This book made available by the Internet Archive.

Facilities Services

Office of Protection Services 71

Office of Physical Plant 72

CONSTRUCTION AND IMPROVEMENTS, NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK ... 75

REPAIR AND RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS 79

CONSTRUCTION 85

National Museum of the American Indian 86

National Air and Space Museum Extension 87

Minor Construction, Alterations, and Modifications 87

APPENDIX

Smithsonian Institution Organizational Chart 91

Visitors to the Smithsonian, FY 1991 - FY 1995 92

Special Foreign Currency Program 93

Nonappropriated Funding 95

Appropriations Language and Citations 97

Adjustments to FY 1996 Funding 104

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION FY 1997 Budget Request

Account FY 1996 Rsfimate FY 1997 Request

Salaries and Expenses $308,188,000 $328,716,000

Construction 27,700,000 13,000,000

Zoo Construction 3,250,000 4,000,000

Repair and Restoration 33, 95 4,000 38,000,000

TOTAL $373,092,000 $383,716,000

Introduction

Unique within the Federal establishment, the Smithsonian Institution is an independent, public trust with a statutory charter approved by Congress and the President in 1846. Dedicated to the "increase and diffusion of knowledge," the Institution is the world's largest museum complex with 16 museums, galleries, and the National Zoo. The total number of objects, works of art, and specimens at the Smithsonian is estimated at more than 140 million, of which 122 million are specimens and artifacts in the National Museum of Natural History and 13 million are philatelic items and historical objects at the National Postal Museum. The Institution also is one of the world's leading scientific research centers with facilities in eight states and the Republic of Panama.

Smithsonian exhibitions, research, and collections generate and disseminate knowledge to those who annually make nearly 30 million visits to the Institution at its sites in Washington; to those who have made 30 million visits to the Smithsonian's Home Page since its inception in May 1995 and used 129,000 hours of commercial online communication in the past year; and to millions more through Smithsonian magazine and other Institutional publications. Excellence in its core disciplines—biology, astrophysics, history, art, and the cultures that inform them—and leadership in the management of collections, the conduct of research, and the creation of public programs, such as exhibitions and performances—are fundamental factors in all Smithsonian activities.

To celebrate the 150th anniversary of its founding, the Smithsonian has organized a number of events and is sponsoring several new publications and exhibitions, including the fabulous America's Smithsonian, which opened in February in Los Angeles and will travel to a number of other cities during the next two years. Designed to promote an increased sense of public ownership of the Institution and to make the Smithsonian more accessible to more people, these activities will include a giant public birthday party that will be televised from the Mall on August 10-11.

The Smithsonian's Request

This budget request is based upon the Conference level for fiscal year 1996.

For fiscal year 1997, the Smithsonian's request for all operating and capital accounts totals $383.7 million, an increase of $10.6 million over its fiscal year 1996 estimate. Of this amount, $328.7 million is for the Salaries and Expenses account, the Institution's basic operating budget; $13.0 million for the Construction account; $4.0 million for the Construction and Improvements, National Zoological Park account; and $38.0 million for the Repair and Restoration of Buildings account.

Salaries and Expenses

The Salaries and Expenses (S&E) request includes $18,333,000 in increases for core needs to support the daily operations of the Institution. The request includes mandatory increases for sustaining base operations for necessary pay requirements; utilities, communications, and postage costs; and space rental increases. These increases are beyond the Institution's control and account for approximately 89% of the total S&E increase requested for fiscal year 1997. The S&E request also reflects the return of funds associated with one-time funding in fiscal year 1996 for the Festival of American Folklife.

The Institution has identified priority program enhancements for fiscal year 1997 in three major areas:

• the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Submillimeter Array operations ($720,000)

• continued development of the National Museum of the American Indian ($600,000)

• the National Museum of Natural History East Court project ($1,075,000)

The Institution requests 13 positions and $2,395,000 for these enhancements. Details about them are provided in the Salaries and Expenses section of this request.

Capital Accounts

The request for the Institution's capital accounts includes funding for repair and restoration of facilities ($38 million) to achieve a balance between correcting the unacceptable condition of four older buildings and maintaining the current condition of other facilities through systematic renewal and repair. The Institution's construction request ($13 million) addresses requirements for physical plant expansion and modification to support program needs, particularly for collections storage and care. The FY 1997 request also includes funds to address portions of the National Zoological Park's Rock Creek Master Plan and renovations, repairs, and improvements at Rock Creek and at the Conservation Research Center at Front Royal, Virginia ($4 million). Details of the capital accounts are provided in the applicable sections of this request.

Smithsonian Institution FY 1997 Budget Request by Appropriation Account

SALARIES AND EXPENSES

Summary of FY 1997 Change

FY 1996 Base Estimate $308,188,000

FY 1997 Increases/Decreases:

Non-recurring Costs (200,000)

Mandatory Costs 18,333,000

Program Costs 7. ,195,000

FY 1997 Request $328,716,000

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This section provides specific details about the Institution's Salaries and Expenses budget request for FY 1997. Of the total amount of increases requested, approximately 89% is attributable to mandatory costs for pay, utilities and rent. The remainder is for priority program enhancements to continue critical on-going projects within the Institution.

FY 1997 NON-RECURRING COSTS

Fiscal year 1997 non-recurring costs include $200,000 for the return of funds associated with the FY 1996 Festival of American Folklife.

FY 1997 MANDATORY INCREASES FOR SUSTAINING BASE OPERATIONS

The Smithsonian Institution seeks additional funds for costs that are beyond its control to manage. These costs result from legislatively-mandated pay increases and escalating costs of utilities and rent. The Institution requests an increase of $18,333,000 for the mandatory costs shown below.

Salary and Related Costs:

FY 1995 Locality Pay $2,627,000

Annualization of FY 1995 Pay Raise 1,079,000

FY 1996 Pay Raises 5,337,000

FY 1997 Proposed Pay Raises 5,025,000

Federal Employees Retirement System 97,000

One Additional Workday 831, 000

Workers' Compensation 61,000

Subtotal, Salary and Related Costs $15,057,000

Utilities, Communications, and Postage Central Rental Space

Total

$2,091,000 $1,185,000

$18,333,000

Salar y and Kplatpri Costs - The Institution requests $15,057,000 for the projected higher salary and benefits costs in FY 1997 for FY 1996 staff as described below. A line-item breakdown of the applicable components of these costs is also provided.

FY 1995 Locality Pay: $2,627,000 to fully restore the January 1995 locality pay raise of 1.22 percent.

Annualization of FY 1995 Pay Raise: $1,079,000 to annualize the costs of the 2.0 percent January 1995 cost of living adjustment.

FY 1996 Pay Raises: $5,337,000 to fully fund the 2.0 percent January 1996 cost of living adjustment and the 0.54 percent locality pay raise.

FY 1997 Proposed Pay Raises: $5,025,000 to fully fund the anticipated 3.0 percent January FY 1997 pay raise for three-quarters of a year.

Federal Employees* Retirement Service (FERS): $97,000 to cover the increased benefit costs of FERS participants in the Federal workforce. For FY 1997, the projected cost increase of former Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) positions now in the FERS system amounts to $9,347,000. The Institution has in its base $9,250,000 to fund this shift, leaving a shortfall of $97,000. Additional funds will be required in the future, as the composition of the Institution's Federal workforce continues to shift from CSRS to FERS participation.

One Additional Workday: $831,000 to cover the cost of one extra day. Currently, base funding is available foremployee compensation for a'2j60jday workyear. For each year through FY 2000, there arej2j 6T workd ays, which require additional funding of $3,324,000 over this time period to-cdver employee salary and benefit costs for the extra day. J t o$$ Lk? « - 77

Workers' Compensation: $61,000 as specified in the provisions of Section 8147(b) of Title 5, United States Code, as amended on April 21, 1976 by Public Law 94-273. This law provides for payments to be made to employees for injuries and to their families in cases where work accidents result in employee death. These payments are determined and made by the U.S. Department of Labor's Employment Standards Administration, which subsequendy bills agencies for costs incurred for their employees. The FY 1997 bill for the Institution's Federal portion ($1,771,000) covers the actual expenses incurred for the period July 1, 1994 through June 30, 1995. With an amount of $1,710,000 in its FY 1996 base for workers' compensation, the Institution requests an additional $61,000.

Utilities, rnmmiiniratinns, and Postag e - $2,091,000 in FY 1997 to cover anticipated costs. Fiscal year 1997 increases are attributable to projected rate increases from Potomac Electric Power Company (PEPCO) and the General Services Administration (GSA) in Washington, D.C. and Consolidated Edison in New York City; continued upgrading of exhibit halls; new operational costs associated with the National Museum of the American Indian in New York City; the new National Museum of Natural History East Court Infill; the Osteo Preparation Laboratory, Botany greenhouses, and the large artifact building at Silver Hill, Maryland; and continued increased usage of linked computer systems and the expansion of data networks throughout the Institution.

The following table shows utilities and communications costs from FY 1995 to FY 1997; detailed explanations of each line-item follow.

Federal Utilities and Communication Costs FY 1995 - FY 1997

Electricity - The major component of the Utilities account is electricity. As a result of an aggressive energy management program, the consumption levels for FY 1995 were consistent with prior years; however, costs continued to rise as utility rates increased. The FY 1997 estimate reflects the 3.8 percent rate increase granted in July 1995 for PEPCO and a projected annual rate increase of three percent for all electricity accounts during FY 1996 and FY 1997. The FY 1997 estimate also reflects consumption increases for both FY 1996 and FY 1997 associated with the operation of the National Museum of the American Indian in New York; construction of the National Museum of Natural History East Court Infill, to be located on the Mall in Washington, D.C; and the Osteo Preparation Laboratory, Botany greenhouses, and the large artifact building at Silver Hill, Maryland. The continued installation of additional personal computers and upgrading of exhibit halls in most Smithsonian museums will necessitate general increases.

Steam - Steam is used primarily for heating Smithsonian facilities, year-round humidification, and hot water production. The large consumption of steam is directly related to maintaining an interior environment appropriate for the preservation of artifacts. The estimate for FY 1997 reflects an FY 1996 projection for consumption increases associated with the National Museum of the American Indian in New York City, which became operational in late FY 1994. Increases are also projected for the new construction of the East Court Infill at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C., as well as projected three percent annual increases in costs from both GSA in Washington, D.C. and Consolidated Edison in New York City.

Gas - Significant increases in consumption are projected for FY 1996 due to the new National Museum of Natural History research greenhouse, Osteo Preparation Laboratory, Horticulture building, and artifact cleaning facility for the National Air and Space Museum at the Garber Facility located in Suitland, Maryland. These increases in consumption and a projected rate increase of two percent are reflected in the FY 1997 estimate.

Fuel Oil/Water - Fiscal year 1996 and 1997 estimates reflect water consumption increases associated with the ongoing installation of a town water and sewer system and the construction of a new maintenance facility and small office building at the National Zoological Park facilities at Front Royal, Virginia. FY 1996 reflects estimates for the National Museum of American Indian in New York City. In addition, the Institution anticipates a five percent historical rate increase in fuel oil.

D.C. Government Water/Sewer - The FY 1996 and FY 1997 estimates for D.C. government water and sewer costs are based on cost projections provided by the District government in October 1995.

Communications - The FY 1997 estimate for communications includes a six percent increase for domestic services and a seven percent increase for the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama. These projected increases are consistent with actual costs over the past several years. The FY 1997 estimate also reflects the expanded use of the Internet, increased access to off-site information sources, and requirements generated by increased use of the Institution's automated systems. Management improvements have reduced the growth rate for local telephone services in recent years; however, access costs to external resources continue to grow.

Postage - The FY 1997 estimate for postage reflects the historical five percent annual growth rate in postage costs for both FY 1996 and FY 1997, which is offset by projected savings from barcoding and presorting changes that are currently being implemented.

Rental Space - For FY 1997, the Smithsonian requests $1,185,000 for uncontrollable expenses in the central rental account. The increase reflects an average 6.5 percent annual cost increase and takes into account the offsetting Trust fund contribution for shared administrative activities and office space occupied by specific auxiliary activities on the Mall. Leased space at L'Enfant Plaza, 1111 North

Capitol Street, Archives of American Art space in New York and Boston, Fullerton storage, and Smithsonian archival storage space provide critical housing and storage for administrative support and some program activities that provide valuable services to the Institution's exhibition, education, research and collection programs.

The following table reflects Institution costs for rental space for fiscal years 1995 - 1997.

Federal Central Rental Costs FY 1995 - FY 1997

FY 1997 PRIORITY PROGRAM ENHANCEMENTS

The Smithsonian Institution seeks funds in FY 1997 to continue critical on-going projects. The total increase is $2,395,000, which represents approximately 11 % of the total S&E request for FY 1997.

Smithsonian Astrnphysical Ohservatnry Snhmillimpter Array Operations ($720,000) - Since FY 1992, SAO has been developing and testing in Massachusetts components for the submillimeter telescope array that will be located on Mauna Kea in Hawaii. The Smithsonian requests an increase of $720,000 in FY 1997 to fund initial operations of the Hilo, Hawaii field station for the array. Groundbreaking occurred in June 1995, with completion scheduled for late FY 1997. This funding will support beginning operations including communications, utilities, equipment, rent, supplies, materials, and other non-salary expenses. The last increment of funding required to fully fund operation of the array, $1.2 million, will be required in FY 1998.

The submillimeter telescope array will measurably enhance the scientific competitiveness of the United States for ground-based astronomy—observing the skies with telescopes sensitive to submillimeter waves. Submillimeter observations will make fundamental contributions to our understanding of the processes by which stars form and of the mechanisms that generate prodigious amounts of energy in quasars and in active galaxies. SAO scientists will play a major role in unlocking these secrets utilizing

the array and its unprecedented combination of wavelength coverage and ability to resolve fine spatial details.

National M useum of t he Amerifan Tnriian Operations (7 positions and $600,000) - For FY 1997, the Smithsonian is seeking 7 positions and $600,000 for continued development of the National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI). The Institution must strengthen its operations programmatically. It is of critical importance, given the extended construction schedule of other NMAI facilities, that the Institution respond to the needs of the American Indian community through full operations in New York City.

Visitor needs at the George Gustav Heye Center in New York City have exceeded the capacities of existing staff. The Institution seeks to increase public programs support services through staff increases for interpreters of exhibits and exhibits planning (3 positions and $182,000) in FY 1997. NMAI requires two interpreters to provide on-floor instructions and guidance as a part of the exhibition experience. Additional funds will allow NMAI to present a greater number of educational activities, such as classes, lectures, teacher workshops, and seminars; bring visiting artists from throughout the hemisphere; and provide better pre-visit curricular materials for teachers and other leaders of visiting groups. This request also includes funds for a special assistant in exhibitions to handle the increased workload as a changing exhibit program begins and to coordinate the changing exhibitions beginning in 1997.

Outreach, particularly to the American Indian community, through training programs, educational products, and electronic accessibility, needs additional resources (4 positions and $328,000). These funds are essential to make information, educational products, and data regarding the museum collections accessible at remote sites, including native communities, schools, and cultural institutions. Requested funds will also be directed toward expansion of community services outreach through training programs, internships and other interactions with Native American communities.

Finally, in working directly with the collections, resources ($90,000) are required to support repatriation activities, such as repatriation visits and the transportation of repatriated human remains and funerary objects to tribes; and digitizing of the collections. In light of legislative mandates of 1989 and 1990, as well as NMAI's own repatriation policy, the needs in this area are acute. Collections inventories, required by statute and NMAI policy, were sent to hundreds of native tribes and communities almost two years ago. The Institution has received numerous requests and applications that demand substantial amounts of additional research regarding the collection. Enhanced technology to continue digitizing images of objects in the collections is needed ensure the Museum's ability to complete this task prior to the move of objects to the Suitland facility.

National Museum nf Natural History East Court. Project (rt positions and $1,075,000) - While the NMNH East Court Building will also provide swing space during the Major Capital Renewal Renovation Project, it will ultimately provide badly needed additional space for research, collections activities, and public programs, including education offices, classrooms, and large public restrooms.

Included in this request are 3 positions and $111,000 to provide a portion of the NMNH facility management expenses required to clean and maintain this new building. Also included in this request are

3 positions and $315,000 for the Office of Physical Plant to maintain this facility. These engineer/system repairmen positions are necessary to maintain the building's physical plant systems; funds are also requested for necessary maintenance contracts on those systems as well as elevator maintenance and operational supplies. Additional facility management staff and other costs associated with maintaining and occupying the building will be requested in future budgets.

Funding in the amount of $649,000 will be used to procure the voice system and a portion of the data system for the building's communications network. These systems must be procured in FY 1997 so that they can be installed as soon as construction is completed. The timely occupancy of the building and the uninterrupted progress of the Major Capital Renewal Renovation Project are dependent on the prompt installation of this network. The remainder of the data system will be purchased as early as possible in FY 1998.

As the operational needs of the new East Court Building begin to be met, the Museum must turn its focus toward meeting the Museum's Collections and Research Information System (CRIS) foundation architecture needs. Towards this goal, a portion of this increase will be made available to CRIS starting in FY 1998. The Museum is making major strides in CRIS development, the goal being to ensure that virtually every city, town, and household in the Nation will have the possibility of electronically accessing the Museum's vast collections. The potential benefits of this electronic outreach to the Nation and beyond are inestimable.

Specifically, NMNH will use these funds to further develop and install the CRIS multimedia catalog module; make critical improvements to the CRIS public access module; develop and provide public access to new educational and scientific electronic resources; and implement necessary upgrades to the communications network. User services and network administration system support will be provided, computer equipment purchased and installed, and contractual support acquired to assist in digitization and development.

Anacostia Museum

Abstract - The Anacostia Museum (AM) serves as a resource for African American history and culture, community-based museology, and the exploration of contemporary African American culture in the African diaspora. The museum's research, exhibition, and educational outreach activities focus primarily on the Washington metropolitan region and neighboring states of the Upper South.

In FY 1995, the National African American Museum Project, renamed the Center for African-American History and Culture (CAAHC), was moved into the administrative structure of the Anacostia Museum. The Center presents exhibitions and programs that are national and international in scope. The combined activities of the Anacostia Museum and the Center offer the public and scholars the opportunity to gain new insight into African American culture.

For FY 1997, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Anacostia Museum. The Institution requires $76,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Anacostia Museum serves as a national model for community-focused museums across the country. While focusing on the African American experience in Washington and the Upper South, the Museum's research, collections development, and outreach activities are developed as models for replication in small and medium-sized museums across the country. The Center for African American History and Culture provides a national venue for significant African American exhibitions developed by museums across the country. Additionally, the Center identifies collectors and collections of art and historical material around the country. The combined multifaceted and multidisciplinary programs of applied research, collections development, documentation, exhibitions, and educational outreach activities provide local, regional, national, and international audiences with greater understanding of African American contributions to American society.

Research and Collections - Three major research projects are under way at the Anacostia Museum. The first, "Speak to My Heart: African American Communities of Faith and Contemporary Society," will focus upon the role and impact of the African American church in Washington in the last quarter century. Additionally, a major exhibition focusing on community life in the neighborhoods east of the Anacostia River is planned for 1998, and a multifaceted project which explores the evolution of rural traditions and customs in the urban environment is planned for 1999.

The Center, in conjunction with the Anacostia Museum, and where appropriate, the National Museum of American History, will mount four new research initiatives in FY 1996 and FY 1997. The first will examine the evolution of African American dolls, toys, games, and leisure activities. The second will explore the roles and contributions of African Americans in the performing and media arts. The third project will examine the African American presence in the United States military. The fourth initiative, an outgrowth of the National Museum of American History project, "Go Forth and Serve: African American Land Grant Colleges," will examine the role of education in African American society.

The Center recently acquired materials related to the life and work of African American television pioneer, Ellis Hazlip. The Anacostia Museum acquired a unique painter's box created by a slave and materials from the Griffith family of Washington, D.C. The Griffith estate materials are featured in "America's Smithsonian," the traveling exhibition developed to commemorate the Institution's 150th anniversary.

Exhibitions - Since FY 1995, the Center for African American History and Culture has presented four exhibitions, including "Imaging Families: Images and Voices" and "Equal Rights and Justice" in the Arts and Industries Building. In FY 1996, the Anacostia Museum, in collaboration with the Octagon Museum, opened the two-site exhibition, "Southern City, National Ambition: The Growth of Early Washington, D.C. 1800-1860." The Museum will also present an exhibition, "Down Through the Years: Stories from the Anacostia Museum Collection." Additionally, the Museum's Community Gallery featured "Anacostia: Not the Same Old Story," an exhibition developed by students at the Moten Elementary School; an exhibition of the post Harlem Renaissance artist Georgette Seabrooke Powell entitled "Art Changes Things;" and an exhibition on English and French Caribbean Music in Washington, D.C.

Education and Programs - The Anacostia Museum/Moten Elementary School partnership continues to flourish. Students participated in a variety of workshops and activities and were featured in the CBS Special, "The Smithsonian: Fantastic Journey." Other outreach activities have included doll-making and storytelling workshops, tours of significant African American historic sites, and two daylong film festivals. The Museum also hosted a two-day conference to examine current issues within the local metropolitan Caribbean community.

