications - Accompanying the exhibition of the same name, 1846: Portrait of the Nation (Smithsonian Institution Press) was published in April 1996 and was selected for dissemination to the Smithsonian's contributing members. Red, Hot & Blue: A Smithsonian Salute to the American Musical, a lavishly illustrated publication issued by Smithsonian Institution Press, is a Book of the Month Club selection.

Education - "MEN of COLOR! To Arms! To Arms!'' a reenactment of an 1863 "Mass Meeting to promote Recruiting Colored Troops for Three Years of the War," was presented during the Frederick Douglass exhibition. Another element of the Smithsonian 150th Anniversary was a series of performances of the one-man play, George Catlin: A Man Called Medicine Paint, in conjunction with "1846: Portrait of the Nation." For the Smithsonian's 150th Anniversary Birthday Party on the Mall, the Gallery invited visitors to propose subjects to be included in the National Portrait Gallery, and to hear lectures, performances, and an original video.

Development - The Development Office has focused on the creation of The National Portrait Gallery Center for Biographical Film, a new, on-site media center dedicated to enlivening the study of the great personalities of American history.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support to help defray costs of publications, public lectures, symposia, special events for exhibition openings, loan exhibition development, management, and research. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for specific programs and projects. For example, Novus Services (Discover Card) gave a very generous gift in support of "Red, Hot and Blue: A Salute to American Musicals," with additional support from The Shubert Foundation, the Ira and Leonore Gershwin Philanthropic Fund, Harold and Judy Prince, and the Smithsonian Institution Special Exhibition Fund. The Yamagata Foundation supported "Rebels: Painters and Poets of the 1950s."

National Zoological Park

Abstract - When the National Zoological Park (NZP) was founded in 1889, its mission was defined as "the advancement of science and the instruction and recreation of the people." The Zoo still works to achieve these ends. NZP's exhibits are alive, and new exhibits require new construction, not merely remodeling. Since NZP's public function is educational and recreational, it seeks to enhance public awareness about biology and related subjects. This emphasis means that the Zoo is concerned with all aspects of life, both terrestrial and aquatic, small and large, past and present. Responding to the world environmental crisis, the Zoo is now committed to representing the whole of life on earth, plant and animal, in all its complexity and glory. To this end, NZP is transforming the animals-only zoological park into a biological park. The BioPark will highlight the intermeshing relationships of animals and plants, educate visitors by its spectacle and beauty, and foster a concern for the future of life in all its forms.

For FY 1998, the Smithsonian Institution is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the National Zoological Park. The Institution requires $508,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Progr a m - NZP serves both the general public and more specialized audiences by promoting the conservation of life on Earth through informal and formal education, research, and animal health programs. NZP's educational efforts center on biological literacy, with special emphases on evolution. complex adaptive interactions, the origins and importance of biodiversity, global change, and the impact of humans on the rest of the world. In pursuit of its mission, NZP exhibits a wide range of living plants and animals on its 163-acre facility in Rock Creek Park in Washington, D.C., and maintains the Conservation and Research Center on 3,150 acres near Front Royal, Virginia, as a major endangered species propagation, conservation, training, and research center. The scale and scope of the Zoo's programs require a skilled support staff and specialized equipment and materials capable of developing and maintaining the unique systems essential to sustaining living animal and plant exhibits. Also included in this line-item is a portion of the International Environmental Science Program which supports long-term studies of the endangered Golden Lion Tamarin.

Living Exhibits - "Think Tank," the innovative exhibit about the scientific study of animal thinking won the Nation's Zoo Award for "Best Exhibit for 1995." The "Pollinarium," an exhibit that examines the many intricate ways in which plants and animals complement reproduction of their species, opened in FY 1996. NZP's newest exhibit "Amazonia Science Gallery," which opened December 1996, showcases biodiversity and the work of Smithsonian scientists who investigate the complexities of life. This permanent exhibit is housed in a 12,800 square foot wing of the Amazonia habitat that opened in 1992. In FY 1996, the Migratory Bird Center sponsored an international symposium on shade-grown coffee, involving coffee growers and sellers as well as ornithologists. Growing coffee in the shade of selected forest trees preserves critical habitat for many endangered migratory bird species.

Public Education and Information - The Zoo continues its diverse education initiatives by training students and post-doctoral researchers, conducting research lecture series and demonstrations at special events in the Zoo, completing exhibit development and educational films, and more recently participating in the electronic dissemination of information through the Internet. New Opportunities in Animal Health Sciences (NOAHS) and the local Latino and African-American communities developed community outreach education programs which brought together the research community and neighboring schools. Programs like "Scientists in the Classrooms" enable students and teachers from local schools to learn about biology and conservation directly from zoo scientists and researchers. Teleconferencing will be expanded in FY 1997—reaching millions of teachers and students across the nation.

Research - Zoo geneticists continue to analyze genetic variability in endangered species as well as its relevance to extinct and living species. Zoo researchers study vertebrate mating systems using genetic techniques to confirm ecological and behavioral observations through paternity testing. Animal behaviorists examine the impact of nature (genetic endowment) versus nurture (the environment) on adult adaptions. Behavioral research on golden lion tamarins is being applied to endangered species management and the reintroduction program in Brazil. Nutritional research, involving the evaluation and analysis of vertebrate diets and maternal milk from wild and zoo animals, provides important data for species recovery programs, from desert tortoises to giant pandas. The Migratory Bird Center acquires and disseminates scientific data to help conserve birds that migrate from North America to the tropics.

Animal Conservation - Conservation programs at the Conservation and Research Center continue to focus on the scientific restoration of endangered species and habitats, and on national and international biodiversity/conservation training. Staff members continue to play a leading role in conserving black-footed ferrets. Guam rails, and a variety of other endangered species through a dynamic combination of field research, laboratory investigations, and interactive management of wild and captive populations. Zoo staff play a leading role in national and international conservation through a variety of custom-designed training programs for students from the U.S. and developing countries. In addition to its inter-disciplinary research and management programs, the Center maintains CONSLINK (an international computerized conservation bulletin board) and the Geographical Information System training program.

Nonappropriated R esources - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel, general support, outreach, and acquisitions. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects, such as conservation, research, and training. Government Grants and Contracts provide support for research.

Smithsonian Astropbysical Observatory

Ahstract - The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) conducts research to increase understanding of the origin and nature of the universe and to communicate this information through publications, teaching, and public presentations. SAO studies diverse systems, including the large-scale structure of the universe, clusters of galaxies, quasars, the sun, and planets. SAO also conducts research in laboratory astrophysics, atmospheric physics, geophysics, medical physics, and precollege science education. SAO research has a major impact in the worldwide scientific community and has helped the United States maintain worldwide leadership in science.

For FY 1998, the Smithsonian requests an increase of $1,225,000 for operating support of the submillimeter telescope array, which is discussed under the Major Scientific Instrumentation line-item. A detailed justification of this increase is provided in the FY 1998 Priority Program Enhancements section of this request. The Institution also requires $319,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funding in this line-item.

Progr a m - SAO is a member of the Center for Astrophysics (CfA), headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In collaboration with the Harvard College Observatory, SAO pursues a broad program of research organized by the following disciplines: atomic, molecular and medical physics; high-energy astrophysics; optical and infrared astronomy; planetary sciences; radio and geoastronomy; solar and stellar physics; theoretical astrophysics; and science education.

SAO's observation facilities include the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in Arizona, the Oak Ridge Observatory in Massachusetts, and a millimeter-wave radio telescope at Cambridge, as well as instruments occasionally launched aboard balloons, rockets, and spacecraft. Also, SAO is constructing a facility near the summit of Mauna Kea on the island of Hawaii for the Smithsonian submillimeter array.

Research - In FY 1996, SAO made significant advances in several areas. A few examples are:

• SAO scientists, using their instrument on the international SOHO (Solar and Heliospheric Observatory) satellite, discovered unexpectedly high velocities for hydrogen and oxygen ions

streaming from the Sun. The observed oxygen velocities are characteristic of temperatures over 200 million degrees, while the hydrogen velocities in the same region correspond to only about 3 million degrees. These high-velocity streams of particles provide important new information about the physical processes responsible for creating the solar wind that bathes the earth and produces serious communication disruptions.

• SAO scientists have detected three giant planets, each previously inferred to be orbiting around a different nearby star. SAO also began a long-term project to search for planets around 100 nearby stars; their preliminary results suggest the presence of planetary companions around at least one of these stars.

• A major new, path-breaking survey of the nearby universe in infrared light, sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, is about to begin, using two matched telescopes, one sited at SAO's Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in Arizona and the second in Chile. The survey will provide a whole sky map of one million galaxies and 100 million stars to enable much better understanding of the distribution of seen and unseen matter in the universe. The survey also will provide maps of our own galaxy, the Milky Way, as well as allow searches for unusual objects such as brown dwarf stars, protoplanetary objects, and quasars. Previous maps of the universe were limited because of the inability to survey through the gas and dust of our galaxy, thus leaving almost half the sky virtually unmapped.

• The center of our galaxy is hidden from view at optical wavelengths by interstellar dust. At the center of the galaxy, a compact, extremely bright, point-like radio source is thought to be a massive black hole. SAO scientists and their colleagues in Germany have used infrared and radio observations to determine the positions of stars in the galactic center region relative to this source. They were surprised to discover that none of the numerous infrared sources they measured are located at the position of the black hole. Most astronomers thought that material falling into the black hole would produce strong infrared emission. The measurements resolved the longstanding problem of the location of the center of our Milky Way, but, in doing so, raised new puzzles about the nature of the environment of black holes.

Education - In FY 1996, SAO continued work on a discovery-based elementary-school science curriculum using astronomy as a unifying theme, produced videos for K-12 science teachers, and led a multi-institutional program to improve the education of men and women preparing to teach science and mathematics in elementary, middle, and high schools. SAO's Summer Intern Program brought a dozen college undergraduates to Cambridge to work with SAO scientists on a variety of research projects.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust Funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel and general operations. In addition, these funds provide general support for research, fellowships, business expenses, and fundraising. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects. Government Grants and Contracts provide support for research in SAO's areas of expertise and experience which is often carried out in cooperation with both governmental and academic institutions in the United States and abroad.

Smithsonian Environmental Research Center

Ahstrapt - The Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) in Edgewater, Maryland, performs basic scientific research on coastal air-land-water systems. SERC currently occupies 50,000 square feet of laboratory, office, educational, and support space and 2,600 acres of land on the Rhode River, a tidal river system. The interdisciplinary staff, visiting scientists, and students study how land use, air quality, and weather variations affect the movement of nutrients, eroded soil, and other materials through the system; the dynamics of plant and animal populations; and the overall health of the system. The research staff uses long-term observations, controlled experiments, and models to address a wide variety of ecological questions, particularly those relevant to the Chesapeake Bay region. SERC is part of a global network of United States and international sites, each of which is conducting ecological research relevant to its geographical region. SERC also conducts public education and outreach activities for audiences of varied ages and diverse cultures.

For FY 1998, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. The Institution requires $69,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - Research - SERC research aims to understand how coastal air-land-water environmental systems function. The research staff addresses a wide variety of ecological questions while conducting long-term interdisciplinary studies of a tidal subestuary of the Chesapeake Bay (Rhode River) and its watershed. This watershed contains a mosaic of upland and floodplain forests, marshlands, croplands, pastures, abandoned fields, and residential areas typical of the mid-Atlantic coastal plain. Comparative studies continue throughout the Chesapeake Bay region to place results from the Rhode River site in a regional perspective. A major focus of SERC research is the effect of atmospheric deposition and land use on the ecology of Chesapeake Bay drainage basins. One project measured discharges of dissolved forms of nitrogen from 500 subwatersheds of the Chesapeake Bay within the states of Delaware, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. The results of the study were of considerable interest to the Environmental Protection Agency's Chesapeake Bay Program for use in its watershed modeling work and will be included in the Great Waters Program report for submission to Congress in 1997.

Another focus of SERC's research is solar radiation, especially ultraviolet (UV) radiation at the Earth's surface. Solar UV radiation research was initiated in response to concerns in the 1970s about the impacts of supersonic transport planes and, more recently, halogenated organic compounds on the stratospheric ozone layer. Since the early 1970s, SERC has designed and built spectral radiometers for monitoring UV radiation. SERC operates one of its UV spectral radiometers at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration observatory on Mauna Loa in Hawaii. Data collected from this site enabled SERC to measure the effects of a depleted stratosperic ozone event on UV radiation, which is being used in the U.S. Global Change Program, as well as in the National Institute of Standards and Technology's materials testing studies.

