This book made available by the Internet Archive.

en

I IP

5 <

s 1

* z

c -J: <

S O

c

10 Q/

i • 5 E >

I "

c c .H ai io j:

E ^ S-* 4.-5 en u ai o)

^ _eno yi

"O

c * s r ^ »

11°

uaa

g

<

* CJ

"ofcoCc-xo 41 c 3""- n - ^ g\w

''o'o'o'o'o'oo *

^ g, ^ U 4, (, Q,—

"> OO

< z

5 OOO Z

S Q <

!: J: IE ^ :£ IT J: ■ OOOOOOOh

is i°

See

< w

* £ c E|9

O = 10

— t c

0, i, _ > > Of

4> O *: "o'o'o

ooo

S£

10 ct

S|c >ES

= s|

5.01 c "So §

0, 4, >C

u i-» ~

oo5

2 *

3,§°

5 *.z

i- <0

Sal

ii tv c

S • 5 0> >•

(0 W (u w t

i « ssf

E^Eet Eel

c?r S

- u

a oJ_

^ u ^2

ZOO

o 3ft

u. o. ^

§2

^ c ■p 10 01

£e^

E 5 S a-? 2

-2^S.

di a> cj Sf tr *^

*r; O See OOO >

I

•i II

S c

II I!

11!

S S S. E S *

Si t s

!$i

.* « o

>• 5

; s oi «i • s

ooo;

•:

• O

01

« E

4, Q,

^ en

> io

i c

<H 10

rs

10 >-

= t

c O

lie"?!

M diffl

?! ssns°

-? 2-55211 a.ccj5cS££

°aS-°2ooo

- t e •— — - — www

= 5°5SE£t =

Ob uSO "000

a.-5

£2 c

0 " « 10 < CJ

-OO

*oo

z =

w O

<

E

? ■

S:e 12

o

», a, O-p

!o U o E o/

1 5 5-a ■ • |S3

£* —' — *^

ai — io-o = I 2 c c

SO|..s

rv <— C

wo_qy 0

c l ?3 ? $5

it

3 10

2-=

Oirf

^<o^ a.o a* ^

■0 fe =

o< 5:

1=5

O ».

«" E o

- io a

I u 5

cii

<0 p_

21-

01

c & —

1*5=

c :

E <

'o "o'o'o

"iEEE

t- -5 3 t5

> 10 3 3 3

i u 555

l."?tO

<<<

3 i o 8 5

10 «

c c c E O O

j, „ _

•: to »o £zz

u a is <o

_ > c c c o

2*2225

B 11, i- ^ £* (0 ^ rt- 10 10 10 ^ Z^ZZZ^

01

J:_!

41 >>I0 ^

:>"o '9 -«3

hoo

4, c 4, 4,

*zoo

Of

Irt > £ 2

5 1-

CJVw c

0*0 E en.« y

3 * a >

34, (^

!ril

ooo-: a. o.£-2

££i£

«

c 41

Oi

41

2 £

o W

S

« ., « S 3

I r _- * ■! m q, fc

' 'C -

= ■6 ™ S S «; a

2 o< £

= B

a. c

B

si

") o

CL- 10 SJ3 2

""5S-E§§!

1 a. 41 a !

£ |°!

II

?E-"

; s v t ; S £

£.£<«££(

-2 5

»:Xccc: "- — v m n m m 1

t's't cc e c' o0 °SS22

ON ON

3

E-55

rrr e g e §

Page

Public Service

Office of the Assistant Secretary 163

Smithsonian Institution Press 170

Office of Folklife Programs 175

Academic and Educational Programs 180

International Center 187

Administration 193

Facilities Services

Office of Design and Construction 203

Office of Protection Services 206

Office of Plant Services 209

FACILITIES PLANNING, RENOVATION, RESTORATION, AND CONSTRUCTION

Construction and Improvements , National Zoological Park 213

Repair and Restoration of Buildings 217

- -Maj or Capital Renewal 218

--Repairs, Restoration, and Code Compliance 222

--Detail of FY 1993 Request by Building 227

Construction 233

- -African American Museum 233

--National Air and Space Museum Extension 234

- -National Museum of the American Indian 236

--Suitland Collections Research Center 238

--Natural History East Court Building 239

- -General Construction Planning 241

- -Minor Construction, Alterations and Modifications 242

APPENDIX

Visitors to the Smithsonian Institution, FY 1987 - FY 1991 251

Columbus Quincentenary 252

Special Foreign Currency Program 255

Federal Expenditures for Consulting Services 258

Smithsonian Institution Authorization Citations 259

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION INTRODUCTION

The Smithsonian Institution, established by Congress in 1846, is an independent Federal establishment dedicated to the "increase and diffusion of knowledge." In the fulfillment of this mission, the Smithsonian has become a major international center for basic research, especially in the fields of astrophysics, tropical and environmental biology, history of science, aeronautics and space science, art history, and the conservation of materials. The Smithsonian is also the world's largest museum complex, visited by approximately 30 million people each year.

Throughout its history, the Smithsonian Institution has benefited from a strong base of Federal support for its programs and its ability to complement this funding with nonappropriated sources of funds. As the Smithsonian's 150th anniversary nears, the Nation can look with pride at the success of this unique Federal/Trust partnership. The enduring support of the President and the Congress has permitted the Smithsonian Institution to grow, to flourish, and to touch every American. Those commitments that permit long-term investments are most gratifying, for they have enabled the Institution not only to remain current in its collections and research but indeed to lead the way in studying and presenting them. The partnership that has supported the completion of the master plan for the National Zoological Fark for more than 20 years is a fine example of the kind of sustained commitment so necessary for future achievements. In addition, the more recent Repair and Restoration program has already demonstrated the wisdom of investing in renewal.

FY 1993 BUDGET PRIORITIES

During the past year, the Institution has conducted a review of its current organizational structure and a proposed reorganization plan is currently in draft. This draft plan will be reviewed by the Board of Regents at its February 3, 1992 meeting. The FY 1993 budget request manifests the priorities in Choosing the Future , the Institution's five-year prospectus: (1) Stewardship of the Public Trust; (2) Understanding the Global Environment and Our Place in the Universe; (3) Exemplifying the Nation's Pluralism; and (4) Bringing Synergism to Contemporary Public Education. For FY 1993, the Smithsonian Institution's request for all operating and capital budget accounts totals $364.7 million, $32.9 million over the FY 1992 appropriation. Of this amount, $22.3 million represents resources that the Institution needs to reinforce its programmatic, operational, and facilities infrastructure--an investment in its foundations--to ensure its Stewardship of the Public Trust. Only $10.6 million represents resources for new program initiatives and facilities in the areas of Global Change Research, Cultural Pluralism, and Education.

The Institution's Federal support, provided through the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, consists of four separate appropriation accounts that correspond to the four distinct operating and capital budgets the Institution administers. The Salaries and Expenses account is the Smithsonian's basic operating budget, providing ongoing programmatic support for the Institution's approximately 80 bureaus and offices. The Repair and Restoration account supports the maintenance, repair and preservation of the Smithsonian's existing facilities (excluding the National Zoological Park). The Construction account provides funding for major new construction projects; minor construction, alterations and modifications to existing buildings required for programmatic purposes; and construction planning (excluding the National Zoological Park). The Construction and Improvements, National Zoological Park account funds both

repair and maintenance projects and major new construction projects for the Zoo's exhibition and public educational facilities in the Rock Creek Valley in Washington, D.C. , and the Conservation and Research Center in Front Royal, Virginia.

The following table provides a summary of the Institution's FY 1992 appropriation and FY 1993 request by account:

FY 1993 BUDGET REQUEST ($000s)

APPROPRIATION FY 1992 FY 1993

ACCOUNT APPROPRIATION REQUEST

Salaries and Expenses $281,183 $311,000

Zoo Construction 7,899 7,900

Repair and Restoration 23,599 24,400

Construction 19,156 21.400

TOTAL $331,837 $364,700

SALARIES AND EXPENSES :

The Salaries and Expenses (S&E) request of $311 million and 4,910 workyears represents a net increase of $29.8 million over the FY 1992 appropriation. For the past three years, the central theme of the Institution's budget deliberations has been the need to address the various program and operating infrastructure requirements identified during the planning and budget process. For FY 1993, increases totaling $3.4 million are requested to address these infrastructure deficiencies. In addition, the Institution has continued to support several principal themes for new program initiatives--Global Change Research, Cultural Pluralism, and Education, each responding to a clear national and public imperative. These initiatives represent $10.4 million of the requested increase for Salaries and Expenses, including $4.2 million for Global Change Research, $5.9 million related to Cultural Pluralism, and $0.3 million for Education. An amount of $18.6 million is required to cover the increased costs of "uncontrollable" items such as legislated pay raises, utilities, space rental, and inflation. These increases are offset by a total of $2.6 million in reductions associated with nonrecurring FY 1992 costs.

Of the total FY 1993 S&E budget, the Institution requests that $30,332,000 remain available until expended. These funds support the instrumentation program; collections acquisition; Museum Support Center equipment and move; exhibition reinstallation; land acquisition at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center; and the National Museum of the American Indian and the repatriation program.

STEWARDSHIP OF THE PUBLIC TRUST :

The Institution's five-year prospectus, Choosing the Future , underscores management's clear imperative over the next several years to address resource deficiencies in current programs that would prevent the Institution from meeting its public responsibilities. These responsibilities entail reinvestment not only in the infrastructure of bricks and mortar but also in the infrastructure of services and administrative activities that support programs conducted for the public benefit. For the past three years, during its

budget deliberations, the Institution has grouped similar deficiencies throughout various Smithsonian bureaus and offices into several broad categories in an effort to portray the magnitude of these deficiencies.

With the support of both the Office of Management and Budget and Congress, the Institution has begun to make measured progress in addressing these deficiencies during FY 1991 and FY 1992. The Institution is particularly appreciative of the sustained support for the Institution's efforts to reinforce its security, collections management, research support, and human resource management capabilities. The FY 1993 budget request seeks to continue these efforts to address long-standing infrastructure requirements. For FY 1993, the Institution requests increases totaling $3.4 million for infrastructure needs for strengthened management controls and the elimination of audit deficiencies, major scientific instrumentation, health and safety, facilities maintenance, human resource management, and conservation of library and archival collections. Due to continuing fiscal constraints, the Office of Management and Budget was unable to include funding in its allowance for other infrastructure categories. These very important unfunded requirements include the reinstallation of permanent exhibit halls; library acquisitions; collections management; specialized, technical, and clerical staff and support costs; laboratory and scientific equipment, computers, and information systems; space deficiencies; and security of facilities and collections. The table below provides a summary of the $3,381 million and 41 workyears the Institution is requesting for various infrastructure requirements in FY 1993 and shows the remaining need the Institution intends to address in future budget years. Following the table is a description of the infrastructure requirements requested for FY 1993.

RESOURCES REQUESTED FOR FY 1993 FOR INFRASTRUCTURE COMPARED TO THE UNFUNDED BACKLOG OF REQUIREMENTS

Infrastructure Bundle

Management Controls and Audit Deficiencies Major Scientific Instrumentation Health and Safety (including Asbestos Cleanup) Facilities Maintenance Deficiencies Human Resource Management

Conservation of Library and Archival Collections Reinstallation of Permanent Exhibit Halls Library Acquisition Collections Management Clerical Support Staff

Specialized & Technical Staff and Support Costs Laboratory and Scientific Equipment (Non-computing) Computers (Hardware) Information Systems Space Deficiencies

Security of Facilities and Collections

Total

41 $3,381

613 $58,000

Management Controls and Audit Deficiencies - The Smithsonian maintains a strong program of audit and review of its financial affairs and access to and control of the National Collections. Although not a department or agency of the executive branch, the Smithsonian recognizes and observes the intent of the Federal Managers' Financial Integrity Act (FMFIA). Toward that end, the Smithsonian's Office of Inspector General (OIG) performs financial and program audits on a regular cycle. To supplement the OIG's review of internal controls, an outside certified public accounting firm performs an annual financial audit and the General Accounting Office and other agencies perform special audits from time to time. In addition, the Smithsonian's Office of Financial and Management Analysis conducts internal management review studies on an as-needed basis.

These reviews and audits identify deficiencies in internal controls, policies, and procedures; in compliance with internal and external requirements; and in meeting the needs of the public. Additionally, they identify areas where efficiency improvements are possible. By implementing the recommendations from these audits and reviews, the Smithsonian improves internal controls; limits the potential for waste, fraud, and abuse; and becomes more effective in meeting public needs and more efficient in carrying out its programs. Eliminating such deficiencies also represents an investment with expected and important returns.

Major Scientific Instrumentation - The Institution's request for additional funding for Major Scientific Instrumentation will enable the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) to continue two important projects involving the development of new and the reconfiguration of existing instrumentation. The construction of the submillimeter telescope array will allow SAO scientists to study more effectively the formation of stars and planetary systems and the puzzling processes taking place in the cores of galaxies and quasars. The conversion of the Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT) to a telescope with a single 6.5-meter diameter mirror will enable SAO to gather data on objects much fainter than is currently possible and to study more than twice as much of the universe.

FY 1993 Program Increases

Project

Submillimeter Telescope Array Staffing for Submillimeter

Telescope Array Instrumentation for Converted MMT

Total 7 666

Health and Safety (including Asbestos Cleanup) - The Institution is concerned about the health and safety of its staff and visitors. In recent years, Congress has allocated resources for a solid foundation in environmental management and safety programming. Staff members are now available to assess most environmental and safety hazards of the physical plant and to identify necessary changes to buildings or work practices. The Institution needs resources, however, to coordinate Institution-wide asbestos abatement work and to

carry out the changes identified by existing programs, particularly at the bureau level. Staff of the Office of Environmental Management and Safety are developing programs necessary to inform and protect employees who work with dangerous chemicals or are exposed to hazardous conditions and to identify fire or safety risks in the workplace and public areas of Smithsonian buildings. Additional resources will allow coordination of efforts at the bureau level and ensure that laboratories and offices throughout the Institution can implement these safety programs.

An occupational health program is now in place, but the Institution needs additional resources to meet statutory obligations to staff. Presently the Smithsonian is unable to meet several mandatory requirements for health monitoring of all employees exposed to hazardous materials or working under extreme physical conditions. The Smithsonian has established programs in wellness and substance abuse, but these programs require increased support. Added funds will allow the Institution to increase the number of physical examinations performed and make counseling services available to more employees whose personal problems are interfering with their well-being and job performance. Without these resources, the Institution will fail to fully meet Federal standards for occupational health care for its employees.

FY 1993 Program Increases

Bureau FTE SOOOs

OAS/Research Museum Support Center National Museum of American History National Museum of American Art National Portrait Gallery Total

Facilities Maintenance Deficiencies - The Smithsonian owns, operates, repairs, and maintains more than five million square feet of space in more than 200 buildings. These buildings range in age from new to more than 140 years old, and many appear on the registers of historic landmarks. Many are, in fact, among the most precious "artifacts" the Smithsonian holds in trust for the Nation. The Smithsonian must operate and maintain these buildings to ensure the continued functioning of their many diverse programmatic activities and to preserve them for use by future generations.

The Institution has identified a backlog of essential maintenance and repair projects most recently estimated at $221 million. By increasing staff and equipment for facilities maintenance, the Institution will slow the rate of deterioration of its buildings and thus slow the rate at which new repairs add to the backlog. Additional staff for facilities maintenance will also ensure timely completion of Repair and Restoration of Buildings projects.

FY 1993 Program Increases

Bureau FTE SOOOs

National Museum of Natural History 6 350

Human Resource Management - In its May 1989 report, Improving Personnel Operations and Policies , the National Academy of Public Administration (NAPA) urged that, for the Smithsonian Institution's long-term organizational health, its personnel office be transformed from a "procedures and process" operation to an organization that provides

leadership in managing the Institution's human resources. To that end, the Academy recommended that the Office of Human Resources (formerly the Office of Personnel Administration) be responsible for human resource planning and budgeting, personnel policy development and administration, management and supervisory training, and oversight of related information systems. The Academy went on to reaffirm that with these responsibilities come greater accountability.

To achieve prerequisite efficiency and effectiveness, the report made many recommendations pertaining to day-to-day operations. In addition, the Academy noted that the ratio of employees served to personnel staff was well above the ratio recommended by the President's Council on Management Improvement. This finding confirmed the general perception both within and outside the Office that it is understaffed. The Institution began to address the recommendations in the NAPA and other reports on the Institution's human resource management infrastructure in FY 1991 and FY 1992 and seeks additional resources to continue these efforts in FY 1993.

FY 1993 Program Increases

Bureau FTE SOOOs

Office of Human Resources 6 300

Conservation of Library and Archival Collections - The Smithsonian's archives and libraries--books, documents, films, photographs, and recordings--are national resources. Similar to our natural resources, some are renewable; many unique ones are not. All are fragile; all deteriorate with use. Conservation and sustained investment are essential to maintain them. Failure to replace and preserve these items only hastens their deterioration, destruction, and depletion. Conservation is not a one-time need; it represents an essential sustained capital investment. Deferred investment simply intensifies a growing national debt of future replacement and renewal costs. Each year the investment is not up to optimum levels accelerates cumulative deterioration, increases total cost and total loss, and makes recovery of these collections ever more difficult.

INITIATIVES IN RESPONSE TO NATIONAL IMPERATIVES :

Global Change Research - As stated in the Institution's five-year prospectus, the Smithsonian--with its collections, interests, and qualifications in biological, geological, and astrophysical research--possesses rare scientific research capabilities that can redress some of the inadequacies in environmental understanding. During the past several years, countless studies and testimony have been presented before Congress and scientific groups regarding the effects of natural and human activities on the global environment. Scientists, policy makers, and citizens around the world are concerned about rapidly evolving changes in the global environment, including:

the increase of atmospheric "greenhouse" gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and the chlorofluorocarbons;

the expected consequent changes in global climate and sea level;

a global depletion of stratospheric ozone and the observed Antarctic "ozone hole";

widespread desertification and reduction in the diversity of plant and animal species;

extensive damage to midlatitude forests;

acidification of lakes and soils in many regions.

At the least, these changes have far-reaching and potentially disruptive implications for the world's natural resources. In the worst case, the changes collectively threaten the life-support system of the Earth. The problem of global environmental change is crucial and urgent.

The Smithsonian Institution is ideally positioned to undertake important research initiatives in the field of global change by building upon its current programs. With more than 150 scientists in a variety of biological and physical science disciplines, coupled with its stewardship over large, protected areas in both the tropical and temperate zones, the Institution can undertake comparative studies to assist in understanding the complexities of this global problem. Because of its expertise, the Smithsonian participates as an observer in the intergovernmental Federal Coordinating Committee on Science, Engineering, and Technology (FCCSET) Committee on Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES), which is coordinating Federal research efforts in this area.

The information that the Institution will generate as the result of proposed initiatives in global change research will be broadly available to policy makers and members of the scientific community. These scientific findings also form the basis for Smithsonian exhibitions and other venues for public programming. The Institution's proven ability in sustaining long-term research at permanent sites is a crucial function that distinguishes the Smithsonian from Federal organizations and most universities involved in such research.

FY 1993 Program Increases

Bureau

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Smithsonian Environmental Research Ctr. National Zoological Park International Environ. Science Program National Museum of Natural History National Air and Space Museum

Total 39 4,232

Cultural Pluralism - As highlighted in Choosing the Future , the Smithsonian has deliberately adopted, in all aspects of its work, a viewpoint that is inclusive of the many cultures that form the Nation's heritage. Major new initiatives, such as the Institution's observance of the Columbus Quincentenary, the future National Museum of the American Indian, and the proposed national African American Museum exemplify the

Smithsonian's commitment to preserving and presenting the expressions of the Nation's culturally diverse peoples. Existing bureaus and programs are also stepping up efforts to collect and interpret multi-cultural materials. Simultaneously, the Smithsonian has adopted policies to facilitate its relationship with various communities, such as the repatriation of Native-American human remains and sacred objects. A key component in realizing these goals is the training, recruitment, retention, and promotion of a workforce that reflects this Nation's diversity. To this end, the Smithsonian will expand internship, training, and employment opportunity programs for minorities. In addition, during FY 1993, the Smithsonian will increase efforts across the board to embrace cultural pluralism through high-quality scholarship.

FY 1993 Program Increases

Bureau

OAS/Museums

National Museum of Natural History National Museum of the American Indian Office of Folklife Programs Institute of the Americas Office of Equal Opportunity Total

Education - An important part of the overall mission of the Smithsonian is the obligation to offer educational opportunities through which the public can learn about the natural and civilizing processes of the world. In Choosing the Future , the Institution is committed to mobilizing its full array of educational resources to create a synergy of contemporary educational activities to serve an expanding audience. Throughout its history, the Institution has pursued this educational objective through its scholarship, exhibitions, publications, seminars, lectures, and other programs. During the FY 1993 budget formulation process, the Institution emphasized education as a third critical national imperative that it must respond to during the 1990s. Global change and other contemporary concerns present numerous opportunities for the Smithsonian to implement its mission to increase and diffuse knowledge. These opportunities also place many new public demands and challenges on the Smithsonian. The Institution is committed to enhancing its exhibitions, education, and other programs to provide the public with meaningful and comprehensive interpretations of these issues. Besides improving its educational programs, the Institution is broadening the outreach of those programs through exhibitions and other educational activities that will increase participation by including culturally diverse communities, minorities, handicapped persons, and senior citizens. These efforts reflect new program initiatives that respond to these national imperatives and embody the recommendation of an internal staff committee to place greater emphasis on education.

Nearly 30 million people of all ages, cultures, and countries annually visit the Mall and other Smithsonian buildings for the opportunity to see and gain knowledge from the Institution's varied exhibitions, lecture series, film festivals, and many other public programs. The Institution will enhance its educational programs to provide activities for underrepresented groups such as the African-American, Native-American, Hispanic, and Asian communities. In early 1994, the Institution will complete the fabrication and installation of exhibits for the new National Museum of the American Indian facility at the Custom House in New York City, which will allow local and national audiences to view the Museum's unique collections in advance of the construction of the Museum's Mall museum building in Washington, D.C.

To address the concerns of national science literacy, the Institution must further develop programs to improve the teaching of science and mathematics in the Nation's school systems. The Smithsonian has participated this year in the work of the Federal Coordinating Committee for Science, Engineering, and Technology (FCCSET) Committee on Education and Human Resources (CEHR). The Institution is also working with local educational systems to develop curriculum materials and programs for teachers and students and to build stronger relationships with the community and encourage an early interest in the sciences.

Scientific research on the Institution's collections and the publication of scientific findings are fundamental to its educational mission. Scholars and other researchers benefit from Smithsonian scholarly publications. To serve the broadest possible audience, the Institution must continue to disseminate its findings through journals, national and international meetings and seminars, and public education activities.

Increases are requested in the FY 1993 budget and will be sought in future budgets to strengthen the education departments and programs of Smithsonian bureaus and offices in order to serve broad and diverse public audiences and to provide life-long and informal learning experiences in and beyond the classroom environment. As a unique educational institution, the Smithsonian must endeavor to adopt model educational strategies and techniques for informal, formal, and alternative education activities.

FY 1993 Program Increases

Bureau

Office of Fellowships and Grants Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Office of Museum Programs Anacostia Museum Office of Folklife Programs Office of Elementary & Secondary Ed. Total

FACILITIES :

Visitors to the Smithsonian are continuously impressed by its numerous buildings, its well-maintained gardens, its exhibit halls, its theaters and lecture halls, and its public cafeterias, including the Wright Place in the National Air and Space Museum. The Institution's managers constantly maintain, renovate, improve, and replace these facilities to stem the ravages of time and heavy use. The maintenance of existing facilities and the construction of essential new facilities to support the Institution's current research, collections, and public education programs continue to be high priorities for FY 1993.

Construction and Improvements. National Zoological Park - The request for the construction program at the National Zoological Park for FY 1993 is $7.9 million. The request includes $3.3 million to fund the highest priority repair and renovation projects at the Rock Creek Park site and Front Royal, Virginia. The Institution also requests $3.4 million for construction at Rock Creek, including $2.1 million to design and begin construction of a cluster of new habitat exhibits as part of the Zoo's Aquatic Trail, and $1.3 million for the design and initial site preparation for the Grasslands and Forest Exhibit. The Institution's request also includes $1.2 million for road improvements at the Conservation and Research Center at Front Royal, Virginia.

Repair and Restoration of Buildings - The Institution is requesting $24.4 million for the Repair and Restoration account. The Smithsonian's commitment to the maintenance and renovation of its facilities continues as a high priority in the FY 1993 budget, even though the R&R request has been substantially reduced from the projected optimal annual level of $35 million. The Institution must continue to eliminate the substantial backlog of deferred maintenance and repairs in its various facilities and protect the integrity of its physical infrastructure. Within the requested amount is $10.5 million for the Major Capital Renewal program and $13.9 million for Repair, Restoration, and Code Compliance projects.

Construction - The Smithsonian's request for the Construction program for FY 1993 totals $21.4 million. Projects proposed by the Smithsonian for the FY 1993 budget include completing construction of the building inside the Natural History Building's East Courtyard, which will interconnect directly with the existing building and become an integral part of the Natural History Building ($13.5 million); planning and design for the Suitland Collections Storage facility of the new National Museum of the American Indian ($1 million); designing the Air and Space Museum Extension ($1 million); planning a collections research center at Suitland, Maryland ($0.5 million); beginning the planning for an African American Museum ($0.2 million); and several projects involving minor construction and/or modifications to existing buildings ($4.45 million). The Institution also requests $0.75 million for FY 1993 to continue planning for future construction projects.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING

In addition to support provided by Federal appropriations, the Institution receives nonappropriated funds to expand and enrich its programs. The Institution presents nonappropriated fund activities (Trust funds) along with the Federal budget request to provide an overview of all uses of funds for each Smithsonian bureau. The estimates for Trust funds are subject to the uncertainty of donations, grants, and contracts; fluctuations in visitor attendance; and the volatility of the economy, which directly affects restaurant, mail order, and shop revenues; Associates' memberships; and other auxiliary activities. The Institution's gross operating revenue, less the expenses of the auxiliary activities, represents the net operating revenue available for programmatic and other worthwhile purposes.

Due to the sluggish economic climate, the Institution realized gross Trust fund revenues for FY 1991, excluding Government grants and contracts, of $233 million, a decline of $20 million compared to the $253 million included in the original FY 1991 budget. The Smithsonian recognized FY 1991 net income of $60 million (which includes $23 million for restricted purposes). The drop in trust fund revenues is attributable to declining operating results of the auxiliary activities.

The FY 1992 Trust budget constitutes approximately 26 percent of all net operating revenues. These revenues include grants and contracts received from Government agencies. The Smithsonian expects Government grants and contracts will total roughly $35 million in FY 1992. For FY 1992, the Institution projects gross Trust fund revenues, excluding Government grants and contracts, to be $250 million with net income of approximately $62 million. While unrestricted revenues are budgeted to continue declining, restricted purpose funds are estimated at $30 million, an increase of $7 million over FY 1991.

The Trust funds include unrestricted funds, restricted funds, and Government grants and contracts. The Institution applies them in the following manner:

UNRESTRICTED FUNDS :

General - The sources of general unrestricted funds are investment income; unrestricted endowment income; net proceeds from the museum shops, mail order, and food service concessions; sales of Smithsonian books, records, and other products based on designs and objects in the collections; the Resident Associate and National Associate programs (including the Smithsonian and Air and Space magazines); and overhead recovery on Government grants and contracts the Smithsonian receives. Overhead recovery is the principal source of Trust support for central management and administrative service units of the Institution, such as legal counsel, accounting, personnel, procurement, and budget. General funds also support various activities, such as the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, Office of Folklife Programs, Office of Development, Office of Telecommunications, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center, and a variety of Institutional and bureau-based programs. The Board of Regents approves these allotments.

Special Purpose - These funds arise from revenue-producing activities operated by various bureaus and offices and transfers of General funds. The two largest of these activities are the Theater/Spacearium operation of the National Air and Space Museum and the Cooper-Hewitt museum shop. Special Purpose funds also include miscellaneous revenues from the sale of posters, exhibit brochures, and publications, tuition reimbursement from universities, the museums' share of sales in the restaurant and museum shops, membership and admission fees, and exhibit rental income.

In FY 1979, the Board of Regents approved the annual transfer of General funds to Special Purpose funds for certain programs previously financed through Federal appropriations. These include the Institution's various fellowship programs (FY 1992 allotments of $2,011 million). The Institution also uses Special Purpose funds to make awards under its Collections Acquisition, Scholarly Studies, and Educational Outreach programs. The FY 1992 budget includes a total of $2,853 million for these awards.

In FY 1992, $832,000 is available to purchase exceptional objects important to the collections. The Institution also has designated $1.66 million for innovative scholarly research projects that by definition or because of scheduling requirements do not fit within the Federal budget process. These include multi-disciplinary research projects initiated by the Institution's research staff, sometimes in collaboration with scholars from other institutions. Often the work is of an interdisciplinary nature and is conducted at more than one bureau. The Institution has allocated the remaining $361,000 of the $2,853 million available for this program to conduct a wide range of educational outreach programs of benefit to the public, with special focus on diverse cultural audiences.

In FY 1985, the Board of Regents approved an annual Trust-fund allocation for the Special Exhibition Fund (SEF). The Institution supports exhibition programs with Federal funds and donations from individuals, foundations, and corporations as well as with the Special Exhibition Fund. The Special Exhibition Fund, with $1,727 million proposed for FY 1992, will provide additional funds for temporary or permanent exhibitions proposed by Smithsonian bureaus that, regardless of scale, are outstanding in terms of their educational value to the public. The Fund gives special consideration to exhibitions that approach content in imaginative ways; that allow bureaus to explore new or expand current interpretive or exhibition techniques; that are worthy but, by their nature, unlikely to attract private funds; and that are likely to reach previously underserved audiences.

RESTRICTED FUNDS - Restricted Trust funds include gifts, grants, and endowments from individuals, foundations, organizations, and corporations that specify the use of the donation or bequest. Generally, these funds provide support for a particular exhibit or research project. The Freer endowment is the largest restricted endowment in the Institution. Under the terms of the original gift and bequest, this fund is strictly limited to uses benefiting the Freer Gallery of Art.

GOVERNMENT GRANTS AND CONTRACTS - Various Government agencies and departments provide grants and contracts for special projects that only the Smithsonian can conduct because of its expertise in a particular area of science, history, art, or education and because of its ability to respond quickly to certain needs.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SALARIES AND EXPENSES

Summary of FY 1993 Change

FY 1992 Appropriation

$281,183,000

FY 1993 Requested Change

Less One-time transfer from Repair and

Restoration of Buildings Account Uncontrollable Increases Program Increases

<800,000> 18,624,000 -J 3./ 9 9 T0tXr 11,^3,000

FY 1993 Request

$311,000,000

Includes $800,000 appropriated by transfer (Department of Defense Appropriations Act, P.L. 102-172) to the Salaries and Expenses account from the Repair and Restoration of Buildings account.

co

LU I-<

00-

LU

cr>

OS

D)

l~

o z <

CM

en

en

LU

X

D

h-C0

z

CO LU CO

z

LU 0. X

LU

o

CO X

a =

5 CO »

co iP en

LU

X

o

> x <

D CO

co co oo oi o m

00 CO oo oo o h-

O) r- co if) t-

co C\J O)

CO

COOLDNCOi-CJ)CO

t-iiooiionsn

i- Ol T i- O CO

»-c\ioif^m^roinoi

Oh-ocoiDi-CMco.-

Noonssooij)

inonionMMOt-

OliniONWNIOr-O

Bi-»«10IDIO»S

i- cm" co" cm" id" in" co"

CM CO O T CM O CO CO

*- *- CO

CO CO CO o

.- o .-

w •** O C3

© - in -EC p o =

_ E

>. o

z 3

LU

o <

CL

Q. ■ O

■c s _ to

j- < _| C o

ffl C C p fc

c OL O O fc 3

O "in 3 3 O "in

^ .2 S 5 5 £

o » » c „

O _E c LU =

CO -5 LU in

cr <

a o O

a o £

•S E

< CO

o := to a

r» CO CD CM CO CO

~ .2 ~ ~ = o

E « E E -2 o

co z co co £ 2

T CO T CO CM r~

7 ff ID ID ID IO

CO CO

ID

IT

co

O CO CO I s - CO CO CM CM r-- CO O) CO CM CM CO i- — CO

r^ in

CO CM

o o o o o o o

ID CO

CM

COCOCDCOlDCOCMCMCOCOCncOCMCMOCOCM

minwiDT-wciT-ntoiDciiiDT-TrcjiN

T-ffiNT-C^Wt\l^ CM CM 1-

*T>3-CMC0C0.-OOO*-OO*-OOOO

E -

>• — —

CD ^

CD

CO ID

co

m

cm"

01

o

CO

co"

CO

o cm"

CO

o o o"

o

CO

co

z <

z o

CO

I

H CO

CO LLI CO

z

LU Q. X

LU

Q Z <

CO

LLJ

cr <

<

CO

CO LU K <

k

LU

co ai

Q Z <

Csl 0) 01

y—

LU

I I-

Q Z <

Z

o

<

cr o

LT

a. a. <

O)

LU

I

LX <

D C/3

C5 <

0-

o io to

CM r^ O CO

r- o ■» lo

o o CM i-

o

co

CM

CD

05 CM

o

CM CO

CD CO

CO O

LO ^

LO CO CM O O 00 CD CO

r*- co co co

CO N 10 W

W CM t- ■-

« t

CD CD

0)

co

CO

o

CM

a>

CD

<

I-O

H

<

cr

J2

TJ

Q. O

a

Q.

CO

O

o o

o" o

CO

» _L

cr

CD CD

E

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

"Salaries and Expenses"

Report of Appropriation by Objects of Expense (Dollars in thousands)

11 Personnel Compensation

12 Personnel Benefits

13 Benefits to Former Employees

21 Travel and Transportation of Persons

22 Transportation of Things

23 Rent, Communications, and Utilities

24 Printing and Reproduction

25 Other Services

26 Supplies and Materials

31 Equipment Acquisition for Collections

32 Land and Structures

41 Grants

42 Insurance Claims and Indemnities TOTAL

FY 1993 UNCONTROLLABLE INCREASES

The Smithsonian Institution seeks funds to pay costs that are beyond its control to manage. These costs result from established practices in regulating wages, insurance premiums, utilities, rent, and the effects of inflation. The Institution requests $18,624,000 for the following uncontrollable costs:

Salary and Related Costs Necessary Pay:

--Annualization of FY 1992 Legislated Pay Raise i

--Annualization of FY 1992 New Positions

--FY 1993 Legislated Pay Raise

--Senior Executive Gradeless Pay System

--Return of One Additional Workday in FY 1993 (261 days)

--Health Insurance (Increase in Premiums)

--Federal Employees' Retirement System (FERS) Other:

--Workers' Compensation

--Financial Systems Maintenance Charges Total, Salary and Related Costs

Utilities, Communications, and Postage

Rental Space

Inflation - FY 1993

Grand Total, Uncontrollable Increases

1,900,000 1,226,000 5,760,000 800,000 (675,000) 1,050,000 3,471,000

400,000

250.000

$14,182,000

$ 2,442,000

$ 500,000

$ 1.500.000

$18,624,000

\W

SALARY AND RELATED COSTS - The Institution requests a net amount of $14,182,000 for the projected higher salary and benefits costs in FY 1993 for FY 1992 staff. The Smithsonian has calculated costs required to annualize the FY 1992 general pay raise ($1,900,000), to annualize new FY 1992 new positions ($1,226,000), and to provide funding for the FY 1993 general pay raise ($5,760,000), as well as to implement the gradeless senior-level pay system ($800,000), and to reflect the return of funds requested in FY 1992 to cover salary and benefit costs attributable to one additional paid day ($675,000). In FY 1993, the Institution also requires funds to cover rising health insurance premiums ($1,050,000), increased costs related to the Federal Employees' Retirement System ($3,471,000), increased workers' compensation costs ($400,000), and increased costs for financial systems maintenance ($250,000). In a table at the end of the Uncontrollable Increases section, the Institution has provided a line-item by line-item breakdown of the components of Necessary Pay.

Annualization of FY 1992 Legislated Pay Raise - The Smithsonian has included an amount of $1,900,000 in its FY 1993 request to annualize the costs of the 4.2 percent January 1992 pay raise. In accordance with the pay plan established by the President (Executive Order 12786, December 16, 1991) under Section 5305 of Title 5, United States Code, annual salaries for Smithsonian General Schedule, Merit Pay, and Executive-level employees increased on January 12, 1992.

Annualization of FY 1992 New Positions - The Smithsonian requests an amount of $1,226,000 related to the annualization of new positions approved in FY 1992. This amount

represents the restoration of the funding reduced by Congress in applying a salary lapse rate to new FY 1992 positions.

FY 1993 Legislated Pay Raise - The Smithsonian requests an amount of $5,760,000 to fully fund the anticipated FY 1993 legislated pay raise of 3.7 percent for three-quarters of a year. This request also includes funding to cover the revised pay structure for the National Zoological Park Police, which emphasizes pay comparability with other Washington, D.C., metropolitan police forces (estimated cost $190,000).

Senior Level Pay System - On November 5, 1990, the Federal Employees Pay Comparability Act of 1990 (FEPCA) became law. Implementing regulations established the new FEPCA gradeless senior-level system for grades 16, 17, and 18. For FY 1993, the Institution requests $800,000 to fully fund the cost of implementing this new senior-level system. The Smithsonian absorbed the partial-year costs in FY 1991 and will absorb the full-year costs for FY 1992. The FY 1992 appropriation does not include the costs associated with implementing this new system.

Return of One Additional Workday in FY 1993 - The Institution will return $675,000 requested in FY 1992 to cover the salary and benefit costs for an additional workday. This will reduce Institutional base funding for employee compensation to a 261-day workyear. (FY 1992 contains base funding for 262 workdays.)

Health Insurance - For FY 1993, the Institution requests $1,050,000 to cover the rising cost of health insurance premiums for employees. The Smithsonian's FY 1992 base is $8,444,000. The FY 1993 request provides the necessary funding to annualize the projected 20 percent cost increase in FY 1992 ($380,000 for one-quarter of the year) and to cover an estimated FY 1993 increase of 10 percent ($670,000 for three-quarters of the year) .

Federal Employees' Retirement System (FERS) - Earlier this year the Institution calculated the increased cost for all on-board FERS employees versus the base funding available for the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS). The total increase amounted to $7,213,000. To date, the Institution has received $3,742,000 for FERS in its base Federal appropriation, resulting in a funding shortfall of $3,471,000. Additional funds will be required in the future, as the composition of the Institution's Federal workforce continues to shift to FERS participation versus CSRS.

Workers' Compensation - The Smithsonian requests an increase of $400,000 as specified in the provisions of Section 8147(b) of Title 5, United States Code, as amended on April 21, 1976, by Public Law 94-273. This law provides for payments to be made to employees for injuries and to their families in cases where work accidents result in employee death. These payments are determined and made by the U.S. Department of Labor's Employment Standards Administration, which subsequently bills agencies for costs incurred for their employees. Despite the Institution's emphasis on the Accident Safety Program administered by the Office of Environmental Management and Safety (OEMS), which provides employee training in safety awareness and promotes the identification and elimination of potential hazards in the workplace, there has been an increase in employee compensation costs. The FY 1993 bill for the Institution's Federal portion, ($1,454,000) covers the actual expenses incurred for the period July 1, 1990, through June 30, 1991. With an amount of $1,054,000 in its base for workers' compensation, the Institution requests an additional $400,000.

Financial Systems Maintenance Charges - The Institution uses the computer services of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's National Finance Center (NFC) to support personnel management and payroll production. With FY 1992 base Federal funds of $710,000, the Smithsonian requires an increase of $150,000 for the Federal share of processing the payroll and personnel data and related communication services for current staff and anticipated new positions in FY 1993. The Institution also requires funding of $100,000 for maintenance costs associated with the software that supports the new Personnel Cost Projection System, as well as the maintenance of software to run the new accounting system now under development.

UTILITIES. COMMUNICATIONS. AND POSTAGE - An FY 1992 Federal base of $17,847,000 and anticipated reimbursements of $900,000 (total of $18,747,000) are available to fund the costs of electricity, steam, gas, fuel oil, water, sewer, communications, and postage for nearly all Institution facilities. The Smithsonian requires an increase of $2,442,000 in FY 1993 to cover anticipated costs, including D.C. water and sewer charges.

The Smithsonian's projections of future utilities costs consider a variety of factors. These include:

comparative data on actual energy consumption in previous years for each facility;

adjustments for normal weather conditions for this geographic region based on information provided by the National Weather Service;

actual and projected rates charged by utility companies;

actual and projected reimbursements for utility costs from concessions, museum shops, and the Friends of the National Zoo;

modifications to work and public spaces within facilities;

continued energy conservation efforts in all Smithsonian buildings;

improvements to heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems and components throughout the physical plant;

the design of new facilities;

projected increases in consumption caused by expanded use of computers and other equipment throughout the Institution.

The following table shows the costs and base funds available to cover the components of the Utilities account from FY 1991 to FY 1993.

ANALYSIS OF UTILITIES. COMMUNICATIONS. AND POSTAGE COSTS

FY 1991 - FY 1993 ($000's)

ELECTRICITY Use - Millions of KWH Unit Cost - Avg. per KWH Cost - $000's

FY 1993 Estimated Cost FY 1992 Base

Base Shortage, Electricity

STEAM

Use - Millions of Pounds

Unit Cost - Avg. per 1,000 lbs.

Cost - $000's

FY 1993 Estimated Cost FY 1992 Base

Base Shortage, Steam

GAS

Use - Millions of Cubic Ft. Unit Cost - Avg. per Cubic Ft. Cost - $000's

1.072 0.7463 $ 800

1.206 0.7463 $ 900

1.206 0.8292 $1,000

FY 1993 Estimated Cost FY 1992 Base

Base Shortage, Gas

$1,000 $1.000 $ 0

FUEL OIL/WATER Cost - $000's

$ 285

$ 350

$ 400

FY 1993 Estimated Cost FY 1992 Base

Base Shortage, Fuel Oil/Water

400 300

100

D.C. GOV'T WATER/SEWER Cost - $000's

$2,252

$2,278

$1,542

FY 1993 Estimated Cost FY 1992 Base

Base Shortage, D.C. Water/Sewer

$1,542

$ -o-

$1,542

COMMUNICATIONS

Cost - $000's $4,100 $4,500 $4,800

FY 1993 Estimated Cost $4,800

FY 1992 Base $4,600

Base Shortage, Communications $ 200

POSTAGE

Cost - $000's $2,300 $2,500 $2,600

FY 1993 Estimated Cost $2,600

FY 1992 Base $ 2.435

Base Shortage, Postage $ 165

TOTALS FY 1993 Estimated Cost $21,189

FY 1992 Base $18.747 *

FY 1993 Requested Increase $ 2,442

*Reflects FY 1992 Federal base plus anticipated reimbursements in FY 1993 of $900,000.

ELECTRICITY - The largest single component of the Utilities account is electricity. The consumption total for FY 1991 reflects that 1991 was an unusually warm year, requiring continuous operation of electrical systems to maintain the temperature and humidity conditions necessary to safeguard and preserve the staff, collections, and facilities of the Institution. The FY 1992 and FY 1993 estimates of electrical consumption reflect a return to normal weather patterns as well as an increase associated with the operation of the National Museum of the American Indian in New York City, general increases associated with automation efforts under way in all Smithsonian facilities, and the upgrading of exhibit halls in the Museum of Natural History and the Museum of American History. The FY 1993 rate estimate reflects a 3.4 percent rate increase that was approved for PEPCO and became effective on October 29, 1991. These increases plus anticipated reimbursements in FY 1993 are insufficient to cover the anticipated electricity costs for FY 1993. An increase of $435,000 is requested.

STEAM - The FY 1993 consumption estimate reflects a return to the normal weather patterns for the metropolitan Washington area. Based upon a unit cost that has been stable for a number of years, the Institution expects that FY 1993 costs will not exceed the current available base.

GAS - The FY 1993 estimate reflects a two-part base rate increase that has been proposed by the Washington Gas Light Company for FY 1993. While consumption is expected to remain stable, the base funding is expected to cover the rate increase, so no increase is requested for FY 1993.

FUEL OIL/WATER - The FY 1993 estimate reflects consumption increases associated with the National Zoological Park facilities at Front Royal, Virginia, and the National Museum of the American Indian in New York City. As a result of consumption increases, an additional $100,000 is necessary to cover the costs for fuel oil and water in FY 1993.

D.C. GOVERNMENT WATER/SEWER - The FY 1992 and FY 1993 estimates are cost projections provided by the D.C. government. These estimates are based upon prior year usage. The entire $1,542,000 is requested for FY 1993 since the Institution's FY 1992 base contains no funding for this account.

COMMUNICATIONS - The FY 1993 estimate is based on increased use of data communication links between Washington, D.C, and remote Smithsonian facilities. This increase is also necessary to provide data communication services for access to Institutional information systems such as the Accounting and Payroll/Personnel systems, electronic mail system, and the Library system. These requirements necessitate the requested increase of $200,000.

POSTAGE - The FY 1993 estimate is based on a proposed rate increase by the United States Postal Service in 1992 and the increased volume of mail generated at the Smithsonian in response to requests for services and information. The increased volume and costs associated with the Smithsonian's use of the United States Postal Service will require an additional $165,000.

ENERGY CONSERVATION - The Institution continues to monitor and limit all forms of energy consumption. An automated energy management system reduces peak energy demand by selectively shutting down equipment when necessary. This system, when fully installed, will monitor equipment in all buildings for fluctuations or malfunctions and alert staff to inspect for problems. Ongoing efforts also include:

continuing the phased program of comprehensive building energy audits;

renovating heating, ventilating, air conditioning, plumbing, and electrical systems;

reducing lighting levels in work and nonpublic areas;

installing more efficient lighting fixtures;

operating heating and air conditioning systems at the minimum level necessary to prevent damage to the collections;

curtailing electrical consumption during nonpublic hours;

increasing attention to energy conservation when determining space use, space modifications, and the design of new facilities.

Through the use of the Facilities Management computer system, the Smithsonian will eventually gain closer control over building lighting systems. The system conserves electricity by turning lights on and off as use fluctuates. Automated lighting controls are now in place at the Air and Space Building, the American History Building, the Natural History Building, and the Quadrangle Complex. The Smithsonian plans to install such a system in the American Art and Portrait Gallery Building by FY 1993 and in later years in other major buildings.

RENTAL SPACE - For FY 1993, the central rental account, included in the line-item for the Office of Plant Services, requires $500,000 for uncontrollable expenses. This account provides for the Federal portion of the rental expenses for program and administrative activities located in L'Enfant Plaza, the Smithsonian Institution Service

Center at 1111 North Capitol Street, the research bureaus of the Archives of American Art in New York City and Boston, Massachusetts, and storage at the Fullerton Industrial Park in Springfield, Virginia. The amounts below reflect projected costs for rental space at these sites:

FEDERAL RENTAL PROGRAM ADMINISTERED BY THE OFFICE OF PLANT SERVICES

♦Includes $148,000 for new administrative space appropriated in FY 1992 for the Office of Inspector General.

The FY 1993 estimate for Federal rental costs for L'Enfant Plaza reflects annual cost increases specified in the lease agreement and takes into account the offsetting Trust-fund contribution for shared administrative activities and office space occupied by the specific auxiliary activities on the Mall.

The projected rental expense for space at 1111 North Capitol Street includes the cost increase associated with a negotiated one-year extension of the current lease and a significant property tax increase. The allocation policy on administrative and programmatic space also governs the Federal/Trust apportionment of costs for this location.

The projected rental expense for the Archives of American Art represents funding requirements for the spaces occupied in New York and Boston. The increase for the New York office reflects inflationary adjustments in the rental rate.

Finally, the projected rental expense for Fullerton reflects the continuing cost of storage space for the Smithsonian Institution Archives and the National Museum of American History.

For FY 1993, the projected Federal share of the central rental account is $4,156,000. The Institution's Federal base is $3,656,000 in FY 1992. Therefore, the Smithsonian

requires an additional amount of $500,000 to defray space rental costs at these locations in FY 1993.

INFLATION - FY 1993 - For FY 1993, the Smithsonian requests an amount of $1,500,000 to offset the inflation-related erosion of the Institution's purchasing power that has occurred over the past year. The amount requested was calculated using the actual Consumer Price Index and the estimates provided by 0MB. Supplies and services affected by inflation over the past year include:

Services

Equipment

Collections Management

Research

Facilities Management and Administration

Areas of Inflationary Increase

Construction materials, equipment, and supplies

Equipment and supplies

Equipment, supplies, scientific instruments, books, and research journals

Medical/safety supplies and equipment, equipment service and maintenance, custodial supplies and equipment

For FY 1993, the Institution seeks $1,500,000 to help offset the base erosion resulting from inflation. This amount represents the effects of inflation on the Institution's Federal non-personnel budget for FY 1993, excluding utilities, rent, Major Scientific Instrumentation, and Museum Support Center equipment and move costs.

The impact of inflation is equivalent to a significant reduction each year to the base resources of all Smithsonian organizational units. As a consequence, inflation affects the quality of scientific, research, educational and public programs, and the care and conservation of the Institution's collections. The requested increase will offset the negative effects brought about by inflation.

Smithsonian Institution

FY 1993 Necessary Pay Requirements

(dollars in thousands)

Assistant Secretary for Research

Astro-physical Observatory

Tropical Research Institute

Environmental Research Center

National Zoological Park

Smithsonian Institution Archives

Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Internat'l Environmental Science Program

Assistant Secretary for Museums

National Museum of Natural History

National Air and Space Museum

National Museum of American History

National Museum of the American Indian

National Museum of American Art

National Portrait Gallery

Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden

Sackler Gallery/Freer Gallery of Art

Archives of American Art

Cooper-Hewitt Museum

National Museum of African Art

Anacostia Museum

Conservation Analytical Laboratory

Office of Exhibits Central

Traveling Exhibition Service

Museum Support Center

Assistant Secretary for Public Service

Smithsonian Institution Press

Folklife Program

Academic and Educational Activities

International Center

Administration

Office of Design & Construction

Office of Protection Services

Office of Plant Services

TOTAL

1.226

1.900

800

5.760

(675)

3,471

1,050

13.532

Includes National Zoological Police Salary increase of $190,000.

RESEARCH

OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR RESEARCH (Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE - Full-time equivalent **FTP - Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

Base FY 1992

FTE Allocation 35

11 Personnel Compensation 1,103

12 Personnel Benefits 189

21 Travel 60

22 Transportation of Things 2

23 Rent, Communications & Utilities 21

24 Printing & Reproduction 14

25 Other Services 281

26 Supplies & Materials 18

31 Equipment 16

Proposed Adjustments

Est. FY 1993

36

Total

Analysis of Increase

Necessary Pay

Inflation

Program Funds ,

1,704

196

1,900

102 11 83

ABSTRACT - The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research (OASR) seeks to facilitate, strengthen, and plan for the Smithsonian Institution's worldwide research efforts and research support activities. The Office develops policies and fosters an environment conducive to the creation and dissemination of high-quality, original scholarship; promotes research as an essential endeavor that contributes to knowledge and

heightens appreciation of the relevance of ideas in modern society; seeks to build an excellent research staff that reflects the Nation's diverse cultural heritage and the Institution's scholarly strengths; and fosters effective linkages between scholarship and other Institutional efforts, especially public programs and global change initiatives. Also included in this line-item are the Smithsonian Institution Scientific Diving Program, the Joseph Henry Papers Project, the American Studies Program, and the Office of Fellowships and Grants.

The Smithsonian Institution Scientific Diving Program oversees the diving activities of more than 200 Smithsonian staff and related investigators, ensuring their safety and training in compliance with the Department of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations. The Joseph Henry Papers Project researches and publishes the manuscripts of Joseph Henry, the first Secretary of the Smithsonian and a leading 19th-century American physicist. The American Studies Program conducts a graduate program in American culture, incorporating course work at the Smithsonian. The Office of Fellowships and Grants manages and administers the Institution's programs of research grants, fellowships, and other scholarly appointments.

For FY 1993, OASR requests an increase of 1 workyear and $75,000 to provide an assistant diving safety officer and support for the Scientific Diving Program. The Office of Fellowships and Grants requests $8,000 to print and distribute a guide to research opportunities. The Institution requires $102,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $11,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense.

PROGRAM :

I. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research - With base funding of 19 workyears and $912,000, the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research (OASR), in concert with the Secretary and other appropriate management staff, supervises the research activities of the Institution. The Office enhances the Institution's scholarly environment and productivity by initiating cyclical outside evaluations of scholarly activities; fosters regular reviews of individual scholars' performance; creates and coordinates central programs that support individual and group research efforts; broadens the base of funding for research through both Federal and private funds; assesses programmatic effectiveness and makes recommendations for curtailing selected activities; deepens and selectively expands the Institution's activities in areas of high Institutional priority; and establishes joint programs, appointments, proper communication networks, and cooperative efforts with other scholarly institutions, including the Nation's universities. This Office also tracks external research trends and ensures that they are appropriately coordinated with current Smithsonian activities. OASR serves as the major Institutional liaison for research centers in the United States and abroad. The Office oversees and coordinates scientific diving activities that support collection and study of underwater subjects and environments by a variety of Smithsonian research bureaus. In addition, the Office strives to improve the dissemination of the Institution's research findings to the general public and to specialized audiences.

II. Joseph Henry Papers Project - With base funding of 5 workyears and $273,000, the Joseph Henry Papers Project (JHPP) conducts interpretive historical research on the life and times of Joseph Henry, a pioneer American physicist and the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution; supports internal and external scholarly research on 19th-century American science through the development of data bases and the management of

collections; and maintains the Alexander Graham Bell-Joseph Henry Library. The Henry Papers is a source of unpublished and little-known letters and papers, collected from 17 foreign countries and 218 depositories in the United States. The documents and commentary provided by the editors give insight into the history of science, the institutional and social structure of the scientific community in the 19th century, and the history of the Smithsonian Institution.

The Joseph Henry Papers Project has completed the sixth volume of the Henry Papers, detailing Henry's experimentation in electricity and magnetism at the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). Volume 6 also documents Henry's election as the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. The project staff has completed text editing for volume 7, which documents the years 1847-49, and has begun research on the annotations. Publication objectives of the Joseph Henry Papers Project include a 15-volume letterpress edition, a "Guide to the Resources on Joseph Henry Available at the Smithsonian Institution," and special publications for a more general audience.

III. American Studies Program - With base funding of 2 workyears and $119,000, the American Studies Program (ASP) sponsors a graduate program in American material culture --a discipline of importance to the Smithsonian stemming from its unique holdings --in cooperation with various universities located in the Washington, D.C., area and in other cities. The director of the program and cooperating scholars teach three or four seminars a year to graduate students for academic credit in American studies or American history departments of affiliated universities. Through the program, both scholars and students pursue American studies using the unique resources of experts, collections, manuscripts, and books available in various bureaus of the Smithsonian Institution. These scholars and students disseminate the knowledge acquired during course study and research performed. In addition, the Program fosters research on American studies within the Institution and elsewhere.

IV. Office of Fellowships and Grants - With base funding of 9 workyears and $400,000, the Office of Fellowships and Grants (OFG) manages the Institution's centralized fellowship and internship programs, all other stipend appointments, and additional significant programs that support research by Smithsonian scholars and their collaborators.

Through these programs, students and scholars from throughout the world visit the Institution and use its varied resources. OFG receives more than 1,500 applications and administers approximately 960 appointments and 55 grants. In FY 1991, OFG awarded 116 pre- and post-doctoral fellowships through the Institution-wide program. Thirty-one of these recipients were foreign students and scholars from 21 countries. In addition, Federal and Trust funds allocated to the bureaus supported 185 short- and long-term awards. Under the Short-term Visitor Program, 145 persons representing 34 countries came to the Institution. The Office also administered internship stipend awards for 163 students in FY 1991.

OFG administers programs to increase minority participation in Smithsonian research disciplines and educational activities. Forty-five students joined ongoing research and museum studies in the Minority Internship Program. The Native-American Awards Program appointed 17 Native-American students and scholars to collaborate with the staff and work on Native-American resources and activities at the Institution. Under the Faculty Fellowship Program, five minority faculty members received awards to conduct research in residence.

Several programs provide scholarly support to Smithsonian professional staff. Twenty-four research proposals under the Scholarly Studies Program received grants. A workshop program provides funding to Smithsonian staff to organize seminars and symposia to bring together scholars from around the world to the Institution to collaborate and discuss a variety of subjects. Eight workshops were supported in FY 1991. Two James E. Webb Fellowships were awarded, one to a Smithsonian staff member and one to an outside recipient.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1993, OASR requests an increase of 1 workyear and $75,000 to provide an assistant diving safety officer and support for the Scientific Diving Program. The Office of Fellowships and Grants requests $8,000 to print and distribute a guide to research opportunities.

I. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research :

Assistant Diving Safety Officer and Support for the Diving Program (1 workyear and $75.000) - Smithsonian scientific diving research projects have increased steadily over the last five years. More than 175 Smithsonian scholars currently use Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) as an integral tool in underwater research. In addition to this large number of Smithsonian employees requiring diving skills, more than 60 visiting researchers dive annually under Smithsonian Institution auspices in support of collaborative research activities. The scope of the Institution's Scientific Diving Program makes it the largest civilian diving program in the United States.

The U.S. Department of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) published guidelines for scientific diving on January 9, 1985 (29CFR Part 1910, Federal Register , vol. 50, no. 6: 1046-50). Adherence to these guidelines permits scientific diving programs exemption from commercial diving regulations, which are complex and burdensome to the scientific enterprise. Under the OSHA rules, scientific diving programs must appoint a diving officer and a diving control board that "consists of a majority of active scientific divers and has autonomous and absolute authority over the scientific diving program's operations." In response to an internal Smithsonian management analysis report of May 1989 reconfirming the immediate need to hire a full-time scientific diving officer and to allocate additional support funds to ensure adherence to the OSHA guidelines and the accepted standard of practice of the scientific diving community, a full-time scientific diving officer was hired in January 1990. For FY 1993, additional resources are needed for an assistant diving officer and support in order to meet the safety needs of the Institution's Scientific Diving Program.

To comply with OSHA guidelines, OASR requests funds to hire a full-time assistant scientific diving officer (1 workyear and $42,000). This increase will also provide support funds ($33,000) for the diving program, including equipment, supplies, and travel to the various field research sites throughout the world. Smithsonian research diving sites (e.g., isolated islands in the Caribbean, Indian and Pacific Oceans, as well as research in deep oceans off oceanographic vessels) demands an increased level of risk management and safety preparedness that cannot be met currently with the limited diving program staff. Life support equipment (i.e., regulators, compensators, and scuba) must meet the standards of the Smithsonian diving safety manual, consistent with OSHA standards, to ensure the safety and health of Smithsonian staff, and visiting researchers. The scientific diving officer will monitor compliance with Smithsonian scientific diving policies, regulations, and procedures and ensure reciprocity agreements with nationally recognized scientific diving institutions. In coordination with the Smithsonian Diving

Control Board, the scientific diving officer and assistant diving officer will train and certify divers, maintain scuba equipment, approve dive plans and operations, inspect dive sites, develop emergency evacuation plans, and administer the program.

The addition of an assistant diving officer and increased support funds will ensure the safety of Smithsonian and visiting diving scientists and coordination of diving activities among all bureaus of the Smithsonian.

II. Office of Fellowships and Grants :

Guide to Research Opportunities ($8.000) - Smithsonian Opportunities for Research Study describes the Smithsonian museums, research facilities, and other support offices. It also lists the research staff and their specialties. This much-used publication is the only comprehensive guide to the Institution's programs and serves as a ready reference to all who are interested in the Smithsonian's research programs and intellectual resources. OFG distributes this publication throughout the United States and abroad in response to inquiries about educational opportunities at the Institution.

The requested increase of $8,000 will permit OFG to publish and distribute Smithsonian Opportunities for Research Study .

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

I. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - Annual allotments provide these funds that support the salary, benefits, and expenses of the Assistant Secretary for Research. An allotment also supports three important international foundations that operate field-research stations used by Smithsonian staff members, as well as others in the scientific community. The Smithsonian also provides support for the exchange of scholars and scientific information between the Smithsonian and scientific organizations in other nations. A Special Purpose fund supports cooperative agreements between the Smithsonian and the Nation's universities. The Research Opportunities Fund supports unanticipated general research for Smithsonian scholars.

II. Joseph Henry Papers Project :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - Funds are available from the Smithsonian's Research Opportunities Fund to support research projects.

Restricted Funds - The Smith College Tuition Fund defrays travel and auxiliary-support costs for staff, interns, and volunteers, as well as stationery supplies. Support from the National Academy of Sciences pays for incidental programmatic items not otherwise funded, including journal subscriptions and additions to the Henry Papers research collections. A grant from the Ida Hornstein Reingold Memorial Fund supports the scholarly activities of the Joseph Henry Papers Project.

III. American Studies Program :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - The American Studies Program receives tuition reimbursement from cooperating universities, principally George Washington University and the University of Maryland, College Park, whose graduate students take

courses offered by the American Studies Program. The tuition reimbursement refunds the Smithsonian Institution for the use of its facilities by the students participating in Smithsonian classes and, in addition, provides honoraria and reimbursement for the services of outside experts participating in the Program.

IV. Office of Fellowships and Grants :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - These funds are primarily for the Institution-wide fellowship programs. Scholars and students on short visits also receive support. A program allotment provides funding for a portion of the administrative expenses of the Office of Fellowships and Grants. The Regents Fellowship Program continues to bring distinguished visiting scholars to the Institution.

In addition, Special Purpose funds provide for minority internships and faculty fellowships, minority students pursuing graduate degrees under the Education Fellowship Program, and the Native-American Awards Program. The Scholarly Studies Program encourages research by Smithsonian staff in the sciences, arts, and humanities.

SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP - Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

Base FY 1992

FTE Allocation 124

11 Personnel Compensation 7,453

12 Personnel Benefits 1, 378

21 Travel 53

22 Transportation of Things 50

23 Rent, Communications & Utilities 1,142

24 Printing & Reproduction 100

25 Other Services 2 , 363

26 Supplies & Materials 321

31 Equipment 217

Proposed Adjustments

12

Est. FY 1993

136

Total

Analysis of Increase

Necessary Pay

Inflation

Program Funds

13,077

ABSTRACT - The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) conducts research in astronomy and astrophysics to increase knowledge and understanding of the universe, its origin, and its contents, and to communicate this information through publications, teaching, and public presentations. SAO conducts research in diverse fields that include

the Sun, stars, galaxies, clusters of galaxies, quasars, the large-scale structure of the universe, and the formation, current structure, and evolution of planets, as well as laboratory astrophysics, atmospheric physics, and geophysics. SAO research has a major impact in the worldwide scientific community and has helped the United States maintain world leadership in astrophysical research. SAO coordinates its varied scientific program with the Harvard College Observatory, and together the two observatories form the Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In addition, SAO operates the Oak Ridge Observatory in Massachusetts and the Fred L. Whipple Observatory in Arizona, the latter the site of the Multiple Mirror Telescope, a joint project with the University of Arizona.

For FY 1993, SAO requests an increase of 5 workyears and $622,000 for global-change studies (4 workyears and $550,000); and science education (1 workyear and $72,000). The Institution requires $834,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $106,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense.

The Institution also requests an increase in funding in the Major Scientific Instrumentation line-item for the nonpersonnel support to continue the construction of the submillimeter wavelength telescope array and the conversion of the Multiple Mirror Telescope to an instrument with a single mirror, 6.5 meters in diameter. In addition, the FY 1993 request for SAO includes an increase of 7 workyears and $346,000 for personnel costs, rent, and related expenses associated with the submillimeter array. Since this increase is related to the Major Scientific Instrumentation request, the justification for these positions appears in the Major Scientific Instrumentation section of the budget.

PROGRAM - The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory is a member of the Center for Astrophysics (CfA) based at Cambridge, Massachusetts, where, in collaboration with the Harvard College Observatory, it pursues a diverse program of research organized by the following disciplines: atomic and molecular physics, high-energy astrophysics, optical and infrared astronomy, planetary sciences, radio and geoastronomy, solar and stellar physics, and theoretical astrophysics. Data-gathering facilities include the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in Arizona and the Oak Ridge Observatory in Massachusetts, as well as a millimeter-wave radio astronomy installation at the CfA headquarters.

Research Highlights - In FY 1991, the centennial of its founding, SAO made significant advances in several program areas. Among the highlights of this research were:

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration selected SAO to plan, develop, and operate the international science center that will receive, analyze, and archive data from the Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF), now scheduled for launch in 1999.

Precise measurement at SAO of the temperature and density of gas in a distant cluster of galaxies, coupled with sensitive radio measurement of the effects of this gas on the background radiation, provided a direct determination of the expansion rate of the universe--or Hubble Constant--and produced a result indicating that the universe is closer to 20 billion than to ten billion years old.

An SAO scientist discovered the extremely powerful signals of interstellar masers, formed from methyl alcohol (methanol) molecules. As the microwave equivalents of lasers, interstellar masers represent amplified microwave

radiation arising from the very hot, compact regions of gas surrounding newborn stars. The pervasiveness of methanol in space, and the intensity of its signal, will make it an excellent tool for finding such regions.

A rocket-borne x-ray telescope developed by SAO and IBM gathered data during the solar eclipse of July 11 that should result in the first three-dimensional model of the solar corona linking density and temperature variations with structure in the Sun's extended atmosphere.

Researchers at SAO's Whipple Observatory made the first confirmed detection of gamma rays from the Crab Nebula and established that object as a "standard candle" for ground-based observers of the still-enigmatic gamma rays that bathe the Earth.

Using a clever combination of laboratory experiments and radio observations of our galaxy, SAO scientists discovered and identified a new sequence of giant carbon chain molecules in space.

Radio observations of ammonia emission from molecular clouds surrounding the nucleus of the Milky Way provided evidence that a gigantic streamer of molecular material is being sucked by gravity into the core of our galaxy, where it "feeds" the central mass, thought to be a giant black hole.

In a landmark exchange of East-West timekeeping technology, Soviet-built atomic hydrogen maser clocks were brought to SAO in Cambridge and found to be comparable in stability with similar devices built at SAO for applications in space tracking, radio astronomy, and global navigation.

In support of this research and other initiatives for the future, SAO continued development of the submillimeter wavelength telescope array and the conversion of the Multiple Mirror Telescope to a single-mirror instrument 6.5 meters in diameter. A new 48-inch telescope, designed for stellar and extragalactic astronomy, was put into operation at SAO's Whipple Observatory in FY 1991. Assembly of a second, 11-meter-diameter, gamma-ray detector also began at the Whipple Observatory in this period.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1993, SAO requests an increase of 5 workyears and $622,000 for global change studies (4 workyears and $550,000) and science education (1 workyear and $72,000).

The Institution also requests an increase in funding in the Major Scientific Instrumentation line-item for the nonpersonnel support to continue the construction of the submillimeter wavelength telescope array and the conversion of the Multiple Mirror Telescope to an instrument with a single mirror, 6.5 meters in diameter. In addition, the FY 1993 request for SAO includes an increase of 7 workyears and $346,000 for personnel costs, rent, and related expenses associated with the submillimeter array. Since this increase is related to the Major Scientific Instrumentation request, the justification for these positions appears in the Major Scientific Instrumentation section of the budget.