Nonappropriated Funding - Annual allotments support salary and benefit costs for the director and an exhibit specialist, as well as trustee expenses and routine staff business expenditures. Additional funds derived from donations and traveling exhibit rental fees support outreach activities.

Archives of American Art

Abstract - The Archives of American Art (AAA), a national research repository with reference centers in New York, Boston, Detroit, Los Angeles, and San Francisco, has the world's largest collection of archival materials relating to the history of the American visual arts, including original manuscripts, photographs, works of art on paper, and tape-recorded oral and video interviews. The collection is housed in Washington, D.C., with microfilm copies of many of the documents made available in the reference centers and through national and international interlibrary loans. The Archives actively seeks, collects, and preserves original source materials for study by scholars, students, curators, collectors, and others interested in the history of art and encourages research in American art and cultural history through publications, symposia, lectures, and other public programs.

For FY 1997, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Archives of American Art. The Institution requires $90,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Archives of American Art documents the art and cultural history of the United States and encourages its study by collecting, preserving, and making easily accessible the primary source materials that are essential to research. Each year, AAA raises a significant portion of its operating funds from private sources.

Collections - In FY 1995, the Archives brought some exemplary additions into the collection. These included four year's worth of correspondence between the architect/sculptor Arthur Colan and the art collector Dr. Albert C. Barnes; the records from the magazine Art and Architecture chronicling the history of architecture in the U.S; and the personal papers of the Native American painter, Fritz Scholder (b. 1937). In addition, the Archives received the papers of Heinze Warneke (1895-1983), former head of the Sculpture Department of the Corcoran School of Art, who sculpted "The Prodigal Son" for the Washington Cathedral, the stone eagles for the Social Security Building in Washington, D.C., and "Wrestling Bears" for the National Zoological Park, among other works.

Conservation and Collections Management - In FY 1995, several items were sent off-site for professional conservation, the most interesting being an etching plate by Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain) for a caricature self-portrait he made for John White Alexander, a renowned nineteenth century portrait painter. AAA also preserved a collection of greeting cards by the American Artists Group that were produced between 1934 and 1935 and based on commissioned original works by contemporary American artists from that era.

During FY 1995, the Archives processed 53 collections totaling 153 linear feet. Twenty-three of these collections were microfilmed, resulting in a total of 92 new reels of film. The Archives also remastered 425 oral history interviews on to archival quality audio tape.

Research - In FY 1995, the Archives' reference centers across the country received 3,862 researchers, and responded to 7,416 telephone, mail, or Internet inquiries. In all, 10,534 reels of microfilm were consulted, and AAA loaned 2,600 reels through the interlibrary loan program.

Public Service - FY 1995 lectures presented by the Archives' staff included "Jean Hugo: Le Peintre" given at the Musee Fabre, Montpellier, France; "The Asian American Experience in the Visual Arts" given at the Honolulu Academy of the Arts as part of a forum about Japanese American art from the World War U internment camps; and a slide lecture at the University of Texas detailing Latino and African American research resources at the Archives as part of the continuing commitment to increase awareness of minority representation in the collection.

In January 1995, the California station KCET broadcast a television documentary, "Visions of California: The Story of California Scene Painting," which relied extensively on material from the Archives. In Washington D.C., the Archives continues, in cooperation with the National Portrait Gallery and the National Museum of American Art, to provide weekly seminars addressing current issues of research on American art and culture.

Nonappropriated Funding - Provided by an annual allotment from the Smithsonian Institution, unrestricted funds provide support for publication of AAA's quarterly Archives of American Art Journal and for expenses of its Board of Trustees.

Individual gifts, foundation and corporate grants, dues form the Board of Trustees, fund-raising activities, and AAA's membership program generate restricted funds for the Archives. This income helps to underwrite AAA's general operating expenses, including the oral history and publications programs.

In FY 1995, additional funds from the Starr Foundation underwrote a project to automate AAA's authority files, making this invaluable identification resource readily accessible on computer. Grants from the Lannan, Horace Goldsmith, and New-Land foundations, as well as from the Art Dealers Association of America, helped to underwrite oral history interviews across the country. The Howard and Jean Lipman and the Henry Luce Foundations supported AAA publications, including new finding aids to the collections and a special anniversary issue of the Archives of American Art Journal.

Arthur M. Sackler Gallery/Freer Gallery of Art

Abstract. - The Arthur M. Sackler Gallery was founded in 1982 (opened to the public in 1987) to house a gift of Asian art from Dr. Arthur M. Sackler and to develop an active program of loan exhibitions. The Freer Gallery of Art, founded in 1906 (opened to the public in 1923) as the first art museum of the Smithsonian Institution, had its origin in Charles Lang Freer's gift of Asian art and specialized collection of American art. Both museums actively seek to study and celebrate the historical and contemporary achievements of the arts of Asia. As Smithsonian museums, they are devoted to the increase and diffusion of knowledge.

Administered by a single staff, the combined resources of the Freer and Sackler galleries form an important international center dedicated to on-going collection, preservation, study, and exhibition of Asian art, as well as to educational programs that increase public awareness. While the Freer Gallery neither lends objects nor exhibits works borrowed from museums or individuals, the Sackler Gallery both lends from its collections and borrows works to augment its own holdings.

For FY 1997, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and the Freer Gallery of Art. The Institution requires $285,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Sackler and Freer galleries share a general aesthetic focus on Asia. While the Sackler Gallery extends this focus to the present day, embracing a wider range of media and artistic expression, the Freer Gallery emphasizes the major historical artistic traditions from the beginnings of history through the 19th century. In addition to the program on American art and its interrelationship with Asian traditions at the Freer Gallery, the goal of the Freer and Sackler galleries is to expand both knowledge and appreciation of Asian artistic traditions through exhibitions, education, research, conservation, and acquisitions. In addition, the galleries, with the aid of in-depth public programs related to exhibitions, provide wider cultural and physical contexts that aid in understanding the forms and complexities of Asian art; a continuing calendar of public programs explores both the living arts of Asia and in-depth aspects of individual Asian societies.

Exhibitions - Exhibitions provide the primary public links with the cultural diversity of Asia. Exhibitions at the Sadder Gallery draw from public and private collections both domestically and abroad and from the Gallery's own collections. Planning and installation are currently underway for five new exhibitions in the Sackler and three in the Freer for FY 1996. Exhibitions at the Freer Gallery continue to include temporary exhibitions that each year draw from the rich resources of the Gallery collection.

Education - The Education department develops materials related to exhibitions that are also capable of standing alone following the close of an exhibition. Both galleries encourage families, students, and educators to make use of the galleries through teacher in-service programs, teacher workshops, curriculum materials, and family programs. A high school internship was inaugurated for young Asian Americans. Public programs at the Freer make use of the superb acoustics in the Meyer Auditorium for concerts, which include contemporary Asian composers, film festivals, and performing arts programs with traditional Asian music and dance.

Research - The Freer and Sackler galleries share research staff and support facilities that together constitute an international center for advanced scholarly research in Asian art, as well as on specific areas of American art in the Freer Gallery. Research provides the basis for exhibitions, publications, and collections acquisitions. The galleries disseminate research results to the public through lectures, symposia, collection research files, monographs, exhibitions and exhibition catalogues, free gallery guides, and brochures.

Conservation - Treatment of the collection continues to emphasize the safety and physical well-being of the objects, while departmental research seeks to understand the origin and physical nature of works of art and thereby improve their care treatment. A special painting conservation program with Japan, completely supported by a private research foundation and designed to conserve and restore Japanese paintings in the Freer collections, continued.

Collections - In FY 1995, the Sackler Gallery received 222 objects as gifts, acquired 20 objects by purchase, and received one object by transfer from the National Museum of Natural History and one from the National Portrait Gallery. Highlights included a collection of eighty-eight landscape photographs by Lois Conner, a Tibetan sculpture of the Bodhisattva Gandhahastin, and a group of sixteen ancient Near Eastern bronze objects. In FY 1995, the Freer Gallery received six objects as gifts, acquired seven objects by purchase, including a major 9th-cenrury Javanese sculpture, and transferred five objects from the study collection into the permanent collection.

Nonappropriated Funding - Unrestricted funds include program allotments and a small amount of discretionary funds to the Freer and Sackler galleries which defray the costs of research, collection acquisitions, and expenses related to the membership program. Restricted funds, the majority of which come from the Freer bequest, are used for specific purposes as identified within the bequest or by the provider.

Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies

Ahstra n - The Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies (CFPCS) conducts scholarly research and public programs that promote understanding and continuity of traditional grass roots regional, ethnic, tribal, and occupational heritage in the United States and abroad. The Center maintains the Folkways Archives and Collections. It also produces the annual Festival of American Folklife; Smithsonian/Folkways Recordings; documentary films, videos, and print publications; training programs and educational materials; and museum and traveling exhibitions. The Center cooperates with Federal and state agencies to advance the Nation's interest in cultural matters.

For FY 1997, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies. The FY 1997 estimate reflects a decrease of $200,000 associated with one-time funding provided in FY 1996 for the Festival of American Folklife. The Institution requires $55,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - Research - Research projects document and study the continuing practice of local grass roots traditions among diverse communities in contemporary society. Current projects examine the relationship between culture and grass roots economic development, cultures of immigrants to the United States, cultural traditions in the American heartland, the emerging culture of the U.S.-Mexico borderlands, and folklife in the American South. Center scholars and fellows pursue research on American regional music, Indian lacrosse, cultural impact of technological change, urban U. S. Latino culture, and African American traditions.

Festival of American Folklife - The Festival of American Folklife, held annually on the National Mall since 1967, educates a broad public about American and human cultural heritage and encourages tradition bearers by giving national recognition to their artistry, knowledge, and wisdom. The Festival provides a national and international model for the research-based presentation of cultural traditions. Nearly one million people visit the Festival each year, and millions more are reached by media coverage. In 1996, the Festival will feature the American South (with the Olympics), Iowa (with its sesquicentennial), and the occupational traditions of the Smithsonian itself (for its 150th anniversary).

Smithsonian/Folkways Recordings - Folkways produces documentary recordings of American and worldwide music, performance, and verbal arts that have won Grammy awards and nominations. Recent releases on Woody Guthrie, Leadbelly, Langston Hughes, American Indian music, Puerto Rican music, and children's songs indicate the breadth of subject matter. Recordings distributed to general audiences take the form of compact discs, cassettes, videos, and even CD-ROMs with booklets and/or liner notes. Children's and educational recordings, such as "Wade in the Water," reach classrooms across the Nation with the cooperation of recording, software, and educational companies.

Publications and Documentary Films - The Smithsonian Folklife Studies series consists of scholarly monographs coupled with documentary films, generally released to colleges and universities. Other books, such as the Smithsonian Folklife Cookbook, reach broad audiences. The Center produces Academy and Emmy Award-winning documentary films, such as "The Stone Carvers." Recently, the Center released films on "Workers at the White House" and "Indian Powwow."

Training Programs and Educational Materials - The Center develops curriculum materials and offers teacher training for understanding American cultural traditions. Teacher and student guides, recordings and videotapes are developed in partnership with state education departments and professional associations. The Center also uses summer institutes as a training ground for community scholars and teachers.

Traveling Exhibits - The Center produces modest traveling exhibitions developed from research and Festival programs. One of these, "Workers at the White House," is touring Presidential libraries with the cooperation of the National Archives and the White House Historical Association.

Archives and Collections - The Folkways Archives contains audiotapes, records, videotapes, photographic images, film, and paper files documenting cultural traditions from all parts of the United States and most regions of the world. Holdings include the original master recordings of Woody Guthrie performing "This Land Is Your Land" and original master tapes of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., as well as speeches and songs of the civil rights movement. The collection contains documentation of music, occupational lore, family folklore and immigration stories.

Public Service - The Center collaborates with economic development, tourism, culture, and education departments of states to develop Festival programs and remount them "back home." Recent projects with Hawaii, Michigan, New Mexico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands also extended to the development of educational materials and the sharing of archives. The Center is currently working with Iowa, Wisconsin, and New Hampshire in this manner.

Internet - The Center has produced a Home Page as part of the Smithsonian's presence on the Internet. In addition, Folkways is making audio clips and data on its collection available to the public, while the Festival is producing programs on selected folklife topics for the World Wide Web.

Nonappropriated Funding - Nonappropriated funds provide for Festival programs and ancillary projects. In FY 1996, the Center received additional support from the Iowa Sesquicentennial Committee and the Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games.

Conservation Analytical Laboratory

Abstract - The Conservation Analytical Laboratory (CAL), located at the Museum Support Center in Suitland, Maryland, is the Smithsonian's specialized research facility for the conservation and technical study of museum objects. CAL staff examine the conservation-related properties of materials, extract historical information from their technical record, and improve conservation treatment technology. Experience with a wide range of materials and expertise in analytical and technological studies enables CAL to engage successfully in collaborative research with anthropologists and art historians. CAL also conducts a conservation-training program that includes basic and advanced conservation theory and technique, supports and organizes workshops and seminars, and disseminates the latest knowledge in the field of conservation and cultural materials research to museums and research professionals throughout the United States and the world.

For FY 1997, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Conservation Analytical Laboratory. The Institution requires $154,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - CAL's program areas include research and development, education and training, and support and collaboration.

Research and Development - In one research area, physical and natural scientists collaborate with scholars from the arts and humanities to address questions of an art historical or archeological nature. A number of techniques used in these programs require specialized facilities that CAL operates in collaborative agreements with the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST). Other research involves collaboration with and use of equipment at the Carnegie Institution of Washington. In the continuing collaborative project with the National Museum of African Art and outside scholars, CAL researchers engaged in a study of Benin bronzes, using lead isotope mass spectrometry to examine the origins of the metal ores used for the manufacture of these objects. In CAL's biogeochemistry research program, researchers develop methods to retrieve biomolecular information from archeological and

paleological fossil remains, addressing issues such as prehistoric dietary habits, and disease patterns, and genetic relationships.

Another important research focus at CAL is the identification and characterization of the chemical and physical processes involved in the deterioration of materials in museum collections (conservation science) and the development and evaluation of treatment techniques for unstable collection items (treatment technology). CAL researchers examine the long-term stability of natural history specimens stored in liquid preservatives and the potential to retrieve biomolecular information from specimens that have undergone the usual fixation treatment with formaldehyde. In a program of studies on the preservation and conservation of modern, man-made materials, CAL researchers have examined the mechanisms involved in the deterioration of magnetic recording tape, and are working on a nondestructive evaluation technique that will allow archivists to determine when to copy specific collections before deterioration has progressed beyond the point where this is still feasible.

Education and Training - The preservation of archival materials is the focus of the RELACT (Research collections, Libraries, and Archives Conservation Training) program, conducted by CAL in collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution Archives and Smithsonian Institution Libraries. This year, staff from numerous Smithsonian units attended a lecture and demonstration series to ^receive training in preservation management and practices, while actual preservation projects were undertaken in four research collections with CAL providing technical assistance, consultation, training, and access to supplies and equipment. The projects also supplied ample practical experience to several CAL conservation interns. In the archaeological conservation training program, interns had the opportunity to work during excavation field-seasons at two very different sites, one in the Middle East and one in Central America, under the guidance of CAL's archaeological conservator. The production of the first two videos on preservation of collection materials was completed; these two videos are now available for the technical information of professionals involved in the care and management of collections.

Renovation work on CAL facilities hampered the organization of practical conservation courses]

nevertheless, CAL staff organized and taught four courses during FY 1995. Of these, three formed part of the curriculum of the Furniture Conservation Training Program, concluding the coursework for the students of the third class, who will graduate by the end of FY 1996 after fulfillment of a one-year internship requirement.

Support and Collaboration - CAL's technical support staff continued to provide analytical and technical assistance to conservation and curatorial staff in the various Smithsonian museums, as well as to the ongoing research efforts at CAL. Despite the aforementioned renovation, the staff still performed a total of 1,209 analyses, of which 764 are in support of CAL program activities. The same group also provide the maintenance of CAL's extensive research equipment. Also within this group, the technical information section provided answers to 1,009 requests for information from the general public and museum professionals nationwide. In addition, the group is now responsible for desk top publication production of CAL technical guidelines and other publications of technical information for museum professionals.

Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum

Abstract - Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, explores the creation and consequences of the designed environment. Design, a process of shaping matter to a purpose, is a fundamental activity. The Museum is interested in all aspects of design, including architecture, industrial design, interior design, textiles, and graphic arts. It is a public trust founded on the principle that understanding the past and present will shape the future. Today, the scale and pace of change require a new understanding — one that recognizes that individuals, societies, and the natural environment are linked through design.

For FY 1997, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the National Design Museum. The Institution requires $122,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Progr a m - Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, is the only museum in America devoted to historical and contemporary design. The Museum pursues its goal through exhibitions, publications, provisions for collections study, research, display, and educational programs for professionals, the adult public, and schoolchildren. In addition, the Museum jointly offers, with the Parsons School of Design, a graduate program in the history of decorative arts.

Renovation - The Museum closed its galleries and shop to the public on August 21, 1995, to begin an extensive renovation project. The garden remains open to visitors. The renovation project will make the Museum's facilities and collections more accessible to the public and has been approved by the New York City Landmarks Commission and the New York State Historic Preservation Office.

Exhibitions - "National Design Museum: A New Identity for Cooper-Hewitt"documented the process of creating the Museum's new graphic identity. "Good Offices and Beyond: The Evolution of the Workplace, "an exhibition of collection objects, explored technology in the workplace. "Kitsch to Corbusier: Wallpaper from the 1950s "also drew on the Museum's collections of wallpapers and has been reconfigured to travel to the Dallas Design Center. "The Structure of Style: Dutch Modernism in the Applied Arts 1880-1930" was extended to coincide with the closing of the galleries. Other notable

exhibitions included: "Redesigning Cooper-Hewitt: Drawings by Polshek & Partners Architects;" "An Introduction to the Andrew Carnegie Mansion;" "Elaine Lustig Cohen, Modern Graphic Designer;" "Body Language: Jewelry and Accessories at the National Design Museum;" and "Field for Dreams: An 18th-century Bedcovering."

Publications - Since the Museum adopted its new graphic identity, most of the publications program has been devoted to redesigning the membership, corporate membership, and special events brochures. The Museum's newsletter and education programs brochure were reintroduced as the Magazine, which is printed three times a year and distributed to members and subscribers.

Collections - In FY 1995, the National Design Museum acquired 2,675 objects for its collection. Among the most notable were a French engraving c. 1690 and a set of silver flatware, 1912. During the same period, the Museum loaned 167 objects to 13 museums (including 11 objects for conservation) and borrowed 60 objects from 7 lenders for exhibitions.

Educational Programs - The National Design Museum's appropriation for educational programs allowed the Museum to continue to offer programs for children and free public programs. Since the Museum was preparing for a major renovation project and had fewer exhibitions, the Education Department focused on the architecture, design and history of the Carnegie Mansion, home to the National Design Museum. In all, 7,000 public and private school students participated in free guided tours.

In July, the Museum hosted its second annual Summer Design Institute for Educators and created special programs for high school students, including Design Career Days and Studio After School. The Museum also sponsored a summer series of free lectures and concerts entitled "Crosscurrents: Contemporary Design in Latino Culture," which was supported by the Institution's Latino programming funds.

Research - Approximately 545 scholars, private individuals, designers, and corporate interests visited the collections for research purposes. Notable research included the establishment of a Latino-American Design Archive. The Museum's specialized research library, which complements the collection, received 1,500 visitors from corporations, museums, and universities around the world.

The Institution named the sixth Peter Krueger-Christie's Fellow in FY 1995 to conduct research on the social history of the European gardener, 1600 - 1900. The Kmeger summer internship program provided for six college undergraduates to gain first-hand experience of museum work.

Nonappropriated Funding - The Museum's nonappropriated trust funds support exhibitions, publications, and acquisitions.

Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden

Ahstract - The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (HMSG) was established as the Smithsonian's museum of modern and contemporary art by Public Law 89-788, signed on November 7, 1966. While the nucleus of the collection remains Joseph Hirshhorn's original gift, it has been greatly enriched by additional gifts from Mr. Hirshhorn and the 1981 bequest of art he had collected since 1966. Other benefactors, such as collectors and artists, continue to give works to the Museum. Purchases made from funds provided by appropriations, the Smithsonian's Board of Regents, Mr. Hirshhorn, private donors, and sales from the permanent collection have continued to strengthen the collection and emphasize its contemporary character. Museum programming features works from the collection, special exhibitions, and a wide variety of public programs.

For FY 1997, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. The Institution requires $227,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden presents exhibitions; manages, conserves, exhibits, and publishes its collection; acquires new works for the collection; and develops public programs for a broad audience of all ages.

Exhibitions - Three major exhibitions are planned for FY 1996. "Stephan Balkenhol: Sculptures and Drawings" has been organized by the HMSG and features the work of a German figurative sculptor. The exhibition will be seen at the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts in early 1997. The second major exhibition during this period will be "Georg Baselitz," a retrospective of the work of one of Germany's leading post-War artists. The exhibition was organized by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York, and will travel to Berlin after the Washington showing. The third exhibition is "Distemper: Dissonant Themes in the Art of the 1990s," a group show organized by the HMSG and featuring works by a group of ten international artists. Three Directions series shows will be presented during this period and devoted to Carmen Lomas Garza, Beverly Semmes, and Byron Kim.