SERC scientists continue to investigate the invasion of marine exotic organisms to the Chesapeake Bay. A diverse array of species from pathogenic bacteria to seafood parasites to shellfish and finfish are routinely introduced through human-related mechanisms, particularly ship ballast water. When ships arrive under ballast, they dump their ballast water with various living biota into the harbors. SERC is documenting sites of origin, volumes of water, living contents of the ballast water, and the extent of past and present introductions of exotic biota.

Also included in this line-item is a portion of the International Environmental Science Program which supports long-term monitoring of water quality parameters in the Rhode River estuary.

Educational Activities - At SERC, groups of students and the general public can observe a variety of natural habitats firsthand. SERC's broad range of educational activities includes teacher-led field trips, self-guided nature trails, and guided tours. In FY 1996, approximately 4,000 visitors participated in SERC's public programs.

Students from all over the world come to SERC to work with its scientists and educational staff, both in the field and in the laboratory. Predoctoral, postdoctoral, and sabbatical programs for professionals make it possible for visiting scientists to carry out collaborative or independent research. SERC also disseminates the results of its research through scientific journals, national and international meetings and seminars, and the training of scientists, as well as through its public education activities.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel, research, and work/learn and fellowship programs. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects, such as research, education, and internships. Government Grants and Contracts provide support for special projects at SERC that use the expertise of the staff and the unique physical characteristics of the site. For example, grants from the Chesapeake Research Consortium continue research on ecosystem dynamics and community ecology; a grant from the U.S. Department of Energy continues the study of effects of greenhouse gases on tidal marshes; a grant from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration supports a study of the nutrient and sediment dynamics of the Patuxent River watershed; and a grant from the Department of Defense continues work on the introduction of exotic biota to the Chesapeake Bay via ship ballast water.

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

Abstract - The only U.S. research facility located in the mainland tropics and dedicated to the study and conservation of the world's tropical ecosystems, the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) generates data on the functioning and composition of these systems for scientific studies and for developing conservation policy in the tropics. STRI maintains a core of resident scientists and attracts visiting scientists and research fellows from around the world. It also maintains a series of protected marine and terrestrial field sites, well-equipped laboratories for basic and applied tropical research, and the Barro Colorado Nature Monument of which STRI was designated custodian under the terms of the Panama Canal Treaties of 1977. At Barro Colorado Island, where research in tropical biology has been conducted for more than sixty years, STRI has erected the first construction crane to study the canopies of tropical forests, runs a modern, ocean-going research vessel for marine and paleobiologcal studies, and houses a first-class research library and conference center.

For FY 1998, the Smithsonian requests an increase of 7 positions and $335,000 for security and maintenance staff for 95,000 square feet of newly constructed facilities. A detailed justification of this increase is provided in the FY 1998 Priority Program Enhancements section of this request. The Institution also requires $198,000 for Necessary Pay of current staff funded in this line-item.

Progr a m - The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute performs four major functions in fulfilling its mission in tropical biology. STRI conducts fundamental research on the ecology, physiology, evolution, and behavior in the tropics of plants and animals, including humans, with emphasis on the relationship of tropical organisms to global climate change; provides facilities and logistical support for the international scientific community to study terrestrial and marine tropical biology; supports environmental education, conservation, and management of tropical ecosystems; and protects and manages the Barro Colorado Nature Monument. Also included in this line-item is a portion of the International Environmental Science Program which supports long-term monitoring of insect, amphibian, mammal, and bird populations by surveys and censuses on Barro Colorado and in Soberania National Park. Recruitment and reproduction monitoring of corals, urchins, macro algae sponges, and fish on a site of reefs near Galeta and San Bias, on the Caribbean side of Panama, are conducted by a group of STRI researchers.

Fundamental research programs at STRI include:

Plant Physiology and C0 2 Studies - STRI has become the center for research on tropical plant physiology, as well as on the response of tropical forest systems to elevated levels of C0 2 and consequent global warming. Having conducted pioneering, small-scale experimentation on the effects of elevated C0 2 on forest growth and carbon sequestration, STRI will seek support in FY 1998 from the Department of Energy for a large-scale C0 2 experiment on tropical forests through establishment of the first free air carbon dioxide enhancement (FACE) experiment.

Tropical Forest Canopy Biology - Extraordinary levels of biodiversity have been discovered in the canopies of tropical rainforests. STRI pioneered study of the canopy by using a construction crane, and is now ins tallin g a second one, which has been donated by the Government of Denmark. The availability of the crane has attracted a number of scientists who are studying the complex exchange of gases between the canopy and the atmosphere and the intricate responses of the canopy to light, humidity, atmospheric carbon, and wet/dry seasonal changes. These studies are revolutionizing the understanding of tropical forest biology and providing crucial data for sound conservation and management of tropical forests.

Paleoecological Studies - STRI scientists are reconstructing a variety of historical records of fundamental importance to global change models. Understanding the closure of the Isthmus over the last 10 million years has led to understanding how changes in ocean currents have altered marine ecosystems in the Eastern Pacific and Caribbean, initiated glaciation in the northern hemisphere, and triggered El Nino events. Studies of pollen and phytoliths in lake sediments have traced dramatic climate changes and their effects on tropical forests since the last Ice Age 20,000 years ago and have tracked the evolution and ecological effects of the origin of agriculture. Paleoecological studies provide the only empirical data on how global systems change through time.

Tropical Marine Ecology - STRI researchers are documenting a catastrophic regional decline in coral reef cover and structure by tracking the dynamics of coral reefs along the Caribbean coast of Panama. The techniques of molecular systematics have revealed vastly more complicated relationships than previously thought between corals and their algae symbionts. These relationships are fundamental to coral reef ecology because the increasing frequency of the expulsion of algae (coral bleaching) and the environmental stress that results may be harbingers of global warming. These studies have attracted wide attention and have helped to raise global awareness of the coral reef crisis.

Nonapp ropriated Resources - General Trust Funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel. In addition, these funds provide general support for research, fellowships, publications, collections acquisition, and fundraising. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects, such as research and the purchase of scientific equipment. Government Grants and Contracts provide support for research, internships, and symposia.

Communications and Educational Programs

Ahstrart - The Smithsonian's communications and educational programs promote the building of academic, scholarly, and community-based ties with the public, educational centers, and institutions throughout the Nation. This line-item includes the Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center, the Office of Public Affairs, Smithsonian Press/Smithsonian Productions, the Office of Fellowships and Grants, the Center for Museum Studies, the Smithsonian Office of Education, and the National Science Resources Center.

For FY 1998, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for Communications and Educational Programs. The Institution requires $119,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Progr a m - Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center (VIARC) - The Visitor Information

and Associates' Reception Center seeks to broaden the public's knowledge, appreciation and enjoyment of the Smithsonian and to facilitate and promote participation in its programs and activities. As a central support organization and the principal contact point for information about the Institution, VIARC s work is carried out through the Smithsonian Information Center; 18 museum information/member reception desks; response services for public and member mail, telephone and electronic inquiries; outreach to the tourism industry; outdoor way-finding stations; and volunteer programs which provide primary support for the Institution's public information activities and for staff project assistance behind-the-scenes.

Office of Public Affairs (OPA) - The Office of Public Affairs acquaints the public with the programs and policies of the Institution through a variety of publications and by working with newspapers, magazines, television, and radio to gain media exposure for its exhibits, public events, and research. A major goal of OPA is to encourage culturally diverse audiences to take advantage of the many resources of the Smithsonian.

Smithsonian Institution Press/Smithsonian Productions (SIP) - The Smithsonian Institution Press merged with the Office of Telecommunications in FY 1997. This recently reorganized office is a multimedia publisher of scholarly and popular works related to the Institution's collections and research

interests. Among these works sold to the trade are academic and technical books and series, general interest highly-illustrated books, classic recordings, and historic videos as well as television, film, and radio programs and special products created both in-house and with commercial partners. As the Institution's publisher and principal media center, the office distributes a range of official printed and electronic documents, such as the Smithsonian Contributions and Studies series, Smithsonian Year, and Annuals of the Institution, to the international academic community and the general public.

Office of Fellowships and Grants - The Office of Fellowships and Grants manages the Institution's centralized fellowship and internship programs, all other stipend appointments, and significant grant programs that support research and other scholarly activities by Smithsonian staff and their collaborators. Funding for the International Environmental Science Program (IESP), formally shown in this line-item, has been transferred to designated research institutes in FY 1997.

Center for Museum Studies - The Center for Museum Studies provides training, information, and professional support to museums. The Center trains museum practitioners from the United States and abroad in all aspects of museum work and provides internship referral, registration, counseling, and career development services.

Smithsonian Office of Education (SOE) - Drawing on the Smithsonian's research, exhibitions, and staff expertise, SOE (formerly the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education) serves both a local and national audience. SOE provides classroom teachers with professional development opportunities and curriculum materials; young people with museum-based programs; and educators in general with a central point of access to the Smithsonian. The Office also reaches a broad audience of parents, teachers, and students through a variety of electronic services. SOE's collaborations with Smithsonian museums and other educational organizations build and support relationships among the Nation's museums, schools, and other community-based institutions.

National Science Resources Center (NSRC) - The National Science Resources Center was established as a joint effort of the Smithsonian Institution and the National Academy of Sciences to improve the quality of science education in the nation's schools. With major support from the National Science Foundation, NSRC programs stress the involvement and collaboration of teachers and scientists, and place a special emphasis on increasing the number of under-represented minorities and women engaged in the study of science. Through its leadership development and information dissemination programs, NSRC supports systemic science education reform efforts in communities nationwide. Scientists and engineers from academia and the business community, as well as teachers and educators, play a strong role in the development and implementation of NSRC programs.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel and other related costs. In addition, these funds provide general support for educational outreach, special events, television/film production, and general operations. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects. Government Grants and Contracts provide support for public and school programs, program materials, and collaborations.

Institution-wide Programs

Abstract - As part of the Restructuring Plan reviewed and approved by Congress in 1993, the Smithsonian reallocated funds to create two Institution-wide funding programs: one supports the units' needs to replace, upgrade, and acquire new research equipment; the other enables the myriad of information technology needs across the Institution to be addressed systematically. In fiscal year 1995, the Institution received funds to support the development of a third Institution-wide program for Latino programming. The Institution requests that the funding in each of these programs remain available until expended.

For FY 1998, the Smithsonian requests an increase of $960,000 for collections information systems. A detailed justification of this increase is provided in the FY 1998 Priority Program Enhancements section of this request.

Rese a rch Equipment - The research equipment program has helped fund some of the most basic research equipment needs of the Institution. However, the current level of funding of $1,885,000 has only begun to meet the many needs of the museums, research centers, and offices with research equipment requirements.

Some of the major purchases made in FY 1996 included: a laser light source to study interstellar molecules, a telescope mirror cell, and an x-ray multi-layer deposition facility for the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; an automated sequencer for the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; an electrical compactor, microscopes, and electronic imaging equipment for the National Museum of Natural History; a coupled optical emission spectrometer for the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center; an optical emission mass spectrometer for the Conservation Analytical Laboratory; and a spectroradiometer for the National Zoological Park, Conservation Research Center. All program units at the Institution will receive some level of support for research equipment in FY 1997.

Information Resources - In FY 1996, the information technology program supported several strategic, multi-year initiatives. The Smithsonian primarily focused on making accessible through the Institution's communications network systems that have wide citizen applicability. In a number of these initiatives, the Institution actively collaborates with private industry, state and local jurisdictions, federal agencies and universities. The National Museum of American History acquired and began implementation of a collections information system. A collaborative effort of the Institution's art museums has resulted in progress toward the acquisition and implementation of a collections information system to make information concerning these museums' collections accessible. The National Museum of Natural History has implemented significant portions of its Collections Research Information System and has progressed on other portions of this system. The initial release of the Events Master Scheduling System, presenting summary information on major phases of preparation and construction for Smithsonian exhibitions, has been implemented. Major milestones have been reached in implementing systems to enhance financial management, policy and planning in the Office of Planning, Management and Budget, and position classification in the Office of Human Resources. An Institutional server has been implemented in the Office of Information Technology, and much of the Institution has adopted a standard electronic mail system for Smithsonian National Mall area units. The Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives has initiated an electronic records program, and critical infrastructure needs at the National Air and Space Museum have been addressed.