Global Change Studies (4 workyears and $550.000) - Global change results from complex interactions among the Earth, its atmosphere, and the Sun. Much of the available data upon which atmospheric models must be based is of limited accuracy. Significant advances can be made in modeling the atmosphere through a combination of atmospheric, laboratory, and

theoretical studies. A three-part program will enhance understanding of the atmosphere's response to human-induced change through measurements of stratospheric species via instruments flown on balloons, aircraft, and satellites; laboratory studies of atmospheric species and active pollutants; and theoretical studies of atmospheric composition and processes. SAO is unique in having strength in all three research areas.

The SAO program of balloon-borne remote sensing of the stratosphere is the only program in the world that simultaneously measures the abundances of complete families of species related by complex chemical reactions. Instruments are currently being developed at SAO to fly on the European Space Agency Polar Platform. Such instrumentation can play a vital role in determining sources, sinks, and distributions of greenhouse gases, atmospheric pollutants, and aerosols. Moreover, the best available laboratory ultraviolet photoabsorption data for the important atmospheric species 0 3 , NO, S0 2 , and 0 2 have been obtained by SAO scientists.

Even more accurate measurements are needed to predict the destruction of molecules such as ozone and the screening of the Earth's surface from harmful radiation. A theoretical effort involving development of atmospheric chemistry models to investigate both anthropogenic and natural perturbations to the atmosphere will provide an important stimulation and focus to the observational and laboratory activities at SAO. To conduct a program of study of atmospheric physics and chemistry related to global change, SAO requests funding to hire four physicists (4 workyears and $332,000) and relevant equipment, supplies, and support for travel ($218,000).

In assessing the potential impact of human-induced changes, accurate predictive models can make essential contributions to the formulation of public policy. These models require a detailed understanding of the chemistry and physics of the atmosphere.

Education (1 workyear and $72.000) - Perhaps because of its close association with a major university, SAO has always had a deep commitment to education. Even before national concerns about the lack of "science literacy" among young Americans were widespread, SAO began developing a program (Project STAR) to use examples based on astronomy to improve the teaching of science and mathematics at the high school level. These innovative materials emphasize low-cost student activities based on "high-tech" demonstrations and devices, such as a hand-held spectrograph (costing less than a dollar), that allow students to understand the physics of light.

Technology, however innovative or inexpensive, will not find its way into the Nation's classrooms unless teachers understand how to make effective use of it. Since tens of thousands of teachers are involved with teaching science and mathematics in the Nation's schools, it is obviously impractical for any organization to attempt to reach more than a small fraction of these teachers directly. Instead, SAO proposes to conduct workshops for master teachers, who in turn will conduct workshops for teachers in their districts. These workshops will give teachers the experience of working with the innovative materials they will then use in their classrooms. Teacher training and continuing support are vital in light of recent studies showing that 20 percent of new teachers leave the profession during their first year and more than half leave before the sixth year. Furthermore, for each new mathematics and science teacher entering the profession, 13 are leaving.

SAO requests funds to hire an education specialist who will develop and conduct workshops training teachers to train other teachers in using modern educational materials to teach science in the Nation's schools (1 workyear and $72,000). This request has been

supported by the interagency Federal Coordinating Committee on Science, Engineering, and Technology (FCCSET) Committee on Education and Human Resources (CEHR) as part of its recommendations for the FY 1993 Federal budget.

SAO's educational program provides a model for how basic research centers can make direct and significant contributions to improving science literacy throughout the United States.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - Unrestricted General Funds come primarily from overhead charged on contracts and grants. These funds are used to support administrative positions and some other administrative costs of SAO. Special Purpose Funds come primarily from two sources: external users of SAO's Computer Center and the Institution's Trust funds, with the latter providing by far the larger share. The former may be used for research and computer-related purchases in future years. Trust funds provide direct support for some research as well as for the Fellowship and Visiting Scientist programs, the largest uses of Special Purpose Funds.

Restricted Funds - Restricted funds consist of specific endowments as well as gifts from individuals, foundations, or corporations earmarked for particular research purposes.

Government Grants and Contracts - SAO receives the majority of its funds through Government agency contracts and grants for research in its particular areas of expertise and experience. This research is often carried out in cooperation with both governmental and academic institutions in the United States and abroad.

SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

Base FY 1992

FTE Allocation 145

11 Personnel Compensation 4,230

12 Personnel Benefits 883

21 Travel 193

22 Transportation of Things 18

23 Rent, Communications & Utilities 55

24 Printing & Reproduction 43

25 Other Services 715

26 Supplies & Materials 574

31 Equipment 90

Proposed Adjustments

Est. FY 1993

154

6,801

1,233

8,034

Total

Analysis of Increase

Necessary Pay 423

Inflation 42

Program Funds 768

ABSTRACT - The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) is the Nation's premier center for basic research on the ecology, behavior, and evolution of tropical organisms. Headquartered in Panama, STRI staff conduct scientific investigations throughout the New and Old World tropics. STRI resident and visiting scientists perform research relating to global change in the areas of ecological systems and dynamics, earth system history,

biogeochemical dynamics, and human interactions. The Institute publishes the results of its basic research, and appropriate results are applied to selected conservation and resource management problems. These applications seek alternatives to traditional agricultural and forestry practices that contribute to the massive deforestation of the world's tropical forests. STRI supports education and training in tropical biology through competitive fellowship and internship programs. With its environmental education programs, STRI also fosters conservation in the tropics. The terms of the Panama Canal Treaties of 1977 designate STRI as the custodian of the Barro Colorado Nature Monument, a 12,000-acre tropical nature preserve located in the Panama Canal. The preserve consists of Barro Colorado Island (BCI) and five adjacent mainland peninsulas. Other STRI facilities include a cloud forest station, a research vessel, marine laboratories on the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, a research library, and a modern laboratory and conference center with administrative offices in Panama City.

For FY 1993, STRI requests an increase of 9 workyears and $768,000 for global change research for its tropical forest dynamics, paleoecology and canopy biology programs. The Institution requires $423,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $42,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense.

PROGRAM - The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute performs four major functions in fulfilling its mission in tropical biology:

conducts fundamental research on the ecology, evolution, and behavior of plants and animals, including humankind, with emphasis on the relationships of tropical forest organisms to global climatic change;

provides major facilities and logistical support for the international scientific community to study both terrestrial and marine tropical biology;

supports environmental education and conservation and management of tropical ecosystems; and

protects and manages the Barro Colorado Nature Monument under a treaty-assigned responsibility.

The majority of species of plants and animals on earth live in the tropics, yet the tropics are among the least studied and understood ecosystems. They are also rapidly disappearing so that there is not only a compelling need to understand and conserve tropical marine and terrestrial habitats before they are lost but their conversion to scrub and grassland may affect regional and global climatic patterns. Tropical deforestation and uncontrolled harvesting of marine resources cause extinction of species that are sources of medically and commercially important natural products. The study of tropical environments is vital to understanding biological diversity and global change. This understanding requires a basic knowledge of the history of tropical communities, the organisms that live in the tropics, and interactions among them.

STRI, the only wholly tropical research institute belonging to the United States, is also widely recognized as the world's leader in this field. STRI's extensive marine and terrestrial research program provides the knowledge and understanding essential for the effective management and conservation of these resources.

Among STRI's primary assets are the trust placed in the Institute by the host country and a long history of collaboration with Panamanian scientists and students. The continuing cooperation of the Republic of Panama facilitated the work at STRI of resident scientific staff and more than 300 visiting researchers representing 38 nations during 1991. The present government of Panama has demonstrated its commitment to a democratic process and has taken concrete steps to ensure the preservation of its rich tropical environment.

Behavioral Ecology - The study of behavior of individual species forms an essential link in understanding the origins of biological diversity. Exciting new ideas are being developed at STRI about how novelties arise, how animals select mates, reproduce and take care of their young. These studies involve birds, crabs, frogs, insects, spiders, and squid and employ modern techniques for recording, analyzing, and synthesizing animal signals. These studies draw on molecular techniques to determine genetic relationships among the individuals and species being studied. Their results increase understanding of one of the major components in the evolution and maintenance of biodiversity in the tropics: how animals behave in their interactions with each other and with their environment.

Molecular Evolution - Molecular evolutionary research being carried out at STRI on tropical marine fish and invertebrates is providing novel insight into the processes of biological diversification and the effects that global processes have on marine populations. Thus the same genetic methodologies that are proving so useful to understanding human disease are also increasing understanding of the biotic consequences of global catastrophes, such as environmental degradation and the loss of biological diversity.

Tropical Marine Ecology - Tropical marine communities are changing in the short-term as a consequence of deforestation, increases in human exploitation, the discharge of agricultural and industrial wastes, and in the long-term, as a result of major physical changes that are both natural and anthropogenic. For example, STRI researchers are documenting coral bleaching associated with El Nino (a phenomenon occurring every three to five years causing the warming of surface waters in the equatorial Pacific which alters weather patterns) events, altered coral reef structure resulting from the die-off of the Caribbean black sea urchin, and gradual loss of coral colony cover in coastal fringing reefs for reasons yet unknown. In addition, a major study of the paleoecology of the Isthmus of Panama is producing for the first time a history of past changes in the marine environment against which current changes can be measured. The construction of a new research vessel with funds appropriated in FY 1990 and FY 1991 will allow expansion of these studies to the entire Caribbean and tropical eastern Pacific Ocean.

International Forest Dynamics Project - STRI has created the Center for Tropical Forest Science as headquarters for a worldwide network of long-term tropical forest censuses. STRI initiated this program with a permanent 120-acre plot in Panama that has now been censused three times over ten years. Similar plots have been started in Malaysia, Thailand, India, and Sri Lanka, and detailed data on growth, survival, and productivity are being collected for each. The ten-year recensus of the original plot in Panama was completed in FY 1991. Data were obtained, for example, on one of the prime commercial hardwood species in Panama (Prioria) ; this species shows unusually low adult mortality rates but rapid growth rates. The information gathered is being used to develop plans for the sustained management of tropical forests, identifying fast-growing species for potential use in plantations, and testing hypotheses about patterns of biodiversity in the

tropics. In addition, the forest censuses will provide a baseline of data for assessing the effects of global climate change on tropical forests. This project is partially funded by a $1.1 million grant over five years from the MacArthur Foundation.

Paleoecology - The paleoecology program at STRI seeks to understand both the past changes of climate and vegetation in the tropical forest resulting from natural and human influences and the biologic and climatic consequences of the closing of the Panamanian Isthmus, which occurred about three million years ago. Researchers have found that, contrary to conventional wisdom, tropical forests have changed profoundly over the last 200,000 years: first in response to climatic oscillations associated with the Ice Age, and then following from ancient modification and clearing by Amerindians during the past 11,000 years. Surprisingly, extant forest over much of the Pacific watershed may be very young, having recovered from prehistoric clearing only after European arrival and the decline of indigenous peoples. This information will help researchers build viable models of sustainable resource use and reforestation. A grant from the Mellon Foundation has funded technical assistance and fellowships under the paleoecology program.

Canopy Access System - The tropical forest canopy is the most diverse and environmentally sensitive habitat on Earth, yet it is poorly known because access has hitherto been extremely difficult. STRI has pioneered the use of modified construction tower cranes to provide safe, rapid access for both researcher and equipment to large areas of forest canopy. STRI installed a small prototype crane in FY 1990, and this system continues to provide design and engineering data for the much larger, permanent access system planned for Barro Colorado Island. Ongoing research is showing for the first time how canopy trees respond to seasonal and shorter-term changes in light, humidity, temperature, and atmospheric carbon dioxide. These studies are revolutionizing understanding of tropical forest biology and will provide the basis for management and conservation of tropical forests in the face of accelerating deforestation and rapidly changing climate.

Fellowships. Conservation, and Environmental Education - One of STRI's major efforts centers on the development and support of young scientists. In FY 1991, 90 young men and women from 20 nations participated in STRI's academic programs, including students and professionals who took part in courses organized by STRI on conservation and natural resource management and field biology. In addition, STRI continues its programs to educate the lay public about tropical environments and cultures. In FY 1991, STRI prepared a bilingual (Kuna-Spanish) illustrated booklet on the natural history of native animals for Kuna children, the indigenous inhabitants of the San Bias Archipelago, where STRI maintains a field station.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1993, STRI requests an increase of 9 workyears and $768,000 for global change research for its tropical forest dynamics, paleoecology, and canopy biology programs.

Global Change Research (9 workyears and $768.000) - The study of tropical habitats is vital to understanding global change. These habitats contain most of the world's species of animals and plants, many of which have important, though mostly untapped, potential as sources of medicine and food. Tropical forests play a major role in regional and probably in global climate systems, and coral reefs protect large areas of coastline from erosion. The destruction of tropical forests proceeds at an unprecedented rate. This destruction will have global consequences through effects on atmospheric water cycles, production of greenhouse gases, and siltation of coastal marine habitats.

This research request will support three global change projects: the international forest dynamics project, the tropical paleoecology program, and the canopy biology program.

International Forest Dynamics Project - The geographical breadth, international cooperation, and use of standardized research techniques make STRI's Center for Tropical Forest Science (CTFS) a unique resource for tropical forest ecologists and managers. CTFS in Panama serves as. a data repository, training, and computer analysis center for many cooperating sites throughout the tropics.

To support this role, STRI requests a data base manager and a field coordinator (2 workyears and $71,000) and supplies and equipment ($29,000) for CTFS.

Paleoecology Program - STRI's paleoecology program seeks to understand the record of past global change using ocean and terrestrial sediments as well as the prehistoric record of human influences on tropical forests. Through recovery and identification of microscopic fossils from plants and animals, this research provides a picture of changes in climate and vegetation during the last 200,000 years. Such data are crucial for modeling ecosystem response to future anthropogenic and climate change and creating informed environmental policy. They are essential for building realistic models of sustainable forest management and reforestation.

The paleoecological program at STRI, though in its formative stages, has had considerable success in locating sites of great age and addressing questions of longstanding importance to the past history and future of tropical ecosystems.

A fundamental need of the program is the addition of a senior paleoecologist (1 workyear and $120,000) and technical support for staff scientists working in this program (2 workyears and $64,000). Additional funds of $100,000 will allow for the purchase of supplies and specialized equipment, such as computers and microscopes, $30,000 will support a post-doctoral fellowship, $19,000 is needed to contract services for carbon-14 dating, and $15,000 will be used for travel in support of the program. This request will partially replace a grant from the Mellon Foundation which funded the paleoecology program in its formative stages.

Canopy Biology Program - Research of the upper canopy of the tropical forest has long been a priority but our understanding of the uppermost portion of the forest is far from adequate because of the difficulty of access, observation, and experimentation within the tops of trees. The traditional techniques available provided limited flexibility and maneuverability, little safety, and almost no access to the upper canopy. STRI installed a prototype canopy access system in a forest near Panama City in 1990 using a small construction crane leased from a local contractor. With this crane, STRI has begun intensive measurements of canopy structure, climate, and gas exchange. This system will permit, for the first time, detailed study of gas-exchange processes in a tropical forest, one of the most important global interfaces between the biosphere and the atmosphere. Similarly, fundamental studies of canopy-dwelling animals will be possible, providing insights into the life history, behavior, and ecophysiology of important vertebrate and invertebrate groups. This system provides unprecedented capability and versatility to STRI's global biodiversity program.

Through the United Nations Environmental Program Clearinghouse, funding has been provided by the governments of Finland, Germany, and Norway for the purchase of one of the two cranes STRI needs for its canopy biology program. STRI requests a total of 4 workyears

and $320,000 for the staff required for its new, permanent canopy access system. Funding will allow STRI to hire a canopy biologist and research assistant to manage this program (2 workyears and $121,000), and two crane operators to replace the contract operators presently provided by the contractor who is leasing the prototype crane to STRI (2 workyears and $77,000). The request also includes funds to design and build specialized research instruments for canopy research and purchase supplies for the program ($112,000) and to pay for travel by the biologist to scientific meetings ($10,000).

Given the urgency of the issues and the crucial role of the tropics and the Isthmus of Panama, STRI intends to implement its plan to expand its research program in the area of global change. The expansion is targeted to key areas in which more expertise is needed. STRI's permanent base in the tropics, location in Panama, stewardship over protected research areas, and multi-faceted approach to tropical research for more than 60 years make it uniquely suited for such a venture.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - These funds derive from a variety of sources, including receipts and collections from users of Barro Colorado Nature Monument facilities (20 U.S.C. 79b (d)) and annual allotments. Such funds support, in part, the salaries and related costs of the fellowship program, the senior sabbatical program, insurance, supplies, and a long-term collaborative research program with the Forest Research Institute in Malaysia. Funds also support a short-term fellowship program in tropical biology; visiting scientists and students; field research; seminars and lectures; and environmental, conservation, and educational activities in Panama. Funds are also available from the Institution's Scholarly Studies and Research Opportunities fund to support research at STRI.

Restricted Funds - These funds are in the form of restricted endowments that specify the use of the donation or bequest and gifts and grants from individuals, foundations, organizations, or corporations for specific purposes. These funds advance scientific research related to the biological, ecological, and behavioral processes that serve as a basis of tropical ecosystems; research related to geophysical events; publication and distribution of research results; and studies related to endangered tropical environments.

Continuing support from the Exxon Corporation provides short-term tropical biology fellowships and assistance to 25-30 students per year from developing Latin American countries. In FY 1991, STRI received $1.1 million from the MacArthur Foundation to support the Center for Tropical Forest Science over a five-year period. That same year STRI received a grant of $90,300 from the Hasselblad Foundation to support the Scanning Electron Microscope Laboratory, and through the United Nations Environmental Program, $90,000 and $75,000 from the Finnish and German governments, respectively, to support the modification of a tower crane to study the upper canopy of the forest.

Government Grants and Contracts - In FY 1987, the Minerals Management Service of the Department of the Interior awarded STRI a contract of more than $4 million to fund a five-year study of the catastrophic oil spill at the Galeta field station. This study is scheduled to terminate in March 1992.

SMITHSONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE - Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

Base FY 1992

FTE Allocation 45

11 Personnel Compensation 1,450

12 Personnel Benefits 280

21 Travel 32

22 Transportation of Things 3

23 Rent, Communications & Utilities 18

24 Printing & Reproduction 6

25 Other Services 187

26 Supplies & Materials 207

31 Equipment 206

32 Land and Structures 0

Proposed Adjustments

Total

Analysis of Increase

2,389

1,086

Est. FY 1993

52

3,475

Necessary Pay.

Inflation

Program Funds.

181

16

889

ABSTRACT - The Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC), in Edgewater, Maryland, performs basic scientific research on coastal air/land/water systems. SERC currently occupies 42,000 square feet of laboratory, office, educational, and support space and 2,600 acres of land on the Rhode River, a tidal river system. The interdisciplinary staff, visiting scientists, and students study how land use, air quality, and weather

variations affect the movement of nutrients, eroded soil, and other materials through the system; the dynamics of plant and animal populations; and the overall health of the system. SERC also conducts public education and outreach activities for audiences of varied ages and diverse cultures. The research staff uses long-term observations, controlled experiments, and models to address a wide variety of ecological questions, particularly those relevant to the Chesapeake Bay region. SERC is one part of a network of United States and international sites, each of which is conducting ecological research relevant to its geographic region.

For FY 1993, SERC requests an increase of 7 workyears and $889,000 to conduct global change research on the forest canopy and resources for its watershed land purchase. The Institution requires $181,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $16,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense.

PROGRAM - SERC research aims to understand how coastal air/land/water environmental systems function. The research staff address a wide variety of ecological questions while conducting long-term interdisciplinary studies of a tidal subestuary of the Chesapeake Bay (Rhode River) and its watershed. This watershed contains a mosaic of upland and floodplain forests, marshlands, croplands, pastures, abandoned fields, and residential areas typical of the mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain. Comparative studies are conducted throughout the Chesapeake Bay region to put results from the Rhode River site in a regional perspective. The Center has studied the effects of herbicides on plants in the Chesapeake Bay, the effects of acid rain on deciduous forest and bay fish reproduction, the role of riparian forests in alleviating agricultural pollution, the effects of increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide on natural communities, and the impact of forest fragmentation on woodland bird populations.

Research - For four years SERC scientists have continuously maintained tidal marsh plant communities in an atmosphere of elevated carbon dioxide concentrations similar to global concentrations predicted for the 21st century. All plant species exhibited increased productivity and water use efficiency, but the effects were greatest for "C3 n species such as the sedge Scirpus olneyi . It has been widely predicted that plants will quickly acclimate or adjust to increased carbon dioxide and that the effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentrations will decrease or disappear. This was not the case. In fact, after four years the productivity of Scirpus increased further and the quantum efficiency of photosynthesis--the amount of carbon dioxide fixed per quantum of sunlight absorbed--was the same as in controls. Thus these plants should respond to increased carbon dioxide concentrations by removing and storing more carbon, thereby reducing the rate of increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide below present predictions. A three-month carbon dioxide enrichment study of nine tropical plant species found that the five n C3 n species and a crassulacean species exhibited increased productivity and water use efficiency. In contrast, no significant effects were found on the productivity of the other species such as the grass Paspallum conjugatum . Scientists reviewed the results of the only six studies ever conducted of the responses of plant communities grown for extended times in elevated carbon dioxide. These studies all recorded increased productivity, but the effects of elevated carbon dioxide were lowest in cold climates such as the tundra and greatest in tropical climates such as rice farms. Intermediate effects were found in temperate climates such as the Chesapeake Bay region.

Studies of the reproductive biology of the swamp rose mallow Hibiscus moscheutos , which grows in the tidal wetlands of the Rhode River system, found that pollination was

not a limiting factor in seed production. Instead, salt stress and insect damage to developing seeds were the primary factors. Fruit set was 53 percent in a normal rainfall year, but only 2 percent in a severe drought year. Another tidal wetland study examined the role of litter in nutrient cycling within narrow-leaved cattail, Typha angustifolia . communities. In replicated plots, litter was removed, replaced with a pseudolitter of plastic strips, increased threefold with litter from other sites, or left unaltered. Some plots were also fertilized with nitrogen and phosphorus. Fertilization increased aboveground productivity but decreased flowering. Fertilized plant tissues were enriched in nitrogen and phosphorus, which resulted in increased rates of infestation by boring noctuid moth larvae. The effects of the litter manipulations seemed to be mostly due to the physical structure of the litter layer rather than to the processes of decomposition. Plots with no litter or pseudolitter developed higher concentrations of ammonium in the sediments. Fertilized plots with no litter had greater increases of phosphate in the sediment.

Sunlight penetration is often a limiting factor for algal productivity in the turbid waters of the Rhode River and the Chesapeake Bay. Data gathered with an underwater spectral radiometer were used to develop a mathematical model for the attenuation of light with depth under various water quality conditions. The spectral radiometer measures precisely the light intensity of 13 different colors of visible light and one infrared region. Light scattering was found to be linearly related to the concentration of total mineral suspended particles for all colors of light. For each light color, the proportions of light absorption due to water itself, to dissolved organic matter, to phytoplankton pigments, and to detritus were determined under a wide variety of field conditions. The final model allowed accurate predictions of light intensity and color composition at various depths based on commonly measured water quality parameters.

Microscopic zooplankton that rely on cilia for propulsion is abundant in the Chesapeake Bay. These ciliates are important in the food chain, as they eat bacteria and algae. Intensive studies of ciliate population dynamics in the Chesapeake Bay near the Rhode River found that their numbers peak in April and are at a minimum in September. In the spring, 70 percent of these organisms were in bottom waters, while in the summer, 85 percent were in surface waters. Ciliate numbers were not correlated with chlorophyll concentrations but were related to concentrations of microflagellates. Low dissolved oxygen concentrations in the bottom waters in summertime probably result in high ciliate mortality. Most ciliates are restricted to waters containing at least two parts per thousand of dissolved oxygen. Major mortality of these ciliates interrupts the Bay's food chain, lowering the production of commercial fisheries.

Educational Activities - SERC provides a broad range of educational activities, including teacher-led field trips, self-guided nature trails, and guided tours. Groups of students and the general public observe firsthand a variety of natural habitats. A work/learn intern program enables students from all over the world to work with scientists and educational staff, both in the field and in the laboratory. Predoctoral, postdoctoral, and sabbatical programs for professionals make it possible for visiting scientists to carry out collaborative or independent research. SERC disseminates the results of its research through scientific journals, national and international meetings and seminars, the training of scientists, and public education activities. A new outdoor activity, the Java History Trail, is nearing completion. It consists of a network of trails, boardwalks, and exhibits along the Rhode River shoreline. The exhibits feature Native American and colonial history along with current human interactions with this environment.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1993, SERC requests an increase of 7 workyears and $889,000 to conduct global change research for its watershed land purchase and forest canopy biology programs.

Global Change Research (7 workyears and $889.000) - Research at SERC focuses on intensive long-term ecological studies of the Rhode River, its watershed and airshed. The research program also includes comparative studies throughout the Chesapeake Bay area and the placing of results within a regional context. The Long-Term Ecological Research Network has selected SERC as one of 25 sites suitable for intensive ecologically-oriented global change research in the United States and its territories. The requested increase for global change will support research on forest canopy biology and protection of watershed research lands.

-- Forest Canopy Biology - The global change research program requires seven additional staff to conduct research on the effects of both elevated ultraviolet radiation and climatic change on forest canopy biology. Understanding the dynamics of forest ecosystems is essential to the success of the U.S. Global Change Research Program. SERC has been conducting research on forest canopy/atmosphere interactions for several years, utilizing a 160-foot tall walkup tower in a mature deciduous hardwood forest.

Research would include such activities as determining comprehensive energy input/output budgets for the forest, micrometeorological measurements of gas and particle exchange rates between the canopy and the overlying atmosphere, and detailed biological characterization of the plant canopy and its fauna.

Seven workyears and $389,000 are requested. The personnel include a chief scientist (1 workyear and $70,000), four research assistants (4 workyears and $138,000), an environmental engineer (1 workyear and $47,000), and a data manager (1 workyear and $34,000). The request will also provide related support ($100,000) for the new and existing scientific staff assigned to this program.

-- Watershed Land Purchase - To assure the future protection of the SERC facility, the Institution proposes to acquire about 500 more acres of the lower watershed and approximately 3,000 acres of the upper watershed. Acquisition of this land will protect SERC's value as a national ecological research site and preserve its heritage. SERC has already received substantial extramural global change grant support and expects this support to increase steadily. Research efforts will build on a history within SERC of ultraviolet radiation monitoring and research on nutrient cycling, landscape level transport of nutrients, and the geochemical effects of acid rain.

Since the 1960s, the Smithsonian has purchased and protected about 2,600 acres of the Rhode River tidal river system, including the waterfront areas. Rapidly intensified development now threatens the rural character of the upper parts of the drainage basin, currently forested or farmed. SERC plans to use a combination of outright purchases, easements, and protective covenants to protect a series of key land parcels on the upper watershed from urbanization.

The initial request of $500,000 of no-year base funds for FY 1993 will provide the necessary funding to protect and purchase watershed land on a cost-matching basis with private funds. The estimated development cost of these properties is approximately $35 million. However, through the proposed collective process of purchase, easements. donations, and protective covenants, SERC estimates the cost at $8 - $12 million.

SERC is the only long-term ecological research site in the Chesapeake Bay region with the potential to meet U.S. Global Change Research Program needs. If undeveloped lands on the upper watershed become urbanized, the site's use for global change research will be seriously impaired. These proposed actions for FY 1993 will begin to effectively protect the future research and educational potentials of a unique and valuable research site. Proposed funding will also provide sufficient permanent scientific staff to conduct a well-balanced, interdisciplinary global change research program on forest canopies representative of the Chesapeake Bay region.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - These funds, provided by allotments and grants from the Institution's internal award programs, support special events, work/learn and fellowship programs, and the salary costs of a docent coordinator and a public program director.

Government Grants and Contracts - Various Federal and State agencies supply funds for special projects conducted at SERC that use the expertise of the staff and the unique physical site characteristics. Four grants from the Chesapeake Research Consortium support research on ecosystem dynamics and community ecology; a grant from the U.S. Department of Energy advances the study of effects of greenhouse gases on tidal marshes; a grant from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration supports work on the relationship between sunlight attenuation in the Chesapeake Bay and plant community dynamics; and a grant from the Maryland Department of the Environment supports studies of the role of riparian vegetation in nutrient dynamics.

NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE -= Full-time equivalent **FTP - Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

Base FY 1992

FTE Allocation 363

11 Personnel Compensation. 11,956

12 Personnel Benefits 1,812

21 Travel 67

22 Transportation of Things 15

23 Rent, Communications & Utilities 49

24 Printing & Reproduction 40

25 Other Services 723

26 Supplies & Materials 1, 686

31 Equipment 384

Collections Acquisition 15

42 Insurance Claims & Indemnities 5

Total

Analysis of Increase

Necessary Pay

Inflation

Program Funds

16,752

Proposed Adjustments

Est. FY 1993

368

ABSTRACT - When the National Zoological Park (NZP) was founded in 1889, its mission was defined as "the advancement of science and the instruction and recreation of the people." This mission can now be expressed as the advancement of science and the education and recreation of the people. The National Zoo has certain features in common with other

Smithsonian public facilities and some features that are unique within the Smithsonian family. Its exhibits are alive, and new exhibits require new construction, not merely remodeling. Since NZP's public function is educational and recreational, it seeks to enhance public awareness about biology and related subjects. This emphasis means that the Zoo is concerned with all aspects of animal life, both terrestrial and aquatic, small and large, past and present. Humankind has been part of the living world, and an increasing influence on it, ever since our species first appeared. Our own biological history is therefore part of the Zoo's subject matter. Responding to the world environmental crisis, the Zoo is now committed to representing the whole of life on earth, plant and animal, in all its complexity and glory. To this end, NZP will transform the animals-only zoological park into a biological park. In the BioPark, the intermeshing relationships of animals and plants will be highlighted. The BioPark will educate visitors by its spectacle and beauty and foster a concern for the future of life in all its forms. This holistic approach will combine living exhibits of plants and animals with museum-type exhibits of structures, such as skeletons and fossils. It will make fruitful cross-correlations with other Smithsonian entities involved in research, art, and science exhibits.

For FY 1993, the Zoo requests an increase of 5 workyears and $500,000 for expansion of its program in species adaptation to global environmental changes. The Smithsonian also seeks funding for the National Zoological Park for a comparability pay plan for its police force. This request is justified under the Uncontrollable section of this budget. The Institution also requires $994,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $74,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense.

PROGRAM - By historic mandate, the primary mission of the National Zoological Park is the advancement of science, conservation of biodiversity, education, and recreation. NZP serves both the general public and more specialized audiences by promoting the conservation of life on Earth through informal and formal education, research, and animal health programs. NZP's educational efforts center on biological literacy, with special emphases on evolution, complex adaptive interactions, the origins and importance of biodiversity, global change, and the impact of humans on the rest of the world. The Zoo has moved beyond being a zoological park concerned only with animals to becoming a biological park with a scope extending to the whole living world, emphasizing interactions and holism. By cross-referencing other parts of the Institution, NZP focuses on biology in the fields of behavior, physiology, ecology, molecular genetics, conservation (applied and theoretical) , veterinary medicine, and wildlife biology. Interdisciplinary cooperation is encouraged in all these areas of research.

In pursuit of its mission, NZP exhibits a wide range of living plants and animals on its 163-acre facility in Rock Creek Park in Washington, D.C., and maintains the Conservation and Research Center on 3,150 acres in Front Royal, Virginia, as a major animal breeding, conservation, training, and research center.

Living Exhibits - The BioPark breaks down traditional divisions in biological exhibition between plants and animals, aquatic and terrestrial life, vertebrates and invertebrates, past, present, and future, and even science and art. Exhibit remodeling, renovation, and construction promote a new emphasis on education about the living world. NZP goes beyond habitat exhibits that recreate natural environments to make the wonders of biology, such as intricate and beautiful adaptations for survival, accessible to all visitors. In FY 1991, the Zoo installed an interpretive exhibit titled "Giants" in the newly renovated Elephant House. The exhibit stimulates the visitor to explore the

advantages and disadvantages of being huge and compares living large mammals to their extinct relatives and even to dinosaurs. Graphics in the Panda House were totally revised in light of recent scientific discoveries. The Komodo dragon enclosure was enlarged to encourage breeding. A coral reef tank opened in 1991 as the first exhibit in the new Australian Pavilion.

At its Rock Creek site, the Zoo cares for more than 6,200 animals, comprising about 500 species, and approximately 1,400 plant species. At the Conservation and Research Center, the Zoo maintains more than 800 animals representing 52 species whose status in the wild is precarious. In FY 1991, more than 1,000 births and hatchings occurred at the Zoo. Among these were a gorilla (the first in 17 years at the Zoo), red wolves, black-footed ferrets, small-clawed otters, servals, bongo, condor, Bali mynahs, Micronesian kingfishers, and green tree pythons. Significant additions to the Zoo's collection during FY 1991 included Palestinian mole rats and pygmy owls.

Public Education and Information - The Zoo has placed an increased emphasis on education. During "Super Week" in July 1990, fine-arts students, largely from Duke Ellington High School in Washington, D.C., brought lively hands-on demonstrations ("Will the Real Elephant Please Stand Up") and participatory activities ("How Animals Walk") to Zoo visitors. Zookeepers joined in by bringing out a few animals that could be handled such as a rat, a snake, and an armadillo. "Super Week" was an attempt to complement standing exhibits by actively engaging visitors, inviting them to explore biology. The Zoo believes that each component of its mission will benefit from improved education.

The birth of a gorilla at NZP, the Giant Panda Workshop, and the Golden Lion Tamarin Conservation Program generated news and feature stories that continue to focus public attention on issues important to biology, wildlife, and conservation.

Research - The Zoo's Research Department organized an international workshop on giant panda and red panda conservation in June. One hundred experts surveyed the status of wild and zoo populations of both species. While threats to continued survival are severe, the workshop produced global action plans to guide conservation efforts. The state-of-the-art Molecular Genetics Laboratory became operational, working initially on the evolutionary relatedness of endangered Hawaiian birds, in part by recovering "fossil RNA" from museum specimens.

Animal Management - Medical care and research programs are vital to the mission of the Zoo. New biotechniques allowed artificial insemination of the endangered Eld's deer and black-footed ferrets. The Zoo's reproductive physiology staff did evaluations of 120 cheetahs in 15 zoos; the results support a national breeding effort. NZP pathologists and veterinarians identified a virus in two golden lion tamarins scheduled to be reintroduced to Brazil. While the virus was not dangerous to the tamarins themselves, it could have triggered a disastrous epidemic in any predators or scavengers that might eat a reintroduced tamarin. The two tamarins will stay safely in the Zoo.

Animal Conservation - Current research projects at the Conservation and Research Center include reproductive studies on black-footed ferrets, Eld's deer, Guam rails, and other endangered species. The breeding of black-footed ferrets and Guam rails has been extremely encouraging, and Center staff is now participating in reintroduction efforts for both these species. In recent years, research on the Center's native flora and fauna has increased substantially, focusing on the conservation of migratory birds and the effects of herbivores on the overall plant and animal forest community. In cooperation

with the National Park Service, study plots have been established on numerous locales on the Center and within the adjacent Shenandoah National Park.

The Zoo staff continues to play a leading role in international conservation through the wildlife and zoo animal management training programs for developing countries. These courses have provided training to more than 500 students and professionals from 36 countries. The Center has developed and continues to maintain CONSLINK, an international computerized conservation bulletin board, and Center staff have organized a number of workshops on microcomputer data management and analysis in India and Malaysia.

The Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center - Established with Federal funds in FY 1991, the Center is located in a modular building at the National Zoological Park. The Center's mission is to acquire and disseminate scientific information to help conserve birds that migrate from North America to the tropics. In order to accomplish this mission, the Center initiates long-term research and training in Mexico; develops innovative bi-lingual outreach materials (English/Spanish); and supports basic research projects on the population biology of migratory birds. In addition, the Center's staff responds to general public inquiry on bird migration and consults with non-governmental groups and Federal agencies on issues related to migratory bird conservation.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1993, the Zoo requests an increase of 5 workyears and $500,000 for expansion of its program in species adaptation to global environmental changes.

Global Change Program (5 workyears and $500.000) - The fundamental problem of species conservation is to understand why some species survive and others become extinct when faced with major environmental challenges. The Zoo will assemble the full range of scientific expertise necessary to attack the problem of species survival.

The Zoo's Global Change Program is aimed at predicting animal extinctions. Combined data from a broad range of studies on captive animals and long-term monitoring of ten key species at field sites around the world will enable researchers to detect, document, and later predict evolutionary differences in the capacity of species to adapt to global environmental changes. The goal is to gain sufficient understanding to avoid future extinctions.

In FY 1993, funding will allow NZP to hire five new positions and provide base funding for the Zoo's Global Change Program. A cryobiologist (1 workyear and $60,000) will collect, examine, and preserve gametes and embryos. A cytogeneticist (1 workyear and $60,000) will study chromosomal variations and abnormalities within and between populations. A developmental psychobiologist (1 workyear and $60,000) will examine natural and abnormal developmental trajectories of behavior and growth. A stress biologist (1 workyear and $60,000) will develop physiological probes to measure various forms of stress and use the probes to monitor change as species become threatened. In addition, the funding will provide a clerical/technical support position (1 workyear and $29,000) to support the scientific team. The balance of this request ($231,000) will purchase supplies and equipment for the program and support foreign counterparts that will be essential to the research efforts abroad.

The approval of this request will fill critical gaps in the scientific disciplines represented at the National Zoological Park. The Zoo will strengthen research in areas

such as behavior, genetics, and reproduction and apply additional financial support to addressing the issue of species survival.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - These funds come from a variety of sources, including allotments and fees for services and general use of the facilities by Trust-fund units or outside organizations. The Zoo uses these funds to support and maintain its facilities, purchase plants and animals for the collection, support multi-year fellowship programs, purchase scientific and research equipment, and support the salary and travel costs of the director.

Restricted Funds - Gifts and foundation grants continue to support training programs, research projects, and the acquisition of animals for exhibit purposes. The Zoo received outside funding in FY 1990 and FY 1991 to support the training of zoo professionals from developing nations in wildlife management, conservation, and zoo management. Funds for this purpose are also anticipated in FY 1992. Since its creation in 1986, the New Opportunities in Animal Health Science Center has continued to receive financial support for its programs in biomedical research.

Government Grants and Contracts - The National Zoo receives direct and indirect support from various Government agencies and departments to support specific research projects. Zoo researchers in collaboration with investigators from the National Cancer Institute have studied the effects of genetic monomorphism on reproductive performance, endocrine status, and animal health. The research staff received financial support from the National Institutes of Health to study in vitro fertilization in domestic and nondomestic cat species. In association with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Zoo is expanding research efforts in the areas of sperm and embryo preservation, genetic engineering, and artificial breeding of domestic animals. The Zoo's medical staff is investigating the characteristics of a new primate hepatitis virus with a grant from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION ARCHIVES

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE - Full-time equivalent **FTP - Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

FTE Allocation

11 Personnel Compensation

12 Personnel Benefits

21 Travel

22 Transportation of Things

23 Rent, Communications & Utilities.

24 Printing & Reproduction

25 Other Services

26 Supplies & Materials

31 Equipment

Total

Analysis of Increase

Necessary Pay ,

Inflation ,

Program Funds ,

ABSTRACT - The Smithsonian Institution Archives (SIA) is the official repository of Smithsonian Institution records and related historical documentation. SIA is the Institution's means of assuring systematic, comprehensive historical accountability of its national public trust. SIA supports Smithsonian research, management, and planning; serves other scholarly research and public inquiry; and provides advice to archival

research programs in and outside the Institution. As the Smithsonian grows, ages, and diversifies, SIA accommodates, preserves, and manages a constantly increasing volume and an ever-changing technological variety of Institutional records and other pertinent historical documentation.

Located in the Arts and Industries Building, the facility is convenient to principal users. A records center on North Capitol Street holds inactive records awaiting disposition. Remote storage for records that exceed central storage limits is located in leased space in Springfield, Virginia. Modification of an existing building at the Conservation and Research Center, Front Royal, Virginia, is under way for security storage of documents.

For FY 1993, SIA requests an increase of 4 workyears and $175,000 for archival staff, equipment, and supplies. The Institution requires $29,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $2,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense.

PROGRAM - SIA surveys official records and scholarly research files, appraises their historical research potential, schedules those of lasting evidential and informational value for acquisition and accessioning into its custody, and conducts oral and video history interviews to complement and supplement the written Institutional record. SIA manages the archives thus acquired to preserve, arrange, and describe them so as to make them useful for research. SIA assists scholars and other researchers in using the archives and responds to public inquiries for archived information. SIA gives advice to and shares archives and oral history experience and expertise with other archives and museums.

Records Scheduling and Collections Acquisition - In FY 1991, SIA completed surveys, appraisals, disposition recommendations, and scheduling of records and scholarly research files in 17 Smithsonian offices and subbureau departments. A records disposition schedule was issued for the Archives of American Art. Surveys and consultations on the management and disposition of records and archives continue with the staff of the National Museum of the American Indian and the Smithsonian African American Association. SIA accessioned 275 hours of videotape and accompanying transcript material as the result of a four-year experimental video history project funded by the Sloan Foundation and conducted by Smithsonian historians.

Archives Management - Work continues on long-term projects processing and preserving architectural drawings. SIA replaced 2,500 nitrate negatives with safety film copies. The Archives provided opportunities for hands-on training for conservation interns of the Conservation Analytical Laboratory. In cooperation with the Smithsonian Institution Libraries, SIA prepared records of Smithsonian involvement in 19th-century expositions for microfilming and commercial distribution to libraries and research centers. Collection-level guides were published for the papers of Alexander Wetmore, sixth Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, and for records of the National Zoological Park, 1887-1965. Long-range planning in cooperation with the Office of Design and Construction continues for a libraries and archives facility at Suitland, Maryland.

Research and Reference Service - SIA holdings contributed to research in Native-American history, the history of international scientific communications, and diverse biographical and historical research projects. Several scholars from abroad were among those who used the Archives' document collections.

Outreach - Archival and museum personnel from Kenya, Japan, China, and Central America were among three dozen visitors to SIA for archives management and oral history information. SIA conducted a one-day workshop on oral history for representatives of Micronesian archives and museums.

Statistical Summary of SIA Activity

FY 1989 FY 1990 FY 1991

Total Holdings at Year-end (cubic feet)

Accessions Added (cubic feet)

Reference Inquiries

Items Provided to Researchers

Pages of Copy Provided to Researchers

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1993, SIA requests an increase of 4 workyears and $175,000 for archival staff, equipment, and supplies.

Archival Staff. Equipment, and Supplies (4 workyears and $175.000) - Over the past three decades, the Smithsonian's phenomenal growth in new museums and research centers has surpassed SIA's archival ability to keep pace with growth in the volume and variety of Institutional records. SIA needs additional resources to survey, acquire, preserve, and process vital records and associated documentation, making them available for public reference and assuring future availability for reference.

The requested funding will increase preservation, processing, and accessibility of vital records and associated documentation. It will enable SIA to begin to keep pace with the growth of the Institution. With this funding, SIA will:

survey and bring under archival disposition annually an additional 1,000 cubic feet of paper files, photographs, audio recordings, video recordings, motion picture films, and machine-readable computer records from six to eight of the more than 400 records-producing entities of the Smithsonian Institution;

arrange, describe, and preserve each year an additional 100 cubic feet of vital records and other historical documentation already accessioned into the Archives; and

develop specialized expertise to handle inquiries and research requests for visual, audio, and computerized records information.

To conduct these activities, SIA requests funds to hire two archivists (2 workyears and $84,000) and two archive technicians (2 workyears and $58,000). Support funds ($33,000) will procure training, computer hardware and software, and archival supplies necessary to make the Archives' collections available for public research.

This request is not for a new departure, but rather represents an investment to ensure the permanent availability of a public trust's vital records commensurate with Institutional growth in general and the increase of Institutional records in particular. While the volume and variety of Institutional records has increased many times over the past three decades, the dollar per cubic foot investment in Smithsonian Archives has

degraded between 1978 and 1990, despite some annual inflationary increases. The SIA must preserve and manage a sound and reliable Institutional record to respond to public inquiries, scholarly research, and public accountability.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - Provided by annual allotments, these funds cover the salaries, benefits, and support costs for an archivist and an archives technician. In addition, funds support a temporary archives specialist, three program assistants, and support costs for a survey and publication of guides to photographic collections of the Smithsonian Institution. In FY 1991, the Research Resources Grants program awarded SIA $40,000 for historic architectural drawings conservation.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE - Full-time equivalent **FTP - Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

Base FY 1992

FTE Allocation 109

11 Personnel Compensation 2 , 940

12 Personnel Benefits 1, 260

21 Travel 23

22 Transportation of Things 15

23 Rent, Communications & Utilities 9

24 Printing & Reproduction 102

25 Other Services 855

26 Supplies & Materials 684

31 Equipment 133

Total

Analysis of Increase

6,021

Necessary Pay.

Inflation

Program Funds.

Proposed Adjustments

0

Est. FY 1993

109

ABSTRACT - The Smithsonian Institution Libraries (SIL) supports the mission of the Institution "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge" by providing information in all forms to Smithsonian scientists, scholars, curators, and staff, as well as others with research needs. The Libraries accomplishes this purpose by building, organizing, managing, housing, and preserving collections; providing reference services and consultation;

employing all appropriate technologies for finding and disseminating information; and contributing to and drawing from remote bibliographic and research data bases. The Libraries offers educational opportunities that include exhibitions, internships, publications, lectures, and user instruction. The Libraries participates in local, national, and international networks and cooperative activities that promote the sharing of information, access to recorded knowledge, and support and advancement of scholarly communication.

The Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for FY 1993 programmatic increases for the Libraries. The Institution requires $334,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $45,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense.

PROGRAM - SIL supports multi-disciplinary research at the Smithsonian by providing research services, collections acquisitions and management, and outreach programs. SIL's collections number more than 1.1 million volumes and include 14,300 current serial titles, 40,000 rare books, and more than 1,800 manuscript units. By centralizing acquisitions and cataloguing, reference and information services, preservation and conservation efforts, and administrative services, SIL gains operational and cost efficiencies.

SIL's staff uses computer support and electronic technology for most internal library operations and for resource sharing and communication with other libraries. The Smithsonian Institution Bibliographic Information System (SIBIS) provides access to collections through an on-line catalogue. In FY 1991, SIL added capabilities for Boolean searching to the catalogue, allowing users to combine in one search a number of selection criteria. SIBIS is also used for acquisitions, cataloguing, and increasingly for circulation and inventory control.

The Libraries automated its circulation records in four locations in FY 1991: the Cooper-Hewitt Museum Branch in New York City, the Botany Branch and the Mollusks Library of the National Museum of Natural History Branch, and the Museum of American History Branch. Twelve of SIL's 17 locations are now using automated circulation. SIL also installed automated circulation at the library of the National Museum of American Art/National Portrait Gallery, for which SIL provides support services.

Research Support Service - SIL provides daily, direct support to researchers from 17 branch libraries, including Central Reference and Loan Services and from the Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology in the Special Collections Department. All branches offer sophisticated subject expertise to provide users with the information they request. The Libraries' staff searches on-line data bases and queries national networks to find and retrieve requested items and information. SIL contracts with commercial document delivery services to provide hard-to-find and highly specialized materials. The James Smithson Society awarded SIL $50,060 to establish a CD-ROM (compact disc, read only memory) searching center in FY 1992 that can be used by researchers across the Institution through dial-up capabilities.

In FY 1991, SIL established three task forces of library staff to study data base searching needs, delivery service, and user needs. In April 1991, 30 marine science librarians and information specialists from the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area attended a workshop organized by SIL. During the same month, SIL issued the first notices in appropriate publications of the SIL/Dibner Library Resident Scholar Program, funded by the Dibner Fund. SIL will select up to two scholars every calendar year to use the

resources of the Dibner Library and other parts of SIL for research into the history of science and technology. SIL published a Users Guide that provides information about the system's 17 branches and the collection interests of each. Several branches prepare and distribute bibliographies and new-title lists to interested scholars and libraries in the United States and abroad. During FY 1991, eight branches produced new-title lists and/or bibliographies including the branches at the National Museum of African Art, the National Air and Space Museum, the National Zoo, the Office of Horticulture, the Anthropology Branch in the National Museum of Natural History, the libraries of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, the Museum Reference Center, Central Reference and Loan Services, and the Dibner Library.

Collections Acquisition and Care - SIL houses its collections in Smithsonian buildings in Washington, D.C., and other locations, including Edgewater, Maryland; Cambridge, Massachusetts; New York City; and the Republic of Panama. SIL controls its collections and makes them available to institutional and worldwide researchers by systematically describing materials and entering them into the SIBIS On-line Catalogue and into the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC), a national bibliographic data base. SIL continues to supplement in-house cataloguing with contract cataloguing and to convert manual records to machine-readable data.

SIL acquires materials through purchase and an active gift-and-exchange program with more than 3,215 partners in 122 countries. Escalating costs of journals over the last several years have reduced SIL's ability to supply scholars with the same numbers of journals as were available in the past. Limited funds for acquisitions have permitted SIL to purchase only a very small portion of materials requested for new Institutional programs in molecular systematics and other fields within the Institution's special interests. With funding provided in FY 1992, SIL will be able to partially restore the purchasing power for the acquisition of journals.

In FY 1991, SIL consolidated staff offices of its Preservation Services Department at 1111 North Capitol Street. The department staff began operating a Brittle Books Section, which is charged with preservation of SIL's general collections. The Binding Services Section, which prepares books and journals for shipment to commercial binderies, also relocated to the new offices. SIL's Book Conservation Laboratory, established in 1976, is responsible for repairing and stabilizing rare and valuable books in the special collections, preparing materials for SIL exhibitions and exhibition loans, and attending to disasters including water damage, mold, and insect infestation.

Outreach - SIL inaugurated an Honorary and Memorial Gifts Program in FY 1991, mailing a brochure on Gift Information for Donors to the Institution's research staff and other interested individuals within and outside the Institution. The gifts will be used to purchase books for the collections. The development program was initiated with an appeal from the director to donors who had previously made in-kind gifts to the collections.

SIL serves the wider scholarly community and the public through outreach programs including publications, lectures, and exhibitions. SIL opened its first public Exhibition Gallery in October 1990. Adjacent to the SIL's Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology, on the first floor of the National Museum of American History, the gallery is now the Libraries' principal vehicle for displaying to the public the richness and variety of the treasures in the Libraries' special collections. SIL's staff secured funding from Institution sources to mount the first two exhibitions. The inaugural exhibition, "Turning over Old Leaves: A Sampler of Written Records," drew on manuscript

materials that included letters of Galileo, Charles Darwin, and John James Audubon; a notebook of Alexander Graham Bell's experiments concerning mechanical flight; and a personality survey completed by Albert Einstein. In support of the Institution's special interest in cultural diversity, SIL created exhibitions in FY 1991 that presented books and other materials dealing with Southeast Asia and with Africa. "Nusantara: Lands and Peoples of Indonesia," part of the international Festival of Indonesia, displays vibrantly colored books and manuscripts describing early European and American voyages of discovery to the Indonesian archipelago. The National Museum of African Art cooperated with SIL in organizing and presenting "Africa Illustrated: Fantasy and Reality before 1900," an exhibition of books on Africa published from the 17th to the 19th centuries. Both the Indonesian and the African exhibitions featured illustrated brochures. SIL continued its Library Hall exhibitions in SIL's central administrative area of the Natural History Building, displaying materials from its branch library collections. SIL also presented pop-up books from the Cooper-Hewitt Museum of Design Branch and "A Growing Collection," featuring materials from the Horticulture Branch.

In FY 1991, SIL received a grant from the Regents' Special Exhibition Fund for a FY 1992 exhibition and symposium on world's fairs. The National Museum of American History will co-sponsor the symposium. In November 1990, and July 1991, SIL staff participated in the Second White House Conference on Libraries and Information Science. Directors of member libraries of the Association of Research Libraries came to SIL for a reception and exhibition viewing during the Association's semiannual meeting in October 1990.

With funding from the Special Foreign Currency Program, SIL administers the Science Information Program for Translations, which has brought 263 translations of books into print since 1960. SIL published two new translations in FY 1991: The Role of Scent Glands in Pollination (translated from German) and Fundamentals of Paleontology , vol. 9 (translated from Russian). Nearly 30 additional titles are in various stages of production.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - An administrative allotment funds administrative salaries and related support costs, including travel, training, and supplies. A program allotment supports such special events as public lectures and seminars.

Restricted Funds - Gifts and grants from individuals, foundations, endowments, organizations, and corporations provide these funds for specific purposes. In FY 1991, SIL received funding for an exhibition and symposium on world's fairs to be held in early 1992. An award was granted to establish a data base searching center for researchers with up-to-the-minute published scientific information.

In addition, SIL received program assistance in advertising costs from a private fund to support a Resident Scholar Program. This enabled two scholars to use the resources of the Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology. SIL also received funds for acquisitions from several individuals in response to an appeal from the director of the Libraries.

INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE PROGRAM

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE - Full-time equivalent **FTP - Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

Base FY 1992

FTE Allocation 15

11 Personnel Compensation 403

12 Personnel Benefits 97

21 Travel 100

22 Transportation of Things 3

23 Rent, Communications & Utilities 1

24 Printing & Reproduction 14

25 Other Services 213

26 Supplies & Materials 65

31 Equipment 42

Total

Analysis of Increase

938

Necessary Pay.

Inflation

Program Funds.

Proposed

Adjustments

Est. FY 1993

20

ABSTRACT - The International Environmental Science Program (IESP) is a multi-bureau interdisciplinary effort to coordinate the Smithsonian Institution's long-term monitoring and study of unique and significant ecosystems. The goal of the Program is to evaluate and eventually to predict the impact of human activities and natural change on selected ecosystems. Research sponsored by IESP occurs at two permanent Smithsonian sites--the

Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) in Edgewater, Maryland, and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) in Panama--and several nonpermanent sites throughout the world.

For FY 1993, the Institution requests an increase of 5 workyears and $300,000 for global change research at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (4 workyears and $250,000) and for expansion of East African savanna ecosystem studies (1 workyear and $50,000). The Institution requires $22,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $11,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense.

PROGRAM - The International Environmental Science Program supports Smithsonian research to meet the urgent need for long-term studies of the world's ecosystems, especially in tropical and subtropical regions where the rapid rate of tropical deforestation, loss of suitable soil, and resulting threat to wildlife are of critical importance to biological diversity and global change. The Program provides funds for teams of scientists, both Smithsonian staff and collaborators, to monitor natural variations in specific environments undergoing human change.

Scientists maintain permanent IESP research sites at the Rhode River Estuary at Edgewater, Maryland, and in the tropical lowland forest of Barro Colorado Island (BCI) in Panama and the Galeta Reef on the Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama. For more than 20 years, scientists have gathered information for a data base on the biological, physical, and chemical components of various ecosystems. Analyses of these data have produced speculations and verifiable hypotheses about long-term patterns in climate and disturbances resulting from human activity.

Research sponsored by IESP also takes place at nonpermanent sites on Aldabra in the Seychelles, in Venezuela, Brazil, Mexico, and in the Amazonian regions of Peru and Bolivia. Smithsonian scientists, with support from the host governments, are continuing their efforts at these sites to gather descriptive data.

The following summaries highlight IESP's most significant accomplishments for FY 1991 at the Program's permanent and nonpermanent sites.

Edgewater. Maryland - A mathematical model tested the relative timing and impact of storm runoff from the Rhode River watershed and from the Susquehanna River, the largest tributary of the Chesapeake Bay. The model predicts changes in key nutrient concentrations in the upper and lower reaches of the Rhode River and how these changes in nutrients and exchange rates affect algal populations. The model was verified with two data sets. The results indicate that storm runoff from the Rhode River watershed produces algal blooms of small scale and short duration, whereas Susquehanna River storm discharges, after a delay of 12 days, cause algal blooms over larger areas for longer times. It is now possible to assess quantitatively how regional weather and land use affect tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay by interactions with local events.

Panama - IESP-funded research on Barro Colorado Island (BCI) continues to expand understanding of global change. One major study is examining seasonal and longer-term fluctuations of the amount of light available on the forest floor. Low light levels limit the growth of tropical forest tree seedlings in the understory. Staff has nearly completed a ten-year study of forest light environment on BCI, using computer image-processing techniques developed at STRI. One unexpected finding is that tree falls provide increased

light at ground levels for only four years before deep shade is restored. Tree seedlings, therefore, have only a brief period in which to become established in the forest. This study will contribute to more effective management and conservation of tropical forests.

At Galeta, long-term monitoring of reef and mangrove communities continues to provide valuable data on the impact of the April 1986 oil spill on these areas. Evidence gathered to date indicates that the effects of oil spills on tropical marine habitats are more severe and long lasting than previously suspected. In addition, regular monitoring of sea level at Galeta provides data on a critical aspect of global climatic change.

Aldabra - Studies on the marine and terrestrial fauna and flora of the atoll continue to provide baseline data for comparative ecological and biogeographic projects. In FY 1991, researchers monitored the endangered hawksbill turtle and giant tortoise populations and proceeded with laboratory studies of the systematics of the marine and anchialine crustacean fauna and sinkhole molluscan fauna. Scientists in IESP's Aldabra program published two papers dealing with the feral goat population, a destructive predator on the atoll, and two papers on the heteropterous insect fauna of Aldabra.

Venezuela - A continuing 16-year demographic study of several social groups of the red howler monkey helped document infant adoption and incest avoidance in this species. These findings help set in context long-term strategies for managing this significant group of primates in the wild and in zoos.

Brazil: Golden Lion Tamarin Project - By the s umm er of 1991, 33 of 91 (36 percent) reintroduced tamarins bred in zoos remained from those released between 1984 and 1989, and 38 young survived from 57 born (67 percent). Altogether, there are 71 more tamarins in the wild as a result of the Institution's reintroduction program, making this one of the most successful animal reintroduction programs ever undertaken.

The Poco das Antas Reserve was seriously damaged in early 1990 by a major fire that broke out during an unusually dry wet season. Nearly 25 percent of the Reserve was burned, and scientists estimate that forest regeneration was set back up to ten years as a result. The fire will also delay efforts to increase the small population of golden lion tamarins within the Reserve. Scientists are continuing several projects to chart the effects of the fire. Findings will help scientists and land managers understand how to rehabilitate damaged ecosystems in the tropics.

Latin America: Neotropical Lowland Research Program - In FY 1991, scientists conducted field and laboratory work in archeology, botany, entomology, herpetology, and ichthyology on the Amazonian and Atlantic forest biota of Brazil and Peru. Results of these investigations provide new information on the composition and distribution of the neotropical biota that is important for the completion of conservation planning and several major publications. A milestone in the ichthyology project is the completion of the final monograph on the Family Curimatidae, which is distributed throughout the lowland freshwaters of Latin America. This family has several economically important members whose identifications were confused prior to the revisionary studies supported by IESP and which are critical to understanding the relationship between evolution and geography. Long-term IESP support made it possible to examine more than 50,000 specimens in South American museums and to collect in regions necessary to resolve the numerous species questions that pervaded the previous taxonomy and life histories of the family.

Mexico - Research on the Yucatan Peninsula continues to focus on the recovery of the forest from extreme damage caused by Hurricane Gilbert and subsequent fires. Recovery of trees has been much more rapid than predicted, and high rates of tree growth have been attributed to the massive infusion of nutrients, especially phosphorus, provided by decomposing leaves and wood resulting from the hurricane. The bird community has also recovered rapidly, and almost all species present before the hurricane have now returned. These findings, along with findings in Brazil, provide comparative bases for analyzing ways to assist in rehabilitating damaged tropical and semitropical forests.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1993, the Institution requests an increase of 5 workyears and $300,000 for global change research at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (4 workyears and $250,000) and for expansion of East African savanna ecosystem studies (1 workyear and $50,000).

Global Change Research at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (4 workyears and $250.000) - Collection of long-term data on the effects of habitat disruption on global atmospheric compositional change is important for improved management of natural resources. Increased support of long-term monitoring programs will enhance the collection and use of these data. Long-term measurements of key trace gas exchange rates between different plant communities and the atmosphere and studies of how various ecosystems respond to changing atmospheric composition will improve the ability of scientists to model the course of global change.

Monitoring how increased concentrations of carbon dioxide directly affect the productivity of plant communities, water use efficiency, and species composition will allow for better predictions of how these plant communities will affect the carbon dioxide concentration and water vapor content of the atmosphere. These are key variables in global general circulation models used to predict climate change. Measurements of other radiatively active trace gas exchanges, such as nitrous oxide and methane, are also needed. To conduct these measurements, the Institution requests 4 workyears and $250,000 to hire two physical science technicians (2 workyears and $64,000), two biological science technicians (2 workyears and $70,000), and provide for travel ($4,000), printing costs ($2,000), other services ($37,000), supplies and materials ($28,000), and funding for equipment ($45,000).

The SERC Rhode River site has been selected, through national peer competition, as one of 25 sites best suited for long-term ecological research as part of the U.S. Global Change Program. SERC is also a site in the network of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP). Each site represents an important regional ecosystem and an established base for collecting long-term data on a large number of environmental variables. Data emanating from this research will have a profound impact on regional and national efforts to preserve and enhance the quality of the environment.

East African Savanna Ecosystem Studies (1 workyear and $50.000) - The processes of overgrazing and desertification that characterize much of Africa may be as critical to global climatic change and loss of biodiversity as are the processes of tropical deforestation that characterize Asia and Latin America. An understanding of these African ecosystems is of great practical as well as theoretical interest.

In 1990, the Smithsonian Institution collaborated with a private donor, Princeton University, and with the Government of Kenya to establish the Mpala Research Station, a major research center in north central Kenya. Mpala Ranch is a 50,000-acre tract of

grassland and dry woodland in north central Kenya, just north of the equator at an elevation of 5,000 to 6,000 feet. The site is ideal for interdisciplinary research and training in systematics, ecology, evolution, geology, and resource management. It is home to largely intact fauna characteristic of East-African savannas: lion, leopard, cheetah, two species of zebra, cape buffalo, hippopotamus, giraffe, and many other large and small mammals. A herd of more than 900 African elephants, one of the last large elephant herds in East Africa, routinely traverses, grazes, and otherwise uses the Ranch. Mpala Ranch lies in the middle of the Laikipia Ecosystem, with more than 400,000 acres of contiguous properties, most of which actively conserve wildlife. The Ranch also has a small cattle operation, thereby providing important opportunities for research on the interactions of cattle with wildlife in East-African ecosystems, an issue vitally important throughout Africa because of the importance of cattle to local economies.

The Mpala Research Station is critically needed. The monitoring of global environmental change in East Africa will provide fundamental contrasts to the more intensively studied regions of Latin America and Southeast Asia. Africa as a whole is typified more by grassland and semidesert shrubland than by the moist tropical forests characteristic of Latin America and Southeast Asia. These dry African ecosystems are subject to rapid erosion and desertification that have as great an impact on global climatic change as does tropical deforestation, yet African ecosystems are far less studied. An understanding of the functioning of these ecosystems and the regional climates associated with them is of great practical as well as theoretical interest, because environmental mismanagement in the region has social and economic impacts on a global scale.

For FY 1993, IESP requests funds to hire a director of research (1 workyear and $25,000), support travel expenses ($5,000), and provide support for Kenyan collaborators and students ($20,000). The director will begin detailed planning of research programs, initiate preliminary monitoring of critical climatic and biological factors, and publicize the research opportunities at the Station.

Conflicts between the needs of wildlife and the activities of humans are at the center of critical economic, social, and environmental issues in East Africa. With the expansion of human activities such as firewood gathering and cattle grazing, wildlife disappears rapidly. The Mpala Research Station provides opportunities for rigorous long-term studies of the interaction of cattle with wild game--studies that would be impossible in national parks. The Station will provide critically important data on environmental change in East Africa. The results of these studies will be of direct economic and social importance to East Africa and of great scientific interest.

MAJOR SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTATION

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE - Full-time equivalent **FTP - Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

Base FY 1992

FTE Allocation 0

21 Travel. 125

25 Other Services 3 , 067

26 Supplies & Materials 295

31 Equipment 4,332

Proposed Adjustments

0

Est. FY 1993

0

Total

Analysis of Increase

Necessary Pay ,

Program Funds ,

Return of One-time funds.

7,819

ABSTRACT - The development of major scientific instrumentation is vital to enable Smithsonian scientists to remain at the forefront of their fields. Because of the magnitude of the costs and the time scale required to fabricate new instruments and to reconfigure existing ones, the Institution requests funding for such projects under this line-item rather than under individual bureau line-items. Since these projects will, of necessity, require long-term development and multi-year funding, the Institution also requests that funds in this line-item be available until expended.

For FY 1993, the Institution requests no-year funding of $8,039,000 to continue construction of the submillimeter telescope array ($5,438,000), conversion of the Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT) ($2,284,000), and to develop instrumentation for the converted MMT ($317,000).

The FY 1993 request includes the following increases above the FY 1992 level: an increase of $120,000 for the submillimeter telescope array (over the FY 1992 base of $5,318,000) and an increase of $200,000 for the development of instrumentation for the converted MMT (over the FY 1992 base of $117,000). These increases are offset by a reduction of $100,000 in the funding required for the conversion of the MMT (from the FY 1992 base of $2,384,000). In addition, the Institution asks for an increase in the funding for the personnel costs associated with the submillimeter telescope array system as one-year funding in the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) line-item (7 workyears and $346,000). However, the justification for those positions is included here because of their relationship to the Major Scientific Instrumentation request.

PROGRAM - The development of major scientific instrumentation, such as telescopes, requires research and development (R&D) over an extended period of time. Teams of Smithsonian scientists, technicians, and contractors, are focused on critical telescope elements such as optics, detectors, receivers, and support structures. To facilitate the unique, extended R&D efforts that are integral to the acquisition of major scientific instrumentation, the Institution established this no-year line-item in the FY 1989 budget.

Since FY 1989, the Smithsonian has received funding under this line-item for two projects for the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory: the development of an array of submillimeter telescopes and the conversion of the Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT). Both of these forefront scientific projects involve the fabrication of major new instrumentation that will take a number of years to complete.

SAO expects the submillimeter telescope array to be completed in 1996. The estimated cost of the submillimeter array has now been adjusted to reflect siting on Mauna Kea in Hawaii. This site is more expensive than one in the continental United States, leading to a revised estimate of $44.5 million (1991). SAO had at first estimated the cost of placing the array in Hawaii to be about 25 percent greater, but by innovative designing SAO will be able to assemble much of the instrumentation in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and so limit the increase to 15 percent. Annual operating costs are expected to be about eight to ten percent of the construction costs. Almost all operating personnel will be hired during the design and construction phases of the project. They will thus already be included in the SAO base when operations commence.

SAO expects "first light" for the converted MMT by the end of 1994. SAO originally estimated that the total cost to the Smithsonian for the conversion would be no more than $10 million (1987). Except for the effects of inflation, SAO's estimate is unchanged at $10.8 million (1990).

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - The FY 1993 request includes the following increases above the FY 1992 level: an increase of $120,000 for the submillimeter telescope array (over the FY 1992 base of $5,318,000) and an increase of $200,000 for the development of instrumentation for the converted MMT (over the FY 1992 base of $117,000). These increases are offset by a reduction of $100,000 in the funding required for the conversion of the MMT (from the FY 1992 base of $2,384,000). In addition, the Institution asks for an increase in the funding for the personnel costs associated with the submillimeter telescope

array as one-year funding in the SAO line-item (7 workyears and $346,000). However, the justification for those positions is included here because of their relationship to the Major Scientific Instrumentation request.