Collections - Among the works acquired by purchase in FY 1995 were: Chuck Close, Roy II (1994); Barry Flanagan, The Drummer (1989-90); Agnes Martin, Untitled Mil (1984); Ana Mendieta, Untitled (1984); Juan Munoz, Conversation Piece (1994-95); Stephan Balkenhol, Three Hybrids (1995); and Dan Flavin, "Monument"for V. Tatlin (1967).

Public Programs - To facilitate visitor appreciation and understanding of modern and contemporary art, the Museum presents a lecture and film program, and produces a variety of materials, including catalogues, brochures, and extended wall labels. A grant from the Smithsonian's Special Exhibition Fund enabled the Museum to publish a family guide to HMSG, present public conversations with a staff conservator, organize a series of lectures by artists represented in the collection, and mount a series of exhibitions focusing on works in the collection. An annual lecture in contemporary art, estabkshed by funding from Dr. and Mrs. Marvin Mordes, supplements other educational programs at the Hirshhorn. The Museum's auditorium is the site for concerts presented by the 20th Century Consort and for lectures and other events under the aegis of the Smithsonian Associates.

Nonappropriated Funding - In FY 1996, unrestricted trust funds supported the Director's salary and benefits and contributed to the cost of his official travel. In addition, restricted and unrestricted funds supported exhibitions, publications, and public programs. Restricted funds, in the form of endowments, provided substantial funds for collections acquisitions.

National Air and Space Museum

Ahstract - The mission of the National Air and Space Museum (NASM) is to memorialize the national development of aviation and space flight; collect, preserve, and display aeronautical and space flight equipment of historical interest and significance; serve as a repository for scientific equipment and data pertaining to the development of aviation and space flight; and provide educational material for the historical study of aviation and space flight. NASM's current research, exhibitions, films, outreach, collections, and archival efforts are dedicated to these goals.

In addition to its Mall location, NASM maintains the Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Facility in Suitland, Maryland. The Institution continues planning and design of an extension at Dulles International Airport to replace the Garber facility. The extension will house the Museum's collections and its restoration and exhibit production facilities, enabling the Museum to care properly for its largest aircraft and spacecraft.

For FY 1997, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the National Air and Space Museum. The Institution requires $773,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Progr a m - Collections Management - In FY 1995, NASM acquisitions included: the Corona KH-4B Camera that was crucial in high altitude surveillance efforts during the Cold War; an Ilyushin IL-2M3 "Storomovik" aircraft; a photo album documenting construction of air bases on Tinian in 1944-45; film documenting the development of Fairchild aircraft; and the papers of Hans von Ohain, inventor of the first jet engine.

Preservation and Restoration - In FY 1995, restoration projects included the wings and other components of the B-29 "Enola Gay;" the World War II Hawker-Hurricane fighter; the Langley Aerodrome; the Aichi Serian, a submarine-launched Japanese float plane.

Research - Remote sensing and geomorphologic studies of the hyperacid and semi-arid regions of Earth continue. Remote sensing data continues to be used to study the impact of urban growth in the Washington/Baltimore Metropolitan area. Research in the geologic, volcanic, and tectonic history of the terrestrial planets and Earth's moon have broadened, utilizing new data for Venus and the Moon returned by the Magellan and Clementine spacecrafts.

Exhibitions - In FY 1995, NASM opened three exhibitions related to World War II—"Enola Gay" featuring the forward fuselage of the aircraft; "Building the Arsenal of Democracy: World War II Photographs from the National Air and Space Museum Archives," which documents American efforts to mobilize for the war and to defend the Nation against potential attacks; and, "Grumman F6F Hellcat," which highlighted the history of the versatile and extremely successful aircraft carrier-based fighter.

Publications - In FY 1995, the collection of the Museum was featured in two books, On Miniature Wings: Model Aircraft of the National Air and Space Museum, by Tom Dietz; and Treasures of the National Air and Space Museum, by Martin Harwit and the staff. In addition, the Museum produced a series of heavily illustrated guides with Macmillan Publishing: A Smithsonian Guide to Aviation, ed. Don Lopez; A Smithsonian Guide to Spaceflight, ed. Valerie Neal, Cathleen Lewis, and Frank Winter; and A Smithsonian Guide to the Planets, by Tom Watters. Staff research resulted in Commuter Airlines of the United States, by R.E.G. Davies and Imre Quastler; and Flight Management Systems: The Evolution of Avionics and Navigation Technology, by Samuel Fishbein. New titles in the Smithsonian History of Aviation series published by the Smithsonian Institution Press include Stalking the U-Boat: USAF Offensive Antisubmarine Operations in World War II, by Max Schoenfeld; Aerial Nationalism: A History of Aviation in Thailand, by Edward Young; Roscoe Turner: Aviation's Master Showman by Carroll Glines; America's Pursuit of Precision Bombing, 1910-1945, by Stephen McFarland; and Production of the B-29 in World War II, by Jacob Vander Meulen.

Education - Educational highlights in FY 1995 included "meet the author" programs featuring astronaut Sally Ride, a panel discussion on the life of Amelia Earhart, workshops in aerial photography, the history of flight attendants, boomeranging and kite building, and a NASM Family Theater with performances on the life of Bessie Coleman and the Apollo moon landings. The Summer Science Camp on aviation and environmental science for elementary students allowed inner-city children access to educational alternatives during the summer. NASM is playing a role in the District of Columbia's Systemic Reform Initiative; participating in an astronomy teaching partnership with the Astronomical Society of the Pacific; and participating in the Science Information Infrastructure project with the Lawrence Hall of Science, New York Hall of Science, San Francisco's Exploratorium, and the Science Museum of Virginia. New national outreach initiatives included two television productions with the Public Broadcasting System: "Live from the Stratosphere," a real-time simulcast featuring research astronomers and students; and "The Eddie Files," a math and science program produced with the Foundation for Science Education, National Science Foundation, and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. "Science Nights," a program specifically designed for families and teachers, was offered at the Museum and other locations around the U.S.

Nonappropriated Funding - NASM's nonappropriated funds include gifts and grants to support exhibitions and other museum projects; revenue from the Langley Theater and Einstein Planetarium; and government grants that support research.

National Museum of African Art

Ahstract - The National Museum of African Art (NMAfA) is devoted to the collection, preservation, research, exhibition, and interpretation of the visual arts of Africa. Although the Museum's primary emphasis is on the traditional cultures of the sub-Saharan region, it also studies and exhibits the arts of North Africa and the ancient and contemporary arts of the entire continent.

For FY 1997, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the National Museum of African Art. The Institution requires $188,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The National Museum of African Art educates and instills an appreciation for the cultures and visual arts of Africa. These goals are accomplished through the acquisition, care, research, exhibition, and interpretation of works of art in the context of African history, cultures, and aesthetics.

Collections - During FY 1995, NMAfA acquired 28 works of art representing important areas of African artistic creativity. Major purchases include a Yoruba mask; a Lele mask; a Fon silver figure of a man on a lion; and modern works of art including the sculpture, Spoon, by the Sudanese artist, Amir I.M. Nour; an etching, The Funambulists and the Ioculatores, by the South African artist, Judith Woodbome; and a vessel, Untitled HI, by the Kenyan ceramist, Magdalene Odundo. As a bequest, the museum received Bowl with Figures by the renowned Yoruba artist, Olowe of Ise.

During FY 1995, the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives acquired a total of 1,749 images. Among the purchases were 4 historical turn-of-the-century photographic albums. Noteworthy donations included the Marli Shamir Study Collection of 217 black and white prints of African architecture.

Collections Management - In FY 1995, the Registration Department completed an inventory of the collection, continued to refine its collection database, and assisted the Conservation Department on rehousing the Lamb Collection of West African Textiles.

The Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives converted 1,344 nitrate negatives onto safety film, concluding the nitrate conversion project. With financial support from a Smithsonian Women's Committee grant, 770 original color transparencies of Lamb Collection textiles were housed and contact prints made for reference purposes. The Archives also entered 7,700 new negatives, transparencies, and black and white prints into a computerized list of objects in NMAfA's permanent collection.

Research - FY 1995 research included curatorial fieldwork in Nigeria on Olowe of Ise, the artist who carved the Museum's Yoruba Palace Door and Bowl with Figures. Three curators continued their research on recent acquisitions for the FY 1996 exhibition, "Three Explorations: Yoruba, Temne, Baga." In cooperation with the Conservation Analytical Laboratory, the Museum's Conservation Department tested resins present in the Museum's collection of Tuareg and Moor metalwork. This established a 1920s date for the objects and x-ray fluorescence analysis, conducted in cooperation with the Freer Gallery, determined the elemental composition of the silver alloys. In the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, research focused on the African films of Armand Denis, supported by the Smithsonian Research Opportunities Fund, and on the study of archival holdings in southern Africa.

Exhibitions - In FY 1995, NMAfA organized an exhibition of modern African art, "Mohammad Omer Khalil, Printmaker; Amir I.M. Nour, Sculptor." The Museum also opened "Ancient Nubia: Egypt's Rival in Africa," a major exhibition of archaeological material organized by the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania. To explore further this little known ancient African culture, NMAfA organized the long-term loan exhibition, "The Ancient Nubian City of Kerma, 2500-1500, B.C." in collaboration with the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. The Museum also reinstalled its Benin material to complement the Kerma installation. "Grace Kwami Sculpture: An Artist's Book by Atta Kwami" and "Art from the Forge" opened in the Museum's Point of View Gallery. The latter presented metalwork made by Tuareg and Moor smiths from the Museum's collection.

Publications - The Museum published an exhibition catalogue, Mohammad Omer Khalil, Etchings; Amir I.M. Nour, Sculpture, as well as a full color brochure, Art from the Forge, to accompany the exhibition of Tuareg and Moor metalwork. Also in FY 1995, NMAfA co-published with the Smithsonian Institution Press an anthology edited by Dr. Labelle Prussin, African Nomadic Architecture: Space, Place and Gender.

Education - During FY 1995, NMAfA offered 1,394 public programs, serving 34,620 individuals. The Museum published an educational programs brochure, as well as a free gallery guide for families to accompany the exhibition, "Ancient Nubia: Egypt's Rival in Africa."

National Museum of American Art

Abstract - The National Museum of American Art (NMAA) is dedicated to the arts and artists of the United States from earliest colonial times to the present. NMAA promotes art as a source of enrichment for the layperson and scholar alike, and serves as a resource in the broadest possible sense for American visual arts. NMAA serves audiences throughout the country, as well as those who visit its two historic landmark buildings in Washington, D.C. Outreach takes the form of circulating exhibitions, educational materials, publications, and automated research resources that reflect the diversity of the country's citizenry and art.

For FY 1997, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the National Museum of American Art. The Institution requires $416,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - NMAA stimulates an understanding of American visual expression in its broadest contexts through interpretive exhibitions, publications, and programs. As a national institution, NMAA explores and serves the heritage of diverse communities in the United States.

National Outreach and Education - The Museum's largest outreach project, Save Outdoor Sculpture'., continues its work in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The U.S. special jurisdictions of American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Marianas, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands are slated to join the program in FY 1996. Just over 25,000 sculptures have been reported to date; 72 of 106 project sites have now completed their surveys. A national town meeting is planned for November 1996 to celebrate results from the project and to consider next steps in caring for the Nation's outdoor sculpture.

Extensive exhibition programs in conjunction with "Free Within Ourselves: African-American Artists from the Collection of the National Museum of American Art" attracted an unprecedented number of African-Americans, while the annual Chinese New Year Celebration drew large numbers of Asian Americans to the Museum. Public programs included lectures by major American artists such as Jim Nutt, Will Barnet, John Baldessari, and Eric Fischl.

Exhibitions - Among the 16 exhibitions on view during FY 1995 and 1996 at the Museum and its Renwick Gallery, highlights included "The White House Collection of American Crafts;" "Secrets of the Dark Chamber: The Art of the American Daguerreotype," which featured over 150 examples of this first form of photography; and "Metropolitan Lives: The Ashcan Artists and Their New York," artworks from the turn of the 20th century accompanied by more than 150 postcards, magazine and newspaper articles, books, photographs, and other materials drawn from popular culture of the time. The Renwick Gallery presented "Marriage in Form," an exhibition featuring the work of Kay Sekimachi and Bob Stocksdale; a retrospective of the work of Rick Dillingham; an exhibition of quilts by Nancy Crow; and "Uncommon Beauty in Common Objects: The Legacy of African-American Craft Art."

Collections - The Museum's collection encompasses painting, sculpture, graphic art, photography, and folk art, as well as modern crafts at its Renwick Gallery. In FY 1995 and 1996, the Museum acquired new works by purchase and gift, including the Charles Isaacs Collection of American Photography, featuring more than 300 works from the first hundred years of photography. Major acquisitions of contemporary art included California painter Wayne Thiebaud's 1962 Jackpot Machine; Homage to Still Life, 1986, by the late Carlos Almaraz; Baits, a witty, self-referential canvas by Texan David Bates; John Alexander's 1985 Life in a Goldfish Bowl; and painter Eric Fischl's 1994 What Stands Between the Artist and .... The 1930s collection was enhanced by the gift of Stuart Davis's watercolor, Impression of the 1939 World's Fair, and Chaim Gross's 1932 bird's-eye maple relief carving, Acrobatic Performers.

Publications - In addition to exhibition catalogues, Secrets of the Dark Chamber: The Art of the American Daguerreotype and Metropolitan Lives: The Ashcan Artists and Their New York, the Museum published a new permanent collection book organized thematically to invite the reader to explore the remarkably wide range of NMAA's holdings. The Museum also published for young readers Bottlecaps to Brushes: Art Activities for Kids, featuring 24 art activities and 56 illustrations from NMAA's collection.

Research - Neil Harris, Preston and Sterling Morton Professor of History, University of Chicago, is in residence as NMAA's Distinguished Scholar in American Art for the 1995/1996 academic year. Three senior and four pre-doctoral scholars enjoy research privileges this year. The Charles C. Eldredge Prize for outstanding scholarship in the field of American art was awarded to Dr. Angela Miller for her book, The Empire of the Eye: Landscape Representation and American Cultural Politics, 1825-1875, and Ken Trapp was awarded the Frost Prize for his catalogue, The Arts and Crafts Movement in California: Living the Good Life.

Nonapp ropriated Funding - NMAA derives these funds from a variety of sources, including its share of net proceeds from museum shop sales, and gifts and grants from individuals, foundations, and corporations. A CD-ROM of the museum's collections is expected to be completed in early 1996 with funding provided through a cooperative agreement with CDI Japan, Inc. The Institution's Special Exhibition Program provided a portion of the funding for the "Secrets of the Dark Chamber" and "Ashcan" exhibitions, and the Collections Acquisitions Program provided matching funds for the purchase of important work by minority artists. Restricted funds also supported these exhibitions. The World Wide Web presence of the "White House Crafts" exhibition was funded by MCI.

National Museum of American History

Abstract - "The National Museum of American History (NMAH) dedicates its collections and scholarship to inspiring a broader understanding of our Nation and its many peoples. We create learning opportunities, stimulate imaginations, and present challenging ideas about our country's past." This is the Museum's mission statement, developed in 1994 through an extensive strategic planning initiative. In a climate of limited resources, the Museum has made progress in meeting many of its goals through the pursuit of diverse funding sources and the implementation of new management approaches.

The NMAH also administers the National Postal Museum (NPM). Its mission is to collect, preserve, and interpret the personal and cultural heritage of the American people as it relates to postal history and philately.

For FY 1997, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the National Museum of American History. The Institution requires $1,138,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The following are highlights of the Museum's achievements in interpreting this country's rich and diverse history.

Collections - In FY 1995, the Museum received objects largely through donation, including an important collection of daguerreotypes by noted 19th-century photographer George K. Warren; a large collection of rock and roll recordings, mostly from the 1950s and 1960s; and a Cray-2 Supercomputer.

Research and Publications - Extensive research has led to many important publications in FY 1995, including The Smithsonian Visual Timeline of Invention (Dorling Kindersley) and Edith Mayo's First Ladies: Political Role and Public Image. Musical research was especially fruitful in producing 17 compact disc recordings of American popular, Native American, jazz, and classical music.

Collections Management - The establishment of a Cyclical Inventory Program linked to public program priorities has strengthened the Museum's accountability program. In addition, central collections management units have been reorganized into one department which, with a realignment of related staff, has already resulted in more efficient and flexible use of collections management resources. Collections management staff continues to move collections to the Museum Support Center, which is now 33 % occupied. Planning and implementation of the multi-year asbestos removal and renovation of Building 17 at Silver Hill remains an enormous challenge, given the severity of contamination. Work on this project is targeted to begin in FY 1996.

Exhibitions and Public Programs - In FY 1995, the Museum opened 20 exhibitions. Coinciding with the 50th anniversary commemoration of the end of World War n, the Museum produced three temporary exhibits, "World War II: Sharing Memories," "Women War Workers," and "Produce for Victory: Posters on the American Home Front 1940-1945," and coordinated numerous public programs reflecting military and civilian reminiscences, experiences, and music before, during, and after the war.

In FY 1996, NMAH will continue to highlight aspects of American life and culture in addition to supporting the Smithsonian's 150th anniversary activities. The Museum also will open the new orientation theatre within the First Ladies Hall and introduce an audio tour of this popular exhibition to further enhance visitors' experiences. Inaugural exhibitions and public symposia will be presented throughout FY 1996 to mark the opening of The Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation.

In addition to existing products, the Museum will develop and circulate a wide variety of multimedia learning packages focusing on American history and science in FY 1996 and FY 1997. One such product will be the Field to Factory Multimedia Curriculum Kit. Throughout this same time period, the Museum will continue conceptual planning for two new exhibitions tentatively entitled, "On Time," a renovation of the existing "Hall of Timekeeping," and "Land of Promise," documenting 19th-century American life. By FY 1997, NMAH anticipates launching its multi-year exhibition blueprint, based on strategic priorities and intended to bring greater cohesion to the Museum's exhibition program and to improve orientation for the public.

The National Postal Museum - The National Postal Museum completed its second year of operation in 1995. As a new museum, the staff has made significant progress in establishing operational priorities, developing departmental goals and objectives, and creating the Museum's first five-year planning and budget document. Several new exhibits opened, including "Are We There Yet? Vacationing in America," a display of 50 postcards that take a whimsical look at vacationing American style in the 20th century, and "With Love From Nashville," rare stamps and postal artifacts that reflect the history of Nashville, Tennessee. Many educational opportunities were provided through 20 public programs, a variety of publications, and the popular Discovery Center. In FY 1996 two major exhibitions will open: "Artistic License: The Duck Stamp Story" and "The Business of Mail."

Nonappropriated Funding - Much of the program work previously mentioned is supplemented by or totally supported by nonappropriated funds. Two activities of note are the National Postal Museum's annual operational allotment from the U. S. Postal Service and a multi-year gift from the Lemelson Foundation to establish a Center for Invention and Innovation.

National Museum of the American Indian

Ahstract - The National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI), established in 1989 by Public Law 101-185, recognizes and affirms to Native American communities and the non-Native American public the historical and contemporary cultures and cultural achievements of the native peoples of the western hemisphere. This is achieved through development and use of its collections and nationwide public programming, research, and exhibitions executed in consultation with native peoples. The mission of NMAI states that the Museum has a special responsibility, through innovative public prograniming, research, and collections, to protect, support, and enhance the development, maintenance, and perpetuation of Native American culture and community. NMAI operates administrative offices in Washington, D.C.; an exhibition center in New York City at the George Gustav Heye Center (GGHC) in the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House; and the Research Branch located in the Bronx, New York. The Research Branch houses curatorial offices, a conservation laboratory, and most of the Museum's collections. A reference, collections, and program support center is planned for Suitland, Maryland, as well as a museum building on the Mall.

The Smithsonian requests an FY 1997 increase of 7 positions and $600,000 for community services (4 positions and $328,000); public programs and exhibitions (3 positions and $182,000); and cultural resources ($90,000). Workyears associated with this increase will be accommodated within the Institution's workyear ceiling. A detailed justification of this increase is provided in the FY 1997 Priority Program Enhancements section of this request. The Institution also requires $466,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Museum of the American Indian, located in New York City, opened its doors to the public in 1922. On June 24, 1990, the collection was transferred to the Smithsonian Institution to form the base of the National Museum of the American Indian. The collection, initiated near the turn of the century, is one of the world's richest assemblages of artifacts of the indigenous cultures of the western hemisphere.

Exhibitions and Public Programs - A regular cycle of changing exhibitions continues at the Heye Center; public programs continue with an emphasis on connecting native culture and expression directly with the public. New exhibits include: "Woven by the Grandmothers: Nineteenth-century Navajo Textiles;" "Contemporary Navajo Weaving: The Gloria F. Ross Collection;" "Agayuliyararput: Our Way of Making Prayer - The Living Tradition of Yup'ik Masks;" "Native American Quilts;" and, "Always Getting Ready: Yup'ik Eskimo Subsistence in Southwest Alaska." In support of its exhibitions and programs, NMAI has a network of six regional advisors who serve as a direct connection to Native people on issues of content development, collections documentation and use, and furtherance of the Museum's mission. The Museum also initiates collaborative projects directly with native communities and tribal centers to result in exhibitions, programs and sharing of expertise.

