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Educational and Cultural Programs

Office of the Assistant Provost for Educational and Cultural Programs .... 82

Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies 84

Academic and Educational Programs 86

Administration 88

Facilities Services

Office of Design and Construction 91

Office of Protection Services 94

Office of Plant Services 95

CONSTRUCTION AND IMPROVEMENTS, NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK ... 97

REPAIR AND RESTORATION OF BUTLDINGS 101

CONSTRUCTION 113

American Indian Museum Facilities 114

Air and Space Museum Extension 116

National Museum of Natural History East Court 117

Construction Planning 118

Minor Construction, Alterations and Modifications 119

APPENDTX

Visitors to the Smithsonian, FY 1990 - FY 1994 127

Special Foreign Currency Program 128

Smithsonian Institution Authorization Citations 130

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

FY 1996 BUDGET REQUEST

($000)

FY 1995 FY 1996

Account A ppropriation Request

Salaries and Expenses $318,853 $329,800

Construction 29,244 38,700

Zoo Construction 4,042 4,950

Repair and Restoration 23.954 34.000

TOTAL $371,093 $407,450

INTRODUCTION

The Smithsonian Institution is dedicated to the "increase and diffusion of knowledge." Established by Congress in 1846 as an independent Federal establishment, the Smithsonian has long been recognized for its pre-eminence in astrophysics, tropical and environmental biology, the history of science, aeronautics and space science, art history, natural history and anthropological studies, and the conservation of materials. The Smithsonian is the world's largest museum, education and research complex with 16 museums and galleries and the National Zoo. Approximately 29 million people visit the Institution each year. The total number of objects, works of art, and specimens at the Smithsonian is estimated at more than 138 million, of which 121 million are in the National Museum of Natural History. As one of the world's leading scientific research centers, the Institution has facilities in eight states and the Republic of Panama. Research is carried out in the museums themselves and in facilities all over the world.

As the Smithsonian plans for the celebration of its 150th anniversary in 1996, it will continue to extend the reach of its historic mission. Three major tasks of this mission are public education, research, and collections management. These tasks frame the top priorities of the Institution's administration. While its unique Federal/Trust partnership endures as one of the Smithsonian's greatest assets, limited public resources require the Institution to rely more heavily in the future on private support from individuals and corporations. Resources will continue to be used efficiently and intelligently both to husband them and to underscore the Institution's credibility to those who provide them—the government and its donors. The continuing commitment by the Administration and Congress to fulfill the dream of the National Museum of the American Indian and the completion of the submillimeter telescope array; to fully fund such vital programs as the Repair and Restoration program. and the research equipment and information management pools; as well as to provide the more recent funding of a Latino program initiatives pool, have buoyed the Institution during a period of constrained growth and helped to sustain its vitality.

As we approach the 21st century, the Institution is committed to expanding its collections throughout the Nation as never before. This "electronic transformation" of the Institution will make knowledge available to as many citizens as possible and allow access to be shaped by their needs. The National Museum of the American Indian will soon have available a database of more than 250.000

records that cover approximately one million objects and include about 85,000 photographs. Other museums, research centers and offices have found their own entrances to the information highway. Americans with access to Smithsonian Online can now make an "electronic trip" to the National Museum of American Art to retrieve images from the collection, review exhibition schedules, and ask questions of the staff. More than 130,000 electronic visitors have already done so. Further, the Institution is committed to making its resources widely available on the sprawling Internet, which is free to those set up to use it. Thus, the Smithsonian can become a "Smithsonian Without Walls," bringing its resources home to Americans and offering a perennial field trip for students. The Institution is joining with the Administration and other parts of the federal government to address joint goals in a massive effort to digitize national holdings for the greater benefit of all of our citizens. It is James Smithson's goal of "the increase and diffusion of knowledge" reborn for a new century. This budget request specifically seeks funds to support this on-going initiative.

Building on the major restructuring efforts begun in 1992 and continuing under the Institution's new administration, the Institution is focused on the future. As part of the annual call for plans and budgets process, the Institution's museums, research centers and offices have developed strategic plans and planning processes that are guiding them in more careful allocation of their scarce resources. In the coming year, the Institution will be devoted to developing a comprehensive strategic plan, shaped by the findings and recommendations of the Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian Institution, a broadly-based body of public members addressing the Institution's future.

FY 1996 BUDGET PRIORITIES

For FY 1996, the Smithsonian's request for all operating and capital accounts totals $407.5 million, an increase of $36.4 million over its fiscal year 1995 appropriation. Of this amount, $329.8 million is for the Salaries and Expenses account, the Institution's basic operating budget; $38.7 million for the Construction account; $5 million for the Construction and Improvements, National Zoological Park account; and $34 million for the Repair and Restoration of Buildings account.

SALARIES AND EXPENSES

The Salaries and Expenses (S&E) request includes funding increases for critical core needs to support the daily operations of the Institution and reductions for the return of the Museum Support Center judgment fund, Mpala Research Center funding, and workforce restructuring. As a result of reductions mandated by the President's executive order to reduce the federal workforce, the Institution participated in the Voluntary Separation Incentive Program provided by the Federal Workforce Restructuring Act of 1994 and expanded the program to its nonappropriated Trust fund activities. By the middle of fiscal year 1995, Federal positions will have been cut by 206, or over four percent, and nonappropriated Trust positions by 23, or over six percent.

Requested Increases

The S&E request includes mandatory increases for sustaining base operations for necessary pay requirements; utilities, communications and postage costs; and rental space increases. These increases

account for approximately 4% of the total S&E estimate for FY 1996 and are beyond the Institution's control to manage. Specific details are provided within the S&E section of this request.

Mandatory increases for facilities operations (26 positions and $2,550,000) have also been included in the 1996 request which identify operational requirements associated with new and expanded facilities projects funded via the Institution's capital accounts, as well as other facilities support requirements and necessary funds to administer the Institution's Repair and Restoration program. Museums and facilities with key projects completed or underway include the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, the National Zoological Park (the Amazonia Gallery and Living in Water exhibits), and the National Museum of Natural History (the East Court); other support is requested for the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum and the Office of Design and Construction. A detailed explanation of these increases can be found under the line-item narratives included in this budget justification for these units.

Further, the Institution has identified priority program enhancements for FY 1996 in three major areas: the National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI), major scientific instrumentation, and electronic outreach/public access. The Institution requests 30 positions and $4,285,000 for the continued development of NMAI. The requested funds and positions will be directed toward administrative support of the Cultural Resources Center (CRC) at Suitland, Maryland; expenses for equipping the CRC; public programs and exhibitions; cultural resources; facilities support to CRC; and security officers, health service and emergency first aid staff at the Research Branch and the Heye Center in New York. Funding at these requested levels will enable the Smithsonian and NMAI to respond affirmatively to public, congressional, and Native American mandates for the establishment of a national resource for and about Native American perspectives. A detailed explanation of this request can be found under the line-item narrative in this budget justification for the National Museum of the American Indian.

For major scientific instrumentation, a requested increase of 6 positions and $650,000 supports the continued development of the submillimeter telescope array project which will directly contribute to measurably enhancing the scientific competitiveness of the United States. The six positions will complete the planned staff of 34 needed to operate the submillimeter array and to fund the start-up operations at the Hilo field station in Hawaii. The detailed explanation of this request can be found under the line-item narrative included in this budget justification for Major Scientific Instrumentation.

In the area of electronic outreach/public access, the Institution proposes major initiatives in FY 1996 to make its collections far more accessible to the American public than ever before. Six positions and $2,166,000 are being requested. Most of these changes lie in the area of collections information systems and support, as outlined below, as well as national educational outreach.

The National collections, numbering over 138 million objects, are the essence of the Smithsonian Institution and are increasingly serving as public resources of global importance. These holdings and the information associated with them form the basis of Smithsonian research, exhibitions and public programs, which draw millions of visitors annually and inform issues as wide-ranging as global change, biotic resource management and cultural diversity. This has placed extraordinary new demands on access to the national collections and associated information. Yet currently, public access to Smithsonian collections and information is poorly met. To realize the full potential of the national collections and to meet demand from academia, federal agencies, policy makers, the private sector, and

public citizens, the Smithsonian intends to become a valuable data provider on the national information highway, as well as through other electronic and traditional means.

To achieve this goal, the Institution requests funding to accelerate modernization of its information technology infrastructure for collections management and the dissemination of associated collections information. Collections Information Systems (CIS) with public access modules will be implemented in three targeted areas to better support access to art, cultural and scientific information: the National Museum of Natural History/Museum Support Center Collections and Research Information System, the National Museum of American History Collections Information System, and the Art Bureaus Collaborative Collection Information Systems project. The respective systems differ in configuration, but the Institution has a unified goal to fully automate the collections and the information associated with them, to provide imaging capability and to create public access modules that allow convenient access.

Requested funds will support CIS software, the hardware necessary to run the systems (including installation or enhancement of local area networks), imaging equipment, network support and, in some instances, additional staff.

The Smithsonian collections are a unique and highly-visible resource that can be made accessible at very little cost through use of this technology. The education potential is enormous; the benefit to scholars significant; the advantages for the collections themselves, through improved management and tracking, are considerable. Most importantly, this initiative would place the collections "in the hands" of the American people to use and enjoy. A detailed explanation can be found under the line-item narratives in this budget justification for National Museum of Natural History, National Museum of American History and the Assistant Provost for Arts and Humanities.

Request for No-Year Funds

Of the total fiscal year 1996 S&E request, the Institution requests that $36.3 million remain available until expended. These funds support the major scientific instrumentation program, collections acquisitions, Museum Support Center equipment and move, exhibition reinstallations, the National Museum of the American Indian, the repatriation program at the National Museum of Natural History, and the three Institution-wide funding programs.

CAPITAL ACCOUNTS

The request for the Institution's capital accounts includes funding for repair and restoration of facilities to achieve a balance between correcting the unacceptable condition of four older buildings and maintaining the current condition of other facilities through systematic renewal and repair. The Institution's construction request addresses requirements for physical plant expansion and modification to support program needs particularly in the area of collection storage and care. The FY 1996 budget will also provide funds to address portions of the National Zoological Park's Rock Creek Master Plan and the Front Royal Development Plan.

FY 1996 BUDGET REQUEST SUMMARY

The following pages summarize the Institution's FY 1996 budget request by appropriation account. More detailed information is provided in other sections of this request.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION FY 1996 BUDGET REQUEST BY APPROPRIATION

1 Reflects 18 fewer workyears than the FY 1995 OMB workyear ceiling of 4.645 due to workyear savings associated with the Voluntary Separation Incentive Program in excess of the FY 1995 required reduction.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING

In addition to support provided by Federal appropriations, the Institution receives nonappropriated funds to expand and enrich its programs. The Institution presents an explanation of sources of nonappropriated funds (Trust funds) below and provides the detail of all applications of funds for each Smithsonian museum, research institute, and office at the end of this section.

The Institution's Trust funds include unrestricted funds, restricted funds, and government grants and contracts. The estimates are subject to the uncertainty of the size of donations, grants, and contracts; fluctuations in visitor attendance; the volatility of the economy, which directly affects the return on the endowment; restaurant, mail order, and museum shop revenues; Associates' memberships; and other auxiliary activities. The Institution's gross operating revenue, less the expenses of the auxiliary activities, represents the net operating revenue available for programmatic and other worthwhile purposes. The following table provides a summary of the sources of nonappropriated operating funds.

Sources of Nonappropriated Operating Funds (in millions)

FY 1993 FY 1994 FY 1995

Projected Net Percent of Net

Net Sources Sources Net Sources Sources

Unrestricted $40.6 $38.7 33% 36.1

Restricted 29.2 34.7 29% 36.9

Gov't Grants and Contracts 43JS 45J 38% 38/7

Total Available for Operations 113.6 119.1 100% 111.7

The Institution applies Trust funds in the following manner:

Unrestricted Funds

The sources of unrestricted Trust funds are investment income; unrestricted endowment income; net proceeds from the museum shops, mail order, and food service concessions; sales of Smithsonian books, records, and other products based on designs and objects in the collections; theater/planetarium operation of the National Air and Space Museum; rental of exhibits for the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service; the Smithsonian Associates' programs (including the Smithsonian and Air and Space magazines); the sale of posters, exhibit brochures, and publications; museum membership and admission fees; and overhead recovery on government grants and contracts the Smithsonian receives. Overhead recovery is the principal source of Trust support for central management and administrative service units of the Institution, including legal counsel, accounting. personnel, procurement, and budget. Unrestricted Trust funds also support various activities of units such as the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum, Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies, Office of Development, Office of Telecommunications, Smithsonian Tropical Research

Institute, Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center, and a variety of Institutional and unit-based programs. The Board of Regents approves allotments to these activities. In addition to the support of operations, unrestricted Trust funds support the Institution's fellowship and award programs and exhibitions, as further described below.

The Institution uses unrestricted Trust funds to support various fellowship programs with projected FY 1995 expenditures of $1.7 million. The Institution also uses unrestricted Trust funds to make awards under its Collections Acquisition, Educational Outreach, and Scholarly Studies programs. In the FY 1995 budget, a total of $2.3 million has been allotted for these awards. Funding among these programs is to be distributed as follows: $631,000 to purchase exceptional objects important to the collections; $278,000 to conduct a wide range of educational outreach programs of benefit to the public, with special focus on diverse cultural audiences; and $1.4 million for innovative scholarly research projects. These include multi-disciplinary research projects initiated by the Institution's research staff, occasionally in collaboration with scholars from other institutions.

The Institution supports exhibition programs with Federal funds and donations from individuals, foundations, and corporations as well as with its Special Exhibition Fund (SEF). This unrestricted Trust fund, with $1.3 million in FY 1995, provides additional funds for temporary and permanent exhibitions proposed by Smithsonian bureaus that, regardless of scale, are of outstanding educational value to the public. The SEF gives special consideration to exhibitions that approach content in imaginative ways; that allow bureaus to explore new or expand current interpretive or exhibition techniques; that are worthy but, by their nature, unlikely to attract major private contributions; and that are likely to reach previously underserved audiences.

Restricted Funds

Restricted Trust funds include gifts, grants, and endowments from individuals, foundations, organizations, and corporations that specify the use of the donation or bequest. FY 1994 restricted funds totalled $34.7 million, a $5.5 million increase from FY 1993. Generally, these funds provide support for a particular exhibit or research project. The Freer endowment accounts for nearly one quarter of the Institution's endowment principal, being the largest restricted endowment.

Government Grants and Contracts

Various Government agencies and departments provide grants and contracts for special projects that only the Smithsonian can conduct because of its expertise in a particular area of science, history, art, or education and because of its ability to respond quickly to certain needs. For FY 1994, government grants and contracts for operations totalled $45.7 million, a $1.9 million increase over FY 1993. Of that amount, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory received $41 million (90 percent of the Institution's total activity) from government and academic institutions in the United States and abroad for astrophysical research.

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Summary of FY 1996 Change

FY 1995 Appropriation $313,853,000

Locality Pay Requirements 1.620,000

FY 1995 Base $315,473,000

FY 1996 Increases/Decreases:

Mandatory Costs 4,766,000

Program Costs 9.561.000

FY 1996 Request $329,800,000

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FY 1996 NON-RECURRING COSTS

Fiscal year 1996 non-recurring costs include $40,000 for the return of funds associated with the Museum Support Center claim to the judgment fund, $50,000 for the Mpala Research Center equipment, and $6.4 million and 29 workyears associated with workforce restructuring. The workforce savings are the direct result of buyouts offered to Smithsonian employees under the Federal Workforce Restructuring Act (FWRA) of 1994, and reflect the decrease associated with the government-wide Federal workforce reductions proposed by Executive Order 12839. In compliance with these mandates, the Smithsonian is required to make a cumulative reduction of 276 FTE through FY 1996. The Institution has been able to meet these reductions through phase 1 of its restructuring in FY 1993 (41 FTE) and the Voluntary Separation Incentive Program in FY 1995 (206 FTE) leaving a total of 29 FTE to be withdrawn in FY 1996. Total savings associated with the reductions as a result of the FWRA of 1994 are $9.5 million. A base reduction of $3.1 million has been made in FY 1995; the balance of $6.4 million is reflected in the FY 1996 request.

FY 1996 MANDATORY INCREASES FOR SUSTAINING BASE OPERATIONS

The Smithsonian Institution seeks funds to pay costs that are beyond its control to manage. These costs result from established practices in regulating wages, insurance premiums, utilities, and rent. The Institution requests an increase of $12,811,000 for the mandatory costs shown below.

Necessary Pay Costs:

• Restoration of FY 1995 Locality Pay Raise $1,620,000

• Annualization of FY 1995 Pay Raises 2,084,000

• Proposed FY 1996 Pay Raises 3,908,000

• One Additional Workday in FY 1996 831,000

• Health Insurance (Increase in Premiums) 1,784,000

• Workers' Compensation 61,000

Total, Salary and Related Costs $10,288,000

Utilities, Communications, and Postage $ 1,788,000

Central Rental Space 735,000

Total $12,811,000

Necessary Pay Costs - The Institution requests a net amount of $10,288,000 for the projected higher salary and benefits costs in FY 1996 for the reduced FY 1995 staff as described below. A line-item breakdown of the applicable components of Necessary Pay is also provided.

FY 1995 Restoration of the Locality Pay Raise - The Smithsonian requests an amount of SI.620.OCX)

to fully restore the January FY 1995 locality pay raise of 1.22 percent for three-quarters of a year.

Annualization of FY 1995 Pay Raises - The Smithsonian has included an amount of S700.000 in its FY 1996 request to annualize the costs of the 1.22 percent January 1995 locality pay raise and $1,384,000 to annualize the costs of the 2.0 percent January 1995 cost of living adjustment.

FY 1996 Proposed Pay Raises - The Smithsonian requests an amount of $3,908,000 to fully fund the anticipated January FY 1996 locality pay raise and cost of living adjustment for three-quarters of a year. This reflects an anticipated 2.2 percent pay raise.

One Additional Workday in FY 1996 - Currently, base funding is available for employee compensation for a 260-day workyear. FY 1996, however, contains 261 workdays and requires additional funding to cover employee salary and benefit costs for the extra day. The Institution requests $831,000 to cover this mandatory cost.

Health Insurance - For FY 1996, the Institution requests $1,784,000 to cover the rising cost of health insurance premiums for employees. The Smithsonian's FY 1995 base is $11,893,000. The requested increase includes the funds required to annualize the projected FY 1995 cost increase ($401,000 for one-quarter of the year) and to cover an estimated FY 1996 increase of $1,383,000 for three-quarters of the year.

Workers' Compensation - The Smithsonian requests an increase of $61,000 as specified in the provisions of Section 8147(b) of Title 5, United States Code, as amended on April 21, 1976, by Public Law 94-273. This law provides for payments to be made to employees for injuries and to their families in cases where work accidents result in employee death. These payments are determined and made by the U.S. Department of Labor's Employment Standards Administration, which subsequently bills agencies for costs incurred for their employees. The FY 1996 bill for the Institution's Federal portion ($1,771,000) covers the actual expenses incurred for the period July 1, 1993, through June 30, 1994. With an amount of $1,710,000 in its FY 1995 base for workers' compensation, the Institution requests an additional $61,000.

FY 1996 Necessary Pay Costs ($000s)

Utilities, Comm unications, and Postage - The FY 1995 Federal base of $23,928,000 is available to fund the costs of electricity, steam, gas, fuel oil, water, sewer, communications, and postage for nearly all Institution facilities. In order to provide constant environmental conditions and to ensure continuous operating equipment and communications systems, the Smithsonian requires an increase of $1,788,000 in FY 1996 to cover anticipated costs. A portion of the request represents the anticipated FY 1995 deficit of $505,000. The majority of the FY 1995 deficit is due to the 1995 postage rate increase which was unbudgeted. FY 1995 estimates for anticipated electricity rate increases, increased consumption due to the ongoing installation of additional personal computers, and the upgrading of exhibit halls have also been adjusted based on revised information. Fiscal year 1996 increases are attributable to projected rate increases from Potomac Electric and Power Company (PEPCO) and General Services Administration (GSA) in Washington, D.C. and Consolidated Edison in New York City; continued upgrading of exhibit halls; and new construction of the National Museum of Natural History Research Greenhouse, Osteo Prep Lab, Horticulture Building and the large artifact cleaning facility, all located in Suitland, Maryland. Increased use of linked computer systems and the expansion of data networks throughout the Institution has lead to projected increases in communication costs. Additionally, refined utility estimates for the George Gustav Heye Center of the National Museum of American Indian in New York City reflect a small increase in projected costs for FY 1996. The following table shows utilities and communication costs and estimates from FY 1994 to FY 1996; detailed explanations of each line-item follow.

Federal Utilities and Communication Costs FY 1994 - FY 1996

($000s)

Electricity - The major component of the Utilities account is electricity. As a result of an aggressive energy management program, the consumption levels for FY 1994 were consistent with prior years; however, costs continued to rise due to utility rate increases. The FY 1996 estimate reflects the 3.4 percent rate increase granted in June 1994 for PEPCO, the ten percent PEPCO rate increase requested for June 1995, and a projected four percent rate increase across all accounts for June 1996. The FY 1996 estimate also reflects general increases associated with the ongoing installation of additional personal computers and the upgrading of exhibit halls in most Smithsonian museums.

Steam - Steam is used primarily for heating Smithsonian facilities, year-round humidification, and hot water production. The large consumption of steam is a direct result of maintaining an interior environment conducive to the preservation of artifacts. In addition, weather conditions (both hot summers and cold winters) affect the Smithsonian's steam consumption. Further, the cost of the production of steam, accomplished by burning fossil fuel, fluctuates with the cost of that fuel. In FY 1996, the Smithsonian anticipates an increase in costs from both GSA in Washington, D.C. and Consolidated Edison in New York City which cannot be covered from within existing base resources.

Gas - Fiscal year 1994 witnessed increased gas consumption with a stable rate. In FY 1996, significant increases in consumption are projected due to new construction of the National Museum of Natural History Research Greenhouse, Osteo Prep Lab, Horticulture Building, and artifact cleaning facility for the National Air and Space Museum at the Garber Facility located in Suitland, Maryland. These expected increases in consumption and a projected minor rate increase in FY 1996 result in base resources that are insufficient to cover the anticipated gas costs for FY 1996.

Fuel Oil/Water - Fiscal years 1995 and 1996 estimates reflect water consumption increases associated with the installation of a town water and sewer system and the construction of a new maintenance facility and small office building at the National Zoological Park facilities at Front Royal, Virginia and refmed estimates for National Museum of American Indian in New York City. In addition, the Institution anticipates a five percent historical rate increase in fuel oil. As a result of these increases, the base resources are insufficient to cover the fuel oil and water in FY 1996.

D.C. Government Water/Sewer - The FY 1995 and FY 1996 estimates for D.C. government water and sewer costs are based on cost projections provided by the District government. Fluctuations in the FY 1995 and FY 1996 estimates are linked to adjustments for prior year actuals as well as revisions of original estimates; D.C. government provided FY 1995 and FY 1996 estimates which includes adjustments for FY 1992 and FY 1993 actuals, respectively. The FY 1996 projection does not reflect any adjustments for FY 1994 which could result in increased costs. FY 1996 also does not reflect a 71 percent rate increase that has been suggested for water and sewer consumption in D.C. If the proposed rate increase goes into effect, the Institution's base resources will be insufficient to cover the increased costs.

Communications - The FY 1995 and FY 1996 estimates are based upon increased usage of data communication links between Washington, D.C. and remote Smithsonian facilities. These increases are also necessary to provide data communications services for access to Institutional information systems such as the Accounting and Payroll/Personnel systems, facsimile machines, electronic mail systems and the Library system.

Postage - Fiscal year 1995 and 1996 estimates reflect the rate increase that became effective in January 1995. Due to this rate increase and an historical 5 percent annual growth rate, the Institution's base resources will be insufficient to cover the anticipated postage costs for FY 1996.

Rental Space - For FY 1996, the Smithsonian requests $735,000 for uncontrollable expenses in the central rental account. The increase reflects the annual cost increase specified in negotiated lease agreements, including projected inflationary adjustments, and takes into account the offsetting Trust fund contribution for shared administrative activities and office space occupied by specific auxiliary activities on the Mall. Leased Space at L'Enfant Plaza, 1111 North Capitol Street, Archives of American Art space in New York and Boston, and Fullerton Storage provide critical housing for administrative support and some program activities which provide valuable services to the Institution's exhibition, education, research and collection programs. By 1996, space for Smithsonian archival records will be depleted, based on anticipated acquisitions. Therefore, this request includes $400,000 for 20,000 square feet of secure storage space for permanent archival records. The projected Federal cost of the central rental account is $5,349,000. The Institution's Federal base is $4,614,000 in FY 1995. Therefore, the Smithsonian requires an increase of $735,000 for the central rental account. The following table reflects the projected costs for rental space.

Federal Central Rental Costs FY 1994 - FY 1996

($000s)

INSTITUTION-WIDE PROGRAMS

As part of the Restructuring Plan reviewed and approved by Congress in 1993, the Smithsonian reallocated funds to create two Institution-wide funding programs: one supports the units' needs to replace, upgrade, and acquire new research equipment; the other enables the myriad of information technology needs across the Institution to be addressed systematically. In fiscal year 1995, the Institution received $1 million to support the development of a third Institution-wide program for Latino programming. The Institution requests that the funding in each of these programs remains available until expended.

Research Equipment

The research equipment program has helped fund some of the most basic research equipment needs of the Institution. However, the current level of funding has only begun to meet the many needs of the museums, research centers and offices with research equipment requirements.

In FY 1995, the Assistant Provost for the Arts and Humanities and the Assistant Provost for the Sciences evaluated requests for 95 items of specific equipment to be purchased from the pool. Some of the major purchases made this year include: an X-ray monochrometer ($90,000) and a microfabrication facility ($93,000) for the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; an A-Frame and deck winch ($98,000) for the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; an automated DNA sequencer ($123,000) and an X-ray diffractometer ($102,400) for the National Museum of Natural History; a benchtop gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer ($69,000) for the Conservation Analytical Laboratory; and a ground spectroradiometer ($56,000) for the National Air and Space Museum. Virtually all units at the Institution submitting requests received at least partial funding. The Institution is not requesting an increase in FY 1996 beyond the FY 1995 base funding of $1,885,000 for this Institution-wide program.

Information Resources

The Smithsonian is poised at the threshold to the information age, transforming the traditional means of achieving its mission to create and disseminate knowledge. By facilitating computer- and television-based access throughout the United States and, indeed, the world, this electronic transformation is changing the way in which the Institution will collaborate with scholars, provide access to educators and students, and conduct its internal business operations. In 1994, the Information Resources program was used to initiate projects in three key areas. The FY 1995 allocations continue senior management's commitment to these strategic, multi-year projects. The first key area, enterprise networking, includes establishing and upgrading both communications capabilities and interconnected processing modes (typically general-purpose computers and teleconferencing complements) to efficient, state-of-practice technology. The basic infrastructure will provide the necessary pathways among the various Smithsonian and external entities to ensure wide citizen access to everything we do from everywhere by everybody. External entities include public and private institutions such as schools, colleges, libraries, hospitals, publicly-accessible networks, and cultural assets. As part of this initiative, the Institution is actively collaborating with emerging private industry, state and local jurisdictions, and federal agency initiatives. The second key area, organizing and digitizing, includes transforming significant portions of the physical collections into digitized images for electronic transmission throughout the world and organizing the Institution's vast holdings to facilitate efficient

public access to this rich resource. Finally, the third key area provides logistical support for the development of solid financial and operational management capabilities.

To participate in a changing technological environment wisely and actively, the Institution continues a comprehensive information technology planning process. Extensive participation in this process includes management and those with direct responsibilities in such areas as research, education, public programs, collections management, business and administration, and facilities management. The Institution is not requesting an increase in FY 1996 beyond the FY 1995 base funding of $1,850,000 for this Institution-wide program.

Latino Exhibitions. Acquisitions, and Educational Progra mming

The Smithsonian Institution is committed to a fair and inclusive representation of American history, art and culture. The Smithsonian's public includes an expanding minority youth population, an increasing number of foreign-born residents, and an older population than this country has ever experienced. Cultural diversity is becoming one of the most notable characteristics of the nation. Although the museums and the National Zoological Park have been very resourceful to date in addressing the Latino community with their limited exhibition, collections, and education funds, the Institution now faces an external reality that demands an active and well-constructed response. The number and quality of Latino initiatives recently advanced by the individual bureaus for consideration by management demonstrates creativity and a commitment to addressing this need.

The Institution received approximately $1 million in FY 1995 to support exhibitions, collections, and educational initiatives across the Institution to permit the accomplishments of Latinos to be shared more widely with the public. The Smithsonian plans to disperse these funds annually to its units to attract matching and, ultimately, sustaining funding from other sources. In FY 1995, this program nourished significant activities, some of which have already generated outside support. Projects were designed as catalysts for broader initiatives of national and international scope. The National Museum of American History has begun planning for a major exhibition focusing on Latino subjects in 1998; the National Museum of American Art is producing an educational package of Latino works from its collections and implementing a systematic acquisitions program leading to an exhibition on the Latino art tradition in America. The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden is planning significant acquisitions and designing programs of immediate interest to Latino audiences in the metropolitan area. The National Zoological Park and the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum are developing Latino educational packages targeting school audiences, and the latter will feature a nationally prominent Latino designer in its Designer's Choice exhibit series. The Archives of American Art is documenting Latino artists. The Center for Museum Studies has joined forces with the Inter University Program for Latino Research in an innovative program bringing 15 Latino graduate students to the Smithsonian for an immersion in several museums during the summer of 1995.

Funding of pilot programs will enable informed long-range investment in exhibitions, collections, and education programs focused on the Latino community. In the short-term, these new pilot programs will permit the Institution, through creative experimentation at the museum level, to expand its coverage of the Latino culture as well as its Latino audience. External funding can be projected to increase in the long-term. With evidence of positive outcomes from the pilot programs, the case for external funding is made substantially stronger. The Institution is not requesting an increase in FY 1996 beyond the FY 1995 base funding of S998.000 for this Institution-wide program.

Assistant Provost for the Sciences

Abstract - The Office of the Assistant Provost for the Sciences (formerly the Office of the Assistant Secretary for the Sciences) facilitates, strengthens, and plans for the Smithsonian's worldwide scientific efforts and research support activities. The Office develops and implements Institution-wide policies that foster the creation and dissemination of high-quality research in the sciences and promote science as an essential endeavor that contributes to knowledge and addresses issues of pressing concern to society. The Office also seeks to build an excellent research staff that reflects the Nation's diverse heritage and the Institution's scholarly strengths, to foster interdisciplinary research and effective linkages among scholars within and outside of the Institution, and to encourage the integration of research results and staff into other areas of the Smithsonian, particularly exhibition, education, and public programs.

Included in this line-item are the Smithsonian Institution Diving Program, the Office of Fellowships and Grants, and the International Center. The International Center comprise the Office of International Relations, the Environmental Awareness Program, and the International Gallery. The International Gallery is under the purview of the Assistant Provost for the Arts and Humanities and is discussed in that line-item. The International Center also provides offices for the Council of American Overseas Research Centers. For FY 1996, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Office of the Assistant Provost for the Sciences. The Institution requires $58,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - Office of the Assistant Provost for the Sciences - The Office of the Assistant Provost for the Sciences, in concert with the Secretary, the Provost, and other management staff, supervises the scientific activities of the Institution. The Office advises the Secretary and Provost on major policy issues; coordinates programmatic and facilities planning for Smithsonian science activities; allocates Institutional research resources through the budget process and through internal competitive funding programs; assesses the programmatic and administrative strengths of science bureaus, offices, and programs in setting priorities and coordinating activities; evaluates scholarly staff through the hiring, review, and promotion process; provides leadership, communication, and support to the Smithsonian's scholarly community and research support offices; fosters ties with scholarly organizations and universities worldwide; promotes an appreciation of the importance of scientific research among the Smithsonian staff and outside constituencies, such as Congress, the Office of Management and Budget, major donors, and the media; and encourages the integration of Smithsonian research with other Smithsonian endeavors.