Construction of an Array of Submillimeter Wavelength Telescopes ($120,000) :

Scientific Justification - The last frontier for ground-based astronomy involves observing the skies with telescopes sensitive to submillimeter waves, light with wavelengths between those of infrared and radio waves. Only in the past few years has technology advanced sufficiently to allow the construction of telescopes that can observe the universe at submillimeter wavelengths. SAO's efforts to build a submillimeter wavelength telescope array will lead to fundamental contributions to astronomy and astrophysics in several areas:

(1) For studies of star formation, the array will be used to map the structure and motions of the disks that eventually contract into stars. The array offers the prospect of detecting and studying gas falling into very young stars and, thereby, of gaining detailed knowledge of how stars are formed. With unprecedented resolution and sensitivity, the array will also provide images of high-velocity gas flows from recently formed stars. These images will elucidate the mechanisms that limit the growth of a star and will help answer a fundamental question: Why is the sun the size it is?

(2) Use of the array will generate new information about galaxies. Detailed maps of the emission from carbon monoxide molecules will provide the first clear view of the spiral structure of galaxies outlined by giant molecular clouds. The array will also allow astrophysicists to study the emission from the dust surrounding young stars in galaxies. Study of these emissions will reveal centers of star formation not visible with optical telescopes. These two new views of galactic structure will expand understanding of the now-mysterious ways that spiral patterns in galaxies originate and sustain themselves.

(3) Because of its high sensitivity, the array will provide accurate measurements of the submillimeter wavelength emission from quasars and active nuclei of galaxies. These measurements will clarify the relationship between these enormously energetic objects and may reveal the source of their energy. These measurements also could be crucial to distinguishing between the mechanisms leading to quasars that emit radio waves and those that do not. An explanation for these mechanisms is one of the most important unsolved enigmas in the quest for understanding the source of energy in quasars.

(4) The array will give new information about the surfaces and atmospheres of planets and other objects in the solar system. Maps of Mercury, Mars, Saturn's rings, and some dozen additional bodies--asteroids and satellites--will reveal the temperature and structure immediately beneath the surface. This information is needed to understand the nature of the subsurface composition. New data gathered on emission from molecules in the atmospheres of Venus and Saturn's satellite Titan should also provide insight into planetary weather.

(5) Finally, the array is likely to make unexpected discoveries. Only a few telescopes will be able to work at submillimeter wavelengths. The array's ability to discriminate spatially will be at least ten times greater than that of any of these other, single, submillimeter telescopes. If the past is any guide, this unique capability should lead to important serendipitous discoveries.

In 1982, the ten-year plan of the Astronomy and Astrophysics Survey Committee of the National Research Council (NRC) recognized the desirability of submillimeter wavelength observations. Several single-antenna telescopes capable of such observations are now under construction or in operation. These telescopes will dramatically advance the field. None of them, however, will be able to discern details finer than about ten seconds of arc. This limitation means that their resolving power will be less than one-tenth of the leading astronomical instruments in other wavelength regions, such as the Very Large Array (VLA) of radio telescopes.

The NRC study also recommended development of advanced spatial interferometers at all wavelengths to improve resolving power. SAO's submillimeter wavelength telescope array will be a premier response to the NRC's recommendation. It will have a resolving power of better than one second of arc, far finer than any single-antenna submillimeter wavelength telescope and comparable to that of the VLA.

In 1991, the ten-year plan of the Astronomy and Astrophysics Survey Committee of the NRC called the 1990s the Decade of the Infrared: "The infrared and submillimeter portion of the spectrum, from one micrometer to 1,000 micrometers, is poorly explored, but is of fundamental importance for almost all aspects of astronomy, from solar system studies to cosmology." The Committee added that important new initiatives include the Smithsonian Institution's submillimeter array, which "will make subarcsecond images with high spectral resolution for the first time in this important wavelength band."

Status and FY 1993 Plans - Since beginning its submillimeter program in FY 1987, SAO has been assembling a team to develop the array and its associated high-frequency receivers. In FY 1987, a receiver scientist was hired and a receiver laboratory established. In FY 1989 and FY 1990, five key members of the array development staff were hired: the project scientist, the technical leader, the antenna leader, and the project director. The staff explored basic design options for the array, developed detailed plans, and investigated the atmospheric characteristics critical for the effective functioning of the array at two possible observing sites.

In January 1991, the preliminary design choices for the instrument and the site data were presented to the project's Scientific and Technical Advisory Group. The group, consisting of 15 internationally eminent members of the astronomical community, was created in 1989 to help guide the project during its multi-year development. The advisory group recommended that the array be located on Mauna Kea in Hawaii. The Smithsonian's Board of Regents approved this site and gave SAO permission to negotiate for a suitable area.

Following selection of the site, SAO recruited a site manager and several other positions needed to begin construction of the array. Ongoing activity concentrated on developing specifications for the antennas, so that these pacing items could be purchased in a timely manner. This design effort involved project scientists, knowledgeable vendors, and a world-respected designer of similar antennas. The antenna specification activities culminated with a request for competitive bids in November 1991. Receiver development resulted in the completion of a state-of-the-art 230 GHz receiver, which will be delivered in spring 1992 to an existing Southern Hemisphere antenna for testing. The design study phase of the project is now essentially complete.

In FY 1992, SAO expects to begin construction of the major electronic systems associated with the antennas. These electronic systems will include the Phase I

construction of the correlator, prototypes of the high-bandwidth data-transmission systems, and the first operational receivers. In addition, the team plans to complete planning and environmental impact assessment of the site in collaboration with the leaseholder, the University of Hawaii. The other funds will be used to purchase the third and fourth antennas, for delivery in late FY 1994.

For FY 1993, the Institution requests a total of $5,438,000 for the submillimeter array program. This funding represents an increase of $120,000 from the FY 1992 base. Funds will be used to start construction of the last two antennas and to begin detailed architectural design of the site. The complete list of FY 1993 expenditures is as follows:

($ millions)

- Acquire site and prepare construction camp 1.3

- Contract A&E design for summit improvements 0.3

- Contract for Phase II of correlator construction 1.0

- Equip Massachusetts temporary site 0.2

- Begin construction of operational receivers 1.0

- Fund remaining two antennas 1.5

- Admin, expenses (travel, furniture, supplies, etc.) 0.1

Total FY 1993 Costs $5.4

The SAO line-item requests funding for the staff required for the submillimeter telescope array. With the funding increases requested for FY 1993, SAO will hire seven new positions for the project (7 workyears and $296,000) at Hilo, Hawaii, and for rental of space, and for other expenses, initially in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and then at the site ($50,000). Personnel to be hired are two electronic technicians, one specializing in receivers and one in antennas; two mechanical technicians; two computer programmers (one each specializing in antenna controls and system integration); and one administrative assistant. The technicians and programmers will be temporarily based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to help with the assembly of the instrument and to develop procedures for the operation and maintenance of the equipment at the expected observing site on Mauna Kea.

Project Schedule - The multi-year construction schedule for the submillimeter array began following the design study phase in FY 1991 and is planned for completion in FY 1996. The following chart shows the total level of funding required for the project from FY 1989 through completion of the instrument on Mauna Kea in FY 1996, including allocations already made (actual for past years and 1991 dollars for present and future years). The increased total reflects the cost of siting the array on Mauna Kea rather than in the continental United States.

PAST AND PROJECTED FUNDING FOR THE SUBMILLIMETER TELESCOPE ARRAY

FY 1989 THROUGH FY 1997 (1991 dollars; actual where already spent)

FTE ($ millions) 1 ' 2

FY 1989 3 0.8

FY 1990 6 1.6

FY 1991 12 3.6

FY 1992 18 6.4

FY 1993 25 6.9

FY 1994 28 7.6

FY 1995 34 7.5

FY 1996 34 5.7

FY 1997 34 4.4

TOTAL 194 3 $44.5

1 Rounded to the nearest $100,000. Includes all personnel costs. Represents cumulative workyear requirement over nine-year period.

Conclusion - When operational, the SAO submillimeter telescope array will be a major scientific instrument of international stature. The array will be unique in the world in its combination of wavelength coverage and resolving power. It will therefore measurably enhance the scientific competitiveness of the United States. With the recent unfortunate delay in acquiring high-resolution space-based observations, the recovery of momentum represented by the construction of technologically advanced, pioneering ground-based instruments such as the submillimeter array is especially timely.

Conversion of the Multiple Mirror Telescope (-$100.000) : In FY 1988, SAO began the process of converting the MMT to a telescope with a single 6.5-meter diameter mirror. This conversion will more than double the light-gathering power of the telescope and increase its field of view several hundredfold. The converted telescope will allow scientists to observe many objects simultaneously; for certain types of problems, the converted telescope will permit a several hundredfold increase in efficiency of data collection over the MMT.

Scientific Justification - SAO scientists have played a leading role in mapping the distribution of galaxies in the local universe. They have discovered that galaxies are located on thin surfaces surrounding regions nearly devoid of galaxies, a structure reminiscent of soap bubbles. The converted MMT, equipped with appropriate instrumentation, will enable SAO scientists to answer questions raised by this startling finding from study of the relatively nearby parts of the universe: Is the distribution of galaxies we see locally characteristic of the universe as a whole? Do even larger patterns in the galaxy distribution emerge when more of the universe is observed? How has the galaxy distribution changed over cosmic time scales?

To answer these questions, the light from tens of thousands of remote galaxies must be analyzed. The converted MMT will have more than twice the collecting area of the existing telescope, but, even more important for this investigation (and many others), it

will offer a field of view 300 times larger. More than 1,000 galaxies will be visible in this expanded field at any one time. However, the simultaneous study of the properties of a large number of galaxies will only be possible if sophisticated new instruments are built (see below). These instruments will be capable of intercepting and analyzing simultaneously light from 300 galaxies or stars scattered anywhere over the large field of view.

The expanded capability of the converted telescope also will be especially beneficial for the study of clusters of stars and galaxies. SAO astronomers will be able to complete, in a few hours, projects that now require many nights. For example, SAO scientists will be able to conduct studies of the motions of clusters of stars that hold clues to their age and the age of our galaxy, an area of research in which SAO scientists have been among the world leaders. Similarly, the study of clusters of galaxies, hitherto prohibitively demanding of telescope time, will become feasible. Research on these clusters should yield the key to an understanding of the distribution of matter in the universe. This distribution has a fundamental bearing on the evolution of the universe, in particular on how galaxies formed--a question that has baffled scientists for decades.

In addition, it will be possible to measure the velocities of gas in very distant galaxies. Astronomers can then compare these velocities, which are often related to the intrinsic brightnesses of the galaxies, with the apparent brightnesses of the galaxies to determine their distances. This technique will allow scientists to determine the rate of expansion of the universe when it was younger. A measurement of this rate is critical for understanding the evolution and ultimate fate of the universe: Will it continue to expand forever, or will it eventually collapse?

The increased collecting area will allow pioneering studies of certain rapidly changing astrophysical phenomena. In such cases, changes occur too rapidly for astrophysicists to study them with any of today's telescopes. For example, some of these rapidly changing processes take place in double stars. The members of these stars are so close to each other that their surfaces almost touch. Scientists similarly can study phenomena in systems with one star whose core is so dense that not even light can escape from it--a black hole. Such systems give rise to very unusual conditions; their study would be possible with the converted telescope and permit insights into new physical processes.

These examples provide just a small sample of the scientific justifications for the conversion of the MMT. A conference held at SAO in April 1986 resulted in a 50-page proceedings that discusses in more detail the various reasons for the conversion.

Status and FY 1993 Plans - With funding provided for the conversion project in FY 1987 through FY 1992, SAO ordered, received, and tested the glass required for casting the 6.5-meter mirror in the University of Arizona's Mirror Laboratory; selected a consulting engineering firm and completed the conceptual and preliminary design for the building modifications, optical support structure, and primary mirror cell; and purchased the f/9 secondary mirror blank. As part of its contribution to this joint project, the University of Arizona's Mirror Laboratory enlarged the casting furnace and started construction of the mold to allow the 6.5-meter mirror to be cast. The Mirror Laboratory is now polishing a 3.5-meter diameter mirror to develop the techniques to be used on the 6.5-meter diameter mirror.

In FY 1992, the 6.5-meter diameter mirror will be cast. SAO will complete the detailed design and issue fabrication contracts for the building, optical support structure, and primary mirror support. SAO will also order the blank for the f/5.4 secondary mirror.

For FY 1993, the Institution requests a total of $2,284,000 to continue the conversion process. This funding represents a decrease of $100,000 from the FY 1992 level of $2,384,000. The main effort in FY 1993 will be to finish fabrication of the optics support structure and the primary mirror cell. The University of Arizona will begin polishing the 6.5-meter primary mirror.

Project Schedule - SAO expects "first light" for the converted MMT by the end of 1994 at a total cost to the Smithsonian of no more than $10.8 million (1990). The exact cost of the conversion and the precise contribution of the University of Arizona are still not known, but $10.8 million is believed to be a reliable upper figure for the Smithsonian Institution's contribution. This total includes amounts allocated in FY 1987 for the purchase of glass and refractories. The funding provided in FY 1988 was part of the one-year appropriation for SAO. Since FY 1989, the Smithsonian requested and received funding for the MMT conversion as no-year funding in this line-item. The breakdown of funds by year (actual for past years and 1990 dollars for present and future years) is shown in the following chart.

PAST AND PROJECTED FUNDING FOR CONVERSION OF THE

MULTIPLE MIRROR TELESCOPE

FY 1987 THROUGH FY 1994

(1990 dollars; actual where already spent)

($ millions) 1

FY 1987 0.5

FY 1988 0.5

FY 1989 0.6

FY 1990 0.9

FY 1991 2.0

FY 1992 2.4

FY 1993 2.3

FY 1994 1.6

TOTAL $10.8

1 Rounded to the nearest $100,000.

Conclusion - The conversion of the Multiple Mirror Telescope is the most cost-effective way to ensure that Smithsonian astronomers will remain in the forefront of ground-based optical and infrared astronomy through the remainder of the 20th century and beyond.

Instrumentation for the Converted MMT ($200,000) - Completion of the conversion of the MMT to use a single 6.5-meter mirror is anticipated in late 1994. SAO must now begin to build new instruments that will allow its scientists to use the MMT's new capabilities

effectively. Development of a multi-object spectrograph has the highest priority. (The scientific justification for this instrument is discussed above.)

The multi-object spectrograph will use 300 optical fibers acting as "light-pipes" to guide the light from the focus of the telescope to the input of the spectrograph. A high-speed robot positioner will move the fibers to the appropriate positions at the telescope focus. A program of observing tens of thousands of galaxies, which would not be otherwise feasible, can be carried out with ten to 20 nights of telescope time with this advanced instrument.

Scientists at SAO will also use the multi-object spectrograph for studies of clusters of galaxies and clusters of stars, for identification of sources discovered with x-ray astronomy satellites, and for determination of the orbits of material in large, nearby galaxies. In each case, the new instrument will give the converted MMT the power of several hundred telescopes with a conventional single-object spectrograph. Feasibility studies show that the technology is possible, but SAO must begin serious work on the spectrograph now if it is to be ready at the time the telescope is completed.

During FY 1992, SAO will carry out a series of measurements of the optical and mechanical properties of the fiber-optic probes, study the thermal and mechanical operating conditions of the instrument at the telescope, and develop a mechanism to pick up the fiber-optic probes. This work will allow SAO to develop complete specifications for the robot positioner. In addition, SAO will complete the optical design for the spectrograph that will analyze the light collected by the fiber-optic probes. With funds requested in FY 1993, SAO will procure the robot positioner and the optical components for the spectrograph and design the mechanical components for the spectrograph.

For FY 1993, the Institution requests a total of $317,000 to develop and build new instruments for the converted MMT. This funding represents an increase of $200,000 from the FY 1992 base.

MUSEUMS

OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR MUSEUMS (Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE - Full-time equivalent **FTP - Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

Base FY 1992

FTE Allocation 30

11 Personnel Compensation 1, 007

12 Personnel Benefits 198

21 Travel 133

22 Transportation of Things 27

23 Rent, Communications & Utilities 42

24 Printing & Reproduction 69

25 Other Services 444

26 Supplies & Materials 104

31 Equipment 125

Proposed Adjustments

Est. FY 1993

34

Total

Analysis of Increase

Necessary Pay

Inflation

Program Funds

2,149

ABSTRACT - The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Museums (OASM) provides operational oversight for 14 museums and six major offices. It supports essential museum functions, including collections management, exhibitions, education, and physical access for the public and museum staff. OASM acts as a liaison with national and international

organizations and encourages cooperation and the sharing of information and resources worldwide. This line-item includes the Office of Museum Programs (OMP), which provides training and research services to the museum profession worldwide, and the Office of the Registrar (OR), which develops, oversees, and coordinates Smithsonian collections management policies to preserve and improve access to the National Collections and assure their continued availability to present and future generations.

For FY 1993, OASM requests an increase of 3 workyears and $270,000 to provide African-American programming on the Mall. OMP seeks an increase of 1 workyear and $50,000 for an Intern Development Program and for Smithsonian staff training. The Institution requires $170,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $23,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation.

PROGRAM :

I. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Museums - OASM works closely with museums, educators, and specialized committees to improve outreach programs, serve broader audiences, and plan new museum initiatives. OASM encourages the development of new techniques in exhibitions, programming, and museum administration and supports multicultural progr amm ing throughout the Smithsonian Institution.

African-American Institutional Study Program - During FY 1990, the Smithsonian Institution convened an Advisory Committee to determine the type of entity needed for interpreting African-American history and culture; the possibilities for collaborations with existing cultural institutions, both within and outside the Institution; and the appropriate organizational structure for pursuing scholarship in African-American material culture, an inadequately researched area. In FY 1991, the Smithsonian's Board of Regents supported, in principle, the Advisory Committee's recommendation that there be a freestanding African-American museum on the Mall, with the caveat that collections need to be identified. The staff is presently engaged in program planning, community education, and collections identification. In FY 1992, in keeping with the Advisory Committee's recommendations that collections identification precede plans for a freestanding African-American museum on the Mall, task forces, consisting of scholars from both within and outside the Institution, met and clarified the programmatic needs of a new museum. The task forces examined such issues as research, collections, development and marketing, administration, and facilities planning. This consultative process is continuing.

The Smithsonian Special Exhibition Fund Program - In 1984, the Board of Regents established the Special Exhibition Fund to supplement Federal appropriations for exhibitions resulting from scholarly research in various scientific, humanistic, aesthetic, technical, or interdisciplinary fields represented throughout the Institution. The increasing diversity of the visiting public led to the encouragement of exhibitions that appeal to the broadest possible audience. In FY 1991, the Program supported 28 exhibitions in art, history, and science. Notable among these were an exhibition of drawings by Silverhorn, which contributed to the Smithsonian's efforts to circulate Native-American material; an exhibition on the experiences of four generations of Japanese-American women; and a hands-on exhibition, "Principles of Flight."

The Collections Acquisition Program - In January 1978, the Board of Regents established an acquisitions program enabling the Smithsonian's museums to purchase major works that would add significantly to the quality and comprehensiveness of the National Collections. The Program, funded by unrestricted Trust funds, was created to supplement

Federal acquisition monies, which were insufficient for the museums to purchase important, but expensive, works of art on the open market. Recent museum acquisitions have represented diverse cultural perspectives, such as acquisition of a collection of 21 pen-and-ink and watercolor drawings by the Cheyenne artist Tichkematse (Squint Eye) and additional Duke Ellington archival material from his sister, Ruth Ellington.

II. Office of Museum Programs - OMP serves both national and international museums and communities by providing training courses, reference services in contemporary museum practice, counseling, and career-development programs. In FY 1991, OMP provided training courses to more than 275 museum personnel from the United States and abroad. Of particular significance was the inauguration of training on cultural-resource management, a series of courses offered to Native-American tribal communities. In FY 1990, OMP offered referral, registration, counseling, and career-development programs to more than 650 interns. This number represents a 40 percent increase over the previous five years.

Also in FY 1990 and FY 1991, OMP experimented with developing training materials that might allow for broader dissemination of its programs. Two projects are especially significant: planning and proposal development of a film project on "eccomuseums," an alternative model of museum and community collaboration in cultural management, and the spring 1992 publication of Audience in Exhibition Development , lectures from a course on education theory and exhibition development, a joint project with the American Association of Museums.

III. Office of the Registrar - OR permits diverse audiences access to the National Collections while designing systems to keep the collections safe. The Office supervises the management of 137 million objects and specimens and designs inventory and internal control procedures that provide accountability for Smithsonian collections. During FY 1990, OR reissued the Institution's collections-management policy directive, Office Memorandum 808. The Anacostia Museum, National Air and Space Museum, and National Museum of American History are presently reviewing their individual collections-policy statements. To ensure accountability, OR introduced a unique Statistical Sampling Plan (SSP) for collections inventory purposes.

Researchers and the public may gain access to the National Collections through the Collections Information System (CIS). In FY 1990, CIS's data base systems were activated at the National Air and Space Museum, the National Museum of American Art, and the Departments of Anthropology and Botany at the National Museum of Natural History.

As the leading participant in the International Council of Museums Documentation Committee, OR assists in mapping the development of collections-automation systems worldwide. During FY 1990, OR coordinated a collaborative program between the Smithsonian and the Museo de la Nacion in Lima, Peru, which involved the exchange of museum personnel and the sharing of collections management and conservation techniques.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1993, OASM requests an increase of 3 workyears and $270,000 to provide African-American programming on the Mall. OMP seeks an increase of 1 workyear and $50,000 for an Intern Development Program and for Smithsonian staff training.

I. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Museums :

African-American Programming on the Mall (3 workyears and $270.000) - Establishing

a separate museum devoted to collecting, analyzing, researching, and organizing exhibitions on African-Americans similar to major museums devoted to varied aspects of American life in general will change public perceptions and dispel stereotypes about African Americans. In FY 1992, the task forces developed a series of reports that laid the foundation for program and facilities planning. The details of facilities planning are outlined in the Construction section of this budget.

The requested resources in this section will enable the Institution to pursue program planning. The Institution plans to hire a deputy director of programming (1 workyear and $90,000), a senior art research historian (1 workyear and $90,000), and a senior research historian (1 workyear and $65,000). The deputy director for programming would oversee implementation of the task force's recommendations in programmatic planning as part of this planning process. A senior art research historian would be responsible for planning programs which emphasize images of African Americans in the print and non-print media; for establishing an archive for material culture, documenting the experiences of Africans in the diaspora; and for collections of African-American art, specifically those collections which might otherwise be lost to the public sector. A senior research historian would plan a program that documents African-American cultural evolution and contributions, committed to the dissemination of valid material traced to authentic sources that aided in the development of African-American cultural traditions. Also, OASM requests funds ($25,000) for contractual services and travel.

Historically, public and government resources for museum exhibitions and programming have not adequately represented the achievements of all Americans. As the United States National Museum, the Institution is pledged to collect, preserve, research, and exhibit historical and cultural material reflecting the full diversity of American people.

II. Office of Museum Programs :

Intern Development Program and Smithsonian Staff Training (1 workyear and $50.000) - To provide the best service to the public, the Smithsonian must invest in the museum workforce. As the Nation's museum, the Smithsonian carries a dual responsibility to interest talented students in museum work and to strengthen the skills of its own professional staff. With support provided through this increase, student interns will gain an understanding of museum careers and Smithsonian staff will develop skills in a variety of areas, from exhibition planning to collections management.

A Smithsonian internship is an important, practical supplement to academic training. The Smithsonian annually hosts 700 interns who work in close, tutorial relationships with Smithsonian staff. These interns conduct scholarly research, develop educational programs and exhibitions, and care for, catalogue, and manage museum collections. OMP will supplement this tutorial work with training and support programs. These programs will include introductory courses in museum studies and museum careers; seminars on contemporary issues in museums and the culture field; career planning and job skills workshops; and career counseling services.

OMP will develop, implement, and evaluate training courses for Smithsonian staff on museum topics. Drawing on a national faculty of leaders in museums and allied fields, OMP will develop four courses on collections development, collections management, educational programming, and exhibition development. Rapidly changing technologies and a mandate to serve new audiences challenge staff to expand their skills. Through these courses, staff members will strengthen their technical and professional skills in a range

of areas, including exhibition planning, educational program management, and collections management and care.

The requested resources will support an intern program coordinator (1 workyear and $35,000), who will develop and implement the Smithsonian's Intern Development Program. Additional funds will be used for educational program materials and supplies, such as books, article reprints, and films for interns ($8,000); and for faculty honoraria and travel expenses for Smithsonian staff training ($7,000).

The Smithsonian museums must keep pace with visitor and professional expectations for the best in museum exhibitions, programs, and collection facilities. The Smithsonian plays a key role in the development of the museum workforce nationally by introducing students to museum work through internships. Moreover, forums that provide Smithsonian staff with the latest innovations in museum work help the Smithsonian improve services to visitors and scholarly researchers. Investing in Smithsonian staff and interns ensures a well-trained workforce now and in the future.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

I. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Museums :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - These funds support the salary, benefits, and expenses of the Assistant Secretary, special assistant, and museum program, specialist. In addition, transfers of unrestricted funds support the Collections Acquisition Program, which facilitates the Smithsonian's purchase of major acquisitions, and the Special Exhibition Fund, which provides partial funding through a competitive process for important and innovative exhibitions throughout the Institution.

Restricted Funds - In FY 1991, the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Museums received a grant of $150,000 from the American Psychological Association to continue development of the Experimental Gallery.

II. Office of Museum Programs :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - OMP receives an annual allotment to support travel and subsistence expenses of minority professionals attending OMP seminars. OMP has two revolving Trust funds: one for training tuition and one for an audio-visual loan and sales program, the proceeds of which offset expenses and fees. In addition, OMP has one Trust fund to support intern registration and administrative services.

III. Office of the Registrar :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - The Office of the Registrar receives an annual allotment to fund salary and support costs for the administrator of the Collections Information System.

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY/MUSEUM OF MAN (Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE - Full-time equivalent **FTP - Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

Base FY 1992

FTE Allocation 624

11 Personnel Compensation 22,196

12 Personnel Benefits 4,439

21 Travel 550

22 Transportation of Things 50

23 Rent, Communications & Utilities 150

24 Printing & Reproduction 380

25 Other Services 4, 248

26 Supplies & Materials 1, 162

31 Equipment 600

Collections Acquisition 5

Proposed Adjustments

14

Est. FY 1993

638

Total

Analysis of Increase

33,780

3,134

36,914

Necessary Pay

Inflation ,

Program Funds ,

Return of One-time Funds,

1,778

178

1,489

(311)

ABSTRACT - The National Museum of Natural History/Museum of Man (NMNH/MOM) is the largest research organization in the Smithsonian complex. Studies carried out by the Museum's staff, and by scientists worldwide using its collections, increase understanding of the diversity, abundance, and evolutionary relationships of plants and animals living

today and in earlier periods and shed light on the great physical changes that take place on this planet through time. Studies of different cultures enhance knowledge of cultural history and human adaptation to the environment, while research on human biological variation and evolution helps to uncover the history of humankind from paleolithic times to the present. Through its many exhibits, educational programs, and scholarly and popular publications, NMNH/MOM disseminates knowledge about the natural and cultural diversity of the world. The Museum recognizes that, with more than six million visitors each year, it has a unique opportunity and responsibility for improving scientific literacy, and it is committed to presenting the best current scientific thinking in a stimulating environment. The Museum houses one of the world's largest and most valuable assemblages of natural history specimens and cultural artifacts. It acquires, preserves, cares for, studies, and interprets these vast collections and makes them accessible as an indispensable resource to the scientific community and the public.

For FY 1993, NMNH requests 14 workyears and $1,489,000 for its Global Change in Earth History Program (3 workyears and $500,000); the Biodiversity Program (3 workyears and $400,000); the Human Ecological History Research Program (1 workyear and $139,000); the study of cultural identity and diversity in Africa (1 workyear and $100,000); and facility planning and coordination (6 workyears and $350,000). These increases are offset by a reduction of $311,000 for one-time FY 1992 costs relating to the Amazonian Biological Diversity Program. The Institution requires $1,778,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $178,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense.

PROGRAM :

Research - The National Museum of Natural History is by far the largest scientific institute of the Smithsonian, with 129 staff scientists conducting more than 200 major research projects throughout the world. Many of the projects emphasize research that will contribute to an understanding of global environmental change.

Current research initiatives include the following:

To focus and strengthen research, training, and public outreach, scientists of the Museum's biological diversity programs in Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Guyana, and Peru have combined forces under a coordinated Biodiversity Program with strong linkages to research in biodiversity at other Smithsonian bureaus.

Museum anthropologists and paleobiologists involved in the Evolution of Terrestrial Ecosystems Program are conducting pioneering studies on the history of global ecological change. In early 1992, Terrestrial Ecosystems through Time , a landmark study of ecological change in the fossil record, will be published by the University of Chicago Press.

Through the work of a Museum archeobiologist, seeds preserved in rock-shelters and river valley settlements of ancient Native American farmers have provided the first evidence that eastern North America was an independent center of prehistoric plant domestication.

Briefings and Workshops - "Focus on Biodiversity," a series of short talks by six Museum researchers, provided a timely look at the ongoing research in this area at the

Museum. This public briefing was presented in May 1991 in conjunction with the annual meeting of the Museum's National Board.

"Teaching about Native Americans," an innovative symposium on current approaches, was organized by the Museum's Department of Anthropology and Office of Education, and drew 86 teachers from the Washington, D.C., area.

Research Publications - The Museum staff produced 598 publications in FY 1990. Among the major findings announced in 1991 are a previously unknown species of beaked whale, the first new cetacean identified since 1963, and 32 extinct species of birds that once lived in Hawaii.

An estimated 75 percent of the world's volcanic activity takes place in the ocean. In a July 1991 cover story in the prestigious journal Science . a Museum researcher and a university colleague jointly published a landmark study of little-known, explosive, undersea volcanoes of the Mount Saint Helens' type.

Collections - The Museum has more than 120 million specimens of plants, animals, fossils, rocks, minerals, and human artifacts, and more than a half million are added yearly. Among the notable FY 1991 acquisitions is the fossilized thigh bone of a 110-million-year-old adult sauropod--the largest dinosaur bone ever found in the northeastern United States. The collections provide fundamental documentation for the study of humankind, flora and fauna, and the geology of our planet and outer space.

In FY 1991-92, the Museum initiated a program to modernize its Collections Information System (CIS). The multi-year effort will upgrade information management capabilities for collections management and research. As a first step, low-cost, system architecture, capable of being scaled, was defined. A prototype of the core system (collections transaction management and catalogue functions) is now under development. With funding provided in FY 1992, the Museum will be able to automate the substantial backlog of collection data now in manual form.

The Museum has officially adopted a policy on the treatment of sacred objects and cultural patrimony of Native Americans that adheres to Public Law 101-601. It is also moving to repatriate human remains and associated funerary materials, as mandated by Congress. In FY 1991, the Museum returned to the Island of Kauai, Hawaii, the remains of 132 individuals; to Kodiak Island, Alaska, 756 sets of human remains; and to the Siseton-Wahepton Sioux, in South Dakota, 27 sets of human remains.

Public Programs - More than six million people visited the Museum in 1991, continuing to make it the most heavily visited natural history museum in the world. Highlights of 1991-92 include:

"Beyond the Java Sea: Art of Indonesia's Outer Islands," the first major exhibition of the masterworks created by the peoples of Indonesia's outer islands, opened at the Museum to critical acclaim in April 1991. Organized by the Museum, the exhibition represented a survey and synthesis of the cultural life and thought of the more than 300 ethnic groups living on the thousands of islands of Indonesia. Special activities presented in conjunction with the exhibition included a film festival, demonstrations of native crafts, and traditional dance performances. The events were part of the 18-month Festival of Indonesia in the United States.

In October 1991, the Museum opened "Seeds of Change," its largest special exhibition ever, commemorating the 500 years of cultural and biological exchanges since the voyages of Christopher Columbus to the Americas. The most comprehensive of the Smithsonian's Quincentenary programs, it examines the worldwide impact since 1492 of five agents (seeds) of change: sugarcane, corn, potato, disease, and the horse. The accompanying book is in its third printing with 200,000 copies already in circulation, and is the all-time best seller for the SI Press.

In conjunction with "Seeds of Change," "The All-American Horse: Paintings of G. Harvey," an exhibition of the work of one of the most noted contemporary artists of the American West, opened at the Museum in December 1991. The paintings in the show span 500 years of history and depict the use of horses in the conquest and settlement of this country and their role today.

For the second year, the Museum's Office of Education conducted a Natural Science Institute for Teachers of Minority Students, featuring activities for grades 4-12 aimed at learning how to "read" natural history. A companion institute was established in 1991 to increase the skill and interest of teachers and students in geology. The Museum inaugurated a Native American Artist-in-Residence Program. Don Tenoso, a Hunkpapa Indian who demonstrates puppetry and doll making, was a guest of the Museum for two months, when he gave weekend crafts demonstrations in the Native American Hall and visited Washington area schools.

With funding provided in FY 1992, the Museum will be able to support the continuing development, of a new Native American Hall, the rebuilding of the Insect Zoo, and the beginning of a new initiative in interpreting global change issues.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1993, NMNH requests 14 workyears and $1,489,000 for its Global Change in Earth History Program (3 workyears and $500,000); the Biodiversity Program (3 workyears and $400,000); and the Human Ecological History Research Program (1 workyear and $139,000); the study of cultural identity and diversity in Africa (1 workyear and $100,000) and facility planning and coordination (6 workyears and $350,000).

Global Change - Earth History Program (3 workyears and $500.000) - World ecosystems are facing radical changes in plant and animal diversity and in the way energy from the sun flows through the ecosystem. The fossil record shows how past ecosystems have responded to major and minor environmental perturbations. Research in paleoecology provides an essential historical perspective on breakdowns in ecosystems and change during major environmental shifts. Paleoecological evidence also shows which organisms survive and which become extinct under different types of environmental stress.

The Earth History Research Program focuses on the long history of change in continental, marine, and island ecosystems. The objective of the 11 scientists involved in this program is to show the biological impact of past environmental crises. Paleoecological investigations provide crucial baseline data necessary to test models of present and future ecological change. The program has produced a major book on terrestrial ecosystems through time. Research continues to define processes of change in ancient land ecosystems, compile information on loss of diversity in island faunas using paleontological data, investigate climatic and biological effects of major changes in oceanic circulation, and examine major extinctions and radiations of plants and animals in relation to climatic change.

The requested funding will support three positions (3 workyears and $100,000). A program administrator/data entry specialist will provide essential support services for the program as a whole, and two technicians will enhance the research of individual scientists. Funding will allow significant increases in field research in North America, the South Atlantic, Africa, the Mediterranean, southern Asia, and other areas ($92,000). Funds will also enhance data acquisition and analysis through equipment purchases ($104,000) and contracts and other services ($179,000) and will cover necessary operating expenses, such as supplies, rent, communications, and printing ($25,000).

The Earth History Program directly addresses objectives of the U.S. Global Change Research Program to increase understanding of the environmental and biological processes that control the structure of ecosystems and biotic diversity. It utilizes unique information from the geological record to test models for regional and global ecological change. The program is designed to answer fundamental questions regarding the ecological effects of major environmental crises over long and short intervals of time, on regional and global scales.

Global Change - Biodiversity Program (3 workyears and $400.000) - The loss of biodiversity throughout the world is a threat to all humankind. Efforts to mitigate the impact of environmental changes cannot be effective without scientific data. The NMNH Biodiversity Program (BDP), established in FY 1991, is designed to document tropical ecosystems and develop useful predictive models. These models will link the changes in biodiversity to human practices and environmental change and provide the tools for protecting the diversity of the world's flora and fauna.

Through on-site, well-equipped field stations in Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Guyana, and Peru, the various programs within BDP document and monitor the biodiversity, structure, growth, and regeneration of tropical ecosystems. Hundreds of scientists collect specimens and data in the most remote locations in these countries, allowing international experts to identify specimens that add to the world's resource base. The program fosters the exchange of specimens, data, and intellectual goals that are shaping the way we see environmental change. A new workshop series will define the methods by which biodiversity is measured by scientists around the world. Each program element conducts public outreach and education to a variety of scholastic levels within the countries being studied and at NMNH.

Funds are requested to provide two contract biologists for the Biodiversity of the Guyanas Program ($60,000); weather monitoring support for the Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystem Program ($50,000); support for the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments projects ($160,000) to offset the loss of World Wildlife Fund support effective June 30, 1992; and salary costs for the Biodiversity in Tropical Latin America Program, including a site manager for the Peru field station, a secretary, and a workshop coordinator (3 workyears and $80,000). Support is also sought for the research and training workshop series ($40,000) and for a public information hotline ($10,000).

Historical efforts to document the world's vanishing species have been too slow. This failing, combined with past mistakes and the increased destruction of major ecosystems, has left humankind with little time to provide for a global future. BDP is poised to gather and synthesize the needed data, foster international research efforts, and develop answers for maintaining the diversity of species and the health of the planet.

Global Change - Human Ecological History d workyear and $139,000) - Human modification of world systems intensifies daily. These changes need to be analyzed in historical perspective, for human alteration of ecosystems is not new. In fact, human groups have been manipulating and changing plant and animal communities for thousands of years. Research on these long histories of expanding human alteration of ecosystems provides an essential context for understanding present-day research on modern ecosystems.

The Human Ecological History research program focuses on the long history of human modification of ecosystems and human responses to changing environments. The objective is to document and understand major turning points in humankind's ability to change the earth's environment, from human origins up through the agricultural revolution and the development of states.

For FY 1993, the requested funding will support the addition of a professional education specialist (1 workyear and $42,000) to coordinate outreach and develop computerized educational data bases on human interaction with past environments. Increased funding will also allow for new field and laboratory research and outreach programs, including field research in southeast Asia and in the United States, related contracts for research specialists ($53,000), shipping and communications ($5,000), supplies ($6,000), field and laboratory equipment ($10,000), field travel ($19,000), and travel for attendees ($4,000) to an international scientific conference.

The program directly addresses the U.S. Global Change Research Program's objective of improving our understanding of the physical, biological, and social processes that influence Earth system processes and trends on global and regional scales. It is designed to answer the fundamental questions of how and why humans and human systems influence physical and biological systems and to characterize the relevant processes of change in human systems over the greatest possible periods of time and spatial dimensions.

Cultural Identity and Diversity in Africa (1 workyear and $100.000) - A large number of Americans, even those of African-American descent, knows virtually nothing about African peoples, their cultures, and their nations. What little is known is usually perceived through the romantic haze of colonial imagery as typically presented in popular movies. The real Africa is a complex place, composed of peoples who have an ancient history, speak many languages, and manage a difficult present and future. African peoples on the continent and in their worldwide Diaspora have always considered themselves to share a history and an identity. Yet this shared history and identity take many forms and respond to changing circumstances.

The program of study draws together existing Smithsonian research on cultural identity, knowledge, and social change in western Kenya and research on art, society, and the creation of national culture in Mali. It will provide case studies of how Africans use their cultural resources to fashion diverse identities in the contemporary world. Smithsonian researchers and African collaborators will present their findings in the United States and Africa in both popular and scholarly forums, such as monographs and exhibits.

The program calls for additional funding in each of the next three years. The second year will begin a unique Smithsonian collaboration between NMNH anthropologists and staff involved in the development of the new National African American Museum. The project's African scholars will suggest ways to bring an African presence into the two museums and their exhibits. This part of the program also examines how cultural institutions, such as museums and popular media, have represented African and African-American cultures. In

subsequent years, studies will include systematic research on the history of health and disease in Africa and its Diaspora. No other program examines the history of major causes of multiple illnesses in the same environments. The program's combined natural and social science perspectives will develop models to explain factors influencing the spread of these diseases and consider how medical perspectives can be communicated to the people most affected by disease. The goal is that after five years, the Cultural Diversity in Africa and Its Diaspora Program will have added ten staff, five in the African American Museum and five in the Museum of Natural History.

The request for 1 workyear and $100,000 will support the first phase of the program. Funding is required for field research support for staff and field assistants in Kenya, Mali, and the African Diaspora ($65,000) and one research assistant (1 workyear and $35,000).

The Smithsonian Institution proposes that this interdisciplinary program examine African history, identity, and current problems from the dual vantage points of the continent and the Diaspora. These studies will develop the first full-time, systematic, collaborative research program of African, African Diaspora, and American scholars.

Facilities Planning and Coordination (6 workyears and $350.000) - This initiative will help NMNH respond to the growing and pressing needs related to physical plant issues. Over the next decade, many renovations will occur throughout the building. The most important of these are the Major Capital Renewal Project, which includes the complete replacement of the mechanical system, and the construction of the East Court in-fill building. These renovations will disrupt all functions of the Museum: public exhibits, education, research, and collection maintenance. The magnitude of the project will require additional staff to evaluate the impact of the work on Museum activities, plan temporary and permanent relocations of staff and collections out of the way of the construction work, and ensure that the renovations meet the Museum's needs.

The facilities planning and coordination staff required for FY 1993 will perform the following tasks:

review, from the perspective of the Museum, all documents produced by the architectural firms doing the design of projects, to ensure that the Museum's requirements are met. Previous experience has shown that architects and engineers, who are often unfamiliar with the Museum's operations, do not consider the many aspects of design that are important to the functioning of the Museum. Special attention to design and construction will decrease the likelihood of damage to the collections during the projects.

ensure that completed work meets the needs of the Museum.

coordinate for the Museum all aspects of these projects with the Office of Design and Construction, the architectural firms, and the construction contractors.

conduct space planning for the initial strategy for the temporary and permanent relocations into the East Court Building, as well as the temporary relocations throughout the Natural History Building itself. All of the 1,100 staff in the building and most of the approximately 120 million specimens will have to be moved during these construction projects. Most staff will move at least twice. Careful planning is necessary to ensure that disruption to all research and

public programming activities is minimized. Relocation planning for the Major Capital Renewal Project (mechanical renovation) will begin in FY 1992, to keep the project on schedule.

document in writing the relocation plan, based on the design of the renovations, and train Project Relocation staff in its implementation.

work with the Office of Exhibits staff to prepare proper notifications and signs for public areas as they are renovated, to ensure that visitors are made aware of closings and alternative access routes through the Museum.

The addition of one project manager, four project specialists, and one administrative assistant (6 workyears and $293,000) and funding for travel and support costs for FY 1993 will assist the NMNH in keeping these projects on schedule. The support costs include travel ($5,000), other services ($5,000), communications and reproduction ($7,000), and supplies and equipment ($40,000).

The Museum is badly in need of a renovated physical plant to serve its research and public progr amm ing activities. This funding will facilitate the effort to carry out these projects on schedule with the least amount of disruption. It will also ensure that the newly renovated building and the new East Court Building meet the functional needs of NMNH as it enters its second century.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - The Museum derives funds from a variety of sources, including the Museum's share of net proceeds of the Museum shops and food concessions. During FY 1991, allotments provided for the salaries of the Museum's director and three staff members as well as support for two meetings of the Museum's new National Board.

NMNH benefits from the Institution's many awards programs such as the Special Exhibition Fund, Collections Acquisition Program, Research Opportunities Fund, International Exchange Program, Research Exchange Fund, and Scholarly Studies, all of which support research, education, and exhibit projects. Funding supported a science education program for local minority students, as well as projects focusing on the biogeography of Great Basin Spring snails and the pleistocene paleoecology of early humans in the Southern Kenya Rift. These are just three examples of the many awards made to the Museum in FY 1991.

Restricted Funds - The Museum receives support for specific programs and projects through donations from private individuals, foundations, and corporations. Private contributions to the $6 million campaign for funds to construct a new Geology, Gems and Minerals Hall, expected to open in 1995, passed the $2 million mark in 1991. A research grant awarded includes support from the World Wildlife Fund for the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments project in Brazil.

NMNH manages the Smithsonian Marine Station at Link Port (SMSLP), Fort Pierce, Florida. Hunterdon Endowment funds are dedicated to the basic operating support of this oceanographic research facility for use by Smithsonian visiting scientists as well as numerous visiting investigators, both national and international. Research focuses on the life history, systematics, and ecology of a wide spectrum of plant and animal marine

life. Seward Johnson Endowment funds provide for the support of the Johnson-Sea-Link submersible owned by the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution (HBOI), the host facility.

NMNH is proceeding with a fund-raising strategy to support construction of a laboratory and residential facilities that will serve the mission of SMSLP and its research initiatives. The favorable location of SMSLP, along with the signing of a long-term lease agreement between the Smithsonian and HBOI, have made this major step forward possible.

Government Grants and Contracts - These funds are provided by various Government agencies and departments for special projects conducted at the Museum to take advantage of its unique scientific expertise in systematics. Examples of this type of activity include collections management of biological specimens for the Mineral Management Service's Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies; the study of neoplasms and related disorders in invertebrates and ectothermic vertebrate animals for the National Cancer Institute; and analysis of polar biological materials and cooperative systematics studies by the Museum's Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center (SOSC) for the National Science Foundation.

NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE - Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

Base FY 1992

FTE Allocation 231

11 Personnel Compensation 8,533

12 Personnel Benefits 1, 752

21 Travel 69

22 Transportation of Things 27

23 Rent, Communications & Utilities 49

24 Printing & Reproduction 82

25 Other Services 433

26 Supplies & Materials 351

31 Equipment 237

Proposed Adjustments

Est. FY 1993

233

Total

Analysis of Increase

Necessary Pay

Inflation

Program Funds

11,533

915

12,448

698

31

186

ABSTRACT - The National Air and Space Museum (NASM) is an international repository for artifacts and documentation related to the development of aviation, space flight, and space science. Through its exhibitions, research, collections management, and education programs, the Museum serves a wide public and scholarly community interested in the history and technological achievements of aviation and space flight. In addition to its Mall

location, NASM maintains a facility for the preservation, restoration, and exhibition of artifacts at the Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Facility in Suitland, Maryland. The Institution is seeking authorization for planning and design of an extension facility at Dulles International Airport for storage and exhibition of its largest aircraft and spacecraft.

For FY 1993, the National Air and Space Museum requests an increase of 2 workyears and $186,000 to expand the Museum's Center for Earth and Planetary Studies' research efforts in using satellite remote sensing analysis to understand the effects of global change on the Earth. The Institution requires $698,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $31,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense.

PROGRAM - The major programs of the National Air and Space Museum are historical and scientific research, exhibits, collections management, preservation and restoration of artifacts, and education and outreach activities.

Research - The Museum is a primary resource center for the science and technology of aviation, space, and geophysical science. NASM's Center for Earth and Planetary Studies (CEPS) serves as a repository for remote-sensing data. Researchers from CEPS, the University of New Hampshire, and the Czechoslovakia Academy of Sciences are collaborating to assess forest and soil damage from acid deposition in mixed hardwood and conifer forests within Czechoslovakia. Another study was initiated to document vegetation loss due to urban growth in the Washington, D.C., area.

The Laboratory for Astrophysics has developed a new generation of freestanding metal mesh reflectors for the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) using new microelectronic fabrication techniques. These meshes exhibit unparalleled geometric precision, with line widths as small as 2.5 microns. Spectrometers on ISO and elsewhere equipped with these advanced reflectors will achieve new levels of sensitivity, making fainter astronomical objects accessible to spectroscopic study at infrared wavelengths.

Curators and historians in the Department of Space History are engaged in research on a wide variety of topics concerning the history of rocketry and space flight, including manned space exploration. Some projects currently under way include biographies of the astronomer Henry Russell and the physicist Lloyd Berkner, a book on the evolution of modern computing, a study of government support for large-scale scientific enterprises, and a history of the national weapons laboratories. Research also continues in the Aeronautics Department on a study of the air war in Vietnam that will result in an exhibition and a book; an edition of the unpublished autobiography of the pioneer aviator A. Roy Knabenshue; a study of commuter airliners; aspects of Soviet aviation history; and the history of the Cold War in collaboration with the National Museum of American History.

Exhibitions - In FY 1991, the Museum opened "Art in the Cosmic Age," an exhibit focusing on a collaborative effort by Western and Soviet space artists to depict their views of other planets and the universe. In early FY 1992, a major new exhibit, "Legend, Memory and the Great War in the Air" opened. This exhibit on World War I examines the grim realities of aerial combat in contrast to the romanticized myth of "knights of the air." Also opening in FY 1992 is an exhibit commemorating the 25th anniversary of the debut of the television series "Star Trek." In commemoration of the Columbus Quincentenary, the exhibit "Where Next, Columbus?" will explore the role of humans and robotics in space exploration during the next 500 years. Future exhibitions include "How Things Fly," a

hands-on exhibit that demonstrates the basic forces of flight and the principles that govern the harnessing of these forces. It will feature interactive units, an innovation for the Museum.

A new IMAX film, Blue Planet , premiered in FY 1991. Footage for this film was shot by the astronauts on recent shuttle missions. The film explains the natural and man-made forces affecting the Earth's delicate environment. The Museum is co-producing another IMAX film, Destiny in Space , highlighting the role of man and machines in space exploration, scheduled to open in FY 1995.

Development of Collections - Significant acquisitions in FY 1991 include personal and flight clothing items representative of the 99th "Black Wings" squadron from World War II, an F8D weapons systems trainer, a Peugeot V-8 engine, and a radial Pitcairn-Brewer engine. Archival acquisitions include three collections of World War I aviation material and two rare 19th-century booklets related to aerial experimentation.

Museum staff is devoting considerable time to collections processing and rehousing. Other projects include a formal conservation assessment of the collection housed at the Garber Facility and establishment of a collections workroom for holding and treatment of the collection. The NASM Archives staff recently completed a guide to the Museum's archival holdings that serves as a reference tool for the research community.

Preservation and Restoration of the Collections - The staff continues to concentrate on restoring the Enola Gay B-29 bomber for completion in 1995. In support of the new World War I gallery, the staff completed the restoration of the Voisin French night bomber, an FE-8 cutaway and LeRhone engine, German Pfalz and Fokker fighters, a balloon basket, and several aircraft engines. Three major aircraft, an SR-71 Blackbird reconnaissance aircraft, a C-130 cargo plane, and a Super Constellation aircraft, currently stored outdoors at Dulles Airport, have received conservation treatment to better withstand outdoor storage, including a specially made cover and dehumidification equipment for the SR-71.

Publications - NASM published 14 books, monographs, and articles in FY 1991. These included U.S. Women in Aviation. 1940-1989 by Deborah Douglas, A Spacefaring Nation by Martin Collins and Sylvia Fries, and Boeing 247: The First Modern Airliner by Frank Robert van der Linden. Monographs published in the Smithsonian History of Aviation series included Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and the American Volunteer Group by Daniel Ford and Airshipmen. Businessmen, and Politics. 1890-1940 by Henry Cord Meyer. This series will continue to publish several new monographs in the upcoming years. In FY 1992, publications will include Looking at Earth: Satellite Views of a Dynamic World by Priscilla Strain and Fred Engle and Principles of Flight by Paul Ceruzzi.

Public Education and Orientation - The Museum has prepared a curriculum guide and poster package to accompany the new IMAX film, Blue Planet . Theaters worldwide showing the film distribute these materials to teachers in their areas. A highlight in FY 1991 was a unique workshop which included interviews and focused on oral histories of the experiences of the Tuskegee Airmen.

The Museum has expanded its outreach efforts to include staff talks and demonstrations at several local public schools as well as special class visits to the Museum. For the third year, the Museum participated in the D.C. Public Schools Chapter 1 Program. This year's focus was to teach students how to produce an exhibit. Two fifth grade classes

visited the Museum once a month for planned programs, and staff members gave special presentations at the school. At the conclusion of the series, students worked in teams to produce exhibits. A brochure distributed to teachers and educators in the D.C. area informs them of the programs available at NASM. For the second year, the Aero Club of Washington and NASM have sponsored a jobs program that gives Washington area high school students s umm er employment in aviation and space-related jobs. This program is also supported in FY 1992.

Other FY 1991 initiatives included a successful series on the "Legacy of Strategic Bombing." Lectures, films, and panel discussions examined the origins, practices, and consequences of strategic bombing from its earliest premonitions before World War I, through its most intense employment during World War II, and up to its influence on the development of today's strategic nuclear arsenals.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1993, the National Air and Space Museum requests an increase of 2 workyears and $186,000 to expand the Museum's Center for Earth and Planetary Studies' research efforts in using satellite remote sensing analysis to understand the effects of global change on the Earth.

Research (2 workyears and $186.000') - Researchers in the Center for Earth and Planetary Studies' (CEPS) Spectral Reflectance Laboratory are studying drought damage, sand transport, and the desertification processes in North America and Africa. Another study uses remote sensing and field data to map soils, vegetation, and morphologic relationships at Mpala Ranch in central Kenya.

The requested increase will support a physical research scientist (1 workyear and $51,000) and an assistant physical research scientist (1 workyear and $35,000) for the Spectral Reflectance Laboratory. An additional $100,000 will upgrade the laboratory and defray costs related to dry lands and remote-sensing research in Kenya.

Research conducted by CEPS staff evaluates the time scale of the changes that are affecting the earth. The requested increase will enable this research to continue to contribute to an understanding of the effects of global change, a primary concern of nations all over the world.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - These funds come from a variety of sources, including the Museum's share of net proceeds from the museum shops and restaurants, a share of the net proceeds resulting from bureau activities (such as the theater and planetarium), and small allotments. In addition to meeting expenses of the theater and planetarium, these funds finance fellowships, research chairs, guest lecturers, symposia, and special events. A portion of the proceeds from the theater and planetarium provide particular support for the production of new IMAX films, including Blue Planet and Destiny in Space , as well as planetarium shows and other Museum programs. The Museum also receives corporate support for these new films. In early FY 1992, Exploring New Worlds premiered in the Albert Einstein Planetarium. The show, in keeping with the Smithsonian-wide observance of the Columbus Quincentenary, will look at past, present, and future explorations of this world and others. It attempts to explain what compels humans to explore their surroundings from the extremes of the subatomic world of elementary particles to the ultramicroscopic structure of the universe. A new presentation method--an addition

to the Planetarium's already sophisticated systems--is an array of video projectors that will show single or grouped images on the dome from either laser videodisc or videotape.

The Lindbergh Chair of Aerospace History and the International Fellowship provide continuing support for distinguished scholars to study at the Museum. Other fellowship programs include Guggenheim, Verville, Embry Riddle, and Martin Marietta internships, which support distinguished scholars, predoctoral, postdoctoral, and minority students in aviation and space science.

Restricted Funds - Funds provided are in the form of restricted endowments that specify the use of donations or bequests and of gifts and foundation grants by individuals, organizations, or corporations for specific purposes. Examples of these funds are the Ramsey Endowment for research relating to naval flight history, the Guggenheim Endowment for lectures and stipends, and the NASM Education Fund. One recent bequest will help fund the "Where Next, Columbus?" exhibit. NASM has received numerous corporate monetary donations, to support collections management, the Laboratory for Astrophysics, various educational programs, exhibits, publications, the Embry Riddle Internship Program, public science demonstrations, Exploring Space Lecture Series, and the General Electric Aviation Lecture Series.

A children's corner in the upcoming "How Things Fly" gallery and the restoration of the Enola Gay have been partially funded by contributions from individuals.

Government Grants and Contracts - The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is the primary source of government grants to NASM. Continued funding from the NASA grant program supports research activity in planetary geology by the Museum's Center for Earth and Planetary Studies, specifically for photogeologic investigation of planetary tectonic features, the structural geology of the Basalt Plains of Washington State, geographic mapping of Mars, and the Planetary Image Facility. In FY 1991, NASA partially funded a new research project to study forest damage from air pollution in Czechoslovakia, a project related to the Institution's global change research program. NASA also sponsored a NASM staff member as a mission scientist on the European Space Agency Infrared Space Observatory. The Laboratory for Astrophysics has received funding from NASA for continued research in the field of infrared astronomy.

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN HISTORY

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE - Full-time equivalent **FTP - Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

Base FY 1992

FTE Allocation 366

11 Personnel Compensation 12 , 967

12 Personnel Benefits 2 , 593

21 Travel 210

22 Transportation of Things 168

23 Rent, Communications & Utilities 145

24 Printing & Reproduction 124

25 Other Services 1,437

26 Supplies & Materials 474

31 Equipment 230

Collections Acquisition 65

Proposed Adjustments

Est. FY 1993

369

Total

Analysis of Increase

18,413

1,056

19,469

Necessary Pay ,

Inflation

Program Funds

Return of One-time Funds,

1,082 71 150 (247)

ABSTRACT - The National Museum of American History (NMAH) is an educational institution dedicated to promoting the public's understanding of the experiences and aspirations of all the American people. Through collections, research and publications, exhibitions, and public programs, with a special emphasis on musical performance, the

Museum preserves and interprets the national heritage for scholarly and general audiences. Its collections of artifacts, numbering in the millions, together with its extensive archival holdings represent the social, cultural, scientific, and technological development of the United States, and constitute one of the most comprehensive history collections in the world including National Numismatic collections. The Museum of American History also administers the National Postal Museum. In all of its endeavors, NMAH makes a special effort to recognize the diverse aspects of American culture and to present that diverse culture to audiences on the Mall and far beyond.

For FY 1993, the National Museum of American History requests an increase of 3 workyears and $150,000 to enable the Museum to complete asbestos removal at its Silver Hill Facility in Suitland, Maryland. A decrease of $247,000 associated with one-time funding in FY 1992 for NMAH's Museum Studies Program with the Duke Ellington School offsets this increase. This Institution requires $1,082,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $71,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense.

PROGRAM - The National Museum of American History investigates, collects, preserves, interprets, and honors the heritage of the American people through original research, publications, exhibitions, and public programs designed to increase the understanding of American history.

Collections Acquisition - In FY 1991, the Museum received a number of significant objects through purchases and gifts. NMAH acquired two very rare and important timepieces: a 19th-century pocket watch that belonged to Sandford Fleming, the inventor of global standard time; and a shelf clock in the form of a lighthouse, made in the 1830s by the Willards of Massachusetts, renowned American clockmakers. Two important astronomical acquisitions included an 18th-century Hadley quadrant to determine latitude at sea, one of a very few surviving instruments of this type that were made in America, and Gerald Sussman's 1984 digital orrery, a specialized computer used to compute the orbit of the planet Pluto over the next 845 million years. Significant additions were made to the classical instrument and jazz collections, among them an exquisite 1854 Erard piano, purchased by Queen Victoria for Prince Albert and meticulously maintained in Balmoral Castle. NMAH was also able to reunite disparate portions of the Duke Ellington Jazz Archive by acquiring from Ruth Ellington Boatright additional manuscripts, work notes, photographs, films, videos, phonograph discs, and transcription discs. A unique collection of over 2,000 European 15th - 19th-century pharmaceutical artifacts rescued from Nazi Germany was given to the Museum. And finally, the Museum acquired the famed Miller racing car in which driver Leon Duray set a world class speed record in France in 1929 of 139.6 miles per hour. The Museum is actively collecting important Hispanic crafts from New Mexico, which will be displayed in its Columbus Quincentenary exhibit.

Collections Management - NMAH's primary collections management goal is to reduce documentation backlogs. In FY 1991, NMAH staff made major reductions on backlogs in the Numismatics, Photographic History, and Armed Forces History collections. The Museum completed prototypes for the first phase of the new comprehensive Collections Information System (CIS). This system will consolidate temporary collections systems that currently provide limited service into a more responsive, single data base to serve registrars, researchers, and exhibitors. With funding provided in FY 1992, the Museum will reinforce its capabilities to reduce these backlogs and to address its collections accountability deficiencies.

Collections management staff also concentrated on supporting building renovation work. They relocated more than 21,000 objects within NMAH or transferred them to rented facilities at Fullerton Industrial Park in Springfield, Virginia. During FY 1991, NMAH moved its first collections to the Museum Support Center (MSC) in Suitland, Maryland: 3,000 textile patent models and associated objects. The staff is also preparing to move the Philatelic Collection to the new National Postal History and Philatelic Museum facilities in FY 1993.

Construction was completed in September 1991 on the Department of Conservation's new Costumes, Textiles, and Fragile Organics Laboratory. In addition to providing state-of-the-art facilities to treat more than 40,000 costumes and textile objects, this laboratory will accommodate rehousing of paper and three-dimensional objects. The Museum also made improvements in security for the Numismatics Collection.

Research - Much of the Museum's research activity complements the Museum's ambitious exhibition schedule. In FY 1991, research took place on the following exhibit topics: everyday life in America in the 18th century; children in American culture, 1945-68; the coming of the age of technology; American quilts; the history of American papermaking; the history of U. S. Army paratroopers; the harmonica in America; and the scientific lecture apparatus of Dr. Charles Came. Research for upcoming exhibits is under way on American rock 'n' roll, the social history of science, America in the 19th century, and the lives and accomplishments of the First Ladies.

The Museum maintains an active program of research on its collections. These efforts produced more than 100 publications in FY 1991. Two fine examples are richly illustrated books that resulted from research on the American clock collection and on the Kunz Collection of Russian copper icons and crosses.

In another important research project, a team of NMAH specialists responded to a request from the Republic of Guyana to research, examine, and restore selected 19th-century public clocks throughout Guyana. While improving understanding of 19th-century American clock technology, this effort represents the first attempt by NMAH to provide restoration and historical evaluation services on public clocks to the international community.

Exhibitions - Work progresses on the Museum's Master Plan to renovate the building and reinstall its exhibitions. Phase III will be completed in February 1992. The Museum opened 20 new exhibitions in FY 1991, ranging in size from a single case to 10,000-square -foot shows. Of special note is the reopening of "After the Revolution: Everyday Life in America, 1780-1800," which had been temporarily closed. The new exhibit is more accessible to the handicapped, highlights improved sections on the African-American and Seneca Indian experiences, and has been redesigned to incorporate new objects and new research. Other exhibitions of special interest included "Children in American Culture, 1945-1968," which used the Peanuts comic-strip characters to examine children's lives during post-World War II America; "Homeless in America: Three Perspectives," dealing with the plight of the homeless in America as seen from different viewpoints; and "The Photographs of Arthur B. Rickerby: The UPI and Life Years," a selection of images depicting famous people and moments in time that celebrate American history.

Two major permanent exhibitions will open in FY 1992. "First Ladies: Political Role, Public Image" will document the First Ladies' contributions to the Nation's history. While exhibiting the restored First Ladies' gowns, the show explores the personalities,

public images, and individual accomplishments of the presidential wives. In observance of the Columbus Quincentenary, the Museum will open "American Encounters." Focusing on the American Southwest, the exhibition portrays the lives of ethnically diverse people striving to preserve their unique cultural identities while competing for scarce resources. In FY 1993, the exhibition, "Land of Promise: America in the 19th Century," will open for public viewing. This exhibition will examine America's past from a perspective that reveals the promise and paradoxes of the new land.

Public Programs - In FY 1991, the Museum developed and presented a wide variety of education activities, publications, forums, special events, and performances to increase public understanding of America's heritage. With recent Congressional funding, NMAH inaugurated its widely acclaimed new jazz performance program. Other free concerts of American music highlighted musical theater and Native American and Hispanic-American musical traditions. The Museum also initiated the Duke Ellington Youth Project in which NMAH took Ellington's music to Washington, D.C. schools, and students reciprocated by performing at the Smithsonian.

Two examples of symposia held in the Museum were a major conference on women and social reform in the 19th century and a national storytelling festival with teacher workshops. New educational outreach programs included the establishment of a formal partnership with the Duke Ellington School of the Arts to develop a museum studies program for high school students; the establishment of a National Curriculum Project for Science Education being piloted by teachers in Buffalo, New York, and Washington, D.C; and a cooperative education program with public schools in Taos, New Mexico.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1993, the National Museum of American History requests an increase of 3 workyears and $150,000 to enable the Museum to complete asbestos removal at its Silver Hill Facility. A decrease of $247,000 associated with one-item funding in FY 1992 for NMAH's Museum Studies Program with the Duke Ellington School offsets this increase.

Asbestos Removal (3 workvears and $150.000) - Since 1985, the Museum has been actively engaged in asbestos removal from buildings and collections at the Silver Hill Facility, where nearly one-half of the general collections of the Museum are housed. Using its current base, the Museum has made substantial progress in addressing this problem. However, it requires additional funding beginning in FY 1993 to accelerate its work. Over 50 percent of the contaminated collections at Silver Hill have been cleaned according to Federal standards, but several hundred thousand untreated objects are currently stored in a heavily-contaminated and deteriorating building. Access to these objects, representing the history of the Nation's science and technology, is restricted due to the hazardous nature of asbestos. Many of the objects have never been catalogued or conserved.

To speed the Museum's asbestos-removal effort for the science and technology collections, additional staff positions are needed to decontaminate and remove objects to other storage locations, while providing inventory controls. These specialists will clean objects according to rigorous health and safety standards as well as conservation requirements. They will create simple automated records for location tracking, providing the basis for later in-depth cataloguing.

An industrial hygienist (1 workyear and $42,000) will oversee cleaning and testing work and ensure safety standards are met. Two additional museum technicians (2 workyears and $58,000) will clean and test asbestos-contaminated objects, move them to temporary

storage, and maintain basic accountability records for location tracking. After rehabilitation of the building, technicians will return the objects to storage. An additional $20,000 will pay for services of asbestos testing and object crating; $10,000 will supply cleaning materials and clothing; and $20,000 will cover testing equipment, respirators, vacuums, and other needed equipment. Work will proceed in coordination with Repair and Restoration of Buildings schedules.

Asbestos removal will redress health and safety deficiencies as mandated by Federal regulations and give the public greater access to a significant number of NMAH collections.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - This funding is from various sources, including the Museum's share of museum shop, photo shop, and cafeteria sales; publication royalties; and various annual allotments. In FY 1992, these funds will support the salary and benefit costs for the position of museum director and the Museum's unique chamber music performance and recordings program.

Restricted Funds - The principal sources of income for these funds are individual or corporate gifts and foundation grants provided for specific purposes. In FY 1991, NMAH received a generous grant from the American Chemical Society to support a major exhibition on "Science in America," scheduled to open in 1993. The Occidental Chemical Corporation gave a generous donation in support of an educational outreach program in concert with this exhibition.

The Museum received funding from the state of New Mexico to support the permanent exhibition, "American Encounters," opening in 1992, which commemorates the Columbus Quincentenary.

The Center for Advertising History is an exciting new program dedicated to the preservation and interpretation of the history of modern advertising. In FY 1991, gifts were received from a variety of corporations and foundations to fund oral history, documentation, and exhibit projects on advertising.

The Museum also received generous gifts and grants in support of exhibitions, including improvements to the Road Transportation Hall and ongoing support for the upkeep of the new, permanent exhibit on "The Information Age." Major funding was given by the American Postal Workers Union to support the design, construction, and installation of exhibits for the new National Postal History and Philatelic Museum, and by the Friends of First Ladies for the restoration of the First Ladies gowns and the reinterpretation and reinstallation of that exhibit. Major fund-raising is underway for upcoming permanent exhibitions, including 19th-century "Life in America," and newly renovated exhibition halls on the subjects of agriculture and timekeeping.

Music programs in the Museum received significant private support in FY 1991. The directors of the Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Fund gave a major planning grant for exhibitions and community outreach on the subject of jazz music. Oberlin College provided support for the Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks program. Sony Music Entertainment, Inc., and others gave donations to the John Hammond Fund for the Performance of American Music, an endowment fund established to honor John Hammond's contributions to 20th-century American music through concerts, exhibits, and fellowships.