Collections Management and Access - The Museum continued to place the highest priority on the return of human remains to the tribes throughout FY 1994 and FY 1995, recording several successful cases. Many tribes visited the collections, researching materials related to repatriation issues. The repatriation department mailed out notices on an additional five thousand new data entries in the collections database to the associated tribes. In FY 1996, in addition to continuing work with tribes on repatriation issues, NMAI will expand its use of technology to link communities and school groups with the Heye Center and its collections and exhibitions databases.

The former museum, located at 155th Street and Broadway in New York City, closed in early FY 1996. All of the collections and archives housed there have been moved to the Bronx facility, with the exception of the photographic collections, which are now housed at the main Museum at the Heye Center. Tribal visitations as well as scholarly research projects continue while museum staff proceed with the planning for the relocation of the collection to Suitland, Maryland. Once construction is complete on the Suitland facility, additional resources will be required to support move-related and operational expenses.

National Campaign - The National Campaign is making significant progress toward raising one-third of the construction cost for the NMAI Mall facility in Washington, D.C. As of December 1995, the Campaign has generated over $36 million, with more than $31 million of the total dedicated to construction of the NMAI Mall facility; NMAI's nationwide membership program has an active enrollment of 67,389. The membership program has generated more than $6.5 million in revenue for the construction fund. Positions in support of the National Campaign will remain committed to this project through its fund-raising goals, at which time they will be realigned to support the Museum's overall program and related development efforts.

Nonappropriated Funding - Nonappropriated funds provide for the NMAI director, a portion of the National Campaign costs, and specialized program activities. Gifts received from various individuals and foundations are used in support of construction of the Mall museum, educational programs, exhibits and outreach.

National Museum of Natural History

Abstract - The National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) is one of the leading international centers for research on natural history and anthropology. The staff publishes more than 600 books and scientific reports each year on topics that include human biology and culture, ecological dynamics, biodiversity, complex interrelationships of plants and animals, and the evolution of the earth and solar system. The Museum attracts nearly six million visitors each year to its exhibit halls. This audience provides a unique opportunity and responsibility for improving scientific understanding. NMNH also welcomes thousands of scholars and scientists who use its collections and collaborate with its researchers. The staff of the Museum is committed to presenting the best current scientific thinking in a stimulating environment. Expressions of this commitment include innovative development in the area of science education including exhibitions, educational programs for all ages, and publications for general audiences. The Museum houses one of the world's largest and most valuable assemblages of natural history specimens and cultural artifacts. NMNH acquires, preserves, and interprets these vast collections and makes them accessible as an indispensable resource to the scientific community and public.

For FY 1997, the Smithsonian requests an increase of 6 positions and $1,075,000 for the East Court facility management. Workyears associated with this increase will be accommodated within the Institution's workyear ceiling. A detailed justification of this increase is provided in the FY 1997 Priority Program Enhancements section of this request. The Institution requests $2,064,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff in this line-item.

Program - Research - The National Museum of Natural History has evaluated more than one hundred research projects conducted by its 109 staff scientists to focus resources on five areas of emphasis: (1) biological diversity: systematics, evolution, and ecology; (2) human cultural and biological diversity; (3) ecosystem history and global change; (4) earth and planetary processes; and (5) collections as world resources. In FY 1995, 27 proposals involving 35 NMNH principal investigators (26 curators and 9 support staff) were awarded funds through a peer-review process. The research projects contribute to an understanding of worldwide biodiversity issues, the causes of global environmental change, and the interactions of humans and natural resources.

Museum researchers continued their excellence in scholarly publication by writing and editing hundreds of journal articles, monographs, and books. The fossils of the Burgess Shale, one of the most important collections at NMNH, were featured on the cover of Time magazine as part of a story on evolution and in an illustrated book co-authored by a NMNH paleobiologist, Fossils of the Burgess Shale. Other high-impact publications this year included three articles in the prestigious journal Science, one a cover story on lichen research by Department of Botany researchers; a paper in the journal Evolution suggesting that new species evolve in bursts rather than continuously; a book compiling all known information on worldwide volcanic activity for the past 10,000 years; and two articles in the Journal of Forensic Sciences on Museum anthropologists' contributions to identification of the victims of the 1993 Branch Davidian disaster. In addition, the landmark volume, Hawaiian Biogeography: Evolution on a Hot Spot Archipelago, was published by two scientists in the Department of Botany.

Collections - Two milestones in Collections and Research Information System (CRIS) development were reached in FY 1995: development of the transaction management module and inauguration of the Museum's initial public information access module. The transaction management module, when fully deployed, will significantly improve the Museum's efficiency in and capability to monitor, track, and report on the huge number of collection items transacted annually. The public access module, accessed via the World Wide Web, handled more than 690,000 information requests in FY 1995 regarding NMNH collections, research, and public programs.

A number of notable collection transactions occurred in FY 1995. The Repatriation Office returned human remains to the Yankton Sioux and the Devil's Lake Sioux tribes and funerary objects to the Pawnee, Arikara, and Wichita tribes. The new Geology, Gems, and Minerals Hall acquired building stones from the Capitol, volcanic rock from the eruption of Mt. St. Helens, and pieces of the famous 1992 Peekskill Meteorite.

Public Programs - NMNH attendance for FY 1995 totaled 5.8 million visits. "Ocean Planet," a major exhibition funded through grants from Times Mirror Magazines, Inc., the National Science Foundation, and the Pew Charitable Trusts, utilizes videotapes, interactives, and computer resource stations to help visitors gain a broader understanding of the many ways the world's oceans influence our lives, as well as some of the perils that these oceans face. The exhibition will be on display at the Museum until April 30, 1996, when it will travel around the country for the next four years. An upgrade of the permanent exhibition "Exploring Marine Ecosystems" opened to the public on May 19, 1995. This features a walk-through marine environment and two living marine ecosystems: a Maine Rocky Coast and Caribbean Coral Reef. The Museum continues to increase public access to its collections and research activities. As an example, the Natural Partners' Project is working to create an electronic classroom at NMNH with connections to schools around the country. This classroom will allow NMNH professionals to broadcast real-time interactive lectures and teacher training programs to audiences across the Nation and around the globe.

Nonappropriated Funding - NMNH derives these funds from a variety of sources, including its share of net proceeds from museum shop and food concessions and from gifts and grants from individuals, foundations, and corporations. These funds support an enormous variety of museum activities, including exhibits, research, collection care and acquisition, educational outreach, salaries, and operations.

National Portrait Gallery

Abstract - The National Portrait Gallery (NPG), dedicated to the exhibition and study of portraits of people who have made significant contributions to American history and culture and to the study of the artists who created such portraiture, sponsors a variety of scholarly and public activities for audiences interested in American art and American history.

For FY 1997, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the National Portrait Gallery. The Institution requires $298,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Gallery collects, researches, and exhibits portraits in all media as both historical and artistic documents.

Collections - Ronald Sherr's painting of George Bush, Jan Woods' sculpture of William Jefferson Clinton, Smithsonian Secretary-emeritus Robert McCormick Adams by Burton Silverman, collector and art dealer Edith Gregor Halpert by Marguerite T. Zorach, General Winfield Scott by Robert Walter Weir, and poet Gwendolyn Brooks by Sara S. Miller were major painting and sculpture acquisitions. Martin Luther King by Dan Weiner, labor leader Andrew Furuseth by Dorothea Lange, American poets Sylvia Plath and Anne Sexton by Rollie McKenna, a group portrait of William Tecumseh Sherman and his generals by Mathew Brady, and a rare carte de visite of the sculptor Edmonia Lewis were significant photo accessions. Among print acquisitions were a mezzotint of Benjamin Franklin by Charles Willson Peale, a double silhouette of Franklin Pierce and Nathaniel Hawthorne, a watercolor of James McNeill Whistler as a boy, twelve prints of 19th century Native Americans, nine life sketches of suffragettes, and an Al Hirschfeld drawing of Bill "Bojangles" Robinson.

Collections Management - In 1995, the Gallery obtained 20 smart reader data loggers to monitor environmental condition in the galleries.

Research - The National Portrait Gallery launched virtual museum sites on Internet's World Wide Web and America Online, offering to thousands of online users images and information from permanent and temporary exhibitions, and interactive areas for comments, questions and answers, and chat sessions.

The Catalog of American Portraits (CAP) continued to add documentation and images to its interactive research database, surveying historically significant portrait collections in Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and Alaska, as well as conducting biographical research on sitters and artists of Latino and Native American descent. The Peale Family Papers project submitted volume four of Selected Papers of Charles Willson Peale and His Family, covering the years 1821-1827, to Yale University Press for publication. Volume 5, The Autobiography of Charles Willson Peale, and The Catalogue Raisonne of the Works of Rembrandt Peale are in preparation.

Exhibitions - The National Portrait Gallery and the National Park Service marked the 100th anniversary of the death of Frederick Douglass with the exhibition "Majestic in his Wrath." "In Pursuit of the Butterfly: Portraits of James McNeill Whistler" was the first of four exhibitions held in Washington during the summer of 1995 devoted to this American expatriate painter. "Federal Profiles: Saint-Memin in America, 1793-1814" amplified the Gallery's large holding of Saint-Memin engravings by featuring many of the original drawings from which the engravings were made.

Publications - The culmination of twenty years of research, Saint-Memin and the Neoclassical Profile Portrait in America by Ellen G. Miles was published by NPG and the Smithsonian Institution Press. It was awarded second prize in the book category in the American Association of Museums' 1995 Design Competition and first prize for illustrated books in the Washington Book Publishers' design competition. Majestic in His Wrath: A Pictorial Life of Frederick Douglass, by NPG historian Frederick S. Voss, was published by the Smithsonian Institution Press to accompany the NPG exhibition. In Pursuit of the Butterfly: Portraits of James McNeill Whistler, by Eric Denker, was distributed by the University of Washington Press.

Education - A new series of programs, in partnership with publishers, brings authors to the Gallery for public lectures and book signings. NPG prepared a new dramatization to provide historical background and context to enhance students' experience of the Frederick Douglass exhibition. "Blues Woman," another new program, dealt with the music and life stories of Bessie Smith, Ethel Waters, and Billie Holliday, and was presented through the Gallery's "Portraits in Motion" series.

Special Projects - On the morning of July 21, 1995, the National Portrait Gallery's Hall of Presidents doubled as a television studio when C-SPAN's "Washington Journal" broadcast a live program on the museum and its collections.

Nonappropriated Funding - Various sources, which include the Gallery's share of sales in the museum shop, sales of photographic reproductions of collection objects and publications, and fees from museums to which NPG loans objects, provide these funds. These funds help defray the costs of publications, public lectures, symposia, and special events for exhibition openings, loan exhibition development, management, and research. Also, individuals, foundations, organizations, and corporations donate gifts and grants for specific NPG projects.

National Zoological Park

Ahstract - When the National Zoological Park (NZP) was founded in 1889, its mission was defined as "the advancement of science and the instruction and recreation of the people." The Zoo still works to achieve these ends. NZP's exhibits are alive, and new exhibits require new construction, not merely remodeling. Since NZP's public function is educational and recreational, it seeks to enhance public awareness about biology and related subjects. This emphasis means that the Zoo is concerned with all aspects of life, both terrestrial and aquatic, small and large, past and present. Responding to the world environmental crisis, the Zoo is now committed to representing the whole of life on earth, plant and animal, in all its complexity and glory. To this end, NZP is transforming the animals-only zoological park into a biological park. The BioPark will highlight the intermeshing relationships of animals and plants, educate visitors by its spectacle and beauty, and foster a concern for the future of life in all its forms.

For FY 1997, the Smithsonian Institution is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the National Zoological Park. The Institution requires $1,118,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Progr a m - NZP serves both the general public and more specialized audiences by promoting the conservation of life on Earth through informal and formal education, research, and animal health programs. NZP's educational efforts center on biological literacy, with special emphases on evolution, complex adaptive interactions, the origins and importance of biodiversity, global change, and the impact of humans on the rest of the world. In pursuit of its mission, NZP exhibits a wide range of living plants and animals on its 163-acre facility in Rock Creek Park in Washington, D.C., and maintains the Conservation and Research Center on 3,150 acres near Front Royal, Virginia, as a major endangered species propagation, conservation, training, and research center. The scale and scope of the Zoo's programs require a skilled support staff and specialized equipment and materials capable of developing and maintaining the unique systems essential to sustaining living animal and plant exhibits.

Living Exhibits - In FY 1995, the Zoo opened "Think Tank," an innovative exhibit about the scientific study of animal thinking, featuring orangutans, Sulawesi macaque monkeys, leaf-cutter ants and hermit crabs. Also opening was the "Pollinarium," an exhibit that examines the many intricate ways in which some plant species depend on animals for reproduction. Construction began on the new Amazonia Gallery exhibit; opening in FY 1996, the exhibit focuses on tropical biology and research.

At the Rock Creek site, the Zoo cares for more than 4,600 animals, comprising about 460 animal species, and approximately 1,400 plant species. At the Conservation and Research Center, the Zoo maintains approximately 900 animals, representing 36 species whose status in the wild is precarious. Again, in FY 1995, more than 600 births and hatchings occurred at the Zoo, including a giraffe, bushbabies, cloud rats, mole rats, red pandas, dwarf mongoose, pygmy marmosets, coatimundis, a mara, sunbitterns, Rothchild's mynahs, boat-billed heron, flamingoes, sarus cranes, rufous-crowned tanagers, Komodo monitors, green tree pythons, and cuttlefish.

Public Education and Information - The Zoo continues its "Scientists in the Classroom" program, a close-contact program using leading NZP researchers and biological program staff in four area schools, targeting those that traditionally have not had access to such role models. In 1995, with support from the Institution's Latino programming funds, this program expanded to include visiting Latino scientists in schools with large Latino populations. In early FY 1995, the Zoo formed a Teacher Advisory Board to advise and help evaluate NZP programs.

Research - Zoo geneticists continue to analyze genetic variability in endangered species as well as its relevance to extinct and living species. Zoo researchers study vertebrate mating systems using genetic techniques to confirm ecological and behavioral observations through paternity testing. Animal behaviorists examine the impact of nature (genetic endowment) versus nurture (the environment) on adult adaptions. Behavioral research on golden lion tamarins is being applied to endangered species management and the reintroduction program in Brazil. Nutritional research, involving the evaluation and analysis of vertebrate diets and maternal milk from wild and zoo animals, provides important data for species recovery programs, from desert tortoises to giant pandas. The Migratory Bird Center acquires and disseminates scientific data to help conserve birds that migrate from North America to the tropics.

Animal Conservation - Conservation programs at the Conservation and Research Center continue to focus on the scientific restoration of endangered species and habitats, and on national and international biodiversity/conservation training. Staff members continue to play a leading role in conserving black-footed ferrets, Guam rails, and a variety of other endangered species through dynamic combination of field research, laboratory investigations, and interactive management of wild and captive populations. Zoo staff play a leading role in national and international conservation through a variety of custom-designed training programs for students from the U.S. and developing countries. In addition to its inter-disciplinary research and management programs, the Center maintains CONSLINK (an international computerized conservation bulletin board) and the new Geographical Information System training program.

Nonappropriated Funding - The Zoo derives funds from a variety of sources, including Smithsonian allotments, gifts and foundation grants, and government grants and contracts. The funds support research and education programs of the National Zoological Park.

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory

Abstract - The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) conducts research to increase understanding of the origin and nature of the universe and to communicate this information through publications, teaching, and public presentations. SAO studies diverse systems, including the large-scale structure of the universe, clusters of galaxies, quasars, the sun, and planets. SAO also conducts research in laboratory astrophysics, atmospheric physics, geophysics, medical physics, and precollege science education. SAO research has a major impact in the worldwide scientific community and has helped the United States maintain worldwide leadership in science.

For FY 1997, the Smithsonian requests an increase of $720,000 for operating support of the submillimeter telescope array, which is discussed under the Major Scientific Instrumentation line-item. A detailed justification of this increase is provided in the FY 1997 Priority Program Enhancements section of this request. The Institution also requires $747,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funding in this line-item.

Program - SAO is a member of the Center for Astrophysics (CfA), headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In collaboration with the Harvard College Observatory, SAO pursues a broad program of research organized by the following disciplines: atomic, molecular and medical physics; high-energy astrophysics; optical and infrared astronomy; planetary sciences; radio and geoastronomy; solar and stellar physics; theoretical astrophysics; and science education.

SAO's observation facilities include the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in Arizona, the Oak Ridge Observatory in Massachusetts, and a millimeter-wave radio telescope at Cambridge, as well as instruments occasionally launched aboard balloons, rockets, and spacecraft. Also, SAO is constructing a facility near the summit of Mauna Kea on the island of Hawaii for the Smithsonian Submillimeter Array.

Research - In FY 1995, SAO made significant advances in several areas, notably:

Ultraviolet Coronograph Spectrometer. After six years of development, the S AO-designed Ultraviolet Coronograph Spectrometer (UVCS) was launched on the European Solar and Heliospheric Observatory. Following successful testing at SAO, the UVCS was shipped to Cape Kennedy for final testing before being installed in the spacecraft and successfully launched in late November 1995. The UVCS will create a continuous artificial total eclipse of the Sun that will allow SAO scientists to study radiation from the faint outer atmosphere of the Sun normally visible for only a few minutes each year during a natural total eclipse of the Sun by the Moon. The Sun's outer atmosphere gives rise to a high-speed stream of gases — the "solar wind" — that bathes the solar system and is the source of the aurora and violent electrical storms in the Earth's upper atmosphere. The UVCS is designed to improve our understanding of the mechanisms that produce this high speed solar wind.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Enhancement. SAO scientists are working with Harvard Medical School researchers to enhance MRI with a new technique: the inhalation of a nontoxic, specially-prepared gas, laser-polarized xenon. Recently, the Harvard-Smithsonian team acquired the first laser-polarized xenon MRI image from a human (an image of laser-polarized xenon gas in the subject's oral cavity). Work is proceeding toward xenon MRI of the lungs and brain, with clinical applications of this new technique perhaps two to three years away. The key to xenon MRI is the laser-polarization technique, which was originally developed for basic physics research. The development of xenon MRI demonstrates the serendipitous invention that results from broad scientific efforts.

Ozone Level Maps. An experiment developed by an SAO scientist and flown aboard the European Remote Sensing Satellite in April 1995 is producing global maps of ozone levels in the Earth's upper atmosphere. These maps allow SAO and other scientists to follow changes in the distribution of the ozone that prevents the Sun's damaging ultraviolet radiation from reaching the Earth's surface.

Gravitational Light Deflection. An SAO scientist led a team that measured with very-long-baseline-interferometry the characteristics of quasar signals that passed near the Sun and, thereby, produced the most accurate value yet for the gravitational deflection of light, a dramatic effect predicted by Einstein's theory of general relativity.

Asteroid Observation. SAO scientists participated in radar observations of the asteroid Toutatis whose orbit crosses the Earth's orbit, revealing the object to have a highly irregular shape and a complex "tumbling" rotation, making it one of the strangest objects in the solar system.

Education - In the past year, SAO developed a discovery-based elementary-school science curriculum using astronomy as its unifying theme, produced videos for K-12 science teachers, and continued summer institutes for precollege teachers. SAO also published "Space for Women" to encourage young women to pursue careers in science. SAO's Summer Intern Program brought a dozen college undergraduates to Cambridge to work with SAO scientists on a variety of research projects.

Nonappropriated Funding - Unrestricted funds come primarily from overhead charged on grants and contracts and are used to support administrative costs of SAO. The majority of SAO's government contracts and grants funds supports research in SAO's areas of expertise and experience. This research is often carried out in cooperation with both governmental and academic institutions in the United States and abroad.

Smithsonian Environmental Research Center

Ahstract - The Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) in Edgewater, Maryland, performs basic scientific research on coastal air-land-water systems. SERC currently occupies 50,000 square feet of laboratory, office, educational, and support space and 2,600 acres of land on the Rhode River, a tidal river system. The interdisciplinary staff, visiting scientists, and students study how land use, air quality, and weather variations affect the movement of nutrients, eroded soil, and other materials through the system; the dynamics of plant and animal populations; and the overall health of the system. The research staff uses long-term observations, controlled experiments, and models to address a wide variety of ecological questions, particularly those relevant to the Chesapeake Bay region. SERC is part of a global network of United States and international sites, each of which is conducting ecological research relevant to its geographical region. SERC also conducts public education and outreach activities for audiences of varied ages and diverse cultures.