The Office coordinates scientific diving activities that support collection and the study of underwater subjects and environments. The Scientific Diving Program provides critical training and certification procedures for all Smithsonian divers. The Diving Program ensures safety and training in compliance with the Department of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations and the standards of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences.

Office of Fellowships and Grants - The Office of Fellowships and Grants (OFG) manages the Institution's centralized fellowship and internship programs, all other stipend appointments, and additional significant programs that support research by Smithsonian scholars and their collaborators. OFG administers approximately 900 appointments and 40 grants. In FY 1994, OFG awarded 87 graduate student, predoctoral, postdoctoral, senior and faculty fellowships through the Institution-wide program. Twenty-seven of these recipients were foreign students and scholars from 17 countries. In addition, 22 minorities were appointed, thereby expanding the cultural diversity of the Smithsonian research community. Under the Short-Term Visitor Program, 123 persons representing 31 countries came to the Institution. The Smithsonian Institution-University Programs in the Structure and Evolution of Terrestrial Ecosystems, funded by a grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, offered appointments to 13 researchers and students at the National Museum of Natural History and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. In addition, Federal and Trust funds allocated to the bureaus supported 259 short- and long-term awards. The Office also administered internship stipend awards for 234 students in FY 1994. OFG administers programs to increase minority participation in Smithsonian research disciplines and educational activities. Twenty-nine students joined ongoing research and museum studies in the Minority Internship Program. The Native American Awards Program selected 17 Native American students and scholars to collaborate with the staff and work on Native American resources and activities at the Institution.

Office of International Relations - The Office of International Relations (OIR) supports Smithsonian research and programs abroad, serving as the Institution's liaison with institutions and individuals, international organizations, and government foreign affairs agencies. The Office assists with the logistical details of international exchanges of collections and serves as a point of contact for scholars, museum professionals, and foreign officials seeking to establish cooperative relationships with the Smithsonian. OIR provides staff support for the Provost and the Assistant Provosts who collectively oversee the broad range of international programs undertaken throughout the Institution. OIR also manages two grant programs: the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program and the International Exchange Program, which facilitate programs abroad as well as international cooperation.

Environmental Awareness Program - The Environmental Awareness Program (EAP) provides a bridge between science and policy by gathering and disseminating information about environmental issues to Smithsonian bureaus, outside groups, the general public and professional audiences through exhibitions, publications, conferences, and workshops. EAP's primary activities involve a multi-year project on ocean conservation issues, which includes a national symposium, a traveling exhibition, and publication of a scholarly book. The project explores marine-related environmental issues such as marine pollution, habitat destruction, coastal development, and global change. In FY 1995 the traveling exhibition "Ocean Planet" will open, a collaboration between EAP, the National Museum of Natural History and the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service.

Council of American Overseas Research Centers - The Council of American Overseas Research Centers (CAORC) facilitates and coordinates the work of its 14 member institutions. Founded in 1981, CAORC fosters collaboration among its constituent members to strengthen academic programs and administrative procedures. The Council sponsors international research projects and serves as the forum through which members identify and address common concerns. The Council also undertakes the establishment of new centers in countries and regions where research exchange opportunities are lacking.

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory

Abstract - The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) conducts research to increase understanding of the origin and nature of the universe and to communicate this information through publications, teaching, and public presentations. SAO studies diverse systems, including the large-scale structure of the universe, clusters of galaxies, quasars, the sun, and planets. SAO also conducts research in laboratory astrophysics, atmospheric physics, and geophysics. SAO research has a major impact in the worldwide scientific community and has helped the United States maintain worldwide leadership in astrophysical research.

For FY 1996, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. The Institution requires $425,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item. The Smithsonian, however, does request in FY 1996 an increase of six positions and $650,000 for salaries and related costs for the submillimeter array. Workyears associated with this increase will be accommodated within the Institution's workyear ceiling. Since this increase is related to the Major Scientific Instrumentation line-item, the justification for these positions appears in the Major Scientific Instrumentation section of the budget.

Program - The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory is a member of the Center for Astrophysics (CfA), headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In collaboration with the Harvard College Observatory, SAO pursues a broad program of research organized by the following disciplines: atomic and molecular physics, high-energy astrophysics, optical and infrared astronomy, planetary sciences, radio and geoastronomy, solar and stellar physics, and theoretical astrophysics.

SAO's observing facilities include the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in Arizona, the Oak Ridge Observatory in Massachusetts, and a millimeter-wave radio telescope at Cambridge, as well as instruments launched from time to time aboard balloons, rockets, and spacecraft.

Research - In FY 1994, SAO made significant advances in several areas; six examples are described below:

A technique developed by SAO scientists studying fundamental atomic properties of matter shows great promise for aiding the early detection of multiple sclerosis lesions and breast cancer. Inhaled, polarized xenon gas can significantly enhance the performance of biological magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI is an important non-invasive diagnostic tool. Xenon-enhanced MRI will allow diagnostic imaging of human body parts that have been invisible to conventional MRI. such as the lungs, brain, and breast. Xenon gas is non-toxic and safe for humans to breathe when mixed with oxygen. This recently invented technology is still in its infancy. SAO scientists are collaborating with physicians at Boston's Brigham and Women's Hospital to assess and to develop the full potential of the new technique.

Using the extraordinary resolution of a recently commissioned array of radio telescopes located in Hawaii, the Continental United States and the Caribbean, SAO scientists and their colleagues at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory and in Japan have discovered a remarkable rotating disk of matter in a distant galaxy. The motions of the disk reveal that it must be circling a region one million times more dense than the densest star cluster yet observed. The only object fitting this description is a black hole 40 million times more massive than the sun. This observation represents the most convincing case yet made for the existence of a super-massive black hole. Observations of the disk also yield the distance to the galaxy with unprecedented accuracy.

The landmark Center for Astrophysics (CfA) Redshift Survey of galaxy distribution was extended to the sky above the southern hemisphere. Done in collaboration with four other observatories, this mapping brings the total of galaxies surveyed to more than 14,000 and represents coverage of about one-third of the sky. The striking bubble-like patterns of large-scale structure, discovered earlier by SAO scientists in the northern survey, continue in the south. Indeed, analysis of galaxy distribution continues to show evidence for clustering on very large scales, inconsistent with the predictions of many cosmological theories. The CfA survey and the southern sky observations form the largest and broadest extant galaxy map.

Using observations made by the Japanese x-ray satellite of the remnants of two exploding stars, a binational team led by an SAO scientist identified significant amounts of iron, calcium, and other newly created elements in the spectra of the two remnants. The strong signal from iron, combined with a weaker emission from oxygen, suggest that the two remnants belong to a small class of supernovas that produce the bulk of iron in the universe.

The ninth successful flight of the SAO balloon-borne Far-Infrared Spectrograph (FIRS) set a new upper limit on the density of stratospheric bromine molecules that play a key role in the catalytic destruction of ozone. Better understanding of the chemistry of the stratosphere is essential for predicting the future of the Earth's ozone shield.

An SAO scientist made the original prediction that Comet 1993 (Shoemaker-Levy) would collide with the planet Jupiter. He computed separate orbits for 19 of the cometary fragments, allowing the final impact times to be predicted with an accuracy of about ten minutes. This enabled scientists worldwide, including a team using an SAO-designed infrared camera in Hawaii, to observe, record, and image the impact of the comet fragments with Jupiter.

Education - During the past year, SAO continued to develop its programs in precollege science education. These efforts included development of a discovery-based elementary-school science curriculum using astronomy as its unifying theme, production of videos aimed at K-8 preservice teachers, development of Earth science activities based on satellite imagery, and continuation of summer institutes for precollege teachers. In addition, SAO broke new ground with a unique educational use for interactive TV. In a series of video conferences, hundreds of teachers throughout the United States participated in the development of six television programs on science education, which will air on PBS in the fall of 1995.

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

Abstract - The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) is the Nation's center for advanced studies of tropical ecosystems. It maintains the only extensive U.S. research facilities in the mainland New World tropics. Studies at STRI of tropical forest and coastal marine communities provide basic data upon which to base decisions on the wise use and possible fate of these unique and threatened natural systems. STRI is the permanent base of a core of tropical researchers, who in turn provide an intellectual environment that attracts many visiting scientists and research fellows. STRI researchers study the evolution, behavior, ecology, and history of tropical species in systems ranging from coral reefs to tropical rain forests. Growing strengths in molecular biology, plant physiology, and paleoecology complement established excellence in evolutionary biology and ecology.

For more than four decades, STRI has carried out intensive research on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), part of the Barro Colorado Nature Monument (BCNM), which is under STRI custodianship as designated in the Panama Canal Treaties of 1977. Results of BCI studies are now a critical resource of long-term studies for understanding tropical forests. The ability of STRI researchers to compare and contrast the different marine systems of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts makes their research of unique significance. Possessing perhaps the best tropical research library in the southern part of the Americas, and with a state-of-the-art conference center in Panama City, STRI expects to continue to be a major center of basic research on tropical ecosystems and catalyst of public awareness of tropical science.

The Smithsonian requests an FY 1996 increase of $128,000 for facilities management support for the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. The FY 1996 request also reflects a decrease of $50,000 associated with one-time funding provided in FY 1995 for the Mpala Research Center. The Institution requires $233,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute performs four major functions in fulfilling its mission in tropical biology: it conducts fundamental research in the tropics on the ecology, physiology, evolution, and behavior of plants and animals, including humans, with emphasis on the relationships of tropical organisms to global climatic change; provides facilities and logistical support for an international scientific community to study both terrestrial and marine tropical biology: supports environmental education, conservation, and management of tropical ecosystems; and protects and manages the Barro Colorado Nature Monument under a treaty-assigned responsibility.

The majority of species of plants and animals live in the tropics, yet tropical ecosystems are not well studied or understood. Due to tropical deforestation and uncontrolled harvesting of marine resources, tropical species are rapidly facing extinction. The loss of tropical species will affect regional and global climatic patterns, including sources of medically and commercially important natural products. The study of tropical environments is vital to understanding the world's biological diversity and its change through time. STRI, the only wholly tropical research institute belonging to the United States, is widely recognized as the world's leader in this field. Its extensive marine and

terrestrial research programs provide the knowledge and understanding essential for the effective management and conservation of these resources. Among STRI's primary assets are the trust placed in the Institute by the host country and a long history of collaboration with Panamanian scientists and students. The continuing cooperation of the Republic of Panama has facilitated the work at STPJ of resident scientific staff and visiting researchers. Among the numerous research programs supported by STPJ are the following:

Molecular Evolution - Molecular biological techniques are now a required tool for the systematic work that underpins research on tropical biology. Molecular data permit a rapid and cost-effective genetic description of tropical biodiversity providing a common starting point and a way to make sense of the results from ecology, evolution, physiology, behavior and conservation. The genetic appraisal of the distribution of species is critical to any real understanding of the "rules" regulating the origin and maintenance of tropical marine and terrestrial communities. In turn, molecule-based measures of biodiversity can be used to identify optimally efficient, priority areas for conservation. Major contributions by STPJ researchers suggest that when resource managers are faced with the agony of conservation choices, molecular systematics is the best tool available to insure that the right choices are made.

Canopy Access System - Tropical forest canopies may support up to 95 percent of the planet's species and are the primary interface with the atmosphere over a sixth of the planet's land surface, yet these canopies are poorly understood because access has hitherto been extremely difficult. STPJ has pioneered the use of modified construction tower cranes to provide safe, rapid access for both researchers and equipment to large areas of forest canopy. STPJ purchased in 1993 a large tower crane with a 51-meter arm that allows an exceptionally wide area of canopy to be systematically surveyed. Ongoing research is showing how canopy trees respond to seasonal and shorter-term changes in light, humidity, temperature, and atmospheric carbon dioxide. These studies are revolutionizing the understanding of tropical forest biology and will provide the basis for management and conservation of tropical forests in the face of accelerating deforestation and rapidly changing climate.

Plant Physiology - STPJ has become the world center for tropical plant physiology. State-of-the-art physiology laboratories have been established on Barro Colorado Island and at the Tupper Center. STPJ scientists study how tropical forest plants respond and adapt to variations in rainfall, light, temperature, ultraviolet-B radiation, elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, and other variables, as well as the biochemical and genetic bases for these responses. The Plant Physiology and Molecular Evolution Programs are converging to provide a comprehensive picture of plant adaption to variable tropical environments of the present and future.

Tropical Marine Ecology - Tropical marine communities are changing in the short term as a consequence of soil runoff from deforestation, increases in human exploitation, and the discharge of agricultural and industrial waste and. in the long term, as a result of major physical changes that are both natural and anthropogenic. STPJ researchers are documenting a catastrophic regional decline in coral reef cover and structure. The reasons for the decline are as yet unknown. A major program of marine environmental monitoring will combine efforts of four marine researchers to track the dynamics of coastal reefs along the Caribbean coast of Panama. These and other critical issues concerning the global deterioration of coral reefs will be the central theme of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium in 1996 to be hosted by STPJ and the University of Panama. The acquisition of a new

research vessel has permitted the expansion of marine studies to the entire Caribbean and tropical eastern Pacific Ocean.

Explanation of Program Increase - Facilities Management Support ($128,000) - By FY 1996, STRI estimates completion of construction and renovation projects adding approximately 95,000 square feet of space. The requested funding is essential to maintain existing and planned installations in support of research. STRI installations house 33 resident scientists and also support over 250 visiting researchers from other countries who dedicate their efforts to tropical research. Efficient maintenance of STRI facilities and installations are essential to facilitate the continuation of that research.

STRI facilities are dispersed throughout the Isthmus of Panama and maintenance of the facilities is complicated by the inclement tropical climate. Projected new and renovated facilities include a marine laboratory on the Pacific end of the Canal, a new laboratory on Barro Colorado Island in the middle of the Panama Canal, a library expansion in the headquarters in Panama City, and a new central maintenance shop. Maintenance is essential for the continued operation and use of facilities and their modernized equipment.

These geographically dispersed facilities require separate maintenance personnel to perform similar functions, e.g., the air conditioning systems of more than 2 million BTUs. The requested funds will be used to contract maintenance services for air conditioning systems, sprinklers, and alarm systems essential for safety of both staff and facilities, and elevators which provide disability access.

The construction and renovation of STRI's physical plant over the last eight years has created the essential infrastructure in tropical America equivalent to what is provided to scientists at a northern university or institution. The continued advancement of research is partially dependent on the maintenance of those support services. This requested funding is the minimal increase necessary for facilities management support.

Smithsonian Environmental Research Center

Abstract - The Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) in Edgewater, Maryland, performs basic scientific research on coastal air-land-water systems. SERC currently occupies 42,000 square feet of laboratory, office, educational, and support space and 2,600 acres of land on the Rhode River, a tidal river system. The interdisciplinary staff, visiting scientists, and students study how land use, air quality, and weather variations affect the movement of nutrients, eroded soil, and other materials through the system; the dynamics of plant and animal populations; and the overall health of the system. The research staff uses long-term observations, controlled experiments, and models to address a wide variety of ecological questions, particularly those relevant to the Chesapeake Bay region. SERC is part of a global network of United States and international sites, each of which is conducting ecological research relevant to its geographical region. SERC also conducts public education and outreach activities for audiences of varied ages and diverse cultures.

For FY 1996, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. The Institution requires $81,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - Research - SERC research aims to understand how coastal air-land-water environmental systems function. The research staff addresses a wide variety of ecological questions while conducting long-term interdisciplinary studies of a tidal subestuary of the Chesapeake Bay (Rhode River) and its watershed. This watershed contains a mosaic of upland and floodplain forests, marshlands, croplands, pastures, abandoned fields, and residential areas typical of the mid-Atlantic coastal plain. Comparative studies are conducted throughout the Chesapeake Bay region to place results from the Rhode River site in a regional perspective. A major focus of SERC research is the effect of atmospheric deposition and land use on the ecology of Chesapeake Bay drainage basins. One project analyzed nitrogen deposition over a 20-year period to a mature deciduous forest and the ability of the forest to retain the nitrogen. In related work, discharges of dissolved forms of nitrogen were measured for a year from 153 subwatersheds of the Chesapeake Bay within the states of New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware. Results of the study were of considerable interest to the EPA Chesapeake Bay Program for use in its watershed modeling work and will be included in the Great Waters Program report to Congress.

Another focus of SERC research is solar radiation, especially ultraviolet (UV) radiation at the Earth's surface. Solar radiation research was initiated in response to concerns in the 1970's and, more recently, about the impacts of supersonic transport planes and halogenated organic compounds on the stratospheric ozone layer. Since the early 1970's, SERC has designed and built spectral radiometers for monitoring UV radiation. SERC operates one of its UV spectral radiometers at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration observatory on Mauna Loa in Hawaii. Data collected from this site enabled SERC to measure the effects of the Mount Pinatubo eruption on UV radiation. SERC

recently developed a new generation of radiometer for monitoring solar UV radiation, which will be used in the U.S. Global Change Program.

SERC scientists investigated the effects of increased concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide on methane emission from tidal marsh plant communities. As carbon dioxide increases, methane emissions from these marshes may also increase, further increasing the potential for global warming. These results demonstrate one aspect of a very complex set of environmental interactions which make it nearly impossible at present to accurately predict future global temperature changes.

Educational Activities - At SERC, groups of students and the general public can observe a variety of natural habitats firsthand. SERC's broad range of educational activities includes teacher-led field trips, self-guided nature trails, and guided tours. About 4,000 visitors participated in SERC's public programs last year.

Students from all over the world come to SERC to work with its scientists and educational staff, both in the field and in the laboratory. Predoctoral, postdoctoral, and sabbatical programs for professionals make it possible for visiting scientists to carry out collaborative or independent research. SERC also disseminates the results of its research through scientific journals, national and international meetings and seminars, and the training of scientists, as well as through its public education activities.

National Zoological Park

Abstract - When the National Zoological Park (NZP) was founded in 1889, its mission was defined as "the advancement of science and the instruction and recreation of the people." The Zoo still works to achieve these ends. NZP's exhibits are alive, and new exhibits require new construction, not merely remodeling. Since NZP's public function is educational and recreational, it seeks to enhance public awareness about biology and related subjects. This emphasis means that the Zoo is concerned with all aspects of life, both terrestrial and aquatic, small and large, past and present. Responding to the world environmental crisis, the Zoo is now committed to representing the whole of life on earth, plant and animal, in all its complexity and glory. To this end, NZP is transforming the animals-only zoological park into a biological park. The BioPark will highlight the intermeshing relationships of animals and plants, educate visitors by its spectacle and beauty, and foster a concern for the future of life in all its forms.

The Smithsonian requests a FY 1996 increase of $390,000 to support the Amazonia and Living in Water exhibitions. Workyears associated with this increase will be accommodated within the Institution's workyear ceiling. The Institution requires $615,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - NZP serves both the general public and more specialized audiences by promoting the conservation of life on Earth through informal and formal education, research, and animal health programs. NZP's educational efforts center on biological literacy, with special emphases on evolution, complex adaptive interactions, the origins and importance of biodiversity, global change, and the impact of humans on the rest of the world. In pursuit of its mission, NZP exhibits a wide range of living plants and animals on its 163-acre facility in Rock Creek Park in Washington, D.C., and maintains the Conservation and Research Center on 3,150 acres near Front Royal, Virginia, as a major endangered species propagation, conservation, training, and research center. The scale and scope of the Zoo's programs require a skilled support staff and specialized equipment and materials capable of developing and maintaining the unique systems essential to sustaining living animal and plant exhibits.

Living Exhibits - At the Zoo, exhibit remodeling, renovations, and construction support a new emphasis on education about the living world. NZP goes beyond habitat exhibits that recreate natural environments to make the wonders of biology, such as intricate and beautiful adaptations for survival, accessible to all visitors. In FY 1993, the Zoo opened the first phase of Amazonia, the largest indoor exhibit to be constructed at the Zoo in 54 years. The exhibit recreates a tropical river ecosystem with authentic Amazonian trees and plants, as well as a variety of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Phase II of Amazonia will occupy an 8.000 square foot gallery adjacent to the forest, highlighting global changes in the environment and the role of humans in conserving biodiversity.

At the Rock Creek site, the Zoo cares for more than 4,600 animals, comprising about 460 species, and approximately 1.400 plant species. At the Conservation and Research Center, the Zoo

maintains approximately 900 animals, representing 36 species whose status in the wild is precarious. In FY 1993, more than 800 births and hatchings occurred at the Zoo. NZP attained a similar success rate in FY 1994, including the births and hatchings of an Asian elephant, a gorilla, a white-cheeked gibbon, black-footed ferrets, naked mole rats, flamingoes, komodo monitor lizards ("dragons"), Mata-Mata turtles, Guam rails, Bali mymahs and black palm cockatoo.

Public Education and Information - In early 1993, New Opportunities in Animal Health Sciences (NOAHS) and Fairfax County Virginia Schools, in conjunction with the National Science Foundation, held the Zoo's first national teleconference, reaching more than 10,000 schools and three million students. A total of six such programs are scheduled through mid-1995. The biological program staff also presented more than 2,000 animal demonstrations, involving nearly a dozen species, to more than a quarter million visitors.

Research - Zoo reproductive physiologists are using non-invasive techniques to monitor reproductive patterns in a variety of endangered ungulates and birds in order to develop artificial insemination and in-vitro fertilization techniques. The Zoo's genome resource bank has expanded to include fish embryo cryopreservation to develop methods for collecting, storing, and using germ plasm from endangered fish species. Zoo pathologists are conducting studies to determine the effectiveness of certain reptilian viruses as a natural control for the brown tree snake in Guam.

Animal Management - Clinical and pathological studies on tuberculosis in free-ranging buffalo in Africa have resulted in a reliable antemortem test for disease in this species. Studies on avian tuberculosis in marsupials (tree kangaroos) are expanding, with the finding that the infectious agent can be cultured from tracheal washes of animals demonstrating no clinical symptoms. To control this problem, various treatment regimes are being tested, and basic research on the marsupial immune system is under way in preparation for vaccination trials. Research is continuing on improving anesthetic and monitoring techniques in wildlife species in captivity and the wild.

Animal Conservation - Current research projects at the Conservation and Research Center include reproductive studies on black-footed ferrets, Eld's deer, Guam rails, and other endangered species. In recent years, research on the Center's native flora and fauna has increased substantially. focusing on the conservation of migratory birds and the effects of herbivores on the overall wildlife community. The Zoo staff continues to play a leading role in international conservation through the wildlife and zoo animal management training programs for developing countries. These courses have provided training to more than 800 students and professionals from more than 50 countries. The Center has developed and continues to maintain CONSLINK, an international computerized conservation bulletin board.

The Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center - Established in FY 1991, the Center's mission is to acquire and disseminate scientific information to help conserve birds that migrate from North America to the tropics. To accomplish this mission, the Center conducts long-term research and training in Latin America, the eastern United States and Canada; develops innovative bilingual (English/Spanish) outreach materials; and supports basic research projects on the population biology of migratory birds. In addition, the Center's staff responds to public inquiry on bird migration and consults with nongovernmental groups and Federal agencies on issues related to migratory bird conservation.

Explanation of Program Increase - Support for Major Continuing Programs ($390,000) - This funding will enable NZP to hire a curator, three keepers, and two water quality maintenance experts to staff Amazonia Gallery and the first module of the aquatic trail: Living in Water. Existing unfunded positions and workyears will be used to accommodate this staff. The Amazonia Gallery will present Zoo visitors with exciting and educational views of the intricate, often fine-scaled relationships that underlie the abundance, diversity and practical value of tropical rainforests. The exhibition goal is to increase public understanding of the majesty and wealth of tropical ecosystems and their practical importance. Living in Water will be a comprehensive introduction to the importance of the aquatic world, which makes up more than 70 percent of the earth's surface. The exhibit will range over many subjects, including the physical and chemical nature of water and the complex adaptations of animal groups that live in water. Aquatic animals and plants relate profoundly to our lives and to the future of our planet. A comprehensive treatment of aquatic life is essential and timely for the BioPark.

Congress has appropriated Construction account funds to design and construct both the Amazonia Gallery and Living in Water, but the Institution has not received appropriations to staff these important new exhibits. Both are labor-intensive, featuring mixed groups of diverse species in highly specialized environments. Aquatic animals and plants are extremely sensitive to water temperature and chemistry, requiring constant attention to water quality. Cleaning of even moderately-sized aquatic tanks requires keepers to work in SCUBA teams. The diets of aquatic and small tropical animals are specialized and complex; feeding is labor-intensive. Although design concepts have been rigorously modified to minimize starring needs, NZP cannot do justice to the concepts without the requested funds to support these vital efforts.

The National Zoo has responsibility for the biological awareness of millions of visitors. The Zoo will help to educate people about the urgent need to conserve oceans and forest for the future of humankind. Exciting displays of beautiful and interesting animals and plants are a powerful educational tool which can help to promote wise policies informed by sound biological thinking.

Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives

Abstract - The Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives (OSIA) provides information and guidance on the Institution's history and records, and on the management of its National Collections. OSIA is the official repository for the archival records of the Smithsonian Institution, through which it assures systematic and comprehensive historical accountability of the Institution's national public trust. OSIA assists the many components of the Institution in the management and disposition of their records, participates in the creation of information systems, and captures materials of long-term value for future use. OSIA supports Smithsonian research, management and planning; serves scholars and responds to public inquiries; and provides advice to archival, collections management, and historical research programs in and outside the Institution.

For FY 1996, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives. The Institution requires $40,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives assures the Regents, Secretary, and staff of a reliable and accessible record of Institutional history and collections management practice whenever broad understanding of their evolution or specific evidence of particular developments is needed. The Archives Division provides oversight and policy for the disposition of Institutional records, conducts surveys of official and scholarly files, appraises their research value, and preserves, arranges and describes high value records in a variety of formats. The Institutional History Division conducts research on the history of the Institution, records oral history interviews to supplement documentation in the Archives, and publishes edited collections of historical documents relating to Joseph Henry, the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. The National Collections Program collects, analyzes, and reports statistics and other information on the management of the National Collections. This information facilitates the coordination of collections management and the maintenance of professional standards among the museums and other collecting units of the Smithsonian Institution.

Activities in FY 1994 include progress in collections acquisitions, archives administration, research and reference services, historical publication and services, collections management, and outreach.

Collections Acquisitions - OSIA received 140 accessions of records and personal papers during FY 1994, totalling over two million items. Notable accessions include the records of the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, the Smithsonian Experimental Gallery, and the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service. Archivists conducted records appraisals and prepared schedules for 19 bureaus and offices.

Archives Administration - OSIA staff continued to commit significant time and attention to revising the Guide to Smithsonian Archives , writing 130 entries describing 1,750 cubic feet of records

and special collections. Records Center operations included the receipt of 900,000 items of non-permanent value and the discard of 318,000 items according to established disposition schedules.

Research and Reference Services - Scholars used OSIA holdings to conduct a variety of research, some of which resulted in publication [e.g., Cynthia Field, Richard E. Stamm, and Heather P. Ewing, The Castle: An Illustrated History of the Smithsonian Building (Smithsonian Institution Press); Trevor H. Levere, Science and the Canadian Arctic: A Century of Exploration. 1818 - 1918 (Cambridge University Press); and Elmer C. Birney and Jerry R. Choat, Seventy-Five Years of Mammalogy. 1919-1994 (American Society of Mammalogists)]. OSIA collections were used to assist with major research projects undertaken by the Smithsonian Institution Press regarding the Institution's Sesquicentennial and National Museum of Natural History's repatriation efforts.

Historical Publication and Services - The Institutional History Division continued work on several research and data-base projects, as well as conducting a series of oral history interviews documenting the history of the Smithsonian's administration, African-American employees, and exhibits practices. Staff drafted the script for "Smithson to Smithsonian," a Sesquicentennial exhibit for the Smithsonian Institution Libraries Exhibition Gallery. Volume 7 of the Papers of Joseph Henry was submitted to the Smithsonian Institution Press for publication. Document selection was completed and text editing began for Volume 8.

Collections Management - Staff of the National Collections Program compiled and published its eighth annual statistical report which provided data on collection size, growth and activity for Smithsonian collecting units. Additionally, staff coordinated the review of collections management policies for three Smithsonian organizations and contributed to several topical projects relating to loans and abandoned property, transaction terms for collections management, and the 1994 joint annual meeting of the International Council of Museums Documentation Committee and Museum Computer Network.

Outreach - Historians, archival specialists and museum personnel from many countries visited OSIA, and the Office gave several lectures drawn from the holdings. The Archives Division forwarded copies of handbooks and manuals to 32 institutions and individuals, and published two issues of Museum Archivist .

Statistical Summary of OSIA Activity

Accessions added during year (cubic meters) Accessions added during year (cubic feet)

Total holdings at year-end (cubic meters)* Total holdings at year-end (cubic feet)*

Reference inquiries

Items provided to researchers

Pages of copy provided to researchers

"Total holdings include both accessions and record center holdings.

Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Abstract - The Smithsonian Institution Libraries (SIL) supports the mission of the Smithsonian Institution "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge" by providing access to information in all forms to Smithsonian scientists, scholars, curators, and staff, as well as others with research needs. The Libraries accomplishes this support by building, organizing, managing, housing, and preserving collections; providing reference services and consultation; employing all appropriate technologies for finding and disseminating information; and contributing to and drawing from remote data bases. The Libraries offers educational opportunities, including exhibitions, internships, publications, lectures, and user instruction. The Libraries participates in local, national, and international networks and cooperative activities that promote the sharing of information, access to recorded knowledge, and the support and advancement of scholarly communication.

For FY 1996, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Smithsonian Institution Libraries. The Institution requires $194,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Smithsonian Institution Libraries (SEL) strengthens multi-disciplinary research at the Smithsonian Institution by providing research support services, collections acquisitions and management, and outreach programs. SIL staff uses electronic information technology for most internal library operations, as well as in resource sharing and communication with other libraries and information repositories. SIL's collections contain more than 1.2 million volumes and include 7,000 journals, 40,000 rare books, and more than 1,800 manuscript units.

SIL supports researchers in 18 branches and houses its collections in Smithsonian buildings in Washington, D.C., and other locations, including Edgewater, Maryland; Cambridge, Massachusetts: New York, New York; and the Republic of Panama. SIL joins these collections into a single resource by employing the latest information technologies. SIL controls its collections and makes them available to researchers at the Institution and worldwide, systematically describing materials and entering them into the Smithsonian Institution Research Information System (SIRIS) on-line catalogue and the On-line Computer Library Center (OCLC), a national bibliographic data base.

Research Support Services - During the past year, SIL increased information access capabilities offered to its users by expanding existing systems, adding new bibliographic search services, and implementing a new integrated library system. By participating in the Research Libraries Group (RLG) SHARES program, SIL further enhanced access to and delivery of information.

SIL staff continued to be involved in the planning of the National Museum of the American Indian Branch Library. SIL staff refined design concepts for the Rare Book Library, to be located in the National Museum of Natural History's East Court Building. When fully staffed, this facility will

offer enhanced access to the Museum's distinguished special collections while providing secure, environmentally sound housing.

Collections Acquisitions and Management - SIL acquires materials through purchase and a gift and exchange program with 4,094 partners in 122 countries. Again in 1994, inflation in journal costs reduced SIL's ability to supply the same titles available in the past and prevented SIL from purchasing journals with important new information critical to ongoing Institutional programs. Facing a projected 10.5 percent inflation of journal prices for 1995, SIL canceled 149 subscriptions totaling $46,900. Through the processes of preservation by microfilm and photocopy, over 1,000 brittle books were replaced with archivally sound formats.

In 1994, SIL met an ambitious schedule for implementing SIRIS. SIRIS carries the Libraries' on-line catalogue and modules for acquisition, cataloguing, and circulation. The Libraries and its users benefit from greater systems linkage, enhanced communication, and improved access to information sources. By year end, Smithsonian researchers and SI staff had direct access to the SIRIS catalog from their offices.

Outreach - SIL serves the wider community and public through outreach programs, including lectures, resident scholar programs, exhibitions, and publications. The Dibner Fund supported an illustrated lecture on "Making Connections: Alexander Graham Bell, Elisha Gray, and Thomas A. Edison and the Race to the Telephone" and funded two SIL\Dibner Library Resident Scholars of the History of Science and Technology. The Libraries opened a new exhibition, "Balloons: The Birth of Flight, 1783-1793," in its Gallery in the Museum of American History. At the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum, the Branch Librarian curated the exhibition "Walter Crane: Design for Children."