Donations funded a variety of research and outreach projects, among them research and publications on 20th-century architecture in Washington, D.C., and on the history of photography. The Museum also received two generous bequests, one to support the work of the Costume Division, and another to maintain the "Edward J. Orth Memorial Archives of the New York World's Fair, 1939-1940."

Government Grants and Contracts - The Museum receives occasional government grants to support research or exhibition projects. In FY 1991, the Department of the Army provided funding to support the exhibit, "G.I.: The American Soldier Experience in WW II."

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE - Full-time equivalent **FTP - Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

Base FY 1992

FTE Allocation 124

11 Personnel Compensation 3,360

12 Personnel Benefits 1, 108

21 Travel 500

22 Transportation of Things 50

23 Rent, Communications & Utilities 335

24 Printing & Reproduction 189

25 Other Services 3 , 059

26 Supplies & Materials 567

31 Equipment 1, 230

Proposed Adjustments

58

Est. FY 1993

182

Total

Analysis of Increase

Necessary Pay ,

Inflation ,

Program Funds ,

Return One-time Funds ,

10,398

ABSTRACT - The National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI) provides the Smithsonian Institution with a new and significant vehicle for communicating with American Indian people and the public through its collections, research, and public programs. NMAI houses a collection devoted exclusively to the history and art of cultures indigenous to the Americas. The Museum plans to offer a full range of programs demonstrating the historic

and contemporary contributions of native peoples of the western hemisphere. Future facilities will include a museum on the Mall east of the National Air and Space Museum; an exhibition and education center in the United States Custom House in New York City; and a collection, study, and research facility adjacent to the Museum Support Center in Suitland, Maryland.

For FY 1993, NMAI requests an increase of 58 workyears and $5,186,000 for the Custom House Program (9 workyears and $344,000); Custom House furnishings and equipment ($500,000); maintenance support for New York facilities (5 workyears and $550,000); security for New York facilities (12 workyears and $353,000); New York program support (3 workyears and $273,000); National Campaign Office (2 workyears and $225,000); planning and coordination (13 workyears and $1,026,000); repatriation (9 workyears and $793,000); technology for the education program (3 workyears and $496,000); support for the Board of Trustees ($20,000); and staffing and support relating to NMAI design and construction (2 workyears and $106,000). This FY 1993 estimate of program increases also reflects the restoration of $500,000 of base funding reduced in FY 1992 because of the availability of FY 1991 unobligated carry-over funds. The Institution requires $686,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $129,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense. The requested increases are partially offset by a decrease of $800,000 related to the FY 1992 one-time transfer from the Repair and Restoration of Buildings account (Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 1992).

PROGRAM - The Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, located in New York City, opened its doors to the public in 1922. On June 24, 1990, the collection was transferred to the Smithsonian Institution to form the base of the National Museum of the American Indian. The collection, which was initiated near the turn of the century, is one of the world's richest assemblages of artifacts of the indigenous cultures of the western hemisphere. Its North American Plains material forms one of the largest groupings found anywhere. The collection also represents the great civilizations of the Inca, Aztec, and Maya, as well as the native cultures of the Amazon and the Arctic and includes a photographic archives with more than 100,000 negatives and prints chronicling Indian life.

The mission statement for the National Museum of the American Indian states that, in consultation and collaboration with Native Americans, the Museum will advance knowledge and understanding of native cultures of the western hemisphere, including art, history, and language. Through innovative public programming, research, and collections, the Museum will recognize its special responsibility to protect, support, and enhance the development, maintenance, and perpetuation of native cultures and communities.

Exhibitions - In fall 1992, the NMAI will present a temporary exhibition in the rotunda of the United States Custom House in New York City. The $800,000 shifted in FY 1992 from the Smithsonian's Repair and Restoration of Buildings account into NMAI's S&E account will help prepare this temporary exhibition. The exhibition, which serves as a prelude for the full opening in 1994, will explore the relationships Indian people have defined that constitute their world view and discuss the meaning of museums for a living and diverse culture. The exhibition will draw on objects selected by Native Americans and be informed by their first-person commentary. It will run two and one-half months.

To open the George Gustav Heye Center in early 1994, NMAI will present four exhibitions, each being developed wholly or in part by NMAI. The exhibitions will

underscore specific aspects of the Museum's mission. The keystone exhibition, "Points of View," will represent the breadth of the collection through objects selected by 28 Native Americans, including ten from Central and South America. Their selections, images, and commentary will offer a perspective on the collection from multiple vantage points. Issues surrounding the relationship of contemporary Native American artists to their traditional past will be explored in "Celebrations," in which 25 Native American artists, each proficient in a different art form, will collaborate on a single installation. The third exhibition, "Shared Visions," will present contemporary Native-American painting and sculpture and was organized by the Heard Museum in Phoenix and will be accompanied by ancillary educational material developed by NMAI. The final exhibition will orient the visitor to the Native American history of the lower Manhattan area and the history and architecture of the United States Custom House by presenting exhibits both inside and outside the building. The design and production of these exhibitions will continue through FY 1992 and FY 1993.

Outreach - The Native-American community has accorded primary emphasis to the development of NMAI's outreach program. At present this program has three parts: Native-American staff development and training; professional museum training courses conducted by the Office of Museum Programs at regional training sites in Native-American communities; and consultations held by NMAI with different segments of the Indian and non-Indian professional community.

Ten Native Americans are currently on staff in training positions at NMAI. An additional three trainee positions will be added in FY 1992 and a training coordinator will develop the Museum's overall training program in response to consultation with native communities. In addition, the Office of Museum Programs conducted three regional training programs in FY 1991 and expects to add another two sites with funds appropriated in FY 1992.

NMAI held 11 consultations in FY 1991, with more than 25 attendees at each. The focus of the 1991 consultations was architectural program planning for the Suitland and Mall buildings. Future consultations will review and revise the plans developed by the architect and review and further define the overall outreach program throughout the western hemisphere.

Aspects of NMAI's program that also reflect the emphasis on outreach to the national and international Native-American community include the Film and Video Program's Biennial Film Festival, currently held in New York, which will travel to Native-American communities. The Museum will also develop a traveling exhibition program for Native-American cultural centers and tribal museums across the country. Initial surveys of facilities and discussions with the Indian community regarding program guidelines will be developed in FY 1992 by NMAI staff and in collaboration with the staff of the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service. In addition, planning for an international program will begin in FY 1992 to assure that the indigenous cultures of Mexico and Central and South America are properly represented in all aspects of NMAI's program.

National Campaign - In 1991, the Institution established the National Campaign Office for NMAI to plan and implement a national fund-raising campaign to secure the required matching funds from non-Federal sources as specified by the legislation authorizing establishment of the National Museum of the American Indian. These matching funds must support one-third of the construction cost of the National Mall facility.

The National Campaign Office has been established in donated space. The Office coordinates all fund raising, membership, public relations, and special events activities for the National Campaign. An Honorary Committee for the Campaign has been formed, and a volunteer leadership group, the International Founders Council, is being recruited. The Campaign Office initiated a membership program in March 1991, and as of late January 1992, 30,000 members had been recruited.

Collections Acquisition - During FY 1991, the collection was enhanced by the addition of 623 artifacts through gifts or bequests from 15 donors. One of the largest donations was a group of more than 150 ethnographic items from the Great Plains and Eastern Woodlands. NMAI also received a gift of Central and South American textiles and other objects accompanied by photographs and field notes. In addition to artifacts, the Museum also received gifts of photographs, archival documents, films, and videotapes.

Collections Management - In 1991, the Institution completed the 3,000-square-foot annex to the New York Research Branch that will help serve urgent collection needs. The addition will house a conservation laboratory, a small preparation area for artifacts destined for new exhibits in the Custom House, and a modest staging area for the move of collection material. Plans are under way to move the objects held in storage at the Audubon Terrace facility to the Research Branch in FY 1992. Other collection management projects include conservation of 30 Navajo textiles and of artifacts for loan to other museums in 1992, rehousing of the glass-plate negative collection and 5,000 lantern slides, and preparation of a data base for the photo archive collection of more than 100,000 photographs.

To assist with collections management needs associated with the exhibition program at the Custom House, as well as to begin planning and implementing the move of the entire collection of about one million objects to Smithsonian facilities in the Washington, Metropolitan area, the Museum added a total of 13 positions to its conservation, registration, and collections management staff in FY 1990 and FY 1991. With the completion of the conservation laboratory at the New York Research Branch and the addition of trained conservators to the staff, the examination and treatment of objects selected for the inaugural exhibitions at the George Gustav Heye Center is under way. Additional conservation staff will be required beginning in FY 1993 to examine and treat, as necessary, the entire collection in preparation for its move to the storage and research facility in Suitland.

Research - Research continues on Zuni ethnographic and archeological material from the Hawikku site. The curatorial staff, with the assistance of tribal members, is documenting the Apache artifacts in the collection. Research is also under way on the material culture of the Tlingit, Kuskokwim, Navajo, and Seminole. Three curators and two research assistants will join the staff in FY 1992 as the Museum begins the planning and development of exhibition topics for the National Museum of the American Indian on the Mall.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1993, NMAI requests an increase of 58 workyears and $5,186,000 for the Custom House Program (9 workyears and $344,000); Custom House furnishings and equipment ($500,000); maintenance support for New York facilities (5 workyears and $550,000); security for New York facilities (12 workyears and $353,000); New York program support (3 workyears and $273,000); National Campaign Office (2 workyears and $225,000); planning and coordination (13 workyears and $1,026,000); repatriation (9 workyears and $793,000); technology for the education program (3 workyears and $496,000);

support for the Board of Trustees ($20,000); and staffing and support relating to NMAI design and construction (2 workyears and $106,000). This FY 1993 estimate of program increases also reflects the restoration of $500,000 of base funding reduced in FY 1992 because of the availability of FY 1991 unobligated carry-over funds.

Custom House Program (9 workyears and $344.000) - The Custom House facility of the National Museum of the American Indian will have a well-rounded exhibition and education program. This request for support of the programs planned for this facility will ensure that the Custom House program reflects the aspirations of the new Museum.

This request includes 9 workyears $219,000 for a program staff. An audio-visual technician and a receptionist will support the public activities at the Custom House. In addition, seven building management positions will clean and maintain the public and staff areas of the George Gustav Heye Center in the Custom House.

Included in this request are $125,000 to complete the fabrication and installation of the opening exhibition and to support other costs associated with the public programs of the Center, such as printed materials, films and videos, and lectures and demonstrations for which partial funding was appropriated for this purpose in FY 1992.

This first completed public element of the National Museum of the American Indian is expected to serve local and national audiences much larger than those served by the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation. In addition, this Custom House program will herald the fuller manifestation of the Museum on the Mall in Washington, D.C. This request will be a part of the ongoing base for exhibition refurbishment, installations of temporary and permanent exhibitions, and public program activities at the Heye Center.

Custom House Furnishings and Equipment ($500.000) - The Institution will renovate space in the United States Custom House building in New York City using appropriated funds (provided in the Construction account) and matching amounts from New York City and the State of New York. In advance of the move of staff and the opening of exhibition space, the Institution needs to furnish and equip the building. This requested one-time increase of $500,000 (over the FY 1992 base of $600,000) will complete the total need of $1.7 million as originally requested in FY 1992.

The Smithsonian will use the requested funds to purchase and install security wiring, equipment, and devices to protect collections from theft and damage; design and fabricate interior and exterior signage to orient the public and label staff spaces; purchase office furniture; furnish and equip exhibit staging, classroom, and collection storage and conservation areas; and provide information desks and seating for the public. Funding of this request will allow full staff and public use of the new Custom House space.

Maintenance for the New York Facilities (5 workyears and $550,000) - Effective and efficient building operations and maintenance are essential for preserving the collections of the National Museum of the American Indian and providing a safe and healthy environment for staff and the visiting public. Resources were originally requested in FY 1992, but Congress deferred funding until FY 1993 because of delays in the construction and occupation schedule of the Custom House facility.

The planned opening of the George Gustav Heye Center in the United States Custom House will more than double the square footage of NMAI space in New York. The Office of Plant Services (OPlantS) will operate the facility 24 hours a day to ensure the constant

and correct temperature and humidity required to preserve museum collections in the building. OPlantS staff also will perform preventive maintenance and emergency repairs and minor repairs to building components consistent with its operations at other Smithsonian museums. The requisite skills are not currently available among NMAI employees. The requested resources will enable OPlantS to hire the appropriate staff to ensure continual operation and repair of NMAI space in the building and to cover the estimated utilities costs for the Custom House.

This request will allow OPlantS to hire five air conditioning equipment mechanics (5 workyears and $181,000). The mechanics, including one leader, will provide continuous operation of the heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems in the building. The request includes funding to cover estimated utility costs for the Custom House ($369,000). The requested resources will ensure continuous operation of NMAI facilities and protect the capital investment in plant equipment.

Security for the New York Facilities (12 workyears and $353.000) - For FY 1993, the National Museum of the American Indian requests funds to hire additional guards to complete the permanent guard force for the George Gustav Heye Center in the Custom House and to hire temporary guards to meet security requirements at both the Custom House and Audubon Terrace until the NMAI operation moves to the Custom House. The guard force will reduce the risk of theft, damage, and destruction of the valuable and unique collections of the National Museum of the American Indian.

The Smithsonian expects to take possession of the renovated portion of the Custom House during 1993. Before the full opening, the Museum will present a temporary exhibition in the fall of 1992 which will draw upon objects selected by Native Americans and informed by their commentary. Guards now assigned to Audubon Terrace will relocate to the Custom House to form the core of its permanent security force. The funds requested will provide additional guards to complete the permanent security force required for the facility.

The security staff will control access, monitor contractors while they are installing exhibits, and perform other security functions. In addition to permanent staff, the Institution requests temporary guards to meet security requirements at both the Custom House and Audubon Terrace until the NMAI operation moves to the Custom House. The full complement of permanent guards will be available to transfer to the Custom House at that time. The Office of Protection Services (OPS) will use a portion of the requested resources to provide temporary guards to supplement security requirements at the Custom House during most of FY 1993 and part of FY 1994.

OPS will use the requested funds to hire five permanent and five temporary guards for the Custom House in January 1993 to provide security during the final stages of construction. The guards also will provide necessary protection to the artifacts during the period when the temporary 1992 exhibit is open to the public and while other exhibits are assembled and installed. The funds also will allow hiring two temporary guards in mid-1993 in anticipation of the public opening of the inaugural exhibition and provide for contract services to support the guard force ($123,000). Hiring in this manner will ensure adequate security coverage of the new facility.

The Institution requires 12 workyears and $230,000 for these positions. The temporary guards will be in place only until the Audubon Terrace facility is vacated. Adequate security staffing will ensure an appropriate level of protection and public access to the George Gustav Heye Center.

New York Program Support (3 workvears and $273.000) - The first and second floors of the United States Custom House in New York will house the George Gustav Heye Center, an extension of the National Museum of the American Indian designed to present exhibitions, educational programs, and other public services. As the opening of the Center approaches, the Institution needs additional positions to complete the staffing plan for this New York facility.

The Film and Video Program, currently based in New York, is expected to become an important aspect of the Museum's national outreach initiative, but it will continue to have an important presence at the Custom House. Funds requested for FY 1993 will support the addition of an assistant film and video coordinator who will be responsible for the on-site program at that location (1 workyear and $46,000). The Adult Education Program will offer lunchtime seminars and after-work symposia that will attract attendance by those employed in this area of New York City. The FY 1993 increase will permit the Museum to hire an education specialist to develop and maintain a continuing audience in the local adult community (1 workyear and $46,000). Funds are also requested to support travel, supplies, and equipment for the Film and Video and Adult Education programs ($50,000).

NMAI is seeking funds for FY 1993 to support an assistant facilities manager with responsibility for maintenance of the Research Branch and Annex located in the Bronx (1 workyear and $46,000). Funding is also sought to rent temperature-controlled storage for NMAI's valuable photographic collection when the Smithsonian relocates the collection from the Audubon Terrace facility prior to its transfer to Washington, D.C. ($85,000).

Through planned exhibitions and public programs, some of them incorporating recent advances in technology, New York City will have the benefits of a world-class museum, accessible in ways never before possible.

National Campaign Office (2 workvears and $225.000) - In 1991, the Institution established the National Campaign Office for the National Museum of the American Indian to plan and implement a national fund-raising campaign to secure the required matching funds from non-Federal sources as specified by the legislation authorizing the establishment of NMAI. Through the Office of Institutional Initiatives, the NMAI has secured donated office space in nearby Arlington, Virginia, to house the National Campaign staff.

The National Campaign is following a detailed and extensive fund-raising strategies plan adopted by the Smithsonian's Board of Regents in September 1990. This plan asks individuals, foundations, and corporations to participate in building this uniquely American institution. The membership program component of the plan has been an overwhelming success. As of late January 1992, 30,000 people had joined the Museum, with an average gift of $27. The National Campaign estimates that 80,000 to 100,000 individuals will eventually join the Museum.

NMAI requests two positions (2 workyears and $89,000) to support this flourishing membership program and related one-year support costs for direct mail design and list acquisition costs ($50,000). Without this support, the Museum will likely be unable to both meet the needs of its members while continuing to execute the membership program as a fund-raising technique. Retreating from the NMAI membership program at this time would be an opportunity lost and a setback to the public image of the Museum and to the ability of the staff to solicit individuals for support.

This request of 2 workyears and $225,000 for FY 1993, deferred in FY 1992, will include funding for increased activity related to initiatives necessary to build and strengthen popular support for the Museum within the critical period of the fund-raising campaign. The funds requested would meet expenses necessary for an audio-visual package ($61,000) and media placement ($25,000).

The NMAI membership program will become a permanent component of the Museum's advancement operation. After the Mall facility is constructed, the Museum will continue to seek support from members for NMAI programs.

Planning and Coordination (13 workyears and $1.026.000) - In FY 1993, the Museum will continue to define and develop specific program areas for all Washington, D.C., and New York facilities.

The following staff members will advance planning and coordination (13 workyears and $541,000) for NMAI in FY 1993. An assistant publication manager and an editor will create and produce printed materials such as exhibition catalogues, visitor information brochures, and curriculum packets. A senior-level education specialist will join the public programming staff to develop a variety of programs that reflect the perspectives of the American Indian community. An assistant to the deputy director will serve as NMAI representative to the Office of Design and Construction on matters pertaining to the design and construction of the Suitland and Mall facilities. One secretary and two administrative technicians will provide assistance to the Public Programming and Administrative departments. In addition, one project manager, one exhibit designer, and three research assistants will begin research, object identification, and preparation of preliminary design concepts. Finally, an education coordinator will develop public programs that reflect an awareness of the perspectives and concerns of American Indian communities. NMAI also seeks funds for travel, supplies, rent for office space, equipment, and contract services of Native-American advisors and other technical assistance ($485,000).

NMAI will be unique in many respects within the Smithsonian family of museums. With planning and coordination, NMAI's rich collections will permit development of a truly unparalleled series of traveling exhibitions, training opportunities, and opportunities for scholarship.

Repatriation (9 workyears and $793.000) - NMAI's repatriation policy is the most far-reaching of any museum in the United States. The policy commits the Museum to the disposition of the following to culturally affiliated Indian tribes, groups, and individuals, in accordance with the wishes of culturally based Native Americans: Native-American human remains of known individuals, funerary objects, communally owned native property, ceremonial and religious objects, and objects transferred to or acquired by the Museum illegally.

With the funds and positions provided in FY 1991 to begin a Native-American Collection Documentation program, the Institution established a repatriation program in the National Museum of Natural History. The Board of Trustees of the National Museum of the American Indian developed a repatriation policy, discussed above, specific to NMAI. This policy set substantive parameters and an overall process for addressing repatriation claims with respect to certain categories of materials in NMAI's collection. For FY 1992, the Museum, in close collaboration with the Board of Trustees, will continue to develop the specific procedures necessary to implement the policy.

The resources requested for FY 1993 will enable NMAI to hire an administrator to provide overall direction for the Museum's repatriation program as well as an assistant, photographer, conservator, conservation technician, two research assistants, and two clerical support positions to carry out this program (9 workyears and $363,000). Additional funds requested for FY 1993 will provide office and research supplies and equipment, travel to consult with tribal representatives, the conservation and photography of collection material, and such contract services as may be required ($430,000).

NMAI's director has stressed the importance of implementing the Institution's repatriation policy as an integral part of developing the Museum's programs: "It is about keeping faith with this country's native community. It is about promises made and promises honored. It is about returning to the native peoples of this country those vital materials that have sustained them and their brilliant culture through the ages and to this very day. And it is about building a sharing, collaborative future relationship with the contemporary descendants of those who made the splendid materials in the Museum's remarkable collection." It is important that this policy and program receive the highest level of support.

Technology for the Education Program (3 workyears and $496.000) - A crucial aspect of NMAI's education program will be use of the most advanced technology available to link tribal museums and Native-American cultural centers with the services NMAI can provide. NMAI will endeavor to apply state-of-the-art technology to meet these needs.

Planning began in FY 1991 and will continue through FY 1992 for the use of technology as part of on-site and off-site education programs, in exhibition galleries, and media productions, and as administrative support through an information management system. With funds requested for FY 1993, the Museum will hire two specialists in media technology for NMAI's education programs as well as a secretary to provide clerical support for the technology staff (3 workyears and $161,000). Additional funds requested for FY 1993 will provide office supplies, computer equipment, travel to off-site locations, and contract support for pilot projects in Indian communities ($335,000).

The Institution's goal for this Museum is to represent Indian culture as a continuum, not as a "snapshot" of a romanticized past in the way it is often presented in traditional museums. NMAI intends to be a contemporary, innovative museum by employing the technology required to fulfill its mission.

Support for the Board of Trustees ($20.000) - Congress mandated that the Smithsonian establish a Board of Trustees for NMAI to advise and assist the Board of Regents on concerns relating to the administration, operation, maintenance, and preservation of the National Museum of the American Indian; adopt a set of by-laws and recommend annual operating budgets for NMAI to the Board of Regents; and report annually to the Board of Regents on matters of acquisition, disposition, and display of Native-American objects and artifacts.

Responding to this mandate, the Board of Regents appointed a 25-member board, which began its term in June 1990. Current board members reside in Mexico and in various locations within the contiguous United States as well as in Alaska. In addition to four regularly scheduled board meetings, board members serve on standing committees that meet several times each year, often at dates and locations separate from the full board

meetings. NMAI requests $20,000 in FY 1993 to support travel expenses associated with these additional committee meetings for its 25-member board.

NMAI will become a living institution dedicated to the collection, preservation, study, and exhibition of American-Indian languages, literature, history, art, and culture. The efforts of its distinguished board will ensure that the goals of NMAI are met: to showcase the philosophical and intellectual continuity of Native-American cultures, emphasizing values that are inherently Native American and that merit renewed appreciation today.

Design and Construction Management (2 workyears and $106.000) - The opening of NMAI's Custom House facility will involve many small, last-minute construction and exhibit changes that can be managed quickly and efficiently only by in-house staff. In addition, both the Mall Museum and the Suitland facility will be under design. High-quality design will assure that the Museum, the public, and the National Collections enjoy the best possible conditions and avoid costly repair and alterations in the future.

Two full-time, dedicated positions are essential for successful implementation and completion of the building program of the new National Museum of the American Indian. These positions are an architect and an engineer (2 workyears and $106,000). Their primary responsibilities will be helping administer service contracts for design, reviewing design and constructibility at both the Mall museum and Suitland storage facility, overseeing repair and restoration of the Research Branch facility in New York City, and facilitating exhibit design and construction projects at the Custom House in New York City.

The National Museum of the American Indian will provide the American people and the world with a comprehensive view of the various American Indian cultures. Adequate staffing for design and construction will assure that this potential is accomplished in an efficient and cost-effective manner.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - The Smithsonian has established allotments to cover the Trust portion of the National Campaign costs and the director, the deputy director, and the National Campaign director's salaries and support costs in addition to an unrestricted account to receive income from the National Museum of the American Indian's National Campaign, which began in January 1991. The NMAI currently receives income from museum shop sales, admissions, and donations. Investment income will be available from the permanent endowment of the Heye Foundation, which was included in the property transfer.

Restricted Funds - In FY 1991, the Museum received a grant from the Merck Family Fund in support of the publication that will accompany the inaugural exhibition at the George Gustav Heye Center of NMAI.

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN ART

(Dollars In Thousands)

* FTE - Full-time equivalent **FTP - Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

Base FY 1992

FTE Allocation 128

11 Personnel Compensation 4,004

12 Personnel Benefits 862

21 Travel 50

22 Transportation of Things 48

23 Rent, Communications & Utilities 37

24 Printing & Reproduction 97

25 Other Services 1, 383

26 Supplies & Materials 362

31 Equipment Ill

Collections Acquisition 346

Proposed Adjustments

Total Analysis of Increase

7,300

451

Est. FY 1993

129

7,751

Necessary Pay.

Inflation

Program Funds.

367 61 23

ABSTRACT - The National Museum of American Art (NMAA) seeks to represent the finest achievements of American visual artists working in painting, sculpture, the graphic arts, photography, and crafts. The Museum presents diverse art from all regions, traditions, and cultures in America, including folk as well as fine art, through major loan exhibitions and related educational programs for public and scholarly audiences. The Museum fosters

research nationwide through fellowship and intern programs, and it maintains automated data base inventories as a resource for American art scholars. The scholarly staff publishes new research in books, articles, and catalogues to underscore the relationship between art and history. The Renwick Gallery, part of the National Museum of American Art, focuses on American crafts and decorative arts. NMAA also maintains the Barney Studio House, a period home used to house staff, that is also available for tours and interpretive programs.

For FY 1993, NMAA requests an increase of 1 workyear and $45,000 for a safety specialist in the NMAA/NPG Building Manager's office. This joint request is justified here, but funding for this increase is split between the National Museum of American Art and the National Portrait Gallery line-items. The NMAA also requests the retention of $1,000,000 first appropriated in FY 1991 to continue the Save Outdoor Sculpture program in FY 1993. The Institution requires $367,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $61,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense.

PROGRAM - The National Museum of American Art explores the contributions of the Nation's artistic heritage from the 18th century through the present. Through a multi-faceted program of acquisitions, exhibitions, research, publications, and education, the Museum presents and interprets American art for a broad and diverse public.

In FY 1992, the Renwick Gallery will celebrate its 20th anniversary. Thanks to the many important recent acquisitions by gift and purchase, the Renwick Gallery now holds the nation's premier collection of American craft. This collection will be unveiled in a new installation in September 1992. Other elements of the year-long celebration of the Renwick Gallery's 20th anniversary include the inauguration of the Patricia and Philip Frost Prize for Distinguished Scholarship in American Crafts and a busy schedule of educational programs featuring craft artists. Finally, the Renwick Alliance is sponsoring a benefit dinner and auction to support the continued collection efforts of the Renwick Gallery.

Collections - The Museum's collections, numbering more than 35,000 objects from the 18th century to the present, encompass paintings, sculpture, graphic art, photography, folk art, and contemporary crafts. Especially strong in works by African-American artists, the Museum has added to these holdings Stagger Lee by Frederick Brown, a large canvas by Henry Ossawa Tanner, and ten photographs by Roland Freeman. The Museum's 18th- and 19th-century collections were enhanced by the acquisition of a 1765 canvas, Mrs. George Watson by John Singleton Copley; and the bronze Minute Man by Daniel Chester French. Other acquisitions included a decorative panel created by John La Farge and Augustus Saint-Gaudens for the Cornelius Vanderbilt mansion in New York, and a large group of drawings by Miner Kellogg, one of the earliest American artists to travel to the Middle East. Thomas Hart Benton's seminal 1967 painting Wheat and Beverly Pepper's Ternana Wedge were important additions to the 20th-century collection. Through the generosity of Consolidated Natural Gas Company Foundation, the Museum has acquired a large collection of contemporary landscape photographs, which NMAA will present as an exhibition and then as a tour. Larry Fuente's Game Fish and a spectacular pendant necklace by Albert Paley represent significant additions to the Renwick collection of contemporary American crafts.

Exhibitions - Among the 14 exhibitions on view during FY 1991 at the Museum and its Renwick Gallery, several stand out. "Homecoming: William H. Johnson and Afro-America, 1938-1946," drawn mainly from the Museum's collection, offered a major selection of this

artist's work, many recently conserved and seen by the public for the first time in the context of African-American history and culture. "The West as America: Reinterpreting Images of the Frontier, 1820-1920" sparked nationwide debate by presenting new viewpoints concerning westward expansion. "Tokens of Affection: The Portrait Miniature in America," co-organized by the Museum and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, was the first major exhibition of portrait miniatures in several decades. The Museum also presented exhibitions of the works of Childe Hassam, Winslow Homer, Joseph Stella, and Eadweard Muybridge, as well as three contemporary Cuban-American artists. The Renwick Gallery featured a major retrospective of fiber artist Lenore Tawney, an exhibition of contemporary African-American quilts, and installations by contemporary artists working in glass.

Projected exhibitions under development include "Between Home and Heaven: Contemporary American Landscape Photography" of recently acquired works purchased with funds provided by the Consolidated Natural Gas Company Foundation, an exhibition of Thomas Cole paintings intended to reveal Cole's major artistic and social concerns, and a Columbus Quincentenary exhibition, "Revisiting the White City: American Art at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair," which will bring together paintings and sculpture selected for the 1893 World's Fair that represented the finest achievements of America's visual artists during the late 19th century.

Research - The Museum combines programs for professional training and scholarship with resources for advanced research. In FY 1991, the Intern Program marked its 23rd year with an increasing emphasis on multi-cultural programming for museum professionals and graduate and undergraduate students. The Fellowship Program hosted 30 pre- and postdoctoral research fellows from Europe and across the United States who worked on a wide variety of topics in American art and culture.

The Museum continues to offer unparalleled research resources in American art. In FY 1991, its library implemented an automated circulation system for better collections control and continued indexing of the unique Perret Research Library of California Art. The Photographic Archives added more than 10,000 new images from the Peter A. Juley & Son Collection and completed printing the collection of another major art photographer, Walter A. Rosenblum.

The Museum has transferred the Inventory of American Paintings, a data base of 258,000 paintings, to a new on-line interactive computer system. It is available at each of the Archives of American Art's regional centers and serves nearly 3,000 users annually. Scheduled to open to the public in 1992, the Museum's newest data base, the Inventory of American Sculpture, will add 11,000 new entries and 2,000 images to the Museum's collections.

In FY 1991, Save Outdoor Sculpture (SOS!) moved forward with the implementation of pilot surveys in Tennessee, Illinois, and West Virginia. Sculpture surveys are scheduled to begin in FY 1992 in the states of Arizona, Arkansas, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, and Vermont, and the cities of Tucson, Sacramento, San Francisco, Jacksonville, Miami, Tampa, Baltimore, St. Louis, Buffalo, New York City, Philadelphia, and San Antonio. Proposals from potential survey coordinators will be accepted again in the spring and fall of 1992. FY 1993 is targeted as a remedial year to establish sculpture surveys in the remaining states, and previously unfunded areas such as the United States territories, and to provide assistance in areas that have encountered special circumstances or difficulties in completing the sculpture surveys.

Publications - The Museum's scholarly journal, renamed American Art (co-published as of January 1992 with Rizzoli International), was "relaunched" with a special double issue highlighted by an array of new features.

Several publications have recently been published in conjunction with NMAA's exhibition: Homecoming: The Art and Life of William H. Johnson by Richard Powell, a biography of the noted African-American painter; Li'1 Sis and Uncle Willie , a children's book based on Johnson's work (Rizzoli); and a videocassette on Johnson's life and work (Reading and O'Reilly). With the University of Washington Press, NMAA inaugurated a new Renwick Contemporary American Craft Series, co-publishing two books that accompany exhibitions at the Museum's Renwick Gallery: Albert Palev: Sculptural Adornment documents the early work in jewelry of one of America's preeminent craft artists, while John McQueen: The Language of Containment explores the expressive basketmaking of this innovative artist.

Future book projects include Between Home and Heaven: Contemporary American Landscape Photography (1991), Revisiting the White City: American Art at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair , both of which accompany major exhibitions at NMAA, and American Wicker which accompanies a major exhibition at the Renwick Gallery.

Drawing on images from NMAA collections, the Museum is co-producing calendars focusing on African-American artists, crafts, masterpieces of American art, and gardens. Postcard books have been published on Harlem, American art, photographs from the Museum's Juley Collection, African-American art, and American landscape photography. Also forthcoming are a coloring book (Running Press), an anthology of "American Beauties" (Abrams), an edition of The Rubaivat of Omar Khayyam (illustrated with Elihu Vedder's drawings), and a collection of 350 portraits of American artists from NMAA's Juley Collection. Free within Ourselves , which describes the work of 30 African-American artists in the Museum's collection--with biographies, essays, and illustrations--will be published in 1992 (Pomegranate), and a comprehensive biography of the Washington, D.C., artist, Alice Pike Barney, is in production.

Education - The Museum continues to make concerted efforts to increase the diversity of its audiences through public programs, community outreach and collaboration, docent recruitment, and special school programs such as D.C. Chapter 1 student multi-visits, career awareness seminars, and special tours. The Museum has also designed programs and tours specifically for the handicapped. Interpretive programs include symposia, lectures, demonstrations, family days, family and teacher workshops, storytelling, performances, concerts, films, and the expansion of gallery label texts. Highlights of activities in FY 1991 were a scholarly symposium, artists' demonstrations, and a Folk-Arts Family Day held in conjunction with the exhibition "Made with Passion: The Hemphill Folk Art Collection." Programs designed for "The West as America" included a panel discussion, dramatic readings, lectures, a public issues forum, and an educators' open house. In cooperation with its neighboring Chinese community, the Museum sponsored a Chinese New Year performance on its front steps and participated in the neighborhood parade commemorating this festive occasion.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1993, NMAA requests an increase of 1 workyear and $45,000 for a safety specialist in the NMAA/NPG Building Manager's office. This joint request is justified here, but funding for this increase is split between the National Museum of American Art and the National Portrait Gallery line-items.

Safety Specialist (1 workvear and $45.000) - The National Portrait Gallery and the National Museum of American Art, which share space in the Old Patent Office building, are facing newly established legal and administrative health and safety requirements. Potential safety hazards to the public and staff must be addressed through specialized guidance, which so far has been supported only by diverting resources from other, previously approved building management activities. Increased attendance in the Old Patent Office facility, the Renwick Gallery, and the Barney Studio House, together with the newly mandated programs, makes the continuation of this reprogramming impossible.

The funds requested will pay the costs of a full-time safety specialist. Permanent funding for this position will enable the two museums to organize and implement the health and safety program required to ensure compliance with all regulations and guidelines.

The establishment of a stable funding base for this purpose is crucial to enable the NMAA/NPG Building Manager's office to continue to respond to the increasing Smithsonian-wide efforts to improve safety, fire protection, and environmental management programs.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - The Museum's Exhibition Sharing Fund, which generates income through fees charged to borrowers of touring exhibitions, financed the 1991 tours of six exhibitions to 17 locations in the United States and abroad. Royalty income from museum publications contributed significantly to the production of the book titled: Between Home and Heaven: Contemporary American Landscape Photography and the William H. Johnson exhibition catalogue and children's book.

The Smithsonian Institution's Special Exhibition program provided funding for the William H. Johnson and "The West As America" exhibitions in 1991. The availability of such funds for future exhibitions, however, is tenuous due to the continuing effects of the declining economy on the Smithsonian's revenue producing activities.

Restricted Funds - In FY 1991, gifts from Mobil Oil and IBM made possible the highly popular exhibitions of the works of Winslow Homer and Childe Hassam respectively. Both exhibitions brought record numbers of visitors to the Museum. Significant new gifts for the purchase and exhibition of collections were also received from the Consolidated Natural Gas Company Foundation, U.S. West, and several individuals. Funds earned from the Luisita L. and Franz H. Denghausen endowment helped the Museum acquire Thomas Hart Benton's painting Wheat and John Singleton Copley's canvas Mrs. George Watson .

NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE - Full-time equivalent **FTP - Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

Base FY 1992

FTE Allocation. 90

11 Personnel Compensation 2,992

12 Personnel Benefits 539

21 Travel „ . 29

22 Transportation of Things 70

23 Rent, Communications & Utilities 30

24 Printing & Reproduction 50

25 Other Services 256

26 Supplies & Materials 235

31 Equipment 145

Collections Acquisition 365

Total

Analysis of Increase

Necessary Pay

Inflation

Program Funds

4,711

Proposed Adjustments

0

Est. FY 1993

90

ABSTRACT - The National Portrait Gallery (NPG) is dedicated to the exhibition and study of portraits of people who have made significant contributions to American history and culture and to the study of the artists who created such portraiture. The Gallery sponsors a variety of scholarly and public activities for audiences interested in American art and history.

For FY 1993, NPG requests an increase of 1 workyear and $45,000 for a safety specialist in the NMAA/NPG Building Manager's office. This joint request is justified in the National Museum of American Art's narrative, but funding for this increase is split between the two line-items. The Institution requires $263,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $29,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense.

PROGRAM - The National Portrait Gallery explores the heritage and accomplishments of the American people by collecting, researching, and exhibiting portraits in all media as both historical and artistic documents.

Collections Acquisitions - In FY 1991, the Gallery added 251 objects to its holdings, including 34 Time magazine covers given by Time, Inc. Important paintings added by gift included portraits of Rev. John Witherspoon by Rembrandt Peale, William James by John La Farge, Arnold Palmer, and Elvis Presley. A pastel of President John Quincy Adams by Isaac Schmidt, paintings of Chancellor James Kent by Rembrandt Peale, a painting of the Methodist minister Francis Asbury by John Paradise, and a painting of Admiral Richard Byrd by Richard Adam were purchased.

NPG acquired 101 portraits by renowned photographer Arnold Newman through a gift/purchase arrangement. Other significant photographic acquisitions included a triptych portrait of composer Igor Stravinsky by Richard Avedon; a dramatic image of African-American dancer and choreographer Pearl Primus by Lisette Model; a ca. 1851 daguerreotype of Thomas U. Walter, then architect of the U.S. Capitol; and a rare autochrome of J. P. Morgan, ca. 1912.

The Gallery also acquired drawings of Albert Gallatin by Georges Braque and Fernand Leger, a watercolor of H. L. Mencken by Al Hirschfeld, and gouache drawings of Fiorello La Guardia and Al Smith by Paolo Garretto. Gifts included a watercolor of the poet laureate Mark Strand by Philip Pearlstein and a pencil sketch of Hart Crane by Gaston Lachaise.

A grant from the Smithsonian Women's Committee funded the acquisition of a major microfiche source, Black Biographical Dictionaries. 1790-1950 .

Collections Management - A Smithsonian grant funded the production of preservation negatives and prints from original Mathew Brady glass-plate negatives in the Gallery's Meserve Collection.

The Registrar's Office began to computerize inventory records for off-premises storage. By the end of 1991, approximately two-thirds of the collection inventory will be on computer data bases. The Gallery made approximately 55 loans to 20 borrowers, including traveling exhibitions in the United States and Canada. The NMAA/NPG Library has implemented the SIBIS Automated Circulation system for better collections control.

With funding provided in FY 1992, NPG will begin to reconfigure its collections files to comply with the Smithsonian's Office of the Inspector General's audit recommendations on the storage and handling of archival data.

Research - Completing its field survey of major portrait collections in Missouri and continuing to catalogue portraits in New York City and the Washington metropolitan area, the Catalog of American Portraits (CAP) added more than 4,000 new portrait records to its

computer data base. Data about portraits in Smithsonian bureaus and other Federal agencies and from collections in the southern states was updated. CAP was awarded a research grant to study portrait collections in Texas and a Smithsonian Women's Committee grant to survey American Indian and Hispanic portraits in New Mexico.

The Peale Family Papers Project continued its work on volume 4 of the Selected Papers ; on volume 5, Charles Willson Peale's autobiography; and on the catalogue raisonne of Rembrandt Peale's work.

Exhibitions - In November 1990, the Gallery presented "Old Hickory: A Life Sketch of Andrew Jackson" as the final exhibition celebrating the bicentennial of the Constitution. Co-organized with the Tennessee State Museum, it was sponsored in part by the Tennessee General Assembly.

"Camera Portraits: Photographs from the National Portrait Gallery, London, 1839-1989," opened in December 1990 and was sponsored by Mobil Corporation. Including likenesses of distinguished British personalities from NPG's sister institution in London, the exhibition illustrated the development of portrait photography from the age of the daguerreotype to the present day.

"Magical Mixtures: Marisol Portrait Sculpture," on view from April to August 1991, was the first museum exhibition devoted to the portraits of the Venezuelan-American sculptor Marisol Escobar. Included were portraits of John Wayne, Georgia O'Keeffe, Lyndon Johnson, and Bishop Desmond Tutu.

"Annie Leibovitz Photographs, 1970-1990," jointly organized by the National Portrait Gallery and the International Center of Photography in New York and sponsored by American Express Foundation, surveyed 20 years of her work for Rolling Stone . Vanity Fair , and other journals. When it opened in April 1991, it immediately became the most popular exhibition ever held at the Gallery, necessitating NPG's first use of a ticketing system for admission.

"Group Portrait: The First American Avant-Garde," opened on May 10, 1991. Organized by guest curator Steven Watson, the exhibition featured Gertrude Stein, Ezra Pound, Alfred Stieglitz, Marcel Duchamp, and their friends--the innovators in the visual and literary arts who set American culture in a new direction in the early years of this century.

"Lincoln and His Contemporaries: Mathew Brady Photographs from the Frederick Hill Meserve Collection," comprised 60 modern albumen prints of notable Americans of the 1860s made from original glass-plate negatives.

Publications - Both the exhibition catalogue, Old Hickory: A Life Sketch of Andrew Jackson , and Andrew Jackson: A Portrait Study , a definitive list of located portraits, were published by the Washington State University Press for NPG and the Tennessee State Museum. Magical Mixtures: Marisol Portrait Sculpture was published by the Smithsonian Institution Press. Last year's Irving Penn catalogue received awards in design from both the American Institute of Graphic Art and the American Association of Museums. The University of Pittsburgh Press published New Perspectives on Charles Willson Peale (1991), and Yale University Press published volume 3 of Selected Papers of Charles Willson Peale and His Family: The Belfield Farm Years. 1810-1820 .

Publications in progress include the papers from the 1987 conference, "The Portrait in Eighteenth-Century America," to be published by the University of Delaware Press; and the catalogue of the works of the profilist Charles B. J. Fevret de Saint-Memin (1770-1852), to be published by the Barra Foundation. Information on the life portraits of George Washington is being supplied for The Papers of Georpe Washington .

Education - The Education Department interprets the Gallery's collections for its visitors through daily tours, elementary and secondary school programs, senior citizen outreach programs, and public programs such as "Cultures in Motion: Portraits in American Diversity" and "Tea Time Lectures." In FY 1991, the department revised two of its African-American secondary school programs to address college audiences; conducted photography workshops for high school students in conjunction with the "Camera Portraits" and "Annie Leibovitz Photographs, 1970-1990" exhibitions; and conducted a series of family workshops titled "How Do You Look?" in conjunction with the "Annie Leibovitz Photographs, 1970-1990" exhibition, and "Making a Marisol" in conjunction with "Magical Mixtures: Marisol Portrait Sculpture" exhibition.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1993, NPG requests an increase of 1 workyear and $45,000 for a safety specialist in the NMAA/NPG Building Manager's office. This joint request is justified in the National Museum of American Art's narrative, but funding for this increase is split between the two line-items.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - Various sources, which include the Gallery's share of sales in the museum shop, sales of photographic reproductions of collection objects and publications, participation fees from museums to which NPG loans objects, allotments, and grants from the Institution's internal award programs make up these funds. These funds help defray the costs of publications, public lectures, symposia, and special events for exhibition openings, loan exhibition development and management, and research.

Restricted Funds - Designated for specific purposes, these funds are in the form of gifts and grants from individuals, foundations, organizations, and corporations. The American Express Foundation supported the exhibition "Annie Leibovitz Photographs: 1970-1990." The exhibition was organized by the International Center of Photography in conjunction with NPG and includes portraits of figures in American popular culture. Mr. and Mrs. Robert Krueger made a generous contribution to be used to purchase a portrait of President George Bush for the NPG's Hall of Presidents. The exhibition "Group Portrait: The First American Avant-Garde," which is about several artists who constituted the American avant-garde in the period just before the First World War, was supported by donations from Harryette and Marcus Cohn and Abbeville Press, Inc. The Barra Foundation, Inc., provided a grant in support of the future publication of NPG's book on Charles B. J. Fevret de Saint-Memin. The Annenberg Foundation provided a three-year grant for a catalogue raisonne of Rembrandt Peale. In addition, the Gallery received gifts from a number of individual donors as well as substantial contributions for future activities and general support from the Federal National Mortgage Association Foundation, the Clarence and Jack Himmel Foundation, the Phi Beta Kappa Society, and the Ruth and Frank Stanton Fund.

HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE - Full-time equivalent **FTP - Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

Base FY 1992

FTE Allocation. „ „ „ 77

11 Personnel Compensation. 2, 343

12 Personnel Benefits 473

21 Travel 70

22 Transportation of Things. 174

23 Rent, Communications & Utilities 53

24 Printing & Reproduction 121

25 Other Services 389

26 Supplies & Materials 77

31 Equipment 55

Collections Acquisition 148

41 Grants 6

Proposed Adjustments

0

Est.

FY 1993

77

Total

Analysis of Increase

Necessary Pay

Inflation

Program Funds

3,909

ABSTRACT - Public Law 89-788, signed on November 7, 1966, established the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (HMSG) as the Smithsonian's museum of modern and contemporary art. While the nucleus of the collection remains Joseph Hirshhorn's original gift, it has been greatly enriched by Mr. Hirshhorn's bequest of the art he had collected since 1966.

Other benefactors, such as collectors and artists, continue to give works to the Museum. Purchases made from funds provided by Congress, the Smithsonian's Board of Regents, Mr. Hirshhorn, private donors, and sales from the permanent collection have broadened the scope of the collection. The collection is the basis of an active program of exhibitions. The Museum staff conducts extensive research, prepares catalogues, and offers a variety of educational activities.

The Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for FY 1993 programmatic increases for the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. The Institution requires $185,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $27,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense.

PROGRAM - In keeping with its status as a museum of modern and contemporary art, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden conducts programs of research, exhibitions, collections management, acquisitions, and educational activities involving audiences of all ages. Opened to the public on October 4, 1974, the Museum attracts approximately one million visitors a year, making it one of the most heavily visited contemporary art museums in the United States.

Research - The Museum's resources include more than 13,000 works of art, a curatorial file providing information on artists and works in the collection, and a library with more than 36,000 books and exhibition catalogues. The staff researches the provenance, exhibition history, iconographic significance, and physical condition of each work of art in the permanent collection. A new system will ultimately allow researchers to retrieve information concerning the collection through their computer terminals. Researchers and students can study works of art not on display.

Exhibitions - The Museum's active exhibition program draws upon its own collection as well as outside collections. Nearly 700 works from the permanent collection are on display. In FY 1991, HMSG mounted three major exhibitions: "John Baldessari," organized by The Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles; "Sigmar Polke," organized by the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art; and the "Tenth Annual Awards in the Visual Arts Exhibition," organized by the Southeastern Center for Contemporary Art. In the first quarter of FY 1992, the Museum presented "Recent Acquisitions: 1989-1991."

The Museum also organized smaller exhibitions based on its collections. These were "Comparisons: An Exercise in Looking" (partially funded by the Smithsonian Special Exhibitions Fund); "Images of American Industry from the Museum's Collection"; "Picasso Linocuts from the Museum's Collection"; and "Robert Motherwell: Prints and Collages from the Collection."

"Directions" is a series of one-gallery exhibitions of works by emerging artists and solo exhibitions of specific bodies of work by better-known artists. These small-scale shows strengthen the Museum's mission to present international modern and contemporary art. They provide a forum for dialogue on subjects otherwise difficult to address. Artists featured in FY 1991 included Boyd Webb; Mike Kelley, with Half a Man ; and Adrian Piper, with What It's Like. What It Is #2 . In early FY 1992, the Museum presented Saint Clair Cemin.

The innovative "Works" program integrates the Museum's building and grounds with the creative process. The Museum commissions artists to visit the Museum and create temporary site-specific pieces. In FY 1991, artists included David Ireland, Lawrence Weiner, and

a collaboration of Ann Hamilton and Kathryn Clark, followed by Alfredo Jaar in early FY 1992.

With funding provided in FY 1992, the Museum will begin to offset the rising costs of mounting larger loan exhibitions, which have far outstripped the Museum's funding base for exhibitions. It is anticipated that the Museum will seek additional funding in future fiscal years to help re-establish base funding for HMSG exhibition.

Collections Management - HMSG inventories the collection on a three-year cycle, with annual spot checks. The Museum reviews its permanent collection to reshape a formerly private collection by deaccessioning and disposing of works of art judged to be surplus, redundant, duplicative, or of lesser quality. The proceeds thus realized are accumulated in a fund for new acquisitions. As specified by law, HMSG's Board of Trustees must approve all deaccessioning.

Acquisitions - The legislation establishing HMSG described the Museum's function as a "museum in Washington, D.C., where modern art could be exhibited and studied...[to]... enrich the culture of the Nation." To carry out this mandate, it is essential that the Museum's collection always include contemporary art and that the Museum keep abreast of current developments in the visual arts. To present an accurate account of aesthetic developments on an international level, the Museum maintains an active acquisitions program. In FY 1991, the Museum used Federal funds to acquire, among others, David Hammons' Untitled : Bill Jensen's Lie-Light : Robert Moskowitz's Giacometti Piece (for Bob Holman) : and Joan Nelson's Untitled . So far in FY 1992, the Museum has used private funds to purchase Cy Twombly's Untitled (Roma) . 1959, cast 1990; Willem de Kooning's Untitled . 1985; Jean Dubuffet's Personnages en Ailes de Papillons . 1953; and Donald Judd's Untitled of 1963. Gifts increased significantly in the first quarter of FY 1992 (the end of the 1991 tax year) due to changes in the tax law. Among these gifts were Chris Wilmorth's Do Not Go Gently . 1987; Paul Reed's #4A 1965 Disk . 1965; Howard Hodgkin's One Down . 1981; Mell Daniel's Early Trees . 1923; and Stephen Pace's 52A-Diptzch . 1952.

Education and Public Orientation - To increase visitor appreciation and understanding of specific exhibitions and of modern art in general, the Museum provides visitors with a variety of educational materials, including catalogues, wall labels, and brochures. The brochures range from a single page to illustrated minicatalogues that are distributed free of charge. In addition, the staff develops material, such as posters, for sale in the museum shop. Auditorium events include concerts by the 20th Century Consort, film programs, and lectures by artists, critics, and art historians.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - These funds come from several sources, including the Museum's share of sales in the museum shop and plaza cafe and various annual allotments. These funds support the salary, benefits, and travel costs for the director, trustee travel expenses, various special events, and the 20th Century Consort.

Restricted Funds - HMSG has four endowment funds. The first fund comes from the $1 million that Mr. Hirshhorn pledged at the signing of the initial agreement, and the second comes from the monies left to the Museum in his will. The third endowment comes from the sales of works of art. Finally, the Museum receives funds from the Holenia Trust, a Swiss foundation established by Mr. Hirshhorn. The Museum can currently use these four

funds only to purchase works of art. At the beginning of each year, the Museum's Board of Trustees has authorized 10 percent of the value of the endowment funds for use as a purchase fund for the current year.

ARTHUR M. SACKLER GALLERY/FREER GALLERY OF ART (Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE - Full-time equivalent **FTP - Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

Base FY 1992

FTE Allocation 77

11 Personnel Compensation 2,452

12 Personnel Benefits 612

21 Travel 33

22 Transportation of Things 21

23 Rent, Communications & Utilities 50

24 Printing & Reproduction 207

25 Other Services 820

26 Supplies & Materials 727

31 Equipment 530

Collections Acquisition 100

Proposed Adjustments

0

Est. FY 1993

77

Total

Analysis of Increase

Necessary Pay ,

Inflation ,

Return of One-time Funds.

5,552

(304)

5,248

371

62

(737)

ABSTRACT - The Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, established in 1982, and the Freer Gallery of Art, established in 1906, are the national museums of Asian art. More specifically, both museums actively seek to stimulate interest in and to increase knowledge about the artistic and cultural traditions of Asia through research, exhibitions and other public programs, publications, acquisitions, and collections management. In addition, the Freer

contains a collection of American art by artists whose work was greatly influenced by Asian art. In exhibitions, because of the founder's wish, the Freer Gallery cannot lend or borrow collections, but the Sackler Gallery can exhibit its own collections, as well as objects loaned from other institutions and individuals. In addition, the Sackler may lend objects from its collections. Collections acquisition for the museums is coordinated so as not to be duplicative, providing the fullest possible resources for original research on, exhibitions about, and preservation of, the cultural heritage of Asia. These two museums complement each other in collections, research, and exhibitions, and are jointly administered by one director and served by a single staff.

The Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for FY 1993 programmatic increases for the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery/Freer Gallery of Art. The FY 1993 estimate reflects a decrease of $737,000 associated with the one-time funding provided in FY 1991 and FY 1992 for the reinstallation of the Freer's permanent exhibition galleries. The Institution requires $371,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and amount of $62,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense.

PROGRAM :

ARTHUR M. SACKLER GALLERY - The Arthur M. Sackler Gallery opened in September 1987 as a national museum of Asian arts. Exhibitions of art from the Gallery's growing permanent collection are complemented by an active schedule of major loan exhibitions from collections in North and South America, Europe, and Asia. The goal of the Sackler Gallery is to expand knowledge about and appreciation of works of art from Asia and the cultural and physical contexts from which these works of art emerge, through research, exhibitions, conservation, education, and acquisitions.

Research - One of the Gallery's major focuses--research--provides the basis for exhibitions, publications, and collections acquisitions. The research program involves both visiting scholars and the permanent curatorial and conservation staff. The Sackler disseminates research results to the public through lectures, symposia, collection research files, exhibition catalogues, free gallery guides, brochures, papers, articles, and the quarterly journal Asian Art . Other publications include catalogues for major exhibitions, such as Challenging the Past: The Paintings of Chang Dai-chien . and collections of the papers from Sackler symposia, such as New Perspectives on Chu Culture During the Eastern Zhou Period . The Sackler Gallery has entered into an agreement with the Museum Riethberg Zurich to assist with the publication of Artibus Asiae . a major international journal of scholarly research in Asian art.

Conservation research during FY 1991 concentrated on the lead-isotope ratio analysis of Chinese bronzes in the Sackler and Freer galleries, as well as other collections and on the extension of identification methods in the field of organic colorants in East Asian paintings. As a joint effort, the Freer and Sackler galleries received a Smithsonian Scholarly Studies grant for research on the ancient Near Eastern metalwork collections in both museums. Results of this research will be published using the Freer and Sackler Publication Endowment Fund.

The Sackler Gallery attracts a large number of visiting research scholars, fellows and interns. Recipients work closely with staff curators on topics related to the collections. Scholarly grant programs advance the research and education programs based on Asian art collections and exhibitions at the Sackler.

Exhibitions - Exhibitions draw from international public and private collections and from the Sackler Gallery collection. Many of the exhibitions travel to other museums and institutions. During FY 1991, six temporary, special exhibitions opened. These included "Chinese Lacquer Furniture," "Paper and Clay from Modern Japan," "Court Arts of Indonesia," "Photographs from the Sevruguin Collection," "Crushed Lapis and Burnished Gold: The Art of Illumination," and "Indian Paintings from the Collection of Howard Hodgkin." Generally, one in three exhibitions is a major installation.

"Challenging the Past: The Paintings of Chang Dai-chien" opened in November 1991. "When Kingship Descended from Heaven: Masterpieces of Mesopotamian Art from the Louvre" opens in March 1992, and "Ancient Japan: Art and Culture" opens in August 1992. Each of these exhibitions is of major scholarly importance and will be installed with the general public in mind.

Conservation - The Sackler conservation effort includes research to understand the origin and physical nature of objects and thereby improve the care and treatment of them. Major expansion of the conservation facilities, which was just completed in the renovated Freer Gallery Building, also accommodates the requirements of the Sackler exhibition and collection programs. During FY 1991, the staff of the conservation laboratory concentrated on objects for exhibitions such as contemporary Japanese prints and ceramics, Chinese furniture, Chinese paintings, Indonesian art and Indian and Persian illustrations and illuminations. Environmental control of the Sackler exhibition galleries and collection storage areas in this new building also required constant monitoring. The East Asian Painting Conservation Studio, which conserves Sackler and Freer collections, is discussed in the Freer Gallery of Art section of this narrative.

Education - Through gallery tours, the docent program, school programs, teachers' workshops, hands-on tours, lectures, films, concerts, symposia, and in-gallery programs (such as storytelling) with members of the Asian community from the Washington metropolitan area, the Sackler Gallery continued to introduce and interpret Asian art and culture to its visitors. Interpretive tools, such as short talks by individuals from local Asian communities, videos, reading areas, demonstrations of techniques used in creating objects, and information about the geography of a country, help visitors to understand the cultural and physical contexts from which objects in exhibitions originated.

The Gallery's publications program includes the quarterly magazine, Asian Art , written for the general public using color plates and informative text. Recent issues have included such diverse topics as Japanese craft traditions, games in Asian art, art and performing arts in Indonesia, East Asian furniture, art collecting, and the art of eating and drinking in ancient Iran.

Collections Acquisition - Although the Sackler Gallery has no Federal funding for the purchase of objects for the permanent collection, minimal Trust funds are provided through the sale of merchandise at the Sackler Gallery shop and from the Smithsonian Institution Collections Acquisition Program. The Gallery collects art from all of Asia in its broadest terms. Objects acquired for the collection are of the highest quality in terms of aesthetic standards, cultural history, and physical condition. During FY 1991, the Sackler Gallery acquired 92 objects by gift and bequest and 64 objects by purchase. Purchases with Trust funds included a group of Chinese portrait paintings, ceramics and textiles; an Indian marble screen from the 17th century; and a number of Turkish objects from the 18th and 19th centuries. Gifts to the collection in FY 1991 included an Indian

hair ornament of gold and a photograph of Afghanistan that had been part of a photographic exhibition in the Gallery.

FREER GAT.T.FRY OF ART - The Freer Gallery of Art, which opened in May 1923 as the first art museum of the Smithsonian, houses an Asian collection generally acknowledged to be among the world's finest. The Freer holdings also comprise a group of late 19th- and early 20th-century American art, including the world's most important collection of works by the American expatriate artist James McNeill whistler. In addition to the program on American art, the goal of the Freer Gallery, similar to that of the Sackler Gallery, is to expand the knowledge and appreciation of works of art from Asia and the cultural and physical contexts from which works of art emerge through research, exhibitions, conservation, education, and acquisitions. The collections and combined resources of the Sackler and Freer galleries make them vital and important international centers for scholarly research and education in Asian arts and culture.

In the fall of 1988, the Freer Gallery closed for a multi-million-dollar construction and renovation project that will provide underground access between the Freer and the neighboring Sackler Gallery, triple the space for art conservation and technical study, increase its collection storage facilities by 70 percent, restore all 18 galleries and adjacent public areas, offer greater access to visitors with mobility impairments, and replace the roof and extensive skylight system. Work on the gallery level and exterior will preserve the original appearance of the building, which is on the National Register of Historic Places. The Institution currently anticipates that the Freer Gallery will reopen to the public in FY 1993.

During the renovation, research and plans for future exhibitions, conservation, education, and acquisitions continue. Collection items are available for study by appointment. The Library, shared with and located in the Sackler Gallery, houses approximately 52,000 collection-related volumes and is open to the public for reference.

Research - The Freer and Sackler galleries share research staff and support facilities which serve as an international center for advanced scholarship and education in Asian art and culture. The results of these efforts are made available through exhibitions, publications, and educational programs. In addition to the collections and the curatorial and conservation staff, research facilities include conservation laboratories, scientific research facilities and the library and archives.

Although the results of research are most visible in the Gallery's exhibitions, the Freer disseminates additional research results to the public through collection research records, lectures, and published papers and books, activities that continue even though the renovation forced the closing of all the exhibition galleries to the public. Evidence of ongoing research by staff is the recently published catalogue raisonne entitled, An Ideal Country: Paintings by Dwight William Tryon . The Freer collection holds the world's largest collection of works by this American artist. Publications that are in progress include Iranian Metalworks in the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and Freer Gallery of Art . Seto and Nino Ceramics: Japanese Collections in the Freer Gallery of Art , and Freer: A Legacy of Art , the Freer's reopening publication. In addition, the Freer Gallery helps support Ars Orientali . the Asian Art journal published by the University of Michigan.

Exhibitions - While the exhibition galleries are closed to the public, extensive planning is under way for the reopening exhibitions. Ongoing research about Charles Lang Freer and the history of the Freer Gallery will provide significant information to guide

the development of these exhibitions, which will feature the finest pieces in the Freer Gallery's Asian and American collections. Only a small percentage of the permanent collection can be on view at any one time. The staff, therefore, has ample opportunity to present thematic, changing exhibitions drawing on various aspects of the collection. With funding provided in FY 1992, the Freer will hire nine new positions required to help reinstall its galleries and to maintain a basic exhibition rotation.

Conservation - The Department of Conservation and Scientific Research carries out object conservation and analysis with a staff of conservators and conservation scientists. Beyond their roles as restorers and caretakers, members of the staff engage in primary research using scientific methods and technical equipment to learn dates and methods of manufacture, geographic origins, and materials. Asian paintings are remounted and conserved by a staff of conservation specialists trained in both traditional Japanese and Chinese methods.

Primary concerns for the past several years have been the conservation and storage of objects during the renovation and preparation for total reinstallation for the reopening. The environment in the temporary storage areas in the Freer during the renovation required continuous monitoring by conservators. Now that the collection has been relocated into newly constructed permanent research and storage areas of the Freer Gallery building, the conservation staff has turned its attention to monitoring these areas.

While the work related to the Freer collections and reopening exhibitions continues for the East Asian painting conservators in the East Asian Painting Conservation Studio, plans are being made for a future program in which Americans will be trained to alleviate the critical shortage in this country of persons skilled in this specialized field. There are only three facilities in the United States capable of restoring and mounting rare Asian paintings and screens, and they are occupied fully with the works in their respective museums. The newly expanded facilities of the technical laboratory will eventually incorporate training as part of its program.

Education - A free, public lecture series was established in 1953. Each academic year, leading scholars present illustrated lectures on Asian and American art. During FY 1991, the staff of the Freer Gallery carried out a wide range of research and scholarly activity that was made available to the public through educational programs, such as these lectures. When the Gallery reopens, educational materials available in the exhibition galleries will include a free introductory brochure for the visually impaired, free exhibition leaflets introducing various aspects of the Gallery's collections, and docent-led tours.

Collections Acquisitions - In FY 1991, the Gallery received five gifts including Chinese calligraphy and furniture and Japanese pottery. In FY 1991, the Gallery purchased 25 objects, including 18 calligraphers' tools in ivory, jade, coral, and glass. The Gallery received a substantial gift of a Chinese bronze ritual vessel dating from the 13th century B.C.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

ARTHUR M. SACKT.F.R GAT.T.F.RY :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - Annual allotments to the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery provide funds to defray the costs of special events associated with the opening of new exhibitions, cover the travel costs for members of the Sackler's Visiting Committee, and cover staff costs to do business. Proceeds from sales of Sackler items in the Sackler museum shop support the purchase of acquisitions, the publication of exhibition catalogues and gallery guides, and the operation of the shop itself.

Restricted Funds - These funds are contributions in the form of grants and gifts from individuals, foundations, organizations, and corporations for specific purposes. A major grant was received from The National Museum of History, Taipei, Taiwan to support the Chinese painting exhibition "Challenging the Past: Paintings of Chang Dai-chien," which is currently on view. Several other grants were received to support symposiums associated with particular exhibitions.

FREER GALLERY OF ART :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - Annual allotments to the Freer Gallery of Art provide funds to defray the costs of special events associated with the docent recognition and donor cultivation, cover the travel costs for members of the Freer's Visiting Committee, and cover staff costs to do business. These funds also support the position of historian for the Freer and Sackler galleries. Proceeds from sales of Freer items in the Sackler museum shop support the purchase of acquisitions, publications, and part of the operation of the Sackler museum shop. When the Freer reopens, proceeds from the Freer museum shop will support gallery activities.

Restricted Funds - These funds are contributions in the form of grants and gifts from individuals, foundations, organizations, or corporations for specific purposes. Three major grants were received, two from Japanese organizations and one from the Meyer family foundations in connection with the Freer Renovation. The Japanese sponsorship contributed $1.5 million towards the reinstallation of the exhibition galleries. The Meyer family foundations contributed over $1.0 million to renovate the auditorium now named the Eugene and Agnes E. Meyer Auditorium.

The major portion of the nonappropriated Trust funds for the Freer comes from the Charles Lang Freer bequest, which restricts their use. These funds help finance the Freer's professional curatorial administrative staff, acquisitions for the collection and library, maintenance of the Freer's courtyard, and operation of the Freer museum shop. Income from the Harold Stern Memorial Endowment support scholarly research in Japanese art. Funds from the Forbes Endowment support research in conservation.

ARCHIVES OF AMERICAN ART

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE - Full-time equivalent **FTP - Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

FTE Allocation

11 Personnel Compensation

12 Personnel Benefits

21 Travel

22 Transportation of Things

23 Rent, Communications & Utilities,

24 Printing & Reproduction

25 Other Services

26 Supplies & Materials

31 Equipment

Total

Analysis of Increase

Necessary Pay ,

Inflation

Program Funds

1,244

108

77

6

25

1,352

ABSTRACT - The Archives of American Art (AAA), a national research repository with regional centers in New York, Boston, Detroit, and Los Angeles, has the world's largest collection of archival materials relating to the history of American visual arts, including documents, photographs, works of art on paper, and tape-recorded oral and video interviews. The Archives houses original materials in Washington, D.C., and makes microfilm copies of

many materials available in the regional centers and through national and international interlibrary loans. The Archives seeks out, collects, and preserves original materials for study by scholars, students, curators, collectors, and others interested in the history of art and encourages research in American art and cultural history through publications, symposia, lectures, and other public programs.

For FY 1993, AAA requests an increase of 1 workyear and $25,000 to provide an archival technician for collections processing and conservation. The Institution requires $77,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $6,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense.

PROGRAM - The Archives of American Art encourages the study of American art and cultural history by collecting, preserving, and making easily accessible for research the primary source materials that are essential to the interpretation and documentation of the visual arts in America.

Collections Acquisition - In FY 1991, AAA added to its collections 127 groups of papers that contain some 432,000 items, including correspondence, sketches, diaries, and photographs, along with other original documents. An additional 29 collections containing approximately 38,000 documents were borrowed for microfilming. Among these papers are the records of the Robert Schoelkopf Gallery in New York, the Marian Locks Gallery in Philadelphia, and the Diana Fuller galleries in San Francisco, along with records of The Woman's Building (1973-1991) in Los Angeles. Other acquisitions included the papers of the painters Elliott Daingerfield (1859-1932), James Edward Fitzgerald (1899-1971), Gene Davis (1920-1985), and Carlos Almaraz (1941-1989), as well as an early Robert Henri (1865-1929) sketchbook. The papers of the architect Reginald Roderic Isaacs (1911-1986), the photographer Chao-Chen Yang (1910-1969), the museum director Charles M. Kurtz (1855-1909), and the ceramists Laura Andreson (b. 1902) and Patricia Warashina (b. 1940) were also received.