In FY 1997, with base funds of $1,850,000, the Institution continues to support technological efforts, including the collections information systems in the National Museum of American History, the National Museum of Natural History and the National Air and Space Museum, and the collaborative effort of the Institution's art museums. Other multi-year efforts that receive continued support include the next release of the Events Master Scheduling System to include information on other Institution-wide events and a system to improve position classification. The Institution is also funding an effort to strengthen and standardize its communications and computer infrastructure.

Latino Exhibitions, Acquisitions, and Educational Programming - The Institution has $998,000 in its base to support exhibitions, collections, and educational initiatives across the Institution to permit the accomplishments of Latinos to be shared more widely with the public. The Smithsonian disperses these funds annually to its units, based on a competitive process, to attract matching and, ultimately, sustaining funding from non-Federal sources. This program has nourished significant activities, some of which have already generated outside support. Projects are designed as catalysts for broader initiatives of national and international scope.

These funds have enabled the National Museum of American History and the National Museum of American Art to accession the Teodoro Vidal Collection of upwards of 4,000 artifacts and works of art from Puerto Rico. The Archives of American Art has published a guide to holdings of Latino and Latin American artists, and Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum has established a Latino Design Archive. Directors of Latino-serving museums nationwide met in October of 1996 at the Smithsonian to promote collaborative relationships with Smithsonian museums and a wider sharing of collections.

Office of Exhibits Central

Abstract - The Office of Exhibits Central (OEC) is the Smithsonian Institution's largest and most comprehensive exhibit producer. OEC is expert in the specialized needs of traveling, temporary, and permanent exhibitions, including design, editing, graphics, model-making, fabrication, crating, and installation. The Office is also involved in concept development, object selection, product research, and prototype testing. OEC staff make recommendations about the need for conservation assistance and conducts training in exhibit design and production with museums across the country and abroad.

For FY 1998, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Office of Exhibits Central. The Institution requires $63,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Progr a m - The Office of Exhibits Central is a full-service organization with specialized teams in design, editing, graphics, model-making, and fabrication.

The Design and Editing team works with a curator's preliminary ideas to develop an overall exhibition plan. Exhibit designers are responsible for all aspects of visual presentation. OEC's exhibit editors work closely with designers and subject specialists to ensure that words, design, graphics, and artifacts work together to create an effective presentation.

The Graphics team provides silk-screening, typesetting, photo mounting, vinyl lettering, and conservation matting and framing.

The Model-making team creates scientifically and historically accurate dioramas, models, and mannequins. They also bracket artifacts for display and offer taxidermy services.

The Fabrication team constructs fine cabinetry and exhibit components. Sheet plastic work, artifact handling, and custom paint finishes are a specialty.

The Packing and Shipping team builds crates and packs exhibitions that travel across the country and around the world.

With all its challenges as the Smithsonian's 150th anniversary year, 1996 played to OEC's strengths. It demonstrated how OEC maintains the flexibility and efficiency of a first-class service organization even under "impossible" deadlines. It also revealed the capacity of its highly skilled staff for taking a proactive stance when appropriate, and put to the test OEC's practice of producing the highest-quality exhibits possible while keeping costs down. For example, for the Unsung Heroes project, OEC's production cost was one-fourth of an estimate submitted by an outside contractor.

OEC's versatility played a critical role in some of the most visible aspects of the Smithsonian's 150th Anniversary Celebration. A sampling of OEC's credits reads as follows: presented itself to the public in the form of live as well as static displays as part of the Folklife Festival and of the Birthday Party on the Mall; guided material aspects of Unsung Heroes staff award series; prepared a wide variety of interior and exterior signage; designed the new Smithsonian flag; designed, edited, produced, and installed the exhibition "Artists at Work: A Celebration of Staff Creativity" at the International Gallery; designed, edited, produced, and installed the "Stories of the People" exhibition at the Arts and Industries Building for the National Museum of the American Indian, working with a large team of SI staff and outside specialists; developed and installed the "Smithson to Smithsonian" exhibition for the SI Libraries at the Dibner Library, working with curatorial staff in various offices.

Over the years, the majority of OEC's work has been for the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES). OEC is expert in the specialized needs of traveling exhibits—from communicating to especially diverse audiences to achieving lightweight durability to facilitating installation and deinstallation.

In addition to its wide range of exhibition development and production services, OEC provides SITES with special services, including shipping, receiving, crating, and object processing. OEC also handles dispersal and refurbishment for SITES.

The 1996 SITES projects included "Prairie Schoolhouse," "ArTrain," "Whispered Silences," "Voyages and Visions," "Earth 2U," the SITES booth at the American Association of Museums Annual Conference, "Mysterious Manatees," "Vanishing Amphibians," and "An Ocean Apart."

Some of the clients who were served by OEC in 1996 include the National Postal Museum (Jeanette Cantrell Rudy Duck Stamp Gallery), VIARC (folding screen), Center for Arctic Studies (a Russian version of the smaller English version of SITES' "Crossroads of Continents" exhibition, all of which OEC created), the National Museum of Natural History ("Mysterious Manatees" [NMNH in conjunction with SITES] and "Ocean Planet"), the Center for African American History and Culture ("Visual Journal" and several installations), and the International Gallery ("Picturing Natural History," "Voyages and Visions," and others).

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel and associated costs.

Major Scientific Instrumentation

Abstract - The development of major scientific instrumentation is vital to Smithsonian scientists remaining at the forefront of their fields. Because of the magnitude of the costs and the time-scale required to fabricate major new instruments and to reconfigure existing ones, the Institution requests funding for such projects under this line-item, rather than under individual ones. Since these projects require long-term development and multi-year funding, the Institution also requests that funds in this line-item remain available until expended.

The FY 1998 funding for this line-item reflects no increase over the FY 1997 base. For FY 1998, funds will be used to continue construction of the submillimeter telescope array ($4,774,000) and to continue conversion and development of instrumentation for the Multiple Mirror Telescope ($2,500,000). The Smithsonian does, however, request an FY 1998 increase of $1,225,000 to fund full operations of the submillimeter telescope array in the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) line-item. A detailed justification of this increase is provided in the FY 1998 Priority Program Enhancements section of this request.

Progr a m - Since FY 1989, the Smithsonian has received funding under this line item for two SAO projects: development of an array of submillimeter telescopes and conversion of the Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT). SAO expects the submillimeter telescope array to be completed by 1999. Almost all operating personnel are scheduled to be hired during the design and construction phases of the project and will already be included in the SAO base when operations commence. SAO expects "first light" for the converted MMT in 1997.

Construction of an Array of Submillimeter Wavelength Telescopes - The last frontier for ground-based astronomy consists of observing the skies with telescopes sensitive to submillimeter waves-light with wavelengths between those of infrared and radio waves. SAO plays a major role in emerging submillimeter technology. Since FY 1992, SAO has been constructing components for its submillimeter array of telescopes that are to be located on Mauna Kea in Hawaii. The submillimeter array, with its unprecedented combination of wavelength coverage and ability to resolve fine spatial details, will enable SAO scientists to play a major role in understanding the processes by which stars form and the mechanisms that generate prodigious amounts of energy in quasars and in active galaxies.

When operational, the SAO submillimeter array will be a major scientific instrument of international stature. The array will be unique in the world in its combination of wavelength coverage and resolving power. It will measurably enhance the scientific competitiveness of the United States.

In FY 1998, the project will continue constructing and testing the six 6-meter diameter antennas at Westford, Massachusetts, as well as the associated receivers and electronics in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Critical testing of these components, which involves actual measurements on astronomical sources from Westford, will continue on all completed antennas. Shipment of major components to the summit of Mauna Kea is expected to take place throughout the year. SAO expects that the control building, foundations for the antennas and all associated communications electronics on Mauna Kea will be completed early in the year, in order to be ready for the arrival of the equipment from SAO.

Conversion and Instrumentation of the Multiple Mirror Telescope - The conversion of the Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT) to one with a single 6.5-meter diameter mirror will more than double the light-gathering power of the telescope and increase its field-of-view more than several hundredfold. The converted telescope and its new instrumentation will allow scientists to observe up to 300 objects simultaneously, an enormous increase in efficiency of data collection over that possible with the MMT.

Polishing of the 6.5-meter primary mirror for the converted MMT has been completed. Following integration and successful testing of the new telescope's mirror cell in the laboratory on the campus of the University of Arizona, the existing telescope will be taken out of service and the new one installed in the MMT building at the summit of Mt. Hopkins in southern Arizona. The building has already been modified to accept the new telescope which will see "first light" early in FY 1998 with the first scientific observations to follow shortly thereafter.

The Hectospec is the first of the instruments being built for the converted MMT. It is a multi-object spectrograph that uses optical fibers to gather light from up to 300 galaxies at a time. During FY 1997, SAO will complete assembly and testing of the Hectospec. Early in FY 1998, the instrument is to be delivered to the converted MMT. In FY 1997, SAO is continuing detailed design of an infrared imager and two complementary spectrographs and will order the longest lead time item (a diffraction grating). SAO also initiated the design of a large format optical imager which will greatly expand the area of the sky and the number of objects included in each image, thus greatly enhancing the capabilities of the telescope. In FY 1998, SAO will assemble the second spectrograph and initiate construction of the remaining instruments.

These instruments will allow SAO scientists to use the converted MMT for a broad range of investigations, from the study of stellar systems containing neutron stars and black holes to the discovery of distant galaxies at the edge of the observable universe.

Museum Support Center

Ahstrart - The Museum Support Center (MSC), located in Suitland, Maryland, is a specially equipped and environmentally controlled facility providing state-of-the-art technology for scientific research, conservation, and collections storage. MSC accommodates collections storage in four sections (or pods) for three general types of needs: collections storage in cabinets, "wet" collections storage on open shelving for biological collections in alcohol, and "high-bay" storage for very large objects. MSC also houses the Conservation Analytical Laboratory (CAL) and conservation laboratories for the National Museum of American History (NMAH) and the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), the NMNH Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and other NMNH specialized research laboratories. MSC's facilities provide the best conditions possible for preservation of the National Collections for future generations.

For FY 1998, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Museum Support Center. The Institution requires $64,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item. As in FY 1997, the Institution requests that the funds for MSC collections storage equipment and MSC Move costs remain available until expended.

Progr a m - The Institution's Museum Support Center provides facilities for the conservation and preservation of museum objects, conservation training, scientific research, and storage of museum collections. Specially-designed, state-of-the-art storage equipment is available at MSC to house the more than 27 million objects and object parts being relocated from NMAH and NMNH.

The MSC operational staff provides computer services for administrative, research, and collections management data. The staff also provides shipping and receiving services, oversees safety and security operations, and maintains strict environmental and cleaning services required for the proper storage of museum collections.

The size and scope of the move of Smithsonian collections to the Museum Support Center, including the preparation and relocation of millions of objects and specimens from nine curatorial departments in two different museums, is unprecedented within the museum world. The volume.

characteristics, and variety of the collections and the distance of the transfer pose special challenges that must be addressed as part of the move. MSC Move staff technicians inspect the objects for pests and conservation problems, clean them, and properly stabilize them prior to their move. Objects that have been contaminated by asbestos in storage areas receive additional treatment. The collections relocated to MSC are properly curated, less crowded, and subject to better-controlled environmental conditions than collections in most other Smithsonian storage areas. As a result, they have far better prospects for long-term preservation and will be significantly more accessible to researchers.

MSC Collections Storage Equipment - By the end of FY 1996, storage cabinets were installed in 100% of Pod 1, 85% of Pod 2, and 50% of Pod 4, and the shelving system to house collections stored in alcohol was installed in 25 % of Pod 3. The Institution is continuing to procure and install the balance of the collections storage equipment for Pods 2, 3 and 4. It is also continuing to procure the required drawers and shelves that fit into this equipment necessary to house the collections.

MSC Move - During FY 1996, the Smithsonian continued to make significant progress on the transfer of collections and will continue to move collections to MSC in FY 1997. The NMAH moved 5,881 objects, including typewriters, patent models, voltmeters, musical instruments, ceramics and glass. By November 1996, 52,587 ethnological and archeological objects were moved from the NMNH's Department of Anthropology collections. Other collections moved included 31,247 insects, 15,373 mammals, 36,091 mineral science specimens, 35,561 botanical specimens and 8,163,779 paleontological specimens.

Non a ppropri a ted Resources - General Trust funds provide support for operational costs.

Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives

Ahstract - The Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives (OSIA) is the official repository for the archival records of the Institution, the center of a range of historical activities, and the source of guidance and information on the National Collections. OSIA assures systematic and comprehensive historical accountability for the Institution's public trust.