For FY 1997, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. The Institution requires $135,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Progr a m - Research - SERC research aims to understand how coastal air-land-water environmental systems function. The research staff addresses a wide variety of ecological questions while conducting long-term interdisciplinary studies of a tidal subestuary of the Chesapeake Bay (Rhode River) and its watershed. This watershed contains a mosaic of upland and floodplain forests, marshlands, croplands, pastures, abandoned fields, and residential areas typical of the mid-Atlantic coastal plain. Comparative studies continue throughout the Chesapeake Bay region place results from the Rhode River site in a regional perspective. A major focus of SERC research is the effect of atmospheric deposition and land use on the ecology of Chesapeake Bay drainage basins. One project measured discharges of dissolved forms of nitrogen from 211 subwatersheds of the Chesapeake Bay within the states of New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware. Results of the study were of considerable interest to the Environmental Protection Agency's Chesapeake Bay Program for use in its watershed modeling work and will be included in the Great Waters Program report to Congress.

Another focus of SERC's research is solar radiation, especially ultraviolet (UV) radiation at the Earth's surface. Solar radiation research was initiated in response to concerns in the 1970s and, more recently, about the impacts of supersonic transport planes and halogenated organic compounds on the stratospheric ozone layer. Since the early 1970s, SERC has designed and built spectral radiometers for monitoring UV radiation. SERC operates one of its UV spectral radiometers at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration observatory on Mauna Loa in Hawaii. Data collected from this site enabled SERC to measure the effects of the Mount Pinatubo eruption on UV radiation. SERC recently developed a new generation of radiometer for monitoring solar UV radiation, which will be used in the U.S. Global Change Program.

SERC scientists continue to investigate the effects of increased concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide on methane emission from tidal marsh plant communities. As carbon dioxide increases, methane emissions from these marshes may also increase, further raising the potential for global warming. These results demonstrate one aspect of a very complex set of environmental interactions that make it nearly impossible at present to accurately predict future global temperature changes.

Educational Activities - At SERC, groups of students and the general public can observe a variety of natural habitats firsthand. SERC's broad range of educational activities includes teacher-led field trips, self-guided nature trails, and guided tours. In FY 1995, approximately 5,500 visitors participated in SERC's public programs.

Students from all over the world come to SERC to work with its scientists and educational staff, both in the field and in the laboratory. Predoctoral, postdoctoral, and sabbatical programs for professionals make it possible for visiting scientists to carry out collaborative or independent research. SERC also disseminates the results of its research through scientific journals, national and international meetings and seminars, and the training of scientists, as well as through its public education activities.

Nonappropriated Funding - Unrestricted funds, provided by allotments and grants from the Institution's internal award programs, support work/leam and fellowship programs, and the salary cost of a public program director.

Government grants and contracts provide funding for special projects at SERC that use the expertise of the staff and the unique physical characteristics of the site. Grants from the Chesapeake Research Consortium support research on ecosystem dynamics and community ecology; a grant from the U.S. Department of Energy advances the study of effects of greenhouse gases on tidal marshes; and a grant from the Department of Defense supports work on the introduction of exotic biota to the Chesapeake Bay via ship ballast water.

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

Abstract - The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) is the Nation's primary center for advanced studies of tropical ecosystems. It maintains the only extensive U.S. research facilities in mainland New World tropics. Studies at STRI of tropical forest and coastal marine communities provide basic data upon which to base decisions on the wise use and possible fate of these unique and threatened natural systems. STRI is the permanent base of a core of tropical researchers, who provide an intellectual environment that attracts many visiting scientists and research fellows. STRI researchers study the evolution, behavior, ecology, and history of tropical species in systems ranging from coral reefs to tropical rain forests. Growing strengths in molecular biology, plant physiology, and paleoecology complement established excellence in evolutionary biology and ecology.

For more than four decades, STRI has carried out intensive research on Barro Colorado Island (BCT), part of the Barro Colorado Nature Monument, which is under STRI custodianship as designated in the Panama Canal Treaties of 1977. Results of BCI studies are now a critical resource of long-term studies for understanding tropical forests. The ability of STRI researchers to compare and contrast the different marine systems of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts makes their research uniquely significant. Possessing perhaps the best tropical research library in the southern part of the Americas, and with a state-of-the-art conference center in Panama City, STRI expects to continue to be a major center of basic research on tropical ecosystems and a catalyst for public awareness of tropical science.

For FY 1997, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. The Institution requires $423,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute performs four major functions in fulfilling its mission in tropical biology: it conducts fundamental research in the tropics on the ecology, physiology, evolution, and behavior of plants and animals, including humans, with emphasis on the relationships of tropical organisms to global climatic change; provides facilities and logistical support for an international scientific community to study both terrestrial and marine tropical biology; supports environmental

education, conservation, and management of tropical ecosystems; and protects and manages the Barro Colorado Nature Monument under a treaty-assigned responsibility.

The study of tropical environments is vital to understanding the world's biological diversity and its change through time. STRI, the only wholly tropical research institute belonging to the United States, is widely recognized as the world's leader in this field. Its extensive marine and terrestrial research programs provide the knowledge and understanding essential for the effective management and conservation of these resources. Among STRI's primary assets are the trust placed in the Institute by the host country and a long history of intellectual collaboration with Panamanian scientists and students. The continuing cooperation of the Republic of Panama has facilitated the work at STRI of the resident scientific staff and visiting researchers. Among the numerous research programs supported by STRI are the following:

Molecular Evolution - Molecular biological techniques are now a required tool for the systematic work that underpins research on tropical biology. Molecular data permit a rapid and cost-effective genetic description of tropical biodiversity, providing a common starting point and a way to make sense of the results from ecology, evolution, physiology, behavior, and conservation. Major contributions by STRI researchers suggest that when resource managers are faced with the agony of conservation choices, molecular systematics is the best tool available to ensure that the right choices are made.

Canopy Access System - Tropical forest canopies may support up to 95 percent of the planet's species and are the primary interface with the atmosphere over a sixth of the planet's land surface, yet these canopies are poorly understood because access has hitherto been extremely difficult. STRI has pioneered the use of modified construction tower cranes to provide safe, rapid access for both researchers and equipment to large areas of forest canopy. On-going research is showing how canopy trees respond to seasonal and shorter-term changes in light, humidity, temperature, and atmospheric carbon dioxide. These studies are revolutionizing the understanding of tropical forest biology and will provide the basis for management and conservation of tropical forests in the face of accelerating deforestation and rapidly changing climate.

Plant Physiology - STRI has become the world center for tropical plant physiology. State-of-the-art physiology laboratories have been established on Barro Colorado Island and at the Tupper Center. STRI scientists study how tropical forest plants respond and adapt to variations in rainfall, light, temperature, ultraviolet-B radiation, elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, and other variables, as well as the biochemical and genetic bases for these responses.

Tropical Marine Ecology - STRI researchers are documenting a catastrophic regional decline in coral reef cover and structure. A major program of marine environmental monitoring will combine efforts of four marine researchers to track the dynamics of coastal reefs along the Caribbean coast of Panama. These and other critical issues concerning the global deterioration of coral reefs will be the central theme of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium in 1996 to be hosted by STRI and the University of Panama.

Nonappropriated Funding - Nonappropriated funding supports fellowships; specified research based on restrictions of the funds provided; support to visiting scientists and students; field research; seminars and lectures; and environmental, conservation, and educational activities in Panama.

Communications and Educational Programs

Abstract - Communications and Educational Programs promote the building of academic, scholarly, and community-based ties with the public, educational centers, and institutions throughout the Nation. This line-item includes the Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center, the Office of Public Affairs, the Office of Telecommunications, the Smithsonian Institution Press, the Office of Fellowships and Grants, the Center for Museum Studies, the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, and the National Science Resources Center.

For FY 1997, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for Communications and Educational Programs. The Institution requires $307,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center (VIARC) - The Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center is responsible for centralized Institution-wide information and assistance programs for the public, Associate members, staff, and volunteers. Several VIARC programs operate seven days a week and involve the coordination of large numbers of volunteers, a primary source of support for the Institution's public information programs and project assistance behind the scenes. Principal public activities include the Smithsonian Information Center, the Public Inquiry Mail and Telephone Information Service, and the Volunteer Information Specialist Program.

Office of Public Affairs (OPA) - The Office of Public Affairs acquaints the public with the programs and policies of the Institution through a variety of publications and by working with newspapers, magazines, television, and radio to gain media exposure for its exhibits, public events, and research. A major goal of OPA is to encourage culturally diverse audiences to take advantage of the many resources of the Smithsonian.

Office of Telecommunications - The Office of Telecommunications collaborates with Smithsonian research and professional staff and with outside companies to produce and distribute television, film, radio, and multimedia programs depicting a broad range of the Institution's activities.

Distributed nationally and internationally, these programs expand the Institution's audiences and support the Smithsonian's outreach efforts.

Smithsonian Institution Press (SIP) - The Smithsonian Institution Press is a multi-media publisher of books, recordings, and videos on topics related to the Institution's collections and research interests. SIP's programs include the University Press, Smithsonian Books, the Smithsonian Collection of Recordings, book development, and Smithsonian Video. The University Press publishes works of scholarship and general interest, with special emphasis on the subject areas of art, archeology, anthropology, science, aviation, folklore, history, popular culture, American Studies, and music.

Office of Fellowships and Grants - The Office of Fellowships and Grants manages the Institution's centralized fellowship and internship programs, all other stipend appointments, and significant grant programs that support research and other scholarly activities by Smithsonian staff and their collaborators.

Included in this program category is the International Environmental Science Program (IESP). IESP supports long-term studies of the world's ecosystem, especially in tropical and subtropical regions where the rapid rate of deforestation, diminution of coral reef cover, loss of suitable soil, and the threat to wildlife are of critical importance to biological diversity and global change.

Center for Museum Studies - The Center for Museum Studies provides training, information, and professional support to museums. The Center for Museum Studies trains museum practitioners from the United States and abroad in all aspects of museum work and provides interns referral, registration, counseling, and career development services.

Office of Elementary and Secondary Education (OESE) - Drawing on the Smithsonian's research, exhibitions, and staff expertise, OESE serves both a local and national audience. OESE provides classroom teachers with professional development opportunities and curriculum materials; young people with museum-based programs; and educators in general with a central point of access to the Smithsonian. The Office also reaches a broad audience of parents, teachers, and students through a variety of electronic services. OESE's collaborations with Smithsonian museums and other educational organizations build and support relationships among the Nation's museums, schools, and other community-based institutions.

National Science Resources Center (NSRC) - The National Science Resources Center is a joint effort of the Smithsonian Institution and the National Academy of Sciences to improve the teaching of science in the nation's schools. All NSRC programs stress the involvement and collaboration of teachers and scientists, and place a special emphasis on increasing the number of under-represented minorities and women engaged in the study of science. NSRC sponsors leadership institutes to prepare school district educational teams to design effective in-service education programs, establish science materials support systems, and develop community support for their science programs.

Nonappropriated Funding - Funding supports personnel costs and communication and educational outreach activities, such as internship programs, advertising, publications, an information center, and telecommunications activities.

Institution-wide Programs

Abstract - As part of the Restructuring Plan reviewed and approved by Congress in 1993, the Smithsonian reallocated funds to create two Institution-wide funding programs: one supports the units' needs to replace, upgrade, and acquire new research equipment; the other enables the myriad of information technology needs across the Institution to be addressed systematically. In fiscal year 1995, the Institution received funds to support the development of a third Institution-wide program for Latino programming. The Institution requests that the funding in each of these programs remains available until expended. For FY 1997, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for this line-item.

Research Equipment

The research equipment program has helped fund some of the most basic research equipment needs of the Institution. However, the current level of funding of $1,885,000 has only begun to meet the many needs of the museums, research centers, and offices with research equipment requirements.

In FY 1996, of the 86 requests totaling $2.8 million received, the Provost approved 53 pieces of specific equipment to be purchased from the pool. Some of the major planned purchases include: a laser light source to study interstellar molecules, a telescope mirror cell, and an x-ray multi-layer deposition facility for the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; an automated sequencer for the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; an electrical compactor, microscopes, and electronic imaging equipment for the National Museum of Natural History; a coupled optical emission spectrometer for the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center; an optical emission mass spectrometer for the Conservation Analytical Laboratory; and a spectro radiometer for the National Zoological Park, Conservation Research Center. Virtually all units at the Institution submitting requests received at least partial funding in FY 1996.

Information Resources

In FY 1995, the information technology program provided the funding for an initiative to establish and upgrade both communications capabilities and interconnected processing modes (typically general-purpose computers and teleconferencing complements) for efficient, state-of-the-practice technology. The basic infrastructure provides the necessary pathways among various Smithsonian and external entities to ensure wide citizen access. As part of this initiative, the Institution is actively collaborating with emerging private industry, state and local jurisdictions, and federal agency initiatives. The Institution is also committed to strategic, multi-year initiatives. The first area, organizing and digitizing, includes transforming significant portions of the physical collections into digitized images for electronic transmission throughout the world and electronically organizing the Institution's vast holdings to facilitate efficient public access to this rich resource. The second area provides logistical support for the development of solid financial and operational management capabilities. Finally, the Institution offers feasibility seed money to support cooperative projects among the museums and research institutes.

In FY 1996, with base funds of $1,850,000, the Institution is funding initiatives that support data capture and conversion at the National Museum of American History; financial management, policy, and planning in the Office of Planning, Management and Budget; expanded access to research data through the development of a local area network at the Office of the Smith soman Institution Archives; event scheduling in the Provost's office; the collaborative effort among the Institution's art museums for a collections information system (ARTCIS); position classification efforts in the Office of Human Resources; an Institutional applications server in the Office of Information Technology; the Collections Research Information System (CRIS) in the National Museum of Natural History; and a standard electronic mail system for Smithsonian units within the National Mall area.

Latino Exhibitions, Acquisitions, and Educational Programming

The Institution received $998,000 in FY 1996 to support exhibitions, collections, and educational initiatives across the Institution to permit the accomplishments of Latinos to be shared more widely with the public. The Smithsonian disperses these funds annually to its units, based on a competitive process, to attract matching and, ultimately, sustaining funding from non-Federal sources. This program has nourished significant activities, some of which have already generated outside support. Projects are designed as catalysts for broader initiatives of national and international scope. The National Museum of American History's ground breaking activities for Exhibition 2000 were accomplished in FY 1995. The National Museum of American Art produced an educational package of Latino works from its collections and is making systematic acquisitions leading to an exhibition on the Latino art tradition in America. The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden made significant acquisitions and designed programs of immediate interest to audiences in the metropolitan area. The National Zoological Park and the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum developed Latino educational packages targeting school audiences. The Archives of American Art is documenting Latino artists. The Center for Museum Studies has joined forces with the Inter University Program for Latino Research in an innovative program to bring 15 Latino graduate students to the Smithsonian for immersion in several museums during the summer of 1996.

Office of Exhibits Central

Abstract - The Office of Exhibits Central (OEC) is the Smithsonian Institution's largest and most comprehensive exhibit producer. OEC is expert in the specialized needs of design, production, and installation of traveling, temporary, and permanent exhibitions. OEC exhibit specialists form teams with curators and subject-matter experts to prepare exhibitions that meet the highest standards of educational effectiveness and accessibility. The Office's facilities handle many aspects of Smithsonian exhibitions, including design, editing, graphics, model making, fabrication, crating, and installations. The Office is also involved in concept development, object selection, product research, and prototype testing. OEC staff makes recommendations about the need for conservation assistance and conducts training in exhibit design and production with museums across the country and abroad.

For FY 1997, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Office of Exhibit Central. The Institution requires $144,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Office of Exhibits Central is a full-service organization with specialized teams in design, editing, graphics, model-making, and fabrication.

The Design and Editing team works with a curator's preliminary ideas to develop an overall exhibition plan. Exhibit designers are responsible for all aspects of visual presentation. OEC's exhibit editors work closely with designers and subject specialists to ensure that words, design, graphics, and artifacts work together to create an effective presentation.

The Graphics team of this unit provides silk-screening, typesetting, photo mounting, conservation matting and framing, vinyl lettering, and banner design and production.

The Model-making team creates scientifically and historically accurate dioramas, scientifically precise models, and mannequins. They also bracket artifacts for display and offer taxidermy sendees.

The Fabrication team constructs fine cabinetry and exhibit components. Sheet plastic work, artifact handling, and custom paint finishes are a specialty.

The Packing and Shipping team builds crates and packs exhibitions that travel across the country and around the world.

In preparation for the Smithsonian's 150th anniversary celebration, OEC has made significant contributions. OEC designed the banners and signage for each museum and for display on the Mall. OEC built the exhibit cases for "Smithson's Gift," an exhibition dedicated to James Smithson's gift to the Smithsonian. OEC will play a central production role in several 150th anniversary efforts, including the National Museum of the American Indian's special exhibition at the Arts and Industries building; the International Gallery's "Artists at Work" exhibition; and the "Working at the Smithsonian" program of the Center for Folklife Studies and Cultural Programs.

OEC supports nearly every Smithsonian office and unit. Annually, OEC provides exhibition assistance for more than 100 projects within the Institution. In FY 1995, OEC created displays used in the National Museum of Natural History's "Ocean Planet" exhibition; provided design, editing, fabrication, model-making, lighting, installation and project coordination services associated with the Horticultural Services Division's "Posy Holders" exhibition; and for the National Museum of Natural History's permanent exhibit, "Exploring Marine Ecosystems," provided model-making services. For the Smithsonian Institution Libraries, OEC designed and installed the "Science and the Artists' Book." In addition, OEC collaborated with the Office of the Provost and the National Museum of African Art in the design, production, and installation of an exhibition at the Baltimore Washington International Airport. OEC consulted on the development of the "Coral Reef exhibition and provided illustrations for "Where Land Meets the Sea" for the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute.

In FY 1995, OEC won two Federal Design Achievement Awards for the design of "Spiders!" and "Produce for Victory: Posters on the American Home Front, 1941-1945." OEC also received honors from the Washington Building Congress for construction of a railway mail car at the National Postal Museum and a Smithsonian Exhibition Award for work provided on the inaugural exhibits of the National Postal Museum.

Major Scientific Instrumentation

Abstract - The development of major scientific instrumentation is vital to Smithsonian scientists remaining at the forefront of their fields. Because of the magnitude of the costs and the time-scale required to fabricate major new instruments and to reconfigure existing ones, the Institution requests funding for such projects under this line-item, rather than under individual ones. Since these projects require long-term development and multi-year funding, the Institution also requests that funds in this line-item be made available until expended.

The FY 1997 funding for this line-item reflects no increase over the FY 1996 base. For FY 1997, funds will be used to continue construction of the submillimeter telescope array ($5,370,000) and to continue conversion and development of instrumentation for the Multiple Mirror Telescope ($1,921,000). The Smithsonian does, however, request an FY 1997 increase of $720,000 for the operational cost of the submillimeter telescope array in the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) line-item. A detailed justification of this increase is provided in the FY 1997 Priority Program Enhancements section of this request.

Program - Since FY 1989, the Smithsonian has received funding under this line item for two SAO projects: development of an array of submillimeter telescopes and conversion of the Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT). SAO expects the submillimeter telescope array to be completed by 1999. Almost all operating personnel are scheduled to be hired during the design and construction phases of the project and will already be included in the SAO base when operations commence. SAO expects "first light" for the converted MMT in 1997.

Construction of an Array of Submillimeter Wavelength Telescopes - The last frontier for ground-based astronomy consists of observing the skies with telescopes sensitive to submillimeter waves-light with wavelengths between those of infrared and radio waves. SAO plays a major role in emerging submillimeter technology. Since FY 1992, SAO has been constructing components for its submillimeter array of telescopes that are to be located on Mauna Kea in Hawaii. The submillimeter array, with its unprecedented combination of wavelength coverage and ability to resolve fine spatial

details, will enable SAO scientists to play a major role in understanding the processes by which stars form and the mechanisms that generate prodigious amounts of energy in quasars and in active galaxies. Understanding of the plasma processes associated with these phenomena could conceivably also provide important insights into related processes involved in controlling fusion.

When operational, the SAO submillimeter array will be a major scientific instrument of international stature. The array will be unique in the world in its combination of wavelength coverage and resolving power. It will measurably enhance the scientific competitiveness of the United States.

In FY 1997, the project will continue constructing and testing the six 6-meter diameter antennas at Westford, Massachusetts, as well as the associated receivers and electronics in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The largest of these electronic devices is the special purpose computer, called the digital correlator, which combines the signals from the individual antennas so that they may act as a single large telescope. System testing started in FY 1996 and will continue throughout FY 1997 as antennas are completed. In FY 1997, the control building, at the summit of Mauna Kea, will be installed and equipped. SAO anticipates that the first of many shipments of components from Massachusetts to Hawaii will begin when the control building is completed.

Conversion and Instrumentation of the Multiple Mirror Telescope - The conversion of the Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT) to one with a single 6.5-meter diameter mirror will more than double the light-gathering power of the telescope and increase its field-of-view more than several hundredfold. The converted telescope and its new instrumentation will allow scientists to observe up to 300 objects simultaneously, an enormous increase in efficiency of data collection over that possible with the MMT.

In FY 1992, SAO began the preliminary design of the Hectospec, a multi-object spectrograph for the converted MMT. This spectrograph utilizes optical fibers as "light-pipes" to gather the light from up to 300 galaxies at a time. A program of observing tens of thousands of galaxies, which would otherwise not be feasible, could be carried out with ten to twenty nights of telescope time. The multi-object spectrograph will also be used for many studies in which it will provide the converted MMT with the power of several hundred telescopes with conventional single-object spectrographs.