During this period, the Archives also conducted 40 oral history interviews with the painters Sam Francis and Herbert Gentry, the sculptor John Chamberlain, the conceptual artist John Baldessari, and Bill Brown and Jane Brown, the administrators of the Penland School of Crafts, among others.

Collections Management - The Archives uses contract services to conserve, restore, and stabilize fragile or deteriorating documents. Work completed in FY 1991 includes restoration and conservation of 16 historical photographs including a silver gelatin print of Juliana Force by Cecil Beaton, one albumen print of John White Alexander by Napoleon Sarony, and two gelatin bromide prints of Abraham Walkowitz by Arnold Genthe. In addition, archival staff processed and took basic preservation and conservation measures on 130 collections totaling more than 350 linear feet of documents.

Microfilming makes material readily accessible to researchers around the world and preserves original documents by eliminating the need for constant handling. The Archives continues to microfilm papers on an established priority basis and during FY 1991 completed the filming of 56 collections, producing a total of 116 rolls of microfilm--an estimated 139,200 images.

Research - AAA collections are now so extensive that it is impossible to do serious research in American art history without reference to them. During FY 1991, AAA's centers received more than 3,678 research visits and responded to another 2,793 researcher

inquiries. Scholars, students, curators, writers, collectors, dealers, and publishers studied more than 13,632 rolls of microfilm and/or oral history transcripts and original collections. Users borrowed an additional 2,127 rolls of microfilm through AAA's interlibrary loan program.

The results of all this activity were dozens of articles, dissertations, catalogues, and books published during the course of the year. These included two major works on Albert Pinkham Ryder, two exhibition catalogues on Winslow Homer and others on Albert Bierstadt and John Marin, as well as independent, scholarly books on George Catlin and his contemporaries and on the Mexican muralists in the United States.

Public Programs - Major activities during this period included two art fairs--the third annual USArt in San Francisco featuring 19th- and 20th-century American art and "Images and Objects: Art and Design of the 20th Century" in Boston. The Archives also co-sponsored with the National Museum of American Art a symposium in Washington, D.C., entitled "Cult, Culture, and Consumers: Collecting the Work of Self-Taught Artists in Twentieth-Century America." In addition, AAA professional staff lectured and participated in a variety of seminars and other symposia across the country.

The Archives also continued its series of publications aimed at increasing access to its collections with the Inventory of the Records of the National Arts Club. 1898-1960 . Art-related Archival Materials in the Chicago Area , and a thirtieth anniversary issue of the Archives of American Art Journal containing a representative selection of articles and documents drawn from past issues. Another book, The Old Guard and the Avant-Garde: Modernism in Chicago. 1910-1940 . an edited collection of the proceedings of a 1988 AAA symposium, was published by the University of Chicago Press.

Finally, two AAA exhibitions produced in New York and Washington, D.C., featured new acquisitions to the collections and selections from the Herbert Waide Hemphill, Jr., Papers. In addition, the Archives loaned some 65 documents to other institutions for exhibitions in the United States and one in France.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1993, AAA requests an increase of 1 workyear and $25,000 to provide an archival technician for collections processing and conservation. For the safety and preservation of the documents, groups of papers the Archives acquires cannot be used by researchers until they have been sorted, arranged, preserved, described, catalogued, and needed conservation measures taken. In other words, though the papers are in the custody of the Archives, they may not be immediately available. Over the past decade, the Archives has been confronted with a steadily growing backlog of unprocessed materials resulting from increased numbers of collections acquired with no corresponding increase in the number of technical staff to handle them.

Further problems associated with unprocessed materials are deterioration of documents, insufficient security, and lack of staff control, both intellectual and physical, over the collections. Further, because of inadequate staff, the Archives appears, to be inadequately responsible to donors of papers and unresponsive to those who would use its resources. This situation will only worsen as the fields of art history and American studies continue to expand.

Funding for one additional archival technician (1 workyear and $23,000) will begin to address the backlog and alleviate the untenable conditions surrounding the unprocessed collections. The technician will dedicate full-time effort to reducing the backlog and

to keeping up with the processing of new papers coming into the collections. This individual will arrange new collections, conduct necessary preservation measures, organize and place papers in acid-free folders and containers, label collections, write descriptions, and prepare the material for microfilming, research use, and safe storage. Additional funding ($2,000) for archival supplies will enhance the preservation and housing of collections.

Preservation of and increased access to AAA collections are the essence of this request. Because archival work is labor intensive, there simply is no way to accomplish the necessary tasks other than with sufficiently trained, professional staff. The addition of an archival technician will enable the Archives to manage its collections better, to fulfill its responsibilities to preserve and protect its collections adequately, and to make its resources available for research in a reasonable period of time. Without such support, the Archives can only fall further and further behind.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - Provided through annual allotments, these funds defray costs associated with special events recognizing donors to the Archives, supplement travel expenses incurred by the Archives' Board of Trustees, and provide partial support for general operating costs.

Restricted Funds - Fund-raising activities, gifts, foundation and corporate grants, the Board of Trustees, and a membership program generate funds for the Archives. A substantial portion of this income supports AAA's general operating expenses, its oral history program, and its publications program.

Continuing programs supported by foundation and corporate funds include the Philadelphia Documentation Project underwritten by the Pew Charitable Trusts, the retrospective cataloguing and automation project underwritten by the J. Paul Getty Trust and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, and national collecting projects underwritten by the Henry Luce Foundation. A major grant from the Brown Foundation as well as income from the Albert and Peggy deSalle Charitable Trust, the Dorothy Varian Bequest, and the Wellin-Taubman Reserve Fund established in 1986 by AAA's Board of Trustees, also help to underwrite the costs of AAA's basic programs.

COOPER-HEWITT MUSEUM

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

Base FY 1992

FTE Allocation 38

11 Personnel Compensation 1,054

12 Personnel Benefits 264

21 Travel 4

23 Rent, Communications & Utilities 40

25 Other Services 250

26 Supplies & Materials 400

31 Equipment 63

Proposed Adjustments

0

Est. FY 1993

38

Total

Analysis of Increase

Necessary Pay

Inflation

Program Funds ,

2,075

ABSTRACT - The Cooper-Hewitt, National Museum of Design, located in New York City, explores both the processes and the products of design. It examines the influence objects have on daily life--how they shape and are shaped by culture. The design concerns of the Museum are varied, including urban planning, architecture, industrial design, landscape design, interior design, textiles, fashion, theater arts, advertising, graphic arts, and

crafts. The National Museum of Design encourages "good design," explains the design processes, fosters discussion in related fields, and facilitates the dialogue between audience and designer.

The Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for FY 1993 programmatic increases for the Cooper-Hewitt Museum. The Institution requires $70,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $19,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense.

PROGRAM - The Cooper-Hewitt Museum is the only museum in America devoted exclusively to historical and contemporary design. The Museum pursues its goal through exhibitions; publications; provisions for collections study, research, and display; and educational programs for professionals, the adult public, and schoolchildren.

Exhibitions - Early FY 1991 saw the continuation of important and innovative exhibitions for Cooper-Hewitt. "Mondo Materialis" explored the possibilities of new materials in the man-made environment. An international group of architects, interior designers, and product designers designed more than 100 unique collage panels for this highly contemporary exhibition. Other exhibitions mounted in the first half of FY 1991 were "Gold of Greece: Jewelry and Ornaments from the Benaki Museum" and "18th-century Scenic and Architectural Design: Drawings by the Galli Bibiena."

In the second half of FY 1991, Cooper-Hewitt took a significant departure from past exhibition history to present "The Cooper-Hewitt Collections: A Design Resource," which focused entirely on the Museum's permanent collections. The exhibition features almost 1,000 objects and represents the breadth and depth of the Museum's holdings. The initial selection of objects will be rotated regularly throughout the 18 months of the exhibition as the Museum draws from its vast collection to create a changing panorama of design.

Future exhibitions now in the planning stages include the work of 20th-century American industrial designer Donald Deskey and "Maps: Paper Journeys and Beyond." "Maps" has been designated as Cooper-Hewitt's Columbus Quincentenary commemoration.

Publications - With Federal funding provided in FY 1991, Cooper-Hewitt published a free brochure to accompany the exhibition "The Cooper-Hewitt Collections: A Design Resource." In addition, work began in FY 1991 on four major publications that will be produced with privately raised funds: a large, scholarly book based on the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, its collections, philosophy, and definition of design; a catalogue based on the work of Donald Deskey and the designer's archives housed at the Museum; a book on maps to accompany the Museum's upcoming exhibition; and Conservation Concerns: A Guide to Collection Care , a compilation of scholarly articles about conservation and collection care.

In FY 1991, Cooper-Hewitt was successful in raising the $400,000 necessary to meet the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Challenge Grant for Publications, thus creating a $600,000 endowment fund to support future scholarly publication projects.

Collections Activity - During FY 1991, Cooper-Hewitt acquired 1,219 additional objects for its collection. Among the most notable were the Don Wallance archive, documenting the career of this notable American industrial designer; a large selection of ceramics and glass designed by the American Russel Wright; a large group of American machine-made wallpapers produced between the 1930s and 1960s; mid-18th-century English brocaded silks;

40 drawings for garden designs, 1912-19, by Andre and Paul Vera; and a drawing and related mimeo print, Ten Deck House . 1928, by R. Buckminster Fuller.

During the same period, the Museum loaned 220 objects to 27 museums and borrowed 710 objects. In preparation for outside loans and for use in Cooper-Hewitt exhibitions, the Museum's two conservators treated 448 objects. Approximately 300 scholars, private individuals, designers, and corporate interests visited the collections for research purposes. Visitors included representatives from Gallison Books; Liz Claiborne; Scalamandre, Inc.; Warner Fabrics; Smithsonian Product Development; Marta Gallo (an Italian silk manufacturer); Hee Jin Kim (a Korean braid maker); Stubbs Books and Prints; Bob Habolt, Inc.; Tiffany Archives; and many others from museums and universities around the world. Fieldcrest Cannon Mills and Cooper-Hewitt completed a series of bed linens based on textiles and drawings in the permanent collection. The Museum's specialized research library, which complements the collection, received almost 1,000 visitors.

Research - Besides exhibition-related work, notable collection-based research included the study of 18th-century drawloom woven silks; the cataloguing of wallpapers acquired since 1985; research on and documentation of the Shapiro collection of Soviet propaganda porcelains; preparatory research for the future exhibition called "Activities of Daily Living," which will focus on issues of accessibility in the built environment; and research on Donald Deskey furniture, interior, and industrial design.

Established to advance the understanding of design and decorative arts as it encourages and supports a promising young scholar, the Peter Krueger-Christie's Fellowship provides a stipend of $15,000 for a one-year period and a travel allowance of $2,000 for research at Cooper-Hewitt. Named in FY 1991, the second Fellow will conduct research on the 20th-century American industrial designer Don Wallance.

Educational Programs - Beginning in FY 1991, Federal funds enabled Cooper-Hewitt's Education Department to offer children's programs and free public programs. In FY 1991, the Museum served approximately 29,000 people with a wide range of lectures, courses, symposia, workshops, gallery programs, and tours. Notable symposia included "Smart Bricks, Useful Trash, and Elastic Chairs: Reinventing the Material World," "Design Narrative: Nature 2000," and "The Modernist Impulse in the Landscape of Invention: Los Angeles Architecture, 1920-1990." Outreach efforts were highlighted by "Ritual and Celebration: African Culture in the New World," a series of free lectures and outdoor concerts. This summer series explored the transference, adaptation, and transformation of various African cultures to the Americas as a consequence of the African slave trade. The total attendance for all four nights was estimated at 1,650 people.

In the summer of 1991, New York City junior high school students from public inner-city schools participated in a design and construction project in the Museum's garden. Cooper-Hewitt sponsored the project, and the Salvadori Educational Center for the Built Environment organized it. During the course of "A Bridge to Learning," the students built a 36-foot model of a suspension bridge. By participation and interaction in this project, the students were introduced to basic structural engineering principles. The bridge remained on view to the public through the fall of 1991.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - The Museum obtains these funds from a variety of sources, including museum shop sales, product development, individual and corporate memberships, admission fees, donations, fund-raising events, and annual allotments.

Restricted Funds - Designated for specific purposes, these funds derive from grants, bequests, and donations from individuals, organizations, and corporations. During FY 1991, the Cooper-Hewitt received the following significant gifts to support exhibitions: from Steelcase Design Group for "Mondo Materialis"; from the Arthur Ross Foundation for "18th-century Scenic and Architectural Design: Drawings by the Galli Bibiena"; and from the J. M. Kaplan Fund, Inc., and the Smithsonian Special Exhibitions Fund for "The Cooper-Hewitt Collections: A Design Resource." Another significant gift from the Barra Foundation supported Cooper-Hewitt's upcoming symposium, "The Edge of the Millenium."

As a result of a three-year campaign, the Overbrook Foundation as well as other donors provided invaluable assistance in matching the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Challenge Grant for Publications to establish an endowment for scholarly publications. The second annual Peter Krueger-Christie's Fellow was chosen for the 1991-92 academic year. Mr. and Mrs. Harvey Krueger and Christie's, Inc., established and augmented the fellowship in honor of Peter Krueger. The fellowship supports the scholarly work of an advanced student with interests in the areas in which Cooper-Hewitt collects. In addition, Mr. and Mrs. Krueger initiated sponsorship of a paid summer internship program for four interns. The response to this program was overwhelming, and it is hoped that further funding will sponsor more interns in the coming years. Private support for acquisitions came from the Decorative Arts Association membership and programs, the Charles E. Sampson Trust and the estates of Dona Guimaraes and Helen Buckner. In addition, acquisitions support was generously contributed by Corroon and Black and by Mario Buatta. The Helena Rubinstein Foundation again supported educational programming through scholarships for graduate students enrolled in the M.A. program in the history of European decorative arts. These scholarships have been awarded since the program's founding in 1982. Additional funds were donated in memory of director emeritus Lisa Taylor to the Lisa Taylor Fund for Design Research.

Government Grants and Contracts - Various government agencies and departments provide these funds for specific program support. The Museum annually seeks funding from the New York State Council on the Arts (NYSCA) for exhibition support and other programs. In FY 1991, NYSCA supported planning for the exhibition "Donald Deskey: Merchandising Modern Design in America," the upgrading of a collection's storage system, a publication on a collection of men's waistcoats, and the cataloguing of the Shapiro collection of Soviet porcelain.

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AFRICAN ART

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE - Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

Base FY 1992

FTE Allocation 58

11 Personnel Compensation 1, 906

12 Personnel Benefits 423

21 Travel 37

22 Transportation of Things 32

23 Rent, Communications & Utilities 11

24 Printing & Reproduction 135

25 Other Services 687

26 Supplies & Materials 365

31 Equipment 130

Collections Acquisition 130

Proposed Adjustments

0

Est.

FY 1993

Total

Analysis of Increase

Necessary Pay

Inflation

Program Funds

3,856

ABSTRACT - The National Museum of African Art (NMAfA) is the only museum in the United States devoted solely to the collection, preservation, research, exhibition, and interpretation of the visual arts of sub-Saharan Africa. Although the Museum's primary emphasis is on the traditional cultures of the sub-Saharan region, it also studies and exhibits the arts of the entire continent. While the Museum's programs have their basis

in the aesthetics of traditional African art, the Museum cooperates with organizations whose purposes complement and illuminate the art and cultures of Africa and enhance the visitor's experience and understanding.

The Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for FY 1993 programmatic increases for the National Museum of African Art. The Institution requires $190,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $38,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense.

PROGRAM - The National Museum of African Art educates and instills an appreciation for the cultures and visual arts of sub-Saharan Africa. These goals are accomplished through the acquisition and care, exhibition, and interpretation of works of art in the context of African history, cultures, and aesthetics.

Collections Acquisitions - The Museum acquired 52 works of art in FY 1990-FY 1991. As culturally significant expressions of artistic creativity, six acquisitions are exceptional. A pair of Bamana antelope headdresses, a Mossi figure, and a rare cast metal helmet mask from Cote d'lvoire have significantly strengthened the Museum's ability to exhibit and explicate the arts of the western Sudanic region. A finely carved caryatid drum from the Baga peoples of Guinea has added an important work of art to the Museum's Guinea coast holdings. An elegant mask from the Punu of Gabon is an outstanding example from equatorial Africa. In contemporary art, the acquisition of two important ceramic works by the Kenyan potter, Magdelene Odundo (b. 1950); nine etchings by the Nigerian artist Bruce Onobrakpeya (b. 1932); four etchings by contemporary black South African printmakers; one etching by Tayo Quaye (b. 1954) and one watercolor by A. 0. Adenaike (b. 1954), both of Nigeria; and two tapestries by the Ivorian artist Gerard Santoni (b. 1943) have allowed the Museum to take an important step in building a collection of African contemporary art.

The Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives acquired a total of 2,778 photographs in FY 1990-FY 1991 and a number of significant collections of vintage postcards. Particularly noteworthy are 155 slides of Dakar and Goree in Senegal, an 1897 albumen print of the king of Benin, a collection of 148 black-and-white prints taken in the 1930s of the Cameroon grasslands, and 115 hand-colored lantern slides covering the Kamba people of Kenya, in 1922-25.

Collections Management - To refine the optimum environmental conditions for metal objects in the NMAfA collection, a dehumidification system was specified and installed in FY 1991. This modification decreased humidity to an optimum level of 40 percent. Conservation staff have devoted considerable time to treating and preparing objects for new permanent gallery installations. Staff conserved approximately 75 of the 117 objects for "The Art of the Personal Object" and 25 of the 64 ceramics for "Purpose and Perfection: Pottery as a Woman's Art in Central Africa."

In FY 1991, the Museum developed a computerized collections management program. It provides the Registration Department with an efficient data base for collection and loan records and computerized receipts, lists, and object information cards.

Research - The curatorial staff has engaged in collections-based research. Primary topics of curatorial study are Baule figurative sculpture, the Nigerian artist Olowe of Ise, and further research on the art of Benin. Work continues on an anthology of essays

based on works in the permanent collection of African sculpture. The book will serve as an introduction to African sculpture, with an emphasis on archeology, history, context, style, and iconography.

Progress continues in the Photographic Archives on the duplication of images from the original Eliot Elisofon collection as well as classifying and housing the vintage postcard collection.

Exhibitions - Two new permanent exhibitions--on utilitarian objects, primarily from east and southern Africa, and on pottery from Central Africa--were installed and opened in FY 1992. The curatorial staff is working with three external specialists on the development of an FY 1993 exhibition that will examine a unique figurative art tradition of the Kongo (Zaire) peoples and explore affinities in the works of African-American artists who draw inspiration from that tradition.

The exhibition, "Paramount Chiefs of Sierra Leone: Photographic Portraits," opened in FY 1991 for a ten-month showing. The Museum also mounted a major traveling exhibition, "African Reflections: Art from Northeastern Zaire," organized by the American Museum of Natural History, New York. It was particularly significant for its presentation of scholarly research on the history of art traditions in northeastern Zaire. In FY 1991, the Museum opened a new gallery devoted to experimental temporary exhibitions of works from the permanent collections. "A Cloth of Honor by Okon Akpan Abuje" presented a unique funerary cloth of the Annang of Nigeria; "Africa Illustrated: Fantasy and Reality before 1900" presented illustrations of Africa by Europeans in books in the holdings of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries, including the NMAfA Branch Library. The Curatorial, Education, and Conservation departments collaborated on an exhibition, that opened in FY 1992, of a rare Yoruba copper alloy ceremonial ring cast by the lost-wax method.

Publications - In FY 1991, work was begun on a series of publications devoted to the Museum's permanent installations. The first in the series, entitled "The Art of the Personal Object," is being distributed by the University of Washington Press. In addition, a booklet accompanied the Museum's permanent installation, "Purpose and Perfection: Pottery as a Woman's Art in Central Africa."

Education - The Education Department informs the public about African art and culture through interpretive programs, including tours, outreach, school and teacher-training programs, symposia, and seminars. In FY 1991, the Department placed greater emphasis on the development of educational materials such as slide sets, posters, videotapes, and teaching materials. During FY 1991, more than 1,200 public programs were offered by NMAfA, serving more than 40,000 individuals.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - These funds come from the Museum's share of net proceeds from the museum shop, courses conducted in cooperation with Washington metropolitan area public education institutions, and allotments. NMAfA uses these funds to provide additional support for the Museum's education and collections acquisition programs, exhibition openings, publications, and travel costs associated with the Museum's commission meetings. In FY 1991, a grant from the Women's Committee of the Smithsonian National Associate Program funded the installation of an FM Assistive Listening System in the Museum's lecture hall. Funds available from the Institution's Collections Acquisition Fund were used in FY 1991 to assist in the purchase of a rare Baga (Guinea)

drum. Funds from the Scholarly Studies and Educational Outreach Program, Research Opportunities Fund, and Special Exhibition Fund to support research, education, and exhibition projects are also available.

Restricted Funds - Individuals, foundations, organizations, and corporations contribute these funds in the form of grants and gifts for specific purposes. The Museum receives income from a collections acquisition endowment established in FY 1988, and in FY 1991, funds from this endowment, combined with gifts from individuals and a contribution from the Institution's Collections Acquisition Fund, made the Baga drum purchase possible. A grant from the Shell Oil Company Foundation received in FY 1990 was used to support an academic internship and the publication of a brochure on the Museum's Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives. A generous pledge over a five-year period, begun in 1988, augments the Museum's Federal publications funds. In FY 1991, a grant from the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, awarded jointly to NMAfA and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and administered by the Smithsonian's Office of Sponsored Projects, supported the planning phase of an exhibition project on the art and culture of the Islamic world.

ANACOSTIA MUSEUM

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

FTE Allocation

11 Personnel Compensation

12 Personnel Benefits

21 Travel

22 Transportation of Things

23 Rent, Communications & Utilities.

24 Printing & Reproduction

25 Other Services

26 Supplies & Materials

31 Equipment

Total

Analysis of Increase

1,119

102

1,221

Necessary Pay.

Inflation

Program Funds.

44

8

50

ABSTRACT - The Anacostia Museum is a national resource on African-American history and culture. The Museum's exhibitions, scholarly and applied research, historical documentation, and interpretive and educational programs offer scholars and the public the opportunity to study the history of black America from a unique cultural perspective. The Anacostia Museum, a community-based entity, reaches out to nontraditional audiences.

For FY 1993, the Anacostia Museum requests an increase of 1 workyear and $50,000 for expansion of the education program. The Institution requires $44,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $8,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense.

PROGRAM - The Anacostia Museum serves as a national model for community-based museums across the country. Devoted to the interpretation of the African-American experience in Washington, D.C., Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, the Museum's unique program of applied research, historical and cultural documentation, exhibitions, and educational outreach provide the public with a multi-faceted approach to greater understanding of African Americans and their contributions to American society. The Museum also focuses on contemporary urban issues and their impact upon African-American communities in Washington, D.C., and the upper South. The Anacostia Museum collaborates with other Smithsonian museums whenever possible and is developing a unique partnership program that calls for collaboration with museums and other historical and cultural organizations in the upper South.

Established in 1967 as a neighborhood museum and serving as a cultural resource for the residents of Washington's Anacostia community, the Museum has developed into one of the country's most influential African-American-focused museums. Today it is a valuable resource on regional African-American history and culture, and it is taking the lead in the documentation of contemporary culture and issues as well as in collecting contemporary material culture. Known for its innovations in introducing nontraditional audiences to museums and their activities, the Anacostia Museum continues to work directly with schools, social service agencies, and a variety of local arts organizations. The Museum's staff is actively involved in a number of professional organizations, including the American Association of Museums, the African American Museums Association, and the American Association for State and Local History.

Research and Collections - Since its founding in 1967 , the Museum has documented the history and culture of African Americans and their significant contributions to the heritage of the Nation. During the past few years the Museum's strengthened research program has resulted in exhibitions that have gained international recognition. Several exhibitions have been converted to traveling exhibits and are circulated by the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service.

In FY 1991, a new research and collection focus has turned the Museum's attention to the African-American experience in the Nation's Capital and the nearby states of Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. This focus allows for a more defined program of collections development, a varied exhibition program, and the opportunity to develop regionally focused projects to serve as models for museums across the country. This regional focus also allows the Museum to address the historical and cultural origins of many of the black residents of Washington, D.C., as well as other regions of the country.

Through the addition of the Registrar position, the Museum has strengthened the curatorial functions of the Research Department. A more thorough and effective management of collections has been applied in coordination with the new collections management policy.

The new collections management policy allows Anacostia to meet effectively the guidelines and standards established by the Smithsonian. This policy, in conjunction with an increased public awareness of the Museum's collecting goals, will place the Museum in

the vanguard of collecting and protecting African-American historical patrimony. Several collections from regional sources are under consideration for inclusion in the Museum's collection.

Cooperation between the Museum and Smithsonian Institution Libraries has resulted in the hiring of a librarian who will work with the collections at the Anacostia Museum and the National Museum of American History. This collaboration will make the Museum more effective in meeting the research needs of Smithsonian staff and the general public.

During FY 1991, the Museum conducted research that will result in future exhibitions and publications including:

"To Achieve These Rights: The African-American Struggle for Equal Rights in the District of Columbia, 1791-1991" is scheduled to open in January 1992. Commemorating the bicentennial of the District of Columbia, the exhibit is a unique view of the legal and social struggle by blacks to secure equal rights in the Nation's Capital. It will examine the legal, political, and social interaction of African Americans and their struggle to obtain equal rights through legislative action.

"Black Mosaic: Community Life and Cultural Exchange in Washington, D.C.," a unique multi-cultural, multi-lingual project, will open in FY 1993. An examination of the contemporary configuration and diversity of Washington's black community, this project will explore the impact of blacks from the Caribbean, South and Central America, and Africa in defining and shaping a unique black cultural environment in the Nation's Capital.

"Choices: Collecting African-American Material Culture" is an innovative research project designed to create greater public awareness of the issues surrounding the collection of African-American historical and cultural materials . Since many of Anacostia's constituents are nontraditional museum audiences, they are often unaware that their homes, organizations, and neighborhoods are the sources of materials used for museum research and exhibit projects. This project will help to educate a wide audience about the sources of museum collections. It is designed to be a model for adaptation nationally.

Exhibits - The Museum continues to mount exhibitions that attract both local and national media coverage. In FY 1990, the Museum's "Whose Art Is It, Anyway? The Arts in Public Places," offered an innovative examination of public art. It was followed by the critically acclaimed, "Gathered Visions: Selected Works by African-American Women Artists in Washington, D.C." To close FY 1991, "Kaleidoscope: African American Photography in Washington, D.C." provided an examination of historical and artistic photography and its applications in the D.C. area. Following "To Achieve These Rights," opening in January 1992, the Museum will mount a special exhibit in September 1992 to celebrate its 25th anniversary.

The Museum has developed a ten-year exhibition plan. Future topics include domestic workers, the Gullah, the African-American press, and folk culture of the upper South.

Education - The Anacostia Museum develops and presents a variety of programs designed to increase public awareness of African-American culture as well as public insight into contemporary urban issues. During FY 1991, the Museum offered lectures, workshops, films, and staff-guided tours of exhibits and facilities. The Museum sponsored more than 150

programs, reaching more than 43,500 people. As part of its outreach program, the Museum has continued publication of a newsletter that began in FY 1990.

Future Development - The Smithsonian Institution remains committed to the future development of the Anacostia Museum, a unique facility within the system of national museums. A new director was appointed in FY 1991, providing new leadership and vision for the future. Particular attention is given to long-term planning, the relationship of the Museum to its resident constituents, the development of a National African American Museum recently approved by the Smithsonian Board of Regents, and the development of services for citizens in the five-state upper South region. A major focus for the future is the role of the Museum in developing research projects and exhibitions that, though regionally focused, have the potential for national and international replication.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE : For FY 1993, the Anacostia Museum requests an increase of 1 workyear and $50,000 for expansion of the education program.

Education Program (1 workvear and $50.000) - To address the increased demand for museum-based educational activities and community outreach, the Anacostia Museum requests an education specialist position. As a result of the recent addition of the visitor shuttle bus, the position will serve an expanded visitor population of school and community groups. In addition, an array of community-based educational and cultural organizations will benefit from expanded collaborative training, technical assistance, and educational outreach. The position will result in additional exhibit-related programs, improved visitor experiences, and enhanced working relationships with community organizations.

With the requested funding, the Museum will hire an education specialist (1 workyear and $35,000) and support costs ($15,000) to expand education and related outreach programs of the Museum's Office of Education. The education specialist will develop explanatory brochures and resource guides, text for exhibit labels and panels, and organize on-site workshops. This position will also develop and implement workshops and training for educational and cultural organizations involved in African-American cultural and historical activities and be responsible for a revamping of the Museum's volunteer training program.

An aggressive educational outreach program has historically been the hallmark of the Anacostia Museum. Additional resources are needed to keep pace with the increased school and community use of the Museum. Additionally, new initiatives, such as the Contemporary Communities and Issues Project, Black Mosaic, and the community-based collection campaign make the addition of personnel a necessity. Added resources will allow the Museum to serve larger and more diverse segments of the population.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - Annual allotments support the salary and benefit costs of the director of the Museum and an exhibit specialist as well as trustee travel. Additional funds derived from donations and exhibit rental fees support the Museum's educational programs.

Restricted Funds - Gifts and grants donated from individuals, organizations, and corporations support specific Anacostia Museum projects.

CONSERVATION ANALYTICAL LABORATORY

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

Base FY 1992

FTE Allocation 42

11 Personnel Compensation 1, 782

12 Personnel Benefits 348

21 Travel 55

25 Other Services 412

26 Supplies & Materials 110

31 Equipment 50

Total

Analysis of Increase

2,757

Necessary Pay.

Inflation

Program Funds.

Proposed

Adjustments

0

Est.

FY 1993

42

ABSTRACT - The Conservation Analytical Laboratory (CAL) located at the Museum Support Center in Suitland, Maryland, is the Smithsonian's specialized research facility for the conservation and technical study of museum objects. CAL helps the Smithsonian and other museums in the study, preservation, and conservation of objects of artistic, scientific, cultural, and historical importance. CAL staff examines the conservation-related properties of these materials, extracts historical information from their technical record,

and improves conservation treatment technology. Staff conservators apply the knowledge gained from scientific research directly to the actual treatment of objects. Experience with a wide range of materials and expertise in analytical and technological studies enable CAL to engage successfully in collaborative research with anthropologists and art historians. The wide variation in the state of preservation of objects in the National Collections provides the overview needed to define directions in conservation research. CAL also conducts a conservation-training program that includes basic and advanced conservation theory and technique, supports and organizes workshops and seminars, and disseminates the latest knowledge in the field of conservation and cultural materials research to museums and research professionals throughout the United States and the world.

The Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for FY 1993 programmatic increases for the Conservation Analytical Laboratory. The Institution requires $196,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $16,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense.

PROGRAM - The major programs of the Conservation Analytical Laboratory are archaeometry, conservation research, conservation training, and technical information. These programs, while distinctive, share methodologies and requirements for equipment and staff expertise. Hence their integration within CAL produces a strong, positive, mutual reinforcement.

Archaeometry - In this program, physical and natural scientists collaborate with scholars from the arts and humanities to address questions of an art historical or archeological nature. A number of techniques used in these programs require specialized facilities that CAL, in collaborative agreements with the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST), operates at the latter institution.

New work in the program on technical studies in art history focused mainly on an initial exploration of the use of digitized image handling and enhancement techniques in the interpretation of autoradiographs, x-radiographs, infrared reflectographs, and other visual representations of information on paintings. This initial work was performed in close collaboration with the staff and utilized the equipment of the National Archives.

CAL researchers involved in the work on provenance analysis of early Spanish colonial majolica have now directed their attention to material of special interest: ceramics recovered from La Isabella, a settlement on Hispaniola established by Columbus on his second trip in 1493 and occupied until about 1500.

In a collaborative program with the Bunkacho, the Japanese cultural agency, CAL

researchers and their Japanese colleagues studied the production technology of a large

number of ceramics from the Jomon era, a prehistoric development period in Japan that lasted from 10,000 to 500 B.C.

CAL's researchers in the biogeochemistry program successfully applied the chemical protocols developed last year to actual cases. A striking example was the diagnosis of treponemal disease through the binding of corresponding antigens to the extract from bone material of a Woodlands Native American radiocarbon dated to around 800 A.D.

Conservation Research - Research in this program pursues the identification and characterization of the chemical and physical processes involved in the deterioration of materials in museum collections (conservation science) and the development and evaluation

of treatment techniques for unstable collection items (conservation technology). CAL's scientists and conservators address these research questions in collaborative teams.

In collaboration with the National Gallery of Art, the Canadian Conservation Institute, and the Tate Gallery of London, CAL organized an international conference in London to disseminate the results of the joint research performed at these institutions on the effects of packing and transportation of paintings. This research has enabled the accurate prediction of damage for a given painting resulting from specific conditions of shock, vibration, temperature, and humidity, and as a result the formulation of packing conditions that will prevent such damage.

Modern synthetic materials, an ever increasing component of the collections, present new and specific problems in preservation that are studied by CAL researchers. A study of the destructive deterioration observed on the rubber components of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) spacesuits identified the practice of training astronauts in swimming pools for conditions of weightlessness as the cause of the later deterioration of the suits: the chlorine in the swimming pool water initiated and promoted breakdown processes in the rubber. As the practice continues today, research will now focus on developing treatment and storage conditions that will arrest this degradation process.

Archives nationwide, including those in the Smithsonian, contain large numbers of architectural drawings on special tracing papers. Research in architectural history often requires the use of these original drawings, which, due to the materials and processes involved in their manufacture, are highly subject to deterioration. CAL researchers studied the effects of various treatment techniques on these papers, which are also quite sensitive to the solvent systems used in paper conservation. Their results show good promise that this work will indeed result in the development of safe and effective treatments for these important materials.

The dangers involved in the cleaning and varnish removal on paintings have been a long-standing subject of discussion. CAL researchers continue to study the potential chemical and physical effects of the various commonly used solvent systems. Their initial results show a number of unexpected effects that will be further evaluated. CAL anticipates that this research will contribute to the ability of conservators to make a balanced assessment of risks versus benefits for each individual case.

The analytical services section provided scientific and technical support to conservators and curators throughout the Smithsonian. About 3,600 samples were analyzed, in the context of 350 requests for assistance.

Conservation Training - In addition to the four courses taught as part of the Furniture Conservation Training Program, CAL organized nine advanced courses for conservators on subjects such as mechanics of materials and structure of cultural objects, drying and flattening of paper, modern artist's materials and their conservation implications, identification of natural dyes on historic textiles, exhibition and display materials, and the properties of leather. CAL conservators and scientists taught in the joint CAL - Johns Hopkins University conservation science-training program and supervised the dissertation research performed by the students in this program as part of their Ph.D. requirements.

A new initiative in the internship program was the announcement of two special internships in archeological conservation. These interns, one on the postgraduate and

one on the graduate level, will combine supervised work on archeological excavations in the Middle East and Central America with special projects in CAL's objects laboratory for a unique training experience. With financial support from the Samuel H. Kress Foundation, CAL also established a new midcareer internship intended for conservators who have worked for a number of years in the field and who wish to update their expertise through work in CAL's research environment. Six conservators received postgraduate internship training; two graduate students in conservation spent their practical internships at CAL; three preprogram students worked with CAL staff; and four other students trained at CAL during summer internships. Other interns at CAL included a recipient of a Smithsonian minority academic internship in conservation, two students (one on a Smithsonian Native-American internship) who worked in the biogeochemistry laboratory, and an art history student.

Technical Information - CAL's technical information program handled more than 1,200 requests for assistance, about 700 of which came from the general public. The other requests came equally from Smithsonian staff members and from professionals nationwide. The unique collection of reprints from conservation literature was augmented to a total of 25,650, all of which are indexed in the bibliographic data base of the international cooperative Conservation Information Network (CIN). The importance and success of this network, of which CAL is a contributing partner, are clearly illustrated by the total of 240 data base searches performed on it by CAL's information specialists responding to requests from researchers and students both from inside (65 percent) and outside (35 percent) the Smithsonian. CAL's public conservation information program also distributed 300 copies of Pest Management in Museums . Since the book's publication by CAL in 1986, more than 1,500 copies have been sent out on request.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - These derive from the fees charged to participants in the advanced conservation specialist programs sponsored by CAL. These fees partially offset the expenses incurred in organizing the courses. Funds from the Smithsonian's Scholarly Studies Program and Research Opportunities Funds are available to support research projects. Funding for FY 1991 supported research in the joint Smithsonian-Bunkacho program, various projects in biogeochemistry, the Art in Transit Program, and the provenance studies in Spanish-American majolica.

Restricted Funds - The Samuel H. Kress Foundation supported a midcareer conservation fellowship at CAL.

OFFICE OF EXHIBITS CENTRAL

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

Base FY 1992

FTE Allocation 46

11 Personnel Compensation 1,560

12 Personnel Benefits 337

21 Travel 12

24 Printing & Reproduction 1

25 Other Services 50

26 Supplies & Materials 110

31 Equipment 40

Proposed

Adjustments

0

Total

Analysis of Increase

Necessary Pay ,

Inflation

Program Funds ,

2,110

Est. FY 1993

46

ABSTRACT - The Office of Exhibits Central (OEC) offers expertise in every phase of exhibit design and production to Smithsonian museums and bureaus. OEC's specialists and state-of-the-art facilities handle all aspects of Smithsonian exhibitions, including design, graphics, models, and fabrication. OEC also designs and builds shipping containers for Smithsonian traveling exhibitions. Exhibition projects involve artifacts both from

Smithsonian collections and from other museums and private collections. To improve service to the public and international sponsors, OEC will assist with exhibitions in Smithsonian exhibition spaces, currently not administered by a Smithsonian museum, such as the International Gallery and the Experimental Gallery.

The Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for FY 1993 programmatic increases for the Office of Exhibits Central. The Institution requires $135,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $5,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense.

PROGRAM - In FY 1991, OEC supported a wide variety of exhibition projects throughout the Smithsonian Institution. Below is a sampling of the kinds of expertise and services OEC provides for Smithsonian museums and bureaus.

At the National Museum of Natural History, OEC prepared the installation design for "Shark - Fact and Fantasy" and produced some additional graphic elements. OEC also refurbished the ostrich diorama in the bird hall. OEC's illustrator repaired the damaged background mural, and its taxidermist repaired the specimen ostrich. OEC also provided a variety of services for the Museum's Columbus Quincentenary exhibit, "Seeds of Change." The fabrication unit produced 26 exhibit cases; the graphics unit silk-screened labels for the exhibit cases; and the model shop created a display of potatoes in cast polyurethane resin and prepared ten mannequins and two horses to display costumes. The exhibition script was also edited in OEC.

OEC has been providing continuing support for the new Experimental Gallery in the Arts and Industries Building. An OEC designer redesigned the south hall to accommodate changing exhibitions and coordinated the installations. All of OEC's production units have been involved in the installation of each exhibition to date, providing installation expertise, graphics, and model making.

The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) continues to be OEC's largest single client. Highlights from the past year include the following:

OEC installed "Moscow: Treasures and Traditions" in the International Gallery.

OEC designed, edited, and produced "The Real McCoy: African-American Invention and Innovation." Adapted from the exhibition at the Anacostia Museum, this didactic panel show includes working models of several inventions.

"The Long Road Up the Hill: Blacks in the U.S. Congress, 1870-1990" was redesigned and updated from the popular exhibition that has been traveling for ten years.

OEC designed "The Good, the Bad, and the Cuddly: Attitudes Toward Animals," a cooperative project between SITES and the National Zoological Park that opened in the Experimental Gallery. The fabrication unit and model shop made five life-size animal models for the exhibition and produced mechanical interactive devices to enhance the interpretive message.

In addition to new exhibitions, OEC has dispersed about ten SITES exhibitions that ended their tour and refurbished another six to continue touring.

For the 25th year, OEC provided major support to the Folklife Festival by cutting, painting, mounting photographs, and silk-screening all the graphic panels.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - Proceeds from the sale of the OEC book A Freeze-Dry Manual , through the Smithsonian Institution Press, and reimbursements from internal Smithsonian units provide these funds. OEC uses the funds to purchase supplies, materials, and services in support of OEC activities; to defray costs associated with special events; and to supplement travel expenses.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION TRAVELING EXHIBITION SERVICE (Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

Base FY 1992

FTE Allocation 44

11 Personnel Compensation 1,481

12 Personnel Benefits 414

21 Travel 75

22 Transportation of Things 70

23 Rent, Communications & Utilities 7

25 Other Services 387

26 Supplies & Materials 3

31 Equipment 25

Proposed Adjustments

Est. FY 1993

44

Total

Analysis of Increase

Necessary Pay ,

Inflation ,

Program Funds

2,462

ABSTRACT - The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) expands the Smithsonian's presence beyond Washington, D.C., by circulating exhibitions to public audiences in museums large and small and in schools, libraries, science centers, historical societies, zoos, aquariums, and community centers. SITES exhibitions reach nearly 11 million people annually in the United States and abroad. A commitment to audience

access drives the development of all SITES programs. SITES's top priority is increasing the availability of Smithsonian-created exhibitions among people who cannot see them firsthand by visiting the Institution's museums. Facilitating the sharing of exhibitions created outside the Smithsonian--SITES's second priority--is another way SITES works to respond to diverse program needs and interests.

The Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for FY 1993 programmatic increases for SITES. The Institution requires $82,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $14,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense.

PROGRAM - The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service reconfigures and packages for widespread circulation exhibitions developed by Smithsonian museums and program offices and by institutions and organizations outside the Smithsonian. SITES tailors the form and content of these exhibitions to meet the program needs and technical capabilities of diverse museums and cultural and educational facilities worldwide.

In developing exhibitions for audiences of all ages and backgrounds, SITES strives to do more than present artifacts. SITES exhibitions represent a broad range of human perspectives; they pose questions, communicate abstractions, and challenge visitors to make connections among objects, people, places, events, and ideas. By emphasizing diverse viewpoints and by using inquiry as a means of interpreting exhibition themes and images, SITES hopes to encourage people to explore the full breadth of possibilities about themselves, others, and the world around them.

Smithsonian Exhibitions - SITES's FY 1993 program schedule includes eight new Smithsonian exhibitions. Among the most ambitious is "Beyond Category," a Duke Ellington retrospective that combines photographs, computerized audio programs, archival documents, live performances, and school curriculum guides to highlight one of the Nation's greatest cultural heroes. Developed jointly by SITES and the National Museum of American History, the exhibition will inaugurate a multi-year outreach initiative to bring America's rich jazz heritage to cities and towns across the country.

A collaborative exhibition between SITES and the Cooper-Hewitt Museum features rare maps and instruments. Entitled "Maps: Ways to Read the World," this FY 1993 project explores not only changing cartographic techniques but also the ways people in every time and place have used map making as a design resource to convey information about themselves in relation to the larger world.

A third Institutional collaboration parlays the resources of SITES and the Office of Environmental Awareness in an exhibition called "TRASH!" that addresses America's mounting garbage crisis and suggests what each of us can do to reduce its dangers.

More than 30 Smithsonian-created exhibitions will circulate under SITES's auspices during FY 1993. By sharing information, ideas, and collections from the Institution's museums, as well as from its major research and public program divisions, SITES provides visitors worldwide with a fuller picture of the Smithsonian's scope and vitality.

Exhibition Partnerships - Partnerships with institutions and organizations outside the Smithsonian enable SITES to meet more fully the program needs and interests of the multi-cultural audiences it serves. In FY 1993, for example, 12 SITES exhibitions will explore facets of the African-American experience. One such exhibition, "Long Road Up

the Hill," is based on a National Archives project about blacks in the United States Congress between 1870 and 1990. Another exhibition, "Go Forth and Serve," which examines America's historic black colleges, is the result of a partnership between SITES and the National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges.

A joint initiative between SITES and the Nature Conservancy will make possible the FY 1993 circulation of "Borderlands," an exhibition about the wondrous and complex natural environment at the U.S.-Mexican border. Efforts to introduce North American museum-goers to Mexico's rich artistic heritage, the subject of a FY 1993 exhibition entitled "Capturing the Spirit," stems from a partnership between SITES and Friends of the Arts of Mexico.

FY 1993 includes the first exhibitions in SITES's program to address America's relationship, past and present, with Japan and its people. "Strength and Diversity," SITES's traveling version of an exhibition developed by the Oakland Museum and the National Japanese-American Historical Society, captures the challenge of preserving one's unique cultural heritage within the context of a broader American identity. "Seeing Japan," an exhibit created by the Brattleboro Museum and Art Center, highlights shifting, often contradictory attitudes that historically have characterized American's sentiments about its major Pacific Basin partner.

How people form and reinforce stereotypes about others is the focus of yet another FY 1993 SITES exhibition, "Kid's Bridge." Originally developed by the Boston Children's Museum, the exhibition is tailored especially to youth museums. A second children's exhibition in SITES's FY 1993 program, "Saynday Was Coming Along," features historic Kiowa Indian drawings illustrating time-honored stories about the importance of generosity and sharing.

Exhibition Workshops - Preparatory workshops now play an integral role in SITES's outreach services. Before an exhibition is planned, SITES advertises information about the show's basic thematic focus, physical scope, and financial dimensions to potential host communities. Respondents then book a tentative slot on the exhibition itinerary and agree to attend a three-day workshop with civic leaders and potential sponsors from their local areas, as well as educators, content specialists, designers, and exhibit technicians from the Smithsonian. Together these individuals map out interpretive strategies, presentational formats, fund-raising approaches, and educational programs that capitalize on community resources and community-specific needs.

These workshops are a catalyst for collecting historic artifacts from the community that are later included in the exhibition. This process helps communities provide core story information about their own histories and concerns.

SITES is a high-visibility outreach arm of the Smithsonian. Its programs include 100 exhibitions on myriad subjects covered by the Institution's museums and research scholars. With this budget submission, SITES looks forward to FY 1993 service capabilities that will enable more people than ever before to experience the full range of Smithsonian programs.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - A portion of SITES's annual operating budget comes from rental fees collected from museums and other recipients of traveling exhibitions. These fees, supplemented by an allotment, support exhibition development

costs including design and production, publications, materials, outside specialists, and contractual services. The Smithsonian also supports certain SITES exhibitions on a selective basis with monies from the Special Exhibition Fund.

Restricted Funds - Individuals, organizations, and corporations donate gifts and foundation grants for specific SITES exhibitions. During FY 1991, SITES received support from the MacArthur Foundation for host museum programs developed in conjunction with SITES's tour of "Tropical Rainforests: A Disappearing Treasure"; from Time Warner, Inc., for "Songs of My People"; from the Nature Conservancy for "Borderlands"; from the Brand Names Education Foundation for "Making Your Mark: Commercial Symbols in a Mass Consumption Society"; and from the Lila Wallace - Reader's Digest Fund for "Beyond Category: The Musical Genius of Duke Ellington."

MUSEUM SUPPORT CENTER

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

Base FY 1992

FTE Allocation 46

11 Personnel Compensation 1, 145

12 Personnel Benefits 349

21 Travel 12

22 Transportation of Things 2

23 Rent, Communications & Utilities 10

25 Other Services 1, 074

26 Supplies & Materials 104

31 Equipment 2 , 845

Total

Analysis of Increase

5,541

Necessary Pay.

Inflation

Program Funds.

Proposed

Adjustments

10

Est. FY 1993

56

ABSTRACT - The Museum Support Center (MSC), located in Suitland, Maryland, is a specially equipped and environmentally controlled facility providing "state-of-the-art" technology for scientific research, conservation, and collections storage. MSC accommodates collections storage in four sections (or pods) for three types of needs:

collections storage in cabinets, "wet" collections storage on open shelving for biological specimens in alcohol, and "high-bay" storage for very large objects. MSC also houses the Conservation Analytical Laboratory (CAL) and conservation laboratories for the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) and the National Museum of American History (NMAH), the NMNH Laboratory for Molecular Systematics, and other NMNH specialized research laboratories. MSC's facilities provide the best conditions possible for preservation of the National Collections for future generations.

For FY 1993, the Institution requests an increase of 10 workyears and $230,000 for the Museum Support Center Move costs. The Institution requests that the funds for MSC collections storage equipment and for MSC move costs remain available until expended (for FY 1993, this sum totals $3,669,000). The Institution requires $65,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $7,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense. MSC FY 1992 base resources include an amount of $994,000, to fund the first of three annual payments to reimburse the permanent Judgment Fund of the U.S. Treasury in compliance with a vendor judgment relating to the purchase of equipment for the Museum Support Center facilities.

PROGRAM - The Institution's Museum Support Center provides state-of-the-art facilities for the conservation and preservation of museum objects; conservation training; scientific research; and the storage of museum collections. New, specially designed, state-of-the-art storage equipment is now available at MSC to house collections. The Museum Support Center Director is responsible for records of the more than 36 million specimens and objects being moved to MSC.

The size and scope of the move of Smithsonian collections to the Museum Support Center, including the preparation and relocation of millions of objects and specimens from several curatorial departments in two different museums, is unprecedented within the museum world. The volume, characteristics, and variety of the collections and the distance of the transfer pose special challenges that must be addressed as part of the move. The MSC Move staff inspects the objects for pests and conservation problems, cleans them, and properly stabilizes them prior to their move. The collections relocated to MSC are properly curated, less-crowded and subject to better-controlled environmental conditions than collections in most other Smithsonian storage areas. As a result, they have far better prospects for long-term preservation and will be significantly more accessible to researchers.

Early in its planning for the relocation of collections, the Smithsonian established the concept of the "Initial Move" with the objective being the phased transfer of millions of designated objects from NMNH and NMAH to MSC over a multi-year period. The "Initial Move" collections will occupy approximately two-thirds of the MSC storage space, and the remaining third will be used for "Growth."

MSC Collections Storage Equipment - GSA has awarded all reprocurement packages that provide the storage equipment required to relocate the Initial Move high-density collections to MSC. It has also solicited reprocurement packages for the large drawer cabinets and shelving units. By January 7, 1992, contractors had installed 2,607 shelving cabinets, 4,216 drawer cabinets, 38,999 drawers, 7,452 shelves, 764 insect cabinets, 608 botany cabinets, all of the cantilever shelving, and almost all of the compactor screens. GSA anticipates completion of manufacture and installation during 1993 of all high-density reprocurement storage equipment packages for the Initial Move.

The Institution is now addressing two of the three remaining requirements for MSC collections storage equipment:

design, purchase, and installation of the "high-bay" collections storage equipment for Pod 4;

procurement and installation of the balance of the collections storage cabinets for Pods 2 and 4 begun in 1991, a window of opportunity remains open to the Smithsonian to purchase these cabinets under a current contract for a set price. This set price includes a ceiling for annual escalation costs above the base price. Under the terms of this contract, the Smithsonian must order these cabinets by FY 1994, or pay higher costs to procure them at a later date.

The design, purchase, and installation of the balance of the "wet" storage equipment for Pod 3 will be addressed at a later date when funds are available.

MSC Move - During FY 1991 and to date in FY 1992, the move of collections from NMAH to MSC continued with limited support from the Move Office. Because MSC Move funds were not adequate to continue this move in FY 1991, NMAH redirected Museum program operating funds to the move to avoid delaying its Major Capital Renewal Project currently underway and incurring delay claim expenses. NMAH hired technicians to pack and move 1,700 textile patent models from the Museum's Department of Social and Cultural History.

NMNH continued moving collections, with assistance from the small Move staff. Approximately 20,300 objects from the African, Asian, and North America collections were moved, which helped create space to house the Native-American repatriation staff. Other collections moved included 1,122,000 insects; 500 herbarium specimens; 8 marine mammals; and 4,700 reptiles and amphibians. In addition, many collection objects already moved to MSC and stored in temporary locations were relocated to their final storage destination in the Pods.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1993, the Institution requests an increase of 10 workyears and $230,000 for the Museum Support Center Move costs.

MSC Move and Asbestos Contamination (10 workyears and $230.000) - A significant complication to the MSC Move, which was not anticipated in the original planning, is the extent to which the collections to be moved have been contaminated by asbestos as a result of being stored in their present inadequate environmental conditions. The collections are not safe to handle without proper safety attire nor accessible for research study or exhibit. For example, among the collections needing relocation are specimens that represent species at risk of extinction through continued human impact on the planet. With the destruction of certain ecosystems, these specimens will become increasingly important for the study of biodiversity, pollution effects, and the physical destruction of the Earth's environment. Some collections, including tropical plants and mammals specimens, are in immediate danger of complete deterioration in the poor environmental conditions at the Suitland Facility and the Smithsonian Institution Service Center. Another example are the Native American objects currently stored in two of the Natural History Building's attics which have exposed asbestos insulation. Native American craftsmen and researchers have been anxious to study these collections for several years. But, until manpower and other resources necessary to remove the asbestos from these objects are available, the Institution cannot move them to MSC nor make them accessible for study.

The MSC Move impacts greatly on the Natural History Building Major Capital Renewal Project. The Major Capital Renewal Project will replace a 30-year-old mechanical system that has outlived its normal life span, breaks down regularly, and is expensive to maintain. The Smithsonian staff and the contract designer assumed, during the planning of this renovation project, that additional resources would become available for the MSC Move in order to keep the Major Capital Renewal Project on schedule. Unfortunately, sufficient MSC Move resources have not become available to ensure compatibility between the rate that collections leave the building and the rate of planned (and funded) Major Capital Renewal work.

For the Natural History Building's Major Capital Renewal Project to proceed on schedule, the Smithsonian must move, by mid-FY 1994, those collections presently stored in the Museum's three attics. It must also move collections from other locations within the Natural History Building to MSC to ensure that the renovation project proceeds without delay. Only with an increase in funds in FY 1993 through FY 1995 can the collections be relocated in a timely fashion to MSC. Once these collections are at MSC, the contractor can remove asbestos from the three attics. The contractor can then use two of these attics, as well as other vacated locations, to house temporarily relocated staff and/or collections. Once the staff and/or collections are relocated to these temporary locations, the contractor can then make the necessary mechanical renovations throughout the rest of the building. Any delay in moving these collections to MSC will delay the Major Capital Renewal Project significantly.

The focus of the Move in FY 1992 and FY 1993 will be on collections that are stored in locations where the Major Capital Renewal Projects are scheduled to begin, collections in asbestos-contaminated locations, and on collections that will take a long time to move, including NMAH and NMNH's Departments of Anthropology, Vertebrate Zoology, and Entomology. Over time, the Institution will move collections from all divisions of the seven departments of NMNH and the two departments of NMAH.

Although the Institution moved some collections during FY 1990 and FY 1991 into the 8,200 cabinets now available at MSC, it does not have adequate resources to relocate significant numbers of collections from the Mall to MSC. Even with the additional funding provided for the Move in FY 1992, a sufficient number of collections cannot be moved from the Natural History Building's attics to the MSC prior to the schedule of the NMNH Major Capital Renewal Project as described above.

The Institution will use its base funds to support a small core staff which will provide, oversee, and ensure quality control for Move activities; and a minimal amount for necessary supplies and equipment related to relocation activities to accomplish as much of the relocation as possible. With the current level of base funds, $619,000, it would take at least 9 more years to accomplish the Move. Therefore, the Institution requests an increase of 10 workyears and $230,000 in FY 1993 to remove asbestos contamination from specimens and to move as many of them as possible out of the way of the Major Capital Renewal Project.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - An allotment has supported the purchase of special laboratory equipment for the Conservation Analytical Laboratory.

PUBLIC SERVICE

ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR PUBLIC SERVICE

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

Base FY 1992

FTE Allocation 27

11 Personnel Compensation 1,187

12 Personnel Benefits 235

21 Travel 15

23 Rent, Communications & Utilities 27

24 Printing & Reproduction 96

25 Other Services 95

26 Supplies & Materials 37

31 Equipment 31

Proposed

Adjustments

0

Total

Analysis of Increase

1,723

172

Est. FY 1993

27

1,895

Necessary Pay.

Inflation

Program Funds.

164 8 0

ABSTRACT - The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Service encourages program initiatives that advance the Institution's objectives in education and information through multi-media publications, folklife programs, the development of wider audiences, and celebrations focused on the achievements and contributions of women and ethnic minority

groups. The Office advises the Secretary on general public service policy issues and program planning. This line-item includes the Smithsonian Office of Wider Audience Development (SOWAD), which advises and assists Smithsonian managers on management policies as they relate to minority audience participation in exhibitions and other public programs; the Office of Telecommunications (OTC), which produces programs for radio, film, and television relating to Smithsonian fields of interest; the Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center (VIARC), which coordinates and provides Institution-wide information, orientation, and assistance programs; and the Office of Public Affairs (OPA), which publicizes the Institution's exhibits, public events, and research and acquaints the public with the Institution's programs and policies through contacts with news and other media organizations.

The Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for FY 1993 programmatic increases for the offices included under the Assistant Secretary for Public Service. The Institution requires $164,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $8,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense.

PROGRAM :

I. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Service - With base funding of 5 workyears and $346,000, the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Service focuses on matters relating to pan-Institutional interests, goals in education, facilitation and advocacy of cultural diversity and cultural equity, wider audience initiatives, and public service policies in the central planning, development, and oversight of all Public Service programs and activities of the Institution. The Office and the offices it oversees maintain liaison with the various ethnic committees in the Institution and collaborate with bureaus and offices to address issues of cultural diversity and equity in research, documentation, and public presentation. They disseminate information on the Smithsonian to broad national audiences, plan and execute formal and informal educational outreach efforts, and engage in research and documentation of living cultures. In cooperation with the Smithsonian African-American Association, Asian-Pacific American Group, Latino Working Committee, and other ethnic committees, they develop and execute outreach programs that bring diverse cultural communities and professional sectors to the Institution. The offices reporting to the Assistant Secretary include the Smithsonian Office of Wider Audience Development, the Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center, the Office of Public Affairs, the Office of Folklife Programs, the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, and the National Science Resources Center. Although still reflected within the Public Service section for presentation purposes, the Office of Telecommunications is now organizationally placed under the Assistant Secretary for External Affairs.

II. Smithsonian Office of Wider Audience Development - With base funding of 1 workyear and $45,000, SOWAD coordinates initiatives within the central administration to promote cultural diversity and equity. SOWAD plans federally designated commemorations of ethnic and women's heritage; provides technical assistance to Smithsonian bureaus and offices to strengthen ties with nontraditional audiences; conducts local and national outreach to organizations, networks, and key individuals concerned with issues-related cultural diversity; and assists the Smithsonian Institution Cultural Education Committee and staff advocacy groups in their efforts to enhance the presence and participation of underserved communities.

III. Office of Telecommunications - With base funding of 5 workyears and $279,000, the Office of Telecommunications produces programs for radio and television relating to

a variety of Smithsonian research and scholarly activities. Distributed nationwide, these programs are an important part of Smithsonian outreach, as they support and interpret the research, exhibition, and education goals of the museums.

In FY 1991, OTC completed Our Biosphere: The Earth in Our Hands . Narrated by Robert Redford, this film explores the pioneering work of the Smithsonian's Marine Systems Laboratory and its contribution to the building of the Biosphere II "closed ecosystem" in Arizona. The film premiered nationally on the Discovery Channel and is now available on videocassette.

The Office took part in developing a major television project titled "Earth Game," in which leading statesmen, scientists, and economists gather to deal with a critical moment of environmental decision-making. OTC coordinated a rigorous research effort to create scientifically valid scenarios for the game. Plans are under way to tape the program at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island, for broadcast during 1992. Partners in the project are BBC Television and other European broadcasters.

"Dream Windows," an hour-long film that explores the importance of gardens to Japanese culture, moved through complex preproduction and scripting to principal photography in Japan. Editing is in progress, and OTC expects to complete the project in the spring of 1992.

After 20 years on nationwide radio as a weekly half-hour magazine show, "Radio Smithsonian" announced new program initiatives beginning in December 1990. First on the air were two specials: "The Louis Armstrong Jazz Trumpet Competition" hosted by Bill Cosby, a co-production with WETA-FM broadcast over 162 stations, and a concert featuring the world-renowned Smithsonian Chamber Orchestra and Chorus performing J. S. Bach's Christmas Oratorio, carried by 110 stations. "Cole Porter's 100th Birthday All-Star Gala Celebration," a co-production with WETA-FM and Carnegie Hall, aired in June 1991.

Among new co-productions from Radio Smithsonian was "Folk Masters," 13 folk music concerts presented at New York's Carnegie Hall. Co-produced with WETA-FM, the series was carried by 162 stations. "Speakers Corner," 52 weekly lectures in the arts, humanities, public affairs, and the sciences, is a co-production with the William Benton Broadcast Project of the University of Chicago. Hosted by Roger Mudd, this new series debuted in July 1991 and is already carried on 140 stations. "Spirits of the Present," the new series focusing on American Indians, is in co-production with the Native-American Public Broadcasting Consortium, for broadcast starting in early 1992. These collaborations represent a new direction for Radio Smithsonian, which had been the sole producer of the previous magazine series. A variety of broadcast partnerships allows the programs to focus on specific topics in greater depth and permits a broader range of offerings.

OTC completed the video "Moving America's Mail," the first program produced for the National Postal History and Philatelic Museum. The Museum has asked OTC to oversee production of another 15-20 videos for this facility. The Office produced an interactive video component for an exhibition celebrating the 300th anniversary of the first paper mill in the United States. Produced for the National Museum of American History's Division of Graphic Arts, the video helps visitors understand the complex process of papermaking. "As They Really Are," a 5-minute video produced by OTC for the National Zoological Park, presents animals on their own terms, contrasting with other elements of the touring exhibition "Human Attitudes Toward Animals." The Office also produced two videos for the Columbus Quincentenary exhibition, "Seeds of Change," at the National Museum of Natural

History. Both videos deal with the legacy of cross-cultural encounters: "Crow Fair" shows the importance of the horse in Plains Indian culture; "Montserrat" portrays the mix of cultures on a tiny Caribbean island that once depended on sugar production.

OTC designed and implemented marketing strategies for a wide range of programming, including promotion of the previously cited radio series and specials. By collaborating with its production partners, the Office was able to expand its radio promotions through special events, direct mail, and telemarketing. OTC continued its efforts to increase sales of home videos by contracting with Public Media, Inc., as national distributor of the Smithsonian Video Collection, which now numbers seven programs. The Office's marketing efforts led to increased demand for the 20-minute video "Guide to the Smithsonian," which is now on sale in all museum shops and the Smithsonian Information Center.

The Office also devoted considerable effort to meeting the electronic media needs of Smithsonian bureaus and offices. Services ranged from consultations on program planning and budgeting to videocassette dubbing, videotaping of events, and rough-cut editing of a wide array of programs.

IV. Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center - With base funding of 2 workyears and $187,000, the Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center is a central unit responsible for Institution-wide information and assistance programs for the public, Associate members, Smithsonian staff, and volunteers. Operating seven days a week, the Center's programs involve coordinating and directing large numbers of volunteers, who constitute a primary source of support for the Institution's public information programs and for project assistance behind-the-scenes.

-- Visitor Information Services - In its third year of operation, the Smithsonian Information Center located in the Castle has served more than 3 million visitors. Created entirely with nonappropriated funds, the Center continues to provide a multi-faceted information and orientation program designed to assist visitors in planning their Smithsonian agenda and touring other popular Capital attractions. Opening daily at 9 A.M. , highlights include two orientation theaters featuring an award-winning, 20-minute video overview of the Institution; interactive touch-screen video programs on the Smithsonian in seven languages; scale models of Washington's monumental core; electronic wall maps and interactive touch-screen programs highlighting popular Capital attractions; printed guides in seven languages; and volunteer information specialists to answer questions and provide direction.

More than 600 volunteer information specialists were required to staff 16 information desks in 11 Smithsonian buildings including the Smithsonian Information Center, 7 days a week. Recruitment efforts to attract volunteers from culturally diverse backgrounds continued and resulted in an average 25 percent representation rate for ethnic minorities in training classes to date. VIARC created a pilot training program for D.C. area teachers that provided in-service credit as well as instruction on how to use the Smithsonian for curriculum development in return for teacher participation as volunteer information specialists during the summer months and holidays.

Docent-led tours of the Castle's public areas flourished and were extended to include Fridays, highlight tours in Spanish during Hispanic Heritage Month, and Fall tours of the Enid A. Haupt Garden. Additionally, to promote previsit education, VIARC conducted outreach to local, national, and international audiences through active participation in tour and travel marketplaces, meetings, and conferences.

-- Public Inquiry Mail and Telephone Information Services - Automated office systems continued to streamline response to mail and telephone inquiries. Some 41,000 pieces of correspondence and 320,000 telephone inquiries were handled in FY 1991 by VIARC staff and volunteers. On-line research tools were expanded and are now available to multiple users. Recorded information on the Smithsonian's various ethnic celebrations and events supplemented daily Dial-a-Museum and Dial-a-Phenomenon recordings.

-- Publications and Other Information Resources - Use of upgraded software programs and enhanced graphics capabilities increased the efficiency and productivity of the Information Resources Division, which is responsible for compiling, coordinating, and producing a variety of reference materials, publications, and information aids that support all VIARC programs. Some 20 publications were produced by VIARC in addition to monthly pan-Institutional Calendars of Events and Exhibitions Directories. Fifteen publications produced by other SI bureaus and outside organizations were reviewed prior to publication and distribution to internal and external audiences. A new technique was employed to assure greater durability and longer life for outdoor orientation pylons. Information Center interactive components and the electronic maps were updated regularly to reflect the most current information.

-- Project Assistance Behind-the-Scenes - Programs, departments, and divisions across the Institution were assisted by VIARC's Behind-the-Scenes Volunteer Placement Program, which continued registering, recruiting, and placing volunteers for a myriad of independent projects. The annual Institution-wide survey of volunteer activities documented that 4,797 volunteers contributed 478,419 hours of service during FY 1991.

V. Office of Public Affairs - With base funding of 14 workyears and $866,000, the Office of Public Affairs coordinates and oversees public affairs, publicity, promotion, advertising, and other information programs of the Smithsonian in conjunction with bureaus and offices. The Office develops programs to advance the Institution's objectives in public information and acquaints the public with research, exhibitions, public programs, and other activities of the Smithsonian by working with newspapers, magazines, television, and radio to gain media exposure. A major goal of OPA is to encourage culturally diverse audiences to take advantage of the many resources of the Smithsonian. The Office of Public Affairs produces general information brochures and booklets, the employee newspaper, a syndicated monthly feature story service for newspapers, a quarterly research bulletin, a bimonthly newsletter for Native Americans, and other materials. A portable exhibit featuring minority visitors is displayed at appropriate media conferences around the country, and full-page Smithsonian advertisements are featured in their conference booklets.

-- Smithsonian News Service - OPA distributes the Smithsonian News Service, a free monthly package of four feature-style articles on subjects in art, history, science, technology, and contemporary life. The service goes to 1,000 daily and weekly newspapers. Two stories each month are translated into Spanish and mailed with the English edition to 100 Hispanic and bilingual newspapers in the United States and Puerto Rico. In addition. selected stories are distributed internationally by the New York Times Syndication Sales, Inc.

-- African-American Audiences - The Ad Hoc African-American Media Advisory Committee, formed to discuss new ways to reach African-American audiences, completed its work in FY 1991. Its suggestions included themes for public service announcements, revisions in

the format of the Smithsonian's monthly events calendar, expansion of radio advertising, and programs for students in African-American communities. A year-long radio campaign is being implemented in FY 1992 as a result of the committee's suggestions. The success of the Media Advisory Committee has inspired the use of similar resources for other audiences.