The Libraries' catalog is available free on INTERNET and commercially as a CD-ROM, Smithsonian on Disc: Catalog of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries on CD-ROM (1994). With the Commission of Preservation and Access, the Libraries put images from its Special Collections on a CD-ROM in an experimental project to test means for greater access to the collections while reducing handling of fragile materials.

Since 1960, SIL has published, registered with the National Technical Information Service, and distributed gratis copies of 274 scientific books and articles translated into English from foreign languages. The Smithsonian's Atherton Seidell Endowment Fund and the National Science Foundation joined to support publication of the final volume of the Libraries' Translations Program.

International Environmental Science Program

Abstract - The International Environmental Science Program (IESP) is a multi-bureau interdisciplinary effort to coordinate the Smithsonian Institution's long-term monitoring and study of unique and significant ecosystems. The goal of the Program is to evaluate and eventually to predict the impact of human activities and natural change on selected ecosystems. Research sponsored by IESP occurs at two permanent Smithsonian sites—the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) in Panama and the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) in Edgewater, Maryland-and several nonpermanent sites throughout the world.

For FY 1996, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for FY 1996 programmatic increases for the International Environmental Science Program. The Institution requires $25,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The International Environmental Science Program supports Smithsonian research to meet the urgent need for long-term studies of the world's ecosystems, especially in tropical and subtropical regions where the rapid rate of deforestation, diminution of coral reef cover, loss of suitable soil, and resulting threat to wildlife are of critical importance to biological diversity and global change.

Scientists maintain permanent EESP research sites at the Rhode River Estuary at Edgewater, Maryland, and in the tropical lowland forest of Barro Colorado Island (BCI) in Panama and the Galeta Reef on the Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama. For more than two decades, scientists have gathered information for a data base on the biological, physical, and chemical components of various ecosystems. Analyses of these data have produced speculations and verifiable hypotheses about long-term patterns in climate and disturbances resulting from human activity.

The following summaries highlight IESP's most significant accomplishments for FY' 1994 at the Program's permanent and nonpermanent sites.

Edgewater, Maryland - A series of long-term water quality parameters have been monitored in the Rhode River. Trend analysis and studies of the Susquehanna River watershed discharges support the hypothesis that chlorophyll concentrations in the Rhode River in the spring are controlled by nitrate inputs from the Susquehanna, while in summer they are controlled by the regeneration of inorganic nitrogen from organic matter produced in the spring. Data on phytoplankton chlorophyll, total suspended particles, and forms of phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon show that despite major efforts to improve the management of nutrient inputs to the Chesapeake Bay, concentrations of key dissolved nutrients have not changed significantly over the past 20 years.

Panama - STRI has reorganized its International Environmental Science Program to integrate its terrestrial population data. STRI will sustain its long-term monitoring of insect, amphibian, mammal. and bird populations by surveys and censuses on Barro Colorado and in Soberania National Park.

Recruitment and reproduction monitoring of corals, urchins, macro algae sponges, and fish on a set of reefs near Galeta and San Bias, on the Caribbean side of Panama, are conducted jointly by four STRI researchers. To underpin the biological monitoring, STRI has four sites along a transect from the Pacific to the Caribbean in which physical variables, including rainfall, solar radiation, tides, temperature, and water chemistry, are systematically measured. All biological and physical data are incorporated into a single STRI-IESP data system. Among the surprising results of STRI's IESP monitoring is that up to 30 percent of the live coral cover on nearshore reefs has been lost in the last eight years. Similar losses have been noted in Florida by the Florida Institute of Oceanography (personal communication Dr. John Ogden) and by a recent survey in the Los Cochinos Cays of Honduras by Dr. Hector Guzman.

Brazil: Golden Lion Tamarin Project - Between 1984 and 1992, 129 tamarins bred in zoos were reintroduced into the wild. By May 1994, 34 (26 percent) of the tamarins remained. Altogether, there are 112 more tamarins in the wild as a result of the Institution's reintroduction program, making this one of the most successful animal reintroduction programs ever undertaken.

In both 1990 and 1993, fire in Poco das Antas delayed efforts to increase the small population of golden lion tamarins within the Poco das Antas Reserve. Scientists are continuing several projects to chart the effects of the fire and expect the findings will help scientists and land managers understand how to rehabilitate damaged ecosystems in the tropics. In 1994, scientists initiated an experimental translocation program to save some of the tiny remnant populations of golden lion tamarins in forest fragments about to be destroyed.

Latin America: Neotropical Lowland Research Program - In FY 1994, scientists conducted laboratory work in archeology, botany, entomology, herpetology, and ichthyology on the lowland forest biota. Fieldwork was undertaken in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guiana, and Peru. Results of these investigations provided new information on the composition and distribution of the neotropical biota that is important for conservation planning and the completion of several major publications.

Major Scientific Instrumentation

Abstract - The development of major scientific instrumentation is vital to enable Smithsonian scientists to remain at the forefront of their fields. Because of the magnitude of the costs and the time-scale required to fabricate major new instruments and to reconfigure existing ones, the Institution requests funding for such projects under this line-item, rather than under individual bureau line-items. Since these projects require long-term development and multiyear funding, the Institution also requests that funds in this line-item be available until expended.

The FY 1996 funding for this line-item reflects no increase over the FY 1995 base. For FY 1996, the no-year funds are unchanged at $7,244,000 and will be used to continue construction of the submillimeter telescope array ($5,336,000) and to continue conversion and development of instrumentation for the Multiple Mirror Telescope ($1,908,000). The Smithsonian does, however, request an FY 1996 increase of six positions and $650,000 in the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory line item for salary and related costs associated with the submillimeter telescope array. The justification for these positions is included here because of their relationship to the Major Scientific Instrumentation. Workyears associated with this increase will be accommodated within the Institution's workyear ceiling.

Program - Since FY 1989, the Smithsonian has received funding under this line item for two projects for the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory: development of an array of submillimeter telescopes, and conversion of the Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT). Both of these forefront scientific projects involve the fabrication of major new instrumentation that take a number of years to complete. SAO expects the submillimeter telescope array to be completed by FY 1998. Annual operating costs, including personnel costs, are expected to be 10 percent of the construction costs. Almost all operating personnel are scheduled to be hired during the design and construction phases of the project and will already be included in the SAO base when operations commence. SAO expects "first light" for the converted MMT in FY 1997.

Construction of an Array of Submillimeter Wavelength Telescopes - The last frontier for ground-based astronomy consists of observing the skies with telescopes sensitive to submillimeter waves—light with wavelengths between those of infrared and radio waves. SAO plays a major role in the emerging submillimeter technology. Since FY 1992, SAO has been constructing components for its submillimeter array of telescopes which are to be located on Mauna Kea in Hawaii. The submillimeter array, with its unprecedented combination of wavelength coverage and ability to resolve fme spatial details, will enable SAO scientists to play a major role in understanding the processes by which stars form and of the mechanisms that generate prodigious amounts of energy in quasars and in active galaxies. Understanding of the plasma processes associated with these phenomena could conceivably also provide important insights into related processes involved in controlling fusion.

When operational, the SAO submillimeter array will be a major scientific instrument of international stature. The array will be unique in the world in its combination of wavelength coverage and resolving power. It will therefore measurably enhance the scientific competitiveness of the United States.

Of the $650,000 requested for the submillimeter array in FY 1996, six positions and $390,000 are for staff that will include a lead mechanical assistant, an electronic technician, two support mechanical workers, and two research associates. These positions will complete the planned staff of 34 needed to operate the array as indicated in the original mid-1980's proposal. The six staff members will help complete the infrastructure on the summit of Mauna Kea and will support the operations of the site that will begin with the assembly and checkout of the first antennas as they arrive. The balance of $260,000 is requested to fund the start-up of operations at the Hilo field station including utilities and communications expenses, supplies and materials, and other services and rent. The increase in the Hilo staff will require additional rented office space which, when coupled with the reduction of project space in Cambridge, will result in a net increase in rent of approximately $50,000 per year.

Conversion and Instrumentation of the Multiple Mirror Telescope - The conversion of the Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT) to one with a single 6.5-meter diameter mirror will more than double the light-gathering power of the telescope and increase its field-of-view more than several hundredfold. The converted telescope and its new instrumentation will allow scientists to observe up to 300 objects simultaneously, an enormous increase in efficiency of data collection over that possible with the MMT.

In FY 1992, SAO began the preliminary design of the Hectospec, a multi-object spectrograph for the converted MMT. This spectrograph utilizes optical fibers as "light-pipes" to guide the light from up to 300 galaxies at a time to the input of the spectrograph. A high-speed robot positioner will move the fibers to the appropriate positions at the telescope focus. A program of observing tens of thousands of galaxies, which would otherwise not be feasible, could be carried out with ten to twenty nights of telescope time with this advanced instrument. The multi-object spectrograph will also be used for many studies in which it will provide the converted MMT with the power of several hundred telescopes with conventional single-object spectrographs.

The detailed design of the Hectospec was begun in FY 1993 and has now been completed. During the remainder of FY 1995, SAO will begin to assemble the Hectospec and to develop its control software. SAO has also begun the design of a very-high-resolution spectrograph and an infrared imager in FY 1995. both necessary to take advantage of the enhanced capabilities of the converted MMT.

In FY 1996, SAO intends to complete assembly and testing of the Hectospec. In addition, SAO will complete the design of the very-high-resolution spectrograph and begin the detailed design of the infrared imager. SAO will also begin the design of a wide-field imager and purchase the associated detectors. These instruments will allow SAO scientists to use the converted MMT for a broad range of investigations, from the study of stellar systems containing neutron stars and black holes to the discovery of distant galaxies at the edge of the observable universe. The proposed new instruments are important tools for the study of star formation, strongly complementing the capabilities of SAO's submillimeter array of telescopes.

National Museum of Natural History

Abstract - The National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) is one of the leading international centers for research on natural history and anthropology. The staff publishes more than 600 books and scientific reports each year on topics that include human biology and culture, ecological dynamics, biodiversity, complex interrelationships of plants and animals, and the evolution of the earth and solar system. The Museum attracts approximately six million visitors each year to its exhibit halls. This audience provides a unique opportunity and responsibility for improving scientific understanding. NMNH also welcomes thousands of scholars and scientists who use its collections and collaborate with its researchers. The staff of the Museum is committed to presenting the best current scientific thinking in a stimulating environment. Expressions of this commitment include innovative development in the area of science education including exhibitions, educational programs for all ages, and publications for general audiences. The Museum houses one of the world's largest and most valuable assemblages of natural history specimens and cultural artifacts. NMNH acquires, preserves, and interprets these vast collections and makes them accessible as an indispensable resource to the scientific community and public.

The Smithsonian requests a FY 1996 increase of 12 positions and $948,000 for the East Court facility management (9 positions and $283,000) and for the Collections and Research Information System in support of the Institution's electronic outreach/public access initiative (3 positions and $665,000). Workyears associated with this increase will be accommodated within the Institution's workyear ceiling. The Institution requests $1,194,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff in this line-item.

Program - Research - The National Museum of Natural History is prioritizing hundreds of research projects conducted by its 110 staff scientists in the context of five interdisciplinary areas of emphasis: 1) biological diversity: systematics, evolution, and ecology; 2) human cultural and biological diversity; (3) ecosystem history and global change; 4) earth resources and planetary processes; and 5) collections as world resources. Many of the research projects contribute to an understanding of worldwide biodiversity fluctuations and the diverse causes of global environmental change.

After 134 years of working in Alaska, the Smithsonian Institution established a tangible presence in the region by opening a field office at the Anchorage Museum of History and Art. An agreement for this office was signed by NMNH, the Anchorage Museum, and the municipality of Anchorage in December 1993. Proposed activities include long-term loans of Smithsonian collections to Alaska, and making native collections available to Alaskans unable to travel to Washington. D.C.

The effort to understand and evaluate global plant resources was greatly enhanced by the opening of the research greenhouse in Suitland, Maryland, next to the Museum Support Center. Botanists who traditionally depend on the dry collections for their research can now add research on live specimens, extending the scope of their studies to pollination, plant physiology, and plant

evolution. The museum is also making a major effort to increase public access to collections information through the Internet Gopher system, which includes databases and documents from the U.S. National Herbarium and a checklist of Mammal Species of the World. In 1994, there were over 300,000 requests to this service.

The NMNH Research Training Program continued its strong program of undergraduate mentoring by staff scientists; of the 26 interns accepted for the program, 10 were minorities. NMNH research staff also participated in a workshop on "Biodiversity in Africa's Human Landscapes" held in the spring of 1994 in Nairobi, Kenya. This workshop was co-organized by the Museum's Biological Diversity Program and co-hosted by the African Academy of Sciences and the Social Science Research Council. NMNH hosted the 75th Anniversary Meeting of the American Society of Mammalogists (ASM) from June 18-23, 1994. The meeting drew the highest attendance ever at an ASM conference, with registrants from Russia, Australia, Africa and many other countries.

Publications of the research staff included seven articles in Nature and Science —two of the most prestigious research journals—of which four were cover stories. A Science article entitled, "Species Pool and Dynamics of Marine Paleocommunities," sheds new light on natural aquatic communities. Another paper, "Worldwide Initiation of Holocene Marine Deceleration of Sea-Level Rise," suggests that understanding the relationship between delta formation and sea-level change is essential to implement long-term coastal protection measures. The discovery of Coralline Lethal Disease (CLOD) by NMNH marine botanists was featured in Science News . CLOD is a destructive disease that has spread more than 3,600 miles across the Southern Pacific reefs. The highly contagious microbe threatens reefs by killing coralline algae, marine plants that build reefs.

A book called Magnification , by a Department of Entomology staff member, was selected as one of the Children's Choices for 1994. The award is sponsored by the Children's Book Council and the International Reading Association. The Bee Genera of North and Central America , by Charles D. Michener, Ronald McGinley and Brian Danforth, is destined to be the standard reference for bee researchers in North America. The book offers an unprecedented compendium for entomologists and other scientists involved with bees and pollination research.

Collections - Janet Annenberg Hooker presented the Museum with one of the most significant gifts of rare jewelry, a suite of yellow starburst cut diamonds, to be included in the new Geology, Gem and Mineral complex when it opens in 1996. A NMNH botanist collected live Portieria hornemannii in the Philippines for mariculture study. This "red seaweed" contains a natural product known as "halomon" which is active against a variety of cell tumors, particularly renal/colon cancer. The Repatriation Office returned human remains to the following groups: the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe of South Dakota, the Southern Arapaho Tribe of Oklahoma, the Shoshone-Bannock Tribe of Idaho, and the Makah Tribe of Washington.

Public Programs - NMNH attendance for FY 1994 totalled 5.7 million visits. "Spiders!", a major exhibition funded through a SI. 2 million business contract with Marvel Entertainment Groups Inc.. utilizes computer games, videotapes, and live specimens to help visitors experience a spider's view of the world. The innovative Spider Lab provides children with a multi-dimensional, hands-on learning opportunity through a science laboratory, games and puzzles, a math corner, and a reading area. Having closed at the Museum on January 2, 1995, the exhibit will travel around the country for several years. The permanent exhibit, "In Search of Giant Squids," made possible by a grant from the

Chevron Corporation, opened to the public on May 28, 1994. The exhibit includes two enormous squid specimens, photographs, illustrations, and videos which help visitors investigate the mystery, beauty, and complexity of the world's largest invertebrate.

Explanation of Program Increase - East Court Facility Management (9 positions and $283,000) -This request is to support facility maintenance for the East Court Building. The East Court Building will provide relocation space necessary for the Major Capital Renewal Renovation Project. The new building will also offer badly needed additional space for research, collections activities, and public programs and facilities, including public education spaces and large new public restrooms off the Rotunda.

Funding is requested for the increased facility management expenses required to clean and maintain this new building. Positions requested include a supervisor, a work leader, 5 custodial staff, a laborer, and a maintenance mechanic (9 positions and $262,000). Support funds ($21,000) will provide for supplies, services and equipment.

If start-up and operating funds for facility management are not added to the current NMNH base, the East Court Building cannot be opened to the public and staff when construction is completed.

Collections and Research Information System in Support of the Institution's Electronic Outreach/Public Access Initiative (3 positions and $665,000) - The funds requested in this increase will be used to develop and maintain the CRIS application software, further develop the CRIS database, and purchase and install the supporting computer equipment. For FY 1996, NMNH requests funds for three computer specialists ($198,000), computer equipment and supplies ($417,000), and contractual support ($50,000) for further development and continuing maintenance of this sophisticated information delivery system.

To meet the rapidly increasing demands for access to the national collections, NMNH intends to become a valuable data provider on the information highway as well as through other electronic means. NMNH will provide new innovative ways for the nation's schools, general public, and researchers to gain access to its vast collections, research, and educational resources. To achieve this goal, NMNH requests funding to accelerate the Collections and Research Information System (CRIS) development and implementation, a multi-year effort. NMNH successfully inaugurated public on-line access to small sets of collection information in FY 1994. An average of 15,000 information requests currently is being logged per week. Further modernization of the CRIS technology infrastructure is critical to enabling convenient access to digital image, text, video, and audio information about the national collections and associated educational and research programs.

Conservation Analytical Laboratory

Abstract - The Conservation Analytical Laboratory (CAL), located at the Museum Support Center in Suitland, Maryland, is the Smithsonian's specialized facility research and training for the conservation and technical study of museum objects. CAL staff examines the conservation-related properties of these materials, extracts historical information from their technical record, and improves conservation treatment technology. Experience with a wide range of materials and expertise in analytical and technological studies enables CAL to engage successfully in collaborative research with anthropologists and art historians. CAL also conducts a conservation-training program that includes basic and advanced conservation theory and technique, supports and organizes workshops and seminars, and disseminates the latest knowledge in the field of conservation and cultural materials research to museums and research professionals throughout the United States and the world.

For FY 1996, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Conservation Analytical Laboratory. The Institution requires $92,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - CAL's program areas include research and development, education and training, and support and collaboration.

Research and Development - In one research area, physical and natural scientists collaborate with scholars from the arts and humanities to address questions of an art historical or archeological nature. A number of techniques used in these programs require specialized facilities that CAL operates in collaborative agreements with the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST). In a collaborative project with the National Museum of African Art and outside scholars, CAL researchers engaged in a study of Benin bronzes, using lead isotope mass spectrometry to examine the origins of the metal ores used for the manufacture of these objects. A collaborative, inter-institution program of studies of Maya polychrome ceramic vessels in which CAL scholars contributed provenance attributions through chemical characterization, culminated with a major traveling exhibit, "Painting the Maya Universe: Royal Ceramics of the Classic Period."

Another important research focus at CAL is the identification and characterization of the chemical and physical processes involved in the deterioration of materials in museum collections (conservation science) and the development and evaluation of treatment techniques for unstable collection items (treatment technology). Conservation scientists have arrived at a quantitative understanding of the effects which environmental conditions, such as relative humidity, have on materials and complex objects in collections. It is now possible to calculate safe limit values for relative humidity. The allowable fluctuations are larger than generally assumed, resulting in significant savings in climate control costs. The research on the optimal conditions for low temperature storage of photographic materials has centered on the evaluation of the merits of alternative, low cost technologies for low temperature storage.

Education and Training - The preservation of archival materials is the focus of the RELACT (Research collections, Libraries and Archives Conservation Training) program, conducted by CAL in collaboration with the Offices of Smithsonian Institution Archives and Smithsonian Institution Libraries. Staff from numerous Smithsonian bureaus and offices received training in preservation management and practices. Preservation projects were undertaken in four research collections, with CAL providing technical assistance, consultation, training, and access to supplies and equipment. The projects also provided valuable practical experience to several CAL conservation interns. In the archaeological conservation training program, interns had the opportunity to work during excavation field seasons at two very different sites, one in the Middle East and one in Central America, under the guidance of CAL's archaeological conservator. The production of a series of videos on the preservation of collection materials was a new CAL training initiative. The first two videos in this series, one on the care and handling of historic furniture and one on the care of archival materials, will be released during the first half of FY 1995. CAL staff organized and taught nine courses during FY 1994. Of these, four courses formed part of the curriculum of the Furniture Conservation Training Program (FCTP). The other five courses focused on a variety of subjects such as conservation of photographic materials, coatings for historical musical instruments, exhibition materials, and the removal of mildew and stains from historic textiles.

Support and Collaboration - CAL's technical support staff continued to provide analytical and technical assistance to conservation and curatorial staff in the various Smithsonian museums, as well as to the ongoing research efforts at CAL. The same group also provided maintenance to CAL's extensive research equipment. The technical information section, also within this group, provided answers to 1,104 requests for information from the general public and museum professionals nationwide.

Museum Support Center

Abstract - The Museum Support Center (MSC), located in Suitland, Maryland, is a specially equipped and environmentally controlled facility providing state-of-the-art technology for scientific research, conservation, and collections storage. MSC accommodates collections storage in four sections (or pods) for three general types of needs: collections storage in cabinets, "wet" collections storage on open shelving for biological collections in alcohol, and "high-bay" storage for very large objects. MSC also houses the Conservation Analytical Laboratory (CAL) and conservation laboratories for the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) and the National Museum of American History (NMAH). The NMNH Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and other NMNH specialized research laboratories are located there as well. MSC's facilities provide the best conditions possible for preservation of the National Collections for future generations.

For FY 1996, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Museum Support Center. The Institution requires $99,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item. However, the Institution does request that the funds for MSC collections storage equipment and MSC Move costs remain available until expended. The MSC FY 1995 base includes an amount of $40,000 for the fourth and last annual payment to reimburse the permanent Judgment Fund of the U. S. Treasury in compliance with a vendor judgment relating to the purchase of storage equipment for the Museum Support Center facility. The FY 1996 request reflects a reduction of $40,000 associated with this judgment.

Program - The Institution's Museum Support Center provides facilities for the conservation and preservation of museum objects, conservation training, scientific research, and storage of museum collections. Specially-designed, state-of-the-art storage equipment is available at MSC to house the more than 27 million objects and object parts being relocated from NMNH and NMAH.

The MSC Operational staff provides computer services for administrative, research and collections management data, including the transfer to MSC of the more than 27 million objects and object parts. The staff also meets the research and collection study needs of MSC occupants, provides shipping and receiving services, oversees safety and security operations, and maintains strict environmental and cleaning services required for the proper storage of museum collections.

The size and scope of the move of Smithsonian collections to the Museum Support Center, including the preparation and relocation of millions of objects and specimens from nine curatorial departments in two different museums, is unprecedented within the museum world. The volume, characteristics, and variety of the collections and the distance of the transfer pose special challenges that must be addressed as part of the move. MSC Move staff technicians inspect the objects for pests and conservation problems, clean them, and properly stabilize them prior to their move. Objects that have been contaminated by asbestos in storage areas receive additional treatment. The collections relocated to MSC are properly curated, less-crowded and subject to better-controlled environmental

conditions than collections in most other Smithsonian storage areas. As a result, they have far better prospects for long-term preservation and will be significantly more accessible to researchers.

Early in its planning for the relocation of collections, the Smithsonian established the concept of the "Initial Move," with the objective of phasing the transfer of designated objects from NMNH and NMAH to MSC over a multi-year period. These collections are allocated approximately two-thirds of the MSC storage space, and the remaining third of the space is being used for the "Growth Move." To date, the Smithsonian has focused on the Initial Move. During this time, however, many of the collections of the curatorial departments have continued to grow. As a result, the distinction between those collections and activities designated for the Initial Move and those collections targeted for the future Growth Move has blurred. The Institution is now, by necessity, actively conducting Growth Move activity prior to completing the Initial Move activity.

MSC Collections Storage Equipment - By November 23, 1994, contractors had installed 2,784 shelving cabinets, 7,829 drawer cabinets, 833 insect cabinets, 668 botany cabinets, all of the cantilever and widespan shelving, all of the compactor screens, 286 large cabinets, 8.506 shelves, 58,775 drawers, and 850 polyscreens. The Institution is now procuring and installing a portion of the balance of the collections storage equipment for Pods 2 and 4.

MSC Move - During FY 1994, the Smithsonian made significant progress on the transfer of collections and will continue to move collections to MSC in FY 1995. NMAH moved 2,692 objects. including paintings, meters, patent models, adding machines, headwear, and still cameras. By November 1994, 132,881 archaeological objects from the Department of Anthropology collections had been moved. Other collections moved included 699,425 insects, 7,950 mammals, 23,100 mineral samples, 958,500 mollusks, 26,010 botanical specimens, 7,500 coralline algae from the Marine Systems Laboratory and 109,375 paleontologies! specimens. In addition, more than 40 percent of the Paleobiology collections already moved to MSC and stored in temporary locations were relocated to their final storage destination in Pod 4. Over the past three years, the Smithsonian has placed emphasis on relocating collections from the North, West, and East Attics of NMNH in order to ensure that the Natural History Building's Major Capital Renewal Project proceeds on schedule. To date the North and West attics have been emptied on schedule and the East attic is anticipated to be emptied by early 1995.

Assistant Provost for the Arts and Humanities

Abstract - The Office of the Assistant Provost for the Arts and Humanities provides direction to bureau directors, support offices, and programs in the arts and humanities in developing, executing, and managing their individual missions. It oversees essential museum functions, such as collections management, exhibitions, education, and public programs. The Office provides leadership in ensuring equal employment opportunities and in achieving full physical and intellectual accessibility of programs and collections to a culturally diverse public. It participates in national and international endeavors and fosters cooperation with other institutions in the arts and humanities.

This line-item includes the Center for Museum Studies (formerly the Office of Museum Programs) which provides training, information, and professional services to the museum profession nationwide, the International Gallery and the National African American Museum Project.

The Institution requires $71,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item. In addition, the Smithsonian requests an FY 1996 increase of 3 positions and $724,000 for three computer specialists (3 workyears and $174,000) and contractor services, equipment and software ($550,000) in support of the Collaborative Collections Information System (CIS) project of the six Smithsonian art bureaus (ARTCIS): Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum, Freer/Sackler Gallery, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, National Museum of African Art, National Museum of American Art and the National Portrait Gallery. Workyears associated with this increase will be accommodated within the Institution's workyear ceiling. This project, part of the Institution's electronic outreach/public access initiative, is being managed through the Office of the Assistant Provost for Arts and Humanities, although funds will support the implementation of ARTCIS in all six participating art museums.

Program - Office of the Assistant Provost for the Arts and Humanities - The Office of the Assistant Provost for the Arts and Humanities (OAPAH) works closely with museums, educators, and special committees to improve outreach programs, serve broader audiences, and plan and monitor new initiatives. It encourages improvements in accessibility throughout the Institution and new techniques in presenting programming for the public. OAPAH currently administers three major programs: the Accessibility Program, the Special Exhibition Fund, and the Collections Acquisition Program. The Accessibility Program works to ensure that visitors and staff with disabilities have full and equal access to the Smithsonian's programs, exhibitions, and facilities. The Program offers pan-Institutional training and technical assistance, reviews Smithsonian facility and exhibition design documents, and provides accessibility services to museum and Zoo visitors. The Special Exhibition Fund supplements Federal appropriations for exhibitions resulting from scholarly research in the various scientific, humanistic, aesthetic, technical, or interdisciplinary fields represented throughout the Institution. The Fund encourages interdisciplinary projects, experimentation both in exhibition technique and in content,

and evaluation of the public's response. The Trust-funded Acquisitions Program supplements Federal acquisition monies, which were insufficient for museums to purchase important, but expensive, works of art. In recent years, the Program has broadened to include other types of collections and has encouraged acquisitions that represent diverse cultural perspectives.

Center for Museum Studies - The Center for Museum Studies (formerly the Office of Museum Programs) provides training, information, and professional support to museums nationally. The Office provides referral, registration, counseling, and career development services to interns and develops new materials that allow for broad, low-cost dissemination of its programs. The Center provides day-to-day administration of the Integrated Curriculum Development Project, with OAPAH retaining overall project management.

International Gallery - The International Gallery presents exhibitions in the S. Dillon Ripley Center that deal with significant global and cultural topics. The International Gallery incorporates a number of public and scholarly programs in conjunction with the exhibit on display. Exhibitions recently presented in the International Gallery include, "In the Temple of Solomon and Tomb of Caiaphas," which focused on unique archaeological artifacts from Israel and, "Talents of the Brush: Jill Sackler Contemporary Chinese Calligraphy Competition." For the first time, an exhibition was mounted concurrently in the Concourse Gallery of the Ripley Center and in the Enid A. Haupt Garden. This exhibit, "Sculptures from the Flames: Ceramics by Gustave and Ulla Kraitz," featured contemporary Swedish art.

National African American Museum Project - This project's program and collections management plans, as well as recommendations for acquisitions, continue to be developed. Staff members also continue to identify collaborators and resources and to expand lists of African American collections, professionals, and research efforts.

Explanation of Program Increase - Collections Information System in Support of the Institution's Electronic Outreach/Public Access Initiative (3 positions and $724,000) - For FY 1996, the Smithsonian requests an increase of 3 positions and $174,000 for three computer specialists and $550,000 for all services and equipment related to the implementation of the automated Collections Information System that will meet the needs of all six art bureaus of the Smithsonian (ARTCIS). The implementation and ongoing maintenance of the fully-integrated Collections Information System in the six Smithsonian art bureaus will require the dedicated support of three computer specialists and $174,000. These systems will run on local area networks (LANs) in order to make them accessible to all museum staff members. Two computer specialists (GS-12 positions) will be assigned to this essential LAN management and the third (GS-9) will coordinate maintenance and upgrade functions between the six art museums and the CIS vendor.

To provide services and equipment to implement ARTCIS, $550,000 is requested. Significant advances have been made recently in automated collections information systems (CIS) and imaging technology. In an effort to effect maximum cost savings and interoperability, the six art bureaus of the Smithsonian: Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum (250,000 objects) Freer Gallery of Art''Arthur M. Sackler Gallery (30,000 objects) Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (12.000 objects),

National Museum of African Art (6,000 objects); National Museum of American Art (37,500 objects); and the National Portrait Gallery (16,300 objects) have joined in an effort to identify a single off-the-shelf CIS to answer their collections information and management needs. This system, once implemented and including a complete repository of digitized images of the collections will constitute the infrastructure necessary to disseminate electronically the resources of the Smithsonian's art museums to the American public and the scholarly community. Full automation of the collections is essential to achieve the Institution's basic mission, the increase and diffusion of knowledge, and to meet its responsibilities for the stewardship of the national collections.

To support the services and equipment required for implementation of a fully integrated system in the six art museums, the Smithsonian requests an FY 1996 increase of $550,000. These dollars are necessary to support contractor services required to complete the selection of an appropriate CIS and subsequent installation and training, purchase the selected software, complete local area networks and procure the hardware required to run the system in the six museums, migrate existing data and some data entry into the new system and develop of an image data base to accompany the art research databases, to be used for electronic publishing and exhibition and educational outreach programs and projects. These resources will continue to be needed to support and maintain the CIS infrastructure in the six art museums. As collections grow, image digitization and data entry must be kept current. Moreover, site licenses must be renewed annually and equipment upgraded as technology changes and improves.

National Air and Space Museum

Abstract - The mission of the National Air and Space Museum (NASM) is to memorialize the national development of aviation and space flight; collect, preserve, and display aeronautical and space flight equipment of historical interest and significance; serve as a repository for scientific equipment and data pertaining to the development of aviation and space flight; and provide educational material for the historical study of aviation and space flight. Within the broader mission, immediate goals are to explore and present the history, science, technology, and social impact of aeronautics and space flight and to investigate and exhibit the nature of the universe and the Earth's environment. NASM's current research, exhibitions, films, outreach, collections, and archival efforts are dedicated to these goals.

In addition to its Mall location, NASM maintains the Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Facility in Suitland, Maryland. The Institution recently received Congressional authorization for planning and design of an extension facility at the Dulles International Airport to replace the Garber Facility. The extension facility will house the Museum's collections and its restoration and exhibit production facilities, enabling the Museum to properly care for its largest aircraft and spacecraft.