In FY 1995, SAO began to assemble the Hectospec and to develop its control software. SAO also began the design of a very-high-resolution spectrograph, an infrared imager, and an innovative spectrograph to conduct efficient surveys of the very distant universe (Binospec).

In FY 1996, SAO intends to complete assembly and testing of the Hectospec; continue design of the high-resolution spectrograph; begin detailed design of the infrared imager and the Binospec; and begin design of a wide-field imager and purchase the associated detectors. In FY 1997, SAO will complete the design of the infrared imager and the Binospec, and will begin construction of the high-resolution spectrograph.

These instruments will allow SAO scientists to use the converted MMT for a broad range of investigations, from the study of stellar systems containing neutron stars and black holes to the discovery of distant galaxies at the edge of the observable universe. The proposed new instruments are important tools for the study of star formation, strongly complementing the capabilities of SAO's submillimeter array of telescopes.

Museum Support Center

Abstract - The Museum Support Center (MSC), located in Suitland, Maryland, is a specially equipped and environmentally controlled facility providing state-of-the-art technology for scientific research, conservation, and collections storage. MSC accommodates collections storage in four sections (or pods) for three general types of needs: collections storage in cabinets, "wet" collections storage on open shelving for biological collections in alcohol, and "high-bay" storage for very large objects. MSC also houses the Conservation Analytical Laboratory (CAL) and conservation laboratories for the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) and the National Museum of American History (NMAH). The NMNH Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and other NMNH specialized research laboratories are located there as well. MSC's facilities provide the best conditions possible for preservation of the National Collections for future generations.

For FY 1997, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Museum Support Center. The Institution requires $135,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item. As in FY 1996, the Institution requests that the funds for MSC collections storage equipment and MSC Move costs remain available until expended.

Program - The Institution's Museum Support Center provides facilities for the conservation and preservation of museum objects, conservation training, scientific research, and storage of museum collections. Specially-designed, state-of-the-art storage equipment is available at MSC to house the more than 27 million objects and object parts being relocated from NMNH and NMAH.

The MSC operational staff provides computer services for administrative, research, and collections management data. The staff also meets the research and collection study needs of MSC occupants, provides snipping and receiving services, oversees safety and security operations, and maintains strict environmental and cleaning services required for the proper storage of museum collections.

The size and scope of the move of Smithsonian collections to the Museum Support Center, including the preparation and relocation of millions of objects and specimens from nine curatorial departments in two different museums, is unprecedented within the museum world. The volume, characteristics, and variety of the collections and the distance of the transfer pose special challenges that must be addressed as part of the move. MSC Move staff technicians inspect the objects for pests and conservation problems, clean them, and properly stabilize them prior to their move. Objects that have been contaminated by asbestos in storage areas receive additional treatment. The collections relocated to MSC are properly curated, less-crowded, and subject to better-controlled environmental conditions than collections in most other Smithsonian storage areas. As a result, they have far better prospects for long-term preservation and will be significantly more accessible to researchers.

MSC Collections Storage Equipment - By December 4, 1995, contractors had installed 2,797 shelving cabinets; 8,514 drawer cabinets; 833 insect cabinets; 668 botany cabinets; all of the cantilever and widespan shelving; all of the compactor screens; 288 large cabinets; 10,671 shelves; 73,594 drawers; and 850 polyscreens. The Institution continues to procure and install a portion of the balance of the collections storage equipment for Pods 2, 3, and 4.

MSC Move - During FY 1995, the Smithsonian made significant progress on the transfer of collections and will continue to move collections to MSC in FY 1996. NMAH moved 4,948 objects, including costumes, meters, patent models, materia medica, and camera accessories. By November 1995, 75,764 ethnological and archeological objects from the Department of Anthropology collections had been moved. Other collections moved included 355,080 insects; 11,489 birds; 58,418 botanical specimens; 40,095 invertebrates; and 1,465,294 paleontological specimens. The East Attic in the Natural History Building was emptied on schedule in preparation for the beginning of the Major Capital Renewal Project.

Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives

Abstract - The Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives (OSIA) is the official repository for the archival records of the Smithsonian Institution and provides information and guidance on the Institution's history and records and on the management of its National Collections. OSIA assures systematic and comprehensive historical accountability of the Institution's public trust.

For FY 1997, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives. The Institution requires $76,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives assures the Regents, Secretary, and staff of a reliable and accessible record of Institutional history and collections management practice. The Archives Division provides oversight and policy for the disposition of Institutional records; conducts surveys of official and scholarly files; appraises their research value; and preserves, arranges, and describes valuable records in a variety of formats. The Institutional History Division conducts research on the history of the Institution; supports an oral history program; and publishes the papers of Joseph Henry, the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. The National Collections Program collects, analyzes, and reports statistics and other information on the management of the National Collections in order to facilitate the coordination of collections management and the maintenance of professional standards among the collecting units of the Smithsonian Institution.

Archives Management - OSIA received 172 accessions of records and personal papers during FY 1995, totaling more than two million items, from Smithsonian museums, offices, research institutes, and selected donors, organizations, and individuals. Staff continued to revise the Guide to the Smithsonian Archives, writing 203 entries describing 6,025 cubic feet of holdings. Records Center operations included the receipt and/or discard of more than one million items.

Research and Reference Services - Scholars used OSIA holdings to conduct a variety of

research, some of which resulted in publication (e.g. Mike Foster, Strange Genius: The Life of Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden (Roberts Rinehart Publisher); W. Connor Sorensen, Brethren of the Net: American Entomology, 1840-1880 (The University of Alabama Press); and Richard C. Banks, Ornithology at the U.S. National Museum of Natural History (Contributions to the History of North American Ornithology). OSIA resources were heavily used in James Conaway's The Smithsonian, published in late 1995, as well as several other projects to commemorate the Institution's Sesquicentennial.

Historical Publication and Services - The Institutional History Division focused on preparations for the Institution's 150th Anniversary in 1996. The "Smithson's Gift" exhibit was prepared for the Castle and "Smithson to Smithsonian" for the Smithsonian Institution Libraries' Exhibition Gallery. The Joseph Henry Papers Project completed text editing and began annotations for volume 8.

Collections Management - Staff of the National Collections Program compiled and published its ninth annual statistical report which provided data on the collection size, growth, and activity for Smithsonian collecting units. Additionally, staff coordinated the review of collections management policies for six Smithsonian organizations.

Outreach - The Archives Division edited and published a brochure entitled, "Smithsonian Institution: Archival, Manuscript, and Special Collection Resources." The National Collections Program facilitated an introductory workshop on managing museum collections. The History Division produced an online bibliography, presented lectures on the history of the Institution, and conducted a workshop on oral history.

SrarkHral S ummary nf OSIA Activity FY 1Q9T FY 1QQ4 FY 1QQS

Reference inquiries 1,831 2,590 1,970

Items provided to researchers 5,455 8,803 9,381

Pages of copy provided to researchers 26,213 32,630 29,159

Nonappropriated Funding - Unrestricted funds support the salaries and benefits for an archivist and an archive technician. Restricted funds support aspects of the Joseph Henry Papers Project. Donors include the National Academy of Sciences, the Ida Hornstein Reingold Memorial Fund, the Richard Lounsbery Foundation, and the Seidell Foundation.

Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Abstract - The Smithsonian Institution Libraries (SIL) supports the mission of the Smithsonian Institution "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge" by providing access to information in all forms to Smithsonian scientists, scholars, curators, and staff, as well as to others with research needs. The Libraries accomplishes this support by building, organizing, managing, housing, and preserving collections; providing reference services and consultation; employing all appropriate technologies for finding and disseminating information; and contributing to and drawing from remote data bases. The Libraries offers educational opportunities, including exhibitions, internships, publications, lectures, and user instruction. The Libraries participates in local, national, and international networks and cooperative activities that promote the sharing of information, access to recorded knowledge, and the support and advancement of scholarly communication.

For FY 1997, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Smithsonian Institution Libraries. The Institution requires $332,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Smithsonian Institution Libraries (SIL) strengthens multi-disciplinary research at the Smithsonian Institution by providing research support services, collections acquisitions and management, and outreach programs. SIL staff uses electronic information technology for most internal library operations, as well as in resource sharing and communication with other libraries and information repositories. SIL's collections contain more than 1.2 million volumes and include 7,000 journals, 40,000 rare books, and more than 1,800 manuscript units.

SIL supports researchers in 18 branches and houses its collections in Smithsonian buildings in Washington, D.C. and other locations, including Edgewater, Maryland; Cambridge, Massachusetts; Suitland, Maryland; New York, New York; and the Republic of Panama. SIL controls these collections and makes them available as a single resource to researchers at the Institution and worldwide through the Smithsonian Institution Research Information System (SIRIS) on-line catalogue now available on the Internet and the On-line Computer Library Center (OCLC), a national bibliographic data base.

Research Support Services - During the past year, SIL increased information access capabilities offered to its users by adding new bibliographic search services and improving the Inter-Library loan and document delivery system. SIL enhanced its delivery of information by expediting borrowing from the Library of Congress.

SIL staff continued to be involved in the planning of the National Museum of the American Indian Branch Library. SIL staff refined design concepts for the National Museum of Natural History's (NMNH) Rare Book Library, to be located in the NMNH's East Court Building. When fully staffed, this facility will offer enhanced access to the Museum's distinguished special collections, while also providing secure, environmentally sound housing. SIL completed renovation of the Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology, located in the National Museum of American History, which included installation of compact shelving.

Collections - SIL acquires materials through purchase and a gift and exchange program with 4,600 partners in 150 countries. For FY 1996, SIL projects an extraordinary inflation rate of 17.8% for serial subscriptions. Supplemental funding from the Institution for FY 1996 - 1999 will partially subvent this rise in costs, but the necessity of covering the balance will severely reduce funds available for monographs. Through the process of preservation by microfilm and photocopy, more than 1,000 brittle books were replaced with archivally sound formats. A major reorganization combined the cataloging units into one Cataloging Services Department. The Getty Grant Program awarded funds to SIL for creation of an Online Index and Finding Guide to the Literature of African Art and Culture. The three-year project will make available, in SERIS and on the Internet, 52,000 citations to articles, books, pamphlets and other publications.

In June 1995, SDL received a grant from the Seidell Endowment Fund for the purchase of a World Wide Web server, and the electronic republishing of out-of-print Bureau of American Ethnology (BAE) reports. The BAE reports, along with SIL's Home Page and those of several branch libraries, are now available worldwide to users of the World Wide Web. Through an efficient set of standardized, LAN-based menus for Project Access, every SIL branch library offers its users a complete suite of electronic reference services, including access to the World Wide Web.

Outreach - The Dibner Fund supported an illustrated lecture on "Chemistry Imagined," a free public program of four performances about balloons from sheet music housed in the Air and Space Museum Branch Library collections, and two SIL/Dibner Library Resident Scholars of the History of Science and Technology. The Libraries opened a new exhibition, "Science and the Artist's Book," in its gallery in the Museum of American History. An electronic version of the exhibition is now on the World Wide Web. Since 1960, SIL, with support from the Seidell fund and the National Science Foundation, has published and distributed gratis copies of 277 scientific books and articles translated into English from foreign languages.

Nonappropriated Funding - An administrative allotment funds salaries and related support costs, including travel, training, and supplies. A program allotment supports special events, such as public lectures and seminar. Income from the Libraries Special Collections and Ripley endowments support the purchase of books in many disciplines.

Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service

Abstract - The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) expands the Smithsonian's presence beyond Washington, D.C. by circulating exhibitions to public audiences in museums large and small and in schools, libraries, science centers, historical societies, zoos, aquariums, and community centers. SITES exhibitions reach millions of people annually in the United States and abroad. A commitment to audience access drives the development of all SITES programs. SITES' top priority is increasing the availability of Smithsonian-created exhibitions among people who cannot see them firsthand by visiting the Institution's museums. Facilitating the sharing of exhibitions created outside the Smithsonian-Si 1 tS' second priority-is another way SITES works to respond to the diverse program needs and interests of the national audience it serves.

In FY 1996, the International Gallery merged with SITES. The International Gallery combines public and scholarly programs with the exhibit on display. It presents exhibitions in the S. Dillon Ripley Center that deal with significant global and cultural topics.

For FY 1997, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service. The Institution requires $133,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line item.

Progr a m - The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service reconfigures and packages, for widespread circulation, exhibitions developed by Smithsonian museums and program offices and by institutions and organizations outside the Smithsonian. SITES tailors the form and content of these exhibitions to meet the program needs and technical capabilities of museums and cultural and educational facilities nationwide.

In developing exhibitions for audiences of all ages and backgrounds, SITES strives to do more than present artifacts. SITES exhibitions represent a broad range of human perspectives; they pose questions, communicate abstractions, and challenge visitors to make connections between objects, people, places, events, and ideas. By emphasizing diverse viewpoints and by using inquiry as a means

of interpreting exhibition themes and images, SITES hopes to encourage people to explore the full breadth of possibilities about themselves, others, and the world around them. As a high-visibility outreach arm of the Smithsonian, SITES' more than 75 exhibitions tour museums and cultural centers in all 50 states. SITES hopes that its expanded visitor base in FY 1996 will enable more Americans than ever before to experience the rich variety of exhibition programs available from the Smithsonian.

Smithsonian Exhibitions - SITES' FY 1996 program continues to mirror the scope and vitality of the Smithsonian. Traveling exhibitions about World War n, spiders, jazz, ocean conservation, Abraham Lincoln, gospel music, and cultural diversity are but a small sampling of the many subjects through which SITES represents collections and research from the Institution's many museums and program offices.

SITES will take a major step forward during FY 1996 in expanding its national audience with a new initiative aimed at bringing the Smithsonian to public libraries across the country. Capitalizing on the widespread enthusiasm that accompanied SITES' library version of the Natural History Museum's "Seeds of Change" exhibition, SITES and the American Library Association will circulate a low-cost, easy-to-install, small-format version of "Beyond Category: The Musical Genius of Duke Ellington." Smaller, resource-poor exhibit centers also will benefit in FY 1996 from panel versions of other major SITES exhibitions, including "Before Freedom Came: African American Life in the Antebellum South" and "Saynday Was Coming Along," which is based on Kiowa Indian children's stories. During FY 1996, "Produce for Victory," an exhibition of World War n victory posters that SITES developed with the National Museum of American History, will visit museums in more than twenty rural areas. All of these projects aim to give communities too often excluded from national cultural programs the chance to experience some of the Smithsonian's richest exhibit programs.

Exhibition Partnerships - Partnerships with institutions and organizations outside the Smithsonian enable SITES to meet more fully the program needs and interests of the Institution's diverse national audience. In FY 1996, SITES officially inaugurated a five-year collaboration with the National Geographic Society in a world geography exhibition for young people entitled "Earth 2 U." Another long-term collaboration with the Mexican Cultural Institute resulted in a national tour of "Mexico: A Landscape Revisited," an exhibition that surveys three centuries of Mexican landscape painting.

Together with state humanities councils across the Nation, SITES will circulate "Barn Again!," an exhibition that explores historic and revitalized barn architecture in America. A preparatory workshop for museums on the tour will give participants the opportunity to develop educational programs and resource guides tailored to their own communities.

Nonap propriated Funding - SITES nonappropriated funds support design and production, publications, materials, outside specialists, contractual services, and the salaries and benefits of Trust fund employees. Individuals, organizations, and corporations donate gifts and grants for specific SITES projects.

Administration

Ahstract - Administration includes executive management and related functions provided by the Offices of the Secretary, Under Secretary, Provost, Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration, and Assistant Secretary for Institutional Advancement. As a result of the Secretary's reorganization, the newly established Office of the Provost oversees the programmatic activities of the Institution; the Office of the Under Secretary oversees administrative activities.

Administrative units receive both appropriated funds and nonappropriated Trust funds for their operating expenses. Currently, some offices, such as the Office of Sponsored Projects, are supported entirely with Trust funds.

For FY 1997, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for Administration. The Institution requires $1,598,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - Office of the Secretary - The Office of the Secretary, supported by the Office of the Under Secretary and the Office of the Provost, oversees the Smithsonian Institution, and maintains continuous communication with the Board of Regents and its committees. Staff support for biodiversity and environmental affairs, Latino affairs, and electronic communications are integrated within this office. This line-item also includes the Office of Inspector General and Institution-wide planning, management analysis, and budgeting functions.

Office of the Provost - The Provost serves as the Smithsonian's chief programs officer, providing leadership and integrated oversight for all of the Institution's programmatic activities carried out in the museums, research institutes, central education and other program offices, as well as research support units including libraries and archives. The Provost reviews and evaluates the management of programs in research, exhibitions, and education outreach in the sciences, arts, and humanities; provides operational facilitation to the program units; and maintains close working relationships with directors and

their boards. In addition, the Office of the Provost is responsible for institutional studies and adherence to laws governing accessibility and scientific diving.

Office of the Under Secretary - The Under Secretary serves as the Institution's chief operating officer and is responsible for the day-to-day administration of the Institution. This office oversees the Institution's central business activities; the activities of the General Counsel; government relations activities, including liaison functions with Federal agencies, state and local governments, and organizations with related interests; and central computing and telecommunications services.

Office of the Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration - The Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration serves as the Institution's Chief Financial Officer and oversees an array of financial, administrative, and facilities services, including the accounting and reporting for the Smithsonian's assets, liabilities, and equities; the acquisition of, contracting for, and management of Smithsonian properties; the management of the Institution's equal opportunity programs; human resources management; photographic and photograph preservation functions; duplicating services; the management of grants and contracts between the Institution and public and private organizations; the assurance of safety and integrity of financial assets and the identification and control of risks; and facilities services programs to address physical plant management and the protection of staff, visitors and collections from physical and environmental danger. This office also provides an ombudsman who serves as a neutral party for addressing employee work-related problems, concerns, and complaints.

Office of the Assistant Secretary for Institutional Advancement - The Assistant Secretary for Institutional Advancement has supervisory and coordinative responsibilities for the wide-ranging private sector fund-raising activities of the Smithsonian, including special events. The office coordinates fund-raising objectives with those of the individual museums and research institutes to ensure that the Smithsonian receives the maximum level of private support for its research, exhibitions, educational, and public service activities. The Assistant Secretary provides direct supervision of the directors of the Office of Membership and Development and the Office of Special Events and Conference Services.

Nonappropriated Funds - Unrestricted funding supports the executive management and administrative functions of the Institution. Restricted funds support scientific research and fellowships, fund-raising initiatives, public relations brochures, and planning and studies related to executing recommendations of the Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian Institution.

Office of Protection Services

Abstract - The Office of Protection Services (OPS) protects and secures the National Collections entrusted to the Smithsonian Institution, and ensures the safety and security of staff and visitors, while permitting an appropriate level of public access to collections and properties. In FY 1995, the Health Services Unit within OPS merged with the Office of Environmental Management and Safety.

For FY 1997, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Office of Protection Services. The Institution requires $1,897,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Office of Protection Services provides round-the-clock security for all Smithsonian facilities in the Washington, D.C., area; the Cooper Hewitt, National Design Museum in New York City; the National Museum of the American Indian in New York City; and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama. OPS integrates uniformed security services with alarm system monitoring and maintenance, investigation services, and escorts to provide a safe and secure operating environment. OPS continues to modernize by providing state-of-the-art automated systems and equipment and to improve the training of employees.

Training - Since 1993, OPS has trained more than 600 officers at its museum security course, conducted in a joint venture with Jacksonville State University and the United States Army , and located at Fort McClellan, Alabama. This training investment represents a much-needed Smithsonian commitment to improving employee qualifications and services. In addition, 45 officers have attended the new supervisors' course and 138 officers have attended recertification classes.

Security Alarm System - In FY 1993, OPS funded a United States Army Corps of Engineers' study to recommend long- and short-term strategies for its security alarm system upgrade and replacement. The team, from the Intrusion Detection System Center of Expertise, Huntsville, Alabama, delivered its long-term findings in December 1994. OPS is integrating these recommendations into Institution planning.

Office of Physical Plant

Abstract. - The Office of Physical Plant (OPP) administers, maintains, and repairs 15 museum and art gallery buildings and grounds, as well as many other work and collection storage areas, by providing architectural, engineering, and facility planning services. In support of research, exhibitions, education, and other public programs, OPP provides utilities, transportation, mail services, exhibit renovation, and other program services. OPP also provides technical support to several Smithsonian units located outside the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, including the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama, the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in Arizona, and the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Maryland.

On October 1, 1995, the Office of Plant Services (OPlantS), Office of Design and Construction (ODC), and the Office of Architectural History and Historic Preservation (OAHHP) were merged to form the Office of Physical Plant (OPP). This line-item also includes the South Group Facilities Management Office, the Quadrangle Facility Management Office, and Rent and Central Utilities accounts.

For FY 1997, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Office of Physical Plant. The Institution requires $1,660,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item. An increase of $3,276,000 justified in the Mandatory Increases for Sustaining Base Operations section of this budget request will support the Institution's central utilities, communications, postage, and rent.

Program - Office of Physical Plant: Immediate Office - The immediate office administers facility projects and financial management for construction, maintenance and repair operations, and other support services within Smithsonian Institution facilities. It provides trade and craft support for the Institution that includes plumbing, electrical, wood-crafting, painting, and plastering efforts for various units.