OPA has completed two brochures for African Americans: "Explore Your Heritage at the Smithsonian," aimed at school-age children and general visitors to the Smithsonian, and "Resources at the Smithsonian for African Americans," a more detailed booklet for a scholarly audience.

-- Latino Audiences - The Office began publicity for the Columbus Quincentenary program with Hispanic magazines and newspapers plus a well-publicized annual Hispanic Heritage Month program. OPA coordinated publicity for the major pan-Institutional Columbus Quincentenary "Symposium of the Americas." It is also producing and airing radio advertisements in three major Hispanic markets in the East for the Quincentenary program, as well as distributing pre-recorded radio interviews in Spanish to 100 stations. The Ad Hoc Latino Media Advisory Committee was formed in 1991 to discuss ways to reach Latino audiences; its recommendations include preparation of more visitor materials in Spanish and more frequent print media advertisements.

-- Publicity on Research Efforts - Research Reports , a newsletter about the ongoing research of the Institution, appears quarterly. It includes such special features as the column "Research Vistas," a book review and author profile, and information of special interest to the more than 70,000 Contributing Members of the Smithsonian National Associate Program, who also receive this publication. A new publication on behind-the-scenes research also is being completed in FY 1992.

OPA also focuses on publicizing environmental research and activities by coordinating publicity for the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, and other special programs. A 30-second public service announcement, featuring actor Robert Redford describing the beauty and diversity of Earth and the Smithsonian's efforts to preserve the environment, continues in distribution.

-- General Publicity - The Office coordinates pan-Institutional publicity campaigns and undertakes publicity for those Smithsonian units that do not have a public affairs specialist. Among the special campaigns undertaken in FY 1992 are promotion of "Degenerate Art: The Fate of the Avant-Garde in Nazi German," an exhibit in the International Gallery, and production of a public service announcement for disabled visitors.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

I. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Service :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - An annual allotment provides for the salary, benefits, and support costs of five staff members assigned to the immediate office. A Special Purpose fund provides for the Educational Outreach Fund, which fosters research on improved, expanded, and innovative methods of outreach activity. While the budgets for FY 1992 and FY 1993 appear under this Office, the actual expenditures for FY 1991 appear under the recipient organizations.

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - An annual allotment provides salary and benefits for a program assistant in the Smithsonian Office of Wider Audience Development and support costs for wider audience initiatives, including the Cultural Education Committee, which fosters the development of pan-Institutional outreach efforts designed to attract diverse cultural audiences.

III. Office of Telecommunications :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - An annual operating allotment provides support for ten full-time staff members and costs associated with the production of educational and informational materials for the electronic media. The sale of film, video, and audio programs provides additional funds.

Restricted Funds - Individual gifts and grants from private foundations and corporations provide these funds, used by OTC for specific programs. In FY 1991, funds from the Philecology Trust supported completion of the one-hour environmental film, Our Biosphere: The Earth in Our Hands . A consortium of Japanese companies, including the Kajima Corporation, Hitachi Limited, and the American Family Life Assurance Company, provided grants for a major film on the history and cultural significance of Japanese gardens, to be completed in FY 1992. Funds from public television station WQED in Pittsburgh supported development of a special program titled "Earth Game," in which international teams explore solutions to global environmental problems. Finally, Chase Manhattan Bank provided funds toward production of the "Cole Porter 100th Anniversary Celebration" for radio.

Government Grants and Contracts - In FY 1991, the Environment Ministries of the Netherlands and Norway provided grants toward the development of "Earth Game."

IV. Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - An annual operating allotment supports VIARC's work as the public service office responsible for Institution-wide information and assistance activities.

V. Office of Public Affairs :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - Allotments provide for public outreach activities such as wider audience advertising and other initiatives in the African-American, Latino, Native-American, Asian-American media; radio advertisements; "Welcome" brochures for museum visitors; monthly newspaper advertisements of general Smithsonian events; and the Smithsonian employee newsletter.

169

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

Base FY 1992

FTE Allocation 30

11 Personnel Compensation 1, 218

12 Personnel Benefits 239

21 Travel 3

23 Rent, Communications & Utilities 8

24 Printing & Reproduction 43

25 Other Services 25

26 Supplies & Materials 20

31 Equipment 10

Total

Analysis of Increase

Necessary Pay ,

Inflation ,

Return of One-time Funds

1,566

Proposed

Adjustments

Est. FY 1993

30

ABSTRACT - A member of the Association of American University Presses since 1966, the Smithsonian Institution Press (SIP) edits, designs, produces, and distributes books, sound recordings, videos, and other printed materials prepared by Smithsonian scientists, historians, and curators as well as scholars from educational institutions around the world. Such materials also include research monographs, technical and scientific series,

exhibition catalogues for Smithsonian museums, educational pamphlets, and informational leaflets. In addition, SIP generates unrestricted Trust-fund income through the publication and sale of books, recordings, and videos on subjects of general interest that relate to the Smithsonian collections and research, which are suitable for direct-mail marketing to Smithsonian Associates and the retail trade. Although still reflected within the Public Service section for presentation purposes, SIP is organizationally under the Assistant Secretary for External Affairs.

The Smithsonian is not seeking additional funding for FY 1993 programmatic increases for SIP, but offers a decrease of $15,000 for the return of Columbus Quincentenary funds to publish Columbian Consequences . The Institution requires $104,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $3,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense.

PROGRAM - There are many ways one can look at the Smithsonian Institution Press:

As a bureau of the Smithsonian Institution utilizing both federally appropriated monies and Trust funds for the purpose of publishing books, sound recordings, and videos. Federal funds support publications and recordings of scientific, technical, or research materials that cannot be sold by the Press. Trust funds are applied to publications of general interest that can be sold and are self-supporting. Sales provide a contribution to the unrestricted general Trust fund of the Institution.

As a programmatic bureau that actively solicits manuscripts from both within and outside the Smithsonian in scholarly disciplines reflecting the research and curatorial interests of the Institution. This pursuit is similar to that of other university presses of whose association SIP is a member.

As a service bureau that provides the array of services one expects from a professional publishing program, ranging from scholarly monographs and research papers to nonfiction intended for a broader readership.

As a university press that publishes, among other things, works of scholarship of such singular specificity that a subvention is often required for the work to reach its small but equally singular (and important) audience.

As a publisher of trade books that are of a scholarly nature but with a sufficiently wide appeal to elicit revenues which pay part or even all their publication costs.

As a commercially sound publisher producing books and recordings that reflect solid scholarship in a manner attractive to a wide audience through direct mail. These publications combine the quality one expects in products that bear the Smithsonian name with a broad enough market appeal to return a financial surplus that supports less remunerative but completely worthy books on Smithsonian research and scholarship.

The Smithsonian Institution Press is all of these and more. And while it is possible to separate some of its activities into "federally funded" and "Trust funded" entities, the two are intertwined in a symbiosis that produces more than the sum of the parts. Thus,

even though Federal is separated from Trust, for budgetary purposes, they cannot in fact be separated.

University Press Division - The Smithsonian Institution Press received highly favorable reviews in major newspapers and journals for several volumes published in FY 1991, particularly Wild Ice: Antarctic Journeys by Ron Naveen, Colin Monteath, Tui De Roy, and Mark Jones; Deliberate Speed: The Origins of a Cultural Style in the American 1950s by W.T. Lhamon, Jr. ; Carry Me Home: Louisiana Sugar Country in Photographs by Debbie Fleming Caffrey; and Benjamin 0. Davis. Jr.. American: An Autobiography . SIP contracted the Davis autobiography to Lorimar Productions for a television movie to be shown nationally. The Press continues to strengthen and expand the subject diversity of its various lists: natural sciences, art and art history, aviation history, cultural and technological history, anthropology, archeology, history, and music and musicology. The Press has undertaken list building in several additional areas, including ethnic, regional, and minority studies and studies of popular and material culture.

In art and art history, the Press continues to produce its own titles along with titles in collaboration with museums and other art institutions. Notable among Press books in this area were Made With Passion: The Hemphill Folk Art Collection in the National Museum of American Art by Lynda Hartigan; The West as America: Reinterpreting Images of the Frontier edited by William H. Truettner; and the inaugural four volumes in the new "Photographers at Work" series, edited by Constance Sullivan.

The publication of several important titles in FY 1991 demonstrated strong development activity in the Press's science list. Among them, aside from Wild Ice , mentioned above, were Hawks. Eagles. and Falcons of North America by Paul Johnsgard; Sarapiqui Chronicle: A Naturalist in Costa Rica by Allen Young; Heliconia: An Identification Guide by Fred Berry and John Kress (this project was the recipient of a Smithsonian Regent's Publication Fellowship); Nature Reserves: Island Theory and Conservation Practice by Craig Shafer; and Human Paleopathology edited by Donald Ortner and Arthur Aufderheide. This year also saw the publication of the first volume in the Smithsonian Series in Comparative Evolutionary Biology, The Development and Evolution of Butterfly Wing Patterns by H. Frederk Nijhout.

Federally funded books published during FY 1991 include The Canela (Eastern Timbira) I: An Ethnographic Introduction by William H. Crocker (Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, no. 33); Climate and Moisture Variability in a Tropical Forest: Long-term Records from Barro Colorado Island. Panama by Donald M. Windsor (Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences, no. 29); Studies on Fossil and Extant Vertebrates from San Salvador (Watling's) Island. Bahamas by Storrs L. Olson, Gregory K. Pregill, and William B. Hilgartner (Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 508); Tule Technology: Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada by Catherine S. Fowler (Smithsonian Folklife Studies, no. 6); Russian Copper Icons and Crosses from the Kunz Collection: Castings of Faith by Richard Eighme Ahlborn and Vera Beaver-Bricken Espinola, editors (Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology, no. 51).

The Smithsonian History of Aviation Series continued to grow with the publication of several classic reprints. Other aviation titles in this series included Howard Hughes and TWA by Robert Rummel and Lightning over Bougainville: The Yamamoto Mission Reconsidered by R. Cargill Hall. In addition to these series volumes, the Press published Farther and Faster: Aviation's Adventuring Years. 1909-1939 by Terry Gwynn-Jones; A Spacefaring

Nation: Perspectives on American Space History and Policy edited by Martin Collins and Sylvia Fries; and the 4-volume series United States Women in Aviation .

The social science list showed considerable development as well. New in the Smithsonian Series in Ethnographic Inquiry were Knowledge and Power in a South Pacific Society by Lamon Lindstrom; and Localizing Strategies: Regional Traditions in Ethnographic Writing edited by Richard Fardon. The Smithsonian Series in Archaeological Inquiry issued J. Daniel Rogers's Objects of Change: The Archeology and History of Arikara Contact with Europeans . In connection with the Quincentenary, the Press released Columbian Consequences: The Spanish Borderlands in Pan-American Perspective edited by David Hurst Thomas. This and the catalogue for the Smithsonian exhibition Seeds of Change edited by Herman Viola are the Press's two essential contributions to the Quincentenary observances of 1991-1992. The Press also began to address issues of global change with Breakthroughs on Hunger by Richard Harley, Sharing Innovation: Global Perspectives on Food. Agriculture. and Rural Development edited by Neil Kotler (a publication of the Office of Interdisciplinary Studies), and through the establishment of a co-publishing relationship with the International African Institute.

Finally, the Press began to develop its Museum Studies list more fully with the publication of Exhibiting Cultures: The Poetics and Politics of Museum Display edited by Ivan Karp and Steven Lavine; History Curatorship by Gaynor Kavanagh; and Archaeological Curatorship by Susan Pearce.

Smithsonian Books - Smithsonian Books publishes books for the Smithsonian Associates on subjects relating to Smithsonian collections and research interests. Marketed primarily by direct mail to the Associates and other lists, these books are also available to the general public through licensing arrangements with several trade publishers, including the sales force of the University Press Division. Some of the current titles are the 12-volume Smithsonian Guides to Historic America : Editor's Choice: An Anthology of the First Two Decades of "Smithsonian Magazine" : Lords of the Air: The Smithsonian Book of Birds : Images of America: A Panorama of History in Photographs : In the Age of Mankind: The Smithsonian Book of Human Evolution : Exploring the West ; The Smithsonian Book of Flight : The Smithsonian Book of North American Indians : and Treasures of the Smithsonian . In August 1990, Smithsonian Books published After Columbus: The Smithsonian Chronicle of the North American Indians . In addition, Smithsonian Books has successfully marketed a 60-minute video, The Magnificent Whales . The goal of the program is to continue publishing well-written, carefully researched, commercially successful, and critically acclaimed books and related videos.

Smithsonian Collection of Recordings - The Recordings Division publishes both popular recordings suitable for direct-mail marketing to Smithsonian Associates and recordings of scholarly interest. At the beginning of FY 1991, the Division released Classic Country Music , a revision of the out-of-print collection of the same name from 1981. It presents 100 songs from the 1920s to the 1980s, documenting the history of country music. Cultural historian Bill Malone wrote the companion booklet to the songs. The Division also released a Christmas album this year, featuring the baroque instrumental sounds of the Smithsonian Chamber Players and baritone Max van Egmond. The title of the collection of traditional carols is Sweet Was the Song . In FY 1991, three compact discs were released showcasing jazz pianist Jelly Roll Morton and a large collection of recordings titled Folk Song America: A 20th Century Revival .

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - In addition to the University Press, the Smithsonian Institution Press has two divisions financed entirely with nonapproriated Trust funds: Smithsonian Books, the direct-mail division that publishes popular books based on Smithsonian collections and research; and the Smithsonian Collection of Recordings, the division that produces recordings from the collections and performing arts. The sale of Trust-funded books and recordings and royalties provide the resources that support development, marketing, warehousing, distribution and production expenditures as well as supply additional resources to the general Trust funds of the Smithsonian Institution.

OFFICE OF FOLKLIFE PROGRAMS

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

FTE Allocation

11 Personnel Compensation ,

12 Personnel Benefits ,

21 Travel ,

22 Transportation of Things ,

23 Rent, Communications & Utilities,

24 Printing & Reproduction ,

25 Other Services

26 Supplies & Materials ,

31 Equipment ,

Total

Analysis of Increase

Necessary Pay ,

Inflation ,

Program Funds ,

Return of One-time funds ,

1,248

(8)

25 15 150 (198)

1,240

ABSTRACT - The Office of Folklife Programs (OFP) engages in cultural conservation activities--scholarly research, professional advocacy, and public programs--that promote continuity, integrity, and equity for traditional ethnic, tribal, regional, minority, and

working-class cultures both in the United States and abroad. The Office documents and interprets traditional cultural forms in collaboration with community members; disseminates information on traditional cultural forms to the general public; provides access, visibility, and representation for diverse cultures in a national museum setting; assists traditional communities as they chart their own cultural futures; pursues cultural conservation concerns nationally and internationally; and contributes to the theories and methods of cultural conservation and representation. The Office accomplishes these goals through research projects, the Festival of American Folklife, programs in commemoration of the Columbus Quincentenary, symposia, community inreach and educational outreach activities, museum and traveling exhibitions, fellowship and training programs, Smithsonian/Folkways Recordings, and the Smithsonian Folklife Studies series of documentary publications, recordings, and films. Cultural documentation associated with these activities constitutes the Folklife and Folkways Archives and Collection.

For FY 1993, OFP requests an increase of 2 workyears and $150,000 for cultural conservation research (1 workyear and $100,000) and education programs (1 workyear and $50,000). These increases are offset by a reduction of $198,000 for one-time funding approved for FY 1992 by Congress for OFP's Columbus Quincentenary Program. The Institution requires $25,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $15,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense.

PROGRAM - The Office of Folklife Programs researches American and worldwide grassroots cultural traditions and publishes and presents research to scholarly and public audiences through the Festival of American Folklife, Smithsonian Folklife Studies, Smithsonian/Folkways Recordings, and other exhibits and programs. OFP conserves traditions through documentary and archival collections of music, verbal arts, and material culture and the encouragement of exemplary tradition bearers. OFP cooperates with other Federal and State agencies to advance the Nation's interest in cultural continuity, conservation, and equity.

Research - Teams of American and Eurasian scholars are conducting fieldwork in Eskimo, Russian, Ukrainian, Armenian, and Bukharan Jewish communities in both the United States and the former Soviet Union, now the Commonwealth of Independent States, to analyze continuity and changing traditional culture in the two societies. Other major research projects examine cultural creolization in the New World, the folklife of New Mexico, the culture of recent African immigrants, the occupational culture of family farmers and of White House workers, and Australian, Hawaiian, and Pacific Island folklife. Staff scholars continue their individual work on African-American and Hispanic culture, Native-American music, South Asian folk knowledge, Brazilian Indian culture, African narrative, and the folklife of Asian immigrants to the United States. Visiting fellows have studied American folk music, Caribbean, African-American sociolinguistics, and American Indian cultures.

Festival of American Folklife - The Festival of American Folklife, held annually on the National Mall since 1967, educates a broad public to human cultural diversity and encourages tradition bearers by giving national recognition to their artistry. The Festival provides a national and international model for the research-based presentation of cultural traditions. The 1992 Festival will feature the occupational folklore of the White House and, for the Columbus Quincentenary, programs on the folklife of New Mexico, the culture of Maroons, and the traditional and syncretized musical culture of Native Americans.

Publications - The Smithsonian Folklife Studies series recently released monographs on Tule Technology and an ethnographic film on Korean Onggi Pottery . A new volume on Working Americans and a film, From Muharram to Hosay: American Transformations of Islam , are in process. Publications celebrating the 25th annual Festival of American Folklife include a case study of the Festival's impact, Cultural Conservation through Representation , a Smithsonian Folklife Cookbook , a manual for festival production, and a Festival history by Ralph Rinzler, the Smithsonian's Assistant Secretary for Public Service Emeritus and the Festival founder. The Smithsonian Institution Press will publish three books resulting from OFP-sponsored Quincentenary symposia-Seeds of the Past: Continuities in Native-American Agriculture . Seeds of Commerce: Economic and Cultural Consequences of Caribbean Plantation Society , and Seeds of Industry: Transformations of Local Culture .

Smithsonian/Folkways Recordings - Folkways continues to produce new research-based recordings with liner notes, release older material in cooperation with Rounder Records, and operate an archival cassette fulfillment operation for noncommercial recordings. Major projects include a 20-volume set of recordings on Indonesia sponsored by the Ford Foundation and done cooperatively with the Indonesian Ethnomusicological Society, a series on "Music of the Americas," a world music video encyclopedia with JVC (Victor Company of Japan, Ltd.), and recordings of the "Musics of Struggle" with Columbia Records. Recent releases on Doc Watson, Joe Hill, the music of the Georgia Sea Islands, the music of Bukharan Jews in Uzbekistan and Queens, New York, and the blues of Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee have earned critical acclaim and indicate the wide scope of current projects.

Exhibitions - OFP mounted an exhibit, "Andean Textiles," in the Ripley Center in collaboration with the Inter-American Foundation. Other exhibits on "Family Folklore," "The Grand Generation," and "Stand by Me: African-American Expressive Culture in Philadelphia" continue to tour museums and community centers across the United States.

Education and Public Programs - OFP is producing educational materials for classroom use based on research and Festival of American Folklife programs in the U.S. Virgin Islands, Hawaii, Massachusetts, and the Washington area. OFP cooperates with the Music Educators National Conference and other organizations to develop publications, films, and recordings to teach social studies through music and the folk arts. Folkways has developed a video series, beginning with educational recordings, and collaborates with Rand McNally and Broderbund in using music to teach geography through interactive computer software.

Archives - The Folklife and Folkways Archives contains audiotapes, records, videotapes, photographic images and film, paper files, and books documenting folklife traditions from all parts of the United States and most regions of the world. Highlights of the collection include 40 years of world music documentation and field notes used in Folkways Records production, fieldwork reports for 25 years of the Festival of American Folklife, narratives of occupational folklife, family folklore, immigration stories, American musical traditions, and performance traditions of Anglo-American, African-American, Native-American, Hispanic, and various Euro-American groups. Recent additions include the Cook Collection of Caribbean music.

Public Service - OFP cooperated with the State of Hawaii to remount in Honolulu the program on Hawaiian folklife displayed at the 1989 Festival of American Folklife. The State, working with OFP, plans a continuing annual festival as well as a permanent cultural center for the study and presentation of Hawaiian and Pacific cultures. OFP worked with the U.S. Virgin Islands to remount its 1990 Festival program on St. Croix in 1991 and create a permanent installation and research center. OFP continues to work with

Massachusetts, Michigan, Oklahoma, and other states on festival and folklife support, as well as with other nations including Algeria, Australia, Bolivia, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Pakistan, Senegal, and the Republics of the former Soviet Union, now the Commonwealth of Independent States.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1993, OFP requests an increase of 2 workyears and $150,000 for cultural conservation research (1 workyear and $100,000) and education programs (1 workyear and $50,000).

Cultural Conservation Research (1 workyear and $100.000) - The American public and policy makers have expressed increased interest in issues of cultural diversity in American life. How multi-cultural societies function; how culture is conserved, changed, and adapted in contemporary American society; and how grass-roots culture is related to economic development, environmental preservation, mass media, and national and global forms of culture are little understood. OFP will initiate a research program to examine issues and processes of cultural diversity, assemble the research findings, and disseminate the results for public understanding and public policy debate.

OFP staff research will examine several key case studies of how culturally diverse societies function, how specific forms of culture continue and change in contemporary circumstances, and how local forms of culture influence and are affected by economic development, environmental concerns, mass media, and forms of national and global culture. In FY 1993, OFP staff will research four distinct case studies: multi-culturalism in Hawaii, the transformation of the former Soviet Republics and Soviet-American grass-roots cultures, cultural survival in the U. S. Virgin Islands, and the adaptations made by recent African immigrants to the urban United States. Each study will entail field research in the appropriate communities and publication and dissemination of results to those communities, scholars, and the general public. In future years, new case studies will be added as others are completed.

Requested funds of $100,000 will support the salary of a folklore research specialist (1 workyear and $42,000) and research support costs including travel ($5,000), supplies ($3,000), and contract fieldworkers, equipment, and initial publication support costs ($50,000).

Through cultural conservation research and publication of research findings, the national understanding and debate on cultural diversity will be supported by sound research, thus adding a missing dimension to current national discourse. Examination of individual case studies will provide a model for more general processes and help policy makers, educators, and employers design appropriate strategies for addressing issues of cultural diversity.

Education Programs (1 workyear and $50.000) - From its inception, the Office of Folklife Programs has produced educational materials on grass-roots cultures for classroom use and developed training programs for teachers and community scholars. These ad hoc efforts have relied on private funds and available staff time. With the requested funds, OFP will, in collaboration with state and local school systems, systematically develop research and documentary materials from Festival of American Folklife programs, Folkways Recordings, and other projects into educational materials for classrooms around the United States. OFP will also hold a yearly Folklore Institute for community and lay scholars to upgrade the level of training and practice of individuals who, often without formal training or institutional ties, have documented, presented, and preserved the folklife

traditions of their communities. These efforts will advance knowledge among American students of their cultural heritage and increase the proficiency of community-based scholars engaged in the practice and teaching of folklife research and presentation.

Funds will support a full-time education specialist to coordinate and develop educational and curricula materials in concert with OFP curators, researchers, and outside educators. OFP videos, films, recordings, publications, and other documents will be reworked into forms accessible to and usable by students in targeted grade levels. These projects will be done in collaboration with teachers and curriculum specialists in specific school systems to ensure maximal use. The education specialist will also direct the Summer Folklore Institute. The Institute will be held once a year for several weeks. The director will identify possible fellows; solicit and assess applications; develop the curriculum for training; organize speakers, classes, field trips, and written materials; run the Institute; and participate in its yearly evaluation.

Requested funds of $50,000 will support the position of an education specialist (1 workyear and $42,000), costs of Folklore Institute fellows ($6,000), and travel ($2,000).

Formalizing educational programs at OFP will allow for optimal use of resources generated by other programs, help invigorate cultural and educational efforts in the schools, and reach an important segment of knowledgeable cultural specialists working in their communities without benefit of formal training or institutional support.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - Allotments, along with concessions at the Festival of American Folklife, provide funds that help support program, research, and development costs of the Festival. The Smithsonian's Educational Outreach, Special Exhibition, and Research Opportunity Funds, and the International Exchange Program help support educational projects, museum exhibits, travel to scholarly meetings, and collaborative research.

Restricted Funds - Grants and gifts from foundations and corporations provide funds in support of Festival programs, Folkways Recordings, and other projects. In FY 1991, the Ford Foundation continued its support of an Indonesian recording project. Smaller gifts and grants from the Music Performance Trust Funds, the Ruth Mott Fund, the MacArthur Foundation, Sealaska Heritage Foundation, Columbia Records, the Inter-American Foundation, and others indicate the range of support for OFP projects.

Government Grants - Various Federal, State, and local governments provide these funds to support performances and programs at the annual Festival of American Folklife. In FY 1991, OFP received funding from the U.S. Department of Agriculture for the Family Farm Program. New Mexico appropriated funds to support that State's program at the 1992 Festival.

ACADEMIC AND EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

Base FY 1992

Proposed

Adjustments

FTE Allocation

11 Personnel Compensation

12 Personnel Benefits

21 Travel ,

22 Transportation of Things

23 Rent, Communications & Utilities

24 Printing & Reproduction

25 Other Services

26 Supplies & Materials

31 Equipment

Total

Analysis of Increase

Necessary Pay

Inflation

Program Funds

16

Est. FY 1993

17

565

111

7

11

11

32

87

9

22

855

ABSTRACT - Research and education are among the principal objectives of the Smithsonian. To attain these goals, the Institution promotes scholarly and academic ties with other learned institutions and offers resources to the general public as well as the academic community. Scholarly and academic ties develop and flourish through programs in higher education, symposia and seminars, and learning opportunities at the elementary and

secondary levels. This line-item includes the Office of Interdisciplinary Studies (OIS), the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education (OESE), and the National Science Resources Center (NSRC).

For FY 1993, the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education requests an increase of 1 workyear and $70,000 for expansion of the clearinghouse on precollege educational programs and publications. The Institution requires $52,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $4,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense.

PROGRAM :

I. Office of Interdisciplinary Studies - With base funding of 4 workyears and $188,000, the Office of Interdisciplinary Studies organizes and promotes inter- and cross-disciplinary symposia, colloquia, and other events for specialized and public audiences focusing on contemporary life, national and global concerns, and matters of broad intellectual interest to Smithsonian scholarly staff and the American public. One of OIS's primary aims is to explore the gaps in existing knowledge as these occur among the various academic disciplines represented at the Institution and, to a lesser but still significant extent, within other research institutions, including universities. OIS convenes Institution-wide programs to increase communication and information exchange among Smithsonian staff of all backgrounds and at all levels, as well as between Smithsonian staff and external constituencies. Many of these projects are undertaken in collaboration with universities, research and policy institutions, governmental bodies, foundations, and corporations. In addition, OIS disseminates the findings of its scholarly programs to audiences beyond those able to attend its seminars in the form of books, videos, radio series, and curriculum materials. An OIS newsletter, Interdisciplinary Studies at the Smithsonian , is published twice a year. The newsletter disseminates research findings and conclusions that have resulted from OIS seminars and offers additional institutional perspectives on areas of inter- and cross-disciplinary investigation.

OIS continues to sponsor three intramural seminar series. In FY 1991, "Ways of Knowing" focused on the increasingly common but insufficiently understood process of research collaboration. Seminars exploring the nature, patterns, and value of collaboration in the arts, the sciences, and the humanities revealed that, contrary to popular belief, collaboration is much less a function of subject matter than of historical, philosophical, technological, and other factors affecting the way scholars are trained to do research. Collaboration also was shown to bear interesting and close relations with competition. The journal Knowledge published edited excerpts of the March 1991 seminar in its December 1991 issue; two more articles from subsequent seminars will appear in the journal in 1992. The April 1992 "Ways of Knowing" session will be devoted to design issues.

Cultural Diversity seminars have entered their second year, providing a forum to clarify what cultural diversity means in general, what it means for the Smithsonian in particular, and how best to implement it. In FY 1992, panels of Smithsonian staff and invited guests from other institutions are looking at the school curriculum, the sciences, the media, and funding for cultural diversity initiatives. What has been learned from the series will be the focus of discussion at a session in July 1992.

"Research at the Smithsonian," established in FY 1991, brought together researchers from a variety of fields with the aim of presenting different research goals and

methodologies, expanding exchange among researchers and research institutions, and identifying new ways to link research with exhibitions and public programs. A seminar in fall 1992 dealt with "Research, Information, and Communication in an Electronic Age." It attracted a large and diverse audience of concerned professionals from around the Institution and laid the groundwork for a proposed new seminar program on technological developments in scholarly communications. OIS also plans to expand the scope of "Research at the Smithsonian" by offering public presentations on significant areas of current research projects and will bring together scholars from various bureaus, departments, and offices whose research is related by context; one possible and very timely area is to examine the field of biodiversity.

During FY 1992 and FY 1993, OIS will coordinate a program of seminars for staff and the public in preparation for the November 1993 opening of "Science in American Life," a major exhibition at the National Museum of American History. The seminars, to be organized with the participation of the exhibition project staff and the various science bureaus at the Smithsonian, will discuss gender and cultural diversity issues, as these relate to science in American life.

OIS staff and the Close Up Foundation of Alexandria, Virginia, completed production of a second educational video documentary for use in junior and senior high schools. Citizen Stories: Democracy and Responsibility in American Life is a 30-minute film that examines the link in American democracy between the rights of citizens and their responsibilities and obligations. Five different stories of young and older Americans who have served their communities in a volunteer capacity illustrate the ways in which Americans have helped to improve the quality of life. This video is a follow-up to OIS's 1987 symposium celebrating the bicentennial of the U.S. Constitution, "Constitutional Roots, Rights, and Responsibilities." A public premiere showing is planned for the spring.

Two major volumes on the U.S. Constitution, based on OIS symposia, will be published in FY 1992. Two other manuscripts, one on the Statue of Liberty and another on frontiers of nutrition and food security, will be completed in FY 1992.

The 21st century is certain to witness an accelerated merging and cross-referencing of academic disciplines, international scholarly perspectives, and methodologies both in terms of research focus and with regard to the generating of museum exhibitions, public programs, and educational materials, and OIS plays a vital role in guiding and responding to innovative Institutional intellectual directions and concerns. OIS intends that the broad framework of programs established during the past fiscal year will continue to be developed in future years for the benefit of diverse Institutional constituencies and the American public.

II. Office of Elementary and Secondary Education - With base funding of 8 workyears and $420,000, OESE is the Smithsonian's central office for educational initiatives at the precollege level. Established in 1974, the Office develops and disseminates programming that applies resources from across the Institution to the needs of schools, both locally and nationally. OESE also serves as a clearinghouse and a focal point for precollege education at the Smithsonian, convening the annual meeting of the Advisory Council on Education and working through the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Service to promote collaboration and communication among the Smithsonian education departments and between those departments and outside organizations. In addition, OESE serves as the Institution's primary liaison to the interagency Federal Coordinating Committee on Science, Engineering, and Technology (FCCSET) Committee on Education and Human Resources (CEHR).

OESE programming falls into four categories: curriculum materials for schools, professional training for teachers, programs for young people, and partnerships with schools.

Curriculum Materials for Schools - During FY 1991, the Office launched two important publishing efforts: first, a series of multi-media curriculum kits for high school teachers and students, to be published by Jackdaw Publications; and, second, a series of kits for preschool students on "The Peoples of the Americas," to be published by Santillana Publishing Company, Inc. As part of its ongoing publishing program, OESE sent Art to Zoo , a quarterly journal for teachers, to approximately 90,000 educators (and more than 2 million students) in more than 20,000 schools and began work on a curriculum kit on political protest in American history. In addition, the Office produced a Resource Guide for Teachers that catalogues all of the Smithsonian's materials available for educational use, along with those produced by the Kennedy Center, the National Gallery of Art, and Reading Is Fundamental. In FY 1991, almost 1,500 teachers nationwide ordered the Guide, which describes more than 300 cultural, scientific, and historic resources for the classroom.

Professional Training for Teachers - For District of Columbia-area educators, the Office organized, in collaboration with the National Museum of American History, a symposium, "Word of Mouth: Teaching and Learning through Stories," which drew more than 200 participants. Area teachers were also reached through 11 summer seminars offered in collaboration with the Smithsonian museums. These courses demonstrated experiential, object-based teaching methods, using Smithsonian resources, in subject areas ranging from cross-cultural communication to teaching ecology in the classroom and African-American visual arts.

For educators across the country, OESE's Regional Workshop Program, now in its ninth year, continued to serve as a catalyst for strengthening relations between communities' museums and schools. In FY 1991, the Office held workshops in Charleston, South Carolina; Wichita, Kansas; and Tallahassee, Florida. To ensure the Regional Workshops' long-term effect, the Office is collaborating on a new program with the National Faculty of the Arts, Sciences, and Humanities, a nonprofit organization dedicated to improving precollege education. Over an 18-month period the Faculty and the Office will return to three former Regional Workshop sites, offering a program of teacher education and materials development.

Programs for Young People - In the summer of 1991, the Office sponsored the Institution's 16th annual internship program for graduating high school seniors. Forty students from 26 states participated, taking on assignments in Smithsonian curatorial divisions and other offices. In these assignments the students learned about their own fields of interest through projects such as monitoring the Zoo's golden lion tamarins, researching the history of the U.S. space program, and helping prepare upcoming public programs. In addition, the Office offered a similar eight-week internship program designed to meet the specific academic and economic needs of District of Columbia Public School students.

Partnership with Schools - The Office also developed a partnership program with the D.C. Public Schools, resulting in a collaboration that will apply resources from across the Institution to the curriculum needs of two inner-city elementary schools. This effort has brought teachers into the museums, where they work with Smithsonian educators to develop materials and teaching approaches that they will use with their students and share with their colleagues.

III. National Science Resources Center - With base funding of 4 workyears and $247,000, NSRC is a joint effort of the Smithsonian Institution and the National Academy of Sciences to improve the teaching of science in the Nation's schools. NSRC serves as a dissemination center to provide teachers, science educators, and scientists with current information about science teaching resources, program improvement strategies, and sources of expertise and assistance. NSRC also develops innovative science curriculum materials and sponsors outreach activities to focus attention on important issues in science education, encourage the sharing of exemplary materials and programs, introduce new teaching methods and technologies, and develop the leadership needed to bring about science curriculum reform at the local level.

All NSRC programs stress the involvement and collaboration of teachers and scientists, and place a special emphasis on increasing the numbers of underrepresented minorities and women engaged in the study of science. Oversight of the NSRC's programs is provided by an advisory board appointed by the Smithsonian and the National Academy of Sciences that includes eminent scientists, executives from several major U.S. corporations, and educational leaders from across the country.

Because there is a special need to increase the scientific and technological literacy of young children, NSRC has undertaken several projects to improve the teaching of science in the Nation's elementary schools. The NSRC's Dissemination Center for Science Teaching Resources currently includes a comprehensive collection and information data base of elementary science teaching resources that is used by school districts initiating projects to improve the teaching of science in elementary schools. NSRC has published a resource guide based on this data base, entitled Science for Children: Resources for Teachers . In addition to information about the materials in the elementary science resource collection, the guide includes a directory of science museums and other organizations across the country that provide science teaching resources and assistance to elementary school teachers.

"Science and Technology for Children" (STC) is a four-year NSRC elementary science curriculum development project that is developing curriculum units for grades 1-6 in the areas of physical science, life science, earth science, and technology. STC units use simple, inexpensive materials to teach science and link science to the broader elementary school curriculum of mathematics, reading, writing, art, and social studies. Teachers across the country field-test STC units to refine and validate them.

NSRC has recently embarked on a large-scale project, the National Elementary Science Leadership Initiative (NESLI), to engage educators and scientists in a concerted and sustained effort to improve the teaching of science in the Nation's elementary schools and to increase the access of all students to effective elementary science instruction. Each summer, the NESLI project sponsors leadership institutes to prepare teams of teachers, science supervisors, school system administrators, and scientists to spearhead efforts to improve elementary science education in their school districts. The NESLI leadership institutes help school systems design effective in-service education programs, establish science materials support systems for teachers, and develop the community support needed to improve their science programs. Through the NESLI initiative, NSRC also provides technical assistance to school districts across the country that are working to reform their elementary science programs.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE : For FY 1993, the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education requests an increase of 1 workyear and $70,000 for expansion of the clearinghouse

on precollege educational programs and publications. OESE will enhance its current clearinghouse efforts through the establishment of a national computerized clearinghouse of information about Smithsonian programs and materials for schools. This electronic service will enable teachers to preview and order materials, request and receive program information, and discuss classroom strategies with museum educators and other classroom teachers.

Modern technology can disseminate information and materials to teachers instantaneously. By joining established electronic networks, the Office will gain this dissemination capability for the entire Institution in an extremely cost-effective way, extending the Smithsonian to the millions of educators and thousands of educational institutions that already subscribe to them. For example, all of the information in the 100-page Resource Guide for Teachers will be available on-line. From this catalogue educators will be able to order copies of materials just by leaving a message on a computer bulletin board. Other bulletin boards will list Smithsonian traveling exhibitions along with current and upcoming venues, allowing scheduled class visits to these exhibitions to enrich students' understanding. The Office will also place educational materials (both of its own and from the museums) on-line--for example, bibliographies, newsletters, and classroom lessons--so that teachers can review them at home and download those relevant to their current curricula. In addition, the Office will set up message boards where it can announce course offerings for teachers, register participants, and query educators about topics of particular need and interest. Using this network, out-of-town teachers will also be able to request information as they plan class trips to Washington, D.C.

In its first year, the national electronic clearinghouse will at least double the number of teachers the Office services. With the requested funding, the Office will hire a director of program development (1 workyear and $54,000) to manage the clearinghouse and related office functions , including upgrading the Office's computer workstations ($16,000). The director will oversee tailoring of software programs to specific Institution-wide needs and the setting up and maintenance of networks and bulletin boards. The director will also oversee the Office's publishing program and related teacher networking activities, including a Regional Workshop Program, which works directly with museums and schools in communities nationwide. By tying all of these functions together, the Office will be able to increase Smithsonian outreach to the nation's schools by at least 150 percent in the first two years.

The requested increase represents a modest investment that will improve services to teachers nationwide. The real beneficiaries of this investment will be the Nation's schoolchildren, whose teachers will be able to incorporate Smithsonian resources into their teaching.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

I. Office of Interdisciplinary Studies :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - An annual allotment provides funds for salaries and benefits and other related administrative costs. In addition, funds support the planning and development of institutional programs, public events, educational materials, and publications, including costs for honoraria, printed materials, editorial assistance, publications, audio and video services, and travel for outside speakers.

Restricted Funds - Funds provided are in the form of restricted endowments that specify the use of donations or bequests on behalf of sponsoring organizations such as individuals, foundations, corporations, and Federal agencies. OIS received a grant from the International Life Sciences Institute/Nutrition Foundation of Washington, D.C., for support of the October 1990 international food, agriculture, and nutrition colloquium held in cooperation with the ceremonies at the Smithsonian honoring the World Food Prize laureate.

II. Office of Elementary and Secondary Education :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - OESE's programs for young people are supported by Institutional Trust funds. Internship programs for graduating high school seniors provide hands-on learning experiences for young people from the Washington metropolitan area and across the Nation.

Trust funds also support OESE's publications program as well as its Columbus Quincentenary early childhood curriculum development project on "The Peoples of the Americas." The major effort of the publishing program is a series of curriculum kits for teachers, to be published by Jackdaw Publications.

Restricted Funds - Corporate grants support OESE efforts for teachers. In-kind contributions from American Airlines, through the end of calendar year 1991, provide transportation for the Regional Workshop Program. A grant from Brother International Corporation supports the development, publication, and distribution of a secondary school curriculum kit.

III. National Science Resources Center :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - An allotment from unrestricted funds provides partial funding for the core operations of the National Science Resources Center. These resources provide support for salaries and the core support necessary to develop, with the assistance of the National Academy of Sciences, program initiatives to attract further support from the private sector.

INTERNATIONAL CENTER

INTERNATIONAL CENTER

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE - Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

Base FY 1992

FTE Allocation

11 Personnel Compensation

12 Personnel Benefits

21 Travel

23 Rent, Communications & Utilities.

24 Printing & Reproduction

25 Other Services

26 Supplies & Materials

31 Equipment ,

Total

Analysis of Increase

Necessary Pay ,

Inflation ,

Program Funds

13

Proposed

Adjustments

0

Est. FY 1993

13

553 77 29 15 40

281

37

6

1,038

ABSTRACT - The International Center (IC) monitors, coordinates, and enhances Smithsonian-wide international endeavors. The Center provides support for the diverse range of Smithsonian international programs through the work of several independent divisions: the Office of International Relations (OIR), the International Gallery, the Office of Quincentenary Programs, the Office of Conference Services (OCS), the Office of

Environmental Awareness (OEA), and the Smithsonian Institution/Man and the Biosphere Biological Diversity Program (SI/MAB). Through the International Center, the Smithsonian also supports international research programs such as the Council of American Overseas Research Centers (CAORC).

For FY 1993, the International Center requests an increase of $30,000 to provide for the establishment of the Institute of the Americas. The Institution requires $33,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $11,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense.

PROGRAM - In 1985, the Smithsonian established the International Center to coordinate the Institution's international interests and to facilitate its work abroad with a global network of collaborators and research materials that cannot be circumscribed by national boundaries. Beyond this, the International Center has sought to place the Institution's scholarly work at the service of the general public, assisting the Institution's constituents worldwide in understanding an ever-expanding body of knowledge. Located in the S. Dillon Ripley Center of the Quadrangle complex, the International Center provides facilities for exhibition and discourse on a wide array of international matters. International Center programs are generated both from within and from outside the Smithsonian, taking the form of scholarly symposia and public forums, exhibitions, lectures, performances, and workshops. An International Activities Council, composed of the Assistant Secretaries for Research, Museums, Public Service, and External Affairs, provides oversight and policy guidance for the International Center as well as for the broad range of international programs undertaken throughout the Institution.

Office of International Relations - The Office of International Relations, which reports to the Assistant Secretary for External Affairs, provides basic liaison support and coordination for the international aspects of Smithsonian research and museum programs. This responsibility includes:

supplying guidance and information to Smithsonian staff on foreign affairs;

facilitating communications and logistical arrangements for foreign research and participating in meetings abroad;

assisting in drafting and negotiating agreements relating to international cooperative programs;

assisting foreign scholars and officials who visit the Smithsonian or participate in its programs in the United States;

compiling and updating a data base on the broad range of Smithsonian international activities;

obtaining passports and visas for Smithsonian travelers.

The Office also manages two grant programs: the Special Foreign Currency Program and the International Exchange Program. Both programs facilitate international cooperation abroad.

International Gallery - The International Gallery, which reports to the Assistant Secretary for Museums, presents exhibitions that deal with significant global topics from

various disciplinary points of view or cultural perspectives. International Gallery exhibitions have included "Tropical Rainforests: A Disappearing Treasure," "Caribbean Festival Arts," "Moscow: Treasures and Traditions," and "Degenerate Art." In 1992, "Golden Threads" will commemorate the 500th anniversary of the expulsion of Jews from Spain by displaying the artwork and creativity of Sephardic Jews. The Institution holds both public and scholarly programs in conjunction with each exhibition in the International Gallery.

Office of Quincentenary Programs and the Institute of the Americas - Since 1985, the Office of Quincentenary Programs, which reports to the Assistant Secretary for Research, has coordinated the development of the activities related to the commemoration of the 500th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas. Calendar year 1992 will represent the peak of Quincentenary activity as the wide range of major exhibitions, conferences, symposia, publications, recordings, traveling exhibitions, education materials, and a television series are presented throughout the Institution.

To promote a greater public awareness of the significance of the Columbus Quincentenary, the Office published and distributed more than 25,000 copies of its newsletter, The New World , as well as 20,000 copies of brochures listing Smithsonian Quincentenary programs and related activities. Printed in English and Spanish, the brochures were distributed throughout the United States, Latin America, and Spain. In cooperation with the Mexican Embassy, the Office sponsored the Pre-Hispanic Foods of Mexico exhibition in the International Gallery foyer. To inaugurate the pan-Institutional efforts for the Quincentenary, the Office, with the Association of Ibero-American Cultural Attaches, organized and co-sponsored a Symposium of the Americas in September 1991, developed to explore the nature of cultural identity in the Western Hemisphere after 500 years. Prominent intellectuals from more than 20 countries were invited to discuss broad themes related to cultural identity. These activities highlighted the significant issues that have emerged from the process begun in 1492 and represent the Institution's objective to commemorate the Quincentennial observance.

To maintain the relationships and networks fostered during the Quincentenary observances, the Smithsonian will continue to seek a permanent Latin American presence on the Mall. In recognition of the cultural complexities of this hemisphere and in keeping with the Institution's emphasis on cultural diversity and education, the Smithsonian plans to establish the Institute of the Americas in FY 1993. The Institute of the Americas will be a multi-disciplinary research center focusing on cultural and scientific issues of importance for the Americas, with primary focus on Latin American countries.

Office of Conference Services - The Office of Conference Services manages logistical arrangements for conferences and seminars initiated by scholars and staff throughout the Institution. Each year the Smithsonian sponsors approximately 50 professional meetings. ranging from small workshops to major international conferences. For many years, the responsibility for handling all the logistics of each meeting, from preconference planning through implementation and postconference wrap-up, rested exclusively with the sponsoring research or curatorial department. Faced with these additional duties, the responsible departments or bureaus often found it necessary to hire temporary coordinators. To coordinate the planning and implementation of conferences more efficiently, the Institution created a central Office of Conference Services in 1988. This Office now works with sponsoring bureaus, offering the necessary level of support for meetings on a case-by-case basis.

Office of Environmental Awareness - The Office of Environmental Awareness, established at the Smithsonian Institution in April 1990 to address growing concern about the world's environment, provides a bridge between science and policy by gathering and disseminating information about a wide range of environmental issues. OEA is administered by the International Activities Council and works with Smithsonian bureaus and outside groups to reach the general public and professional audiences nationally through exhibitions, publications, conferences, and workshops. In addition to programs it initiates, the Office responds to public inquiry letters and calls and participates in projects planned by other groups.

In FY 1992, OEA will initiate a three-year project on ocean conservation issues. The project will include a public symposium, the publication of a scholarly book, and a traveling exhibition. Each segment of the oceans project will explore a wide variety of marine-related environmental issues affecting near-shore and open oceans, including loss of biological diversity, pollution, use of natural resources, coastal development, and global change.

OEA responds to inquiries about environmental issues from individuals as well as professional and community groups. In addition to frequent mailings to other organizations and the public, OEA refers requests for information on specific issues to appropriate Smithsonian bureaus and outside groups. In FY 1991, OEA developed and distributed more than 27,000 copies of "A Better World Starts at Home." This colorful poster provides information on environmental issues, national organizations that distribute information, and tips for establishing a more environmentally responsible household. In FY 1992, OEA will co-sponsor a series of briefings for national news media in preparation for the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in June 1992.

Smithsonian Institution/Man and the Biosphere Biological Diversity Program - SI/MAB was established in 1986 to formulate biological diversity inventory procedures and administer training in their use. Based on studies and surveys conducted in several protected locations in the United States and Latin America, the program developed an initial methodology for conducting detailed biological diversity inventories of species-rich areas around the world.

In addition to forging useful institutional linkages, this program's most important objective is the training of biologists, conservationists, nature reserve managers, and related professionals from developing countries. This training provides researchers in the field of biodiversity conservation with the skills necessary to conduct their own research. In a number of cases, these trained researchers have later undertaken fieldwork in association with Smithsonian scholars. This program has organized training workshops for almost 200 participants in more than a dozen countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, as well as in the United States. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID), UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Program, the World Heritage Fund, the World Wildlife Fund, and Conservation International have helped fund training activities over the last four years.

Council of American Overseas Research Centers - American overseas research centers are the recognized extensions of the advanced foreign research programs of major American universities and museums and thus constitute an important channel through which current and historical research about other countries invigorates American institutions. Centers located in Italy, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Tunisia, Morocco, Iran, Egypt, Jordan, Israel, Yemen, India, Pakistan, and Hong Kong have provided fellowship funds, access to local

research resources, logistical support, liaison with host-country officials, and library and housing facilities to thousands of American academics. Their physical facilities serve as the principal point of contact for U.S. scholars and their host-country colleagues, and publications and seminar programs disseminate research results abroad and throughout the United States. While centers differ greatly from each other in size, program, and tradition, their private structure and the unbiased research produced through their sponsorship make them all respected focuses of American academia in the countries in which they operate.

CAORC facilitates and coordinates the work of its 14 member institutions. Founded in 1981, the Council serves as the forum through which member centers identify and address common concerns. It fosters collaboration among research centers to strengthen academic programs and administrative procedures, and it sponsors international research projects. The Council undertakes the establishment of new centers in countries and regions where research exchange opportunities are lacking.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE :

Establishment of the Institute of the Americas ($30.000) - The Smithsonian Institution has emphasized cultural diversity and education as primary directions for future expansion efforts. The Institution's Columbus Quincentenary Program has created a very important and much-used forum, from which has evolved an extensive network of collaborators (both scholars and institutions) and resources throughout the United States and the Western Hemisphere. Through the establishment of the Institute of the Americas, which will take advantage of the interest generated by the Quincentenary to coordinate and stimulate continuing scholarly and institutional exchanges among the people of the Western Hemisphere, the Smithsonian will facilitate the accomplishment of these programmatic goals.

The Institute of the Americas will report directly to the Assistant Secretary for Research. An Advisory Council for the Institute, comprising prominent scholars and other individuals from the United States, Latin America, and the Caribbean, will also be established. The Council will assist in establishing goals and in identifying problems and issues on which to focus and will assist in securing additional funding. Semiannual meetings will be held to coordinate objectives for the Institute with the Secretary of the Institution, the Assistant Secretary for Research, the director of the Institute, and members of the Council.

For FY 1993, the Office of Quincentenary Programs requests $30,000 to fund contractual services and travel necessary to establish the Institute of the Americas and select the members of the Advisory Council.

In accordance with its aim of advancing cultural diversity and education initiatives, the establishment of the Institute of the Americas will better enable the Smithsonian to foster scholarly and institutional exchange on issues affecting the Americas, and will provide an appropriate permanent program presence to commemorate the Quincentenary. The further diffusion of knowledge through research and discussion will advance understanding and relationships among the nations in the Western Hemisphere.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - Allotments provide funds to support planning and development of research and exhibition programs for the International Center.

A special purpose fund provides stipend support for international scholarly exchanges aimed at strengthening the Smithsonian's institutional linkages.

Restricted Funds - Restricted funds consist of gifts, grants, and other donations from individuals, foundations, organizations, and corporations for specific purposes, such as undertaking research abroad, supporting exchanges of researchers and collections, mounting exhibitions, staging performances, screening films, and presenting other public programs in the International Center.

ADMINISTRATION

ADMINISTRATION

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

Base FY 1992

FTE Allocation 387

11 Personnel Compensation 14,819

12 Personnel Benefits 3 ,931

21 Travel 155

22 Transportation of Things 7

23 Rent, Communications & Utilities 263

24 Printing & Reproduction 125

25 Other Services 4, 806

26 Supplies & Materials 894

31 Equipment 753

41 Grants 6

Total Analysis of Increase

25,759

Proposed

Adjustments

21

3,833

Est.

FY 1993

408

29,592

Necessary Pay

Inflation

Program Funds

Personnel Payroll System

Financial Systems Maintenance.

Workers' Compensation

Reduction of One-time Items..,

1,345 171

1,865

150

100

400

(198)

ABSTRACT - Administration includes executive management and related functions, including the Offices of the Secretary, Under Secretary, the Assistant Secretary for External Affairs, the Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration, General Counsel, and the Inspector General. The Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration oversees a range of administrative and service offices, including Accounting and Financial Services, Equal Opportunity, Contracting and Property Management (formerly Procurement and Property Management), Financial and Management Analysis, Human Resources, Information Resource Management, Ombudsman, Planning and Budget, Printing and Photographic Services, Risk Management, Sponsored Projects, and Travel Services. In addition, Facilities Services (responsible for Architectural History and Historic Preservation, Design and Construction, Environmental Management and Safety, Plant Services, and Protection Services) is included here. Offices reporting to the Assistant Secretary for External Affairs include Government Relations (formerly Congressional Liaison), Development, and Special Events. Administrative units receive both appropriated funds and nonappropriated Trust funds for their operating expenses in approximate balance to the overall funding of the Institution. Currently, some offices, such as Sponsored Projects, are entirely supported with Trust funds.

For FY 1993, the requested increase for administrative units totals 21 workyears and $1,865,000. In keeping with the President's commitment to improve the management of the Government, the increase will augment the Inspector General function ($90,000); permit the Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration (2 workyears and $1,275,000) to continue improving financial management of Smithsonian resources; and allow the Office of Human Resources to keep up with the growing Institutional demand for its services (6 workyears and $300,000). In addition, the requested resources will give the Smithsonian greater flexibility in expanding present affirmative action initiatives (6 workyears and $200,000) and allow the Institution to keep pace with increasing demand for computer services (7 workyears). A decrease of $198,000 for the Office of Risk Management's Disaster Preparedness Program partially offsets the requested increases. The Institution requires $1,345,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $171,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense.

Included in the Administration request but justified in the Uncontrollable Increases section of this budget are funds to support Personnel Payroll charges from the National Finance Center ($150,000) and funds to maintain the new accounting software ($100,000). Also justified in the Uncontrollable Increases section are funds to cover Workers' Compensation ($400,000).

PROGRAM - The Office of the Secretary, in concert with the Office of the Under Secretary, oversees the Smithsonian Institution.

The Office of the General Counsel (OGC) advises the Smithsonian Board of Regents, Secretary, and other officers on all legal matters arising out of the administration of the Institution; coordinates and oversees litigation and other adversarial proceedings; disposes of administrative claims; and monitors developments in the law generally for application to Smithsonian programs. OGC offers extensive advice to the Institution's administrators, totaling nearly 600 cases and issues in FY 1990. Examples include negotiations culminating in the signing of the November 6, 1990, agreement to establish the National Postal History and Philatelic Museum in the former Washington, D.C., City Post Office Building (adjacent to Union Station), as a satellite of the National Museum of American History; the complex negotiations, agreements, and court proceedings involved in the June 1990 transfer of the Heye Foundation collections to the Institution's newly

established National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI) and the ongoing negotiations to establish facilities in New York City and Washington, D.C., to house NMAI collections; the international negotiations for the establishment of the Mpala Ranch Project in Kenya; oversight of the distribution to the National Museum of American Art of the bequest of the artwork of Gene Davis and other real and personal property of the artist's widow; and the examination of the Institution's coverage under certain provisions of the Federal Employees Pay Comparability Act enacted in November 1990.

The United States Congress has empowered the Smithsonian Institution's Office of Inspector General (OIG), under the Inspector General Act of 1978 as amended in 1988, to provide policy direction and to conduct, supervise, and coordinate audits and investigations; to promote economy, efficiency, and effectiveness; and to prevent and detect fraud, waste, and abuse in Institution programs and operations. In addition to these functions, the OIG, with an FY 1992 Federal base of 18 workyears and $976,000, maintains a hot line for consumer concerns, complaints, allegations, or suggestions. During FY 1991, the OIG issued 11 internal audit reports and 25 external (contract) audit reports as well as 30 investigative reports.

The Office of the Assistant Secretary for External Affairs coordinates the Institution's external affairs activities and advises the Secretary and senior management on development and membership policies and programs, media activities, and issues affecting the Institution's public activities and their impact on external constituencies, both national and international.

The Office of Government Relations, Office of Development, and Office of Special Events report to the Assistant Secretary for External Affairs. The Office of Government Relations maintains the Institution's relationships with Congress; presents Smithsonian policies, programs, and plans to Congress; and develops and clears legislative proposals and supplemental materials. It also coordinates and oversees Smithsonian participation at legislative hearings; serves as liaison with Federal agencies and organizations with related interests; and provides constituent services for Congress and the Administration.

The Office of Development provides fund-raising support to Institution-wide priorities and selected bureau projects and programs. In FY 1991, the Office secured a major financial gift from the Wallace Foundation for the Jazz Masterwork Series, established and received funds for the Secretary's Special Fund for Columbus Quincentenary activities, and has secured life-endowed, annual, and memorial funds. By securing gifts, planned giving bequests, and pledges, the Office achieves its goal of assisting in the increase of restricted and unrestricted funds. In addition to fundraising, the Office records and maintains all gifts donated to the Institution, conducts the management of some volunteer organizations, and attends to the stewardship of grants.

The Office of Special Events plans, arranges, and oversees luncheons, receptions, and dinners associated with exhibition openings, seminars, lectures, and meetings. In addition, the Office prepares and distributes a monthly master calendar of special events.

The Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration oversees financial, administrative, and facilities services. The following organizations, listed alphabetically, report to the Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration.

The Office of Accounting and Financial Services (OAFS) protects the Smithsonian's assets by collecting, authenticating, classifying, and recording the financial transactions

of the Institution. OAFS provides financial information to the various levels of Smithsonian management and to external organizations.

The Office of Architectural History and Historic Preservation (OAHP), under the Office of Facilities Services (OFS), researches the architectural history of the Smithsonian buildings and publishes scholarly articles and books. The Office oversees the Smithsonian's obligations for historic preservation.

The Office of Contracting and Property Management (OCPM) is the Smithsonian's principal acquisition office. It contracts directly for the majority of goods and the variety of sophisticated and specialized services needed to support operations and construction projects and facilities and oversees the procurement authority it delegates within the Smithsonian. The Office provides acquisition policy guidance, contract administration, and property management to all Smithsonian activities. To achieve greater cost efficiencies, OCPM also provides logistical services through a judiciously expanding program of purchasing in bulk common-use supplies.

The Office of Environmental Management and Safety (OEMS), also part of Facilities Services, monitors environmental management, fire, and safety programs, in addition to disseminating and implementing the requirements of all new fire, safety, occupational health, and environmental laws, regulations, and standards. In FY 1991, OEMS completed comprehensive fire, safety, and environmental program evaluations at 23 Smithsonian facilities, including the National Zoological Park. In addition, OEMS updated waste minimization guidelines to reduce the amount of hazardous waste generated and resultant disposal costs, implemented a confined-space entry program, and provided ergonomic consultation services to Smithsonian staff and volunteers.

The Office of Equal Opportunity (0E0) plans, conducts, and monitors a positive action program to ensure equality in employment practices and program activities. Major efforts include affirmative action programs, program and facility access for disabled persons, employee counseling and complaint processing, upward mobility programs, special programs for women and Hispanics, and community outreach to minority and women's groups in Washington, D.C., and the Nation.

The Office of Facilities Services (OFS) is responsible for the Smithsonian's facilities management program. The Office provides leadership and integrated oversight for physical plant operations, maintenance, repair, and improvement; protection services, including physical security, medical services and occupational health; safety, fire protection, industrial hygiene, and management of the environment; planning, design, and construction of new facilities; mail services; transportation management; and architectural history and historic preservation. In executing its mission, the Office integrates the activities of the Office of Architectural History and Historic Preservation, the Office of Design and Construction, the Office of Environmental Management and Safety, the Office of Plant Services, and the Office of Protection Services. Advocates of a strong vision of quality service to the Institution and the public, the staff analyzes trends, assesses productivity, promotes cultural diversity and employee development, and evaluates program effectiveness and service delivery. The Office strives to empower its people; sets priorities, goals, and objectives; and devises solutions to issues affecting the total facilities management program.

The Office of Financial and Management Analysis (OFMA) assists Smithsonian management in increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the Institution through studies and

reviews, dissemination of policy and procedural directives, coordination of the Internal Controls Review Program, and design and control of official Smithsonian forms.

The Office of Human Resources (OHR) plans and directs a comprehensive program of human resources management for the Smithsonian's diverse employee population. Within the framework of public policy, law, and regulation, the Office provides leadership for a range of personnel services and program activities responsive to the work force needs of the Institution. Among the numerous areas of responsibility assigned to OHR are recruitment and staffing, employee orientation, position management and classification, the merit promotion program, pay and performance systems, benefits administration, technical policy guidance, employee and labor-management relations, training and development, advisory services, employee counseling, and personnel program evaluation. Additionally, OHR oversees workers' compensation, unemployment insurance, and all automated personnel processing/record-keeping systems.

The Office of Information Resource Management (OIRM) provides leadership in information technology throughout the Institution in planning, systems development, communications, training, and support activities. OIRM recently coordinated bureau participation in the development of the Smithsonian's first information resource management plan. Supporting the Institution's research program, OIRM was instrumental in arranging the donation of computers and software for the development of multi-media curriculum materials documenting biodiversity. Additional data bases were affixed to Smithsonian Collections Information Systems (CIS) within the National Air and Space Museum, the National Museum of American Art, and the National Museum of Natural History. OIRM expanded the functions and data bases of the Smithsonian Institution Bibliographic Information System (SIBIS), which now supports more than 3,000 on-line inquiries per day. Other significant accomplishments include expanding communications access to local and distant units by implementing a standard communications network architecture. OIRM expanded its electronic mail service, which now is accessible to more than 3,000 employees and to the international academic community.

The Ombudsman serves as a neutral party to whom employees can bring any work-related problem, concern, or complaint. In addition to the approximately 200 cases handled each year, the Ombudsman oversees the Smithsonian Emergency Assistance Fund, which provides loans to employees in emergency situations.

The Office of Planning and Budget (OPB) coordinates Institution-wide planning and produces the Five-Year Prospectus . The Office formulates the Institution's Federal and nonappropriated Trust fund budgets for approval by the Secretary and the Board of Regents. OPB prepares justifications for approved budgets for submission to the Office of Management and Budget and to Congress and subsequently interacts with each on related matters. OPB monitors established budgets to ensure that spending plans advance planning goals and comply with pertinent limitations. During FY 1991, OPB activities emphasized planning improvements and better management information, and the Office improved upon and provided training for the new personnel cost projection system.

The Office of Printing and Photographic Services (OPPS) has the broadest Smithsonian-wide customer base of any service organization in the Institution. OPPS' responsibilities include taking photographs, processing photographic materials, and archival preservation of photographs. The Office has developed one of the finest environmental storage units in the world. By combining these advanced storage capabilities with new videodisc technologies, this unit will pioneer many techniques for the preservation of photographic images while making them simultaneously and universally available.

The Office of Risk Management (ORM) assists and advises the Smithsonian in identifying and controlling risks. ORM is also responsible for assessing the need for insurance and handling liability claims against, and made by, the Smithsonian. It also develops the Smithsonian Disaster Preparedness Plan.

The Office of Sponsored Projects (OSP) is the primary point of administrative interface between the Smithsonian bureaus, offices, and research institutes that seek or receive grants and contracts from public and private organizations. OSP provides a range of administrative and financial services and resources. These services include pre-award review and approval, award acceptance, regulatory compliance, financial management, audit liaison, and indirect cost calculation.

The Travel Services Office (TSO) provides the most efficient service possible to Smithsonian travelers at the most economical rates available. TSO uses special fares and rates as well as government discounts for airlines, hotels, and car rentals to the maximum extent possible.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM CHANGE - For FY 1993, the requested increase for administrative units totals 21 workyears and $1,865,000 as detailed below:

Activity FTE Amount

Office of Inspector General 0 $ 90,000 Office of Assistant Secretary for

Finance and Administration 2 1,275,000

Office of Equal Opportunity 6 200,000

Office of Human Resources 6 300,000

Office of Information Resource Management 7

Office of Inspector General Contract Audits ($90.000) - The requested resources will supplement the existing contract audit function, currently staffed with two positions. This increase will enable the Office of Inspector General to complete timely contract audits and in turn benefit the Institution through reduced contract costs.

Office of the Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration - Financial Management Improvements (2 workyears and $1.275.000) - The Institution has planned a series of measures to improve the Government's stewardship over public funds and to strengthen the systems that provide the President, Congress, and the American people with the information necessary to make informed decisions on how public monies are spent. A major effort is underway to replace on a phased basis the Institution's antiquated accounting system with a new, modern one that will be more efficient, effective, and timely in its reporting capability. With previous appropriation support, software has been purchased, and a general ledger system prototyped. The current phase of the project includes the implementation of an accounts payable/purchasing module with an emphasis on reducing data entry redundancies and improving processing time through the use of electronic forms.

Fiscal year 1993 activities will include completion of the accounts payable/purchasing module and the beginning of the implementation of a new general ledger as well as a funds control module. Because the Smithsonian has no staff experienced in the implementation of a large, complex accounting system, it will continue to use external consultants for a large percentage of the work. The requested increase will support a portion of the consultant cost ($950,000), will provide training for users, and purchase necessary supplies and equipment ($100,000). The Institution also requests 2 workyears and $150,000 to support the new system. The first position will provide senior computer systems support

needed to maintain and administer the procurement-related module implemented in FY 1992 and early FY 1993. The second position will assist in the development of new report layouts, provide technical support, perform detailed analyses, develop specification as well as document procedures, and prepare training materials.

In keeping with practices now being adopted in Federal agencies and to assure proper accounting and internal control systems, the Institution has an annual audit performed by a CPA firm. The Institution requests an additional $75,000 for the proportionate Federal share of this cost. Trust funds will support the remainder of this expense.

Office of Equal Opportunity (6 workvears and $200,000) - The requested increase will strengthen and expand the Office of Equal Opportunity's professional development program for current junior Smithsonian staff. The program, initiated in FY 1990 as the Step-Up 90 program, allows bureaus and offices to identify staffing needs that are underrepresented by minorities and women. With the requested increase, the Institution will competitively announce additional positions for current Smithsonian staff following upward mobility guidelines.

Selected candidates will enter a career track (professional, administrative, and technical) position at their current grade level and train for a targeted level. The bureau or office will receive funding to supplement personnel compensation allotted for the eventual targeted grade. The difference in salary level and total allotment will cover the cost of technical training, formal education, or on-the-job training.

The requested increase will add a total of six targeted positions at the GS-4 through 12 grade levels to the current program established in FY 1990. The requested increase for salary/benefit resources for the new positions is $150,000. The Institution also requests a central training and administrative support fund of $50,000, for a total of $200,000.

Office of Human Resources (6 workvears and $300.000) - The Institution has often lost good job candidates for its various specialized positions because of the length of time involved in the hiring process. Staffing of personnel specialists in OHR has not kept pace with the growth of the Institution over the past several years. The result has been a slow deterioration of the level and quality of services provided to the Institution and the public. The requested increase will expedite the hiring process concurrent with efforts to recruit women and minorities.

Operations Division Staff Increase (4 workyears and $244,000) - Four GS-12 personnel specialists will provide classification, staffing, and employee relations services to several Smithsonian units. These four positions are needed to keep up with recent expansion of the Smithsonian employee population. OHR personnel falls well behind in the number of personnel specialists realistically warranted.

Operations Division-Clerical Support (2 workyears and $56,000) - Increased clerical support in the Operations Division is essential to providing acceptable business-like responses to the public concerning employment inquiries and the status of job applications.

Office of Information Resource Management (7 workvears) - Addressing the computing "infrastructure gap" is central to today's research, education, and administrative objectives and lays the foundation for the future. Like other invisible program infrastructure needs, the requirement for continued resources does not constitute a new or growing program. Instead, the investment in information technology tools enables the Institution to underwrite the costs of computing as a general utility service, provide

adequate computing resources, and meets the demands of current obligations and planned applications.