For FY 1998, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives. The Institution requires $36,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives assures the Regents, Secretary, and staff of a reliable and accessible record of Institutional history and collections management practice. The Archives Division provides oversight and policy for the disposition of Institutional records; conducts surveys of official and scholarly files; appraises their research value; and preserves, arranges, and describes valuable records in a variety of formats. The Institutional History Division conducts research on Smithsonian history; maintains an oral and video history program; and publishes the papers of Joseph Henry, the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. The National Collections Program collects, analyzes, and reports statistics and other information on the management of the National Collections in order to facilitate the coordination of collections management and the maintenance of professional standards among the collecting units of the Smithsonian Institution.

Archives Management - OSIA received 181 accessions of records and special collections during FY 1996, totaling more than 2.3 million items, from Smithsonian museums, offices, research institutes. and selected other donors. Staff published the Guide to the Smithsonian Archives, which contained descriptions of over 1, 100 collections of records and personal papers. Records Center operations included the transfer and/or discard of more than 700,000 items.

Research and Reference Services - OSIA responded to 1,823 reference requests during FY 1996. Scholars used OSIA holdings to conduct a variety of research, some of which resulted in publications, including: Pieter Burggraaf, Harqua Hala Letters: The Story of Arizona's Forgotten Smithsonian

Observatory, Bureau of Land Management, Cultural Resource Series; and James W. Wiley, Ornithology in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. OSIA resources were heavily used by Smithsonian staff during its Sesquicentennial year, including support for the Festival of American Folklife and the "150th Birthday Party on the Mall."

Historical Services and Outreach - OSIA staff mounted seven exhibitions, some collaboratively with other units, during the Sesquicentennial year. Additionally, the Office created an on-line exhibit/tour of the Smithsonian in 1896; coordinated the 150th Community Committee SI History Lecture Series; gave numerous presentations on aspects of Institutional history; developed on-line photo and chronology databases; published volume seven of the Papers of Joseph Henry; and vetted numerous Institutional issuances for their historical accuracy.

Collections Management - Staff of the National Collections Program compiled and published its tenth annual statistical report which provided data on the collection size, growth, and activity for Smithsonian collecting units. Additionally, staff coordinated the review of collections management policies for four Smithsonian organizations, and assisted in the implementation of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 116 requirements relating to accounting for museum collections.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs associated with the Joseph Henry Papers project. Donors include the National Academy of Sciences, the Ida Hornstein Reingold Memorial Fund, the Richard Lounsbery Foundation, and the Seidell Foundation.

Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Ahstrart - The Smithsonian Institution Libraries (SIL) supports the mission of the Smithsonian Institution "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge" by providing access to information in all forms to Smithsonian scientists, scholars, curators, and staff, as well as to others with research needs. The Libraries accomplishes this support by building, organizing, managing, housing, and preserving collections; providing reference services and consultation; employing all appropriate technologies for finding and disseminating information; and contributing to and drawing from remote data bases. The Libraries offers educational opportunities, including exhibitions, internships, publications, lectures, and user instruction. The Libraries participates in local, national, and international networks and cooperative activities that promote the sharing of information, access to recorded knowledge, and the support and advancement of scholarly communication.

For FY 1998, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for Smithsonian Institution Libraries. The Institution requires $142,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item. An increase of $334,000 justified in the Mandatory Increases for Sustaining Bases Operations section of this budget request will support extraordinary inflation for library materials.

Program - The Smithsonian Institution Libraries (SIL) strengthens multi-disciplinary research at the Smithsonian Institution by providing research support services, collections acquisitions and management, and outreach programs. SIL staff use information technology for most internal library operations, as well as for resource sharing and communication with other libraries and information repositories. SIL's collections contain more than 1.2 million volumes and include 7,000 current journals, 40,000 rare books, and more than 1,800 manuscript units.

SIL supports researchers in 18 branches and houses its collections in Smithsonian buildings in Washington, D.C. and other locations, including Edgewater, Maryland; Cambridge, Massachusetts; Suitland, Maryland; New York, New York; and the Republic of Panama. SIL controls these collections and makes them available as a single resource to researchers at the Institution and worldwide through the Smithsonian Institution Research Information System (SIRIS) on-line catalogue available on the Internet

and the World Wide Web (WWW) and through the On-line Computer Library Center (OCLC), which maintains an international bibliographic data base.

Research Support Services - To increase resource sharing and enhance information access, the SIL helped found the Chesapeake Information and Research Library Alliance (CIRLA) along with six area research libraries in 1996.

SIL staff continued to plan for the National Museum of the American Indian Branch Library at both the Cultural Resources Center and the Mall museum. The design concepts for the National Museum of Natural History's (NMNH) Rare Book Library were refined. Working with the NMNH and the Office of Physical Plant, SIL renovated additional space and began to reorganize the collections at its storage facility at 1111 North Capitol Street.

The Libraries' Home Page on the World Wide Web and those of nine branch libraries offer users of the Internet a wide range of online reference materials. SIL also offers extensive electronic reference services on site.

Collections - SIL acquires materials through purchase and a gift and exchange program with 4,600 partners in 150 countries. Through microfilming and photocopying, more than 1,000 brittle books were preserved in 1996. SIL added 4,500 records to an online index and finding guide to the literature of African arts and culture, funded by a three-year Getty Trust grant.

In 1996, SIL produced an electronic edition of a Bureau of American Ethnology (BAE) publication from Bulletin 164, John C. Ewers, "Hair Pipes in Plains Indian Adornment." The electronic edition of Bulletin 200, an index to the BAE series with linked title pages, is nearing completion.

Outreach - The Dibner Fund supported an illustrated lecture on "Earth Sciences, Unanswered Questions and the Dibner Legacy," delivered by Robert M. Hazen and two SIL/Dibner Library Resident Scholars of the History of Science and Technology. The Libraries opened a new 150th anniversary exhibition, "From Smithson to Smithsonian; the Birth of an Institution." Since 1960, SIL, with support from the Seidell fund and the National Science Foundation, has published and distributed, to libraries and research institutes worldwide, gratis copies of 280 scientific books and articles translated into English from other languages.

In 1996, SIL hosted an American Libraries Association/United States Information Agency fellow who helped establish contact with institutions holding Andean and Amazonian collections and exchanged information on regional studies.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust Funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel, general operations and research. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects. For example, income from the Libraries Special Collections and Ripley endowments support the purchase of books in many disciplines.

Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service

Abstract - The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) enables the Institution to share its collections and research programs with the Nation. Every year, millions of people from coast-to-coast get a taste of the National Mall by visiting SITES exhibitions in museums, university galleries, science centers, historical societies, libraries, zoos, aquariums and schools. SITES' top priority is increasing the availability of Smithsonian exhibitions among people who cannot see them firsthand by visiting the Institution's museums. Included in this line item is the Smithsonian's International Gallery, which in FY 1996 merged with SITES. After their premiere in Washington, International Gallery exhibitions travel under SITES' auspices to locations across America.

For FY 1998, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service. The Institution requires $63,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line item.

Progr a m - The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service reconfigures and packages, for widespread travel, exhibitions developed by the Institution's museums and program offices, as well as by outside organizations. SITES tailors the form and content of these exhibitions to meet the program needs and technical capabilities of museums and cultural and educational facilities nationwide.

In developing exhibitions for audiences of all ages and backgrounds, SITES strives to do more than present artifacts. SITES' exhibitions represent a broad range of human perspectives; they pose questions, communicate abstractions, and challenge visitors to make connections between objects, people, places, events, and ideas. By emphasizing diverse viewpoints and by using inquiry as a means of interpreting exhibition themes and images, SITES hopes to encourage people to explore the full breadth of possibilities about themselves, others, and the world around them. As a high-visibility outreach arm of the Smithsonian, SITES' more than 75 exhibitions tour museums and cultural centers in all 50 states. SITES hopes that its expanded visitor base in FY 1997 will enable more Americans than ever to experience the rich variety of exhibition programs available from the Smithsonian.

Smithsonian Exhibitions - SITES increased its national audience dramatically during FY 1996 with the expansion of two new initiatives aimed at bringing the Smithsonian to public libraries and rural communities across the country. Innovative, low-cost versions of major Smithsonian exhibitions, including "Beyond Category: The Musical Genius of Duke Ellington," "Produce for Victory" and "Saynday Was Coming Along" enabled facilities traditionally excluded from national outreach programs to showcase the Institution's collections and research.

SITES' FY 1997 program continues to mirror the scope and vitality of the Smithsonian. Traveling exhibitions about World War n, spiders, jazz, ocean conservation, Abraham Lincoln, gospel music, and cultural diversity are but a small sampling of the many subjects through which SITES represents collections and research from the Institution's many museums and program offices.

Exhibition Partnerships - Partnerships with institutions and organizations outside the Smithsonian enable SITES to meet more fully the program needs and interests of the Institution's diverse national audience. A long-term collaboration with ArTrain resulted in SITES' first-ever exhibition tour on the Nation's rail system. Installed in train cars retrofit to accommodate museum displays, "Art in Celebration!," an exhibition of modern prints from Smithsonian collections, pulled into twenty-eight depots in small-town America during FY 1996. During FY 1997, train stations in thirty more communities across the country will host SITES exhibitions.

Together with State Humanities Councils across the nation, SITES will circulate "Barn Again!," an exhibition that explores historic and revitalized bam architecture in America. Preparatory workshops for museums on the tour will give participants the opportunity to develop educational programs tailored to the architectural history of their own communities.

SITES will also continue its collaboration with the National Geographic Society in a world geography exhibition for young people entitled "Earth 2 U."

Non a ppropri a ted Resources - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel, design and production, publications, materials, outside specialists, and contractual services. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects.

Administration

Ahstract - Administration includes executive management and related functions provided by the Offices of the Secretary, Under Secretary, and Provost.

For FY 1998, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for Administration. The Institution requires $758,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - Office of the Secretary - The Office of the Secretary, supported by the Office of the Under Secretary and the Office of the Provost, oversees the Smithsonian Institution, and maintains continuous communication with the Board of Regents and its committees. Staff support for biodiversity and environmental affairs, community affairs, and electronic communications are integrated within this office. This line-item also includes the Office of Inspector General and Institution-wide planning, management analysis, and budgeting functions.

Office of the Provost - The Provost serves as the Smithsonian's chief programs officer, providing leadership and integrated oversight for all of the Institution's programmatic activities carried out in the museums, research institutes, central education and other program offices, as well as research support units including libraries and archives. The Provost reviews and evaluates the management of programs in research, exhibitions, and education outreach in the sciences, arts, and humanities; provides operational facilitation to the program units; and maintains close working relationships with directors and their boards. In addition, the Office of the Provost is responsible for Institutional studies and adherence to laws governing accessibility and scientific diving.

The Office also provides oversight of the International Environmental Science Program, which supports studies of the world's ecosystem, especially in tropical and subtropical regions where the rapid rate of deforestation, diminution of coral reef cover, loss of suitable soil, and the threat to wildlife are of critical importance to biological diversity and global change. Minimal IESP funds are maintained in this line-item to support short-term monitoring projects, while the remaining funds are distributed to the

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, the National Zoological Park, the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center and the National Museum of Natural History to support long-term studies.

Office of the Under Secretary - The Under Secretary serves as the Institution's chief operating officer and is responsible for the day-to-day administration of the Institution. This office oversees the Institution's central business activities; the activities of the General Counsel; government relations activities, including liaison functions with Federal agencies, state and local governments, and organizations with related interests; central computing and telecommunications services; and communications with the public. This office also oversees all administrative, facility and finance functions, as well as private sector fundraising and special events.

Nonappropriated Rftsnnrres - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and benefits of personnel and other related costs. A significant portion of funds in FY 1996 and FY 1997 is dedicated to the celebration and festivities in honor of the Smithsonian Institution's 150th anniversary. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs related to specific programs and projects, including scientific research, fund-raising, public relations, and planning and studies related to executing recommendations of the Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian Institution. Government Grants and Contracts provide support for special initiatives, conferences, and seminars.

Office of Protection Services

Abstract - The Office of Protection Services (OPS) protects and secures the National Collections entrusted to the Smithsonian Institution, and ensures the safety and security of staff and visitors, while permitting an appropriate level of public access to collections and properties.