Architectural History and Historic Preservation Division - Architectural History and Historic Preservation (AHHP) establishes historical preservation policy and oversees preservation practices for the Smithsonian. AHHP functions as a center for research and maintains the Castle Collection of 19th century furnishings.

Design and Construction Division - The Design and Construction Division (DCD) provides project management and professional assistance to Smithsonian units that guarantee safe environments for visitors, staff, and the National Collections. It also performs ongoing surveys of all facilities to determine the requirements needed to bring the Institution into compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act. DCD oversees projects and manages financial resources for the Institution's Repair and Restoration (R&R) and Construction programs. In addition to repairs and construction, DCD assists with exhibit construction and other space modification projects. Primary services include orchestration of planning, design, and construction activities; financial management of all projects; review of exhibit designs to ensure compatibility with existing building systems; and compliance with safety, health, and accessibility requirements.

South Group Facilities Management - South Group Facilities Management is responsible for cleaning, waste and recyclable trash disposal, minor maintenance, labor services, lamping, craft services, shipping and receiving, special events, and safety, occupational, and environmental health program planning and execution for the Arts and Industries and Smithsonian Institution buildings. South Group Facilities Management also coordinates and monitors contracts for structural maintenance, waste and recycable trash removal, pest control, and renovation projects for these buildings.

Quadrangle Facility Management - Quadrangle Facility Management provides a wide variety of support services to the Education Center of the S. Dillon Ripley Center, National Museum of African Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Associates, Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, and the International Center. These services include space scheduling, as well as custodial, labor, rigging, minor maintenance, lamping, shipping and receiving, and other related services. Quadrangle Facility Management is also responsible for coordinating trash removal and pest control services for the Quadrangle.

CONSTRUCTION AND IMPROVEMENTS NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK

The National Zoological Park complex includes 163 acres in the Rock Creek Valley of Washington, D.C., and a 3,150-acre Conservation and Research Center located near Front Royal, Virginia. In keeping with the 1889 charter, the National Zoological Park endeavors to "administer and improve" the Zoo for "the advancement of science and instruction and recreation of the people."

Appropriations to this account provide funding for repairs, alterations, and improvements to plant property; additions to existing facilities and minor new facilities, including exhibits; plans and specifications for construction; and renovation, restoration, and construction of new facilities outlined in the Master Plan of the National Zoological Park.

The Zoo contracts for most construction and improvement projects. If contractor estimates are above acceptable cost levels, it is sometimes more economical to hire temporary help to accomplish the work. In these cases, funds in this account are used to hire temporary laborers. The account also funds related expenses such as relocation of animals during the renovation or construction of facilities and major grounds maintenance resulting from ice and storm damage.

The FY 1997 request is as follows:

Rock Creek Master Plan:

Grasslands $ 600,000

Renovation, Repair, and Improvements:

Rock Creek and Front Royal 3,400,000

TOTAL $4,000,000

ROCK CREEK MASTER PLAN

Grasslands ($600,0001 - The Grasslands exhibit, exceeding six acres, will consist of three distinct grassland habitats, each segment to be self-contained and of varying topography. These areas will depict three primary grassland habitats including the American Prairies (bison and prairie dogs), African Grasslands, and a Domestication area. Each exhibit will cover a wide range of topics on the central theme of grasslands through time. Topics include: the domestication of grains, human history on grasslands, the living world beneath the surface of grasslands, medicinal and food plants of grasslands, and multiple use of grasslands throughout the world, past and present.

The American Prairies will be located between the Panda House and the bus lot bordered on the north by Olmsted Walk. This area will highlight bison and prairie dogs and include features such as the new panda house entrance with accessibility for the handicapped, an interpretation area, an expanded picnic area, a new rest room, expanded seating areas, a prairie pothole, and a prairie garden with interpretation of plants and their use for medicine and crafts.

African Grasslands will be adjacent to the Education Building that can be entered and exited off Olmsted Walk. This exhibit will feature cheetahs and other diverse grasslands animals such as zebra, ostrich, meerkat, several species of gazelles, and vultures. The exhibit will include a subterranean segment that will highlight soil invertebrates, root systems, and abundant micro flora and fauna.

The Domestication exhibit will be located west of the Small Mammal House and will display farmyard animals and domesticated plants. It also will feature rare cattle breeds, swine, and poultry; turf plots; and the major grains and vegetables of the world.

"Anticipation" areas will introduce visitors to the exhibits. These areas will be places to rest and picnic and for children to play. Visitors will be educated on a variety of grasses from every imaginable viewpoint—from information about their luncheon bread (derived from a grass) to where they can learn more about grass in the exhibit and throughout the park. The current Panda Plaza will be one of these "anticipation" areas.

The Grasslands project encompasses three phases of design and construction for the American Prairies, Domestication and African Grasslands. Thus far, funds totaling $3,279 million have been appropriated through 1995 for this project. The Institution anticipates that by the end of FY 1996 a contract will be awarded for construction of the American Prairies area and that this phase of the Grasslands complex will open in fiscal year 2000. The $600,000 requested for FY 1997 will complete Phase I, the Panda Plaza and Bison Grasslands area.

RENOVATION, REPAIR, AND IMPROVEMENTS

The National Zoological Park is responsible for the repair and preventive maintenance of its facilities. The Zoo strives to maintain a safe environment for its visiting public and staff, provide ecologically suitable and comfortable enclosures for the animals, and maintain all buildings in good condition.

The request of $3.4 million for FY 1997 will support those activities at Rock Creek and Front Royal required to maintain safe, environmentally efficient and sound facilities. These funds will not only contribute to repair damages to structures and roadways totaling approximately $250,000 from the severe winter storms of 1996, but to continue the preventive maintenance program to maintain facility integrity.

Rock Creek - The Zoo's Rock Creek facilities include almost 500,000 square feet of buildings and more than 160,000 square feet of roofs. Along with the Park's perimeter fence, measuring 10,546 linear feet, the Zoo's in-ground utility distribution system includes more than 4,600 linear feet of high-voltage electrical lines, approximately 4,000 linear feet of medium-voltage electrical lines, 16,000 linear feet of water mains, 6,000 linear feet of gas mains, 28,000 linear feet of sewer lines, and 14,000 linear feet of storm drains. The Park's preventive maintenance program includes the care of these systems, many of which are well beyond their estimated life.

The FY 1997 repair and improvement program at the Rock Creek site proposes to procure professional services to plan and design various projects. Funds will also be directed to contracted maintenance services for HVAC systems and construction services for various repair and improvement projects.

Front Royal - The Zoo's Conservation and Research Center at Front Royal is a facility devoted to the conservation of endangered wildlife through programs in propagation, research, and international biodiversity training. The 3,150-acre facility includes more than 89 structures ranging from animal shelters to research laboratories and residences. The property has more than 1 x h miles of roads, 20 miles of jeep trails, and 30 miles offences.

The repair and improvement program at Front Royal for FY 1997 includes renovating, repairing, and upgrading the physical, environmental, and operating systems that impact the security for the facility and improve the efficiency of energy use and scientific operations.

The following chart details future funding levels for those programs requested in this budget justification.

REPAIR AND RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS

The Institution is steward of the valuable and visible buildings entrusted to it by the nation. These facilities form a vital infrastructure for accomplishment of many programs and activities, provide safe haven to irreplaceable collections, and allow public access to the collections and programs by millions of visitors and scholars. Many of the buildings are themselves important icons of the nation's cultural heritage, part of the nation's "face" to the world, and must be preserved with the intent of occupying them indefinitely. Funding for repair and renewal of the Institution's facilities has not kept pace with the need and this has resulted in accelerating deterioration of the Smithsonian's physical plant. The current estimate of unfunded facilities renewal requirements is in the $250 million range. In May 1995, the Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian Institution expressed concern about the magnitude and continuing growth of the deferred maintenance problem, and recommended an immediate investment in renovation and restoration of the Institution's facilities. "Otherwise, the Smithsonian will no longer convey to our citizens, or to the world, the image of a nation rich in cultural experience, in natural resources, and in its vision for the future." 1

Assessment of Facility Conditions

Major building systems and components are known to have limited life expectancies. Despite planned preventive maintenance and repair efforts, the heavy and constant use of the buildings has exacerbated the natural aging process of components. As building systems age, the risk of operational failure, scheduled building closings, and damage to collections increases dramatically.

The model in Chart l 2 illustrates the predicted performance curve throughout a building system or component's average life. According to the Association of Higher Education Facilities Officers 3 , a nationally recognized facilities management organization, optimal performance decreases by 40% three-quarters of the way through a system's useful life, reaching the minimum acceptable performance level, labeled "Fair" on the chart. From that point on, performance declines steeply, decreasing another 40% in the next 12 % of the system's life expectancy. Past this point is the "breakdown" mode of operation. Once a system has reached this stage, it can no longer reliably support programs housed in the building.

E Pluribus Unum: This Divine Paradox, Report of the Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian Institution, May 1995, Washington.

DC.

Building Research Board of the National Research Council, "The Fourth Dimension in Building: Strategies for Minimizing

Obsolescence," 1993. 3

"Understanding the Life Cycle of Buildings and Structures," by Chris Hodges, President, Facility Engineering Associates, P.C., published in Proceedings of the 1994 Educational Conference and 81st Annual Meeting ofAPPA: The Association of Higher Education Facilities Officers, July 10-12, 1994, San Antonio, Texas.

In the case of museum mechanical systems (heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems) or roofs, this usually means that the continuous close control of environmental conditions and refuge from the elements required to preserve collections cannot be guaranteed. In addition, it costs as much as five times more to achieve this minimally acceptable performance through "breakdown" maintenance - that is, repairing or replacing system components on an emergency basis when they fail. Resources spent to patch existing systems are essentially wasted when the systems later require full replacement. The potential for irreparable damage to the collections and unplanned system failures carries major implications for the Institution. When a system has deteriorated to the breakdown point, major renewal or replacement is the only way to regain acceptable performance.

Excellent

Fair

Failures

Life-Cycle Time in Years

Chart 1: System Life Progression

Current Smithsonian Facilities Conditions

Chart 2 plots the current position of the Smithsonian's major facilities on a curve. The curve represents a composite rate of deterioration for all building systems over an estimated 40 year life span. The Institution's buildings were placed on this curve based on the estimated remaining useful life. The specific parameters used to assess existing conditions were watertight enclosure; heating, ventilating, air conditioning (HVAC) and electrical systems age and condition; and need for compliance with current codes and industry operating standards.

Chart 2: Smithsonian Facilities Conditions in 1996

It is clear from Chart 2 that the National Museum of Natural History (built in 1910 with wings added in 1960-1964, the Smithsonian's largest building with the area-1.1 million square feet) and the American Art and Portrait Gallery Building (built between 1836-1860) are already in seriously deteriorated condition. Two more buildings, the Smithsonian Castle (1846) and the Arts and Industries Building (1879), are rapidly approaching the state in which system or component failure may threaten the closing of significant portions of the building to public and staff activities, and expose the collections to the risk of irreparable damage. Together, these four buildings represent 30% of the Institution's usable area, and all four buildings contain significant amounts of public space. The cost to renew these facilities is estimated to be approximately $200 million.

Although other major Smithsonian buildings are not yet below the "Good" range in overall condition, periodic repair and upgrade of the individual systems and components in these facilities is necessary to prevent further deterioration. Failure to renovate and renew in a timely manner hastens decline of the overall building condition.

Planned Renewal of Smithsonian Facilities

The Institution seeks to achieve a balance between correcting the unacceptable condition of its four older buildings, and maintaining the current condition of its other facilities through systematic renewal and repair. The Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian Institution concluded that, "A total of $50 million each year for the next decade would assure that present facilities are restored to the point of being safe and appropriate for people and for collections. " 4 Chart 3 illustrates projected facilities conditions by fiscal year 2001 at the $50 million level.

E Pluribus Unum: This Divine Paradox, Report of the Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian Institution, May 1995, Washington, DC.

81

Chart 3: Projected Smithsonian Facilities Conditions in FY 2001 at $50 million annually as recommended by the Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian Institution

FY 1997 Request

While the goal is annual funding at the $50 million level, ecomonic realities have guided the Institution's request of $38 million for FY 1997. This amount represents a $4 million incremental increase over the $34 million approved in Conference for FY 1996. The Institution is very appreciative of past Congressional support for this important effort. The resources requested in FY 1997 will continue to move the Smithsonian in the direction of responsible stewardship of its physical assets.

The Institution requests resources in Repair and Restoration of Buildings to be used as required to complete the most urgent repair and facilities renewal projects. The following chart summarizes the estimated general levels of expenditure over the next five years in major categories.

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CONSTRUCTION

Plans for facility development represent a major investment in the continuing vitality of the Smithsonian's existing programs, including collections management, research, public exhibitions and education, and other services. The Institution requests $13 million in FY 1997 to carry out these plans. The five-year program is summarized on the chart following the narrative. The preliminary estimates of the impact on operating costs over the next five years are in preparation. These operating cost estimates will be refined each year as design and construction phases progress. The most significant project issues are discussed in more detail below.

This year's Construction request is as follows:

Major Construction:

NMAI, Mall Museum

Air and Space Museum Extension

$ 4,000,000 5,000,000

Minor Construction:

Alterations and Modifications

4,000,000

Total $ 13,000,000

MAJOR CONSTRUCTION

The magnitude of the collections held by the Smithsonian is estimated to be 140 million objects and specimens. Providing adequate and appropriate space for these collections emerges repeatedly as the most critical collections management priority. Because of the severe lack of adequate space, objects are stored in potentially dangerous conditions. Causes of damage to the collection range from inadequate or non-existent temperature and humidity control and biological factors such as mold, mildew and vermin. to theft, vandalism, and natural disasters.

Many of the museum buildings are too poorly constructed to provide the quality of space needed to protect the collections. They have inadequate doors, walls, and windows and antiquated mechanical, plumbing and electrical systems. Storing collections in substandard space, even temporarily and out of

necessity, has both harmed them and limited their accessibility to staff and researchers. Because storage areas are so crowded, objects are often placed wherever space can be found. Some objects are located on top of storage cabinets, for example, rather than inside them. Overcrowding also makes it difficult for staff to perform routine cleaning and conservation needed to protect objects from deterioration. Lack of adequate storage has forced museums to restrict their acquisition of new collections, even to the point of declining worthy bequests. As a consequence, off-site storage has become increasingly important to the Institution.

The highest priority in the Institution's long range capital program is to provide adequate and appropriate space in which to house, care for, and study the collections. The staff has developed a comprehensive plan to satisfy space needs for the care of its diverse collections for the next 20 years. Components of this program include the Cultural Resources Center of the American Indian Museum and the Air and Space Extension.

The other important issue addressed by the Smithsonian's capital program is the need for space for exhibitions and public activities associated with displaying current collections, such as the National Museum of the American Indian Mall Museum and the Air and Space Extension. The Smithsonian requests funding in FY 1997 for design for both of these facilities.

Approval of the projects in the current program will support the Institution's mandate to maintain responsible custody of the artifacts of history, culture, and natural and physical environments that it holds in trust; conduct cutting edge research; and contribute to the educational and cultural foundation of our society.

National Museum nf the American Indian, Mall Museum ($4,000,000): In keeping with Public Law 101-185, which created the National Museum of the American Indian, the Institution plans to construct a new building on the National Mall near the foot of Capitol Hill. The location, adjacent to the world's most frequently visited museums, will provide excellent exposure for Native American artifacts and related museum activities centered on Native American culture.

The Institution has completed overall programming and planning for the new Museum and the conceptual design, which shows the architectural character of the exterior and site as well as spatial relationships in the interior of the building. The Museum will house permanent and changing exhibitions, reference and resource areas, an auditorium and conference center, integrated performance and retail areas, and space for other public programs. Both planning and conceptual design processes incorporated the considerations identified by Native American groups in a series of consultations to define the programs of the new Museum as well as generated ideas about the physical characteristics of the building. The Smithsonian plans to complete the design and have detailed documents ready for the bid process in 1997 and to seek initial funding for construction in its FY 1998 request. The preliminary schedule calls for completion of the building and public opening in the year 2002.

The Institution projects the total cost of construction of the Mall building to be approximately $110 million, assuming a construction start in FY 1998. In accordance with P. L. 101-185, the Smithsonian currendy plans to fund two-thirds of the cost from Federal sources and to fund the balance through the national fund-raising campaign. As of March 1996, $31.9 million has been raised for

construction. A total of $5.3 million was appropriated between FY 1990 and FY 1996. The Institution requests $4 million in FY 1997 to complete design. Approximately $3.4 million in nonappropriated (donated) funds will also be used for design.

Air and Spare Museu m Extension ($5,nnn,nnm: Public Law 103-57 authorized the Institution to plan and design the Air and Space Museum Extension at Washington Dulles International Airport and authorized appropriations of $8 million for this purpose. This facility will permit many of the collections currently stored at the Museum's Garber facility and many airplanes, spacecraft and other artifacts now kept outdoors to be safely housed in structures built to museum standards. It also will provide a restoration facility capable of handling the largest artifacts in the collection in full view of visitors, and visitor services facilities.

The Commonwealth of Virginia affirmed its support for a combination of financial resources to build the Extension, including commitments made in the Commonwealth's biennial budget. These commitments are dependent, however, on a continued Federal commitment to the project. This unique partnership will ultimately include not only the Federal and State governments, but also the regional business community, and private sponsors from around the nation.

In keeping with its commitment to the Commonwealth of Virginia, the Smithsonian is completing the master plan of the Extension. The Institution will use the $1 million approved in Conference for FY 1996, along with funds from the Commonwealth of Virginia, to begin schematic design of the Extension. The Smithsonian requests $5 million in FY 1997 to continue design and anticipates requesting $2 million in FY 1998 to complete this design.

MINOR CONSTRUCTION, ALTERATIONS AND MODD7ICATIONS

The Smithsonian requests $4 million in FY 1997 to continue the program of Minor Construction, Alterations and Modifications. The funds will allow the Institution to make building modifications needed to provide adequate and appropriate space in which its programs can operate efficiently. The individual projects, listed on the following chart, are all under $1 million and entail changes or improvements to existing space or minor additions to space with little impact on facility operating costs. Funding for the Alteration and Modifications program will enable the Institution to maintain the vitality and operating effectiveness of its many and varied programmatic activities.

Smithsonian Institution

Board of Regents

[

The Secretary

Inspector General

Office of General

Counsel

Office of

Government

Relations

Hie Under Secretary

Office

of

CoQununicati oos

Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration

Office of the Comptroller Office of Contracting and

Property Management Office of Environmental

Management and Safety Office of Equal Employment

and Minority Affairs Office of Human Resources Office of Physical Plant Office of Printing and

Photographic Services Office of Protection Services Office of Risk and Asset

Management Office of Sponsored Projects Ombudsman

Other Functions

Business Activities * Office of

Telecommunications Senior Business Officer Smithsonian Magazines Smithsonian Press

Senior Information Officer - Office of Information Technology

The Smithsonian Associates

* Interim Organization

Assistant Secretary

for Institutional

Advancement

Office of Membership and

Development Office of Special Events and

Conference Services

The

Provost

Office of Planning.

Management and

Budget

Under Stpunlx Board of Truetwe

John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Aru

National Gallery of Art

Woodrow Wilson

International Center

for Schoian

Museums and Research Institutes

Anaccctia Museum Archives of American Art Arthur M. Sackler Gallery/

Freer Gallery of Art Center for Folldife Programs and

Cultural Studies Conservation Analytical Laboratory Cooper-He win. National Design

Museum Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture

Garden

National Air and Space Museum National Museum of African Art National Museum of American Art

- Renwick Gallery

National Museum of American History

- National Postal Museum National Museum of the American

Education, Museum

and Scholarly

Services

Center for Museum Studies National Science Resources Center Office of Elementary and Secondary

Education Office of Exhibits Central Office of Fellowships and Grants Office of International Relations Smithsonian Archives Smithsonian Libraries Smithsonian Institution Traveling

Exhibition Service

National Museum of Natural History

- Museum Support Center National Portrait Gallery Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

March 18, 1996

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Annual Visitation FY 1991 - FY 1995

MALL

FY 1991 FY 1992 FY 1993 FY 1994 FY 1995

SI Building 1,384,881 1,644,504 1,985,420 1,615,846 1,743,169

Arts & Industries Building 969,184 1,142,187 1,024,495 941,957 917,027

National Museum of Natural History 6,207,225 7,164,433 6,369,783 5,734,342 5,842,987

National Air and Space Museum 7,694,063 8,580,238 8,280,284 8,566,238 8,297,873

Freer Gallery of Art l\ 333,003 490,379 444,090

Sackler Gallery 283,901 311,797 246,503 193,321 198,827

National Museum of African Art 396,972 373,961 367,650 319,324 307,382

Ripley Center 346,306 317,097 305,459 204,495 153,954

National Museum of American History 5,513,792 5,742,674 5,306,769 4,918,035 4,828,078

Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden 883,828 872,486 870,036 820,429 809,435

OFF-MALL

American Art & Portrait Gallery

Renwick Gallery

Anacostia Museum

Cooper-Hewitt Museum

National Museum of the American Indian

National Zoological Park /3

National Postal Museum /4

GRAND TOTAL

12

1/ Closed to the public September 1988 through May 1993.