For FY 1996, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the National Air and Space Museum. The Institution requires $436,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - Collections Development and Management - A collections management policy that articulates the Museum's standards for accessioned collections in its care was recently completed. Topics include documentation requirements, accountability, collections maintenance, insurance, and lending and borrowing artifacts. Major acquisitions in FY 1994 include the records of the Bellanca Aircraft Company, the memorabilia collection of Francis Gary Powers including items from the U-2 incident and his imprisonment, a Sopwith Snipe F. 71 World War I aircraft, a Grumman A-6 Navy jet attack aircraft, and a Lycoming Model AFJO-540-D4A5 air-cooled, reciprocating engine. NASM's Archives continues to respond to a high volume and wide variety of requests from individual aircraft enthusiasts, scholars, and educational and commercial organizations. NASM acquired and erected surplus cold storage units from the National Archives and Records Administration to help reduce a shortage of archival and artifact storage space.

Preservation and Restoration - In FY 1994, restorations completed include the forward fuselage of the Enola Gay B-29 bomber, as well as a number of that aircraft's components. Restorative work continues on other aircraft, including the World War n Hawker-Hurricane fighter. The staff completed a radiation safety survey of flight instruments and space artifacts to determine contamination levels of Radium-226, and a conservation assessment of the artifacts in storage at the Garber Facility.

Research - As a part of the Institution's Global Change Research Program, remote sensing and geomorphologic studies of the hyperarid and semi-arid regions of Earth continue. This program includes a collaborative study with researchers at the University of New Hampshire and in the Czech Republic to assess forest and soil damage due to air pollution in Central Europe. Another collaborative study employs remote sensing and field data to map soils, vegetation and morphologic relationships to allow understanding of the paleoenvironment at Mpala Ranch, central Kenya. Remote sensing data continues to be used to study the impact of urban growth in the Washington/Baltimore area on vegetation loss and sediment flux into the Chesapeake Bay. As part of the program in atmospheric science and comparative planetology, staff made the first detection of winds in the atmosphere of Titan, the largest satellite of Saturn, and are developing instrumentation for measuring the Earth's stratospheric hydroxide abundance. Infrared spectroscopic imaging of sites of new star formations in our own and other galaxies has also been completed.

Exhibitions - NASM opened two exhibitions in FY 1994 featuring women and their outstanding contributions to the world of flight. One of these exhibitions, "Patty Wagstaff-National Aerobatics Champion," featured the Extra 260 aerobatics aircraft, flown by World Aerobatics Champion Patty Wagstaff. The second exhibition, "Aerial Inspirations," is a collection of silk batiks made by Mary Edna Fraser from aerial photographs. Longer term projects include "How Things Fly," a hands-on exhibition on the scientific principles of flight; an exhibition on cosmology; and an exhibition on the role of African Americans in aviation. Another exhibition, "Monitoring the Amazonia from Space," features the use of satellite images to monitor ecological changes in Amazonia.

Publications - Publications in FY 1994 include Where Next. Columbus?: The Future of Space Exploration , which accompanied the exhibition of the same name, was edited by the curator, Valerie Neal, and contained essays by Tom Lovejoy, Stephen Jay Gould, Carl Sagan, Edward Stone, and other well known thinkers; and Space: Discovery and Exploration , edited by Martin Collins and Sylvia Kraemer. Two books on the rich holdings in NASM's collection were published by the Smithsonian Institution Press: Landmarks in Digital Computing , by Paul Ceruzzi and Peggy Kidwell, and U.S. Space Gear: Outfitting the Astronaut , by Lillian Kozloski. The Rocket and the Reich , by Michael J. Neufeld, published by The Free Press, has already won the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Best Book award for 1994. New titles in the Smithsonian History of Aviation series include Carrier Warfare in the Pacific: An Oral History Collection , by E. T. Wooldridge; Admiral William A. Moffett: Architect of Naval Aviation , by William F. Trimble; Loving's Love: A Black American's Experience in Aviation , by Neal Loving: and Black Aviator: The Story of William J. Powell , by William J. Powell.

Education and Outreach - Several new initiatives encourage a more diverse visitorship to the Museum and increase interest in public programs. NASM buses youngsters from the District of Columbia schools and other school systems in the metropolitan area to the Museum for programs featuring culturally diverse astronauts and military and civilian aviators. The children are encouraged to look up to these men and women as role models. Culturally diverse students are being trained as explainers to carry out demonstrations for the public in various galleries on the principles of aviation and space flight. These young people will gain insight into the way flying machines operate while building up self-confidence in making public presentations.

National Museum of American History

Abstract - "The National Museum of American History (NMAH) dedicates its collections and scholarship to inspiring a broader understanding of our nation and its many peoples. We create learning opportunities, stimulate imaginations, and present challenging ideas about our country's past." This new mission statement was developed in 1994 through an extensive strategic planning initiative launched by the Museums's new director in response to mandated reductions and Smithsonian-wide restructuring. The plan to achieve the Museum 's mission and meet future challenges will require its seeking a diversity of funding sources and management approaches.

The NMAH also administers the National Postal Museum (NPM). Its mission is to collect, preserve, and interpret the personal and cultural heritage of the American people as it relates to postal history and philately.

The Smithsonian requests an FY 1996 increase of $777,000 for continued development and further implementation of the NMAH's Collections Information System (CIS). This request is part of the Institution's electronic outreach/public access initiative. The Institution also requires $646,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The following illustrates highlights of the Museum's achievements in interpreting this country's rich and diverse history.

Collections - In FY 1994, the Museum received 14,942 objects largely through donation. They include the Woolworth's lunch counter and stools from the site of a 1960 student-led civil rights sit-in and the Pentagon switchboard used in all telecommunications emergencies from WWII through Desert Storm.

Research and Publications - Intense research activity has resulted in a number of significant publications in FY 1994. Jeffrey Stine's Mixing the Waters: Environment. Politics, and the Building of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway (The University of Akron Press) has already won two major awards. Musical research led to four classical compact disc recordings and provided the musical scores that enabled the Smithsonian Jazz Orchestra to perform 20 concerts in six cities.

Collections Management - The Museum has developed and implemented a strong collections accountability program, analyzed and sought solutions to its short- and long-term storage requirements. built and staffed modern conservation laboratories, and analyzed its retrospective collections documentation workloads. Collections management staff continued to move collections to the Museum Support Center, which is now 25 percent occupied. The multi-year asbestos removal and renovation of Building 17 at Silver Hill is targeted to begin in late FY 1995.

Exhibitions - In FY 1994, 13 exhibitions opened at the Museum. The largest, "Science in American Life," explores the historical interaction between science and society. Also in FY 1994, the Museum produced "The American Festival," an exhibition and music program celebrating American history and culture, held near Tokyo, Japan. In FY 1995, the Museum will continue to present displays on noteworthy aspects of American life, including the League of Women Voters and the creation of an audiovisual orientation theater within the first ladies hall. Now scheduled for FY 1996, the permanent exhibition, "Land of Promise," will explore American life in the 19th century.

Public Programs - The highlight of FY 1994 was the opening of the Museum's second interactive learning area for families, the popular "Hands on Science Center," as part of the Science exhibition. The Museum also hosted two electronic classroom sessions and now are part of the America Online information service. In FY 1995 and FY 1996, the Museum plans to launch new multimedia interactive learning packages focusing on local history and exploring science.

The National Postal Museum - The National Postal Museum completed its first year of operation in 1994. A primary focus was on improved collections management and control. In addition to 30 public programs, two exhibitions opened in 1994. One, "Gems of Hawaii: The Persis Collection of Hawaiian Stamps," illustrated the history of the Hawaiian Islands in the 19th century; the other, "Unwelcome: Moritz Schoenberger and S. S. St. Louis," chronicled the experiences of a Holocaust survivor who traveled aboard that ill-fated ship. During FY 1995 and FY 1996, staff will finish five manuscripts and NPM will open an exhibition on the Federal Duck Stamp program.

Explanation of Program Increase - Collections Information System in Support of the Institution's Electronic Outreach/Public Access Initiative ($777,000) - For FY 1996, the Smithsonian requests an increase of $777,000 for continued development and further implementation of the NMAH's Collections Information System (CIS). The Museum has been working on the CIS program for several years to improve its ability to care for and manage its collections and to serve its varied audiences. Donations of services, hardware and software and a mixture of federal and private funds have been this program's unpredictable baseline of support. Within reach is electronic access to image, text, video and audio information about the objects in the museum's collections, its programs, publications and research material.

Requested funding will be used to continue software development and implementation of CIS, to upgrade the Museum's computing and communications environment, and to continue the digitizing of existing photographic, audio and video collections. The museum would also be able to complete the planning, design and development of a publicly accessible Museum Reference Center. This additional support ensures both our staff and external audiences of measurable success on this program.

National Museum of the American Indian

Abstract - The National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI), established in 1989 by Public Law 101-185, recognizes and affirms to Native communities and the non-Native public the historical and contemporary cultures and cultural achievements of the Native peoples of the western hemisphere. This is achieved through development and use of its collections and nationwide public programming, research, and exhibitions executed in consultation with Native peoples. The mission of NMAI states that the Museum has a special responsibility, through innovative public programming, research, and collections, to protect, support, and enhance the development, maintenance, and perpetuation of Native American culture and community. NMAI operates planning and administrative offices in Washington, D.C.; the former Museum of the American Indian at Audubon Terrace in New York City; a new exhibition center in New York City at the George Gustav Heye Center (GGHC) at the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House; and the Research Branch located in the Bronx, New York. The Research Branch houses curatorial offices, a conservation laboratory, and most of the Museum's one million objects. Future facilities include a reference, collections, and program support center at Suitland, Maryland, and a museum building on the Mall.

The Smithsonian requests a FY 1996 increase of 30 positions and $4,285,000 for administrative support (3 workyears and $878,000); Cultural Resources Center (CRC) equipment ($1,451,000); community services (4 workyears and $253,000); public programs and exhibitions (6 workyears and $232,000); cultural resources (4 workyears and $480,000); facilities support to the Cultural Resources Center at Suitland, Maryland (3 workyears and $137,000); and security coverage and full Occupational Safety and Health Administration and health program support for the New York facilities (GGHC and Research Branch) (10 workyears and $854,000). Workyears associated with this increase will be accommodated within the Institution's workyear ceiling. The Institution also requires $289,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Museum of the American Indian, located in New York City, opened its doors to the public in 1922. On June 24, 1990, the collection was transferred to the Smithsonian Institution to form the base of the National Museum of the American Indian. The collection, initiated near the turn of the century, is one of the world's richest assemblages of artifacts of the indigenous cultures of the western hemisphere.

Facilities Planning - There are three programmatic aspects of facilities planning for NMAI: GGHC, CRC and Mall Museum. The renovated George Gustav Heye Center opened to the public October 30, 1994, in New York City. Architectural consultants have completed the design documents for the Cultural Resources Center collections facility to be located in Suitland, Maryland. Completion of this facility's construction is scheduled for September 1997; capital expenditures for equipment and furnishings not included in the Construction account, as well as necessary staffing, will be required in FY 1996. The architect for the Mall Museum began the conceptual design phase in December 1994.

Exhibitions and Public Programs - A regular cycle of changing exhibitions will begin to unfold at the Heye Center, following its recent successful opening in New York. Planning for the opening exhibitions projected staggered cycles for each of the galleries. "Creations's Journey: Native American Identity and Belief and "All Roads Are Good" have 3-5 year life spans. "This Path We Travel: Celebrations of Native American Creativity" has a shorter cycle; its galleries will become a venue for rotating exhibitions that demonstrate collaboration with contemporary Native people with an emphasis on fine art. Development of the exhibition master plan for the Mall Museum will begin concurrent with the architectural design development.

Public programs to accompany exhibitions at the Heye Center will continue with an emphasis on connecting Native culture and expression directly with the public. In FY 1996, NMAI will further expand its efforts to its communities and constituencies. The Museum will organize a network of six regional advisors to serve as a direct connection to Native people on issues of content development, collections documentation and use, and furtherance of the Museum's mission. The Museum will also initiate collaborative projects directly with Native communities and tribal centers to result in exhibitions, programs and sharing of expertise. In addition, NMAI will expand its use of technology to link groups of high school students with the Heye Center.

Collections Management and Access - The Museum expanded its staff support for repatriation in FY 1993 and FY 1994. NMAI returned a number of objects to Kawkiutl tribal members in British Columbia and to Jemez Pueblo in New Mexico. In addition, a number of human remains were returned to various tribes. As a result of the mailing of full inventories of materials, representatives of several tribes have visited the Museum.

The Museum is preparing to move collection materials from the now-closed Main Branch at 155th Street and Broadway in New York to the Research Branch in the Bronx by December, 1995. The Smithsonian has constructed a temporary building at the Bronx site to provide staff office space, allowing more efficient use of space within the storage building for collections.

National Campaign - The National Campaign is making significant progress toward its goal of raising one-third of the construction cost for the NMAI Mall facility in Washington, D.C. As of November 1994, the Campaign has generated over $30.8 million, with more than $26 million of the total dedicated to construction of the NMAI Mall facility. In October 1994, the Mashanrucket Pequot Tribal Nation of Connecticut donated $10 million to the NMAI Campaign. This gift, the largest single cash contribution to date for the Campaign, is also the largest single cash donation to the Smithsonian in its history.

The Campaign developed and managed three major special events to commemorate the opening of the George Gustav Heye Center in New York City during October 1994. A fund-raising gala netted nearly $1.2 million for the construction fund. NMAI developed and placed print advertisements, including a series with fund-raising coupons, in the New York Times , the New York Times Magazine . Smithsonian magazine, and other publications. In addition, NMAI developed pro bono television public service announcements.

Since NMAI implemented the Campaign's toll-free number (800-242-NMAI) in November 1993, more than 10,000 calls have been received, resulting in over 2.000 memberships and gifts. A nationwide membership program currently has more than 73,000 members.

Explanation of Program Increase - For FY 1996, NMAI requests an increase of 30 positions and $4,285,000 for administrative support (3 workyears and $878,000); expenses for equipping the CRC at Suitland, Maryland ($1,451,000); community services (4 workyears and $253,000); public programs and exhibitions (6 workyears and $232,000); cultural resources (4 workyears and $480,000); facilities support to the Cultural Resources Center at Suitland, Maryland (3 workyears and $137,000); and security coverage and full OSHA and health program support for the New York facilities (GGHC and Research Branch) (10 workyears and $854,000). Workyears associated with this increase will be accommodated within the Institution's workyear ceiling.

Administrative Support (3 positions and $878,000) - NMAI requires a contract specialist and two support staff ($143,000) to handle the arduous workload projected due to the wide range of procurement actions required prior to the Cultural Resources Center at Suitland, Maryland occupancy. With the expected construction completion of the facility in late FY 1997, it is critical that these positions be in place during FY 1996 to meet the stringent procurement timelines and requirements to assure timely delivery of goods and services. After the opening of the Cultural Resources Center, this staff will be assigned to procurement activities for the Mall Museum, expected to open in 2001. Administrative support costs ($735,000) are requested to cover operations functions of the Washington, D.C. and New York facilities due to the hiring of additional staff and the large increase in the number of projected visitors at the GGHC. Included in these cost increases are staff travel between Washington, D.C. and New York; upgrading of phone systems in New York; rent and real estate costs in Washington D.C; computer supplies and upgrades of hardware; service agreements; and cleaning and consumable supplies.

Cultural Resources Center Equipment ($1,451,000) - This increase is earmarked for specific funding to begin to equip the Cultural Resources Center at Suitland, Maryland. In order to provide adequate accommodation for traditional care and research for the one million artifacts presently housed in New York, and public access for scholars and tribal representatives utilizing the collection, expenditures must begin in FY 1996 for collections storage equipment ($1,000,000) and a universal communication system ($451,000). These items will require long lead times for procurement and installation and will need to be closely coordinated with the building construction contract. The collections storage equipment includes compact shelving units, rigging devices and artifact mounts to accept and store the collections which are moving from New York. The communication system requires cabling for voice, data, and imaging requirements, and equipment to provide efficient communication within the Suitland facility, communication with other NMAI sites, and automated access to the collections and research information.

The Institution anticipates that this increase of $1,451,000 will be retained in its base to continue the purchase of this critical communications and collections storage equipment for the Suitland facility in preparation for staff occupancy and the beginning relocation of the collection from New York in 1997. Additional funding will be required in FY 1997 and future years for the purchase of collections storage equipment in order to complete the relocation of the New York collection.

Community Services (4 positions and $253,000) - The establishment of a program for Community Services with an assistant director, one program specialist, and two support staff to provide services to Native American communities is a high priority of the Museum. This program effort will focus on such activities as training and internship programs, and expanding the accessibility of NMAI's

extensive collections and resources to its constituencies. The establishment of the office will aid in the direct provision of outreach and support as mandated by NMAI's legislation.

Public Programs and Exhibitions (6 positions and $232,000) - Additional staff is needed to help NMAI meet the overwhelming response to the George Gustav Heye Center in New York. This success is demonstrated by the large number of visitors (117,937 as of January 21, 1995) and the heavy demand for educational tours by school groups. Within its first month, NMAI booked school group tours through the end of the academic year. The staff reservation clerk has 50 more requests each week than can be accommodated. NMAI requires one public program specialist and three public program assistants to provide on-floor instruction and guidance as a part of the exhibition experience. More school groups could be scheduled if the additional staff were in place. Therefore, the Institution requests additional support staff to handle the increased program workload.

Program plans will be expanded to include other educational activities such as classes, lectures, teacher workshops, and seminars. In FY 1995, NMAI is presenting gallery talks by Native people closely linked to the exhibitions; weekend programs presenting film-video, performing artists, and storytellers; and special events. Additional funds will allow NMAI to present a greater number of educational activities, bring visiting artists from throughout the hemisphere, and provide better pre-visit curricular materials for teachers and other leaders of visiting groups.

The Institution also requests one exhibit specialist to handle the increased workload as a changing exhibit program begins and one exhibit development specialist to coordinate the changing exhibitions beginning in 1996.

Cultural Resources (4 positions and $480,000) - NMAI requires additional staff of two collections specialists, one repatriation researcher and one support staff for the Cultural Resources Department to provide services in the area of cultural resources, including the critical areas of repatriation, access to collections, and collections management. One collections specialist will be added to the collections management staff and will assist in service to outside researchers, curatorial staff using objects in exhibition development, and tribal delegations examining collections for possible repatriation requests. A research assistant will be added to the Repatriation Office staff to develop the documentation of collection materials necessary to support staff recommendations concerning requests from tribes. A collections specialist and a support person will be added to the curatorial staff. The specialist will fulfill curatorial functions in the area of Woodlands and/or Plains cultures. These materials constitute approximately one quarter of the holdings of ethnographic materials from the United States. This specialist's expertise will allow the Museum to use its holdings more effectively in research and exhibition development. Hiring the support person will allow the senior curator to function more efficiently in coordinating the work of the curatorial staff and other divisions in the Cultural Resources department of the Museum.

Additional program funds in the amount of $288,000 will allow the curatorial staff to expand its research activities with more field research in tribal communities, enhance the conservation of the collection through specialized treatments by contract conservators, and support on-going digital imaging of objects and photos in the collections. These digital images will allow for greater access to the collection through electronic transmission.

In preparation for the relocation of the collection to Suitland, Maryland over a seven-year period, additional staff in the collections area will work to update inventories, assist in ongoing conservation activities, and prepare objects for the move from the Bronx, New York to the Suitland. Maryland location. The repatriation program will be a critical point as NMAI responds to tribal requests. Extensive research and documentation must be an integral part of this process to ensure proper disposition of requests. This highly sensitive issue should be addressed with cultural awareness, timeliness, and accurate data.

Facilities Support (3 positions and $137,000) - To provide support to the Cultural Resources Center at Suitland, Maryland, the Office of Plant Services (OPlantS) will hire three staff members to provide on-site technical expertise while the facility is under construction. The presence of two operating engineers and one groundskeeper will assure effective coordination between the contractor installing the systems, the facility occupants, and the OPlantS' staff responsible for operating the systems, as well as ensuring proper maintenance of the grounds. When the facility is fully occupied and open for public use as a cultural and scholarly resource, these positions will continue as part of a larger support staff.

Custom House Security and Health Program Support (10 positions and $854,000) - This program increase will enhance the protection of American Indian artifacts and exhibits, and improve the safety and health of staff employed by the National Museum of the American Indian. The public expects, and legal mandates compel, that visitation to Smithsonian museum facilities occur in a safe and secure environment. The physical layout of the facilities and the unique educational and public programs of the National Museum of the American Indian in New York present diverse security and safety challenges. The increase will provide for full-time in-house emergency first aid and occupational health employees to respond to medical emergencies, ensure the safety and health of staff and visitors, and implement occupational health programs for NMAI facilities. This program increase will provide funding for the Office of Protection Services to hire eight Smithsonian security officers and contract security officers necessary to secure the Custom House, one occupational health nurse, and one emergency medical technician.

National Museum of American Art

Abstract - The National Museum of American Art (NMAA) is dedicated to the arts and artists of the United States from earliest colonial times to the present. NMAA promotes art as a source of enrichment for the layperson and scholar alike, and serves as a resource in the broadest possible sense for American visual arts. NMAA serves audiences throughout the country, as well as those who visit its two historic landmark buildings in Washington, D.C. Outreach takes the form of circulating exhibitions, educational materials, publications, and automated research resources which reflect the diversity of the country's citizenry and art.

For FY 1996, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the National Museum of American Art. The Institution requires $230,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - NMAA stimulates an understanding of American visual expression in its broadest contexts through interpretive exhibitions, publications, and programs. As a national institution, NMAA explores and serves the heritage of diverse communities in the United States.

National Outreach and Education - The Museum's largest outreach project, Save Outdoor Sculpture!, is now operative in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, with surveys completed in 5 states and over 14,000 sculptures reported so far. A fundraising kit, including a 40-page booklet, brochure, and 10-minute video, was produced in 1994 to assist state organizations concerned with long-term care and maintenance of outdoor sculpture. The Museum's National Arts and Humanities Education Program began distributing educational materials to secondary schools across America. This program is intended to expand students' awareness of their cultural heritage as represented in the visual arts. Two multi-media, cross-curricular packets were completed and distributed. Special outreach initiatives, exhibitions, and interpretive programming resulted in greatly increased participation by the African-American, Asian, and Hispanic communities. Events for "Free Within Ourselves: African-American Artists from the Collection of the National Museum of American Art" included a teacher open house, family day, fashion show, lectures, concerts, tours, and more. The annual Chinese New Year Celebration drew thousands of visitors. The Luis Jiminez and Jesse Trevino exhibitions and events drew many from the Hispanic community.

A New Media Initiatives project began implementing new technologies for both local and national audiences. The Interpreted Landscape: 19th Century American Landscape Painting , a collection-based interactive computer kiosk produced in-house, was the first undertaking. NMAA Online (on the commercial network America Online) provided remote network access to a growing variety of museum information and images. Over 100.000 people "visited" the Museum through America Online, downloading images from the collections more than 35,000 times. In December 1994. the Museum inaugurated its Internet server, with over 500 images and substantial text from

brochures, catalogues, and other museum publications available for downloading. Work continued on a CD-ROM based on NMAA's permanent collection, to be published in October 1995.

Exhibitions - Among the 14 exhibitions on view during FY 1994 and 1995 at the Museum and its Renwick Gallery, highlights were "Thomas Cole: Landscape into History," which presented 80 works by the founder of the American landscape school, and "Free Within Ourselves: African-American Artists in the Collection of the National Museum of American Art," which featured almost 200 works by nearly 100 artists. "Man on Fire: Luis Jiminez" and "Jesse Trevino: New York, Vietnam, San Antonio," which included major works now owned by NMAA, focused on two key Mexican-American artists. At the Renwick Gallery, "California Arts and Crafts" brought to Washington a remarkable group of works from the early years of the 20th century, while "Contemporary Navajo Weaving" and "William Daley: Ceramic Works and Drawings" drew attention to contemporary craft movements. NMAA expanded its Traveling Exhibitions Program by including four additional exhibitions from its collections, while "William H. Johnson Retrospective," "Between Home and Heaven" and "Jacob Kainen" continued touring.

Collections - The Museum's collection of more than 37,500 objects encompasses painting, sculpture, graphic art, photography, and folk art, as well as modern crafts at its Renwick Gallery. In FY 1994, the Museum acquired a number of new works by purchase and gift, including Technology , a video sculpture by Nam June Paik, and Suzy Frelinghuysen's Composition-Toreador Drinking (1944). In preparation for the "Free Within Ourselves" exhibition, significant works by African-American photographers, sculptors, and painters were acquired, including an untitled canvas from 1962 by Norman Lewis, Thornbush Blues Totem by New Orleans sculptor John Scott, Hughie Lee-Smith's The Stranger (1957), and vintage photographs by James VanDerZee, Robert McNeill, and P.H. Polk. The Death of Cleopatra (1876), a life-sized sculpture by Edmonia Lewis, was given to NMAA by the Historical Society of Forest Park, Illinois. John Singer Sargent's remarkable Pomegranates. Majorca ca. 1908, was a partial gift of NMAA commissioner David Purvis. The Renwick's collection was enhanced by the KPMG Peat Marwick Collection of 28 craft objects.

Publications - The highly-acclaimed exhibition-related catalogue, Thomas Cole: Landscape into History , by William H. Truettner and Alan Wallach, was published in 1994. NMAA and Hyperion Books for Children co-published Celebrate America in Poetry and Art , a children's book based on the permanent collection and edited by Nora Panzer, Chief of Educational Programs. This book was named in November as one of the "best books of 1994" by School Library Journal.

Research - In 1994, the Museum appointed its first Distinguished Scholar in American Art. Dr. Sidra Stich, an independent scholar from Berkeley, California. The fellowship program hosted 19 scholars from across the United States. The Eldredge Prize for outstanding scholarship in the field of American art was awarded to Dr. Sally Promey for her book. Spiritual Spectacles: Vision and Image in Mid-Nineteenth Century Shakerism .

An electronic research center was established to provide access to various art historical research products and online services in the NMAA/NPG Library beginning in fall 1994. The library also acquired an important addition of ephemera for its vertical files from the estate of Professor Ellen G. Johnson, well-know historian and critic of modern art who served on the faculty of Oberlin College. Another 10,000 images from the Peter A. Juley and Son Collections were added to the photograph archives.

National Portrait Gallery

Abstract - The National Portrait Gallery (NPG), dedicated to the exhibition and study of portraits of people who have made significant contributions to American history and culture and to the study of the artists who created such portraiture, sponsors a variety of scholarly and public activities for audiences interested in American art and American history.

For FY 1996, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the National Portrait Gallery. The Institution requires $165,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Gallery collects, researches, and exhibits portraits in all media as both historical and artistic documents.

Collections Acquisition - Purchases included John Neagle's 1842 life portrait of Henry Clay; Elaine deKooning's painting of art critic Harold Rosenberg; a sculpted bust of composer Aaron Copland; a daguerreotype of P.T. Barnum and Tom Thumb ca. 1850; photographs of the Ute Delegation (1868) by Mathew Brady Studio; Irene Castle (1919) by Baron Adolph De Meyer; Ralph Abernathy by Dan Weiner (1956); a self portrait gouache by Joseph Stella; an 1838 lithograph of Osceola by George Catlin; and a collage of Josephine Baker by Paolo Garretto. Gifts included paintings of jazz musician Dizzy Gillespie, physicist Robert A. Millikan, environmentalist Marjory Stoneman Douglas; 13 color carbro photographs by Harry Warnecke; 52 black and white prints by Hans Namuth; and drawings by Ray Kinstler, Joe Grant, Gardner Cox, Ed Sorel, and various Disney artists. In addition, the James Smithson Society awarded a grant enabling the purchase of 24 color photographs of prominent contemporary artists and architects by Hans Namuth.

Collections Management - Funds from the Institution's Research Equipment Pool enabled NPG and the National Museum of American Art to acquire an infrared reflectography video system with accompanying computer imaging capabilities. Other purchases include a reflection densitometer, a colorimeter to measure the effects of light damage to works of art, and a new deionized water system to provide filtered water for testing and treatment. The Gallery also acquired photographic equipment that scans both black and white and color photographs up to 8x10 inches and produce direct dye sublimation prints for use in the computerized collection management file, as well as in publications in hard copy and electronic media.

Research - The Catalog of American Portraits continued to add documentation and images to its interactive database, surveying historically significant portrait collections in Kansas, Montana, Washington, and Hawaii, and conducting biographical research on sitters and artists of Hispanic descent. The Peale Family Papers project prepared the manuscript for Volume 4 of selected papers for publication by Yale University Press and continued its research for Volume 5 (Peale's autobiography) and the catalog raisonne of the work of Rembrandt Peale (1778-1860). In addition, the library received

a substantial research collection from the estate of Ellen G. Johnson, one of Oberlin College's legendary professors, a well-known historian and critic of modern art.

Exhibitions - "VanDerZee, Photographer (1886-1983)" featured over 100 photographs by one of the most important African American photographers of the twentieth century. A reduced version of this exhibition will be circulated by the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service in 1995. "To the President: Folk Portraits by the People" included 56 one-of-a-kind tributes to U.S. presidents from Hoover to Clinton. "From Elizabeth I to Elizabeth II: Master Drawings from the National Portrait Gallery, London" was chosen from the rich collections of the National Portrait Gallery's sister institution in London. "Reporting the War: the Journalistic Coverage of World War II" centered on 35 men and women who brought the story of World War U to the American people. Major publications accompanied each of these exhibitions. "Art and the Camera, 1900-1940: Pictorialist Photographs from the National Portrait Gallery" followed the development of pictorialist photography from the turn of the century through the 1930s.

Research and writing for the February 1995 exhibition, "Majestic in His Wrath: The Life of Frederick Douglass" (organized with the National Park Service), have been completed, with the exhibition to open in February 1995. Research is nearly complete for the exhibition "1846: A Year of Decision," which celebrates the 150th anniversary of the Smithsonian, and for "Red, Hot & Blue: The Rise of the American Musical," which opens in the fall of 1996.

Publications - Saint-Memin and Neoclassical Profile Portrait in America by Ellen G. Miles, a Barra Foundation book, was co-published by NPG and the Smithsonian Institution Press. The book is the culmination of twenty years of research by Dr. Miles, prompted by Mr. and Mrs. Paul Mellon s gift of a collection of nearly one thousand Saint-Memin portrait engravings to NPG. In November 1994, an illustrated catalogue of this artist's work and an essay on the neoclassical profile portrait in America was published.

Education - In addition to the normal offerings of tours, interactive school programs, and senior adult presentations, lectures, symposia, and dramatic and musical performances were presented by the Gallery. Sixteen "Lunchtime Lectures" were presented in FY 1994, and student and family photography workshops were conducted in conjunction with the VanDerZee exhibition.

Special Projects - To assist visitors navigating the Smithsonian museums, NPG produced a new series of guides called See More About It... . a cross-referencing project that links people depicted in NPG portraits to objects and exhibitions in other Smithsonian museums.

Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden

Abstract - The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (HMSG) was established as the Smithsonian's museum of modern and contemporary art by Public Law 89-788, signed on November 7, 1966. While the nucleus of the collection remains Joseph Hirshhom's original gift, it has been greatly enriched by additional gifts from Mr. Hirshhorn and the 1981 bequest of the an he had collected since 1966. Other benefactors, such as collectors and artists, continue to give works to the Museum. Purchases made from funds provided by Federal appropriations, the Smithsonian's Board of Regents, Mr. Hirshhorn, private donors, and sales from the permanent collection have continued to strengthen the collection and emphasized its contemporary character. Museum programming features works from the collection, special exhibitions, and a wide variety of public programs.

For FY 1996, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. The Institution requires $132,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden presents exhibitions; manages, conserves, exhibits, and publishes its collection; acquires new works for the collection; and develops public programs for a broad audience of all ages.

Exhibitions - Two major exhibitions are on the Museum's schedule for FY 1995. "Bruce Nauman," organized by the Walker Art Center in association with HMSG is a retrospective of one of the world's most important and influential artists. "Sean Scully," organized by the High Museum of Art, is a survey of the work of an Irish-born, New York-based abstract painter. Three exhibitions will be presented in the Museum's "Directions" program. "Gary Simmons" features a series of works by a young African American artist working in New York. "Cindy Sherman: Film Stills" documents the early work of one of the most important young photographers working in this country. "Martin Kippenberger: Drawings" surveys works on paper by an important German artist.