For FY 1998, the Smithsonian requests an increase of 3 positions and $137,000 to support initial operations at the National Museum of the American Indian's Cultural Resources Center in Suitland, Maryland, which is scheduled to open in late FY 1998. Workyears associated with this increase will be accommodated within the Institution's workyear ceiling. A detailed justification of this increase is provided in the FY 1998 Priority Program Enhancements section of this request. The Institution also requires $797,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Fiscal year 1998 non-recurring costs include $835,000 for the return of funds provided in FY 1997 to address anti-terrorism requirements. An amount of $100,000 has been retained in the OPS base for the two positions that were authorized in FY 1997 for package screening equipment operators. The Institution is reviewing its security requirements and will be requesting additional funds in future budget submissions.

Pro g r a m - The Office of Protection Services provides round-the-clock security for all Smithsonian facilities in the Washington, D.C. area, the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum in New York City, the National Museum of the American Indian in New York City, and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama. OPS integrates uniformed security services with electronic security system monitoring and maintenance, investigations services, and escorts to provide a safe and secure operating environment. OPS continues to modernize by providing state-of-the art automated systems and equipment and to improve the training of employees.

Training - In 1996, OPS awarded a contract to train museum security officers. In addition to a comprehensive task analysis and basic museum security officer training, supervisors will receive special training, and all officers will receive periodic refresher training.

Security Systems - OPS is currently developing a long-term strategic plan for security systems upgrades and replacements. This plan will address replacement of the existing system with systems that address the increasing threats to security, along with changes to facilities due to renovation or redesign. The OPS plan will integrate current developments in alarms, access control, and detection into its electronic security systems.

Terrorism Vulnerability - In FY 1997, the Smithsonian received $935,000 in one-time funding to reduce the risk of terrorism to its facilities. These funds are being directed to reduce the Institution's vulnerability associated with mail handling, access of personnel and vehicles to buildings, and other security enhancements to facilities.

Nonappropriated Resources - General Trust funds provide support for conducting employee background security investigations.

Office of Physical Plant

Ahstrarf - The Office of Physical Plant (OPP) administers, maintains, and repairs 15 museum and art gallery buildings and grounds, as well as many other work and collection storage areas, by providing architectural, engineering, and facility planning services. In support of research, exhibitions, education, and public programs, OPP provides utilities, transportation, mail services, exhibit renovation, and many other related services. OPP also provides technical support to several Smithsonian units located outside the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, including the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama, the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in Arizona, and the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Maryland.

For FY 1998, the Smithsonian requests an increase of 3 positions and $756,000 to provide initial facility management support at the National Museum of the American Indian's Cultural Resources Center in Suitland, Maryland, which is scheduled to open in late FY 1998. Workyears associated with this increase will be accommodated within the Institution's workyear ceiling. A detailed justification of this increase is provided in the FY 1998 Priority Program Requirements section of this request. An additional increase of $3,408,000, justified in the Mandatory Increases for Sustaining Base Operations section of this budget request, will support the Institution's central utilities, communications, postage, and rental accounts. The Institution also requires $4,119,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Progr a m - Office of Physical Plant: Immediate Office - The immediate office administers facility projects and financial management for construction, maintenance and repair operations, and other support services within Smithsonian Institution facilities. It provides trade and craft support for the Institution that includes plumbing, electrical, wood-crafting, painting, and plastering efforts for various units.

Architectural History and Historic Preservation Division - The Architectural History and Historic Preservation (AHHP) division establishes and oversees historical preservation policy and practices for the Smithsonian. AHHP functions as a center for research and maintains the Castle Collection of 19th century furnishings.

Design and Construction Division - The Design and Construction Division (DCD) provides project management and professional assistance to Smithsonian units that guarantee safe environments for visitors, staff, and the National Collections. It also performs ongoing surveys of all facilities to determine the requirements needed to bring the Institution into compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act. DCD oversees projects and manages financial resources for the Institution's Repair and Restoration and Construction programs. In addition to repairs and construction, DCD assists with exhibit construction and other space modification projects. Primary services include orchestration of planning, design, and construction activities; financial management of all projects; review of exhibit designs to ensure compatibility with existing building systems; and compliance with safety, health, and accessibility requirements.

South Group Facilities Management - South Group Facilities Management is responsible for minor maintenance, labor services, lamping, craft services, shipping and receiving, special events, safety, and, in consultation with the Smithsonian's Office of Environmental Management and Safety, occupational and environmental health program planning and execution for the Arts and Industries and Smithsonian Institution buildings. The South Group Facilities Management staff also coordinates and monitors contracts for structural maintenance, waste and recyclable trash removal, pest control, and renovation projects for these buildings.

Quadrangle Facility Management - Quadrangle Facility Management provides a wide variety of support services to the Education Center of the S. Dillon Ripley Center, National Museum of African Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Associates, Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, and the International Center. These services include space scheduling, labor services, rigging, minor maintenance, lamping, shipping and receiving, and other related services. The Quadrangle Facility Management Office is also responsible for coordinating trash removal and pest control services.

Non a ppropri a ted Resources - General Trust funds provide support for salaries and and benefits of personnel, related support costs, the Trust share of space rental costs for administrative activities located at L'Enfant Plaza, and support services offered to other units by the Office of Physical Plant. Donor/Sponsor Designated funds provide support for costs associated with the upkeep of benches and plants in Smithsonian gardens.

CONSTRUCTION AND IMPROVEMENTS NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK

The National Zoological Park maintains 600,000 square feet of exhibition, animal care, and research facilities spread over 163 acres at Rock Creek Park and over 230,000 square feet of facilities on 3,150 acres at the Conservation and Research Center (CRC) in Front Royal, Virginia.

Appropriations to this account provide funding for repairs, alterations, and improvements to plant property; additions to existing facilities and minor new facilities, including exhibits; plans and specifications for construction; and renovation, restoration, and construction of new facilities outlined in the Master Plan of the National Zoological Park.

The current focus is maintenance, repair, and safety improvements to existing facilities along with the general renovation of at least one major exhibit each year, to keep NZP facilities viable and exciting to serve the public. The account also funds related expenses, such as relocation of animals, required to accomplish the work. The NZP contracts for most design, construction and improvement projects; however, it is sometimes more cost effective to hire temporary staff to accomplish the work.

RENOVATION, REPAIR, AND IMPROVEMENTS

The National Zoological Park is responsible for the renovation, repair and preventive maintenance of its facilities. The Zoo strives to maintain a safe environment for its visiting public and staff, provide ecologically suitable and comfortable enclosures for the animals, and maintain all buildings in good condition. The request of $3,850,000 for FY 1998 will support those activities at Rock Creek and Front Royal required to stabilize maintenance of existing facilities.

Rock Creek and Front Royal ($3,850,000) - There are approximately 26 major structures at Rock Creek along with approximately 40 additional structures located on the 163 acre site. Among the collection of buildings is one individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places and several constructed by the Works Progress Administration which are considered a valued portion of our national heritage. The entire site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Facilities and infrastructure on the Rock Creek site were initiated over 105 years ago and were subsequently developed one area at a time. For this reason, much of NZP's physical plant is technologically outdated.

• At least one-third of the major exhibit buildings at Rock Creek Park have reached or are

approaching the end of their useful life. These facilities require complete renovation of exterior

structure (roofs, windows, doors, skylights), animal habitats, mechanical, plumbing, fire alarm, fire protection, and electrical systems, along with updating educational information and making accessibility improvements.

• The remaining 4,160 KVA electric distribution service must be upgraded to the more efficient, higher capacity 13,000 KVA electric service, and most building primary and secondary distribution systems must be upgraded to meet current code and safety requirements, exhibit needs and animal requirements.

• Many portions of the existing utility systems, including gas, steam distribution, water supply, and storm drainage, are technologically obsolete and failing.

• The fire alarm and smoke detection systems are obsolete and require upgrades and central monitoring for the safety of staff and animals.

• Provision for central monitoring of animal life support systems, including water treatment, heating, ventilating, and air conditioning, is essential to ensure proper welfare of the animals within the constraints of a reduced workforce.

• Primary and service roadways are rapidly deteriorating due to the age of the materials.

As major components of the building systems age, the risk of operational failure, unscheduled closings, and risk to the animal collections and research efforts increases dramatically.

The Conservation and Research Center at Front Royal is devoted to the conservation of endangered wildlife through programs in propagation, research, and international biodiversity training. There are over 100 structures at CRC located on the 3,150 acre site, ranging from animal shelters to research laboratories and residences. The property has more than 2'A miles of roads, 20 miles of jeep trails, and 30 miles of fences. The CRC facilities and infrastructure were constructed over an 85 year time-span.

The renovation, repair and improvement program at Front Royal for FY 1998 includes renovating, repairing, and upgrading the physical, environmental, and operating systems that impact the security for the facility and improve the efficiency of energy use and scientific operations.

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REPAIR AND RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS

The Institution is steward of the valuable and visible buildings entrusted to it by the Nation. These facilities form a vital infrastructure for accomplishment of many programs and activities, provide safe haven to irreplaceable collections, and allow public access to the collections and programs by millions of visitors and scholars. Many of the buildings are themselves important icons of the Nation's cultural heritage, part of the Nation's "face" to the world, and must be preserved with the intent of occupying them indefinitely. Funding for repair and renewal of the Institution's facilities has not kept pace with the need and this has resulted in accelerating deterioration of the Smithsonian's physical plant. The current estimate of unfunded facilities renewal requirements is in the $250 million range. In May 1995, the Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian Institution expressed concern about the magnitude and continuing growth of the deferred maintenance problem, and recommended an immediate investment in renovation and restoration of the Institution's facilities. "Otherwise, the Smithsonian will no longer convey to our citizens, or to the world, the image of a nation rich in cultural experience, in natural resources, and in its vision for the future." 1

Assessment of Facility Conditions

Major building systems and components have limited life expectancies. Despite planned preventive maintenance and repair efforts, the heavy and constant use of the buildings has exacerbated the natural aging process of components. As building systems age, the risk of operational failure, unscheduled building closings, and damage to collections increases dramatically.

The model in Chart l 2 illustrates the predicted performance curve throughout a building system or component's average life. According to the Association of Higher Education Facilities Officers 3 , a nationally recognized facilities management organization, optimal performance decreases by 40% three-quarters of the way through a system's useful life, reaching the minimum acceptable performance level, labeled "Fair" on the chart. From that point on, performance declines steeply, decreasing another 40% in the next 12% of the system's life expectancy. Past this point is the "breakdown" mode of operation. Once a system has reached this stage, it can no longer reliably

E Pluribus Unum: This Divine Paradox, Report of the Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian Institution, May 1995, Washington. DC. * Building Research Board of the National Research Council, "The Fourth Dimension in Building: Strategies for Minimizing Obsolescence." 1993.

"Understanding the Life Cycle of Buildings and Structures," by Chris Hodges, President, Facility Engineering Associates. P.C. published in Proceedings of the 1994 Educational Conference and 81st Annual Meeting ofAPPA: The Association of Higher Education Facilities Officers, July 10-12, 1994, San Antonio, Texas.

support programs housed in the building. In the case of museum mechanical systems (heating, ventilating and air conditioning) or roofs, this usually means that the continuous close control of environmental conditions and protection from the elements required to preserve collections cannot be guaranteed. In addition, it costs as much as five times more to achieve this minimally acceptable performance through "breakdown" maintenance - that is, repairing or replacing system components on an emergency basis when they fail. Resources spent to patch existing systems are essentially wasted when the systems later require full replacement. More importantly, with high public visibility and nearly 25 million annual visits, the potential for irreparable damage to the collections and unplanned system failures carries major implications for the Institution. When a system has deteriorated to the breakdown point, major renewal or replacement is the only way to regain acceptable performance.

Excellent

Fair

Failures

Life-Cycle Time in Years

Chart 1: System Life Progression

Current Smithsonian Facilities Conditions

Chart 2 plots the current position of the Smithsonian's major facilities on this curve in relation to their overall expected life. The curve represents a composite rate of deterioration for all building systems over an estimated 40 year life span. The Institution's buildings were placed on the curve based on the estimated remaining useful life. The specific parameters used to assess existing conditions were: watertight enclosure; heating, ventilating, air conditioning (HVAC) and electrical systems' age and condition; and compliance with current codes and industry operating standards.