2/ The George Gustav Heye Center opened to the public on October 30, 1994 in New York City.

3/ Number of visitors based on sampling system.

4/ Opened to the public July 30, 1993.

SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM

Program of Grants for Research - The Smithsonian Institution, through its Special Foreign Currency Program, makes grants to United States universities, museums, and other institutions of higher learning, including the Smithsonian itself, primarily for research and advanced professional training in fields of traditional Smithsonian competence.

Excess currencies appropriations directly funded the program through FY 1986. Outlays from the budget authority appropriated through FY 1986, including the Forward-Funded Reserve for the American Institute of Indian Studies, will continue through the 1990s. In addition, since FY 1986 the Smithsonian has received allocations of U.S.-owned Indian rupees from the funds appropriated to the Department of State in FY 1985 for the establishment of the U.S.-India Fund for Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Cooperation.

Since the initiation of the Program in 1965, the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program has been a major source of support for research carried out by United States institutions in those countries for which excess foreign currencies are available. The full responsibility for the design, execution, and publication of research results rests with a scholar working within the program of a United States institution. Smithsonian foreign currency grants strengthen the fundamental research and training activities of collaborating institutions abroad, since most projects directly involve host country institutions and scholars. Enduring professional ties, which result from joint efforts and scholarly exchange, contribute to the strongest form of United States cultural relations with other nations. These ties also contribute to the global integration of research data in the sciences. As a result of this interaction, the gap between industrial and developing nations' scholars has narrowed. Moreover, research sponsored by the program aims, in part, to improve understanding of the environment and the management and conservation of scarce natural and cultural resources that are threatened by the rapid growth of world population and technological development.

In FY 1995, ongoing research supported by these grants included projects in archeology, anthropology, art history, biology, and astrophysics.

Forward-funded Reserve for the American Institute of Indian Studies - Since 1967, the Smithsonian has provided annual funding through the Special Foreign Currency Program to the American Institute of Indian Studies (AIIS) for its fellowships, research, symposia, and publications programs, as well as its administrative costs. The Smithsonian has helped sustain this Institute and other American research centers abroad for the last 29 years because of their significant contributions to scholarship and science without regard for national boundaries and because of their special service to American scholars.

With Special Foreign Currency Program funding received from FY 1980 through FY 1985, the Smithsonian established a forward-funded reserve of $7,170,000 equivalent in rupees. This reserve enabled the AIIS to sustain its programs after the removal of India from the excess currency list in 1985. Since FY 1986, AIIS, with oversight from the Smithsonian, has drawn upon the funds from this reserve for its fellowship program and administrative costs in India. The Institution continues to examine annual proposals through its peer review system before releasing funds from the reserve account to AIIS. The reserve should support AIIS programs through the 1990s in conjunction with continued support from the

U.S.-India Fund. In 1990, the U.S. Congress authorized the deposit of the reserve in interest-bearing (rupee) accounts, a plan that will help to continue the viability of the fund for many years. In FY 1993, the first deposits totaling an equivalent of $4 million were made to the interest-bearing accounts. Most of the funds remaining in the reserve were deposited into interest-bearing accounts in FY 1995.

IT.S.-Tnriia Fund for Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Cooperation - In FY 1985, Congress appropriated $100 million equivalent in U.S.-owned Indian rupees to the Department of State to establish the U.S.-India Fund for Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Cooperation. Since FY 1986, the Smithsonian has received allocations from this fund to continue programs in India similar to those administered under the Special Foreign Currency Program, which would otherwise have ended when India lost excess currency status in 1985. The Institution has received a total of $16.8 million from FY 1986 through FY 1995 and received $800,000 equivalent in FY 1996. A final allocation of rupees is expected before the end of FY 1996. Based on current requirements, the principal of the U.S.-India Fund will be totally obligated by January 1997.

NONAPPROPRIATED FUNDING

In addition to support provided by Federal appropriations, the Institution receives nonappropriated funds to expand and enrich its programs. The Institution presents an explanation of nonappropriated funds (Trust funds) along with this Federal budget request to provide an overview of all funds.

The Institution's Trust funds include unrestricted funds, restricted funds, and government grants and contracts. Projections for FY 1996 are subject to the uncertainty of the size of donations, grants, and contracts; to fluctuations in visitor attendance; and to the volatility of the economy, which directly affects the return on the endowment; restaurant, mail order, and museum shop revenues; Associates' memberships; and other auxiliary activities. The Institution's gross operating revenue, less the expenses of the auxiliary activities, represents the net operating revenue available for programmatic and related purposes. The following table provides a summary of the sources of nonappropriated operating funds.

Net Sources of Nonappropriated Operating Funds FY 1994 - FY 1996

Source and Application nf Nonappropriated Trust Funds - Information on the application of

unrestricted Trust funds, restricted Trust funds, and government grants and contracts for FY 1995, FY 1996 and FY 1997 is provided with each line-item in this budget. The following provides the sources of each category of Trust funds as well as a general decscription of their application.

Unrestricted Funds - The sources of unrestricted Trust funds are investment income; unrestricted endowment income; net proceeds from the museum shops, mail order, and food service concessions; sales of Smithsonian books, records, and other products based on designs and objects in the collections; theater/planetarium operation of the National Air and Space Museum; rental of exhibits for the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service; the Smithsonian Associates' programs (including

the Smithsonian and Air and Space magazines); the sale of posters, exhibit brochures, and publications; museum membership and admission fees; and overhead recovery on government grants and contracts the Smithsonian receives. Overhead recovery is the principal source of Trust support for central management and administrative service units of the Institution, including legal counsel, accounting, personnel, procurement, and budget. Unrestricted Trust funds also support various activities of units such as the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum, Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies, Office of Membership and Development, Office of Telecommunications, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center, and a variety of Institutional and unit-based programs. The Board of Regents approves allotments to these activities. In addition to the support of operations, unrestricted Trust funds support the Institution's fellowship and award programs and exhibitions, as further described below.

The Institution uses unrestricted Trust funds to support various fellowship programs with projected FY 1996 expenditures of $1.7 million. The Institution also uses unrestricted Trust funds to make awards under its Collections Acquisition, Educational Outreach, and Scholarly Studies programs. In the FY 1996 budget, a total of $2.2 million has been allotted for these awards. Funding among these programs is to be distributed as follows: $631,000 to purchase exceptional objects important to the collections; $278,000 to conduct a wide range of educational outreach programs of benefit to the public, with special focus on diverse cultural audiences; and $1.3 million for innovative scholarly research projects. These include multi-disciplinary research projects initiated by the Institution's research staff, occasionally in collaboration with scholars from other institutions.

The Institution supports exhibition programs with Federal funds and donations from individuals, foundations, and corporations as well as with its Special Exhibition Fund (SEF). This unrestricted Trust fund, with $1.3 million projected in FY 1996, provides additional funds for temporary and permanent exhibitions proposed by Smithsonian units that, regardless of scale, are of outstanding educational value to the public. The SEF gives special consideration to exhibitions that approach content in imaginative ways; that allow units to explore new or expand current interpretive or exhibition techniques; that are worthy but, by their nature, unlikely to attract major private contributions; and that are likely to reach previously underserved audiences.

Restricted Funds - Restricted Trust funds include gifts, grants, and endowments from individuals, foundations, organizations, and corporations that specify the use of the donation or bequest. Projected FY 1996 restricted funds total $38.6 million, a $1.9 million increase over FY 1995. Generally, these funds provide support for a particular exhibit or research project. The Freer endowment, the largest restricted endowment, accounts for nearly one quarter of the Institution's endowment principal.

Government Grants and Contracts - Various Government agencies and departments provide grants and contracts for special projects that only the Smithsonian can conduct because of its expertise in a particular area of science, history, art, or education and because of its ability to respond quickly to certain needs. For FY 1996, government grants and contracts for operations are projected to be $45.0 million, a $5.4 million decrease from FY 1995.

APPROPRIATION LANGUAGE AND CITATIONS

20 U.S.C. 41 provides for the establishment and operation of the Smithsonian Institution "...for the increase and diffusion of knowledge..." This section delineates the full scope of Smithsonian authority. Examples of secondary authorities within this primary authority may be cited as follows:

Appropriation: Salaries and Expenses

1. For necessary expenses of the Smithsonian Institution, as authorized by law, including research in the fields of art, science, and history;

70 TT S C SO 5^ a 69, 75b, 76hh, 77a ; 78 80a 80m provide that (1) "...all objects of art and of foreign and curious research, and all objects of natural history, plants, and geological and mineralogical specimens...shall be so arranged and classified...as best to facilitate the examination and study of them..." (2) "Appropriations are authorized for.. .the making of solar observations at high altitudes..." (3) "The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution is hereby authorized...to continue independently or in cooperation anthropological researches among the American Indians and the natives of lands under the jurisdiction or protection of the United States..." (4) "The Gallery shall function as a free public museum for the exhibition and study of portraiture and statuary depicting men and women who have made significant contributions to the history, development, and culture of the people of the United States and of the artists who created such portraiture and statuary." (5) "The Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden...shall be used for the storage, exhibition, and study of works of art..." (6) "The national air and space museum shall.. .provide educational material for the historical study of aviation and space flight." (7) "The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution is authorized to cooperate with any State, educational institution, or scientific organization in the United States for continuing paleontological investigations..." (8) "It shall be equipped with a study center for scholarly research into the meaning of war, its effect on civilization, and the role of the Armed Forces..." (9) "...the Board may...conduct programs of research and education (in the Museum of African Art)..."

2. development, preservation, and documentation of the National Collections;

20 U.S. C 50, 50a, 59, 69, 75e, 76c, 76cc(a), 77a, 80a, 80m, 81 provide that (1) "...all objects of art and of foreign and curious research, and all objects of natural history, plants, and geological and mineralogical specimens...shall be delivered to such persons as may be authorized by the Board of Regents to receive them, and shall be so arranged and classified...as best to facilitate the examination and study of them..." (2) "The Smithsonian Institution is authorized to include in its estimates of appropriations such sums as may be needful for the preservation and maintenance of the John Gellatly art collection." (3) "All collections of rocks, minerals, soils, fossils, and objects of natural history, archaeology, and ethnology...when no longer needed for investigations in progress shall be deposited in the National Museum." (4) "The Secretary of the

Smithsonian Institution is hereby authorized...to continue independently or in cooperation...the excavation and preservation of archaeological remains." (5) "...the Board may - (1) purchase, accept, borrow, or otherwise acquire portraiture, statuary, and other items for preservation, exhibition, or study." (6) "...the Regents are authorized...to acquire (by purchase or otherwise) and sell contemporary works of art or copies thereof..." (7) "There is established in the Smithsonian Institution a Board of Trustees...which shall have the sole authority (i) to purchase or otherwise acquire...works of art for the Joseph H. Hirshhom Museum and Sculpture Garden..." (8) "The national air and space museum shall...collect, preserve, and display aeronautical and space flight equipment of historical interest and significance..." (9) "...the Smithsonian Institution shall collect, preserve, and exhibit military objects of historical interest and significance." (10) "The National Zoological Park is placed under the direction of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, who are authorized to transfer to it any living specimens, whether of animals or plants, in their charge, to accept gifts for the park.. .to make exchanges of specimens..." (11) "...the Board may purchase, accept, borrow or otherwise acquire additional works of art or any other real or personal property for the Museum (of African Art); preserve, maintain, restore...or otherwise hold any property of whatsoever nature acquired..."

3. presentation of public exhibits and performances;

?0 TT S C 75h, 2fic, 76hh ; 77a, 80a, 80m provide that (1) "The Gallery shall function as a free public museum for the exhibition and study of portraiture and statuary..." (2) "In order to encourage the development of contemporary art and to effect the widest distribution and cultivation in matters of such art, the Regents are authorized to...conduct exhibitions..." (3) "The Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden...shall be used for the storage, exhibition, and study of works of art..." (4) "The national air and space museum shall...collect, preserve, and display aeronautical and space flight equipment of historical interest and significance..." (5) "...the Smithsonian Institution shall collect, preserve, and exhibit military objects of historical interest and significance." (6) "...the Board may...display...any property of whatsoever nature acquired (for the Museum of African Art)..."

4. collection, preparation, dissemination, and exchange of information and publications;

20 II.S.C. 53a provides that "Appropriations are authorized for the...preparation of manuscripts, drawings, and illustrations for publication."

44 TT S r 1719 provides that "For the purpose of more fully carrying into effect the convention concluded at Brussels on March 15, 1886, and proclaimed by the President of the United States on January 15, 1889, there shall be supplied to the Library of Congress not to exceed one hundred and twenty-five copies each of all Government publications, including the daily and bound copies of the Congressional Record, for distribution, through the Smithsonian Institution, to foreign governments which agree to send to the

United States similar publications of their governments for delivery to the Library of Congress conduct of education, training, and museum assistance programs;

70 tt S C <V>a provides "The Director of the National Museum under the direction of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution shall - (1) cooperate with museums and their professional organizations in a continuing study of museum problems and opportunities, both in the United States and abroad; (2) prepare and carry out programs by grant, contract, or directly for training career employees in museum practices.. .(3) prepare and distribute significant museum publications; (4) perform research on, and otherwise contribute to, the development of museum techniques..."

20JLLSJ1 77a provides that "The national air and space museum shall...provide educational material for the historical study of aviation and space flight."

20 TT S r. 79a provides that "The purpose of setting aside such an area [Barro Colorado Island] is to preserve and conserve its natural features.. .thus providing a place where duly qualified students can make observations and scientific investigations for increase of knowledge, under such conditions and regulations as may be prescribed by the Smithsonian Institution."

20 TT.S C 79e as amended by PT. 96-89 and PI. 98-57 provides that "There are authorized to be appropriated annually...such sums as are necessary for the administration of sections 79-79e of this title and for the maintenance of laboratory or other facilities..."

The Panama Canal Treaty and ancillary agreements vest in the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute responsibility to serve as custodian of the Barro Colorado Nature Monument. The Panama Canal Act of 1979, P.L. 96-70, implements the provisions of the Panama Canal Treaty.

20 U.S.C. 80m provides that "...the Board may...conduct programs of research and education (in the Museum of African Art)..."

maintenance, alteration, operation, lease (for terms not to exceed thirty years), and protection of buildings, facilities, and approaches;

20 TTSC 53a, 76g, 76ee, 79h, 80m, 81 provide that (1) "Appropriations are authorized for the maintenance of the Astrophysical Observatory and...for repairs and alterations of buildings and grounds occupied by the Smithsonian Institution in the District of Columbia and elsewhere..." (2) "There are authorized to be appropriated annually such sums as may be necessary to maintain and administer the Gallery..." (3) "There is authorized to be appropriated...such additional sums as may be necessary for the maintenance and operation of such museum and sculpture garden." (4) "The Smithsonian Institution shall...be responsible for the construction and maintenance of laboratory and other facilities on the area provided for the use of students authorized to carry on studies within

the confines of the area..." (5) ".. .the Board may.. .preserve, maintain.. .any property of whatsoever nature acquired (for the Museum of African Art)..." (6) "The National Zoological Park is placed under the direction of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, who are authorized...to administer and improve the said Zoological Park for the advancement of science and the instruction and recreation of the people." Public Law 101-512 making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies for the fiscal year 1991 extended the maximum term from ten years to thirty years.

7. not to exceed $ for services as authorized by 5 U.S.C. 3109;

5 ITSC. 3109 provides that "When authorized by an appropriation or other statute, the head of an agency may procure by contract the temporary (not in excess of 1 year) or intermittent services of experts or consultants or an organization thereof, including stenographic reporting services."

8. up to 5 replacement passenger vehicles;

31 IT S C <S38a provides that "Unless specifically authorized by the appropriation concerned or other law, no appropriation shall be expended to purchase or hire passenger motor vehicles for any branch of the Government other than those for..."

9. purchase, rental, repair, and cleaning of uniforms for employees;

5 TT.S.r.. 5901 provides that "There is authorized to be appropriated annually to each agency of the Government of the United States.. .on a showing of necessity or desirability, an amount not to exceed $125 multiplied by the number of employees of the agency who are required by regulation or statute to wear a prescribed uniform in the performance of official duties and who are not being furnished with the uniform."

40 U.S.C. 193t provides that "The special police provided for in section 193n of this title [Smithsonian Institution]...may be furnished, without charge, with uniforms and such other equipment as may be necessary for the proper performance of their duties..."

10. of which not to exceed $ for the instrumentation program, collections acquisition, Museum

Support Center equipment and move, exhibition reinstallation, the National Museum of the American Indian, and the repatriation of skeletal remains program shall remain available until expended;

Wording added by the Congress in Public Law 100-446 making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and related agencies for the fiscal year 1989 to permit the Institution to establish no-year funding within the Salaries and Expenses account for the development of major scientific instrumentation. Public Law 101-512 making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies for the fiscal year 1991 also allowed no-year funding to be used for purchases for museum collections; the costs of purchasing collections storage equipment and the preparation of objects and the

move of collections to the Museum Support Center; the design, production, and reinstallation of museum exhibitions; the operating costs associated with the new National Museum of the American Indian; and the repatriation of skeletal remains. In addition, Public Law 103-332 making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies for the fiscal year 1995 permits no-year funding for research equipment; information technology needs; and Latino programming at the Institution.

31 IT.S.C. 718 provides "No specific or indefinite appropriation made subsequent to August 24, 1912, in any regular annual appropriation Act shall be construed to be permanent or available continuously without reference to a fiscal year unless it belongs to one of the following...or unless it is made in terms expressly providing that it shall continue available beyond the fiscal year for which the appropriation Act in which it is contained makes provision."

11. and, including such funds as may be necessary to support American overseas research centers and a total of $ for the Council of American Overseas Research Centers:

Wording added by the Congress in Public Law 99-190 making appropriations for the Department of Interior and Related Agencies in 1986. Public Law 100-446 making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies for the fiscal year 1989 modified reference to add specific dollar sum to be provided to the Council of American Overseas Research Centers.

12. Provided, That funds appropriated herein are available for advance payments to independent contractors performing research services or participating in official Smithsonian presentations.

31 ITS.C. 529 provides that "No advance of public money shall be made in any case unless authorized by the appropriation concerned or other law."

Appropriation: Construction and Improvements, National Zoological Park

1. For necessary expenses of planning, construction, remodeling, and equipping of buildings and facilities at the National Zoological Park,

20 U.S.C. 81 provides that "The National Zoological Park is placed under the direction of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, who are authorized...to administer and improve the said Zoological Park for the advancement of science and the instruction and recreation of the people."

2. by contract or otherwise,

Wording for clarification only.

to remain available until expended.

31 U.S.P.. 71R provides "No specific or indefinite appropriation made subsequent to August 24, 1912, in any regular annual appropriation Act shall be construed to be permanent or available continuously without reference to a fiscal year unless it belongs to one of the following...or unless it is made in terms expressly providing that it shall continue available beyond the fiscal year for which the appropriation Act in which it is contained makes provision."

Appropriation: Repair and Restoration of Building s

1. For necessary expenses of repair and restoration of buildings owned or occupied by the Smithsonian Institution, by contract or otherwise, as authorized by section 2 of the Act of August 22, 1949 (63 Stat. 623),

20 TT.S.r. 53a provides that "Appropriations are authorized...for repairs and alterations of buildings and grounds occupied by the Smithsonian Institution in the District of Columbia and elsewhere..."

2. including not to exceed $ for services as authorized by 5 U.S.C. 3109,

5 TT.S.r 3109 provides that "When authorized by an appropriation or other statute, the head of an agency may procure by contract the temporary (not in excess of 1 year) or intermittent services of experts or consultants or an organization thereof, including stenographic reporting services."

3. to remain available until expended:

31 II.S.C. 718 provides "No specific or indefinite appropriation made subsequent to August 24, 1912, in any regular annual appropriation Act shall be construed to be permanent or available continuously without reference to a fiscal year unless it belongs to one of the following.. .or unless it is made in terms expressly providing that it shall continue available beyond the fiscal year for which the appropriation Act in which it is contained makes provision."

4. Provided, That contracts awarded for environmental systems, protection systems, and exterior repair or restoration of buildings of the Smithsonian Institution may be negotiated with selected contractors and awarded on the basis of contractor qualifications as well as price.

Wording added to allow for negotiations with the most competent firms for restoration and renovation work where it can be certified that such work must be performed to meet the special needs of historic structures, the protection of collections, or public safety.

Appropriation: Construction

1. For necessary expenses for construction,

20 TTS.C 53a provides that "Appropriations are authorized... for repairs and alterations of buildings and grounds occupied by the Smithsonian Institution in the District of Columbia and elsewhere..."

2. to remain available until expended.

31 U.S. C . 71 8 provides "No specific or indefinite appropriation made subsequent to August 24, 1912, in any regular annual appropriation Act shall be construed to be permanent or available continuously without reference to a fiscal year unless it belongs to one of the following...or unless it is made in terms expressly providing that it shall continue available beyond the fiscal year for which the appropriation Act in which it is contained makes provision."

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