Acquisitions - The Hirshhorn maintains an acquisition program which is internationally respected. Among the works purchased by the Museum in FY 1994 were: Richard Deacon, Fish Out of Water (1986-87); Robert Gober, Three Parts of an X (1985); Gerhard Richter, The Annunciation after Titian (1973); George Tooker, The Letter Box (1953); Georg Baselitz, Meissen Woodsmen (Meissener Waldarbeiter) (1968-69); Tony Cragg, Inverted Sugar Crop (1986); Richard Diebenkom, Untitled (1992); Claes Oldenburg, 7-Up (1961); and Julian Schnabel, Portrait of Andy Warhol (1982).

Public Programs - To facilitate visitor appreciation and understanding of modern and contemporary art, the Museum presents a lecture and film program, and produces a variety of materials, including catalogues, brochures, and extended wall labels. A grant from the Smithsonian's Special Exhibition Fund is enabling the Museum to publish a family guide to HMSG, present public conversations with a staff conservator, organize a series of lectures by artists represented in the

collection, and mount a series of exhibitions focusing on works in the collection. In addition, a new brochure introducing the Museum is currently being prepared. An annual lecture in contemporary art, established by funding from Dr. and Mrs. Marvin Mordes, is presented each fall. The Museum's auditorium is the site for conceits presented by the 20th Century Consort.

Arthur M. Sackler Gallery/Freer Gallery of Art

Abstract - The Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, established in 1982, and the Freer Gallery of Art, established in 1906 as the Smithsonian Institution's first art museum, are the American national museums of Asian arts. Both actively seek to stimulate interest in and increase knowledge about the artistic and cultural traditions of Asia through exhibitions, public programs, research, publications, collections management, and acquisitions. The Freer Gallery also contains a collection of American art by artists whose work was influenced by Asian art. While the Freer Gallery neither lends objects nor exhibits works borrowed from either museums or individuals, the Sackler Gallery both lends from its collections and borrows works to augment its own holdings. Collections acquisition for the galleries is coordinated; together the galleries are an important resource for the cultural heritage of Asia. These two museums complement each other in all activities and are jointly administered by one director and served by a single staff.

The Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for FY 1996 programmatic increase for the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and the Freer Gallery of Art. The Institution requires $160,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - Arthur M. Sackler Gallery - The Arthur M. Sackler Gallery opened in September 1987 as a national museum of Asian art. In addition to exhibiting its permanent collections and loans from international sources, the Gallery presents in-depth public programs related to exhibition material. The goal of the Sackler Gallery is to expand knowledge about and appreciation of the arts of Asia and the cultural and physical contexts from which these works emerge.

Exhibitions - Exhibitions provide the primary public links with the cultural diversity of Asia. The exhibitions at the Sackler Gallery draw from national and international public and private collections and from the Gallery's own collections. Planning is currently underway for 11 new exhibits, which will open FY 1995 and beyond.

Education - One of the major focuses of the education department is to develop materials directly related to exhibitions that are able to stand alone following the close of an exhibition.

Research - Research provides the basis for Sackler Gallery exhibitions, publications, and collections acquisitions. The research program involves both visiting scholars and the permanent curatorial and conservation staff. The Gallery disseminates research results to the public through lectures, symposia, collection research files, books, exhibitions and exhibition catalogues, free gallery guides, brochures, papers, and articles.

Conservation - Conservation research seeks to understand the origin and physical nature of objects and thereby to improve their care and treatment. A major expansion of the conservation

facilities in the renovated Freer Gallery also serves the Sackler's collections, providing new space for research efforts.

Collections Acquisition - In FY 1994, the Gallery received 69 gifts and acquired 11 objects by purchase. Acquisitions include 30 contemporary Japanese ceramics and 19 Japanese woodblock prints.

Freer Gallery of Art - The Freer Gallery of Art, which opened in May 1923, is the Smithsonian's first art museum. Its collection contains works from across Asia. The Gallery also has a small collection of paintings by the American expatriate artist James McNeill Whistler. In addition to the program on American Art and the interrelationship of American and Asian traditions, the goal of the Freer Gallery, like that of the Sackler Gallery, is to expand the knowledge and appreciation of works of art from Asia and their cultural and physical contexts through exhibitions, education, research, conservation, and acquisitions.

Art objects are presented to the public with wall text panels and gallery guides that provide cultural context. The Gallery also features a continuing calendar of public programs presenting the living arts of Asia and the pluralistic aspects of individual Asian societies.

Exhibitions - Because of the complex nature of the natural and artificial light systems at the Freer, a long-term project was undertaken to evaluate the daylight control systems and ensure that objects will be exposed to safe levels of light. Several hundred objects were installed during the past year to replace light-sensitive works of art. In addition, new presentations of objects were installed.

Education - The Freer Gallery encourages families, students, and educators to make use of the Gallery through teacher in-service programs, teacher workshops, curriculum materials, and family programs. The development of curricula focuses on presenting the images of the Freer collections to a national pre-collegiate audience. A high school internship was inaugurated for young Asian Americans. Public programs at the Freer make use of the superb acoustics in the Meyer Auditorium for concerts, which include Asian performers and contemporary Asian composers, film festivals, and performing arts programs with traditional Asian music and dance.

Research - The Freer and Sackler galleries share staff, research, and support facilities that together constitute an international center for advanced scholarly research and public education of Asian art and culture, as well as on specific areas of American art. Although the results of research are most visible in exhibitions, the Freer disseminates research through collection records, lectures, and published papers and books.

Conservation - Treatment of the collection continues in order to safeguard and improve the physical well-being of the objects. A special painting conservation program in Japan, completely supported by a private research foundation and designed to remount and restore Japanese paintings in the Freer collections, continues. The Department of Conservation and Scientific Research carries out object conservation and primary research.

Collections Acquisition - In FY 1994, the Gallery received 56 gifts and purchased 22 objects. including two with funds from the Freer and Sackler galleries' Friends of Asian Art.

Archives of American Art

Abstract - The Archives of American Art (AAA), a national research repository with reference centers in New York, Boston, Detroit, Los Angeles, and San Francisco, has the world's largest collection of archival materials relating to the history of the American visual arts, including original manuscripts, photographs, works of art on paper, and tape-recorded oral and video interviews. The collection is housed in Washington, D.C., with microfilm copies of many of the documents made available in the reference centers and through national and international interlibrary loans. The Archives actively seeks out, collects, and preserves original source materials for study by scholars, students, curators, collectors, and others interested in the history of art and encourages research in American art and cultural history through publications, symposia, lectures, and other public programs.

For FY 1995, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Archives of American Art. The Institution requires $51,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Archives of American Art documents the art and cultural history of the United States and encourages its study by collecting, preserving, and making easily accessible the primary source materials that are essential to research. Each year, AAA raises a significant portion of its operating funds from private sources.

Collections Acquisitions - During FY 1994, AAA acquired 122 groups of papers totaling more than 385,000 separate items and 57 oral history interviews. An additional 11 loans consisting of more than 10,000 items were borrowed for microfilming. Highlights added to the collections are letters of painter Clyfford Still (1904-1980); papers of the art historian and writer Richard McLanathan (b. 1916); painter Rene Santos (1954-1986); painter Matsumi Kanemitsu (1922-1992); printmaker/painter Maltby Sykes (1911-1992); and painters Peter Hurd (1904-1984) and his wife, painter Henriette Wyeth (b. 1907). AAA also acquired significant gallery records, including those of the Jacques Seligmann Co. Gallery, the Argus Gallery, and the Tibor de Nagy Gallery. Among oral history interviews are ones conducted with artists Mel Bochner (b. 1940) and Luchita Hurtado (b. 1920), the dealer Michael St. Clair (b. 1912), photographer Godfrey Frankel (b. 1910), and curator/art historian Eleanor A. Sayre (b. 1916).

Conservation and Collections Management - Several important items from the collections were examined and sent off-site for stabilization and conservation. They included a 1936 Salvador Dali exhibition pamphlet from the Julian Levy Gallery; an album of albumen photographs by Matthew Brady entitled "Recollections of an Art Exhibition. Metropolitan Fair;" a poster by Hugo Gellert, "American Student Delegation to Russia:" and 37 albumen prints by Bernice Abbott from her "Changing New York" series.

During FY 1994, more than 182 linear feet of collections (182,000 documents) were processed and cataloged. Thirty-four collections were microfilmed, producing 104 rolls of microfilm.

Research - In FY 1994, the reference centers received 3,622 research visits and responded to 5,664 mail or telephone inquiries. Some 8,916 reels of microfilm were studied, and AAA. loaned an additional 2,662 reels through its interlibrary loan program.

The Institution's photo lab processed ninety-two requests for duplicates from the photo archives. A reproduction of a color pencil sketch from the John Graham papers became the cover for a college textbook. A photograph of the American artist Rockwell Kent illustrated an article in American Music . The renowned publishing house, Harry N. Abrams, used a large number of documents and photographs from the Lee Krasner papers for a forthcoming biography on that artist. The most requested images from the collections were those of the American painter Mary Cassatt, photographs of the French painter Claude Monet's garden, images of African American artist Henry Ossawa Tanner, and photographs (circa 1913) of the interior installation of The Armory Show, the first exhibition of modern art held in the United States.

AAA completed three publications this fiscal year: A Guide for Archival Sources for Italian-American Art History in the Archives of American Art . A Finding Aid to the Esther McCoy Papers . and Philadelphia: A Guide to Art-Related Archival Materials . Two issues of the Newsletter of the Archives of American Art were circulated to colleges, libraries, and the entire membership lists of the College Art Association and the Society of American Archivists. The newsletter informs the research community of developments in AAA's collection database in terms of what is available on microfilm and new acquisitions. The Archives also published five issues of the Archives of American Art Journal . It includes quarterly collecting reports from each regional center as well as articles based on research in the collection often highlighted by illustrations and photographs.

Public Programs - The Archives' New York Reference Center held three exhibitions: papers from various holdings about the artist Frank Stella; selections from new collections on papers from the popular artists' colony in Provincetown; and the works of noted printmaker, painter, former curator, and Corcoran instructor, Jacob Kainen. At the Mid-West Reference Center in Detroit, the Advisory Board opened its annual meeting to the public for the first time. Dr. David Penney, curator of "Art of the American Indian: The Chandler-Pohrt Collection," spoke about the collecting careers of Milford Chandler and Richard Pohrt. The New England Reference Center in Boston co-hosted a lecture with the Friends of the Mt. Auburn Cemetery where Dolly Sherwood, author of Harriet Hosmer. American Sculptor. 1830-1908 . discussed Ms. Hosmer's work and later escorted members of the audience on a tour of the cemetery to view several of Hosmer's pieces. In Washington, D.C., lunchbag seminars focused on research in progress on AAA collections, as well as new approaches to the history of American art.

Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum

Abstract - Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, explores the creation and consequences of the designed environment. Design, a process of shaping matter to a purpose, is a fundamental activity. The designed object may be as common as a paper cup, as distinctive as a crystal goblet, or as complex as a city. The National Design Museum investigates the structures and effects of these products of design and their roles as forces for communication and change. The Museum is interested in all aspects of design, including urban planning, architecture, industrial design, landscape design, interior design, textiles, advertising, and graphic arts. As a place for collected objects, memories, and experiences, the Museum is a public trust founded on the principle that understanding the past and present will shape the future. Today the scale and pace of change require a new understanding — one that recognizes that individuals, societies, and the natural environment are linked through design.

The Smithsonian requests an FY 1996 increase of 2 positions and $249,000 for custodial services (2 workyears and $69,000) and facilities support ($180,000) for the Miller/Fox townhouses. Workyears associated with this increase will be accommodated within the Institution's workyear ceiling. The Institution requires $69,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, is the only museum in America devoted exclusively to historical and contemporary design. The Museum pursues its goal through exhibitions, publications, provisions for collections study, research, display, and educational programs for professionals, the adult public, and schoolchildren. In addition, the Museum jointly offers, with the Parsons School of Design, a master's degree program in the history of decorative arts.

Exhibitions - On February 8, 1994, the National Design Museum presented "Packaging the New: Design and the American Consumer, 1925-1975." This exhibition highlighted the work of America's industrial designers between 1925 and 1975. and explored how these designers worked with manufacturers and advertisers to stimulate the economy by designing and redesigning everyday goods.

For the first time in its history, an exhibition created by Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, was presented at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. "The Power of Maps," featuring more than 200 maps from a variety of time periods and cultures, opened at the International Gallery on the Mall on November 9, 1993 and had over 60,000 visitors.

Other notable exhibitions included: "A Royal Gift: The 1826 Porcelain Jewel Cabinet," "Towards Modern Design: Revival and Reform in Applied Arts 1850-1920," "Angles of Repose: A Garden Exhibition of Central Park Benches," and "The Structure of Style: Dutch Modernism in the Applied Arts, 1880-1930." Future exhibitions now in planning stages include "Mixing Messages: Graphic Design in Contemporary Culture." which will highlight graphic design in the United States, Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean from 1980 to the present.

Publications - "The Edge of the Millennium: Architecture, Urban Planning, Product and Communication Design," a critical analysis of the role of design as the world approaches the year 2000, was published by Whitney Library of Design in December 1993. In addition, a book was published by the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum and Princeton University Press to accompany the "Mechanical Brides: Women and Machines from Home to Office" exhibition.

Collections Activity - For FY 1994, the National Design Museum acquired 1,206 additional objects for its collection. Among the most notable were a rare 14th-century pen and ink drawing of a textile design; the only known 18th-century folding fan with a lace leaf; a collection of Dutch Modernist designs in ceramics; metalwork and graphics dating from 1880-1930; and a group of French late 18th and early 19th century wallpaper. During the same period, the Museum loaned 266 objects to 23 museums (including 37 objects for conservation) and borrowed 478 objects from 98 lenders.

Educational Programs - The National Design Museum's federal appropriation designated for educational programs allowed the Museum to continue to offer programs for children and free public programs. In connection with "Mechanical Brides: Women and Machines from Home to Office" and "Packaging the New: Design and the American Consumer 1925-1975" exhibitions, 8,000 students from public and private schools participated in free guided tours of these exhibitions.

This summer, the National Design Museum and the Board of Education of the City of New York sponsored the first annual summer Design Institute for Educators. This program presented ways to integrate design education into the New York City Public Schools' curricula. "A City of Neighborhoods: Bridging School and Community" brings teachers and architects together to explore the physical and social fabric of a specific neighborhood. During FY 1994, the program explored Harlem. The Museum also sponsored a summer series of free lectures and outdoor concerts entitled "Crosscurrents: Native American Design." The series was made possible by a grant from the Institution's Educational Outreach Fund.

Research - Approximately 545 scholars, private individuals, designers and corporate interests visited the collections for research purposes. Notable visitors included a representative of the Brazilian Ministry of Culture, the Vice President of the National Museums of Cuba, and the Deputy Director of the Yunnan Nationalities Museum in China. The Museum's specialized research library, which complements the collection, received 1,410 visitors from corporations and scholars and researchers from museums and universities around the world.

The Institution named the fifth Peter Krueger-Christie's Fellow during FY 1994 to conduct research on dating 17th and 18th century Western European silks. Mr. and Mrs. Harvey Krueger support a paid summer internship program for six college undergraduates to gain first-hand experience with museum work. The Museum also offers the Mark Kaminski Summer Internship for students of architectural history, design and design criticism.

Explanation of Program Increase - The Smithsonian requests an FY 1996 increase of 2 positions and $249,000 for custodial services for the Carnegie Mansion and the Miller and Fox townhouses (2 workyears and $69,000) and facilities support ($180,000) for telephone systems, increased utility costs, and physical plant support. All three of the Museum's buildings have been designated New York City and New York State historic landmarks; the Carnegie Mansion, the Museum's main building, is also on the National Register of Historic Places. In addition to the public space provided for the National

Design Museum, these facilities provide the classroom and offices for the graduate program in the History of Decorative Arts, and provide space for staff offices, collections and library storage, and public spaces for study and research.

Custodial Support (2 positions and $69,000) - Two custodial positions are requested to adequately care for the Miller/Fox collection and resource facility and the Carnegie mansion on a daily basis to provide the Museum staff and visiting public with a safe and clean environment, as well as to maintain health and safety regulations.

Facilities Support ($180,000) - This program increase will fund the replacement of the Museum's antiquated telephone system ($80,000), as well as fund utility costs ($30,000) and physical plant support ($70,000) associated with the Miller/Fox facility. The Museum's existing telephone system will have outlived its useful life by FY 1996 and must be replaced to maintain service and provide improved capabilities for advanced automation and communications support. Additional funds are required to support increased utility costs associated with the Miller and Fox townhouses for electric, gas, water and sewer charges. Physical plant support is needed for the townhouses for trash removal, cleaning and sanitary supplies, and pest control.

National Museum of African Art

Abstract - The National Museum of African Art (NMAfA) is devoted to the collection, preservation, research, exhibition, and interpretation of the visual arts of Africa. Although the Museum's primary emphasis is on the traditional cultures of the sub-Saharan region, it also studies and exhibits the arts of other African areas, including the arts of North Africa and the ancient and contemporary arts of the entire continent.

The Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for FY 1996 programmatic increases for the National Museum of African Art. The Institution requires $110,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The National Museum of African Art educates and instills an appreciation for the cultures and visual arts of Africa. These goals are accomplished through the acquisition, care, research, exhibition, and interpretation of works of art in the context of African history, cultures, and aesthetics.

Collections Acquisitions - During FY 1994, NMAfA acquired 89 works of art representing significant areas of artistic creativity. Major purchases include a collection of Tuareg metalwork, a ritual object from the Baga of Guinea, a rare Temne figure from Sierra Leone, and two modern works of art, by the Ghanaian artist Atta Kwami and by the South African, Garth Erasmus.

During FY 1994, the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives acquired by gift 947 black and white prints, most of which were taken in Angola in the 1950s, and 520 35mm slides of Kenyan and Tanzanian art and architecture. In addition, the Archives purchased 198 historical postcards of West and Central African scenes.

Collections Management - In FY 1994, the Registration Department revised the Museum's Collections Management policy and participated in a joint project to identify for implementation a collection information software system to be used by all Smithsonian art museums (ARTCIS). The Conservation Department completed a survey of the Museum's permanent collection, with the survey data recorded on a computer data base.

The Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives entered over 3,000 new records into a custom-designed data base containing information about field photographs of Africa. The Archives also entered over 5,300 new negatives, 4x5 and 35mm transparencies, and black and white prints into a computerized list of objects in NMAfA's permanent collection.

Research - FY 1994 research initiatives included continuation of study on the Nigerian carver of the Museum's Yoruba palace door; completion of a manuscript on the figurative art of the Baule. Cote d'lvoire, supported by a Smithsonian Institution Regents' Publication grant, to be published by Smithsonian Institution Press in 1995; and a study of the photographic archives at the Africa Museum.

Tervuren, Belgium, supported by the Smithsonian Institution Research Opportunities Fund. A second year of funding from the Institution's Research Resources Program advanced work on the preservation and cataloguing of the Eliot Elisofon Motion Picture Film Collection.

Exhibitions - In FY 1994, NMAfA opened a major international exhibition, "Face of the Spirits: Masks from the Zaire Basin," organized by the Ethnographic Museum of Antwerp, Belgium. The exhibition presented an in-depth look at masking traditions from this Central African region. Two exhibitions were presented in the Museum's Point of View Gallery: "Asen; Iron Altars from Ouidah, Republic of Benin" displayed two objects in their architectural, cultural and historical context, while "Beaded Splendor," explored the history and use of glass beads in African art.

Publications - A grant from the Shell Oil Company Foundation made possible the publication of the exhibition brochure, Beaded Splendor , and publication of The Voyage of King Njoya's Gift: A Beaded Sculpture from the Bamum Kingdom. Cameroon, in the National Museum of African Art. Smithsonian Institution. Washington. D.C. . In FY 1994, NMAfA co-published with Smithsonian Institution Press an anthology edited by Dr. Labelle Prussin, The Architecture of African Nomads: Space. Place, and Gender . A gallery brochure for children accompanied the exhibition "Grace Kwami Sculpture: An Artist's Book by Atta Kwami."

Education - During FY 1994, NMAFA offered more than 1,300 public programs, serving 36,000 individuals. The Museum also completed and circulated an educational programs brochure and a free gallery guide for families, as well as organizing programs related to the exhibition Face of the Spirits: Masks from the Zaire Basin .

Anacostia Museum

Abstract - The Anacostia Museum (AM) is a national resource for African American history and culture, community-based museology, and the exploration and examination of contemporary black culture and cultural products and their impact on the African American population. The Museum's research, collection, exhibition, and educational outreach activities focus on Washington, D.C., and the Upper South, a region that includes Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. The Museum's activities and projects offer scholars and the public, a unique opportunity to study black history and culture from both scholarly and constituent perspectives.

For FY 1996, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Anacostia Museum. The Institution requires $32,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Anacostia Museum serves as a national model for community-focused museums across the country. Devoted to the interpretation of the black experience in Washington, D.C., and the Upper South, the Museum offers a unique multi-faceted and multi-disciplinary program of applied research, collections development, documentation, exhibitions, and educational and outreach projects that provides local, regional, national, and international audiences with greater understanding of African American contributions to the American society. The Museum's research, collections development, and outreach projects, while local and regional in focus, are designed to serve as models with potential for replication in the national and international arenas.

Research and Collections Development - Research initiatives have focused on the project "Speak to My Heart: The African American Church in Contemporary Society," which considers the role and impact of the African American church in the last quarter of the twentieth-century. The project examines the social, political, economic, and cultural contexts of organized churches, primarily in the Washington metropolitan area, and explores the challenges faith communities have met in serving congregations and neighborhoods. In conjunction with this project, "The Unbroken Circle Church Archive and History Group" is a community-based educational effort designed to increase the capability of local congregations to care for the cultural materials of African American churches.

Collections development efforts have resulted in an extensive collection of oral history interviews and photographic archives that document the rich contributions of Afro-Latino and Caribbean people to the Washington metropolitan areas.

Exhibitions - In FY 1994, the Museum opened a major exhibition entitled "Black Mosaic: Community, Race, and Ethnicity Among Black Immigrants in Washington. D.C." This exhibit explores the cultural diversity and community life of Afro-Latino and Caribbean people who reside in the Washington metropolitan area and is the result of a collaboration between community members and the Museum. The main concepts for the exhibit were developed in community meetings. This exhibit

and research development process is a model for future collaborations between the Museum and its audiences.

Other major exhibitions in 1994 included "Before Freedom Came: African American Life in the Antebellum South" and "Malcolm X: Man, Ideal, and Icon." The Museum's Community Gallery presented four exhibitions: "Expressions D.C.," a youth art project; "Still on This Journey: 20 years of Sweet Honey in the Rock," a retrospective of the work of this a cappella music group; "African American Muslims in Washington," a photographic exhibition; and, "Afro-Caribe: The Art of Dennis Rivera."

In FY 1995, the Museum will present separate exhibitions that explore the history of the Caribbean, Ghanian, and Latino communities in Washington, D.C., as well as an exhibition on the history of the community of North Brentwood, Maryland. Other exhibitions include "In Search of Common Ground: Senior Citizens and Community Life at Potomac Gardens" and a retrospective look at artist Georgette Seabrook Powell in "Art Changes Things: The Art and Activism of Georgette Seabrook Powell."

Education and Outreach - The Museum's partnership with Lucy Ellen Moten Elementary School, located within four blocks of the Museum, has resulted in a student exhibition project highlighting the collections of both students and teachers at the school. This partnership fosters the understanding of museums, the museum process and community history for fourth, fifth, and sixth graders.

Numerous programs and activities have been held at the Museum and at a variety of locations in the District of Columbia, Virginia, and Maryland. Program highlights include: Kwanzaa family programs; advanced quilting workshops; a lecture demonstration on the samba; a performance of African American work; religious and secular songs; a concert by African pop/world music groups; and a copyright workshop for visual artists.

Office of Exhibits Central

Abstract - The Office of Exhibits Central (OEC) is the Smithsonian Institution's single largest exhibit producer, providing Smithsonian organizations with comprehensive exhibition services. OEC is expert in the specialized needs of traveling and temporary exhibitions, as well as permanent installations. OEC exhibit specialists form teams with curators and subject-matter experts to prepare exhibitions that meet the highest standards of educational effectiveness and accessibility. The Office's facilities handle many aspects of Smithsonian exhibitions, including design, graphics, model making, and fabrication. The Office is also involved in concept development, object selection, product research, evaluation, and prototype testing. OEC staff makes recommendations about the need for conservation assistance and conducts training in exhibit design and production.

The Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for FY 1996 programmatic increases for the Office of Exhibits Central. The Institution requires $81,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Office of Exhibits Central is a full-service organization with specialized units in design, editing, graphics, model making, and fabrication.

The Design, Editing, and Graphics Team works with a curator's preliminary ideas to develop an overall exhibition plan. Exhibit designers are responsible for all aspects of visual presentation. OEC's exhibit editors work closely with designers and with subject specialists to ensure that words and design work together to create an effective presentation. This team also provides illustration services. The graphics section of this team provides silk-screening, typesetting, photograph mounting, conservation matting and framing, and other graphic art services.

The production sections translate plans into three-dimensional exhibitions and works with installation teams of building tradespeople, art handlers, conservators, registrars, security personnel. building managers, and others to bring exhibitions to the public. The Model-making Team creates scientifically and historically accurate dioramas, models, and mannequins, as well as brackets artifacts for display and offers taxidermy services. The Fabrication Team constructs fine cabinetry and display casework, as well as customized crating. OEC also installs lights, dismantles, and packs exhibitions.

During FY 1994, OEC completed more than 100 projects, supporting nearly every Smithsonian office and bureau. As a sampling of FY 1994 projects, OEC designed and produced a wide variety of exhibitions for the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, including "Louis Armstrong: A Cultural Legacy," "Try This On: A History of Clothing, Power, and Gender." "Mexico: A Landscape Revisited," and "Produce for Victory." OEC also designed, produced and partially fabricated "Spiders!," a major exhibition presented at the National Museum of Natural History that is now touring the country.

Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service

Abstract - The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) expands the Smithsonian's presence beyond Washington, D.C. by circulating exhibitions to public audiences in museums large and small and in schools, libraries, science centers, historical societies, zoos, aquariums, and community centers. SITES exhibitions reach millions of people annually in the United States and abroad. A commitment to audience access drives the development of all SITES programs. SITES' top priority is increasing the availability of Smithsonian-created exhibitions among people who cannot see them firsthand by visiting the Institution's museums. Facilitating the sharing of exhibitions created outside the Smithsonian-SITES' second priority-is another way SITES works to respond to the diverse program needs and interests of the national audience it serves.

For FY 1996, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the Smithsonian institution Traveling Exhibition Service. The Institution requires $80,000 for necessary pay for existing staff funded in this line item.

Program - The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service reconfigures and packages, for widespread circulation, exhibitions developed by Smithsonian museums and program offices and by institutions and organizations outside the Smithsonian. SITES tailors the form and content of these exhibitions to meet the program needs and technical capabilities of museums and cultural and educational facilities nationwide.

In developing exhibitions for audiences of all ages and backgrounds, SITES strives to do more than present artifacts. SITES exhibitions represent a broad range of human perspectives; they pose questions, communicate abstractions, and challenge visitors to make connections between objects, people, places, events, and ideas. By emphasizing diverse viewpoints and by using inquiry as a means of interpreting exhibition themes and images, SITES hopes to encourage people to explore the full breadth of possibilities about themselves, others, and the world around them. As a high-visibility outreach arm of the Smithsonian, SITES' more than 100 exhibitions tour museums and cultural centers in all 50 states. SITES hopes that its expanded visitor base in FY 1996 will enable more Americans than ever before to experience the rich variety of exhibition programs available from the Smithsonian.

Smithsonian Exhibitions - SITES' FY 1996 program continues to mirror the scope and vitality of the Smithsonian. Traveling exhibitions about World War n. spiders, jazz, ocean conservation, Abraham Lincoln, gospel music and cultural diversity are but a small sampling of the many subjects through which SITES represents collections and research from the Institution's many museums and program offices. .

SITES will take a major step forward during FY 1996 in expanding its national audience with a new initiative aimed at bringing the Smithsonian to public libraries across the country. Capitalizing on the widespread enthusiasm that accompanied SITES' library version of the Natural History Museum's

"Seeds of Change" exhibition, SITES and the American Library Association will circulate a low-cost, easy-to-install, small-format version of "Beyond Category: The Musical Genius of Duke Ellington." Smaller, resource-poor exhibit centers also will benefit in FY 1996 from panel versions of other major SITES exhibitions, including "Before Freedom Came: African American Life in the Antebellum South," and "Saynday Was Coming Along," which is based on Kiowa Indian children's stories. During FY 1996, "Produce for Victory," an exhibition of World War II victory posters that SITES developed with the National Museum of American History, will visit museums in more than twenty rural areas. All of these projects aim to give communities too often excluded from national cultural programs the chance to experience some of the Smithsonian's richest exhibit programs.

Exhibition Partnerships - Partnerships with institutions and organizations outside the Smithsonian enable SITES to meet more fully the program needs and interests of the Institution's diverse national audience. In FY 1996, SITES will officially inaugurate a five-year collaboration with the National Geographic Society in a world geography exhibition for young people entitled "Earth 2 U." Another long-term collaboration with the Mexican Cultural Institute will result in a national tour of "Mexico: A Landscape Revisited," an exhibition that surveys three centuries of Mexican landscape painting.

Together with state humanities councils across the Nation, SITES will circulate "Barn Again!," an exhibition that explores historic and revitalized barn architecture in America. A preparatory workshop for museums on the tour will give participants the opportunity to develop educational programs and resource guides tailored to their own communities.

SITES, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Museum of Natural History and the St. Louis Science Center comprise still another partnership that in FY 1996 will circulate "Stormy Weather," a large-scale interactive exhibition about the science and impact of severe storms. In FY 1996, SITES also plans to travel exhibitions about the American Indian experience in conjunction with the opening of the National Museum of the American Indian.

Assistant Provost for Educational and Cultural Programs

Abstract - The Office of the Assistant Provost for Educational and Cultural Programs (formerly The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Education and Public Service) provides administrative and programmatic support for initiatives that advance the Institution's objectives in education, research, and documentation of living cultures; facilitation and advocacy of cultural diversity; the development of wider audiences; and celebrations focused on the achievements and contributions of women's and ethnic minority groups. The Office advises Smithsonian management on public service policy issues in the central planning, development, and oversight of all educational and cultural programs and activities of the Institution. This line-item includes the Wider Audience Development Program (WADP), which advises and assists Smithsonian managers on policy issues related to minority audience participation in exhibitions and other public programs.

The Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for FY 1996 programmatic increases for the Office of the Assistant Provost for Educational and Cultural Programs. The Institution requires $16,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - Office of the Assistant Provost for Educational and Cultural Programs - The Office of the Assistant Provost for Educational and Cultural Programs (OAPECP) facilitates and supports educational activities throughout the Institution. The Office focuses on the development and implementation of Institution-wide policies that support Smithsonian-based initiatives in the areas of education, cultural equity, and audience development. Particular emphasis is placed on initiating and organizing educational and cultural programs, both in the Office and by other Smithsonian museums, research institutes, and offices, that meet the needs of diverse constituencies, especially under-represented and under-served communities. The Office also initiates and financially supports the development and dissemination of educational programs that demonstrate thoughtful planning, provocative content, thematic approaches, and creative methods.

OAPECP administers the Institution's Educational Outreach Fund; serves as the liaison to the Smithsonian Cultural Educational Committee and the Smithsonian Early Enrichment Center; and maintains liaison with the Smithsonian internal and external ethnic, women's and advocacy committees. The units reporting to OAPECP include the Wider Audience Development Program, the Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies, the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, and the National Science Resources Center. The reporting units foster and build networks and collaborations with local and national communities and organizations to further Smithsonian-wide educational outreach efforts.