Chart 2: Smithsonian Facilities Conditions in 1997

It is clear from Chart 2 that the National Museum of Natural History (built in 1910 with wings added in 1960-1964, the Smithsonian's largest building in terms of area at 1.1 million square feet) and the American Art and Portrait Gallery Building (built between 1836-1860) are already in seriously deteriorated condition. Two more buildings, the Smithsonian Institution (Castle) Building (1846) and the Arts and Industries Building (1879), are rapidly approaching the state where the increasing risk of building system or component failure. A failure exposes the collections to irreparable damage and could lead to closing of significant portions of the building to public and staff activities. Together, these four buildings represent 30% of the Institution's usable area. All four buildings contain significant amounts of public space. The cost to renew these four facilities is estimated to be approximately $200 million.

Although other major Smithsonian buildings are not yet below the "Good" range in overall condition, periodic repair and upgrade of the individual systems and components in these facilities is necessary to prevent further deterioration. Failure to renovate and renew in a timely manner hastens decline of the overall building condition.

Planned Renewal of Smithsonian Facilities

The Institution seeks to achieve a balance between correcting the unacceptable condition of its four older buildings, and maintaining the current condition of its other facilities through systematic renewal and repair. The Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian Institution concluded that, "A total of $50 million each year for the next decade would assure that present facilities are restored to the point of being safe and appropriate for people and for collections." 4 Chart 3 illustrates projected facilities conditions by fiscal year 2002 at the $50 million level.

E Pluribus Unum: This Divine Paradox, Report of the Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian Institution, May 1995, Washinetcn. DC.

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Failures

Life-Cycle Time in Years

Chart 3: Projected Smithsonian Facilities Conditions in FY 2002 at $50 million annually as recommended by the Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian Institution

Progress To Date

The Institution is making some progress in ameliorating the most serious facilities deficiencies with the increased funding received in FY 1996 and FY 1997. The most significant work includes currently replacing the skylights and window walls at the National Air and Space Museum, replacing the roof this summer at the American Art and Portrait Gallery Building, and continuing major capital renewal work at the National Museum of Natural History. The Institution is also designing major capital renewal projects at the American Art and Portrait Gallery, the Smithsonian Institution (Castle), and the Arts and Industries Building.

FY 1998 Request

While the Institution's goal is annual funding at the $50 million level, as recommended by the Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian Institution, economic realities have guided the Smithsonian's FY 1998 request for only $32 million. Although this amount is less than the $39 million received in FY 1997, it will maintain the current momentum and will move the Smithsonian in the direction of responsible stewardship of its physical assets.

The Smithsonian expects to use the funds requested in FY 1998 to perform work in the following categories. The chart following the narrative provides a summary of projected expenditures by category of work for FY 1998 - FY 2002.

MAJOR CAPITAL RENEWAL

The major capital renewal category includes the cyclical replacement of major building systems and equipment and major renovation required to ensure long-term preservation of the buildings. Projects in this category are different in magnitude, expense, and planning complexity from routine ongoing restoration work, repair projects, or replacements undertaken when a piece of equipment fails. Work in this category

primarily addresses the major replacement requirements for HVAC and electrical systems at the Institution's older buildings where systems are nearing the end of their useful service lives. The American Art and Portrait Gallery, Arts and Industries, Natural History, and Smithsonian Institution buildings are all now in need of major capital renewal.

Projects in this category involve complete replacement of mechnical, electrical, and plumbing systems, and restoration or replacement of exterior components such as facade, roof, and windows to ensure long-term operation and preservation of the building. Modifications to the building also improve energy efficiency, meet fire detection and suppression requirements, and correct hazardous conditions. By coordinating these kinds of tasks, the Institution saves money and avoids repeated disruption to activities in the building. The Smithsonian achieves operating efficiencies as well by designing new building systems and components to work together. For example, by installing multiple-paned windows and increasing insulation, the Smithsonian can select heating and cooling equipment with lower capacity. The equipment costs less to purchase and install, and long-term operating costs are lower. The impact of renovation work on programmatic activities is a key factor in planning a major project. Work of this magnitude causes serious disruption to activities in the building. The Institution must relocate staff and collections from the areas under construction to prevent damage, allow staff to continue working during the construction period, and ensure continued public access and safety. Major capital renewal projects are phased over a number of years to achieve the most efficient balance of cost savings while minimizing disruptions to public programs and staff activities.

In FY 1998, the Smithsonian plans to use approximately $9,100,000 to continue design for major capital renewal work at the American Art and Portrait Gallery ($1 million), the Arts and Industries Building ($1.1 million), the Smithsonian "Castle" ($1 million), and the National Museum of Natural History ($6 million).

REPAIRS, RESTORATION AND CODE COMPLIANCE

The Repairs, Restoration and Code Compliance projects primarily involve ongoing repairs and other work to meet safety and health requirements to keep the newer Smithsonian buildings at an acceptable level of performance. This work is described in six categories of routine maintenance and repair projects.

General Repairs - Projects in this category include minor, unscheduled, but essential repairs that the Institution cannot anticipate specifically or that do not fit into one discrete category.

Facade, Roof, and Terrace Repairs - Maintaining the integrity of the exteriors of all Smithsonian buildings is critical. This maintenance will prevent major structural and interior damage and deterioration due to age, water intrusion, and weathering. Proper care will ensure a safe environment for visitors, staff, and collections. In addition, energy conservation and environmental control demand weather-tight exteriors. Work in this category includes a variety of projects accomplished cyclically according to the life of the materials used. For example, most kinds of roofs need replacing nearly every 20 years; facade joints need recaulking and repainting about every ten years; and window frames and other exterior trim need repainting every five years. Smithsonian

buildings require continuing facade work in order to restore and maintain intact the building envelopes.

Fire Detection and Suppression Projects - A major Institutional priority is to provide fire protection and safety measures meeting today's standards with state-of-the-art technology. Smithsonian staff has developed a fire protection master plan for every major Smithsonian facility. The Institution has completed much of the required work. In several buildings, needed improvements will be incorporated into the major capital renewal projects. Smaller discrete projects are included in this category, and are completed as needed. The work typically includes installation of detection systems such as smoke alarms, suppression systems such as sprinklers, and architectural modifications to create fire zones by installation of fire walls and doors.

Access, Safety, and Security Projects - The Institution continues to emphasize providing better access to its facilities for persons with disabilities, improving environmental conditions for the health and safety of visitors and staff, and correcting facility conditions that threaten the security of the National Collections. Work in this category includes:

• projects to eliminate hazardous conditions in Smithsonian buildings including asbestos abatement and correction of ventilation problems;

• modifications to ensure accessibility to public spaces and amenities by persons with disabilities, such as improving entry by wheelchair, eliminating obstructions and overhead hazards, correcting elevator deficiencies, changing placement of drinking fountains, improving emergency warning systems, and providing seating space for wheelchair users and listening systems for the hearing impaired; and

• projects to improve the security of the collections, staff and visitors, such as installing security surveillance systems, improving exterior lighting around buildings, and installing card access systems to limit and document entry to certain spaces.

Utility Systems Repairs - Projects in this category are to maintain, repair, and upgrade the heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems (HVAC), as well as plumbing, electrical, and communications systems throughout the Institution's facilities. Ongoing renovations, repairs, and replacement of deteriorated equipment components are essential for ensuring reliable and energy-efficient operation of utility systems. The long-term preservation of the National Collections depends upon stable temperature and humidity conditions.

Energy management remains a high priority at the Smithsonian. Energy conservation gains from adjusting equipment and modifying operations have already been implemented. Significant energy savings opportunities remain through upgrading HVAC systems, replacing obsolete equipment, and extending central automated controls for existing systems. The Institution modifies existing HVAC systems to accommodate programmatic growth, changes in the use of buildings, and the environmental needs of collections as they become better understood. The Institution uses an

integrated approach to plan for long-range, systematic HVAC improvements that will meet museum environmental requirements in an energy-efficient manner.

Advanced Planning and Inspection - The Smithsonian uses funding in this category to identify and analyze long-range repair and restoration needs and to design future-year projects in advance of funding requests. The ability to identify, in advance of funding requests, the precise requirements and costs of individual projects is key to the success of the R&R program. Thorough planning and development of design concepts provide detailed estimates and identify logistical considerations that allow staff to plan repair strategies and establish immediate and long-range budget requirements. In addition to improving the accuracy of cost estimates, design of projects in advance of funding enables the staff to award construction contracts as soon as resources are appropriated. Needed repairs can be accomplished much sooner, thus preventing further deterioration and ensuring faster compliance with codes.

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CONSTRUCTION

In keeping with the Institution's commitment to complete authorized facilities for the National Museum of the American Indian, the Smithsonian requests $58 million in FY 1998 for construction of the NMAI Mall Museum. Other ongoing construction initiatives have been deferred to future years in recognition of the importance of completing the Mall Museum. The Institution's five-year construction program is summarized on the chart following this narrative.

MAJOR CONSTRUCTION

National Museum of th e American Indian, M all Museum ($58,000,000) - Public Law 101-185, which created the National Museum of the American Indian, authorized the Institution to construct three facilities to house the new Museum and its collections. The George Gustav Heye Center opened in New York City in 1994, providing 82,000 square feet of exhibition and public program space. In 1996, the Smithsonian began construction of the Cultural Resources Center in Suitland, Maryland. When complete in 1998, this 145,000 square foot facility will provide space for the storage, care and study of the Museum's more than one million artifacts. The Museum's main exhibition building will be constructed on the National Mall near the foot of Capitol Hill. The location, adjacent to the world's most frequently visited museums, will provide excellent exposure for Native American artifacts and related museum activities centered on Native American culture. The building will house permanent and changing exhibitions, reference and resource areas, an auditorium and conference center, integrated performance and retail areas, and space for other public programs.

The Institution has completed overall programming and planning for the new Mall Museum and the conceptual design, which has been approved by the National Capital Planning Commission and the Commission of Fine Arts. The conceptual design shows the architectural character of the exterior and site as well as spatial relationships in the interior of the 250,000 square foot building. Both the planning and conceptual design processes incorporated the considerations identified by Native American groups in a series of consultations to define the programs of the new Museum and to generate ideas about the physical characteristics of the building. The design concept draws its strengths from several important Native American principles. Most important among these are that the building reflect the symbolic importance of the circle, and that it be an integrated living unit connected to the natural world. The design embodies these principles through extensive use of curvilinear forms as they appear in nature and through use of the circle in key spaces such as ceremonial dance and other performance spaces. The building will reflect its relationship to the earth and sky through the use of skylights and glass walls to maintain connection with the outside world. Use of natural materials and water features, and

preservation of maximum green space on the site, will enhance the building's close ties to the natural world. The design concept also respects the building's place in the composition of the rest of the Mall, including the existing green areas to the north and the U.S. Botanic Garden to the East.

Figutv 2: AeruiJ view from northeast. Je&erson Drive. C*8Q€ .AfX&ifcseis. DoiryJasJ. OaftUrcii Afdhitet'lS PC, AsmjosiJ? -\«r!iitdcis

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Proposed NMAI Mall Museum

The spaces within the Museum have been programmed to reflect the educational mission of the NMAI while incorporating current approaches to design of contemporary museums -- that is, as much space as possible will be devoted to activities that are interpretive and related to public programs. A majority of the total area of the NMAI Mall Museum will be exhibition and/or educational public program spaces.

The outside areas of the Museum site will also enhance the educational experience of the visitor. Welcoming areas and outdoor performance spaces will provide venues for public programs such as dance, music, and storytelling. The site landscape is designed to recall the presence of Native peoples of this area by re-introducing indigenous habitats of this region and by providing information about the natural history and traditional uses of plants by Native people. The Mall Museum will be an ideal place to present exhibitions and public programs that will demonstrate the diversity of Native cultures and of NMAI's extraordinary collections.

In accordance with P.L. 101-185, the Smithsonian plans to receive two-thirds of the funds from Federal sources and to fund the balance through its national fund-raising campaign. As of January 1997, the campaign has received cash and pledges for the $36.7 million required to meet the non-appropriated portion of project funding. A total of $9.3 million was appropriated between FY 1990 and FY 1997 for planning and design. This amount will be supplemented with a portion of the funds raised (approximately $3.7 million) to complete design in FY 1998. The Institution requests $58 million in FY 1998 to construct the building. Funds to equip the building will be requested in FY 2000. The current schedule calls for completion of the building and public opening in the year 2002.

MINOR CONSTRUCTION, ALTERATIONS AND MODIFICATIONS

The Institution will continue the program of Minor Construction, Alterations and Modifications in future years. These funds allow the Institution to make building modifications needed to provide adequate and appropriate space in which its programs can operate. Individual projects are all under $1 million and entail changes or improvements to existing space or minor additions to space with little impact on facility operating costs. Future funding for the Alterations and Modifications program will enable the Institution to maintain the vitality and operating effectiveness of its many and varied programmatic activities.