In FY 1992 the Institution received $2,350,000 to support a mainframe computer, replacement of the library and archival system, and ongoing operational expenses. In order to advance the objective of maintaining adequate computer services and to continue the work begun in FY 1992, the Office of Information Resource Management requests 7 workyears and the retention of these funds. Central computing, the library and archival replacement system, mainframe operating systems, application software, and the complimentary hardware peripherals generate on-going operational expenses. Mainframe and peripheral hardware maintenance, renewal of operating and application software licenses, and provision for a back-up site form the core of these expenses along with salary related to 7 workyears of support. The continuance of funds appropriated in FY 1992 will allow current service levels for multiple computer systems and multiple data bases.

The central computing center requires 4 workyears and $190,000 for 2 systems programmers and 2 operators. These staff resources will help meet the demand for maintaining operational currency, the increasing volume of software components, and the expanding communications facilities due to escalating data traffic. The Institution anticipates greater demand for computer services from all organizations over the next few years. The additional staff will enable OIRM to keep pace with increasing processing workloads and to support critical needs of customer organizations.

The library and archival replacement system requires 3 workyears and $153,000 including 2 computer programmer/analysts and a data administrator. The staff is necessary to implement the conversion from the current system to the new Smithsonian Institution Research Information System (SIRIS) which will run in parallel for most of FY 1993. The addition of technical staff also will allow full implementation of the Institution's library, archival, and research resources, making effective use of the new system's functionalities (e.g., improved retrieval and reporting capabilities), which address participating organizations' complex and unique requirements.

The continued availability of increased base funding to support the operational expenses and staff resources is required to maintain the integrity of the Institution's automated systems and improve the delivery and maintenance of computer services. These resources are a significant step towards the utilization of advanced information technologies at the Smithsonian and will further the implementation and maintenance of Institution-wide computer systems benefitting researchers, archivists, librarians, and administrators by direct and automated access to their data.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - Funding of these centralized services from both appropriated and nonappropriated sources produces a ratio of Federal and Trust-fund administrative support approximately in proportion to the operating program expenditures of the Institution as a whole. The amounts shown under Unrestricted General funds represent administrative expenditures for those units that are organizationally under Administration. Other units that receive administrative allotments appear in the appropriate section of the budget. For example, administrative costs for the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory appear within its Nonappropriated Trust Funds section. This section also includes expenditures for producing, distributing, and marketing photographic material and slide sets and funds to help defray the costs of the Office of Printing and Photographic Services. The Office of Equal Opportunity receives a program allotment that

supports community outreach through exhibits and publications specifically aimed at women and minorities. Funds also provide for the identification and implementation of new financial and administrative management systems. Anticipated expenditures in the Special Purpose category include support of studies in ornithology, computer conversion costs, a computer cost center, and small amounts used for legal seminars and research.

Restricted Funds - This category includes foundation grants for scientific research publications, general research projects, and expenditures against investment income earned on endowment bequests.

FACILITIES SERVICES

OFFICE OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE ■= Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

Base FY 1992

FTE Allocation 50

11 Personnel Compensation 2,295

12 Personnel Benefits 428

21 Travel 26

22 Transportation of Things 1

23 Rent, Communications & Utilities 19

24 Printing & Reproduction 83

25 Other Services 329

26 Supplies & Materials 96

31 Equipment 69

Proposed

Adjustments

0

Total

Analysis of Increase

3,346

158

Est.

FY 1993

50

3,504

Necessary Pay.

Inflation

Program Funds.

144

14

0

ABSTRACT - The Office of Design and Construction (ODC) provides architectural, engineering, and facility planning services to support the development, operation, maintenance, repair, and improvement of the Smithsonian's physical plant. These support services include short- and long-range feasibility analyses, master plans, design and engineering studies, design development, contract document preparation, project management,

contract administration, and preparation of cost estimates for construction. The staff reviews contracts, plans interior design and space renovations, provides technical consulting support, and operates construction field offices.

The Smithsonian seeks funding for the Office of Design and Construction for work relating to the design and construction of the National Museum of the American Indian projects proposed for FY 1993 (2 workyears and $106,000). This request is justified under the National Museum of American Indian line-item. In addition, the Institution requires $144,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $14,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense.

PROGRAM - The Office of Design and Construction (ODC) plans, designs, constructs, and manages all new construction, renovation, restoration, and repair projects for all Smithsonian facilities. Projects are located in the Washington metropolitan area, Arizona, Florida, Maryland, New York City, and Panama.

Project Management - ODC provides project management and professional assistance to Smithsonian bureaus to guarantee a safe, proper environment for visitors, staff, and the National Collections. ODC also oversees projects and financial resources for the Repair and Restoration (R&R) program, which preserves, repairs, rehabilitates, and prevents code violations for the Smithsonian's aging physical plant and for the construction program for new facilities. In addition to repairs and construction, ODC provides professional assistance related to exhibition construction and other space modification projects. Primary services include orchestration of planning, design, and construction activities; financial management of all projects; and review of exhibit designs to ensure compliance with safety, health, and accessibility requirements and compatibility with existing building systems.

Facilities Planning - Facilities planners provide strategic planning services for master facility plan studies and related analyses as well as develop funding and construction strategies for overall R&R and construction programs. These services include defining preliminary, detailed facility requirements data for future projects and advice on construction priorities. Examples of FY 1993 projects include:

programming and planning for the National Museum of the American Indian facilities on the Mall and at Suitland, Maryland;

master development plan for the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center;

technical studies, programming, and planning for the General Post Office Building;

master development plan for collections storage and research at Suitland to address such needs well into the next century;

an automated Smithsonian-wide facilities inventory that will identify existing resources, deficiencies, and future needs, enabling the Smithsonian to improve control over facilities.

Design and Construction - The design and construction staff administers architectural, engineering, and construction contracts; reviews exhibit installation projects; and

supervises the execution of interior design and construction projects. Projects planned for FY 1993 include:

the $24 million George Gustav Heye Center for the American Indian Museum in New York City;

the East Court Building at the National Museum of Natural History;

replacement of the heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems at the National Museum of Natural History;

renovation of the Old Dominion Building at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center;

road repair at Whipple Observatory in Arizona;

renovation of the building core and utility repairs at the McAlpin-Miller House and Fox House of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum;

replacement of chillers at the National Museum of Natural History;

removal of asbestos from various facilities;

fire protection, disabled access, and health and safety improvements for various buildings and museums.

About 400 active projects are normally in progress at ODC. Of these, 50 - 75 are construction contracts, and the remainder are in a planning or design phase. In addition, approximately 100 exhibits receive review each year to ensure that they meet code and life safety requirements.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - These funds provide salary and partial support costs as ODC services both Trust and federally funded programs.

OFFICE OF PROTECTION SERVICES

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

Base FY 1992

FTE Allocation 805

11 Personnel Compensation 17 , 502

12 Personnel Benefits 4, 376

21 Travel 60

22 Transportation of Things 3

23 Rent, Communications & Utilities 50

24 Printing & Reproduction 10

25 Other Services 4, 684

26 Supplies & Materials 750

31 Equipment 759

42 Insurance Claims and Indemnities 5

Total

Analysis of Increase

28,199

Necessary Pay. Inflation Pay. Program Funds.

Proposed

Adjustments

Est. FY 1993

805

ABSTRACT - The Office of Protection Services (OPS) protects the visitors, staff, collections, and facilities of the Smithsonian Institution by providing guard, physical security, and medical services.

The Smithsonian is seeking funding for OPS security at the National Museum of the American Indian New York facilities (12 workyears and $353,000). This request is justified under the National Museum of the American Indian line-item. The Institution requires $1,352,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $157,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense.

PROGRAM - The Office of Protection Services' mission is to:

ensure that the National Collections and other properties entrusted to the Institution are protected and secured, while permitting an appropriate level of public access to them; and

provide a proper level of occupational medical services to the staff and emergency medical services to staff and visitors.

The first aspect of the mission entails assessing the protection requirements of Smithsonian facilities and addressing them through a guard force, an alarm network, and other security devices. The second aspect of the mission entails planning and providing occupational health services for employees, taking appropriate action to eliminate health hazards from the workplace, and providing emergency medical treatment for the injuries and sudden illnesses of visitors and staff. To accomplish its two-part mission, OPS employs a large force of security officers and a staff of administrators, training specialists, alarm systems specialists, technicians, investigators, museum security specialists, a medical officer, nurses, and other professional medical staff.

The security force operates 24 hours a day, every day of the year. It patrols and provides access control at the major Smithsonian facilities in and near Washington, D.C. , the Cooper-Hewitt National Museum of Design in New York City, and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama. Uniformed security guards are stationed at entrances and patrol in and around Smithsonian galleries and buildings. They respond to emergencies and signals of the alarm network that serves all Smithsonian facilities. Therefore, as new facilities come on-line, or as new galleries are constructed and opened to the public, it is essential that funding is obtained to maintain an adequate number of guards. OPS has been asking for small incremental increases over the past several years to close the gap between what is required and what has been authorized.

An extensive network of locks, alarms, and other devices is necessary to control access to and protect Smithsonian facilities and properties. OPS advises curators and exhibitors on appropriate security systems, conducts security management surveys to determine the protection requirements of Smithsonian facilities, investigates alleged and actual violations of the law occurring on Smithsonian premises, and escorts many shipments of valuable objects to and from the Smithsonian.

The investigative program is designed to resolve collection losses, thefts, and other serious internal matters. Successful resolution of collection losses and thefts requires coordination with the United States Attorney, the Department of Justice, and the court system.

OPS provides occupational medicine services and an employee assistance program. The medical officer, occupational health nurses, employee assistance counselors, and emergency medical technicians identify hazardous work environments, monitor the health of emplovees exposed to certain occupational hazards, and provide first aid for on-the-job injuries of

employees. Major program elements include medical surveillance of employees exposed to various hazards; employee assistance counseling and referral for treatment related to substance abuse and emotional problems; training programs for management personnel in dealing with impaired employees; immunizations for employees on official travel orders; health education; major disease screening programs; and stringent monthly inspections of all Smithsonian food service facilities.

OPS staff is involved in a number of outreach activities both with other American museums and communities and with international organizations. For example, OPS conducts a national conference on the protection of cultural property every year, attracting participants from across the United States, Europe, and Canada. Staff members serve on several international security committees, and the OPS medical officer is represented on several committees, including local and national occupational medical organizations and specialized groups involved with Smithsonian concerns such as the medical aspects of scientific diving. On a regular basis, OPS provides advice to museums, libraries, churches, historic sites, and corporations throughout the United States on security systems for facility, exhibit, and collection protection.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - These funds are provided by an allotment and reimbursements for the use of guard services at special events and lectures at Smithsonian facilities. These funds are used to purchase supplies, materials, and equipment.

OFFICE OF PLANT SERVICES

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

Detail of Federal Funding

Base FY 1992

FTE Allocation 494

11 Personnel Compensation 14,397

12 Personnel Benefits 2 , 939

21 Travel 22

23 Rent, Communications & Utilities 21,568

25 Other Services 1, 507

26 Supplies & Materials 1, 758

31 Equipment 133

Total

Analysis of Increase

Necessary Pay

Inflation

Utilities

Rent

Program Funds

42,324

Proposed

Adjustments

0

Est.

FY 1993

494

ABSTRACT - The Office of Plant Services (OPlantS) operates, maintains, and repairs 14 museum and art gallery buildings and many other work and collection storage areas located in the Washington area and New York City. In support of research, exhibitions, education, and other public programs, OPlantS provides utilities, transportation, mail services, exhibits renovation, and other program services. OPlantS also provides technical

assistance to several Smithsonian units located outside the Washington metropolitan area, including the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama, the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in Arizona, and the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Maryland.

The South Group Facilities Management and Quadrangle Facility Management are also part of this line-item. South Group Facilities Management offers a range of maintenance services for the Arts and Industries Building and Smithsonian Institution Building. Quadrangle Facility Management offers similar services for the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, the National Museum of African Art, and the S. Dillon Ripley Center, located in the Quadrangle Complex.

For FY 1993, OPlantS requests an increase of $2,942,000 justified in the Uncontrollable Increases section of this budget to support the Institution's utilities and rent, including $1,542,000 for D.C. water and sewer charges. The Institution is also seeking funding for OPlantS for facilities maintenance of the National Museum of the American Indian in New York (5 workyears and $550,000). The justification for this increase is contained in the National Museum of the American Indian line-item. The Smithsonian requires $935,000 for Necessary Pay for existing staff funded in this line-item and an amount of $86,000 to compensate for the effects of inflation in nonsalary areas of expense.

PROGRAM :

I. Office of Plant Services (OPlantS) - The Office of Plant Services operates, maintains, and repairs more than 5 million square feet of building spaces. The Office maintains building interiors and exteriors, elevators, escalators, and mechanical and electrical equipment. Additionally, OPlantS maintains lighting and refrigeration components and oversees emergency property repairs. The Office provides trade and craft support for the Institution, including plumbing, electrical, woodcrafting, painting, and plastering efforts. In addition to supporting Smithsonian research projects and office relocations and modifications, OPlantS supports exhibition installations and public events throughout all Smithsonian facilities.

OPlantS' automated Facility Monitoring System continually analyzes and controls mechanical equipment throughout the Institution. This system monitors areas of buildings requiring stable humidity and temperature control and alerts a control center when deviations from normal conditions occur. Since this automated system identifies abnormalities so quickly, immediate adjustments avoid costly repairs and prevent damage to the National Collections.

OPlantS' automated Preventive Maintenance System schedules regular preventive maintenance on building operating systems, ensuring increased reliability, reduced repair costs, and longer life. This system schedules preventive measures for fire prevention systems, guard stations, and automatic lighting as well as roofing systems and heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems in all museums and the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center.

The Office operates a supply warehouse to stock and distribute frequently used building maintenance and custodial supplies and materials. To obtain the best prices, OPlantS purchases these materials in bulk. In addition to supporting office relocations and modifications, OPlantS offers packing, crating, warehousing, and moving services for

museum objects and collections. The Office also provides a full range of transportation services for the Institution, as well as mail services and postage monitoring.

The Horticultural Services Division (formerly the Office of Horticulture) in the Office of Plant Services maintains the Smithsonian grounds and applies the discipline of horticulture in educational, scientific, research, exhibition, and display activities throughout the Smithsonian. Garden furnishings from the collections and plants propagated and grown at the Smithsonian greenhouse-nursery are used in landscape design and interior and exterior displays. Sources from the Horticulture Branch Library support these programs. Exterior pest control, removal of trash from the gardens, and snow and ice removal are also the responsibility of this division.

In FY 1991, OPlantS provided program support to museums and other Smithsonian organizations, including preparation of space for 130 new exhibitions. Notable among these exhibitions were "Moscow: Treasures and Traditions" and "African Traditions" at the International Gallery; "Boyd Webb" at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden; "Information Age" at the National Museum of American History; "Sharks" and "Java Sea" at the National Museum of Natural History; "Flight in the Arts" at the National Air and Space Museum; "Winslow Homer in the 1890s: Prout's Neck Observed" at the National Museum of American Art; and "Contemporary Beads" and "Glassworks" at the Renwick Gallery. OPlantS craftspersons renovated office space to accommodate changing program needs in various locations; completed energy conservation projects at the Smithsonian Institution Building, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, and the National Museum of American History; and continued installing automated exhibit lighting systems. The Facilities Inspection Program identified and estimated additional facility repair needs to be performed by OPlantS and/or contract personnel under the Repair and Restoration of Buildings program. Unfunded requirements identified by the inspection program form the basis of the annually compiled backlog of essential maintenance and repair.

The Potomac Electric Power Company commended the Office of Plant Services for continued participation in the electrical Load Curtailment Program and the New Building Design Program.

A new automated irrigation system was purchased and installed in FY 1991 by the Horticultural Services Division to monitor water usage by building and assist in cost savings and conservation efforts. Cataloguing efforts began for the Archives of American Gardens, which will facilitate the preservation of this unique collection and make it easily available for research.

II. South Group Facilities Management - South Group Facilities Management is responsible for cleaning, minor maintenance, labor services, lamping, craft services. shipping and receiving, and special events for the Arts and Industries and Smithsonian Institution Buildings. This office also contracts and coordinates maintenance, trash removal, pest control, and renovation projects for these buildings.

III. Quadrangle Facility Management - Quadrangle Facility Management provides a wide variety of support services to the Education Center of the S. Dillon Ripley Center, National Museum of African Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Resident Associate Program, National Associate Program, Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, and International Center. These services include space scheduling, custodial, labor, rigging, minor maintenance, lamping, shipping and receiving, and related services. The automated

scheduling and maintenance program enhances the reliability and effectiveness of housekeeping, public events, and related support services.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds :

I. Office of Plant Services - Allotments provide unrestricted Trust funds to cover salaries and support costs in OPlantS. These allotments also provide the Trust share of space rental costs for administrative activities located at L'Enfant Plaza. Reimbursements from Trust-funded client organizations provide Special Purpose Funds for support services offered by OPlantS. These funds purchase supplies, services, equipment, and landscaping materials.

II. South Group Facilities Management - The primary source of nonappropriated funds is from reimbursements for special events. The amount varies depending upon the nature of the events and the requirement for overtime. This money has been used to purchase special event equipment, computer hardware and software, and supplies.

III. Quadrangle Facility Management - Trust funds are generated through reimbursements from special events. The amount varies each year depending on the nature of the events and the overtime required. The funds assist in purchasing supplies, services, and equipment for special events.

NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK CONSTRUCTION AND IMPROVEMENTS

1991 Appropriation $6,636, 000

P.L. 99-177, The Balanced Budget and Emergency

Deficit Control Act of 1985 (as amended) $6 , 635 , 914

1992 Appropriation $7 , 899 , 000

1993 Estimate $7 , 900 , 000

Appropriations to this account provide funding for:

repairs, alterations, and improvements to plant property;

additions to existing facilities and minor new facilities, including exhibits;

plans and specifications for construction;

renovation, restoration, and construction of new facilities outlined in the

Master Plan.

The Zoo contracts for most construction and improvement projects. If the contractor's estimates are above acceptable cost levels, a more economical alternative is to hire permanent or temporary labor to accomplish the work. The account also funds related expenses such as relocation of animals during the renovation or construction of facilities and major grounds maintenance resulting from storm damage.

In keeping with the 1889 charter, the National Zoological Park endeavors to "administer and improve" the Zoo for "the advancement of science and instruction and recreation of the people" (20 U.S.C. 81). The National Zoological Park (NZP) complex includes 163 acres in the Rock Creek Valley of Washington, D.C., and a 3,150-acre Conservation and Research Center (CRC) located in Front Royal, Virginia. Since 1890, exhibition and public educational functions have been centered in the Rock Creek Valley portion of the National Zoological Park. Conservation, training, research, and breeding are conducted at both Rock Creek and the Conservation and Research Center. Since 1975, CRC has assumed primary responsibility for Zoo programs to save threatened and endangered animal species.

The composition of the FY 1993 request is as follows:

Rock Creek Master Plan:

Aquatic Trail — Living in Water (Phase I) $2,100,000

Grasslands and Forest Exhibit (Phase I) 1,300,000

Conservation and Research Center Development Plan:

Road Improvements/Extensions 1,200,000

Renovation, Repair, and Improvements:

Rock Creek 2,350,000

Conservation and Research Center 950.000

TOTAL REQUEST $7,900,000

ROCK CREEK MASTER PLAN - The National Zoo's Rock Creek facilities have been undergoing major renovation and improvements through implementation of the Master Plan. Congress has appropriated a total of $65,735,000 from FY 1974 to FY 1992 to carry out major portions of the Master Plan. Full implementation of the Master Plan, as revised in 1986, will place the National Zoological Park among the world's finest zoos.

Aquatic Trail-Living in Water. Phase I ($2.100.000) - This funding of $2,100,000 will be used to design and begin construction of a cluster of new habitat exhibits as part of the Zoo's Aquatic Trail. Within the cluster of exhibits, the Zoo will focus on key aquatic ecosystems and habitats, many of which are highly endangered. These will include the American Lake, South Atlantic Coast, Chesapeake Marsh, and Mangrove Swamp. To make the series of exhibits both entertaining and educational, each exhibit will offer interpretations from a slightly different point of view. At the same time, the exhibits will supply sufficient content for a more extensive inquiry by interested visitors.

The American Lake will provide an underwater visit at a typical inland lake in the eastern United States. The exhibit will focus on the plant and animal responses to temperature stratification of lakes, the food chain with special emphasis on its plant components, and fish schooling and communication.

The South Atlantic Coast will display a small colony of black-footed penguins. The interpretation will focus on penguins as both predators and prey, the ecology of their food sources, their evolutionary adaptations to the marine environment including analogies to fish and marine mammals, and their spectacular communal nesting.

The Chesapeake Marsh will use a local habitat and familiar animals to raise issues of global concern. It will emphasize current threats to the Chesapeake Bay's animal life and ecological balance, including their economic and recreational implications. The facility will illustrate the important ecological and historical research carried on by the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, located on the Chesapeake Bay.

The Mangrove Swamp will feature one of the most widespread--and fastest disappearing --of all tropical habitats. It will emphasize the erosion-reducing and land-forming role of mangrove areas and the complex lifestyles and adaptation of the various species that inhabit the system. The Mangrove Swamp will be adjacent to the Zoo's Amazonia Exhibit, as the ecosystem typifies the estuaries of all great tropical rivers.

Grasslands and Forest Exhibit. Phase I ($1.300.000) - As part of its revised Master Plan, the Zoo will construct three new exhibits, each representing a distinct ecological and geographic area: American Grasslands, African Grasslands, and Forests. Funding of $1,300,000 in FY 1993 will provide for the design and initial site preparation for the three exhibits. Actual construction will begin in early FY 1994. Each exhibit will put major emphasis on uniquely adapted flora and fauna and the interconnectedness of the ecosystem.

The American Grasslands exhibit will consist of two major habitats: the North American Prairies and the South American Grasslands. Separating the two exhibits, a planted berm will conceal a service yard and holding buildings. Bison, coyotes, sandhill cranes, prairie dogs, and gopher snakes will populate the prairie exhibit. The complex and unique assemblage of prairie plants will be a major feature. The South American section will house mara, giant anteaters, capybara, maned wolves, rhea, and guanacos. The history of grasslands and the adaptations of Native Americans to live in grassland areas will be emphasized.

The African Grasslands will also consist of two major habitats: the African Savanna and the African Desert. The trails in the two subdivisions will include screening and specimen plantings to create the illusion of being in Africa. Animal species such as zebra, ostrich, wildebeest, flamingo, spotted hyena, blesbok, gerenuk, and dwarf mongoose

will inhabit the savanna. A nocturnal segment will include animals such as the zorilla, aardvark, fennec fox, cobra, and insects. The desert will feature gazelle, crowned crane, meerkat, duiker, and klipspringers.

The Forest will include three habitats: West African Forest, Southeast Asian Forest, and the Sulawesi Forest. The exhibits will be located on the hilly terrain east of the Zoo's Connecticut Avenue entrance. Mandrill, leopard, bongo, Eld's deer, tapir, muntjac, anoa, and babirusa will be among the featured animals. The Forest will show prominently the remarkably convergent lifestyles of forest-dwelling people in each of the habitat exhibits. The art and artifacts of indigenous peoples will illustrate their long history of adaptation and inventiveness.

Road Improvements/Extensions ($1.200.000) - The Zoo will use the $1,200,000 requested for FY 1993 to upgrade and extend the Conservation and Research Center's roadway system. The Center's roadway network has three surface types: paved roads, gravel roads, and unpaved jeep trails. This road system has not been substantially upgraded in more than 20 years, and many of the roads have deteriorated as a result of overuse and annual freeze -thaw cycles.

Weather resistant gravel roads will be extended to newly renovated pastures and facilities in the underdeveloped areas of the Center. The Center will upgrade its jeep trails, which provide access to within one-quarter mile of any point on the property. The current trails are unimproved cleared corridors requiring the use of four-wheel-drive vehicles. Substantial portions of the jeep trails were pioneered in 1977 during the perimeter fence construction project. Once upgraded, the Center's roadways will provide a valuable circulation link for fence maintenance, wildlife studies, and perimeter security.

RENOVATION. REPAIR, AND IMPROVEMENTS :

Rock Creek ($2.350.000) - The National Zoological Park is responsible for the repair and preventive maintenance of its facilities. The Zoo strives to maintain a safe environment for its visiting public and staff, provide ecologically suitable and comfortable enclosures for the animals, and maintain all buildings in good condition. The funding included in this request will help ensure that the Zoo's preventive maintenance program will not include a large backlog of major repair projects.

The Zoo's Rock Creek facilities, located on 163 acres, include more than 450,000 square feet of buildings and 160,000 square feet of roofs. Along with the Park's perimeter fence measuring 10,564 linear feet, the Zoo's in-ground utility distribution system includes more than 4,600 linear feet of high-voltage electrical lines, approximately 4,000 linear feet of medium-voltage electrical lines, 16,000 linear feet of water mains, 6,000 linear feet of gas mains, 28,000 linear feet of sewer lines, and 14,000 linear feet of storm drains. The Park's preventive maintenance program includes the care of these systems to ensure safe operation of the total facility.

The major repair and renovation projects scheduled for the Rock Creek facility in FY 1993 include:

reroofing two major Zoo buildings;

bringing fire protection and prevention systems up to code

requirements;

continuing preventive maintenance of heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems (ongoing program);

renovating and replacing interpretive signage (ongoing program); repairing/replacing the cooling tower in the Education Building; repaving some interior zoo roadways.

The National Zoological Park requests $2,350,000 to continue its annual program of renovation, repair, and preventive maintenance for its Rock Creek facility. This level of funding will enable the Zoo to provide the required level of general maintenance to all the plant property.

Conservation and Research Center ($950.000) - The Zoo's Conservation and Research Center at Front Royal is a nonpublic facility devoted to the conservation of endangered wildlife through programs in propagation, research, and international training. The 3,150-acre facility includes more than 89 structures ranging from animal shelters to research laboratories and residences. The property has 2 1/2 miles of roads, 20 miles of jeep trails, and more than 30 miles of fences.

Funding requested in FY 1993 will enable the Center to continue the required maintenance and upkeep of these diverse facilities. Specific projects scheduled for FY 1993 include:

reroofing several residences and animal barns;

replacing the substrate in two ungulate barns;

renovating an unused barn for passerine research;

constructing two ungulate sheds in Slatehill and Meade pastures;

renovating the interiors of two apartments adjacent to the Radio-

Tracking Laboratory.

The $950,000 that NZP requests for FY 1993 will support the Center's preventive maintenance program and help reduce costly repairs at this important facility in the future.

REPAIR AND RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS

1991 Appropriation $31,191,000

P.L. 99-177, The Balanced Budget and Emergency

Deficit Control Act of 1985 (as amended) $31,190,595

1992 Appropriation $23 , 599 , 000

1993 Estimate $24,400,000

Smithsonian facilities include 15 museums and gallery buildings in Washington, D.C., and New York City and total more than 5.5 million square feet of building space. These museum buildings house research and collections management activities and a wide range of exhibitions in the fields of science, history, technology, and art. The Institution also operates and maintains restoration, storage, and aircraft and spacecraft display facilities in Suitland, Maryland, and New York City; centers for biological research, conservation, and education in Panama and on the Chesapeake Bay near Edgewater, Maryland; a center for astrophysics in Cambridge, Massachusetts; and the Whipple Observatory on Mt. Hopkins in Arizona. These facilities range in age from new to more than 140 years old, and many appear on the registers of historic landmarks.

The Repair and Restoration of Buildings (R&R) account pays the cost of repairs, corrective measures to meet life safety and health regulations, and replacement or renovation of major building components or equipment. This budget document discusses the repairs and renovations at the National Zoological Park as a separate justification.

The heavy public use of buildings and the demand for constant temperature and humidity levels to protect the National Collections exacerbate the natural aging process of building materials, equipment, and systems. The Smithsonian now achieves longer-than-average predicted life for most equipment. It is a measure of the effectiveness of the Smithsonian's preventive maintenance program that this longevity is accomplished in the face of a 24-hour operation that places the equipment under a more severe duty cycle than normal. Eventually, however, even effective preventive maintenance and regular repair programs are not able to keep the equipment components of building systems operating. The Institution must overhaul heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems and electrical and plumbing systems periodically to replace deteriorated equipment, wires, ducts, and pipes. It must repair the effects of weather on the exteriors of buildings and guard against interior damage. In addition, the enactment of new codes and regulations calls for building modifications to ensure a safe and healthful environment and access for visitors and staff with disabilities.

Funding levels for maintenance, repair, and preservation of buildings are not keeping pace with the rate of deterioration. A substantial backlog of essential repair work exists and continues to grow. These repairs are vital to ensure the continued reliable functioning of building equipment and systems, long-term preservation of buildings, and compliance with life safety and health codes and standards. The most recent (January 1992) estimate of the backlog of currently unfunded projects is $221 million. This figure represents an increase from the January 1991 level of $216 million, for which Congress appropriated $23.6 million in FY 1992 ($8 million less than requested). Despite annual increments of funding, many factors contribute to the continual growth of the problem. The backlog is not a static list of repair projects. Every year a number of problems that did not previously exist must be added to the backlog. For example, a piece of equipment might fail or reach the end of its useful life; or a roof might develop serious leaks where a significant problem was not evident the year before. Newly promulgated life safety and health codes and heightened sensitivity to environmental hazards may require work not

formerly recognized as needed. In addition, a number of factors contribute to increased cost estimates for repairs already included in the backlog. In some cases, additional deterioration or damage caused by delay increases the cost of individual projects. More detailed studies of previously identified problems and the inflationary effect of project delays also contribute to higher cost estimates for the work. Only a sustained commitment to increased funding will allow the Institution to reduce the backlog in an orderly manner to ensure preservation of its buildings for continued use by future generations.

The Smithsonian separates projects under the R&R program into two categories and accordingly requests funding in two subaccounts. The first subaccount, Major Capital Renewal, includes funds for the cyclical replacement of major building systems and equipment and major renovation projects required to ensure long-term preservation of the buildings. These projects are different in magnitude, expense, and planning complexity from routine ongoing restoration work, repair projects, or replacements undertaken when a piece of equipment fails. More than half the identified backlog consists of these major replacement requirements for HVAC and electrical systems at the Air and Space, American Art and Portrait Gallery, American History, Arts and Industries, Natural History, Renwick Gallery, and the Smithsonian Institution buildings.

The second R&R subaccount is Repairs, Restoration, and Code Compliance. Funding requested through this subaccount will eliminate, over a period of time, the remainder of the backlog of repairs and other work needed to meet safety and health requirements. This subaccount encompasses six categories of routine maintenance and repair projects. This budget request presents an aggregate amount for each of the six categories, with a description of the kinds of work planned.

The composition of the FY 1993 R&R budget request follows:

REPAIR AND RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS

MAJOR CAPITAL RENEWAL $10,490,000

REPAIRS, RESTORATION, AND CODE COMPLIANCE

General Repairs 4,060,000

Facade, Roof, and Terrace Repairs 2,010,000

Fire Detection and Suppression Projects 350,000

Access, Safety, and Security Projects 3,055,000

Utility Systems Repairs 2,905,000

Advanced Planning and Inspection 1.530.000

Subtotal $13,910,000

TOTAL REQUEST $24,400,000

Following the narrative description of the program for FY 1993, a listing shows all planned projects by building and R&R category.

MAJOR CAPITAL RENEWAL - Projects in this category involve replacing major building systems and components that have outlived their useful lives. Complete replacement ensures long-term operation and preservation of the building. Modifications to the building also improve energy efficiency, meet fire detection and suppression requirements, and correct hazardous conditions. By coordinating these kinds of tasks, the Institution saves money and avoids repeated disruption to activities in the building. The Smithsonian achieves

operating efficiencies as well by designing new building systems and components to work together. For example, by installing multiple-paned windows and increasing insulation, the Smithsonian can select heating and cooling equipment with lower capacity. The equipment costs less to purchase and install, and long-term operating costs are lower. The impact of renovation work on programmatic activities is a key factor in planning a major project. Work of this magnitude causes serious disruption to activities in the building. The Institution must relocate staff and collections from the areas under construction to prevent damage, allow staff to continue working during the construction period, and ensure continued public access and safety.

For FY 1993, the Smithsonian requests $10,490,000 for the projects described below:

Air and Space Building ($150.000) - Construction of the Air and Space Building was started in 1974, and it opened to the public in the summer of 1976. The National Air and Space Museum has experienced a variety of environmental problems with the building almost from the beginning. With funding requested in FY 1993 ($150,000), the Institution will complete a physical survey of all major building components, analyze the interactions of present and future physical plant modifications, and evaluate the impact of proposed programmatic changes on the overall operation of the building. The staff will then develop a phased implementation plan for physical plant maintenance and renovation to provide an appropriate environment for museum operations in an energy-efficient manner. The implementation plan will form the basis for future budget requests for construction.

American History Building ($6,440.000) - A 1982 study of the HVAC system of the American History Building, now 27 years old, recommended replacement of the deteriorated heating, ventilating, air conditioning, and refrigeration equipment systems and controls. Replacement of these systems will ensure continuous provision of required environmental conditions in an energy-efficient manner. The study also recommended modifications to the building envelope to increase energy efficiency. The Institution recently completed the required window and roof replacement and facade repairs using previously provided funding.

The 1986 Master Coordination Plan established a detailed schedule for replacing the HVAC and related systems. This plan also incorporated anticipated life safety and fire protection improvements and asbestos-removal work so that workers could isolate vertical portions of the public areas of the building and accomplish all work required in each segment at the same time. This scheduling of complex but interrelated projects results in less disruption to the National Museum of American History's activities and saves money through a single contract for each vertical portion. The final phase of the project will incorporate all work required in the office areas of the fourth and fifth floors. A separate follow-on project will perform similar work in the basement of the building.

Work in each vertical quadrant includes replacing the air-mixing boxes, controls, and air-handling equipment; installing new sprinkler, smoke detection, and emergency lighting systems; constructing new fire walls and other fire protection improvements originally outlined in the Fire Protection Master Plan; installing conduit and cabling to support the security and communications networks; and removing asbestos present in mechanical rooms and other areas of the building. The Museum is coordinating this project with its exhibit renewal program. The project includes the cost of relocating artifacts and personnel displaced in the course of the work.

The first phase of this project began with funding received in FY 1987 ($1.2 million) and FY 1988 ($1.6 million) and included all work required in the east quadrant of the

building. The Institution has completed this phase. Work on Phase II, in the west central quadrant, began with funding received in FY 1989 ($2.1 million) and is now essentially-complete. The construction contractor began Phase III, in the west quadrant, in FY 1990 with $3,675,000 provided that year and will complete this phase in April 1992. The $3,790,000 received in FY 1991 is funding Phase IVa construction in the east central quadrant, which began in October 1991. The FY 1991 funds are also being used to design the final phase of work (Phase IVb), which will include construction on the fourth and fifth floors. The Institution requests $5,800,000 in FY 1993 for Phase IVb construction, which will be completed in FY 1995. The Smithsonian requests $400,000 in FY 1993 for relocation requirements associated with this phase. A final increment of funding, to be sought in FY 1994, will allow the Museum to return collections and staff displaced during the project.

The Smithsonian also requests $240,000 to complete design of the HVAC replacement and related work in the basement of the Museum and to relocate staff and collections that will be affected by the work. Renovation of the basement systems was not included in the original scope of the Major Capital Renewal project. However, problems over the past several years associated with air circulation and exhaust fumes and the deterioration of HVAC and electrical equipment make it imperative that the systems be replaced with equipment of sizes and types suited to present and projected use of the space. During the replacement procedure, the Museum will remove asbestos from existing equipment. The Institution received $250,000 in FY 1992 to begin preparation of design documents for the first phase of the basement work and to plan the relocation of staff and collections affected by the construction.

Arts and Industries Building ($200.000) - The Arts and Industries Building is one of the finest examples of Victorian architecture in the Nation. Originally designed to house representative artifacts from the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition, the construction of the building was started in April 1879 and completed in March 1881. The last major renovation of the HVAC system took place in the 1960s, with some additional work done in the mid-1970s to prepare for the opening of the "1876 Centennial Exhibition." The heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equipment and electrical and other utility systems are now reaching the end of their useful life and must be replaced. Most spaces are heated and cooled by antiquated mechanical systems. Pressurized steam pipes, chilled water pipes, and electrical conduits are located in utility trenches under the first floor. These trenches contain asbestos and are filled with abandoned pipes and conduits, which make access for inspection, maintenance, and repair disruptive, difficult, and costly. In addition, the building envelope has substantial deficiencies and its HVAC system cannot maintain optimum environmental conditions required for museum collections. With the recent decision to use the building to house the proposed African American Museum, this problem becomes critically important to correct.

Over the past several years, the Smithsonian has performed a series of studies concerning physical plant improvements and utility tunnel replacement for the building. The staff is currently contracting with an architectural and engineering firm to evaluate these studies and develop recommendations for the sequencing of work. On the basis of these recommendations, the Institution will use funds requested in FY 1993 to begin design of the first phase of work ($200,000) and will develop future budget requests for construction funding.

Natural History Building ($3.500.000) - Over the past several years the Institution undertook a number of separate studies of the Natural History Building to address energy

conservation, fire detection and suppression, communications, security upgrading, asbestos abatement, and other remedies to building deficiencies, especially in the HVAC and electrical systems. As a result of these studies, the Institution realized the magnitude of the work required and initiated a Master Implementation Plan to ensure that the Natural History Building is maintained in an effective manner. The Institution will schedule work so as to minimize disruption within the building and reduce costs by grouping tasks. The Museum will coordinate the exhibit reinstallation program with the renovation project. The Institution will fill in the East Court space with a new building to provide permanent space for expansion of the Museum's current activities. During the renovation project this building will provide the Museum with staging space for temporary relocation of staff and collections affected by the renovation. Construction of this building will require relocation of the current chiller plant to a new vault under the parking lot as well as accommodation for other functions now in the East Court space. The Construction section of the budget request includes a justification for the East Court Building.

Guided by a Fire Protection Master Plan developed in 1979, fire protection improvements and asbestos removal and containment work are well under way. However, the replacement of the HVAC and critical electrical equipment is the most significant aspect of this project and thus governs the overall work schedule. The majority of the HVAC equipment is now more than 25 years old and requires replacement to avoid system failure. The automatic temperature control system is obsolete and does not operate satisfactorily. The age of 90 percent of the electrical lighting and power panels in the building is in excess of 20 years. Some of the electrical panels date from 1910 and present a potential safety hazard. Other panels installed in the 1960s, which met standards at the time, would not earn a UL (Underwriters' Laboratory) listing for today's established safety standards, and replacement circuit breakers are no longer available. The main high-voltage switchgear equipment, which serves all the transformers for the Natural History, Arts and Industries, and Smithsonian Institution buildings, is approximately 40 years old. The Smithsonian must completely replace these components and other related electrical equipment because repair parts are no longer available.

The Institution completed a detailed plan for the replacement of building systems at

the Natural History Building in fall 1989. The plan spreads the work over a number of

years to provide the most cost-effective construction sequence, minimize disruption of programs, and prevent Museum closings. The scope of work includes:

replacing the HVAC system with a new centralized system located in new penthouses over the east and west wings;

replacing the chiller plant with updated equipment in a new vault beneath the southeast corner of the parking lot;

modifying the building envelope, specifically by replacing the roof over the wings and installing roof insulation, replacing single-glazed windows in the wings with double-glazed windows, replacing roof rain leaders, and installing air locks or vestibules at entrances and loading docks;

centralizing laboratories with new exhaust air systems;

improving the automatic temperature control system;

connecting the equipment to a central control and monitoring system.

The project will incorporate remaining fire protection work originally conceived under the Master Plan. Work will also include removing or encapsulating asbestos insulation located in the attics and attached to equipment, ductwork, and piping throughout the building.

The Institution has received a total of $21,900,000 through FY 1991 for this project and received $5,730,000 in FY 1992. These funds will cover the cost of project planning and design of early phases of the work, begin renovation work, and allow initial relocation of staff and collections. The design of the new underground chiller plant is complete, and construction began in late summer 1991. The Institution has contracted for detailed design of the mechanical penthouses over the east and west wings and roof and window restoration and will replace the wing windows using currently appropriated funds. The Smithsonian has also used appropriated funds to make a number of interim repairs to the existing systems. Asbestos removal projects in the East and West Court mechanical towers were completed in FY 1991, and a similar project in the utility tunnels of the building will begin shortly. The funds available through FY 1992 will also construct and equip the mechanical penthouses over the wings; replace and reinsulate the roof systems over the wings; continue window restoration, asbestos removal, and interim equipment repairs; design the next stage of construction; and prepare for the relocation of staff and collections affected by future phases of work.

The Institution requests $3,500,000 in FY 1993 to repair or replace the windows in the central portion of the building ($2,500,000); design the next phase of the project ($500,000); and prepare staff and collections for relocation during future construction ($500,000).

Smithsonian Institution (Castle) Building ($200,000) - The Institution's first building is now more than 140 years old. The last renovation of the major building systems took place in the 1960s. The mechanical (HVAC) and electrical systems are near the end of the lifespans normally projected for such systems. In addition, the new Visitors' Center and the proliferation of computers and other office equipment have greatly changed the heating and cooling loads of the building. New, modern equipment, sized to meet the needs of current and projected activities in the building, will provide more effective climate control and ensure continued operation and long-term preservation of the building. Energy conservation opportunities can also be expected to provide future savings in operating and maintenance costs. During renovation, the Institution will install sprinklers in the Great Hall, a project previously deferred because of the major disruption it would have caused to the Woodrow Wilson Center immediately above.

With funds provided in FY 1991, the Institution is conducting an energy audit to identify utility system replacement requirements, energy conservation opportunities, and associated architectural modifications. The FY 1993 request of $200,000 will begin design. The Institution will seek funding in future years to complete design. Actual construction will be coordinated with the relocation of the Woodrow Wilson Center to new quarters in another building in 1995 or 1996.

REPAIRS. RESTORATION. AND CODE COMPLIANCE - Projects in this category include:

minor, unscheduled, but essential repairs to sidewalks, roads, parking lots, waterproofing, electrical and lighting systems, and plaster walls;

repairs to facades, roofs, skylights, terraces, and windows;

installation of heat and smoke detection systems, sprinkler and chemical suppression systems, fire doors and fire-rated walls, lightning protection, and improvement of exit capability;

improvements to ensure access for people with disabilities, asbestos abatement, renovations to elevators, correction of exhaust or ventilation problems, implementation of life safety and health code modifications, and security modifications and lighting;

repairs and energy conservation improvements to HVAC, plumbing, electrical, and communications systems, and improvements to rest room facilities;

advanced design of future-year projects and long-range planning for repair and restoration of Smithsonian facilities and feasibility studies of specific problem areas.

For FY 1993, the Smithsonian requests $13,910,000 for the projects listed below:

General Repairs ($4,060.000) - Funds requested in this category support a wide variety of projects. These funds provide resources for minor, unscheduled, but essential repairs that the Institution cannot anticipate specifically or that do not fit into one discrete category. For FY 1993, the Institution requests $4,060,000 for such projects as:

renovating the interior of the Old Dominion Building and replacing the boat ramp at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center;

repairing sidewalks, parking lots, garages, and roads at various locations;

implementing revegetation of areas around road construction and mountain buildings at the Whipple Observatory to restore the natural habitat;

removing or replacing old underground storage tanks at a number of locations with new tanks with Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mandated corrosion protection and spill detection or with above-ground tanks;

improving security and correcting heat gain problems in the Freer Gallery's Peacock Room;

making general repairs to off-Mall facilities;

handling emergency repairs required throughout the Smithsonian.

Facade. Roof, and Terrace Repairs ($2,010.000) - Maintaining the integrity of the exteriors of all Smithsonian buildings is critical. This maintenance will prevent major structural and interior damage and deterioration due to age, water intrusion, and weathering. Proper care will ensure a safe environment for visitors, staff, and collections. In addition, energy conservation and environmental control demand weather-tight exteriors. Work in this category includes a variety of projects accomplished cyclically according to the life of the materials used. For example, roofs need replacing

nearly every 20 years; facade joints need recaulking and repainting about every ten years; and window frames and other exterior trim need repainting every five years. Several Smithsonian buildings now require large-scale restoration. The Institution plans to offer additional protection for building exteriors through an enhanced preventive maintenance and repair program.

For FY 1993, the Institution requests $2,010,000 for facade, roof, and terrace repairs. Planned projects include roof and skylight inspection, repair, or replacement at the Natural History Building, the Arts and Industries Building, and the Silver Hill Facility. Work will continue at the Smithsonian Institution Building to restore the facade stones. Other projects funded from this category include:

repairing or replacing windows and exterior doors at the Cooper-Hewitt Museum and the Arts and Industries Building;

repairing stonework at the American Art and Portrait Gallery Building;

making miscellaneous repairs to the pavements surrounding the Research Branch of the Museum of the American Indian;

replacing the deteriorated aluminum dome over the 60-inch telescope at the Whipple Observatory;

repairing and painting wooden and metal facades and building elements at a variety of locations.

Fire Detection and Suppression Projects ($350.000) - A major Institutional priority is to provide the best fire protection and safety measures available under today's standards with state-of-the-art technology. Every major Smithsonian facility has a fire protection master plan. The Institution has now completed much of the required work, and additional modifications will be incorporated into the Major Capital Renewal projects in several buildings. For FY 1993, the request of $350,000 will continue fire protection master plan work in the McAlpin-Miller House and Fox House of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum. The Institution will also make fire protection improvements at the Research Branch of the Museum of the American Indian. Work will include the installation of heat and smoke detection systems, sprinkler and chemical suppression systems, fire doors and walls, and the improvement of exit capability.

Access. Safety, and Security Projects ($3.055,000) - The Institution continues to emphasize providing better access to its facilities for persons with disabilities, improving environmental conditions for the health and safety of visitors and staff, and correcting facility conditions that threaten the security of the National Collections.

For FY 1993, the Institution requests $3,055,000 for a number of important projects in these areas. Among the projects planned for correction of hazardous conditions are:

continuing the asbestos abatement program throughout the Institution;

repairing the exterior emergency doors at the American History Building to provide safe egress routes in the event of evacuation;

modifications to the McAlpin-Miller House and Fox House of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum to improve access and egress capability to meet life safety codes.

The Smithsonian will continue a multi-year project to correct a number of deficiencies that impede accessibility to public spaces and amenities by persons with disabilities. The work will include improving entry by wheelchair, eliminating obstructions and overhead hazards, correcting elevator deficiencies, changing placement of drinking fountains, improving emergency warning systems, and providing seating space for wheelchair users and listening systems for the hearing impaired. Several specific projects will also improve access to the Cooper-Hewitt's McAlpin-Miller House, modify rest rooms at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, and install lifts to provide access to stages in the Quadrangle Complex and Natural History Building for persons with disabilities.

Projects for FY 1993 to improve security of the collections, staff, and visitors include:

improving illumination around buildings and in parking lots on the Mall for more effective surveillance;

installing a security system in the Fox House and improving perimeter security at the Cooper-Hewitt Museum complex.

Utility Systems Repairs ($2,905.000) - Funds in this category will maintain, repair, and upgrade the heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems and plumbing, electrical, and communications systems throughout the Institution's facilities. Ongoing renovations, repairs, and replacement of deteriorated equipment components are essential for ensuring reliable and energy-efficient operation of utility systems. The long-term preservation of the National Collections depends upon stable temperature and humidity conditions.

Energy management remains a high priority at the Smithsonian. Opportunities to conserve energy by adjusting equipment and modifying operations have already been implemented. The most significant energy savings opportunities that remain will result from upgrading HVAC systems, replacing obsolete equipment, and extending central automated controls for existing systems. The Institution modifies existing HVAC systems to accommodate programmatic growth, changes in the use of buildings, and the environmental needs of collections as they become better understood. The Institution uses an integrated approach to renovations and modifications to plan for long-range, systematic HVAC improvements that will meet museum environmental requirements in an energy-efficient manner.

Comprehensive HVAC studies and energy audits for most of the buildings facilitate planning of other improvements. The scope of HVAC studies includes field investigations of age, condition, efficiency, and performance of existing equipment, controls, and current operating conditions; reviews of existing drawings, specifications, operating manuals, and hygrothermograph records; analyses of the relationship between the building structures and HVAC systems; and assessments of programmatic needs for environmental control. The data gathered by these studies provide a basis for determining redesign or replacement needs of existing HVAC systems; developing construction cost estimates; identifying favorable payback opportunities; and establishing priorities for the repair, replacement, or modification of such equipment components as air-handling units, refrigeration machines, cooling towers, heat exchangers, automatic temperature and humidity controls, pumps, pipes,

fans, filters, ductwork, and related electrical and plumbing systems. At the same time, energy audits investigate all factors relating to energy use, such as power-consuming equipment and building conditions (doors, windows, insulation, floors, and partitions). After identification of energy conservation opportunities and evaluation of costs and potential energy savings, plans will guide the renovation and improvement work. This process identified a number of major system replacements that the Major Capital Renewal subaccount will fund in addition to minor repairs and renovations requested in the Utility Systems Repairs category.

Funding of $2,905,000 requested in FY 1993 in this category will support routine repair, replacement, and modification projects. These projects include:

replacing the steam station in the Smithsonian Institution (Castle) Building and installing a communications raceway system serving the executive offices in the building;

repairing utility systems at the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, including modifications to the HVAC system of the McAlpin-Miller House and Fox House, improving electrical service to the Fox House, and implementing an energy study at the Carnegie Mansion;

installing a backup power system (uninterrupted power source - UPS) for the computer equipment at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory facility in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to prevent loss of valuable research data during power fluctuations or failures.

Several planned utility improvement projects include installing state-of-the-art automated controls on HVAC equipment, expanding electrical capacity and distribution at the Air and Space and Renwick Gallery buildings, upgrading the lighting control system in the Carmichael Auditorium at the American History Building, and installing rest room facilities in the American History Building.

Advanced Planning and Inspection ($1,530.000) - Funds in this category support projects to identify and analyze long-range repair and restoration needs and to design future-year projects in advance of funding requests. The amount of $1,530,000 requested in FY 1993 will allow the Smithsonian to contract for planning and design of projects in the backlog of essential maintenance and repair. Funds requested for FY 1993 will also allow staff to develop solutions for several specific problem areas, including the continuing breakdown of the freight elevator in the Quadrangle Complex.

The significant increase in funding in this category over previous years reflects the Institution's commitment to eliminating the backlog more quickly by improving planning and cost estimating and reducing costs in the R&R program. The ability to identify, in advance of funding requests, the precise requirements and costs of individual projects is key to the success of this effort. Thorough planning and development of design concepts will provide detailed estimates and identify logistical considerations that will allow staff to plan repair strategies and establish immediate and long-range budget requirements. In addition to improving the accuracy of cost estimates, design of projects in advance of funding will save the Institution in escalation costs by enabling the staff to award construction contracts as soon as resources are appropriated. Needed repairs will also be accomplished much sooner, thus preventing further deterioration and ensuring faster compliance with codes.

The higher funding level requested for FY 1993 will allow Smithsonian staff to complete planning and design in advance of appropriations for a greater portion of the projects to be included in the FY 1994 R&R program and will permit preliminary design of some of the projects expected to be in the FY 1995 program as well. The Institution will gradually increase the amounts requested in future fiscal years for advanced planning and design to allow preliminary design of the majority of projects in the R&R program prior to budget request. Greater advanced planning and design capability will improve significantly the overall cost effectiveness of the R&R program and will speed the elimination of the backlog of essential maintenance and repair work.

REPAIR AND RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS Detail of FY 1993 Request by Building

FACILITY. ACCOUNT. AND PROJECT TITLE

ESTIMATED SUBCATEGORY COST

Air and Space Building

MAJOR CAPITAL RENEWAL

Master Facility Plan

Design SUBTOTAL

150.000 $150,000

REPAIRS, RESTORATION, AND CODE COMPLIANCE Electrical Panel Expansion SUBTOTAL

TOTAL FOR FACILITY

Utility

325.000 $325,000

$475,000

American Art and Portrait Gallery Building

REPAIRS, RESTORATION, AND CODE COMPLIANCE Stone Repair

TOTAL FOR FACILITY

Facade 150.000 $150,000

American History Building MAJOR CAPITAL RENEWAL

Master Coordination Plan, Phase IVb

Relocation Basement HVAC Improvements Design Relocation SUBTOTAL

5,800,000 400,000

140,000

100.000

$6,440,000

REPAIRS, RESTORATION, AND CODE COMPLIANCE

Exterior Doors Repair/Replacement Access 100,000

West Side Rest Room Facility Repair Utility 100,000

Carmichael Auditorium Lighting Upgrade Utility 120.000

SUBTOTAL $320,000

TOTAL FOR FACILITY

$6,760,000

ESTIMATED FACILITY. ACCOUNT. AND PROJECT TITLE SUBCATEGORY COST

American Indian Museum, Research Branch

REPAIRS, RESTORATION, AND CODE COMPLIANCE

General Repairs General 50,000

Driveway & Parking Lot Repairs General 15,000

Fire Protection Modifications Fire 150,000

TOTAL FOR FACILITY $215,000

Anacostia Building

REPAIRS, RESTORATION, AND CODE COMPLIANCE

General Repairs General 100.000

TOTAL FOR FACILITY $100,000

Arts and Industries Building MAJOR CAPITAL RENEWAL

HVAC & Electrical Improvements Master Plan

Design 200.000

SUBTOTAL $200,000

REPAIRS, RESTORATION, AND CODE COMPLIANCE

Roof & Skylight Repairs Facade 280,000

Window Repairs Facade 200.000 SUBTOTAL $480,000

TOTAL FOR FACILITY $680,000

Cooper-Hewitt Museum

REPAIRS, RESTORATION, AND CODE COMPLIANCE

General Repairs General 75,000

Window & Door Repairs, McAlpin-Miller/Fox Facade 280,000

Sprinkler System, McAlpin-Miller/Fox House Fire 200,000

Building Core, McAlpin-Miller/Fox House Access 1,000,000

Fox House Security Access 50,000

Perimeter Security Access 50,000

Energy Study, Carnegie Mansion Utility 500,000

Utility Repairs, McAlpin-Miller/Fox House Utility 850.000

TOTAL FOR FACILITY $3,005,000

Freer Gallery Building

REPAIRS, RESTORATION, AND CODE COMPLIANCE

Peacock Room Improvements General 40,000

TOTAL FOR FACILITY $40,000

FACILITY. ACCOUNT. AND PROJECT TITLE

ESTIMATED SUBCATEGORY COST

Hirshhorn Building

REPAIRS, RESTORATION, AND CODE COMPLIANCE No projects planned this year

Museum Support Center

REPAIRS, RESTORATION, AND CODE COMPLIANCE No projects planned this year

Natural History Building MAJOR CAPITAL RENEWAL

Master Plan Improvements

Design

Relocation

SUBTOTAL

REPAIRS, RESTORATION, AND CODE COMPLIANCE Roof Repair

Baird Auditorium Lift Installation SUBTOTAL

TOTAL FOR FACILITY

Quadrangle Complex

REPAIRS, RESTORATION, AND CODE COMPLIANCE

Handicapped Access to Stage Installation Access 30,000 Freight Elevator Repair Study AdvPlan 30,000

TOTAL FOR FACILITY $60,000

Renwick Gallery Building

REPAIRS, RESTORATION, AND CODE COMPLIANCE

Electrical Feeder Upgrade Utility 300.000

TOTAL FOR FACILITY $300,000

Silver Hill Facility

REPAIRS, RESTORATION, AND CODE COMPLIANCE

General Repairs, All Buildings and Grounds General 200,000

Road Repairs General 300,000

Roof Replacement & Skylight Covering Facade 200,000

TOTAL FOR FACILITY $700,000

FACILITY, ACCOUNT, AND PROJECT TITLE

SUBCATEGORY

ESTIMATED COST

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory

REPAIRS, RESTORATION, AND CODE COMPLIANCE General Repairs, Whipple General Repairs, Oak Ridge General Repairs, Cambridge Revegetation, Whipple Replacement of 60-inch Dome, Whipple Computer Center UPS, Cambridge

TOTAL FOR FACILITY

General

General

General

General

Facade

Utility

70,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 150,000 110.000

$420,000

Smithsonian Environmental Research Center

REPAIRS, RESTORATION, AND CODE COMPLIANCE

General Repairs General 100,000

Road Repairs & Paving General 300,000

Renovation of Old Dominion Building General 1,200,000

Replacement of Boat Ramp General 135,000

Rest Room Modifications, Visitors' Center Access 30,000

TOTAL FOR FACILITY $1,765,000

Smithsonian Institution Building MAJOR CAPITAL RENEWAL

Master Coordination Plan

Design SUBTOTAL

200.000 $200,000

REPAIRS, RESTORATION, AND CODE COMPLIANCE

Facade Restoration (Masonry) Facade 50,000

Steam Station Redesign & Replacement Utility 300,000

Communications Raceway System Installation Utility 100. 000

SUBTOTAL $450,000

TOTAL FOR FACILITY

$650,000

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

REPAIRS, RESTORATION, AND CODE COMPLIANCE General Repairs Painting of Structures

TOTAL FOR FACILITY

General General

150,000 35.000

$185,000

ESTIMATED

FACILITY. ACCOUNT. AND PROJECT TITLE SUBCATEGORY COST

Miscellaneous Locations

REPAIRS, RESTORATION, AND CODE COMPLIANCE

Grounds, Sidewalk, and Parking Lot Repairs General 300,000

Emergency Repairs General 200,000

Underground Storage Tank Removal General 700,000

General Facade Renovations Facade 200,000

Asbestos Abatement Access 1,000,000

Security Lighting, Mall Buildings Access 200,000 Institution-Wide Accessibility

Implementation Access 560,000

HVAC Controls Upgrade Utility 200,000

Advanced Planning and Design AdvPlan 1,500.000

TOTAL MISCELLANEOUS $4,860,000

TOTAL REQUEST, REPAIR AND RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS $24,400,000

CONSTRUCTION

1991 Appropriation $15,407,000

P.L. 99-177, The Balanced Budget and Emergency

Deficit Control Act of 1985 (as amended)....$15,406,800

1992 Appropriation $19,156, 000

1993 Estimate $21,400,000

The FY 1993 appropriation request for Construction represents an investment in the Institution's long-range program goals. The Institution has growing requirements for physical plant expansion and modification to support existing and future programs. The Smithsonian staff has assembled these needs into a comprehensive long-range capital improvement program that will phase solutions to these needs over the next decade. The FY 1993 Construction request addresses some of the most urgent components of this program. Funding of these projects is essential to maintain vitality in the Institution's far-reaching programs of research, collections management, public exhibitions and education, and other services.

This year's Construction request is as follows:

MAJOR CONSTRUCTION

Planning/Design:

African American Museum $ 200,000

Air and Space Museum Extension 1,000,000

National Museum of the American Indian 1,000,000

Suitland Collections Research Center 500,000

Construction:

Natural History East Court Building 13.500,000

Subtotal, Major Construction $16,200,000

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION PLANNING 750,000

MINOR CONSTRUCTION, ALTERATIONS AND

MODIFICATIONS 4,450.000

TOTAL $21,400,000

MAJOR CONSTRUCTION

Planning/Design:

African American Museum ($200.000) - In 1990, the Institution convened an advisory committee to guide the Smithsonian's study of the potential form and substance of an institution dedicated to the study and exposition of African American history, art, and culture. Interest in such a museum has been expressed since the early 1980s by Members of Congress as well as by a number of influential citizens and museum associations. The Smithsonian's Board of Regents has indicated its support in principle for the recommendation as presented in the African-American Institutional Study Advisory

Committee's report stating the advisability of a freestanding African American museum at the Smithsonian and that the museum should be housed in the Arts and Industries Building.

In its report, the committee noted that "there currently exists no single institution devoted to African Americans which collects, analyzes, researches, and organizes exhibitions on a scale and definition comparable to those of the major museums devoted to other aspects of American life." The committee also cited the rapid disappearance of African American cultural material due to lack of resources and trained professionals engaged in preservation. Museums have only recently acknowledged the need to collect African American material. Many small African American museums have inadequate storage and conservation facilities. More established museums are just beginning to identify and properly conserve African American material in their collections.

As currently envisioned by the Institution, the African American Museum would be dedicated to the collection, preservation, research, and exhibition of African American historical and cultural material reflecting the breadth and depth of the experiences of persons of African descent living in the United States. The Museum would embrace broad perspectives, such as exploring diversity within the African American experience and the historical and cultural roots of racial perceptions, that would contribute to a more accurate understanding of the total American experience. Through research, exhibitions, and formal and informal educational programming, the Museum would play a strong role in public education. The Museum would provide a central focus to collaborative collecting efforts across the country through a shared collections data base to document museum collections and make them more accessible to scholars and the public.

The staff is currently studying various issues related to establishment of a new museum. The Institution requests $200,000 in FY 1993 to allow the Smithsonian to define short- and long-term objectives and study population and visitation potentials for the proposed museum. The requested funding will allow the Institution to begin to give shape and form to the vision of the African American Museum. Future funding requests will build on this information to develop space requirements, establish cost criteria, and prepare schedules for possible implementation in conjunction with the renovation of the utility systems in the Arts and Industries Building.

Air and Space Museum Extension ($1.000.000) - The National Air Museum Amendments Act of 1965 directs the National Air and Space Museum to "collect, preserve, and display aeronautical and space-flight equipment of historical interest and significance." In keeping with the Smithsonian's general mandate, the Museum conducts collections-related research and interprets the significance of new scientific discoveries and successive waves of technological advances associated with aviation and space flight.

The National Air and Space Museum (NASM) currently faces a critical shortage of facilities that threatens to cripple its basic collecting program. In the 43 years of its existence, the Museum has brought together the most significant collection of aircraft and spacecraft in the world. The Museum exhibits and stores its collection of aircraft and spacecraft and related artifacts in the Mall building and at the Paul E. Garber Facility in Suitland, Maryland. These buildings are filled to capacity, despite deliberate steps to limit the growth of the collections. A number of significant items can now be accommodated only outdoors, where they are constantly subjected to the highly destructive effects of precipitation and other environmental elements. The enormous size of contemporary aircraft and spacecraft also prevents the Museum from adding important artifacts to its collections. A number of aircraft that belong with the collections cannot

be stored at either site because it is physically impossible to transport them from the airfield to which they would be delivered without severing the wings from the fuselage. The Museum's extensive program of lending aircraft and spacecraft to other museums in the United States and abroad has helped this problem, but the Institution risks severe damage to the artifacts, as well as discontinuity in its collections, if appropriate space for storage of significant larger artifacts is not found.

The advanced age and deteriorated condition of the Suitland buildings further jeopardizes preservation of the Museum's collection. The Garber Facility includes approximately 23 temporary metal structures, many of which date from the late 1940s and early 1950s. A recent building survey completed as part of the Suitland Master Plan estimated the future lifespan of most of these buildings as between ten and 15 years. Furthermore, the buildings do not provide the controlled climatic conditions necessary for preservation of most museum artifacts.

In addition to storage and acquisition problems, artifact size has dictated exhibit limitations as well. The Museum cannot display, even in modest spaces open to the public, a number of significant aircraft and spacecraft now in its collections because they are too big and too heavy for the Mall building. These include the Boeing 367-80 (prototype for the 707), Vought XF8U Crusader, Lockheed Superconstellation, Boeing Flying Fortress, Sikorsky S-43 Flying Boat, the B-29 Enola Gay , the space shuttle Enterprise , and the SR-71 Blackbird . The need to make these aircraft and spacecraft available to visitors in order to portray for the visitors the significance of advances in aerospace technology is a critical requirement for the Museum.

An Air and Space Museum Extension at or near an airport in the Washington, D.C., area will meet the physical requirements for restoration and storage of the Museum's large-scale artifacts. Close proximity to the Museum on the Mall will maintain the coherence of the collections and related exhibitions, research, exhibition production, and education programs and will preclude the redundancy of resources that would be required at a more distant site. Although primarily a collections facility, some display/storage space will enable visitors to view aircraft and spacecraft and understand the social, environmental, and scientific changes they have fostered.

In FY 1990, the Smithsonian selected a site at Washington Dulles International Airport for the proposed NASM Extension. The site met the requirement for proximity to the Mall, as well as additional criteria, which included:

proximity to an active runway;

flexibility in building configuration;

adequacy of existing and projected transportation networks for visitor access and artifact movement;

compatibility with and noninterference from existing airport operations and absence of vibration, noise, and fumes (from aircraft and vehicular traffic);

potential numbers of visitors that might be attracted to the site;

geological configuration and subsurface conditions; and

availability of utilities and vital support services, such as police and fire departments.

In May 1991, the Institution's Board of Regents concurred in a recommendation to reduce the original scope of the Extension and limit it to meeting the most immediate needs of the Museum, while also allowing for modest growth of collections over the five years after its opening. A total of $162 million is the estimated cost for the Extension as it is now conceived.

Legislation to authorize the Institution to plan and design the Air and Space Museum Extension at Dulles is currently pending; provision for a total appropriation of $9,000,000 for design also is included. In FY 1993, the Institution requests $1,000,000 to begin detailed planning and design of the Extension. Concurrently, the staff will explore parallel funding alternatives for its construction.

National Museum of the American Indian ($1,000.000) - On November 28, 1989, President Bush approved Public Law 101-185 establishing the National Museum of the American Indian. The basis of the new museum is the Heye Foundation Collection, which includes more than one million Native-American objects and artifacts from all parts of the western hemisphere. The New York State Supreme Court approved the transfer of the Foundation's collection to the care and custody of the Smithsonian, effective June 24, 1990. The agreement between the Smithsonian Institution and the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, signed in May 1989, also provides for transfer of the Foundation's endowment and most of its other property, including an 100,000-item archives.

The creation of this new national Museum is the culmination of almost a decade of negotiations among the Foundation, the City and the State of New York, and, more recently, the Smithsonian Institution. When the new Museum opens to the public at the turn of the century, it will stand as a tribute to the many and varied contributions of American Indians, Eskimos, Aleuts, native Hawaiians, and other Native-American cultures. In Congressional testimony describing the prospective of the Museum, Secretary Robert McC. Adams said, "It is likely to alter beyond all expectation public understanding of American Indian people."

Public Law 101-185 authorizes the Institution to provide facilities for the Museum in three locations:

a major museum building to be constructed on the Mall in Washington, D.C., on land reserved for Smithsonian use by Congress in 1975;

an exhibition and education facility located in a portion of the United States Custom House in lower Manhattan, to be known as the George Gustav Heye Center;

a collections storage, conservation, and research facility on the site of the Museum Support Center in Suitland, Maryland.

The Institution anticipates four major sources of funding for construction of these facilities: New York City, the State of New York, Federal appropriations, and private donations. The Institution received an appropriation in FY 1990 for programming and planning for all three facilities and for design of the Custom House conversion. For FY 1991 and FY 1992, respectively, the Smithsonian received $7,391,000 and $2,370,000 to prepare the Custom House space, begin design of the Suitland building and the Mall Museum,

and complete planning and programming for the new Museum as a whole. The Smithsonian requests $1,000,000 for FY 1993 to continue development of these facilities. The details of this request follow:

The Museum on the Mall - The Institution will construct a new building on the National Mall near the foot of Capitol Hill, adjacent to the world's most frequently visited museums. Congress reserved the last remaining construction site on the Mall for the Smithsonian in 1975. The location will provide excellent exposure for Native-American artifacts and related museum activities centered on Native-American culture. The Institution expects that this facility will house permanent and changing exhibitions, reference and collection areas, an auditorium and theater, museum shops, public education facilities, and space for research and other programs.