In FY 1994, OAPECP planned numerous events that underscored the Smithsonian's commitment to education and to meeting the needs of diverse constituencies, especially under-represented and under-served communities in the arts, humanities and sciences. The Office initiated the planning of the first Latino graduate training seminar series, Interpreting Latino Cultures:

Research and Museums, organized and administered by the Center for Museum Studies and the Inter-University Program for Latino Research. The two-week seminar, which brought 15 post-doctoral candidates to the Smithsonian. On September 29, 1994, the National Council of Negro Women, the Joel Brokaw Company, and this Office co-sponsored the premiere presentation of "No Dreams Deferred," a documentary film produced by Camile Cosby, on the education of young African-Americans.

Wider Audience Development Program - The Wider Audience Development Program (WADP) coordinates initiatives throughout the Institution to promote cultural diversity and equity. WADP plans federally-designated observances of ethnic and women's heritage and other special events. The program also provides technical assistance to Smithsonian museums, research institutes and offices to strengthen ties with nontraditional audiences and conducts local and national outreach to culturally diverse groups. WADP serves as the primary liaison with the Smithsonian Cultural Education Committee and staff advocacy groups in their efforts to enhance the presence and presentation of under-served communities.

During 1994, 22 public programs were produced to enhance the Institution's knowledge of and contact with diverse audiences that constitute the American public. Examples of programs include an address by noted Harvard University scholar Dr. Alvin Poussaint on how education can serve as a tool for stemming the culture of youth violence; a discussion with MacArthur Fellows Ernesto Cortes, Jr. and Maria Varela on the future of community organizing among Latino communities in the United States; and, a performance of traditional Japanese music by Kaze, an internationally-acclaimed Japanese musical group.

Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies

Abstract - The Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies (CFPCS) conducts scholarly research and public programs that promote the understanding and continuity of traditional grass roots regional, ethnic, tribal, and occupational heritage both in the United States and abroad. The Center maintains the Folkways Archives and Collections. CFPCS also produces the annual Festival of American Folklife; Smithsonian/Folkways Recordings; documentary films, videos, and print publications; training programs and educational materials; and museum and traveling exhibits. The Center cooperates with federal and state agencies to advance the Nation's interest in cultural matters.

The Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for FY 1996 programmatic increases for the Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies. The Institution requires $30,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line item.

Program - The Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies engages in cultural research conducted by a core staff of scholars in collaboration with scores of public sector, academic and lay scholars from across the United States and around the globe. Research work is then turned into a range of products for dissemination to a broad public. These products include the annual Festival of American Folklife; Smithsonian/Folkways Recordings; documentary films, videos, and printed publications; conferences and symposia; training programs; educational materials; and museum and traveling exhibits. The Center also maintains the Folkways Archives and Collections.

Research - Research projects document and study the continuing practice of local grass roots traditions among diverse communities in contemporary society. Current projects examine the relationship between culture and grass roots economic development, cultures of immigrants to the United States, cultural traditions in the American heartland, the emerging culture of the U.S.-Mexico borderlands, and folklife in the American South. Center scholars and fellows pursue research on American regional music, Indian lacrosse, cultural impact of technological change, urban U. S. Latino culture, and African American traditions.

Festival of American Folklife - The Festival of American Folklife, held annually on the National Mall since 1967, educates a broad public to American and human cultural heritage and encourages tradition bearers by giving national recognition to their artistry, knowledge, and wisdom. The Festival provides a national and international model for the research-based presentation of cultural traditions. Nearly one million people visit the Festival each year, and millions more are reached by media coverage. In 1994. the Festival was designated the "top event in the U.S." in a survey of U.S. tourist bureaus by the American Bus Association, joining the Olympics, World Expo and Statue of Liberty Centennial in that designation. In 1996, the Festival will feature the American South (with the Olympics). Iowa (with its sesquicentennial), and the occupational traditions of the Smithsonian itself (for its 150th anniversary).

Smithsonian/Folkways Recordings - Folkways produces documentary recordings of American and worldwide music, performance, and verbal arts which have won Grammy awards and nominations. Recent releases on Woody Guthrie, Leadbelly, Langston Hughes, American Indian music, Puerto Rican music, and children's songs indicate the breadth of subject matter. Recordings distributed to general audiences take the form of compact discs, cassettes, videos, and even CD-ROMS with booklets and/or liner notes. Children's and educational recordings, such as "Wade in the Water," reach classrooms across the nation with the cooperation of recording, software and educational companies.

Publications and Documentary Films - The Smithsonian Folklife Studies series consists of scholarly monographs coupled with documentary films, generally released to colleges and universities and also seen on television. Other books, such as the Smithsonian Folklife Cookbook , reach broad audiences. The Center produces Academy and Emmy Award-winning documentary films, such as "The Stone Carvers." Recently the Center released films on "Workers at the White House" and "Indian Powwow."

Training Programs and Educational Materials - The Center develops curriculum materials and offers teacher training for understanding American cultural traditions. Teacher and student guides, recordings and videotapes are developed in partnership with state education departments and professional associations. The Center also uses its Summer Folklore Institute as a training ground for community scholars and teachers.

Traveling Exhibits - The Center produces modest traveling exhibits developed from research and Festival programs. One of these, "Workers at the White House," is touring Presidential libraries with the cooperation of the National Archives and White House Historical Association.

Archives and Collections - The Folkways Archives contains audiotapes, records, videotapes, photographic images, film, and paper files documenting cultural traditions from all parts of the United States and most regions of the world. Holdings include the original master recordings of Woody Guthrie performing "This Land Is Your Land," and original master tapes of Dr. Martin Luther King. Jr., speeches and songs of the civil rights movement. The collection contains documentation of music, occupational lore, family folklore, immigration stories, and a variety of ethnic and regional performance traditions.

Public Service - The Center collaborates with economic development, tourism, culture, and education departments of states to develop Festival programs and remount them "back home." Recent projects with Hawaii, Michigan, New Mexico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands also extend to the development of educational materials and the sharing of archives. The Center is currently working with Iowa and Wisconsin in this manner.

Academic and Public Educational Programs

Abstract - Public education, scholarly research, and dissemination of research findings are among the principal objectives of the Smithsonian. To attain these goals, the Institution promotes the building of academic, scholarly, and community-based ties with educational centers and institutions throughout the nation; and publishes through multi-media, topics related to the Smithsonian's collections activities. Collaboration and partnerships result in learning opportunities and in the development of programs for specifically targeted educational audiences. These audiences include higher education, pre-school through the twelfth grade, continuing adult education, and culturally diverse communities. This line-item includes the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, the National Sciences Resources Center, the Office of Telecommunications, the Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center, and the Smithsonian Institution Press.

The Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for FY 1996 programmatic increases for the offices contained in this line-item. The Institution requires $92,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - Office of Elementary and Secondary Education - The Office of Elementary and Secondary Education (OESE) is the Smithsonian's central office for educational initiatives at the pre-kindergarten through 12th-grade levels. An important goal of the Office is to educate young people and their teachers about the value of museums and related institutions (such as historic sites, science centers, and zoos) as learning resources. The Office of Elementary and Secondary Education's programs include professional development for teachers, curriculum materials for schools, programs and materials for children and teenagers, and clearinghouse services.

National Science Resources Center - The National Science Resources Center (NSRC) is a joint effort of the Smithsonian Institution and the National Academy of Sciences to improve the teaching of science in the nation's schools. All NSRC programs stress the involvement and collaboration of teachers and scientists, and place a special emphasis on increasing the numbers of under-represented minorities and women engaged in the study of science. Science and Technology for Children (STC) is an NSRC elementary science curriculum project that is developing a complete science program for grades 1 through 6. Focused on topics in physical science, life science, earth science, and technology, the STC curriculum units use simple, inexpensive materials to teach science through hands-on investigations. NSRC sponsors leadership institutes to prepare school district educational teams to design effective in-service education programs, establish science materials support systems and develop the community support for their science programs. NSRC also sponsors working conferences to help scientists and engineers become effectively involved in the improvement of science education in the schools. NSRC is developing a comprehensive collection and information data base of science teaching resources, and has published an elementary science resource guide based on this data base, entitled Science for Children: Resources for Teachers. In addition to information about the materials in the

resource collection, the guide includes a directory of science museums and other organizations across the country that provide science teaching resources and assistance to elementary school teachers.

Office of Telecommunications - The Office of Telecommunications (OTC) collaborates with Smithsonian research and professional staff to produce television, film, radio, and multimedia programs relating to a wide range of the Institution's activities. Through national and international distribution, these programs expand the Institution's audiences and support the Smithsonian's outreach activities. In FY 1994, the Office played a key role in creating Smithsonian-based multimedia programs, including two highly praised discs on blues music, "The Uptown Blues" and "The Downhome Blues." The Office also developed new projects intended for television and helped guide the planning for electronic media components of the Institution's 150th anniversary celebration in 1996. Radio Smithsonian, a division of OTC, became one of the top ten suppliers of programming for public radio, including its newest series, "Jazz Smithsonian," hosted by Lena Home.

Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center - The Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center (VIARC) provides and coordinates Institution-wide information and assistance programs for the public, Smithsonian Associate members, Smithsonian staff, and volunteers. VIARC is a multi-faceted central information and support organization. Programs include the Smithsonian Information Center, the institution's primary orientation and information facility for visitors; the Public Inquiry Mail and Telephone Information Service, the Smithsonian's central information and referral point for public correspondence and phone inquiries; the Volunteer Information Specialist Program, which trains volunteers and arranges schedules at information desks in most of the Institution's Washington, D.C. museums; the Castle Docent Program, which conducts tours of the Smithsonian Institution Building; the Behind-the-Scenes Volunteer Program, a registration and placement service for volunteers to work on independent projects; a Previsit Education Program, which provides the Smithsonian's principal interface with the local, national, and international tour and travel industry; Exterior Graphic Information System, which provides outdoor directional assistance to visitors; and an Information Resource Division, which maintains computer-based information systems and produces the variety of printed reference materials, information aids, and publications that support all VIARC public information activities and service programs.

Smithsonian Institution Press - The Smithsonian Institution Press (SEP) is a multi-media publisher of books, recordings, and videos on topics related to the Institution's collections and research interests. SIP's programs include the University Press, Smithsonian Books, Smithsonian Collection of Recordings, Book Development, and Smithsonian Video. University Press publishes works of scholarship and general interest, with special emphasis on the subject areas of art, archeology, anthropology, aviation, folklore, history, material culture, American Studies, music, and science. Smithsonian Books, which publishes books for the Smithsonian Associates and similar audiences, recently copublished Native Americans . Atlas of Wild Places . Nature on the Rampage , and Ancient Civilizations . Smithsonian Collection of Recordings released eight volumes in the American Songbook series; two collections documenting radio shows from the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s; a double-CD Duke Ellington collection; and the long-awaited four-CD Louis Armstrong set. Smithsonian Video coproduced the Library of Congress' collection of vintage silent films featuring fantasy, animation an. and films by African American and women filmmakers.

Administration

Abstract - Administration includes executive management and related functions provided by the Offices of the Secretary, Under Secretary, Provost, Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration, and Assistant Secretary for Institutional Advancement. As a result of the Secretary's reorganization, the newly established Office of the Provost oversees the Assistant Provosts for Sciences, Arts and Humanities, and Educational and Cultural Programs.

Administrative units receive both appropriated funds and nonappropriated Trust funds for their operating expenses in approximate balance to the overall funding of the Institution. Currently, some offices, such as the Office of Sponsored Projects, are supported entirely with Trust funds.

For FY 1996, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for Administration. The Institution requires $799,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item. Included in the Administration line-item, but justified in the Mandatory Costs Increases section of this budget, are funds to cover Workers' Compensation ($61,000).

Program - Office of the Secretary - The Office of the Secretary, in concert with the Office of the Under Secretary and the Office of the Provost, oversees the Smithsonian Institution. The Office of Inspector General (OIG), which reports directly to the Secretary, provides policy direction and conducts, supervises, and coordinates audits, investigations, and inspections. The OIG promotes economy, efficiency, and effectiveness and prevents and detects fraud, waste, and abuse in Institution programs and operations.

Office of the Provost - The Provost serves as the Smithsonian's chief program officer, providing integrated oversight for all of the Institution's programmatic activities including research, museum exhibitions, and educational outreach activities, in the sciences, arts, and humanities. The Office of the Provost includes three Assistant Provosts, in sciences, arts and humanities, and education and cultural programs, who work with program units on a day-to-day basis, as reflected in their respective line-items.

Office of the Under Secretary - The Under Secretary oversees several central offices. The Office of the General Counsel provides legal advice and services to the Smithsonian and the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, an affiliated organization. The Office of Government Relations (OGR) maintains the Institution's relationships with Congress; presents Smithsonian policies, programs, and plans to Congress; and develops and clears legislative proposals and supplemental materials. OGR also coordinates and oversees Smithsonian participation at legislative hearings; serves as liaison with Federal agencies, state and local governments, and organizations with related interests; and provides constituent services for Congress and the Administration. The Office of Information Resources Management provides the Smithsonian Institution's central computing and telecommunications services; leadership in information technology throughout the Institution in support

of systems planning and development, communications, and training; and policy and guidance to assure the integrity and security of Institutional automated data. The Office of Policy and Program Development converts Institutional priorities, as determined by the Board of Regents and the Secretary, into policy and program initiatives. The Office of Public Affairs acquaints the public with the programs and policies of the Institution through a variety of publications and by working with newspapers, magazines, television, and radio to gain media exposure for its exhibits, public events, and research.

Office of the Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration - The Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration serves as Chief Financial Officer and oversees financial, administrative, and facilities services. These essential services are provided by the following organizations.

The Office of the Comptroller accounts for and reports on the Smithsonian's assets, liabilities, and equities by collecting, authenticating, classifying, and recording financial transactions. The Office of Contracting and Property Management is the acquisition, contracting, and property management office for the Smithsonian Institution. The Office of Equal Employment and Minority Affairs (OEEMA) directs, oversees, and facilitates the Institution's efforts to achieve equal opportunity in all aspects of the Smithsonian's employment and business relationships. OEEMA also monitors, evaluates, and reports the Institution's progress in implementing cultural diversity goals. The Office of Human Resources plans and directs a comprehensive program of human resources management for the Smithsonian's diverse employee population. The Ombudsman serves as a neutral party to whom employees can bring any work-related problem, concern, or complaint. In addition to the approximately 200 cases handled each year, the Ombudsman oversees the Smithsonian Emergency Assistance Fund, which provides loans to employees in emergency situations. The Office of Planning, Management and Budget coordinates Institution-wide planning, management analysis and budgeting. The Office of Printing and Photographic Services' responsibilities include taking photographs, processing photographic materials, archival preservation of photographs, and duplicating documents. The Office of Sponsored Projects is the primary point of management interface between the Smithsonian museums, research institutes, and offices and the public and private organizations from which grants and contracts are sought. The Office of Risk and Asset Management is responsible for the safety and integrity of the financial assets of the Institution and assists in identifying and controlling risks.

The Office of Facilities Services (OFS) provides vision, leadership and coordination to the Facilities Services Group to ensure comprehensive, integrated facilities programs. The Office of Architectural History and Historic Preservation coordinates historic preservation planning and implements the Institution's historic preservation policy and practice. The Office of Environmental Management and Safety (OEMS) administers environmental management, fire protection and prevention, and employee and visitor safety programs. OEMS also disseminates and implements the requirements of all new fire protection, safety, occupational health, radiation and environmental protection laws, regulations, and standards. The Facilities Services Group also includes the Offices of Design and Construction, Plant Services, and Protection Services; these offices are included in the Facilities section of the budget.

Office of the Assistant Secretary for Institutional Advancement - The Assistant Secretary for Institutional Advancement has principal responsibility for development activities at the Institution and oversees the Office of Development, the Office of Special Events and Conference Services, and the

National Campaign for the National Museum of the American Indian. In addition, the Assistant Secretary undertakes special studies on behalf of the Institution. The Office of Development provides both direct fund-raising and development support activities in response to Institution-wide and selected museum and research institute development priorities. The Office of Special Events and Conference Services (OSECS), which now reports to the Assistant Secretary for Institutional Advancement as part of the Secretary's reorganization, arranges events associated with exhibition and museum openings, seminars, lectures, and meetings sponsored and co-sponsored by the Institution. OSECS also provides expertise to Smithsonian museums and research institutes on issues of domestic and international protocol. The National Campaign for the National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI) is included in the NMAI line-item.

Office of Design and Construction

Abstract - The Office of Design and Construction (ODC) administers projects for the repair and improvement of the Smithsonian's physical plant by providing architectural, engineering, and facility planning services. These services include short- and long-range feasibility analyses, master plans, design and engineering studies, design development, contract document preparation, project management, contract administration, and preparation of cost estimates for construction. ODC staff reviews designs, plans interior design and space renovations, provides technical consulting support, and operates construction field offices. ODC also provides technical support and expertise in the design and construction of major exhibits.

The Smithsonian requests an FY 1996 increase of 15 positions and $1,500,000 for the Office of Design and Construction for staff and support costs to administer the Institution's Repair and Restoration program. This increase includes nine positions and $1,000,000 essential to properly administer the Repair and Restoration program at the current funding level of $24,000,000 and six positions and $500,000 required to meet the demands of the FY 1996 program at the increased level of $34,000,000. Workyears associated with this increase will be accommodated within the Institution's workyear ceiling. The Institution requires $136,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Office of Design and Construction provides project and financial management for all new construction, renovation, restoration, and repair projects for Smithsonian Institution facilities. Projects are located in Washington, D.C., Virginia, Hawaii, Arizona, Florida, Maryland, New York, Massachusetts and Panama. Recent work includes completion of the George Gustav Heye Center of the National Museum of the American Indian housed in the recently renovated Alexander Hamilton Custom House in New York City, installation of new windows in the National Museum of Natural History, major laboratory modifications at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, and construction of a new laboratory/dormitory complex for the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Barro Colorado Island, Panama. ODC continues to survey all Smithsonian facilities to determine requirements to bring the Institution into compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act.

Project Management and Facilities Planning - ODC provides project management and professional assistance to Smithsonian bureaus to guarantee a safe, proper environment for visitors, staff, and the National Collections. ODC oversees projects and manages financial resources for the Institution's Repair and Restoration (R&R) and Construction programs. The R&R program preserves. repairs, renews, and ensures code compliance for the Smithsonian's aging physical plant. In addition to repairs and construction, ODC provides professional assistance related to exhibit construction and other space modification projects. Primary services include orchestration of planning, design and construction activities; financial management of all projects; and review of exhibit designs to ensure compatibility with existing building systems and compliance with safety, health, and accessibility requirements.

Facilities planners at ODC provide planning services and analyses for master plans and develop funding and construction strategies for the R&R and Construction programs. These services include defining preliminary facility requirements in detail, collecting data for future projects, and advising on construction priorities.

Design and Construction - ODC's design and construction staff administer architectural, engineering, and construction contracts; review exhibit installation projects; and supervise the execution of new construction projects. The Smithsonian is one of the most frequently visited facilities in the world. Its buildings and grounds require constant repair, ideally without closings, so that the public has maximum safe access and programs continue with minimum disruption. The design and construction staff also executes the Smithsonian's extensive R&R program, which preserves the Institution's historic architecture and renews all its facilities.

Normally, about 400 projects are in progress each year in ODC. Of these, 100 are construction contracts, and the rest are in a planning or design phase. Additionally, ODC reviews approximately 100 exhibits annually to ensure that they meet code and life safety requirements. Major projects planned for FY 1996 include:

design for compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act,

construction of the National Museum of the American Indian Cultural Resources Center in Suitland, Maryland,

design of the National Museum of the American Indian on the Mall,

completion of work on phase 5 of the Major Capital Renewal at the National Museum of American History,

continuation of concept design for the National Air and Space Museum Extension at Dulles Airport,

continuation of replacing skylights and windows at the National Air and Space Museum, and

continuation of installing a communication network linking all Smithsonian facilities.

Explanation of Program Increase - Administration of the Repair and Restoration Program (15 positions and $1,500,000) - The Smithsonian Institution requests an FY 1996 increase of 15 positions and $1,500,000 for the Office of Design and Construction to administer the Institution's Repair and Restoration program. This increase includes nine positions and 51,000,000 essential to support accessibility, historic preservation, and construction management at the current funding level of $24,000,000 and six positions and $500,000 required to conduct structural reviews, coordinate environmental issues, and support construction management associated with the FY 1996 program at the increased level of $34,000,000. The Repair and Restoration program funding has significantly increased during the past decade to slow the rate of deterioration of the Smithsonian's historic museums, to improve safety and fire protection, and to ensure compliance with code changes. A

corresponding increase in resources is critical if ODC is to effectively implement the R&R program. Workyears associated with this increase will be accommodated within the Institution's workyear ceiling.

An increase of nine positions and $1,000,000 is required to properly execute the Repair and Restoration program at the current funding level of $24,000,000. The present number of staff in ODC is not sufficient to successfully manage a program of this magnitude and complexity. The requested positions include: one architect to develop and implement a computer-aided design program for storing and retrieving critical up-to-date information on Smithsonian facilities in an electronic format; one structural engineer for overseeing the structural integrity of all design and construction projects and for implementing recent Executive Orders mandating seismic safety in new and existing federal buildings; three construction engineers to provide essential oversight of major construction projects ensuring their successful completion, on time and within budget; two architects/engineers to assume responsibility for Major Capital renewal at the National Museum of Natural History to replace all mechanical and electrical systems; and two architects/engineers specializing in Accessibility and Historic Preservation to implement the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and various regulations related to historic preservation.

An additional increase of six positions and $500,000 is necessary to support the Repair and Restoration program at a funding level of $34,000,000. These six positions include: one environmental engineer to facilitate continuing compliance with environmental laws and regulations including the National Environmental Policy Act; one construction engineer to oversee construction projects of major size and complexity; one cost engineer to prepare cost estimates and to participate in contract negotiations; two specification writers with responsibility for accurately documenting the technical requirements of projects; and one architect to provide master facilities planning services on major renovation projects.

Office of Protection Services

Abstract - The Office of Protection Services (OPS) protects and secures the National Collections entrusted to the Smithsonian Institution; ensures the safety and security of staff and visitors, while permitting an appropriate level of public access to collections and properties; and provides occupational medical services to staff and emergency medical services to visitors and staff.

The Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for FY 1996 programmatic increases for the Office of Protection Services. The Institution requires $1,101,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item.

Program - The Office of Protection Services provides round-the-clock security and health services for all Smithsonian facilities in the Washington, D.C., area, at the Cooper Hewitt, National Design Museum, the National Museum of the American Indian in New York City, and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama. OPS integrates uniformed security services, alarm system monitoring and maintenance, investigation services and escorts, and health services to provide a safe and secure operating environment. Currently, OPS continues to modernize and improve training of its employees by providing them with state-of-the-art automation, systems, and equipment so they can perform their mission into the 21st century.

Training - Since 1993, OPS has trained over 450 officers at its museum security course, conducted in a joint venture with Jacksonville State University and U.S Army Fort McClellan, Alabama. This training investment represents a much-needed Smithsonian commitment to improving employee qualifications and services.

Security Alarm System - In FY 1993, OPS funded a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' study to recommend long- and short-term strategies for its security alarm system upgrade and replacement. The team, from the Intrusion Detection System Center of Expertise, Huntsville, Alabama, presented its short-term report in November 1993 and delivered its long-term findings in December 1994. OPS is currently reviewing and validating the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' recommendations for integration into Smithsonian Institution planning.

Office of Plant Services

Abstract - The Office of Plant Services (OPlantS) operates, maintains, and repairs 15 museum and art gallery buildings and grounds, as well as many other work and collection storage areas, located in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area and New York City. In support of research, exhibitions, education, and other public programs, OPlantS provides utilities, transportation, mail services, exhibits renovation, and other program services. OPlantS also provides technical assistance to several Smithsonian units located outside the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, including the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama, the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in Arizona, and the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Maryland.

The South Group Facilities Management and Quadrangle Facility Management are also part of this line-item. South Group Facilities Management offers a range of maintenance services and safety and occupational health management for the Arts and Industries Building and the Smithsonian Institution Building. Quadrangle Facility Management offers similar services for the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, the National Museum of African Art, the International Gallery, and the S. Dillon Ripley Education Center, located in the Quadrangle Complex.

For FY 1996, the Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for programmatic increases for the offices contained in this line-item. The Institution requires $825,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item. An increase of $2,523,000 justified in the Mandatory Cost Increases section of this budget will support the Institution's central utilities, communication, postage and rent.

Program - Office of Plant Services - The Office of Plant Services operates, maintains, and repairs more than 5.7 million square feet of building spaces. The Office maintains building interiors and exteriors, elevators, escalators, and mechanical and electrical equipment, as well as oversees emergency property repairs. The Office provides trade and craft support for the Institution, including plumbing, electrical, wood crafting, painting, and plastering efforts. While supporting Smithsonian research projects and office relocations or modifications, OPlantS also supports exhibition installations and public events throughout all Smithsonian facilities.

The Office operates a supply warehouse to stock and distribute frequently-used building maintenance and custodial supplies and materials, and provides a full range of transportation services for the Institution, as well as mail services and postage monitoring. The Horticultural Services Division maintains the Smithsonian grounds and applies the discipline of horticulture in educational, scientific, research, exhibition, and display activities throughout the Institution.

The Office's automated Facility Monitoring System continually analyzes and controls mechanical equipment throughout the Institution. The Office's automated Preventive Maintenance System schedules regular preventive maintenance on building operating systems, ensuring increased reliability, reduced repair costs, and longer life.

South Group Facilities Management - South Group Faculties Management is responsible for cleaning, waste and recyclable trash disposal, minor maintenance, labor services, lamping, craft services, shipping and receiving, special events, and safety, occupational and environmental health program planning and execution for the Arts and Industries and Smithsonian Institution buildings. This Office also coordinates and monitors contracts for structural maintenance, waste and recyclable trash removal, pest control, and renovation projects for these buildings.

Quadrangle Facility Management - Quadrangle Facility Management provides a wide variety of support services to the Education Center of the S. Dillon Ripley Center, National Museum of African Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Associates, Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, and the International Center. These services include space scheduling, custodial, labor, rigging, minor maintenance, lamping, shipping and receiving, and other related services. Quadrangle Facility Management is also responsible for coordinating trash removal and pest control services for the Quadrangle.

CONSTRUCTION AND IMPROVEMENTS NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK

1994 Appropriation $5,400,000

1995 Appropriation $4,042,265

1996 Estimate $4,950,000

Appropriations to this account provide funding for repairs, alterations, and improvements to plant property; additions to existing facilities and minor new facilities, including exhibits; plans and specifications for construction; and renovation, restoration, and construction of new facilities outlined in the Master Plan.

The Zoo contracts for most construction and improvement projects. If contractor estimates are above acceptable cost levels, it is sometimes more economical to hire permanent or temporary laborers to accomplish the work. The account also funds related expenses such as relocation of animals during the renovation or construction of facilities and major grounds maintenance resulting from storm damage.

The National Zoological Park (NZP) complex includes 163 acres in the Rock Creek Valley of Washington, D.C., and a 3,150-acre Conservation and Research Center (CRC) located near Front Royal, Virginia. In keeping with the 1889 charter, the National Zoological Park endeavors to "administer and improve" the Zoo for "the advancement of science and instruction and recreation of the people."

The FY 1996 request is as follows:

Rock Creek Master Plan:

Grasslands Exhibit $1,700,000

Renovation, Repair, and Improvements:

Rock Creek 2,300,000

Conservation and Research Center 950.000

Total $4,950,000

Rock Creek Master Plan

Grasslands Exhibit ($1.700.000) - The Grasslands Exhibit will enhance the visitor's experience to the National Zoo by permitting viewing of three specific areas of varying topography that span approximately six acres. These areas will depict three primary grassland habitats including the African Savannas, American Prairies and a Domestication (Farm) Area. Each exhibit will be self-contained and cover a wide range of topics on the central theme of grasslands through time. Topics include the domestication of grains, human history on grasslands, the living world beneath the surface of grasslands, medicinal and food plants of grasslands, and multiple use of grasslands throughout the world over time.

A major element of this experience will be "anticipation areas" that will introduce visitors to each of the three exhibits. These areas will also be places to rest and picnic and for children to play. For example, at the Grasslands exhibit, visitors will be educated on a variety of grasses from every imaginable viewpoint—from information about their luncheon bread (derived from a grass) to where they can leam more about grass in the Grasslands exhibit and throughout the park.

The African Savannas exhibit will be adjacent to the Education Building and can be approached from either direction along the Zoo's Olmsted Walk. Animals such as cheetah, zebra, ostrich, blesbok, meerkat, several species of gazelles, and dwarf mongoose will inhabit the African Savannas. The exhibit will include a subterranean segment that will include soil invertebrates and underground dwellings of vertebrates. The current Panda Plaza will be the anticipation area for the American Prairies and the African Savannas exhibits.

Funds totaling $3,279,040 have been appropriated in FY 1993, FY 1994, and FY 1995. The conceptual design for the Grasslands project has been completed. It is anticipated that in FY 1995, the Institution will award a contract for the final, integrated design, encompassing all phases of the project, and construction specifications for Phase I. The Institution requests $1,700,000 for FY 1996 to complete construction of Phase I, the Panda Plaza and Bison Grasslands area.

Renovation, Repair, and Improvements

Rock Creek ($2.300.000) - The National Zoological Park is responsible for the repair and preventive maintenance of its facilities. The Zoo strives to maintain a safe environment for its visiting public and staff, provide ecologically suitable and comfortable enclosures for the animals, and maintain all buildings in good condition.

The Zoo's Rock Creek facilities, located on 163 acres, include almost 500,000 square feet of buildings and more than 160.000 square feet of roofs. Along with the Park's perimeter fence, measuring 10.546 linear feet, the Zoo's in-ground utility distribution system includes more than 4.600 linear feet of high-voltage electrical lines, approximately 4,000 linear feet of medium-voltage electrical lines, 16,000 linear feet of water mains, 6,000 linear feet of gas mains, 28,000 linear feet of sewer lines, and 14,000 linear feet of storm drains. The Park's preventive maintenance program includes the care of these systems to ensure safe operation of the total facility.

The repair and improvement program at the Rock Creek site comprises environmental control, fire protection and security systems critical to the health and safety of the animals and specimens, as well as infrastructure requirements affecting the operation of the facility.

The Zoo requests 52,300,000 to continue its annual program of renovation, repair, and preventive maintenance for its Rock Creek facility. This funding for FY 1996 will enable the Zoo to provide the required level of general maintenance to all plant property.

Conservation and Research Center ($950.000) - The Zoos Conservation and Research Center at Front Royal is a nonpublic facility devoted to the conservation of endangered wildlife through programs in propagation, research, and international biodiversity training. The 3,150-acre facility includes more than 89 structures ranging from animal shelters to research laboratories and

residences. The property has more than 2 1/2 miles of roads, 20 miles of jeep trails, and 30 miles of fences.

The FY 1996 request is to continue the program of renovating, repairing and improving the facility at Front Royal, Virginia. The program comprises maintaining and improving environmental and operating systems that directly impact the health and safety of the animals, fire protection and security systems for facility integrity and providing energy efficient and proper working space for the scientific and support staff.

The Zoo requests $950,000 for FY 1996 to support the Center's preventive maintenance program and to preclude the costly future repairs at this important facility.

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to

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REPAIR AND RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS

1994 Appropriation $24,000,000

1995 Appropriation $23,954,000

1996 Estimate $34,000,000

The Smithsonian Institution is steward of the valuable and visible buildings entrusted to it by the nation. These buildings include 16 museums and galleries in Washington, D.C. and New York City; restoration and storage buildings in Suitland, Maryland and New York City; and centers for research and education in Panama, Maryland, Massachusetts and Arizona. These facilities total more than 5.5 million square feet of space and range in age from new to more than 140 years old. The Smithsonian Institution's facilities form a vital infrastructure for accomplishment of many programs and activities, provide safe haven to irreplaceable collections entrusted to the Institution, and allow public access to the collections and programs by millions of visitors and scholars. Without well-maintained buildings, the Smithsonian cannot continue to meet these responsibilities. Additionally, the buildings themselves are important icons of the Nation's cultural heritage, and must be preserved with the intent of occupying them forever.