CONSTRUCTION PLANNING

An essential part of effective program management is the ability to assess requirements and priorities and develop long-range plans. The Institution will continue to define its physical plant requirements for accomplishing its mission in conjunction with programmatic goals. Comprehensive long-range facilities planning provides Smithsonian management with basic information on the physical aspects of existing or proposed programmatic activities in sufficient detail to be able to make meaningful decisions about competing priorities. The Institution's comprehensive long-range planning program compares existing space to needs, and assesses alternative ways to meet those needs. While recognizing that resources may not be immediately available to implement needed capital expansion, the ability to visualize and define the physical plant impact of program directions is integral to strategic planning. The Institution will request funding for construction planning in future years.

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Smithsonian Institution Board of Regents

Hie Secretary

Inspector General

Secretarial

General Counsel

Government Relations

Hie Under Secretary

Co mm uni cations

- Public Affairs

- Visitor Information

and Associates Reception Center

Operations Directorate

FINANCE Comptroller Contracting and

Pr o perty Management Risk and Asset Management Sponsored Projects

ADMINISTRATION Equal Employment and

Minority Affairs Human Resources Ombudsman

FACILITIES Environmental Management

and Safety Physical Plant Protection Services

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

imaging. Prin ting , and Photographic Services

Information Technology

Business

Advancement

Directorate

Smithsonian Magazine Smithsonian Associates

Smithsonian Businesses

- Retail

- Concessions

- Product Development

and Licensing

- Smithsonian

Press/Productions

Institutional

Advancement

Directorate

Membership and Development

Special Events and Conference Services

The Provost

Planning,

Management and

Budget

Under Separate Boards of Truet«<a

John F Kennedy Center for the Performing Aru

National Gallery of An

Wcodrow Wilson

International Center

for Scholars

Museums and Research Institutes

Anaooetia Museum Archives of American Art Arthur M Sadder Gallery/

Freer Gallery of Art Center for FoUdife Programs and

Cultural Studies Conservation Analytical Laboratory Cooper-Hewitt, National Design

Museum Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture

Garden National Air and Space Museum National Museum of African Art National Museum of American Art

- Renwicfc Gallery

National Museum of American History

— National Postal Museum National Museum of the American

Education, Museum,

and Scholarly

Services

Center for Museum Studies Exhibit Central Fellowships and Grants International Relations National Science Resources Center Smithsonian Institution Archives Smithsonian Institution Libraries Smithsonian Institution Traveling

Exhibition Service Smithsonian Office of Education

Other iupport services: Access ibility Program Institutional Studies Scientific Diving Program

National Museum of Natural History

- Museum Support Center National Portrait Gallery National Zoological Park Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

January 30. 1997

Visitors to the Smithsonian

FY 1992 - FY 1996

MALL

SI Building

Arts & Industries Building

National Museum of Natural History

National Air and Space Museum

Freer Gallery of Art /l

Sackler Gallery

National Museum of African Art

Ripley Center

National Museum of American History

Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden

OFF-MALL

FY 1992 FY 1993 FY 1994 FY 1995 FY 19% 6/

American Art & Portrait Gallery

Renwick Gallery

Anacostia Museum

Cooper-Hewitt Museum /2

National Museum of the American Indian /3

National Zoological Park /4

National Postal Museum /5

GRAND TOTAL

1/ Closed to the public September 1988 through May 1993.

2/ The museum closed its galleries and its shop to the public on August 21,1995 to begin an extensive renovation

project and reopened on September 16, 1996. The garden remained open to visitors.

3/ The George Gustav Heye Center opened to the public on October 30, 1994 in New York City.

4/ Number of visitors based on sampling system.

5/ Opened to the public July 30, 1993.

6/ Closed to the public November 14 -19, 1995 and December 16 - January 5, 1996 due to furloughs.

SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM

Program of Oants for Research - The Smithsonian Institution, through its Special Foreign Currency Program, makes grants to United States universities, museums, and other institutions of higher learning, including the Smithsonian itself, primarily for research and advanced professional training in fields of traditional Smithsonian competence.

Excess currencies appropriations directly funded the program through FY 1986. Outlays from the budget authority appropriated through FY 1986, including the Forward-Funded Reserve for the American Institute of Indian Studies, will continue through the 1990s. In addition, since FY 1986 the Smithsonian has received allocations of U.S.-owned Indian rupees from the funds appropriated to the Department of State in FY 1985 for the establishment of the U.S.-India Fund for Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Cooperation.

Since the initiation of the Program in 1965, the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program has been a major source of support for research carried out by United States institutions in those countries for which excess foreign currencies are available. The full responsibility for the design, execution, and publication of research results rests with a scholar working within the program of a United States institution. Smithsonian foreign currency grants strengthen the fundamental research and training activities of collaborating institutions abroad, since most projects directly involve host country institutions and scholars. Enduring professional ties, which result from joint efforts and scholarly exchange, contribute to the strongest form of United States cultural relations with other nations. These ties also contribute to the global integration of research data in the sciences. As a result of this interaction, the gap between industrial and developing nations' scholars has narrowed. Moreover, research sponsored by the program aims, in part, to improve understanding of the environment and the management and conservation of scarce natural and cultural resources that are threatened by the rapid growth of world population and technological development.

In FY 1996, ongoing research supported by these grants included projects in archeology, anthropology, art history, biology, and astrophysics.

Forward-funded Reserve for the American Institute nf Indian Studies - Since 1967, the Smithsonian

has provided annual funding through the Special Foreign Currency Program to the American Institute of Indian Studies (ACS) for its fellowships, research, symposia, and publications programs, as well as its administrative costs. The Smithsonian has helped sustain this Institute and other American research centers abroad for the last 30 years because of their significant contributions to scholarship and science without regard for national boundaries and because of their special service to American scholars.

With Special Foreign Currency Program funding received from FY 1980 through FY 1985, the Smithsonian established a forward-funded reserve of $7,170,000 equivalent in rupees. This reserve enabled the AIIS to sustain its programs after the removal of India from the excess currency list in 1985. Since FY 1986, APIS, with oversight from the Smithsonian, has drawn upon the funds from this reserve for its fellowship program and administrative costs in India. The Institution continues to examine annual proposals through its peer review system before releasing funds from the reserve account to AIIS. The reserve should support AIIS programs through the 1990s in conjunction with continued support from the

U.S.-India Fund. In 1990, the U.S. Congress authorized the deposit of the reserve in interest-bearing (rupee) accounts, a plan that will help to continue the viability of the fund for many years. In FY 1993, the first deposits totaling an equivalent of $4 million were made to the interest-bearing accounts. Most of the funds remaining in the reserve were deposited into interest-bearing accounts in FY 1995.

TJ.S.-Tndia Fund for Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Cooperation - In FY 1985, Congress appropriated $100 million equivalent in U.S.-owned Indian rupees to the Department of State to establish the U.S.-India Fund for Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Cooperation. Since FY 1986, the Smithsonian has received allocations from this fund to continue programs in India similar to those administered under the Special Foreign Currency Program, which would otherwise have ended when India lost excess currency status in 1985. The Institution has received a total of $16.8 million from FY 1986 through FY 1995 and received $800,000 equivalent in FY 1996. The FY 1997 final allocation of the principal totals $1.5 million equivalent to date. Based on current requirements, the principal of the U.S.-India Fund will be totally obligated by the end of FY 1997.

NONAPPROPRIATED RESOURCES

In addition to support provided by Federal appropriations, the Institution receives nonappropriated funds to expand and enrich its programs. The Institution presents an explanation of nonappropriated funds (Trust funds) along with this Federal budget request to provide an overview of all funds.

The Institution's Trust funds include General Trust funds with no restrictions on their use; designated funds, restricted by the donor or sponsor; and government grants and contracts. Projections for FY 1997 are subject to the uncertainty of the size of donations, grants, and contracts; to fluctuations in visitor attendance; and to the volatility of the economy, which directly affects the return on the endowment; restaurant, mail order, and museum shop revenues; memberships; and other auxiliary activities. The Institution's gross operating revenue, less the expenses of the auxiliary activities, represents the net operating revenue available for programmatic and related purposes. The following table provides a summary of the sources of nonappropriated operating funds.

Net Sources of Nonappropriated Operating Funds FY 1995 - FY 1997

Source and Application nf Nonappropriated Trust Funds - Information on the application of General Trust funds, designated funds, and government grants and contracts for FY 1996, FY 1997 and FY 1998 is provided with each line-item in this budget. The following provides the sources of each category of Trust funds as well as a general description of their application.

General Trust Funds - The sources of General Trust funds are investment income; earnings from unrestricted endowments; net proceeds from the museum shops, mail order, and food service concessions; sales of Smithsonian books, records, and other products based on designs and objects in the collections; theater/planetarium operation of the National Air and Space Museum; rental of exhibits for

the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service; membership programs (including the Smithsonian and Air and Space magazines); the sale of posters, exhibit brochures, and publications; admission fees; and overhead recovery on government grants and contracts the Smithsonian receives. Overhead recovery is the principal source of Trust support for central management and administrative service units of the Institution, including legal counsel, accounting, personnel, procurement, and budget. General Trust funds also support various activities of units such as Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies, Office of Membership and Development, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center, and a variety of Institutional and unit-based programs. The Board of Regents approves allotments to these activities. In addition to the support of operations, General Trust funds support the Institution's fellowship and award programs and exhibitions, as further described below.

The Institution uses General Trust funds to support various fellowship programs with projected FY 1997 expenditures of $1.8 million. The Institution also uses General Trust funds to make awards under its Collections Acquisition, Educational Outreach, and Scholarly Studies programs. In the FY 1997 budget, a total of $2.2 million has been allotted for these awards. Funding among these programs is to be distributed as follows: $631,000 to purchase exceptional objects important to the collections; $226,000 to conduct a wide range of educational outreach programs of benefit to the public, with special focus on diverse cultural audiences; and $1.3 million for innovative scholarly research projects. These include multi-disciplinary research projects initiated by the Institution's research staff, occasionally in collaboration with scholars from other institutions.

The Institution supports exhibition programs with Federal funds and donations from individuals, foundations, and corporations as well as with its Special Exhibition Fund (SEF). This General Trust fund, with $1.3 million projected in FY 1997, provides additional funds for temporary and permanent exhibitions proposed by Smithsonian units that, regardless of scale, are of outstanding educational value to the public. The SEF gives special consideration to exhibitions that approach content in imaginative ways; that allow units to explore new or expand current interpretive or exhibition techniques; that are worthy but, by their nature, unlikely to attract major private contributions; and that are likely to reach previously underserved audiences.

Donor/Sponsor Designated Funds - Designated Trust funds include gifts, grants, and earnings on endowments from individuals, foundations, organizations, and corporations that specify the use of the donation or bequest. Projected FY 1997 designated funds total $40.5 million, a $2.8 million decrease from FY 1996. Generally, these funds provide support for a particular exhibit or research project. The Freer endowment, the Institution's largest designated endowment, accounts for nearly one quarter of the Institution's endowment principal.

Government Grants and Contracts - Various Government agencies and departments provide grants and contracts for special projects that only the Smithsonian can conduct because of its expertise in a particular area of science, history, art, or education and because of its ability to respond quickly to certain needs. For FY 1997, government grants and contracts for operations are projected to be $46.4 million, a $9.5 million decrease from FY 1996.

APPROPRIATION LANGUAGE AND CITATIONS

The Act of August 10, 1846, 9 Stat. 102-106, 20 U.S.C. §§ 41-70, established the Smithsonian Institution "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge," and provided the organizational structure for the Institution's administration. The mission of the Smithsonian Institution has remained unchanged throughout its 150-year history, although additional authority for many of the Institution's programs and operations has been enacted over the years. Those statutes, along with the Smithsonian charter, are cited below as the authority for the Smithsonian Institution appropriation language, except where specific authorizing language has been included in the wording of the appropriation itself.