The Institution projects the total cost of construction of the Mall building to be approximately $106 million, assuming a construction start in the mid-1990s. The Smithsonian plans to fund two-thirds of the cost from Federal sources and expects that the balance will result from a national fund-raising campaign. Initial planning efforts will define the program requirements and refine the construction and equipment estimate, as well as relevant logistical and operating requirements and costs. The National Museum of the American Indian recently completed a series of consultations with Native-American communities to define the programs of the new Museum, as well as generate ideas about the physical characteristics of the building. With $720,000 and $430,000 received in FY 1990 and FY 1991, respectively, the Institution will complete overall programming and planning for the new Museum and detailed planning for the Mall Museum building. The detailed planning will incorporate the considerations identified by Native-American groups. The Institution will use $970,000 received in FY 1992 to begin conceptual design of the Mall building. The remaining $6,350,000 needed to complete design will be sought in FY 1994. The Smithsonian expects the total design effort to take up to three years, with construction scheduled to begin in FY 1997. The current schedule calls for completion of the building in FY 2000 and its public opening in the year 2001.

The United States Custom House, New York City - The Institution will convert space in the United States Custom House in lower Manhattan to house an extension of the National Museum of the American Indian. The New York facility, to be named in memory of George Gustav Heye, will contain space for exhibitions, education, and related public programs. The Institution projects the cost of preparing portions of the United States Custom House for museum use to be approximately $24 million. The cost of design and construction will be shared equally by the Smithsonian (via appropriations in this account), New York City, and the State of New York. The City has contributed its $8 million share and a comparable amount is expected from the State during FY 1992. The Institution received Federal appropriations of $600,000 in FY 1990, $6,000,000 in FY 1991, and $1,400,000 in FY 1992 to preserve the 2:1 match of funds required by authorizing legislation. The Institution received funding of $600,000 in the FY 1992 Salaries and Expenses account and is requesting an increase of $500,000 (over the FY 1992 base of $600,000) to complete the $1.7 million needed to equip and furnish the building. A small exhibit on early contacts between European explorers and Native Americans will open in the fall of 1992.

The Suitland Building ($1,000,000) - The Institution plans to construct a facility adjacent to the Museum Support Center to provide proper housing and study for the former Heye Foundation Collection. This building will house this extensive collection of Indian artifacts near the Indian artifacts of the National Museum of Natural History, thus consolidating resources for conservation, preservation, and collections-related research

activities'. The Institution currently expects the storage facility to cost approximately $44 million to design, build, and equip, based on a construction start in 1994. The Smithsonian is using $300,000 appropriated in FY 1990 to complete preliminary planning. This planning will identify a specific site and building configuration, provide details such as geotechnical data, and help refine construction cost estimates and schedules. The amount of $961,000 appropriated in FY 1991 will permit initial design of the building beginning in the spring of FY 1992. The Institution requests $1,000,000 in FY 1993 to complete design. The Smithsonian will include funding for constructing and equipping the building in future-year requests. Upon completion of the building in FY 1997, the Institution will relocate the Heye Foundation Collection from its New York storage site.

Suitland Collections Research Center ($500,000) - A vital component of the Smithsonian's mission is collecting, studying, and preserving significant artifacts that document human and natural history and reflect human achievements in the arts and sciences. The Institution has, for a number of years, experienced a severe shortage of space in which to store, document, research, and conserve its collections.

The Museum Support Center (MSC), which opened in 1983, and a proposed Extension to the National Air and Space Museum at Washington Dulles International Airport will provide space to solve the most immediate storage needs for natural history and aerospace collections. However, the Institution urgently needs space to ensure the continued preservation of the collections and the vitality of the collection-based research and collections management programs of other Smithsonian museums and bureaus. Present conditions endanger long-term preservation of the collections, limit access by research staff and scholars, retard dissemination of knowledge to the public, and inhibit the orderly acquisition of significant additions to the collections. The Institution has made concerted efforts to limit the growth of collections by carefully screening offers of donation, deaccessioning marginal items collected in the past, and encouraging extensive loan programs. Despite these efforts, the Smithsonian's collections have, of necessity, continued to expand.

The Institution has documented its immediate and long-term needs for additional space to house growing collections in history and art as well as important archival and library collections that are currently inadequately housed and conserved. Based on the initial phase of the Suitland Master Plan, the Institution will require approximately 2.8 million square feet of new collections management, conservation, and research support space over the next two decades.

The space problem is exacerbated by the age and condition of the present storage buildings at the Smithsonian's facility in Suitland, Maryland. Among the structures at Suitland are temporary metal buildings that provide approximately 115,000 square feet of storage space for the National Museum of American History (NMAH). Most of these buildings have a remaining life expectancy of less than ten to 15 years. Since half of NMAH's collections, exclusive of stamps and coins, reside there, it is essential to have facilities ready in the next decade to ensure that the National Collections have proper housing. Other Smithsonian museums, as well as archival and library units, are also experiencing serious shortages of appropriate collections storage space. Space in Mall museums is already severely overcrowded, and several museums and bureaus have moved collections into leased space in off-Mall locations to avoid damage and deterioration of artifacts from excessive compression. Many of these locations, however, including most of the Suitland buildings, do not provide the environmental conditions necessary for long-term preservation of collections.

A study completed in 1990 determined that buildable land is available on the Smithsonian's Museum Support Center property in Suitland to accommodate the identified requirements. Space will also be available on adjacent land, after the Paul E. Garber Facility is vacated, for three to five million additional square feet for growth of the National Collections and support services well into the next century. The Institution's experience with the MSC indicates that the Suitland properties are the convenient and logical site for development of a center for research/study collections.

The Smithsonian plans to sequence construction of a new Collections Research Center on the MSC site at Suitland over the next ten to 20 years. The Institution contracted late in 1991 for the final phase of the Suitland Master Plan, using Construction Planning funds. The study will determine the appropriate placement of structures, roads, infrastructure, and landscaping that will form an integrated complex of buildings and services to support management of and research in the National Collections. The location of bureaus and their functions on the site, as well as a construction-phasing plan and an environmental analysis, are also part of the study.

For FY 1993, the Institution requests $500,000 to carry the planning process into the next stage. This planning will develop more specific program and facility requirements, refine estimates and schedules for construction, identify and analyze logistical issues, and establish operating-cost estimates for the initial structure or structures on the site. This detailed level of planning is essential and must precede a request for authorization and funding of construction.

Construction:

Natural History East Court Building ($13,500,000) - The Natural History Building on the Mall houses more than 1,200 employees of the Smithsonian Institution and several Government agencies engaged in related biological research, including 159 scientists and their associated staff. Each year these individuals, along with more than 2,000 visiting scientists, conduct basic collections-related research in a broad range of subjects critically important in advancing scientific knowledge related to humankind and the environment. In addition to the large force of scientific staff and other personnel, the building also houses substantial collections, numbering well over 120 million biological specimens and anthropological artifacts, and 30 public exhibition halls with space for associated educational and outreach activities. A number of other Smithsonian organizations also occupy the building, including the Smithsonian Institution Libraries and the Office of Plant Services.

The National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) faces two significant challenges regarding space for the immediate future: accommodating a total building renovation of the heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system and relieving severe overcrowding. The Museum proposes to meet these two challenges by constructing a building inside the Natural History Building's East Court.

In the years immediately ahead, the Museum must deal with a complete renovation of the Natural History Building's aging HVAC system. This project, funded from the Repair and Restoration of Buildings account, also will include asbestos removal, window replacement or insulation throughout the building, and some work on fire protection and security systems. This project will affect all operations of the Museum during the seven

to ten years it will take to complete. Large portions of the collections will be moved back and forth. Entire exhibition spaces will be closed to the public and later reopened. Most staff members and virtually every activity will have to relocate temporarily. Given the extent and duration of the HVAC renovation, the Institution seeks to minimize disruption, particularly of the Museum's scientific productivity and public programs. The decade of the 1990s is crucial for the Museum's scientific enterprise because of the growing concerns about the loss of biodiversity and about issues relating to global environmental change.

The second major challenge is severe overcrowding of staff and activities. During the past 25 years, the Museum has responded to challenges facing the scientific community at large, such as the rapid destruction of the diversity of life in the tropics and the need to address global change. To meet these challenges, the Museum has increased its efforts and enlarged both its programs and staff. Authorized workyears have increased from 331 in 1972 to 623 in 1992, a net increase of 292 full-time permanent employees. As a consequence, the Museum has divided and subdivided offices, laboratories, and collection spaces and closed four large exhibit halls indefinitely to accommodate staff space needs. NMNH is using two of these four halls as staging areas to prepare collections for transfer to the Museum Support Center (MSC) in Suitland. Even when the Museum completes the collections transfer, however, there will not be enough space available to accommodate all staff functions in the Natural History Building or to house under adequate conditions the Museum's diverse programs.

To meet its challenges regarding space, the Museum considered several alternatives. To accommodate temporary relocations for the HVAC renovation, the Museum must find substantial temporary space, either off site or on site. Off-site leased space would not provide adequate conditions and facilities without being prohibitively expensive in direct costs and in the toll the move would take on the academic and public life of the Museum. On-site relocation, requiring 125,000 square feet of staging space under the optimum seven-year plan for renovating the HVAC system, would close down a major portion of the public exhibition space and have a strong negative impact on the visiting public.

After weighing its options, the Museum settled on the East Court Building proposal to resolve both space problems. The new in-fill building will interconnect directly with the existing building and ultimately become an integral part of the Natural History Building.

During the HVAC renovation project, the East Court Building will add approximately 80,000 net square feet to the Natural History Building. This space will serve both as "swing space" for temporary relocation of offices, laboratories, and collections and as space for the permanent relocation of functions now housed elsewhere in the Natural History Building. The space vacated by the permanent relocation of activities to the East Court Building will also become "swing space" for the HVAC renovation project. The result is 80,000 net square feet available within the building for "swing space" during the renovation project. Although this amount falls short of the estimated need, the Museum can manage the necessary relocations by temporarily compressing some of the activities and collections within the Natural History Building and by using a limited amount of exhibition space for the duration. The Museum also will use space in the attics freed by the move of collections to the Museum Support Center as additional "swing space" during renovation, assuming sufficient staff are made available to prepare the artifacts for the move, as requested in the Museum Support Center's Salaries & Expenses budget. At the end of the HVAC construction period, the Museum will have 80,000 square feet of permanent space to

accommodate currently overcrowded research laboratories, offices, collection areas, and public exhibit, education, and other outreach and Institution support activities.

The estimated cost of design and construction of the East Court Building is $25 million. This estimate includes the cost of relocating the greenhouse, osteology preparation laboratory, building trades shops, and hazardous waste storage located in buildings presently in the East Court. The estimate for furnishing and equipping costs is an additional $5 million. In 1990, Congress enacted Public Law 101-455 authorizing the Institution to construct the new building and authorizing appropriations totaling $30 million.

The Institution completed the necessary planning for the new building in early FY 1991, using Construction Planning funds, and is using $1,500,000 appropriated in FY 1991 for design. The current schedule calls for design completion in late 1992. The $9,874,000 appropriated in FY 1992 will allow award of the construction contract in fall 1992 to meet the critical path schedule for the HVAC renovation project. However, appropriation of the remainder of the construction funds is essential to complete the building. Therefore, for FY 1993, the Institution requests $13,500,000 to fully fund the contract. The Institution will request funds to equip the building in FY 1994. Funding of the East Court Building will allow the Institution to proceed with its plans to renovate the Natural History Building and at the same time provide valuable permanent space for the Museum's programs.

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION PLANNING ($750.000) - An essential part of effective program management is the ability to assess requirements and priorities and develop long-range plans. In order to maintain the appropriate balance between existing programs and opportunities for new or expanded activities, the Institution must continue to define its physical plant requirements for accomplishing its mission. Comprehensive long-range facilities planning provides Smithsonian management with basic information on the physical aspects of existing or proposed programmatic activities in sufficient detail to be able to make meaningful decisions about competing priorities.

The Institution initiated an improved long-range planning capability with funds received in FY 1989 through FY 1992. The comprehensive long-range planning program identifies major issues affecting each potential expansion project, including program needs, spatial ideas, operating logistics and costs, and preliminary construction-cost estimates.

For FY 1993, the Smithsonian requests $750,000 to continue long-range capital improvement planning. The planning process will result in better-defined plans and better cost estimates for future-year construction projects prior to authorization and budget requests. The Institution is currently considering a variety of capital expansion or improvement projects to provide needed facilities for existing programs and urgent new initiatives. Consistent annual resources will ensure continued feasibility studies, planning, and concepts upon which to base precise designs and more accurate cost estimates for construction of these and other emerging requirements. With these resources, the Institution will also establish operating and logistical support requirements, make required environmental assessments for critical capital improvement projects, and develop materials for review commission and Congressional approval. A strong planning program will assist Smithsonian management in determining priorities from among projects most essential to the continued success of the Institution's programs.

While recognizing that economic realities may delay the timely implementation of the facilities expansion program, the ability to visualize and define the physical plant impact of program directions is integral to strategic planning. The absence of planning resources hampers this overall planning process. Project requirements, such as space and configuration plan, construction and operational costs, and environmental and logistical factors, will be no more than approximations. Thus the full impact of programmatic plans cannot be weighed accurately. Without planning resources, capital improvement planning also lacks coherence and unified direction and quickly loses pace with program needs. To avoid these problems, the Institution requests continued support for its long-range planning program.

MINOR CONSTRUCTION. ALTERATIONS AND MODIFICATIONS - Projects in this category include:

minor new construction (under $1 million in estimated cost);

alterations and modifications to buildings to meet programmatic objectives in the areas of research, collections management, exhibitions, and public services.

For FY 1993, the Smithsonian requests $4,450,000 for the projects described below.

American Art and Portrait Gallery Building ($140.000) - The Institution requests $140,000 in FY 1993 to reconfigure approximately 1,800 square feet of space to provide a more efficient working environment for the staff of the Education Department at the National Portrait Gallery. The project will relieve overcrowding by installing modular furniture and upgrading electrical, telephone, and computer connections to improve staff productivity.

American History Building ($550.000) - For FY 1993, the Institution requests funding for three projects for the National Museum of American History (NMAH): completion of conservation laboratory improvements, renovation and installation of compact shelving in the Numismatics storage area, and renovation of leased collections storage space at the Fullerton Industrial Park in Newington, Virginia.

For FY 1993, the Smithsonian requests $100,000 to complete renovation of space in NMAH's basement to create a textile conservation laboratory. The Smithsonian began the conversion with $500,000 received in FY 1990 and FY 1991. Completion of this final phase of the renovation will provide a laboratory for the conservation of costumes, textiles, and fragile organic materials. A laboratory meeting the requirements of these materials does not currently exist within the building. The Museum will convert several rooms in the basement now used for collections storage and offices. The renovation work will include relocating collections and installing sinks, cabinets, counters, fume hoods, and other equipment needed for conservation of these sensitive artifacts. Conversion of this space will enable the Museum to perform timely conservation treatments to a wider range of artifacts.

The vault now housing the Museum's valuable National Numismatics Collections is filled to capacity. The Institution requests $250,000 in FY 1993 to modify an adjacent security vault, to be vacated by the move of the National Philatelic Collection to another location, and install compact shelving. The work will include architectural changes to connect the two storage areas and to accommodate the compact shelving. The Museum will request funds in a future year to relocate the collections into the new compact storage equipment.

Funding of this project will alleviate crowded conditions and increase storage capacity for this important collection.

The Smithsonian also requests $200,000 to provide environmentally controlled and secure space for the storage of collections in space leased by NMAH. With funding received in FY 1992, the Museum will lease an additional 12,000 square feet of space in the Fullerton Industrial Park to house collections displaced during renovation and exhibit reinstallation projects in the Mall building and to expand permanent collections storage capacity. The requested funding will install heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC), fire detection and suppression, and security systems. The space is currently not climate controlled or alarmed. The work will also include demolition of existing offices to allow full use of the space. The renovation project will increase available space appropriate for storage of museum artifacts, and will allow renovation and exhibition projects to proceed in the Mall building.

American Indian Museum. Research Branch ($85.000) - The Smithsonian requests funding for two projects at the Research Branch of the National Museum of the American Indian: renovation of the kitchen/lunchroom and installation of new rest rooms, and site work and utilities to house temporary trailers on the site.

The Research Branch Building, in the Bronx, was built in 1925 and houses the curatorial offices, conservation facilities, laboratories, and the bulk of the former Heye Foundation Collection. The Foundation attached a four-story annex in 1960, and another addition opened in late 1991. The existing kitchen, lunchroom, and adjoining rest room date back to the original construction as the caretaker's apartment. These areas, which serve all staff as well as visiting researchers, guests, members of Indian tribes, and potential benefactors, are poorly arranged and very worn. The single rest room is actually a converted bathroom with shower and does not meet handicapped accessibility codes. These essential support areas will be severely inadequate to meet the needs of an expanded staff once the new addition is fully utilized. Moreover, provision of appropriate food preparation and consumption areas is especially important, as there are no eating establishments in the immediate neighborhood. Refurbishment of the kitchen and lunchroom facilities will also make it easier for staff to maintain cleanliness and pest control, which are particularly important because of the close proximity of these facilities to the collection. The Smithsonian requests $35,000 to renovate the kitchen and lunchroom and construct new rest room facilities. The work will include installation of new partitions and lighting, storage, built-in countertops and appliances, plumbing fixtures, and electrical outlets. New rest rooms will be completely accessible for disabled staff and visitors.

Over the next several years, the National Museum of the American Indian must inspect, document, conserve, and pack the extensive collection of Native-American artifacts now stored in the Research Branch for relocation to the new storage facility to be constructed in Suitland, Maryland. With funding received in FY 1990 and FY 1991, the Institution completed a permanent addition to the building to provide expanded space for these activities. This space will not be adequate, however, for the full range of collections-care functions to be carried out by staff on site over the next few years, and to meet space needs, the Institution intends to install trailers. The Institution requests $50,000 in FY 1993 to perform the necessary site work, such as grading and foundations. and to install utilities to accommodate the trailers. Funding of this project will provide expanded work space for staging activities associated with current care of the collection and its eventual relocation to Suitland.

Anacostia Museum ($200.000) - The Anacostia Museum recently began collecting artifacts representing the culture and experience of this unique neighborhood in the Nation's Capital. However, only a small space on the second floor of the existing building is available for storage of the collections. That area is now full, and the Institution requests $200,000 to construct a small addition to the building for collections storage. The new space will be equipped with HVAC, fire protection, and security systems necessary to ensure secure storage in a climate-controlled environment. Funding of this project will provide appropriate safe and secure housing for the Museum's growing collections.

Arts and Industries Building ($160.000) - The Arts and Industries Building (A&I) houses four major exhibition halls. It also houses essential program and administrative activities on the Mall, including those that require public access, such as Public Affairs, Museum Programs, and Elementary and Secondary Education. Other central support organizations located in this building include Protection Services, Information Resource Management, and Planning and Budget. There is an immediate and continuing need to renovate space to offer more functional work areas for current administrative and program requirements. The Institution has used funds provided through FY 1991 and will use similar funding received in FY 1992 to continue renovation of space and acquisition of modular furniture to increase future flexibility. For FY 1993, the Smithsonian requests $160,000 to modify additional space in the building. Funding for this ongoing project will support the Institution's efforts to use efficiently the staff space in the Arts and Industries Building.

Hirshhorn Building ($30.000) - Since the opening of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in 1974, the collection has grown to more than 13,000 items. Because only a small portion of the collection is on display at one time, the Museum must store the balance. A shortage of storage space now exists within the building, and off-site space is not currently available. Prints, paintings, sculptures, and library collections are stored in overcrowded conditions that subject them to the risk of permanent damage and limit access by staff and scholars. The Museum currently uses several exhibition galleries for overflow storage. The Museum proposes a series of modifications to existing storage areas in the building to allow more effective use of limited space. The Institution requests $30,000 for FY 1993 to study conditions and develop potential improvements to the Print Room, which primarily houses works on paper. The Museum will assess alternative compact storage systems and the impact of such a system on lighting, mechanical, and fire protection systems. The Institution will request funding for implementation of this and future phases in a future year. Funding of this project will protect the collections from damage, improve their accessibility, and allow the return of exhibition galleries to their original purpose.

Museum Support Center ($250.000) - The Museum Support Center preserves the Institution's collections in secure, environmentally controlled, and pest-free conditions. The Center enforces pest-control procedures rigorously, including a prohibition on preparation or consumption of food in the offices and laboratories in the building. With the steady increase in personnel that has accompanied movement of specimens into the building in the past several years, the existing lunchroom no longer meets staff needs. At times, employees and building occupants, who number approximately 150, must wait for lunchroom space, reducing the time they have to eat or delaying their return to work. During good weather, some staff members use an outdoor eating area, but this is a seasonal solution to the problem. In addition, food selection is extremely limited. The lunchroom offers only vending machines, and nearby eating establishments are not readily accessible

on foot within the time available for lunch breaks. The Institution requests $250,000 to expand the lunchroom. The modifications will add seating space as well as provide space for a delicatessen-style food service operation. Funding of this project will help keep the Museum Support Center pest free and improve employee morale.

Natural History Building ($425,000) - For FY 1993, the Institution requests funding for two projects at the Natural History Building: continuing modifications to office and laboratory space, and demolition of Halls 2, 18, 19, and 20 to make way for reinstallation of the Geology, Gems and Minerals exhibit.

The Institution requests funding to continue modifications to office and laboratory space at the Natural History Building. Authorized National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) workyears have increased from 331 in 1972 to 623 in 1992. Many research students, scholars, and visiting scientists also occupy space in the building. The main portion of the building was constructed more than 80 years ago and the wings more than 25 years ago. Although some modifications have been made to the building over the years, its present configuration does not serve the current staff and Museum functions well. The Museum must renovate the building to accommodate the large increase in staff. In addition, advanced technology and equipment now in use in research require specialized building modifications. These modifications will allow the Museum to maintain its ability to use technologically complex equipment to advance its basic mission.

The continuing transfer to the Museum Support Center (MSC) of NMNH's collections and the relocation of many staff of the U.S. Geological Survey out of the Natural History Building present a much-needed opportunity to reorganize and renovate the space within the building to address the needs of growing programs. The Museum can relieve major space problems by relocating various functions after first reconfiguring the newly vacated space for more efficient use. The Museum is using funds received through FY 1991 ($200,000) and in FY 1992 ($100,000) to provide high-quality renovated space within the building for several functions. These include offices for the Biodiversity Program, East Court planning staff, and fossil analysis, as well as conference space for multiple users. For FY 1993, the Institution requests $100,000 to begin enlarging the executive offices with space gained by the removal of collections storage cases in the corridor. Expansion into the corridor will allow subdivision of offices into a series of suites, with individual offices on the outside and support space on the inside. Modifications will also include installation of acoustical ceilings and lighting and changes to the HVAC and fire protection systems. Funding of this project will relieve severe crowding as well as make more appropriate and efficient use of available space in the building. The Institution will request funding in future years to continue space modifications.

The Institution also requests $325,000 in FY 1993 for demolition of Halls 2, 18, 19, and 20. These Halls presently house the Geology, Gems and Minerals exhibit. The Museum plans to reinstall this exhibit as part of the long-range program to update its exhibitions. The new exhibit will incorporate recent advances in the field and new exhibit technologies. The requested resources will fund the demolition of the existing exhibit, including removal of ductwork, equipment, lighting, and walls. The Smithsonian will fund construction of the actual exhibit through its exhibits base in the Salaries and Expenses account, supplemented with nonappropriated resources. Funding of the demolition project is an essential first step in enabling the Museum to present new and important ideas to the public about the history of the Earth.

Office of Telecommunications ($60,000) - The Office of Telecommunications occupies space in the basement of the American History Building. Over the past several years, staff increases and the presence in the Office of contractors working on cooperative projects have caused severe overcrowding that has decreased staff efficiency. The tape and film archives maintained by the Office also has grown. The Institution requests $60,000 in FY 1993 to convert the existing large studio into more usable office and storage space. Funding of this request will preclude the need to acquire outside office and storage space and allow the Office to provide better service to Smithsonian customers.

Silver Hill Facility ($150.000) - The Smithsonian requests funding in FY 1993 to improve storage conditions in building 17 at the Paul E. Garber Facility in Suitland, Maryland, which provides critical collection storage for the National Museum of American History. The artifacts stored in the building do not require carefully controlled climatic conditions. The building, however, needs some improvements to ensure secure storage in a relatively stable environment. The proposed work involves repairing and insulating walls and roof, upgrading electrical wiring and fixtures, and installing new space heaters and smoke detection and sprinkler systems. Moreover, the building contains asbestos insulation which has contaminated the objects stored there. The Institution will construct a decontamination chamber outside the building where Museum staff (requested in the Salaries and Expenses portion of this budget) will clean asbestos from the artifacts. The Institution is using $325,000 provided in FY 1990 for planning of the renovation project and contract document preparation. The Institution requests $150,000 in FY 1993 to construct the decontamination chamber. Future-year funding will remove the asbestos insulation and complete the renovation of the building. Funding of this project will improve the storage conditions of the Museum's collections and allow access by staff and scholars to artifacts now contaminated by asbestos.

Smithsonian Astrophvsical Observatory ($405.000) - For FY 1993, the Institution requests funding for two projects at the Fred L. Whipple Observatory in Arizona, including construction of an enclosure for the Infrared Optical Telescope Array (IOTA), and extension of the Gamma Ray Telescope Control Building. In addition, funding is requested for miscellaneous modification projects at all Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) locations.

The Smithsonian has entered a five-institution consortium to deploy an Infrared Optical Telescope Array (IOTA) on Mt. Hopkins in Arizona. Combining received light from telescopes separated by baselines of 10-50 meters and processing the signal with newly developed optical detection and computer synthesis techniques, IOTA will permit scientists to see distant stellar objects with much finer detail and thereby gain greater insight into the fundamental processes of the universe. To complete the project, the Smithsonian must provide site preparation and a shelter to house the instruments and the support utilities. The ground preparation will include trenches and installation of a system of supporting rails to transport the telescope's movable components. The building, with 500 square feet and controlled environmental conditions, will house the instrument's fixed components. SAO will install IOTA's control system in the basement of the new Common Building. The Institution is designing the project with funding provided in FY 1990 ($200,000) and requests $105,000 in FY 1993 to complete funding required for construction. Funding of this project will help keep SAO at the forefront of astrophysical research and fulfill its obligations to other consortium parties. Operating expenses will come from outside grants and contracts.

The Gamma Ray Telescope Control Building, completed in 1967, houses the reflector control and detector electronics. Since that time it has not been improved through major renovations, although the scope of the gamma-ray project has increased significantly. A new second instrument will become operational in 1991. Located near the original instrument, the second reflector will operate in tandem with it. The two telescopes and their data output will be controlled from the existing building. The Whipple Observatory's Gamma Ray Facility will be the major center for coordinated ground-based observations for the Gamma Ray Observatory recently launched by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This observing program places a premium on rapid turnaround data reduction, making on-site computing facilities a necessity. Therefore, computing at the Gamma Ray Facility will increase dramatically from the single small computer currently controlling the ten-meter camera to two state-of-the-art workstations--one to control the new telescope, the other to run quick-look analysis. Increased instrumentation at the facility also has resulted in serious overcrowding in the workshop area. Electronic activity now occupies all bench space in the workshop. Important mechanical work that needs to be performed close to the telescope can no longer be carried out in this area without seriously interfering with the electronic work. The Institution requests $250,000 in FY 1993 to design and construct an addition to the existing building to house the machine tools used in the mechanical work. The existing workshop can then be used for electronic work alone. Funding of this project will allow more efficient operation of this important set of instruments.

The Institution also requests $50,000 in FY 1993 to provide funding for necessary but unanticipated modification projects at all SAO locations. These projects might include local engineering design assistance for small renovations; site utilities and a concrete foundation slab for the new 11-meter gamma-ray telescope; a backup power unit for IOTA; and a storage building for the aluminizing dome. With funding in this category, SAO can continue to provide appropriate space for its research programs.

Smithsonian Environmental Research Center ($850,000) - For FY 1993, the Institution requests funding to continue expansion of the Mathias Laboratory and construct a new visitor center at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) in Edgewater, Maryland.

SERC performs basic scientific research on coastal land and water systems. Its 42,000 square feet of laboratory, office, educational, and support space occupies several buildings on 2,600 acres of tidal river system land. Four of SERC's 12 scientific programs currently do not have laboratory space. The Solar Radiation/Photobiology Group has been housed in expensive rented commercial space in Rockville, Maryland, on a short-term lease and has moved three times in five years. This research is on the cutting edge of instrument technology and provides critical support to global change research, but administrative and scientific interactions with the main body of the bureau are difficult because of the group's remote location from the Rhode River site. The Estuarine Ecology/Parasitology Group was recently added to SERC with an affirmative action position but without laboratory space. This research requires laboratory space for microscope and experimental work on Chesapeake Bay fisheries. The Microzooplankton Group was acquired when the Johns Hopkins University laboratory closed and the functions transferred to the Smithsonian. Despite this group's need for high-quality laboratory space for microscopes and controlled culture chambers, it is currently operating in a used house trailer leased from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Moreover, SERC received funding for two researchers for the Global Change Program in FY 1992 and is requesting funds for two additional positions in FY 1993. Laboratory space for the new staff is not currently

available. SERC plans to accommodate each of these scientific groups in a series of four laboratory "modules" that will connect the new wing of the Mathias Laboratory to the renovated library. The Institution will use funding provided in FY 1991 ($350,000) to construct office space for the Estuarine Ecology/Parasitology Group. Staff will use the $100,000 appropriated in FY 1992 to complete the design of the remaining modules and the related support space. The Smithsonian requests $600,000 in FY 1993 to construct a second module to house the Global Change staff. This phase of the project also will include construction of necessary utilities and support space, such as a walk-in cold room, laboratory-equipment room, and janitor closet, to serve this and future modules. Funding of this project will avoid further disruption of important research initiatives. The Institution will request funding in future years for construction of the two remaining laboratory modules.

SERC presently conducts a series of very popular and informative educational activities on the shoreline of the Rhode River. Currently, only an old house trailer is available to provide public rest rooms, offices for docents, and storage for program materials. As part of the Smithsonian's priority to increase its emphasis on cultural pluralism, SERC is now developing an innovative new outdoor exhibit called the Java History Trail, which focuses on man's interactive use of the land at the dock site from prehistoric times to the present. For FY 1993, the Institution requests $250,000 to construct a 2,800-square-foot building to receive, orient, and support visitors to this and other ongoing and developing public programs. SERC plans to raise privately approximately one-half of the necessary construction funds from non-Federal sources in order to supplement this request. Funding of the request will assist SERC in providing better service to the public in explaining important scientific and conservation issues surrounding the Chesapeake Bay region.

Smithsonian Institution Building ($70.000) - The Smithsonian Institution Building houses the Office of the Secretary and other senior management of the Institution. Recent and continuing changes in staff organization require minor modifications to the building to provide the necessary support facilities for staff activities. The Institution began alterations to staff offices with funds received in FY 1991 ($100,000). Along with funds appropriated in FY 1992 ($50,000), the Institution will use the funds requested in FY 1993 ($70,000) to continue this work, thereby ensuring the efficient operation of these key offices.

Smithsonian Institution Libraries ($150.000) - For FY 1993, the Smithsonian requests funding to install compact shelving in a number of locations in the Institution to make more efficient use of the space available for library collections. Many of the branch and departmental libraries supporting individual bureaus and offices are filled to capacity. Lack of additional storage space inhibits the Libraries' ability to care for and conserve existing collections properly and retards progress to acquire new materials critically needed by Smithsonian researchers. The Institution will request funding over several years to install compact shelving systems in these areas. Compact shelving will allow the Libraries to condense current holdings into less space, thus freeing space for future acquisitions. For FY 1993, the Institution requests $150,000 for the first phase of this project, which will install compact shelving for the science and technology collections in the Dibner Library in the American History Building. The requested resources will allow the Libraries to maintain essential materials to support important research programs of the Institution.

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute ($420.000) - The Institution requests funding in FY 1993 for four projects at the Tropical Research Institute in Panama: seawater systems improvement and Building 352 renovations at the Naos site, renovation of five unused bunkers on the nearby Island of Culebra, and construction of additional staff housing at the Barro Colorado Island site.

For FY 1993, the Institution requests $60,000 to improve and extend the seawater filter system serving the Naos Marine Laboratory. The current system cannot deliver sufficient volume of seawater within reasonable time periods to meet the needs of scientists studying complex oceanic organisms. The requested funding will replace the filtration system; add two new seawater pumping units, piping, valves, and accessories; and extend the system to Naos facilities not presently served. Installation of the new system will improve research opportunities for the active Marine Biological Program.

Research activities at the Naos Marine Laboratory have grown over the past several years. The Molecular Evolution Program, for example, began in 1987 with only two primary scientists and a small support staff. This program now involves 11 principal investigators and nine technicians who carry out research in tropical ecology and evolution using protein electrophoresis and techniques based on analysis of the structure of DNA. A number of visiting scientists and fellows employing molecular techniques in their research share the same laboratory facilities. In addition to larger numbers of scientists, research using molecular techniques requires more intensive laboratory work and fewer field studies than research undertaken previously. Current laboratory and office space is no longer sufficient to accommodate the needs of the staff and visiting scientists. The Smithsonian requests $200,000 in FY 1993 to convert the second floor of Building 352 (also known as the Surfside Theater) into laboratories and offices for the Marine Biological Program. In addition, the renovated space will house programs now being planned in association with the new research vessel. The renovations will involve upgrading the existing second-floor slab; installation of partitions, ceiling, and floor tiles; modifications to electrical, plumbing, and HVAC systems; installation of fire detection and suppression systems; and an additional exit door and staircase at the south end of the building. The requested resources will allow important marine research programs to continue.

The Institution also requests $110,000 in FY 1993 to convert five unused bunkers on the adjacent Island of Culebra to support STRI's Marine Biological Program at Naos. The funding will renovate the bunkers into laboratories and classrooms to supplement space at Naos. This project provides a relatively low-cost solution to a significant shortage of space to support growing research programs in marine biology and ecology and to increase public education efforts at a site very heavily visited by the local population.

STRI's 1986 Facilities Master Plan calls for construction of additional housing for scientists and staff supporting research programs on Barro Colorado Island. Adequate accommodations are especially needed for local workers, currently housed in substandard accommodations, who must stay on the Island for extended periods to support researchers. The Institution completed construction of five buildings and a laundry/lounge building using funding provided in FY 1985 ($895,000), and two more residential units are under construction with funds provided in FY 1991 ($400,000). The Institution requests $50,000 in FY 1993 for design of the final 12 dormitory units. STRI will seek funding in a future year for construction. Completion of staff residences will provide safe, efficient, and comfortable accommodations for those working on the Island.

Alterations and Modifications Planning and Design ($505,000) - For FY 1993, the Smithsonian requests $505,000 to plan and design future Minor Construction, Alterations,

and Modifications projects. As in other categories of construction activities, such as Major Construction and Repair and Restoration of Buildings, planning is essential for an effective facilities management program. The requested resources will allow the Institution to assess future requirements for changes to existing facilities to accommodate programmatic growth and changes in program direction. Planning studies will evaluate space requirements and make engineering analyses. Staff also will prepare concept designs for buildings and sites and estimate total project costs. Careful research and early design of future needs will result in more accurate cost estimates in advance of budget requests and more timely obligation of construction funds once received.

MALL

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Annual Visitation FY 1987-FY 1991

FY 1987 FY 1988 FY 1989 FY 1990 FY 1991

SI Building /1

Arts & Industries Building

National Museum of Natural History

National Air and Space Museum

Freer Gallery of Art /2

Sackler Gallery /3

National Museum of African Art /3

Ripley Center /3

National Museum of American History

Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden

OFF-THE-MALL

1/ Closed to the public January 1988. Reopened to the public November 1989.

2/ Closed to the public September 1988.

3/ Opened to the public September 28, 1987.

4/ Closed to the public January to April 1987. Reopened May 1987 at new location.

5/ Reporting period July - September, 1990.

6/ Number of visitors is an estimate based on a sampling system.

COLUMBUS QUINCENTENARY PROGRAMS

In FY 1993, the Smithsonian's Columbus Quincentenary Programs will continue to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the voyages of Christopher Columbus and the subsequent encounter among Europeans, Africans, and the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Through a program of exhibitions, scholarly and public symposia, publications, educational programs, traveling exhibitions, radio, and television, the commemoration will focus on the cultural, historical, and scientific implications of the hemispheric encounter. Twenty bureaus and offices, coordinated by the Office of Quincentenary Programs, will participate in the observance. The Smithsonian's Quincentenary commemoration will also serve as the basis for a permanent program emphasizing the history and cultures of the Americas. Descriptions of Quincentenary programs and the participating bureaus are listed below.

Cooper-Hewitt Museum - The Cooper-Hewitt Museum will present an exhibition titled "Maps: Paper Journeys and Beyond," that shows how maps have documented world views through the ages, and how their design reflects changing perspectives and technologies. The exhibition opens in the spring of 1992.

Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden - The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden will present an exhibition titled "Four Latin American Modernists," featuring works by Joaquin Torres-Garcia, Diego Rivera, Wifredo Lam, and Roberto Matta, 20th-century Latin-American artists who have explored new frontiers of expression. The exhibition will open in June 1992.

National Air and Space Museum - The National Air and Space Museum will produce a world atlas based on satellite images and publish a user's guide to the atlas. In addition, an exhibition titled "Where Next, Columbus?" will examine the role of humans and robotics in space exploration in the next 500 years, the solar system, the search for extraterrestrial life, and the scientific technologies that are a part of extensive exploration. The exhibition will open in the fall of 1992.

National Museum of American Art - The National Museum of American Art recently displayed an exhibition titled "The West as America: Reinterpreting Images of the Frontier, 1820 - 1920." Through major 19th-century paintings, the exhibition examined the myths that formed a national bias for expansion. The Museum is collaborating with the National Portrait Gallery on an exhibition titled "Revisiting the White City: American Art at the 1893 World's Fair."

National Museum of American History - The National Museum of American History is developing a major exhibition titled "American Encounters." The exhibition focuses on encounters among indigenous, Spanish, and Anglo-American cultures in New Mexico and the subsequent adaption of Indian and Hispanic cultures. An annual series of small case exhibitions and public symposia has begun, leading up to the opening of the exhibition in June 1992.

National Museum of Natural History - In October 1991, the National Museum of Natural History opened its major Quincentenary exhibition organized around the concept "Seeds of Change." The exhibition examines plant, animal, and disease exchanges between the Old and New Worlds which transformed the cultural and ecological landscape of the Americas. The Museum is also sponsoring a wide range of symposia, educational programs, and publications associated with the exhibition.

National Portrait Gallery - The National Portrait Gallery, in collaboration with the National Museum of American Art, will present an American painting and sculpture exhibition based on the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago.

Office of Elementary and Secondary Education - The Office of Elementary and Secondary Education will develop a series of multi-cultural education packets written in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. The packets will introduce preschool children to the cultural and animal life of the Americas. During 1991, the Office presented a symposium on the effects of cultural transplantation from Latin America to the United States on the folk art traditions of storytelling, textile arts, and music. The Office will also produce a video recording of the symposium. A special issue of the Office's Art to Zoo will show teachers how to use multi-cultural resources in their communities for teaching about Latin America.

Office of Folklife Programs - The Office of Folklife Programs will present three living exhibitions on the Quincentenary at the 1992 Festival of American Folklife. These include programs on New Mexico, Maroons and American Indian music. The proceedings of three Quincentenary symposia on the cultural development of the Americas are being edited for publication. Collaboration with Latin American and Caribbean institutions continues for educational materials resulting from previous Festival and research programs. In 1993, a Festival program on the cultural of U.S. - Mexico borderlands, a Folkways Record Series on "Musics of the Americas" and collaborative National Museum of the American Indian Customs House exhibit are planned.

Office of Public Affairs - The Office of Public Affairs will promote Smithsonian Quincentenary activities through publications, television programs, public service announcements, and radio advertisements.

Office of Quincentenary Programs - The Office of Quincentenary Programs coordinates the Smithsonian's Columbus Quincentenary commemoration. The Office will continue publication of the newsletter, The New World , printed in English and Spanish. The Office organized the following events: the Quincentenary Inaugural Gala, in September 1991; "Symposium of the Americas," in September 1991; and "Images: Women in the Americas," in November 1991. In addition, the Office validates the historical accuracy and content of the five-part television series titled, "The Buried Mirror."

Smithsonian Institution Press - The Smithsonian Institution Press is publishing a three-volume series titled the Columbian Consequences that addresses the social, demographic, ecological, and ideological impact of Columbus's landing. Scheduled for completion during 1992, the series explores early European/Native-American interaction of Spanish colonial settlements in the New World.

Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service - The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service will design and distribute traveling versions of several Quincentenary-related exhibitions. Among them are the International Gallery's "Tropical Rainforests: A Disappearing Treasure"; the National Museum of American History's "Contrast: 40 Years of Continuity and Change in Puerto Rico"; and the National Museum of Natural History's "Seeds of Change."

National Zoological Park - The National Zoological Park will highlight the unique tropical ecosystem in its "Amazonia" exhibit. The exhibit provides closeup views of the

complex webs of partnership and competition that exist among plants and animals of the rainforest and discusses the global impact of the rainforest's destruction.

Other Quincentenary Activities - The Resident Associate Program will develop lectures, seminars, workshops, and performances with a focus on the Quincentenary-related exhibitions and programs. In 1992, the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute will co-sponsor the Fourth World Congress on National Parks for the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources to address the conservation of natural resources in the Americas.

The accompanying table identifies Federal funding, appropriated in FY 1991 and FY 1992, and requested in FY 1993, to support Columbus Quincentenary programs.

Federal Funding for Columbus Quincentenary Programs FY 1991 - FY 1993

Cooper-Hewitt Museum

Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden

National Air and Space Museum

National Museum of American Art

National Museum of American History

National Museum of Natural History

National Portrait Gallery

Office of Elementary & Secondary Education

Office of Folklife Programs

Office of Public Affairs

Office of Quincentenary Programs

Smithsonian Institution Press

Traveling Exhibition Service

TOTAL

1,712

1,903

1,690

Reflects the effects of the 1.26 percent across-the-board reduction included in Section 318 of the FT 1992 Interior Appropriations Act (Public Law 102-154).

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH

(SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)

1991 Appropriation -0-

1992 Appropriation -0-

1993 Estimate -0-

Equivalent in Excess Foreign Currencies

PROGRAM OF GRANTS FOR RESEARCH

The Smithsonian Institution, through its Special Foreign Currency Program, makes grants to United States universities, museums, and other institutions of higher learning, including the Smithsonian itself, primarily for research and advanced professional training in fields of traditional Smithsonian competence.

Excess currencies appropriations directly funded the Program through FY 1986. Outlays from the budget authority appropriated through FY 1986, including the Forward-Funded Reserve for the American Institute of Indian Studies, will continue through the 1990s. In addition, since FY 1986 the Smithsonian has received allocations of U.S.-owned Indian rupees from the funds appropriated to the Department of State in FY 1985 for the establishment of the U.S.-India Fund for Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Cooperation. (0MB Bulletin 92-02, issued on November 16, 1991, indicates that for FY 1992 and FY 1993 no supplies of currency are in excess of the U.S. Government's normal requirements.)

For the past 25 years, the Special Foreign Currency Program has been a major source of support for research carried out by United States institutions in those countries for which excess foreign currencies are available. The full responsibility for the design, execution, and publication of research results rests with a scholar working within the program of a United States institution. Smithsonian foreign currency grants strengthen the fundamental research and training activities of collaborating institutions abroad, since most projects directly involve host country institutions and scholars. Enduring professional ties, which result from joint efforts and scholarly exchange, contribute to the strongest form of United States cultural relations with other nations. These ties also contribute to the global integration of research data in the sciences. As a result of this interaction, the gap between industrial and developing nations' scholars has narrowed. Moreover, research sponsored by the Program aims, in part, at improving understanding of the environment and the management and conservation of scarce natural and cultural resources that are threatened by the rapid growth of world population and technological development.

In FY 1991, ongoing research supported by these grants included the following projects of special interest:

archeological and geomorphic studies at Harappa in Pakistan that are enhanced with studies of present-day traditional bead makers in Khambhat, India;

the development of analytic models for the propagation of radio jets to determine the nature of giant radio galaxies;

observation by U. S. historians, anthropologists, political scientists, and other social scientists, of the 1991 Indian elections to provide, for the third time since 1980, a window on the world's largest democracy in action;

documentation of Mughal gardens of Pakistan that provides not only heretofore unknown scholarly information but lays the foundation for the authentic restoration of these important sites;

an annotated translation of the works of Ameer Khrusro, 13th-century poet, historian, musicologist, and inventor, that provides a new foundation for study of the formative period of North-Indian culture.

Further, with emphasis on the exchange of information through small workshops, symposia, and field conferences, the Program encourages international research in specialized areas. In FY 1991, for example, U.S. scholars received support for participation in exchanges on the subjects of the 300th anniversary of Calcutta, mass spectrometry, information technology, forestry, advertising and consumption, traditional medicine, and zoo management.

FORWARD-FUNDED RESERVE FOR THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF

INDIAN STUDIES

Since 1967, the Smithsonian has provided annual funding through the Special Foreign Currency Program to the American Institute of Indian Studies (AIIS) for its fellowships, research, symposia, and publications programs, as well as its administrative costs. The Smithsonian has helped sustain this Institute and other American research centers abroad for the last 25 years because of their significant contributions to scholarship and science without regard for national boundaries and because of their special service to American scholars.

With Special Foreign Currency Program funding received from FY 1980 through FY 1985, the Smithsonian established a forward-funded reserve of $7,170,000 equivalent in rupees. This reserve enabled the AIIS to sustain its programs after the removal of India from the excess currency list in 1985. Since FY 1986, AIIS, with oversight from the Smithsonian, has drawn upon the funds from this reserve for its fellowship program and administrative costs in India. The Institution continues to examine annual proposals through its peer review system before releasing funds from the reserve account to AIIS. The reserve should support AIIS programs through the 1990s in conjunction with continued support from the U.S.-India Fund. In 1990, the U.S. Congress authorized the deposit of the reserve in interest-bearing (rupee) accounts, a plan that will help to continue the viability of the fund for many years.

U.S.-INDIA FUND FOR EDUCATIONAL. CULTURAL. AND SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION

In FY 1985, Congress appropriated $100 million equivalent in U.S.-owned Indian rupees to the Department of State to establish the U.S.-India Fund for Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Cooperation. Since FY 1986, the Smithsonian has received allocations from this fund to continue programs in India similar to those administered under the Special Foreign Currency Program, which would otherwise have ended when India lost excess currency status in 1985. The Institution has received a total of $10.8 million from FY 1986 through FY 1991 and expects to receive $1.5 million in FY 1992 through the U.S.-India Fund. Based on current usage, the fund will be totally liquidated by 1997.

U.S.-INDIA FUND SUMMARY (millions)

Fiscal Funding Funding

Year Received Anticipated

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992 - $1.50

TOTAL $10.80 $1.50

January 1992

Federal Expenditures for Consulting Services

(All Charged to S&E Funds)

In accordance with 31 U.S.C. 1114(A) and OMB Circular A-120 the following consulting services are identified for FY 1991.

FY 1991

Personnel Appointments

Contracts

Amount

$37,825

$25,000 $25,000

Proj ect

Non reportable

Real estate assistance in determining the feasibility and financial viability of establishing a scholars residence in the SI vicinity.

Technical services related to broadly developing NMAI exhibits.

Technical services related to development of NMAI exhibitions: "Points of View" and others untitled.

January 1992 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Appropriation: Salaries and Expenses

Appropriation language and citations:

20 U.S.C. 41 provides for the establishment and operation of the Smithsonian Institution "...for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men..." This section delineates the full scope of Smithsonian authority. Examples of secondary authorities within this primary authority may be cited as follows:

1. For necessary expenses of the Smithsonian Institution, as authorized by law, including research in the fields of art, science, and history;

20 U.S.C. 50. 53a. 69, 75b. 76bb. 77a. 78. 80a. 80m provide that (1) "...all objects of art and of foreign and curious research, and all objects of natural history, plants, and geological and mineralogical specimens... shall be so arranged and classified...as best to facilitate the examination and study of them..." (2) "Appropriations are authorized for...the making of solar observations at high altitudes..." (3) "The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution is hereby authorized...to continue independently or in cooperation anthropological researches among the American Indians and the natives of lands under the jurisdiction or protection of the United States..." (4) "The Gallery shall function as a free public museum for the exhibition and study of portraiture and statuary depicting men and women who have made significant contributions to the history, development, and culture of the people of the United States and of the artists who created such portraiture and statuary." (5) "The Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden...shall be used for the storage, exhibition, and study of works of art..." (6) "The national air and space museum shall...provide educational material for the historical study of aviation and space flight." (7) "The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution is authorized to cooperate with any State, educational institution, or scientific organization in the United States for continuing paleontological investigations..." (8) "It shall be equipped with a study center for scholarly research into the meaning of war, its effect on civilization, and the role of the Armed Forces..." (9) "...the Board may...conduct programs of research and education (in the Museum of African Art)..."

2. development, preservation, and documentation of the National Collections;

20 U.S.C. 50. 50a. 59. 69. 75e. 76c. 76cc(a). 77a. 80a. 80m. 81 provide that (1) "...all objects of art and of foreign and curious research, and all objects of natural history, plants, and geological and mineralogical specimens... shall be delivered to such persons as may be authorized by the Board of Regents to receive them, and shall be so arranged and classified...as best to facilitate the examination and study of them..." (2) "The Smithsonian Institution is authorized to include in its estimates of appropriations such sums as may be needful for the preservation and maintenance of the John Gellatly art collection." (3) "All collections of rocks, minerals, soils, fossils, and objects of natural history, archaeology, and ethnology...when no longer needed for investigations in progress shall be deposited in the National Museum." (4) "The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution is hereby authorized...to continue independently or in cooperation...the excavation and preservation of archaeological remains." (5) "...the Board may - (1) purchase,

accept, borrow, or otherwise acquire portraiture, statuary, and other items for preservation, exhibition, or study." (6) "...the Regents are authorized...to acquire (by purchase or otherwise) and sell contemporary works of art or copies thereof..." (7) "There is established in the Smithsonian Institution a Board of Trustees...which shall have the sole authority (i) to purchase or otherwise acquire...works of art for the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden..." (8) "The national air and space museum shall...collect, preserve, and display aeronautical and space flight equipment of historical interest and significance..." (9) "...the Smithsonian Institution shall collect, preserve, and exhibit military objects of historical interest and significance." (10) "The National Zoological Park is placed under the direction of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, who are authorized to transfer to it any living specimens, whether of animals or plants, in their charge, to accept gifts for the park...to make exchanges of specimens..." (11) "...the Board may purchase, accept, borrow or otherwise acquire additional works of art or any other real or personal property for the Museum (of African Art); preserve, maintain, restore...or otherwise hold any property of whatsoever nature acquired..."

presentation of public exhibits and performances;

20 U.S.C. 75b. 76c. 76bb. 77a. 80a. 80m provide that (1) "The Gallery shall function as a free public museum for the exhibition and study of portraiture and statuary..." (2) "In order to encourage the development of contemporary art and to effect the widest distribution and cultivation in matters of such art, the Regents are authorized to...conduct exhibitions..." (3) "The Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden...shall be used for the storage, exhibition, and study of works of art. . ." (4) "The national air and space museum shall...collect, preserve, and display aeronautical and space flight equipment of historical interest and significance..." (5) "...the Smithsonian Institution shall collect, preserve, and exhibit military objects of historical interest and significance." (6) "...the Board may. . .display. . .any property of whatsoever nature acquired (for the Museum of African Art)..."

collection, preparation, dissemination, and exchange of information and publications ;

20 U.S.C. 53a provides that "Appropriations are authorized for the...preparation of manuscripts, drawings, and illustrations for publication."

44 U.S.C. 1719 provides that "For the purpose of more fully carrying into effect the convention concluded at Brussels on March 15, 1886, and proclaimed by the President of the United States on January 15, 1889, there shall be supplied to the Library of Congress not to exceed one hundred and twenty-five copies each of all Government publications, including the daily and bound copies of the Congressional Record, for distribution, through the Smithsonian Institution, to foreign governments which agree to send to the United States similar publications of their governments for delivery to the Library of Congress."

conduct of education, training, and museum assistance programs;

20 U.S.C. 65a provides "The Director of the National Museum under the direction of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution shall - (1) cooperate with museums and their professional organizations in a continuing study of museum problems and

opportunities, both in the United States and abroad; (2) prepare and carry out programs by grant, contract, or directly for training career employees in museum practices...(3) prepare and distribute significant museum publications; (4) perform research on, and otherwise contribute to, the development of museum techniques..."

20 U.S.C. 77a provides that "The national air and space museum shall...provide educational material for the historical study of aviation and space flight."

20 U. S .C. 79a provides that "The purpose of setting aside such an area [Barro Colorado Island] is to preserve and conserve its natural features...thus providing a place where duly qualified students can make observations and scientific investigations for increase of knowledge, under such conditions and regulations as may be prescribed by the Smithsonian Institution."

20 U.S.C. 79e as amended by P.L. 96-89 and P.L. 98-57 provides that "There are authorized to be appropriated annually... such sums as are necessary for the administration of sections 79-79e of this title and for the maintenance of laboratory or other facilities..."

The Panama Canal Treaty and ancillary agreements vest in the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute responsibility to serve as custodian of the Barro Colorado Nature Monument. The Panama Canal Act of 1979, P.L. 96-70, implements the provisions of the Panama Canal Treaty.

20 U.S.C. 80m provides that "...the Board may... conduct programs of research and education (in the Museum of African Art)..."

maintenance, alteration, operation, lease (for terms not to exceed thirty years), and protection of buildings, facilities, and approaches;

20 U.S.C. 53a. 76g. 76ee. 79b. 80m. 81 provide that (1) "Appropriations are authorized for the maintenance of the Astrophysical Observatory and...for repairs and alterations of buildings and grounds occupied by the Smithsonian Institution in the District of Columbia and elsewhere..." (2) "There are authorized to be appropriated annually such sums as may be necessary to maintain and administer the Gallery..." (3) "There is authorized to be appropriated...such additional sums as may be necessary for the maintenance and operation of such museum and sculpture garden." (4) "The Smithsonian Institution shall. . .be responsible for the construction and maintenance of laboratory and other facilities on the area provided for the use of students authorized to carry on studies within the confines of the area..." (5) "...the Board may...preserve, maintain...any property of whatsoever nature acquired (for the Museum of African Art) ..." (6) "The National Zoological Park is placed under the direction of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, who are authorized. . .to administer and improve the said Zoological Park for the advancement of science and the instruction and recreation of the people." Public Law 101-512 making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies for the fiscal year 1991 extended the maximum term from ten years to thirty years.

not to exceed $ for services as authorized by 5 U.S.C. 3109;

5 U.S.C. 3109 provides that "When authorized by an appropriation or other statute, the head of an agency may procure by contract the temporary (not in excess of 1 year)

or intermittent services of experts or consultants or an organization thereof, including stenographic reporting services."

8. up to 5 replacement passenger vehicles;

31 U.S.C. 638a provides that "Unless specifically authorized by the appropriation concerned or other law, no appropriation shall be expended to purchase or hire passenger motor vehicles for any branch of the Government other than those for..."

9. purchase, rental, repair, and cleaning of uniforms for employees;

5 U.S.C. 5901 provides that "There is authorized to be appropriated annually to each agency of the Government of the United States...on a showing of necessity or desirability, an amount not to exceed $125 multiplied by the number of employees of the agency who are required by regulation or statute to wear a prescribed uniform in the performance of official duties and who are not being furnished with the uniform."

40 U.S.C. 193t provides that "The special police provided for in section 193n of this title [Smithsonian Institution]...may be furnished, without charge, with uniforms and such other equipment as may be necessary for the proper performance of their duties..."

10. of which not to exceed $ for the instrumentation program, collections

acquisition, Museum Support Center equipment and move, exhibition reinstallation, the National Museum of the American Indian, and the repatriation of skeletal remains program shall remain available until expended;

Wording added by the Congress in (1) Public Law 100-446 making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and related agencies for the fiscal year 1989 and (2) Public Law 101-512 making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies for the fiscal year 1991 to permit the Institution to establish no-year funding within the Salaries and Expenses account for (1) the development of major scientific instrumentation and (2) purchases for museum collections; the costs of purchasing collections storage equipment and the preparation of objects and the move of collections to the Museum Support Center; the design, production, and reinstallation of museum exhibitions; the operating costs associated with the new National Museum of the American Indian; and the repatriation of skeletal remains program.

31 U.S.C. 718 provides "No specific or indefinite appropriation made subsequent to August 24, 1912, in any regular annual appropriation Act shall be construed to be permanent or available continuously without reference to a fiscal year unless it belongs to one of the following...or unless it is made in terms expressly providing that it shall continue available beyond the fiscal year for which the appropriation Act in which it is contained makes provision."

11. and, including such funds as may be necessary to support American overseas research

centers and a total of $ for the Council of American Overseas Research

Centers:

Wording added by the Congress in Public Law 99-190 making appropriations for the Department of Interior and Related Agencies in 1986. Public Law 100-446 making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies for the fiscal year 1989 modified reference to add specific dollar sum to be provided to the Council of American Overseas Research Centers.

12. Provided, That funds appropriated herein are available for advance payments to independent contractors performing research services or participating in official Smithsonian presentations.

31 U.S.C. 529 provides that "No advance of public money shall be made in any case unless authorized by the appropriation concerned or other law."

13. Provided further, That none of the funds appropriated herein shall be made available for acquisition of land at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center before the date of the enactment of an Act authorizing the use of funds for that purpose.

Wording added by Congress in Public Law 102-154 making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies for the fiscal year 1992 to prohibit the availability of funds for land purchase at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Maryland, until authorization is enacted.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Appropriation: Museum Programs and Related Research (Special Foreign Currency Program)

Appropriation language and citations:

1. Funds previously appropriated in this account for the American Institute of Indian Studies Forward Funded Reserve may be invested in India by the United States Embassy in India in interest bearing accounts with the interest to be used along with other funds in the account to support the ongoing programs of the American Institute of Indian Studies.

Language added in Public Law 101-512 making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies for fiscal year 1991 to enable funding appropriated in this account from FY 1980 through FY 1985 for the Forward Funded Reserve to be invested in interest-bearing accounts.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Appropriation: Construction and Improvements, National Zoological Park

Appropriation language and citations:

1. For necessary expenses of planning, construction, remodeling, and equipping of buildings and facilities at the National Zoological Park,

20 U.S.C. 81 provides that "The National Zoological Park is placed under the direction of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, who are authorized...to administer and improve the said Zoological Park for the advancement of science and the instruction and recreation of the people."

2. by contract or otherwise, Wording for clarification only.

3. to remain available until expended.

31 U.S.C. 718 provides "No specific or indefinite appropriation made subsequent to August 24, 1912, in any regular annual appropriation Act shall be construed to be permanent or available continuously without reference to a fiscal year unless it belongs to one of the following...or unless it is made in terms expressly providing that it shall continue available beyond the fiscal year for which the appropriation Act in which it is contained makes provision."

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Appropriation: Repair and Restoration of Buildings

Appropriation language and citations:

1. For necessary expenses of repair and restoration of buildings owned or occupied by the Smithsonian Institution, by contract or otherwise, as authorized by section 2 of the Act of August 22, 1949 (63 Stat. 623),

20 U.S.C. 53a provides that "Appropriations are authorized...for repairs and alterations of buildings and grounds occupied by the Smithsonian Institution in the District of Columbia and elsewhere..."

2. including not to exceed $ for services as authorized by 5 U.S.C. 3109,

5 U.S.C. 3109 provides that "When authorized by an appropriation or other statute, the head of an agency may procure by contract the temporary (not in excess of 1 year) or intermittent services of experts or consultants or an organization thereof, including stenographic reporting services."

3. to remain available until expended:

31 U.S.C. 718 provides "No specific or indefinite appropriation made subsequent to August 24, 1912, in any regular annual appropriation Act shall be construed to be permanent or available continuously without reference to a fiscal year unless it belongs to one of the following...or unless it is made in terms expressly providing that it shall continue available beyond the fiscal year for which the appropriation Act in which it is contained makes provision."

4. Provided, That contracts awarded for environmental systems, protection systems, and exterior repair or restoration of buildings of the Smithsonian Institution may be negotiated with selected contractors and awarded on the basis of contractor qualifications as well as price.

Wording added to allow for negotiations with the most competent firms for restoration and renovation work where it can be certified that such work must be performed to meet the special needs of historic structures, the protection of collections, or public safety.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Appropriation: Construction

Appropriation language and citations:

1. For necessary expenses for construction,

20 U.S.C. 53a provides that "Appropriations are authorized...for repairs and alterations of buildings and grounds occupied by the Smithsonian Institution in the District of Columbia and elsewhere..."

2. to remain available until expended:

31 U.S,C. 718 provides "No specific or indefinite appropriation made subsequent to August 24, 1912, in any regular annual appropriation Act shall be construed to be permanent or available continuously without reference to a fiscal year unless it belongs to one of the following...or unless it is made in terms expressly providing that it shall continue available beyond the fiscal year for which the appropriation Act in which it is contained makes provision."

3. Provided, That none of the funds appropriated herein shall be made available for construction of the East Court Building project, National Museum of Natural History before the date of the enactment of an Act authorizing the use of funds for that purpose.

Wording added by Congress in Public Law 102-154 making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies for the fiscal year 1992 to prohibit the availability of funding for the East Court Building until authorization is enacted.

CI CM <

111 O ;

CO O) cc

5 "~ °-

w v O

= "■£

Q-<

fjonnoO'-oiN^iniDoisDWi-*a-coro*-cno*-oin*rr«-m*-LO*-co**-

^ s m « n o n oi_ in n o o t- s t- *_ in

Cm" ffl r «" o" N « CO m" T-" cm" m " ■"- cm" cm" cm" ID

eo *- »- r-

05

O

e»

CO"

W

CO

o S ?

<

N Z <

0 DC

O

< 5

"> <

tr cc

uj O

Q O

a tr

z n-

< £

r*. o o o o o

0) LO

cor^ooiaioooooo

en o o o o

CO

en cm

LL

CJ o o co •- en

co to ro o

COr-OCMO'-CMCOCOtOCO'T

o id a ro w ■- ■- «-

co

LO

rocotoorocnmcMO cm to £ co^ *- — t-C°

NNS7ScyoiOi-(ii(00)mifis»-i-Nfj^nwiimmsi-Nti-nwns — T »- CM «- —~ ~- -— — —-—■ —- — - •— — — —

o in

<

Z

c°

O) CO O) CO

*- LU

IDCIOOllO'-TSOl

mcninor^CMr^Ti-r^»-co^'cor^cncncn

r? co" to" CM* to" IT)" r-~

o O) o m en cm to o cm in en r-. ■r- en to in co cm

co »- in tt co — r~. o to cm co ^TTOincncn>-cocMcoo r~.cncocMOrocMr-»-^rco

to in

CMco>-coor~iroin^CMro^CMCMC\jm o

CO r- — — CM

■o

c

3

o

o Q

o o -— o

if CC a —

o C

CC O o

< "5 CC

° > —

— C a

C ~ 55 •—

ffl .£) © O

Z D

o2

CC c

< o

LU «

CO -5

LU .-

0 c £ a

5-1

a » o £

09

3 O — D3 to

O

o

tM

o

— c

O o

CO s

— a o —

— c

C o

II

E 2 E o _ o

a O

c "

CC < < CO

c c

0 "5 o o

10 r ID <d

£ o £ £

1 a E E

CO Z CO CO

E 5

5 * 5

to »,

o Z 0

— — a

>n O o-

5 £ co

*0 3 "D

■ O C

_ ° to a

ffl ° 3 ,_

- CO CO 3 -

2 3 I o o

UJ — c c

co .2 ° °

=> S "5 ■

5 < z z

c —

o "• ~ c o a

E .S

< 5

i<

"5 "o E E

<

"5

o

CO

— CI

E

o <

to to

3 3

5 5

ci

O

= o

to «o

^ 3

5 5

° c

o o

- JZ

O £

'— to

«= ■«= -= "- c o

"r e

"5

to O Ji >

^ "E

E £

3 <

O _ to o

'-'11

3

u

Z Z Z Z I CO <

Q o

O ;=

O O O

Z <

c <

o si

2 o

CO

X i_

LU O

cn c

c o

"5 O

> tr

2 o

>" & _

2% 8

O E J2

to 3 3

■£ o CO

-t: to

E =

co 5

O CM <

UJ CT> S CO C7> 0-

=5 "" Q -w > O

a. <

co id co in cm

CM CO ** CO | O)

S Ifi CM CO CO

O «- CM CO

c o

D CD

CC \-C0

D

tn co co co

^ N CO CO

CD \D CO LD

«- CM

CM LO

CD CO ^t

T- CO t- |

cm oi m 7-

CM 7- T" T-

* Rl S »

r~- co r^

CD C/>

o. E

o

O -

»- C 2_ 05

0 O O) CO

■~ o <->

0) LU

co ~

CD "' "

CM CO

O

_l <

o 2

C o

W >

CO C CD

HI ° CO

o o c

> <<S O

LU CO "

2 Q <

to » 2 -

LU Q CL 0.

H "o "o "o

—I CD CD CD

q O O O

<• ic i£ £

u_ O O O

o

CO CO -<t I o CO LO CD I CO

CM cm -d en

CO

< cc CO

C O CD f O „

« „ o o , ■

g -

— co - co

E

CO

CD

-C

" ■ 8 I • — ^ O i ^r

CD

c ^ ^

CO .. — -S

3 t t: ♦-

^ o

CO < O

O — <

"C CO

CD c CO

E ° c

J3

3

a.

E

CO

D) O

CO ^

- 10 °

E | e

< "co O

o o -

SZ CL o,

a. o -°

CD o '■-

Q co a

CO TJ

5 CB ..

1? I 2

O CD C ~ „ -"D

C

CD CO

^ CD CD

3

_ CO co C O CD -^

-o

CO '^ ♦-

— ^: o co

CD O CD

CO u- »

_ — >

>■ .2 <

-a o

<

CD

O OT

O -D — CO

£ ° "O CD c

CO ♦; CD .c C

_ CO ■»--* o

— »- 3 _ i-

o

Q. Q.

CO

o o o

*~ r- -C

o — - «

- o °- -

Z < o

o E

— coo

co o — —

"O ~ CO CO .t^

II

o -t

*" c

c o

o .=

— If)

o o o -~

-> CO

< t»

O CD

r "D

Q 2

CD

CD ^ „ CD CD

o ^ »- o

tr « o

CD CO CO

^ X CD CD © id CD

o

O — — O

O CD

o

6

~ O CD

o — o -t —

"— .— c CO c o

2 E^

£ < m E E | o o E

"D C <

i E » 2

o — a co m "o

° ^ I ° r

■o 3 — "o 'o

co "~ 0) co

CD

CO CO

C C C C C

CO CO CO CO CO

■S i u-

I- h- I- >

o c;

Q_ CO

c

O CO

3 t

CD 0) © O Q>

U) i/i t/i v>

O O *10 T5

■—WWW

c\j co *r io co h*

ra co ro co fc-£ £ h 1 ^ :~

O ^- cm co