Funding for maintenance and repair of the Institution's facilities has not kept pace with the need, and this has resulted in a serious deterioration of the Smithsonian's physical plant. In 1987, the Institution identified an unfunded requirement for repair and renewal of its facilities, except for those at the National Zoological Park, totaling approximately $216 million and requested a significant increase in annual funding beginning with FY 1989. Although funding levels increased over pre-1987 levels, annual appropriations never reached the required levels. As of April 1994, the estimate of unfunded facilities renewal requirements had increased to $250 million.

The Problem: Current Conditions

As major components of building systems age, the risk of operational failure, unscheduled building closings, and damage to the collections increases dramatically. Despite heavy use of the buildings, the Institution's program of planned, preventive maintenance and repair extends the useful life of building systems beyond normal standards. However, as systems near or exceed their sen ice life 1 , maintenance enters the "breakdown" mode and performing frequent emergency repairs is no longer economically justifiable.

To describe the current state of the Institution's facilities, the model in Chart 1 : illustrates the predicted performance curve throughout a building's service life, and plots the position of the Smithsonian's major facilities in relation to their expected life. Buildings are composed of a number of complex interrelated systems. The curve represents a composite rate of deterioration for all building systems over an estimated 40 year life span. The Institution's buildings were placed on the curve

The length of time a system or component is expected to provide an acceptable minimum level of shelter or service. : Building Research Board of the National Research Council, "The Fourth Dimension in Building: Strategies for Minimizing Obsolescence." 1993.

based on the estimated remaining useful life. The specific parameters used to assess existing conditions were:

• watertight enclosure;

• heating, ventilating, air conditioning (HVAC) and electrical systems age and condition; and,

• compliance with current codes, legislation, and industry operating standards.

Chart 1

Smithsonian Institution Facility Conditions

Current Conditions

FY 1995

10 20

Life-Cycle Time in Years

30

40

KEY TO ABRREV1ATIONS:

A&I - Arts and Industries

AAPG - American Art & Portrait Gallery

Freer - Freer Gallery of Art

HMSG - Hirshhoni Museum & Sculpture Garden

MSC - Museum Support Center

NASM - National Air & Space Museum NMAH - National Museum of American History NMNH - National Museum of Natural History QUAD - African Art & Sackler Gallery Renwick - Renwick Gallery SIB - Smithsonian Institution Building

According to the Association of Higher Education Facilities Officers 3 , a nationally recognized organization, optimal performance decreases by 40% three-quarters of the way through a system's useful life, reaching the minimum acceptable performance level, labeled "Fair" on the chart. From that point on, performance declines steeply, decreasing another 40% in the next 12% of the system's service life expectancy. This is the "breakdown" mode of operation, labeled on the chart as "Zone of Accelerating Risk of Failure." Once a building has reached this stage, it can no longer reliably provide necessary conditions to support the programs housed within. In the case of museum buildings, this usually means that the continuous close control of environmental conditions and refuge from the elements required to preserve collections cannot be guaranteed. In addition, it costs as much as five times more to achieve this minimally acceptable performance through "breakdown" maintenance - that is, repairing or replacing a system or component on an emergency basis when it fails. Resources spent to patch existing systems are essentially squandered when the systems require full replacement. More importantly, with high public visibility and 26 million annual visits, the potential for irreparable damage to the collections and unplanned system failures carries major implications for the Institution. When a building has deteriorated to this point, major renovation and renewal is the only way to regain acceptable performance.

It is clear from the Chart 1 that the National Museum of Natural History (the Smithsonian's largest building in terms of area) and the American Art and Portrait Gallery Building are already in seriously deteriorated condition. Two more buildings are rapidly approaching the state where the increasing risk of incipient failure of building systems and components threatens the closing of significant portions of the building to public and staff activities, and exposes the collections to unacceptable risk of irreparable damage. Together, these four buildings represent 30% of the Institution's usable area, and all four buildings contain significant amounts of public space. The estimated cost of bringing these facilities up to at least "Good" condition is $200 million.

Although other major Smithsonian buildings are not yet below the "Good" range in overall condition, periodic routine repair of the individual systems and components in these facilities is necessary to prevent further deterioration. Failure to renovate and renew in a timely manner hastens decline of the overall building condition.

The Solution

The Institution seeks to achieve a balance between correcting the unacceptable condition of its four older buildings, and maintaining the current condition of its other facilities through systematic renewal and repair. The Smithsonian has projected the conditions of its buildings by FY 2000 under three different funding scenarios for Repair and Restoration of Buildings beginning in FY 1996: the current annual level of $24 million, an annual level of $40 million, and an annual level of $50 million. The implications of each funding scenario are described below and are depicted in detail on the accompanying charts.

"Understanding the Life Cycle of Buildings and Structures," by Chris Hodges, President, Facility Engineering Associates, P.C., published in Proceedings of the 1994 Educational Conference and Hist Annual Meeting ofAPPA Tlie Association of Higher Education Facilities Officers. July 10-12.1994. San Antonio, Texas.

Chart 2 illustrates the disparity between the results of these funding options in terms of the aggregate area of Smithsonian facilities by condition in fiscal year 2000. The Scenario 1 stack shows approximately 30 percent of the aggregate total as threatening to fall below the minimum acceptable performance level with continued funding at $24 million per year. Twenty-two percent is predicted to fail as depicted in the darkest box below the performance line of the chart.

Scenario 2, at a funding level of $40 million per year, shows a decrease to this threat with only 26 percent of the aggregate area falling beneath the minimum acceptable performance level and with no failures predicted.

Scenario 3, at a funding level of $50 million per year, shows an improvement in overall facilities conditions, with none of the aggregate area below minimum acceptable performance level.

Chart 2

Smithsonian Institution Facility Condi tions Performance by Percent of Area

FY 2000

Minimum

Acceptable

Performance

Scenario 1: S24 million Continued Decline

Scenario 2: $40 million Halting Decline

Scenario 3: $50 million Planned Renewal

Scenario 1: Increasing Decline

If funding for Repair and Restoration of Buildings remains at the $24 million annual level, the Institution cannot arrest the deterioration of its buildings. As Chart 3 shows, the Natural History, American Art and Portrait Gallery, Arts and Industries, and Smithsonian Institution (Castle) buildings will all reach the end of their useful service lives within a five-year time span. Before they reach that point, however, building systems and components will fail at an increasing rate, resulting in closings, damage to collections, and dislocation of program activities, and increased operating and repair costs. Furthermore, increasing amounts of resources will be needed on an emergency basis to maintain only marginal performance.

Chart 3

Scenario 1: $24 Million Straight-Lined Funding Continued Decline

FY 2000

Excellent

o

c to

E

0_

Good

Fair

Poor

Very Poor

Failures

Life-Cycle Time in Years

Scenario 2: Halting the Decline

At $40 million annually, the Institution can arrest the rapid rate of decline in the four buildings with the greatest need. However, as shown in Chart 4, the remaining facihties will forgo much necessary scheduled maintenance and repair, resulting in a decreased service life. With the accelerated rate of decline, the need for renewal and repair becomes more urgent. If the minimum level of acceptable performance is to be maintained across the Institution, resources will not be available to improve the overall condition of marginally performing buildings.

Chart 4

Scenario 2: $40 Million Plus Inflation

Halting the Decline

FY 2000

Excellent

Good

U C

Fair

Poor

Very Poor

Failures

Maximum Useful Life

Minimum Acceptable Performance

10

Zone of Accelerating Risk of Failure

20 30

Life-Cycle Time in Years

Scenario 3: A Planned Program of Systematic Renewal

At the $50 million level of annual funding, the Institution can manage over time a planned program of systematic renewal, and gradually achieve the desired balance between maintaining acceptable performance in some of the newer buildings, while improving the overall condition of older buildings which have reached or exceeded their service life. As shown in Chart 5, the result will be a comprehensive improvement in building conditions across the Institution.

Chart 5

Scenario 3: $50 Million plus Inflation

Planned Program of Systematic Renewal

FY 2000

Excellent

Good

U

C ro

Fair

Poor

Very Poor

Failures

20 30

Life-Cycle Time in Years

Planned Action: FY 1996 Request

Economic, realities have guided our request in FY 1996 for $34 million. However, the Institution's goal is annual funding at the $50 million level for Repair and Restoration of Buildings. The $34 million level represents a $10 million incremental increase over the FY 1995 appropriation. and will move the Smithsonian in the direction of more responsible stewardship of its physical plant assets.

The following is a summary of planned expenditures by category of work for FY 1996. A chart depicting projected category totals over the next five years follows the narrative section of this request.

REPAIR AND RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS Major Capital Renewal $7,000,000

Repairs, Restoration, and Code Compliance

General Repairs 5,770,000

Facade, Roof, and Terrace Repairs 9,885,000

Fire Detection and Suppression Projects 825,000

Access, Safety, and Security Projects 5,270,000

Utility Systems Repairs 3,510,000

Advanced Planning and Inspection 1.740.000

Subtotal $27,000,000

Total Request $34,000,000

The Smithsonian separates projects under the R&R program into two categories and accordingly requests funding in two subaccounts.

Major Capital Renewal

The first subaccount, Major Capital Renewal, includes funds for the cyclical replacement of major building systems and equipment and major renovation projects required to ensure long-term preservation of the buildings. These projects are different in magnitude, expense, and planning complexity from routine ongoing restoration work, repair projects, or replacements undertaken when a piece of equipment fails. Work in this category primarily addresses the major replacement requirements for HVAC and electrical systems at the Institution's older buildings where systems are nearing the end of their service lives — the American Art and Portrait Gallery, Arts and Industries, Natural History, and Smithsonian Institution buildings.

Projects in this category involve replacing major building systems and components that have outlived their useful lives. Complete replacement of heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC), electrical, and plumbing systems, and restoration or replacement of exterior components such as facade, roof, and windows ensures long-term operation and preservation of the building. Modifications to the building also improve energy efficiency, meet fire detection and suppression requirements, and correct hazardous conditions. By coordinating these kinds of tasks, the Institution saves money and avoids repeated disruption to activities in the building. The Smithsonian achieves operating efficiencies as well by designing new building systems and components to work together. For example, by installing multiple-paned windows and increasing insulation, the Smithsonian can select heating and cooling equipment with lower capacity. The equipment costs less to purchase and install, and long-term operating costs are lower. The impact of renovation work on programmatic activities is a key

factor in planning a major project. Work of this magnitude causes serious disruption to activities in the building. The Institution must relocate staff and collections from the areas under construction to prevent damage, allow staff to continue working during the construction period, and ensure continued public access and safety. Major Capital Renewal projects are phased over a number of years to achieve the most efficient balance of cost savings while minimizing disruptions to public programs and staff activities.

For FY 1996, the Smithsonian plans to use $7,000,000 to continue Major Capital Renewal work at the Natural History Building. Funding of this request will allow the Institution to continue major renovation of the building in most urgent need of overall renewal. The planned work will ensure ongoing operations and long-term preservation of this historic building.

Repairs, Restoration and Code Compliance

The second R&R subaccount is Repairs, Restoration, and Code Compliance. Funding requested through this subaccount primarily pays for ongoing repairs and other work to meet safety and health requirements to keep the newer Smithsonian buildings at an acceptable level of performance. This subaccount encompasses six categories of routine maintenance and repair projects. This budget request presents an aggregate amount for each of the six categories, with a description of the kinds of work planned.

General Repairs ($5,770.000) - Funds requested in this category support a wide variety of projects. These funds provide resources for minor, unscheduled, but essential repairs that the Institution cannot anticipate specifically or that do not fit into one discrete category.

Facade. Roof, and Terrace Repairs ($9.885.000) - Maintaining the integrity of the exteriors of all Smithsonian buildings is critical. This maintenance will prevent major structural and interior damage and deterioration due to age, water intrusion, and weathering. Proper care will ensure a safe environment for visitors, staff, and collections. In addition, energy conservation and environmental control demand weather-tight exteriors. Work in this category includes a variety of projects accomplished cyclically according to the life of the materials used. For example, most kinds of roofs need replacing nearly every 20 years; facade joints need recaulking and repainting about every ten years; and window frames and other exterior trim need repainting every five years. Smithsonian buildings require continuing facade work in order to restore and maintain intact the building envelops.

Fire Detection and Suppression Projects ($825.000) - A major Institutional priority is to provide fire protection and safety measures meeting today's standards with state-of-the-art technology. Smithsonian staff has developed a fire protection master plan for every major Smithsonian facility. The Institution has completed much of the required work, and in several buildings needed improvements will be incorporated into the Major Capital Renewal projects. Smaller discrete projects are included in this category, and are completed as needed. The work typically includes installation of detection systems such as smoke alarms, suppression systems such as sprinklers, and architectural modifications to create fire zones by installation of fire walls and doors.

Access. Safety, and Security Projects ($5.270,000) - The Institution continues to emphasize providing better access to its facilities for persons with disabilities, improving environmental conditions

for the health and safety of visitors and staff, and correcting facility conditions that threaten the security of the National Collections. Work in this category includes:

• projects to eliminate hazardous conditions in Smithsonian buildings such as asbestos abatement and correction of ventilation problems;

• modifications to ensure accessibility to public spaces and amenities by persons with disabilities such as improving entry by wheelchair, eliminating obstructions and overhead hazards, correcting elevator deficiencies, changing placement of drinking fountains, improving emergency warning systems, and providing seating space for wheelchair users and listening systems for the hearing impaired; and

• projects to improve the security of the collections, staff and visitors, such as installing security surveillance systems, improving exterior lighting around buildings, and installing card access systems to limit and document entry to certain spaces.

Utility Systems Repairs ($3.510.000) - Funds in this category will maintain, repair, and upgrade the heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems and plumbing, electrical, and communications systems throughout the Institution's facilities. Ongoing renovations, repairs, and replacement of deteriorated equipment components are essential for ensuring reliable and energy-efficient operation of utility systems. The long-term preservation of the National Collections depends upon stable temperature and humidity conditions.

Energy management remains a high priority at the Smithsonian. Energy conservation gains from adjusting equipment and modifying operations have already been implemented. Significant energy savings opportunities remain through upgrading HVAC systems, replacing obsolete equipment, and extending central automated controls for existing systems. The Institution modifies existing HVAC systems to accommodate programmatic growth, changes in the use of buildings, and the environmental needs of collections as they become better understood. The Institution uses an integrated approach to plan for long-range, systematic HVAC improvements that will meet museum environmental requirements in an energy-efficient manner.

Comprehensive HVAC studies and energy audits for most of the buildings facilitate planning for improvements. The scope of HVAC studies includes field investigations of age, condition, efficiency, and performance of existing equipment, controls, and current operating conditions; reviews of existing drawings, specifications, operating manuals, and hygrothermograph records; and assessments of programmatic needs for environmental control. The data gathered by these studies provide a basis for determining redesign or replacement needs of existing HVAC systems; developing construction cost estimates; identifying favorable payback opportunities; and establishing priorities for the repair, replacement, or modification of equipment components such as air-handling units, refrigeration machines, cooling towers, heat exchangers, automatic temperature and humidity controls, pumps, pipes, fans, filters, ductwork, and related electrical and plumbing systems. At the same time, energy audits investigate factors relating to energy use, such as power-consuming equipment and building conditions (doors, windows, insulation, floors, and partitions). After identification of energy conservation opportunities and evaluation of costs and potential energy savings, plans will guide the renovation and improvement work. This process identified a number of system replacements that the

Major Capital Renewal subaccount will fund in addition to minor repairs and renovations requested in the Utility Systems Repairs category.

Advanced Planning and Inspection ($1.740.000) - Funds in this category support projects to identify and analyze long-range repair and restoration needs and to design future-year projects in advance of funding requests. The amount requested in FY 1996 will allow the Smithsonian to contract for planning and design of identified facilities deficiencies in advance of project funding, to reduce costs in the R&R program. The ability to identify, in advance of funding requests, the precise requirements and costs of individual projects is key to the success of the R&R program. Thorough planning and development of design concepts will provide detailed estimates and identify logistical considerations that will allow staff to plan repair strategies and establish immediate and long-range budget requirements. In addition to improving the accuracy of cost estimates, design of projects in advance of funding will save the Institution in escalation costs by enabling the staff to award construction contracts as soon as resources are appropriated. Needed repairs will also be accomplished much sooner, thus preventing further deterioration and ensuring faster compliance with codes.

The funding level requested for FY 1996 will allow Smithsonian staff to complete planning and design in advance of appropriations for a large portion of the projects to be included in the FY 1997 R&R program and will permit preliminary design of some of the projects expected to be in the FY 1998 program as well. Greater advanced planning and design capability will improve significantly the overall cost effectiveness of the R&R program and will speed the reduction of facilities deficiencies.

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CONSTRUCTION

1994 Appropriation $10,400,000

1995 Appropriation $29,244,037

1996 Estimate $38,700,000

The Smithsonian has a growing requirement for physical plant expansion and modification to support program needs, particularly in the area of collection storage and care. Plans for facility development in the coming years represent a major investment in the continuing vitality of existing programs, including collections management, research, public exhibitions and education, and other services.

Collections Care

The magnitude of the collections held by the Smithsonian is estimated to be 138 million objects and specimens. Providing adequate and appropriate space for these collections emerges repeatedly as the most critical collections management priority. Because of the severe lack of adequate space, objects are stored in potentially dangerous conditions. Causes of damage to the collection range from environmental and biological factors, to theft, vandalism, and accidental and natural disasters.

Many of the museum buildings are not adequately constructed to provide the quality of space needed to protect the collections. Building constraints include inadequate building closure and antiquated mechanical, plumbing and electrical systems. To compensate for their inadequacies, many museum buildings require additional environmental monitoring equipment.

Placing collections in space not intended for their storage and placing non-collection items in collections storage areas, even temporarily and out of necessity, have both harmed the collections and limited their accessibility to staff and researchers. Because storage areas are so crowded, objects are often placed wherever space can be made. Some objects are located on top of storage cabinets, for example, rather than inside them. Overcrowding also makes it difficult for staff to perform routine cleaning and conservation needed to protect objects from deterioration. Lack of adequate storage has forced museums to restrict their acquisition of new collections, even to the point of declining worthy bequests. As a consequence, off-site storage has become increasingly critical to the Institution.

The highest priority in the Institution's capital expansion program is to meet the requirement for adequate and appropriate space in which to house, care for, and study the collections. The staff has developed a comprehensive plan to satisfy space needs for the care of its diverse collections for the next 20 years. Components of this program include the Suitland Collections Center, Air and Space Extension, and the Cultural Resources Center of the American Indian Museum. The National Museum of Natural History East Court Building will help alleviate storage space problems in that museum after the renovation of major building systems is complete.

Exhibitions and Public Programs

The Smithsonian must provide space for exhibitions and public activities associated with displaying current collections, such as the Museum of the American Indian (Custom House and Mall Museum) and the Air and Space Extension. The National Museum of Natural History East Court Building also will increase exhibition space by returning galleries now used to house collections and staff activities to public use.

Realization of the projects in the current program will support the Institution's mandate to maintain responsible custody of the artifacts of history, culture, and natural and physical environments that it holds in trust; conduct cutting edge research; and contribute to the educational and cultural foundation of society. The Institution requests $38.7 million in FY 1996 to carry out these plans. The details of the specific major construction projects that support these plans are further discussed below. The five-year program is summarized on the chart following the narrative.

Major Construction:

National Museum of American Indian:

Cultural Resources Center $21,500,000

Mall Museum Building 3.000.000

Subtotal, NMAI 24,500,000

Air and Space Museum Extension 2,000,000

Natural History Museum, East Court 8.700.000

Subtotal $35,200,000

Planning: 500,000

Minor Construction:

Alterations and Modifications 3.000.000

Total $38,700,000

Major Construction ($35,200,000)

American Indian Museum Facilities ($24.500.000) - Public Law 101-185 authorizes the Institution to provide facilities for the Museum in three locations: an exhibition and education facility located in a portion of the Alexander Hamilton US Custom House in lower Manhattan, to be known as the George Gustav Heye Center; a collections study, reference, and support facility on the same site as the Museum Support Center in Suitland, Maryland known as the Cultural Resources Center; and a major museum building to be constructed on the Mall in Washington, DC, on land reserved for Smithsonian use by Congress in 1975.

Four major sources of funding support the construction of these facilities: New York City, the State of New York, Federal appropriations, and private donations. The Institution received an

appropriation in FY 1990 for programming and planning for all three facilities and for design of the Custom House conversion.

Since FY 1990, the Smithsonian has received $42,669,000 to prepare the Custom House space, begin design of the Suitland building and the Mall museum, and complete planning and programming for the new Museum as a whole. The George Gustav Heye Center in New York City was opened to the public in October 1994. Construction was funded jointly by New York City, the State of New York, and Federal appropriations. The Smithsonian requests $24,500,000 for FY 1996 to continue development of the Museum's facilities, as described below.

Cultural Resources Center ($21,500,000) - The Institution plans to construct a facility adjacent to the Museum Support Center in Suitland, Maryland, to provide proper storage, care, conservation and study for the collections of the National Museum of the American Indian. The one million cultural artifacts in the Heye Collection are now densely warehoused and largely inaccessible in the Bronx storage facility in New York, and library, film, and archival collections (about 250,000 items) are located elsewhere in the City. In addition to conservation, preservation, and collections-related research and training activities, the Suitland building will house exhibit development and other nonpublic functions, thus freeing space in the future Mall Museum for public activities. Based on a construction start in 1995, the facility is projected to cost approximately $50 million to design, build, and partially equip. NMAI plans to apply a portion of its Salaries and Expenses resources to complete collection storage equipping requirements over several years.

The Smithsonian used $300,000 appropriated in FY 1990 to complete planning for the building. This planning identified a specific site and building configuration, details such as geotechnical data, and construction cost estimates and schedules. Design of the new building is complete, using $5,041,000 appropriated from FY 1991 through FY 1994. The Smithsonian spent $1,047,000 in 1994 to begin site preparation work, which includes relocation of the horticultural equipment storage building to another location on the property, and demolition of buildings in the footprint of the new building. The Institution plans to award the contract for construction of the building in late 1995.

The $21,500,000 requested for FY 1996 will fund remaining construction contract costs. provide for contingency and inspection of the work in progress, architectural construction phase services, and purchase a portion of the furnishings and equipment for the building. Approximately $1.0 million from the Museum of the American Indian's FY 1996 Salaries and Expenses account request will also be used for equipment. Completion of the building, scheduled for FY 1997. will provide protective care and access to the Museum's collections, create a focal point for tribal and international outreach programs and collections-based services to various audiences, and establish vital support for the development, installation and continued operations of exhibits and public programs in the Mall Museum.

The Mall Museum Building ($3,000,000) - The Institution will construct a new building on the National Mall near the foot of Capitol Hill, adjacent to the world's most frequently visited museums. The location will provide excellent exposure for Native American artifacts and related museum activities centered on Native American culture. This facility will house permanent and changing exhibitions, reference and resource areas, an auditorium and conference center, integrated performance and retail areas, and space for other public programs.

The Institution projects the total cost of construction of the Mall building to be approximately $110 million, assuming a construction start in FY 1997. The Smithsonian plans to fund two-thirds of the cost from Federal sources and expects that the balance will result from the national fund-raising campaign. The National Museum of the American Indian completed a series of consultations with Native American communities to define the programs of the new Museum as well as generate ideas about the physical characteristics of the building. With $1,150,000 received in FY 1990 and FY 1991, the Institution completed overall programming and planning for the new Museum and detailed planning for the Mall Museum building. The detailed planning incorporated the considerations identified by Native American groups. The Institution is using $5,104,000 received in FY 1992 through FY 1995 for design of the Mall building, and requests $3,000,000 in FY 1996 to complete design. Approximately $3.7 million in nonappropriated funds will also be used. The total design effort will take up to three years. Construction is scheduled to begin in FY 1997; with completion of the building and public opening in the year 2001.

Air and Space Museum Extension ($2.000,000) - Public Law 103-57 authorizing the Institution to plan and design the Air and Space Museum Extension at Washington Dulles International Airport and authorizing appropriations of $8 million for this purpose. This facility will permit the collections currently stored at the Museum's Garber facility and many airplanes, spacecraft and other artifacts kept outdoors to be safely housed in structures built to museum standards. It also will provide a restoration facility capable of handling the largest artifacts in the collection in full view of visitors, and exhibit production and visitor services facilities.

The National Air and Space Museum (NASM) currently faces a critical shortage of facilities that threatens to cripple its basic collecting program. In the 48 years of its existence, the Museum has brought together the most significant collection of aircraft and spacecraft in the world. The Museum exhibits and stores its collection of aircraft and spacecraft and related artifacts in the Mall building and at the Paul E. Garber Facility in Suitland, Maryland. These buildings are filled to capacity, despite deliberate steps to limit the growth of the collections. Some large items can now be accommodated only outdoors, where they are constantly subjected to the highly destructive effects of precipitation and other environmental elements. The enormous size of contemporary aircraft and spacecraft also prevents the Museum from adding important artifacts to its collections. A number of aircraft that belong with the collections cannot be stored at either site because it is physically impossible to transport them from the airfield to which they would be delivered. The Institution risks severe damage to the artifacts, as well as discontinuity in its collections, if appropriate space for storage of significant larger artifacts is not found. The advanced age and deteriorated condition of the Suitland buildings further jeopardizes preservation of the Museum's collection. The Garber Facility includes approximately 23 temporary metal structures, many of which date from the early 1950s.

The Commonwealth of Virginia affirmed its support for a combination of financial resources including a $3 million interest-free loan, a $100 million bond for construction, and provision of infrastructure at the site. These commitments are dependent, however, on a continued Federal commitment to the project. This unique partnership will ultimately include not only the Federal and State governments, but also the regional business community, and private sponsors from around the nation.

In keeping with its commitment to the Commonwealth of Virginia, the Smithsonian is completing the master plan of the Extension (using previously appropriated Construction Planning funds and a portion of the $3,992,000 appropriated in FY 1995). The Institution will use the greater share of the FY 1995 funds to begin detailed design of the Extension in late FY 1995. The $2 million requested for FY 1996 will continue design. The Smithsonian expects to request the final $2 million appropriation in FY 1997 to complete design.

Natural History East Court Building ($8.700.000) - The National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) faces two significant challenges regarding space for the immediate future: accommodating a total building renovation of the heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system and relieving severe overcrowding. The Museum proposes to meet these two challenges by renovating an aging HVAC system and constructing a building inside the Natural History Building's East Court. In 1990, Congress enacted Public Law 101-455 authorizing the Institution to construct this new building and authorizing appropriations totaling $30 million.

To meet its challenges regarding space, the Museum considered several alternatives. To accommodate temporary relocations for the HVAC renovation, the Museum must find substantial temporary space, either off site or on site. Off-site leased space would not provide adequate conditions and facilities without being prohibitively expensive in direct costs and in the toll the move would take on the academic and public life of the Museum. On-site relocation would close down a major portion of the public exhibition space and have a strong negative impact on the visiting public. After weighing its options, the Museum settled on the East Court Building proposal to resolve both space problems. The new in-fill building will interconnect directly with the existing building and ultimately become an integral part of the Natural History Building.

During the HVAC renovation project, the East Court Building will add approximately 77,000 net square feet to the Natural History Building. This space will serve both as "swing space" for temporary relocation of offices, laboratories, and collections and as space for the permanent relocation of functions now housed elsewhere in the Natural History Building. The space vacated by the permanent relocation of activities to the East Court Building will also become "swing space" for the HVAC renovation project. The result is 77,000 net square feet available within the building for swing space during the renovation project. Although this amount falls short of the estimated need, the Museum can manage the necessary relocations by temporarily compressing some of the activities and collections within the Natural History Building and by using a limited amount of exhibition space for the duration. The Museum also will use space in two of the attics and several exhibit halls freed by the move of collections to the Museum Support Center as additional swing space during renovation, assuming sufficient staff are made available to prepare the artifacts for the move, as requested in the Museum Support Center's Salaries & Expenses budget. At the end of the HVAC construction period. the Museum will have 77,000 square feet of permanent space to accommodate currently overcrowded research laboratories, offices, collection areas, and public exhibit, education, and other outreach and Institution support activities.

The estimated cost of design and construction of the East Court Building is $25 million. This estimate includes the cost of relocating the greenhouse, osteology preparation laboratory, building trades shops, and hazardous waste storage located in buildings presently in the East Court. The estimate for furnishing and equipping costs is an additional $5 million.

The Institution completed the necessary planning for the new building in early FY 1991, using Construction Planning funds. Design of the building is complete, and the Institution expects to award a construction contract in Summer 1995. A total of $21,288,000 has been appropriated from FY 1991 through FY 1993 for design and construction of the building. To date, approximately $4.4 million has been spent on design and site preparation, including the relocation of the structures which previously occupied the East Court space. The remaining $16.9 million will allow award of the construction contract to meet the critical path schedule for the HVAC renovation project. However, appropriation of the remainder of the construction amount is essential to fully fund construction, and equipping funds must be available in FY 1996 to ensure the building can be occupied on schedule. The Institution therefore requests $8,700,000 in FY 1996 to complete construction and equipping of the building. Completion of the East Court Building will allow the Institution to proceed with its plans to renovate the Natural History Building and at the same time provide valuable permanent space for the Museum's programs.

Planning ($500,000)

An essential part of effective program management is the ability to assess requirements and priorities and develop long-range plans. In order to maintain the appropriate balance between existing programs and opportunities for new or expanded activities, the Institution must continue to define its physical plant requirements for accomplishing its mission. Comprehensive long-range facilities planning provides Smithsonian management with basic information on the physical aspects of existing or proposed programmatic activities in sufficient detail to be able to make meaningful decisions about competing priorities.

The Institution's comprehensive long-range planning program identifies major issues affecting each potential expansion project, including program needs, spatial ideas, operating logistics and costs, and preliminary construction-cost estimates. While recognizing that economic realities may delay the timely implementation of the facilities expansion program, the ability to visualize and define the physical plant impact of program directions is integral to strategic planning. In the absence of planning resources, project requirements, such as space and configuration plan, construction and operational costs, and environmental and logistical factors, are no more than approximations. Thus the full impact of programmatic plans cannot be weighed accurately. Without planning resources, capital improvement planning also lacks coherence and unified direction and quickly loses pace with program needs.

For FY 1996, the Smithsonian requests $500,000 to continue to develop its long-range capital improvement plans in tandem with its programmatic goals. The planning process will result in better-defined plans and better cost estimates for future-year construction projects prior to authorization and budget requests. The Institution is currently considering a variety of capital expansion and improvement projects to provide needed facilities for existing programs and urgent new initiatives. Consistent annual resources will ensure continued feasibility studies, planning, and concepts upon which to base precise designs and more accurate cost estimates for construction of these and other emerging requirements. With these resources, the Institution will also establish operating and logistical support requirements, make required environmental assessments for critical capital improvement projects, and develop materials for review commission and Congressional approval. A strong planning program will assist Smithsonian management in determining priorities from among projects most essential to the continued success of the Institution's programs.

Minor Construction, Alterations, and Modifications ($3,000,000)

Projects in this category include:

minor new construction (under $1 million in estimated cost); and

alterations and modifications to buildings to meet programmatic objectives in the areas of research, collections management, exhibitions, and public services.

For FY 1996, the Smithsonian requests $3 million for projects in this category. As presented in FY 1995, the Institution requests approval of a larger number of projects, totaling $5 million, than can be funded with this amount. By receiving approval for a greater number of projects, the Institution will have the flexibility to select those projects that are in a critical phase of development and because of logistics and timing, require immediate consideration. Also, this approach will allow the redirection of fund balances from one or more projects to be applied toward the remaining, approved projects. Of the following projects totaling $5 million, the first ten projects are of the highest priority to the Institution and are indicated as part of the FY 1996 request of $3 million.