Appropriation: Salaries and Expenses

1. For necessary expenses of the Smithsonian Institution, as authorized by law, including research in the fields of art, science, and history;

20 U.S.C.§§ 50, 53a, 69, 75b(b), 76bb(c), 77a, 78, 80a(a), 80m, 80q-l(b)(1),(3) provide that (1) "...all objects of art and of foreign and curious research, and all objects of natural history, plants, and geological and mineralogical specimens...shall be so arranged and classified...as best to facilitate the examination and study of them..." (2) "Appropriations are authorized for...the making of solar observations at high altitudes..." (3) "The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution is hereby authorized...to continue independently or in cooperation anthropological researches among the American Indians and the natives of lands under the jurisdiction or protection of the United States..." (4) "The Gallery [National Portrait Gallery] shall function as a free public museum for the exhibition and study of portraiture and statuary depicting men and women who have made significant contributions to the history, development, and culture of the people of the United States and of the artists who created such portraiture and statuary." (5) "The Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden...shall be used for the storage, exhibition, and study of works of art..." (6) "The national air and space museum shall...provide educational material for the historical study of aviation and space flight." (7) "The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution is authorized to cooperate with any State, educational institution, or scientific organization in the United States for continuing paleontological investigations..." (8) "It shall be equipped with a study center for scholarly research into the meaning of war, its effect on civilization, and the role of the armed forces..." (9) "...the Board may...conduct programs of research and education (in the Museum of African Art)..."(10) The purposes of the National Museum [of the American Indian] are to (1) advance the study of Native Americans, including the study of language, literature, history, art, anthropology, and life...(3) provide for Native American research and study programs.

2. development, preservation, and documentation of the National Collections;

20 U.S.C.§§ 50, 50a, 59, 69, 75e, 76c, 76cc(a), 77a, 80a, 80m, 80q-l(b)(2), 81 provide that (1) "...all objects of art and of foreign and curious research, and all objects of natural history, plants, and geological and mineralogical specimens...shall be delivered to such

persons as may be authorized by the Board of Regents to receive them, and shall be so arranged and classified...as best to facilitate the examination and study of them..." (2) "The Smithsonian Institution is authorized to include in its estimates of appropriations such sums as may be needful for the preservation and maintenance of the John Gellatly art collection." (3) "All collections of rocks, minerals, soils, fossils, and objects of natural history, archaeology, and ethnology...when no longer needed for investigations in progress shall be deposited in the National Museum." (4) "The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution is hereby authorized...to continue independently or in cooperation...the excavation and preservation of archaeological remains." (5) "...the Board may - (1) purchase, accept, borrow, or otherwise acquire portraiture, statuary, and other items for preservation, exhibition, or study." (6) "...the Regents are authorized...to acquire (by purchase or otherwise) and sell contemporary works of art or copies thereof..." (7) "There is established in the Smithsonian Institution a Board of Trustees...which shall have the sole authority (i) to purchase or otherwise acquire...works of art for the Joseph H. Hirshhom Museum and Sculpture Garden..." (8) "The national air and space museum shall...collect, preserve, and display aeronautical and space flight equipment of historical interest and significance..." (9) "...the Smithsonian Institution shall collect, preserve, and exhibit military objects of historical interest and significance." (10) "...the Board may purchase, accept, borrow or otherwise acquire additional works of art or any other real or personal property for the Museum (of African Art); preserve, maintain, restore...or otherwise hold any property of whatsoever nature acquired..." (11) The purposes of the National Museum [of the American Indian] are to...(2) collect, preserve, and exhibit Native American objects of artistic, historical, literary, anthropological, and scientific interest..." (12) "The National Zoological Park is placed under the direction of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, who are authorized to transfer to it any living specimens, whether of animals or plants, in their charge, to accept gifts for the park...to make exchanges of specimens..."

3. presentation of public exhibits and performances;

20 U.S.C.§§ 75b(b), 76c(b), 76bb(c), 77a, 80a(a), 80m(a), 80q-l(b) provide that (1) "The Gallery [National Portrait Gallery] shall function as a free public museum for the exhibition and study of portraiture and statuary..." (2) "In order to encourage the development of contemporary art and to effect the widest distribution and cultivation in matters of such art, the Regents are authorized to...conduct exhibitions..." (3) "The Joseph H. Hirshhom Museum and Sculpture Garden...shall be used for the storage, exhibition, and study of works of art..." (4) "The national air and space museum shall...collect, preserve, and display aeronautical and space flight equipment of historical interest and significance..." (5) "...the Smithsonian Institution shall collect, preserve, and exhibit military objects of historical interest and significance." (6) "...the Board may...display...any property of whatsoever nature acquired (for the Museum of African Art)..." (7) The purposes of the National Museum [of the American Indian] are to...(2) collect, preserve, and exhibit Native American objects of artistic, historical, literary, anthropological, and scientific interest..."

20 U.S.C.§ 53a provides that "Appropriations are authorized for the...preparation of manuscripts, drawings, and illustrations for publication."

5. conduct of education, training, and museum assistance programs;

20 U.S.C.§ 65a provides "The Director of the National Museum under the direction of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution shall - (1) cooperate with museums and their professional organizations in a continuing study of museum problems and opportunities, both in the United States and abroad; (2) prepare and distribute significant museum publications; (3) perform research on, and otherwise contribute to, the development of museum techniques..."

20 U.S.C.§ 77a provides that "The national air and space museum shall...provide educational material for the historical study of aviation and space flight."

20 U.S.C.§ 79a provides that "The purpose of setting aside such an area [Barro Colorado Island] is to preserve and conserve its natural features...thus providing a place where duly qualified students can make observations and scientific investigations for increase of knowledge, under such conditions and regulations as may be prescribed by the Smithsonian Institution."

20 U.S.C. § 79e provides that "There are authorized to be appropriated annually...such sums as are necessary for the administration of [the Canal Zone Biological Area] for the maintenance of laboratory or other facilities..."

The Panama Canal Treaty and ancillary agreements vest in the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute responsibility to serve as custodian of the Barro Colorado Nature Monument. The Panama Canal Act of 1979, Public Law 96-70, as amended, implements the provisions of the Panama Canal Treaty.

20 U.S.C.§ 80m(a)(3) provides that "...the Board may...conduct programs of research and education (in the Museum of African Art)..."

6. maintenance, alteration, operation, lease (for terms not to exceed thirty years), and protection of buildings, facilities, and approaches;

20 U.S.C.§§ 53a, 76g, 76ee, 79b, 80m, 81 provide that (1) "Appropriations are authorized for the maintenance of the Astrophysical Observatory and.. .for repairs and alterations of buildings and grounds occupied by the Smithsonian Institution in the District of Columbia and elsewhere..." (2) "There are authorized to be appropriated annually such sums as may be necessary to maintain and administer the Gallery [National Portrait Gallery]..." (3) "There is authorized to be appropriated...such additional sums as may be necessary for the maintenance and operation of such [Hirshhorn] [M]useum and

103

[S]culpture [G]arden." (4) "The Smithsonian Institution shall.. .be responsible for the construction and maintenance of laboratory and other facilities on the area provided for the use of students authorized to carry on studies within the confines of the area..." (5) "...the Board may...preserve, maintain...any property of whatsoever nature acquired (for the Museum of African Art)..." (6)"The National Zoological Park is placed under the direction of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, who are authorized...to administer and improve the said Zoological Park for the advancement of science and the instruction and recreation of the people." Public Law 101-512 making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies for the fiscal year 1991 extended the maximum term from ten years to thirty years.

7. not to exceed $ for services as authorized by5U.S.C.§3109;

5 U.S.C.§ 3109 provides that "When authorized by an appropriation or other statute, the head of an agency may procure by contract the temporary (not in excess of 1 year) or intermittent services of experts or consultants or an organization thereof, including stenographic reporting services."

8. up to 5 replacement passenger vehicles;

31 U.S.C.§ 1343 provides that "(b) An appropriation may be expended to buy or lease passenger motor vehicles only— (1) for the use of—...or, (2) as specifically provided by law.

9. purchase, rental, repair, and cleaning of uniforms for employees;

5 U.S.C.§ 5901 provides that "(a) There is authorized to be appropriated annually to each agency of the Government of the United States,...on a showing of necessity or desirability, such sums as may be necessary to carry out this subchapter. The head of the agency concerned...shall— (1) furnish to each of these employees a uniform at a cost not to exceed $400 a year...or (2) pay to each of these employees a allowance for a uniform not to exceed $400 a year..."

40 U.S.C.§ 193t provides that "The special police provided for in section 193n of this title [Smithsonian Institution]...may be furnished, without charge, with uniforms and such other equipment as may be necessary for the proper performance of their duties..."

10. of which not to exceed $ for the instrumentation program, collections acquisition, Museum

Support Center equipment and move, exhibition reinstallation, the National Museum of the American Indian, and the repatriation of skeletal remains program shall remain available until expended;

Wording added by the Congress in Public Law 100-446 making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and related agencies for the fiscal year 1989 to permit the Institution to establish no-year funding within the Salaries and Expenses account for the

development of major scientific instrumentation. Public Law 101-512 making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies for the fiscal year 1991 also allowed no-year funding to be used for purchases for museum collections; the costs of purchasing collections storage equipment and the preparation of objects and the move of collections to the Museum Support Center; the design, production, and reinstallation of museum exhibitions; the operating costs associated with the new National Museum of the American Indian; and the repatriation of skeletal remains. In addition, Public Law 103-332 making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies for the fiscal year 1995 established no-year funding for research equipment; information technology needs; and Latino programming at the Institution.

31 U.S.C.§ 1301(c) provides "An appropriation in a regular, annual appropriation law may be construed to be permanent or available continuously only if the appropriation ... (2) expressly provides that it is available after the fiscal year covered by the law in which it appears."

11. and, including such funds as may be necessary to support American overseas research centers and a total of $ for the Council of American Overseas Research Centers:

Wording added by the Congress in Public Law 99-190 making appropriations for the Department of Interior and Related Agencies in 1986. Public Law 100-446 making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies for the fiscal year 1989 modified reference to add specific dollar sum to be provided to the Council of American Overseas Research Centers.

12. Provided, That funds appropriated herein are available for advance payments to independent contractors performing research services or participating in official Smithsonian presentations.

31 U.S.C.§ 3324 provides that "(b) An advance of public money may be made only if it is authorized by— (1) a specific appropriation or other law..."

Appropriation: Construction and Improvements, National Zoological Park

1. For necessary expenses of planning, construction, remodeling, and equipping of buildings and facilities at the National Zoological Park,

20 U.S.C.§ 81 provides that "The National Zoological Park is placed under the direction of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, who are authorized.. .to administer and improve the said Zoological Park for the advancement of science and the instruction and recreation of the people."

2. by contract or otherwise,

Wording for clarification only.

3. to remain available until expended.

31 U.S.C.§ 1301(c) provides "An appropriation in a regular, annual appropriation law may be construed to be permanent or available continuously only if the appropriation... (2) expressly provides that it is available after the fiscal year covered by the law in which it appears."

Appropriation: Repair and Restoration of Buildings

1 . For necessary expenses of repair and restoration of buildings owned or occupied by the Smithsonian Institution, by contract or otherwise, as authorized by section 2 of the Act of August 22, 1949 (63 Stat. 623),

20 U.S.C.§ 53a provides that "Appropriations are authorized...for repairs and alterations of buildings and grounds occupied by the Smithsonian Institution in the District of Columbia and elsewhere..."

2. including not to exceed $ for services as authorized by 5 U.S.C.§ 3109,

5 U.S.C.§ 3109 provides that "When authorized by an appropriation or other statute, the head of an agency may procure by contract the temporary (not in excess of 1 year) or intermittent services of experts or consultants or an organization thereof, including stenographic reporting services."

3. to remain available until expended:

31 U.S.C.§ 1301 provides "An appropriation in a regular, annual appropriation law may be construed to be permanent or available continuously only if the appropriation—... expressly provides that it is available after the fiscal year covered by the law in which it appears."

4. Provided, That contracts awarded for environmental systems, protection systems, and exterior repair or restoration of buildings of the Smithsonian Institution may be negotiated with selected contractors and awarded on the basis of contractor qualifications as well as price.

Wording added to allow for negotiations with the most competent firms for restoration and renovation work where it can be certified that such work must be performed to meet the special needs of historic structures, the protection of collections, or public safety.

Appropriation: Construction

1. For necessary expenses for construction,

20 U.S.C.§ 53a provides that "Appropriations are authorized...for repairs and alterations of buildings and grounds occupied by the Smithsonian Institution in the District of Columbia and elsewhere..."

2. to remain available until expended.

31 U.S.C.§ 1301(c) provides "An appropriation in a regular, annual appropriation law may be construed to be permanent or available continuously only if the appropriation... (2) expressly provides that it is available after the fiscal year covered by the law in which it appears."

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