American History Building ($275,000) - The Museum of American History currently stores a number of collections items in the basement of its Mall building, making them vulnerable to water damage if severe flooding were to occur. The Museum plans to relocate the majority of collections from the basement to leased space in Newington, Virginia, the Museum Support Center in Suitland, Maryland, and other areas of the building. The Museum will then use the basement space to consolidate exhibits and registrarial functions now scattered throughout the building. The Museum will use $375,000 received in FY 1994 and FY 1995 to begin relocation of collections from the basement and modifying the basement space to accommodate the new staff functions. The Institution requests an additional $275,000 in FY 1996 to complete the project. The work will include modifications to partitions, HVAC, electrical and fire protection systems so they more effectively respond to the Museum's program requirements. Construction will occur over a two year period, to coincide with the replacement of the HVAC systems in the basement (for which Repair and Restoration of Buildings funds were provided in FY 1995).

Environmental Research Center ($800,000) - Since FY 1991, the Institution has received funding in the Construction account for laboratory modules that will connect the new wing of the Mathias Laboratory to the present library. Four modules will provide critically needed laboratory and support space for several research programs at the Environmental Research Center (SERC). These groups must now conduct research in makeshift laboratory spaces in temporary trailers or in commercial leased space remote from the study sites. Appropriations through FY 1993 ($1,050,000) provides funding to construct the first two modules and necessary utilities and support space, such as a walk-in cold room, laboratory equipment room, and janitor closet to serve the finished facility. Although the Institution included a request for $750,000 in FY 1995 to construct an additional two modules, it is unlikely that the funds provided can be redirected to allow SERC to proceed with this project in FY 1995. The Smithsonian therefore requests $800,000 in FY 1996 to cover escalated costs of the two modules. Completion of the Mathias Laboratory modules will consolidate SERC's research programs at the Rhode River site for more effective and efficient research operations.

Garber Facility ($350,000) - The Smithsonian requests funding in FY 1996 to improve storage conditions at the Paul E. Garber Facility by continuing the renovation of Building 17. Building 17 at the Paul E. Garber Facility in Suitland, Maryland, provides critical collections storage for the National Museum of American History. The artifacts stored in the building do not require carefully controlled climatic conditions. The building, however, needs some improvements to ensure secure storage in a relatively stable environment. Moreover, the building contains asbestos insulation, which has contaminated the objects stored there. Decontamination of the artifacts and removal of the asbestos must precede these improvements. The Institution used $325,000 provided in FY 1990 for planning of the renovation project and contract document preparation. It is using $150,000 provided in FY 1993 to construct a decontamination chamber outside the building, where Museum staff will clean asbestos from the artifacts. Funds requested in the Repair and Restoration of Buildings account will relocate the artifacts and remove the asbestos from the building itself. Once decontamination is complete, the Smithsonian will use $455,000 appropriated in FY 1994 and FY 1995 to begin the renovation. The proposed work involves repairing and insulating walls and roof, upgrading electrical wiring and fixtures, and installing new space heaters and smoke detection and sprinkler systems. The FY 1996 request contains $350,000 to continue this work.

Tropical Research Institute ($470,000) - The 1986 Master Plan for the Tropical Research Institute (STRI) calls for construction of additional housing for scientists and staff supporting research programs of Barro Colorado Island. Adequate accommodations are especially needed for local workers, currently housed in substandard conditions, who must stay on the Island for extended periods to support researchers. The Institution completed construction of seven buildings and a laundry/lounge building using funding provided in FY 1985 and FY 1991 ($1,295,000). The Institution requests $470,000 in FY 1996 to begin construction of three additional buildings, which will provide 12 dormitory units. Each unit will have adequate ventilation, lighting, individual bathrooms, and fire protection and suppression systems, and will be located closer to the kitchen, dining and laundry facilities. The Smithsonian will request an estimated $300,000 in a future year to complete the units.

Office of Information Resource Management ($300,000) - The Smithsonian's main computer, which runs the accounting, collections information and library systems, is located in the Arts and Industries Building. Currently, when power outages occur in the building, both incoming and outgoing data are lost. Although this happens infrequently, the potential risk to critical Smithsonian information systems is unacceptable. The Institution requests $300,000 in FY 1996 to modify space and install an uninterrupted power source (UPS). The UPS will provide a limited amount of time in which computer users will be warned to stop their activities and save their data to minimize the possibility of irretrievably losing data during power outages.

Museum Support Center ($55,000) - The Institution requests funding in FY 1996 to install a deionized water system at the Museum Support Center. The Conservation Analytical Laboratory, Molecular Systematic Laboratory and the Botany Laboratory all require this water supply for ongoing research work. Approval of this request will avoid disruption of conservation and research tasks.

Office of Printing and Photographic Services ($300,000) - The Office of Printing and Photographic Services (OPPS) operates one of the few archival film storage units in the United States. The film storage unit is housed in the American History Building, and provides constant monitoring of relative humidity and temperature to ensure long-term preservation of important film collections held

by OPPS and other Smithsonian units. The space available can no longer accommodate growing collections. The Institution requests $300,000 in FY 1996 to expand the existing film storage room into adjacent darkroom and camera areas. Funding of this project will protect important and historic film materials from damage.

Smithsonian Institution Building ($100,000) - The Smithsonian Institution Building houses the Office of the Secretary and other senior management of the Institution. Recent and continuing changes in staff organization require minor modifications to the building to provide the necessary support facilities for staff activities. The Institution began alterations to staff offices with funds received from FY 1991 through FY 1994 ($320,000). The work includes installation or removal of partitions and doors, along with associated mechanical (HVAC), electrical, and communications system modifications. Funds appropriated in FY 1995 are providing for the design and the development of construction documents. The FY 1996 request for $100,000 will continue this project and falls within the $3 million requested for Alterations and Modifications projects. An additional amount of $75,000 will be necessary to accelerate the work.

American Art and Portrait Gallery Building ($150,000) - Construction of the Patent Office Building was completed in 1866. A century later, the General Services Administration renovated the building for the Smithsonian, to house the National Museum of American Art, the National Portrait Gallery, and the Archives of American Art. The succeeding three decades has witnessed an expansions in collections, and change and growth of the programs and staff of these organizations. Exhibit spaces, archival and artifact storage spaces, and office areas have become overcrowded, outdated and inefficient. In the next several years, the Institution will begin a major replacement of the mechanical (HVAC), electrical and other systems in the building as part of the Repair and Restoration of Buildings program. The Smithsonian plans to reorganize and update the program areas in conjunction with this project, in order to take advantage of maximum economy in costs and minimum disruption to program activities. The Institution requests funding in FY 1996 to begin planning and design of the program related renovations. This request for $150,000 falls within the $3 million requested for Alterations and Modifications projects in FY 1996. An additional amount of $200,000 will be necessary to accelerate the design process.

Alterations and Modifications Planning and Design ($200,000) - The $3 million request for Alterations and Modifications in FY 1996 contains $200,000 to plan and design future Minor Construction, Alterations, and Modifications projects. As in other categories of construction activities, such as Major Construction and Repair and Restoration of Buildings, planning is essential for an effective facilities management program. Resources for planning and design will allow the Institution to assess future requirements for minor changes to existing facilities to accommodate programmatic growth and change. Careful research into these future needs will result in more accurate cost estimates in advance of budget requests. The Institution will use these funds to evaluate space requirements, perform engineering analyses, prepare concept and schematic designs for buildings and sites, and develop detailed cost estimates. An additional amount of $85,000 will be necessary to plan or design additional projects proposed for future funding.

The Institution seeks approval for the above projects totaling $3 million and for substituting and redirecting these funds for: a) the additional purposes cited in the justifications of the prior three projects and b) those remaining projects listed below.

American Indian Museum, New York City ($285,000) - The collections of the National Museum of the American Indian are currently housed in the Research Branch in the Bronx, New York. The database of information, including digitized images, on objects in the collection is not available online to exhibit design staff located in Washington, DC. On-line access to collections information would allow Washington staff to design exhibits for the George Gustav Heye Center in New York and the future Mall Museum, and to track artifacts as they are moved from the Research Branch to the Cultural Resources Center in Suitland, Maryland. Currently, there is no on-line data-link between New York and Washington, and no building-wide local area network in the Research Branch for sharing collections data by curatorial staff. The Museum needs an on-line system before FY 1997, when move of the collections to Suitland is scheduled to begin. Planning and design of exhibits for the Mall Museum will begin even earlier, in FY 1996. The Smithsonian requests $285,000 in FY 1996 to construct a fiber optic local area network in the Research Branch to serve 30 workstations. The work will include purchase and installation of equipment, modifications of associated HVAC systems, and installation of conduit, and cabling.

American History Building ($60,000) - The Institution requests $60,000 in FY 1996 to study the exhibit shop at the National Museum of American History. The study will analyze the shop to determine the safest and most efficient manner of organizing, operating and storing materials in the shop. The study will also analyze the ventilation and dust collection systems. The study will recommend relocation of equipment and shelving to ameliorate current inefficiencies. The Institution will request funding in a future year to implement study recommendations.

Natural History Building ($200,000) - Many of the exhibits in the National Museum of Natural History have been in place since the 1960s and are no longer scientifically correct or sensitively presented. The Museum plans to update its exhibits in conjunction with Major Capital Renewal work (funded in the Repair and Restoration of Buildings account). This will allow the replacement of obsolete mechanical, electrical, and protection systems, and the removal of asbestos while modernizing the exhibit under a single renovation period. The Museum will use its base resources in the Salaries and Expenses account to reconstruct the exhibits. Before this can occur, however, the existing ductwork, equipment, lighting, walls and cases must be removed. The Institution requests $200,000 in FY 1996 to begin this demolition work in selected galleries. The Smithsonian will request additional funding for future demolition work as the Major Capital Renewal and exhibit reinstallation programs progress.

Smithsonian Institution Building ($100,000) - In FY 1996. the Institution requests $100,000 to begin programming and design for renovation of the third and fourth floor space now occupied by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. The Wilson Center plans to relocate to the International Center for Trade and Technology in late 1996 or early 1997. Funds provided in FY 1995 will be used to develop plans for the Woodrow Wilson Center's departure. The request for FY 1996 will fund a conceptual design for the most efficient use of the vacated space and coordinate the renovation work with the Major Capital Renewal project in the building.

American Art and Portrait Gallery Building ($200,000) - The Institution requests $200,000 in FY 1996 to continue reconfiguration of administrative office space for the National Museum of American Art. The Museum must modify the physical layout of space to accommodate significant changes in staff size and function. A 1990 reorganization of the Museum resulted in consolidation of

14 offices into nine offices. Sections of the consolidated offices remain in separate locations, however, impeding intraoffice communications. In addition, some office spaces are overcrowded, while others are underutilized. Physical consolidation of these new offices will streamline Museum operations and make more efficient use of the available space. The requested funding will complete the project, begun with $250,000 provided in FY 1994.

Tropical Research Institute ($175,000) - The number of game wardens patrolling Barro Colorado Island (BCI) has doubled in the last several years, due to increased incidents in the BCI Nature Monument. STRI now requires more housing space than originally outlined under the Master Plan. In addition to research and support staff housing included in this budget request, the Institution requests $175,000 in FY 1996 to construct dormitory units for the game wardens.

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory ($370,000) - The Institution requests funding for three projects at the Whipple Observatory of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) in Arizona, including constructing a control room for the Infra-red Optical Telescope Array (IOTA); constructing a control room for the Ultra-Violet Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS); and expansion of the Ridge Dormitory.

The Smithsonian is part of a five-institution consortium to deploy an Infrared Optical Telescope Array (IOTA) on Mt. Hopkins in Arizona. The IOTA will combine received light from smaller telescopes positioned on piers at predetermined locations and process the signal with newly developed optical detection and computer synthesis techniques. IOTA will permit scientists to see distant stellar objects with much finer detail and thereby gain greater insight into the fundamental processes of the universe. The telescopes must move from pier to pier to simulate the reception from a variety of receivers. SAO used $605,000 received in FY 1992 and FY 1993 to design and construct the IOTA Central Facility and two of the three shelter-transporter vehicles and telescope piers, and will use $100,000 appropriated in FY 1995 to construct the third shelter-transporter. The Institution requests $100,000 in FY 1996 to construct a control room for the IOTA telescopes, to complete the project. Funding of the IOTA project will help keep SAO at the forefront of astrophysical research and fulfill its obligations to other consortium parties who have provided substantial additional funding for this program.

The Ultra-Violet Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS) project will study the sun's corona by satellite borne research equipment. The research equipment is expected to be ready for launch by July 1995. Within three months, scientific data transmissions could begin. Design and construction of the UVCS data reduction center is critical to receiving and analyzing the volumes of data expected to be received. The Institution requests $50,000 in FY 1996 to build this control room.

The Smithsonian also requests $220,000 in FY 1996 to expand dormitory capacity at the Whipple Observatory. The existing Ridge Dormitory is no longer adequate to meet increased scientific activity at the Observatory. Dormitory space on the mountain is required to allow astronomers to make the most efficient use of their viewing time, mitigate problems with acclimatization to high altitude, and allow astronomers to react quickly to changes in observing conditions. The requested funding will add four rooms to the existing building.

Arts and Industries Building ($250,000) - The Arts and Industries Building (A&I) houses four major exhibition halls. It also houses essential program and administrative activities on the Mall, including those that require public access, such as Public Affairs, Museum Programs, and Elementary and Secondary Education. Other central support organizations located in this building include Protection Services, Information Resource Management, and Planning, Management and Budget. There is an immediate and continuing need to renovate space to offer more functional work areas for current administrative and program requirements. The Institution has used funds provided through FY 1994 to continue renovation of space and acquisition of modular furniture to increase future flexibility. For FY 1996, the Smithsonian requests $250,000 to modify additional space in the building. Funding for this ongoing project will support the Institution's efforts to use efficiently the staff space in the Arts and Industries Building.

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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Annual Visitation FY 1989 - FY 1993

MALL FY 1989 FY 1990 FY 1991 FY 1992 FY 1993

SI Building /1 - 1,507,351 1,384,881 1,644,504 1,985,420

Arts & Industries Building 1,324,126 994,162 969,184 1,142,187 1,024,495

National Museum of Natural History 6,453,481 6,162,953 6,207,225 7,164,433 6,369,783

National Air and Space Museum 8,397,694 7,542,401 7,694,063 8,580,238 8,280,284

Freer Gallery of Art/2 - 333,003

Sackler Gallery /3 445,087 405,913 283,901 311,797 246,503

National Museum of African Art /3 418,022 431,859 396,972 373,961 367,650

Ripley Center /3 378,480 251,908 346,306 317,097 305,459

National Museum of American History 5,527,747 5,704,389 5,513,792 5,742,674 5,306,769

Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden 1,048,103 937,060 883,828 872,486 870,036

OFF-MALL

American Art & Portrait Gallery

Renwick Gallery

Anacostia Museum /4

Cooper-Hewitt Museum

National Museum of the American Indian /5

National Zoological Park /6

National Postal Museum /7

GRAND TOTAL

1/ Closed to the public January 1988 through October 1989.

2/ Closed to the public September 1988 through May 1993.

3/ Opened to the public September 28. 1987.

4/ Closed to the public January to April 1987. Reopened May 1987 at new location.

5/ FY 1990 reporting period included July through September, 1990.

6/ Number of visitors based on sampling system.

7/ Opened to the public July 30, 1993.

Smithsonian Institution

Museum Programs and Related Research

(Special Foreign Currency Program)

Program of Grants for Research - The Smithsonian Institution, through its Special Foreign Currency Program, makes grants to United States universities, museums, and other institutions of higher learning, including the Smithsonian itself, primarily for research and advanced professional training in fields of traditional Smithsonian competence.

Excess currencies appropriations directly funded the program through FY 1986. Outlays from the budget authority appropriated through FY 1986, including the Forward-Funded Reserve for the American Institute of Indian Studies, will continue through the 1990s. In addition, since FY 1986 the Smithsonian has received allocations of U.S.-owned Indian rupees from the funds appropriated to the Department of State in FY 1985 for the establishment of the U.S.-India Fund for Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Cooperation.

For the past 29 years, the Special Foreign Currency Program has been a major source of support for research carried out by United States institutions in those countries for which excess foreign currencies are available. The full responsibility for the design, execution, and publication of research results rests with a scholar working within the program of a United States institution. Smithsonian foreign currency grants strengthen the fundamental research and training activities of collaborating institutions abroad, since most projects directly involve host country institutions and scholars. Enduring professional ties, which result from joint efforts and scholarly exchange, contribute to the strongest form of United States cultural relations with other nations. These ties also contribute to the global integration of research data in the sciences. As a result of this interaction, the gap between industrial and developing nations' scholars has narrowed. Moreover, research sponsored by the program aims, in part, to improve understanding of the environment and the management and conservation of scarce natural and cultural resources that are threatened by the rapid growth of world population and technological development.

In FY 1994, ongoing research supported by these grants included projects in archeology, anthropology, reproductive biology, and astrophysics.

Forward-funded Reserve for the American Institute of Indian Studies - Since 1967, the Smithsonian has provided annual funding through the Special Foreign Currency Program to the American Institute of Indian Studies (AQS) for its fellowships, research, symposia, and publications programs, as well as its administrative costs. The Smithsonian has helped sustain this Institute and other American research centers abroad for the last 28 years because of their significant contributions to scholarship and science without regard for national boundaries and because of their special service to American scholars.

With Special Foreign Currency Program funding received from FY 1980 through FY 1985, the Smithsonian established a forward-funded reserve of 57,170,000 equivalent in rupees. This reserve enabled the AQS to sustain its programs after the removal of India from the excess currency list in 1985. Since FY 1986. AIIS. with oversight from the Smithsonian, has drawn upon the funds from this reserve for its fellowship program and administrative costs in India. The Institution continues to

examine annual proposals through its peer review system before releasing funds from the reserve account to AIIS. The reserve should support AUS programs through the 1990s in conjunction with continued support from the U.S.-India Fund. In 1990, the U.S. Congress authorized the deposit of the reserve in interest-bearing (rupee) accounts, a plan that will help to continue the viability of the fund for many years. In FY 1993, the first deposits totalling an equivalent of $4 million were made to the interest-bearing accounts. No additional deposits were made in FY 1994; however, all funds remaining in the forward fund will be deposited into interest-bearing accounts in FY 1995.

U.S. -India Fund for Educational. Cultural, and Scientific Cooperation - In FY 1985, Congress appropriated $100 million equivalent in U.S.-owned Indian rupees to the Department of State to establish the U.S.-India Fund for Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Cooperation. Since FY 1986, the Smithsonian has received allocations from this fund to continue programs in India similar to those administered under the Special Foreign Currency Program, which would otherwise have ended when India lost excess currency status in 1985. The Institution has received a total of $16.8 million from FY 1986 through FY 1995 and expects to receive $1.0 million in FY 1996 through the U.S.-India Fund. Based on current usage, the fund will be totally liquidated by FY 1997.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Appropriation: Salaries and Expenses

Appropriation language and citations:

20 U.S.C. 41 provides for the establishment and operation of the Smithsonian Institution "...for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men..." This section delineates the full scope of Smithsonian authority. Examples of secondary authorities within this primary authority may be cited as follows:

1. For necessary expenses of the Smithsonian Institution, as authorized by law, including research in the fields of art, science, and history;

20 U.S.C. 50. 53a. 69. 75b. 76bb. 77a. 78. 80a. 80m provide that (1) "...all objects of art and of foreign and curious research, and all objects of natural history, plants, and geological and mineralogical specimens...shall be so arranged and classified...as best to facilitate the examination and study of them..." (2) "Appropriations are authorized for...the making of solar observations at high altitudes..." (3) "The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution is hereby authorized...to continue independently or in cooperation anthropological researches among the American Indians and the natives of lands under the jurisdiction or protection of the United States..." (4) "The Gallery shall function as a free public museum for the exhibition and study of portraiture and statuary depicting men and women who have made significant contributions to the history, development, and culture of the people of the United States and of the artists who created such portraiture and statuary." (5) "The Joseph H. Hirshhom Museum and Sculpture Garden...shall be used for the storage, exhibition, and study of works of art..." (6) "The national air and space museum shall...provide educational material for the historical study of aviation and space flight." (7) "The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution is authorized to cooperate with any State, educational institution, or scientific organization in the United States for continuing paleontological investigations..." (8) "It shall be equipped with a study center for scholarly research into the meaning of war, its effect on civilization, and the role of the Armed Forces..." (9) "...the Board may...conduct programs of research and education (in the Museum of African Art)..."

2. development, preservation, and documentation of the National Collections;

20 U.S.C. 50. 50a. 59. 69. 75e. 76c. 76cc(a1. 77a. 80a. 80m. 81 provide that (1) "...all objects of art and of foreign and curious research, and all objects of natural history, plants, and geological and mineralogical specimens...shall be delivered to such persons as may be authorized by the Board of Regents to receive them, and shall be so arranged and classified...as best to facilitate the examination and study of them..." (2) "The Smithsonian Institution is authorized to include in its estimates of appropriations such sums as may be needful for the preservation and maintenance of the John Gellatly art collection." (3) "All collections of rocks, minerals, soils, fossils, and objects of natural history, archaeology, and ethnology...when no longer needed for investigations in progress shall be deposited in the National Museum." (4) "The Secretary of the

Smithsonian Institution is hereby authorized...to continue independently or in cooperation...the excavation and preservation of archaeological remains." (5) "...the Board may - (1) purchase, accept, borrow, or otherwise acquire portraiture, statuary, and other items for preservation, exhibition, or study." (6) "...the Regents are authorized.. .to acquire (by purchase or otherwise) and sell contemporary works of art or copies thereof..." (7) "There is established in the Smithsonian Institution a Board of Trustees...which shall have the sole authority (i) to purchase or otherwise acquire...works of art for the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden..." (8) "The national air and space museum shall...collect, preserve, and display aeronautical and space flight equipment of historical interest and significance..." (9) ".. .the Smithsonian Institution shall collect, preserve, and exhibit military objects of historical interest and significance." (10) "The National Zoological Park is placed under the direction of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, who are authorized to transfer to it any living specimens, whether of animals or plants, in their charge, to accept gifts for the park...to make exchanges of specimens..." (11) "...the Board may purchase, accept, borrow or otherwise acquire additional works of art or any other real or personal property for the Museum (of African Art); preserve, maintain, restore...or otherwise hold any property of whatsoever nature acquired..."

presentation of public exhibits and performances;

20 U.S.C. 75b. 76c. 76bb. 77a. 80a. 80m provide that (1) "The Gallery shall function as a free public museum for the exhibition and study of portraiture and statuary..." (2) "In order to encourage the development of contemporary art and to effect the widest distribution and cultivation in matters of such art, the Regents are authorized to...conduct exhibitions..." (3) "The Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden...shall be used for the storage, exhibition, and study of works of art..." (4) "The national air and space museum shall...collect, preserve, and display aeronautical and space flight equipment of historical interest and significance..." (5) "...the Smithsonian Institution shall collect, preserve, and exhibit military objects of historical interest and significance." (6) "...the Board may...display...any property of whatsoever nature acquired (for the Museum of African Art)..."

collection, preparation, dissemination, and exchange of information and publications;

20 U.S.C. 53a provides that "Appropriations are authorized for the...preparation of manuscripts, drawings, and illustrations for publication."

44 U.S.C. 1719 provides that "For the purpose of more fully carrying into effect the convention concluded at Brussels on March 15, 1886, and proclaimed by the President of the United States on January 15, 1889, there shall be supplied to the Library of Congress not to exceed one hundred and twenty-five copies each of all Government publications, including the daily and bound copies of the Congressional Record, for distribution, through the Smithsonian Institution, to foreign governments which agree to send to the United States similar publications of their governments for delivery to the Library of Congress."

20 U.S.C. 65a provides "The Director of the National Museum under the direction of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution shall - (1) cooperate with museums and their professional organizations in a continuing study of museum problems and opportunities, both in the United States and abroad; (2) prepare and carry out programs by grant, contract, or directly for training career employees in museum practices...(3) prepare and distribute significant museum publications; (4) perform research on, and otherwise contribute to, the development of museum techniques..."

20 U.S.C. 77a provides that "The national air and space museum shall...provide educational material for the historical study of aviation and space flight."

20 U.S.C. 79a provides that "The purpose of setting aside such an area [Barro Colorado Island] is to preserve and conserve its natural features...thus providing a place where duly qualified students can make observations and scientific investigations for increase of knowledge, under such conditions and regulations as may be prescribed by Ihc Smithsonian Institution."

20 U.S.C. 79e as amended bv P.L. 96-89 and P.L. 98-57 provides that "There are authorized to be appropriated annually...such sums as are necessary for the administration of sections 79-79e of this title and for the maintenance of laboratory or other facilities..."

The Panama Canal Treaty and ancillary agreements vest in the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute responsibility to serve as custodian of the Barro Colorado Nature Monument. The Panama Canal Act of 1979, P.L. 96-70, implements the provisions of the Panama Canal Treaty.

20 U.S.C. 80m provides that "...the Board may...conduct programs of research and education (in the Museum of African Art)..."

6. maintenance, alteration, operation, lease (for terms not to exceed thirty years), and protection of buildings, facilities, and approaches;

20 U.S.C. 53a, 76g, 76ee, 79b, 80m. 81 provide that (1) "Appropriations are authorized for the maintenance of the Astrophysical Observatory and... for repairs and alterations of buildings and grounds occupied by the Smithsonian Institution in the District of Columbia and elsewhere..." (2) "There are authorized to be appropriated annually such sums as may be necessary to maintain and administer the Gallery..." (3) "There is authorized to be appropriated...such additional sums as may be necessary for the maintenance and operation of such museum and sculpture garden." (4) "The Smithsonian Institution shall...be responsible for the construction and maintenance of laboratory and other facilities on the area provided for the use of students authorized to carry on studies

132

within the confines of the area..." (5) "...the Board may...preserve, maintain...any property of whatsoever nature acquired (for the Museum of African Art)..." (6) "The National Zoological Park is placed under the direction of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, who are authorized...to administer and improve the said Zoological Park for the advancement of science and the instruction and recreation of the people." Public Law 101-512 making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies for the fiscal year 1991 extended the maximum term from ten years to thirty years.

7. not to exceed $ for services as authorized by 5 U.S.C. 3109;

5 U.S.C. 3109 provides that "When authorized by an appropriation or other statute, the head of an agency may procure by contract the temporary (not in excess of 1 year) or intermittent services of experts or consultants or an organization thereof, including stenographic reporting services."

8. up to 5 replacement passenger vehicles;

31 U.S.C. 638a provides that "Unless specifically authorized by the appropriation concerned or other law, no appropriation shall be expended to purchase or hire passenger motor vehicles for any branch of the Government other than those for..."

9. purchase, rental, repair, and cleaning of uniforms for employees;

5 U.S.C. 5901 provides that "There is authorized to be appropriated annually to each agency of the Government of the United States...on a showing of necessity or desirability, an amount not to exceed $125 multiplied by the number of employees of the agency who are required by regulation or statute to wear a prescribed uniform in the performance of official duties and who are not being furnished with the uniform."

40 U.S.C. 193t provides that "The special police provided for in section 193n of this title [Smithsonian Institution]...may be furnished, without charge, with uniforms and such other equipment as may be necessary for the proper performance of their duties..."

10. of which not to exceed $ for the instrumentation program, collections acquisition.

Museum Support Center equipment and move, exhibition reinstallation, the National Museum of the American Indian, and the repatriation of skeletal remains program shall remain available until expended;

Wording added by the Congress in Public Law 100-446 making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and related agencies for the fiscal year 1989 to permit the Institution to establish no-year funding within the Salaries and Expenses account for the development of major scientific instrumentation. Public Law 101-512 making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies for the fiscal year

1991 also allowed no-year funding to be used for purchases for museum collections; the costs of purchasing collections storage equipment and the preparation of objects and the move of collections to the Museum Support Center; the design, production, and reinstallation of museum exhibitions; the operating costs associated with the new National Museum of the American Indian; and the repatriation of skeletal remains. In addition, Public Law 103-332 making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies for the fiscal year 1995 permits no-year funding for research equipment; information technology needs; and Latino programming at the Institution.

31 U.S.C. 718 provides "No specific or indefinite appropriation made subsequent to August 24, 1912, in any regular annual appropriation Act shall be construed to be permanent or available continuously without reference to a fiscal year unless it belongs to one of the following...or unless it is made in terms expressly providing that it shall continue available beyond the fiscal year for which the appropriation Act in which it is contained makes provision."

11. and, including such funds as may be necessary to support American overseas research centers and a total of $ for the Council of American Overseas Research Centers:

Wording added by the Congress in Public Law 99-190 making appropriations for the Department of Interior and Related Agencies in 1986. Public Law 100-446 making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies for the fiscal year 1989 modified reference to add specific dollar sum to be provided to the Council of American Overseas Research Centers.

12. Provided, That funds appropriated herein are available for advance payments to independent contractors performing research services or participating in official Smithsonian presentations.

31 U.S.C. 529 provides that "No advance of public money shall be made in any case unless authorized by the appropriation concerned or other law."

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Appropriation: Construction and Improvements,

National Zoological Park

Appropriation language and citations:

1. For necessary expenses of planning, construction, remodeling, and equipping of buildings and facilities at the National Zoological Park,

20 U.S.C. 81 provides that "The National Zoological Park is placed under the direction of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, who are authorized...to administer and improve the said Zoological Park for the advancement of science and the instruction and recreation of the people."

2. by contract or otherwise,

Wording for clarification only.

3. to remain available until expended.

31 U.S.C. 718 provides "No specific or indefinite appropriation made subsequent to August 24, 1912, in any regular annual appropriation Act shall be construed to be permanent or available continuously without reference to a fiscal year unless it belongs to one of the following...or unless it is made in terms expressly providing that it shall continue available beyond the fiscal year for which the appropriation Act in which it is contained makes provision."

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Appropriation: Repair and Restoration of Buildings

Appropriation language and citations:

1. For necessary expenses of repair and restoration of buildings owned or occupied by the Smithsonian Institution, by contract or otherwise, as authorized by section 2 of the Act of August 22, 1949 (63 Stat. 623),

20 U.S.C. 53a provides that "Appropriations are authorized...for repairs and alterations of buildings and grounds occupied by the Smithsonian Institution in the District of Columbia and elsewhere..."

2. including not to exceed $ for services as authorized by 5 U.S.C. 3109,

5 U.S.C. 3109 provides that "When authorized by an appropriation or other statute, the head of an agency may procure by contract the temporary (not in excess of 1 year) or intermittent services of experts or consultants or an organization thereof, including stenographic reporting services."

3. to remain available until expended:

31 U.S.C. 718 provides "No specific or indefinite appropriation made subsequent to August 24, 1912, in any regular annual appropriation Act shall be construed to be permanent or available continuously without reference to a fiscal year unless it belongs to one of the following...or unless it is made in terms expressly providing that it shall continue available beyond the fiscal year for which the appropriation Act in which it is contained makes provision."

4. Provided, That contracts awarded for environmental systems, protection systems, and exterior repair or restoration of buildings of the Smithsonian Institution may be negotiated with selected contractors and awarded on the basis of contractor qualifications as well as price.

Wording added to allow for negotiations with the most competent firms for restoration and renovation work where it can be certified that such work must be performed to meet the special needs of historic structures, the protection of collections, or public safety.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Appropriation: Construction

Appropriation language and citations:

1. For necessary expenses for construction,

20 U.S.C. 53a provides that "Appropriations are authorized...for repairs and alterations of buildings and grounds occupied by the Smithsonian Institution in the District of Columbia and elsewhere..."

2. to remain available until expended:

31 U.S.C. 718 provides "No specific or indefinite appropriation made subsequent to August 24, 1912, in any regular annual appropriation Act shall be construed to be permanent or available continuously without reference to a fiscal year unless it belongs to one of the following...or unless it is made in terms expressly providing that it shall continue available beyond the fiscal year for which the appropriation Act in which it is contained makes provision."

3. provided, That notwithstanding any other provision of law, a single procurement for the construction of the National Museum of the American Indian Cultural Resources Center may be issued which includes the full scope of the project: Provided further, That the solicitation and the contract shall contain the clause "availability of funds" found at 48 CFR 52.232.18.

Wording added by the Congress in Public Law 103-332 making appropriations for the Department of Interior and Related Agencies for the fiscal year 1995 to allow the Smithsonian to enter into a contract for full construction of the Indian Museum cultural Resources Center, subject to the availability of appropriations.

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