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Smithsonian Institution

FY 1996 Budget Request

($000s)

APPROPRIATION FY 1995 FY 1996

ACCOUNT BASE REQUEST

TOTAL $398,879 $421,560

INTRODUCTION

The Smithsonian Institution nears its 150th anniversary in 1996 in an austere financial climate. Nonappropriated fund sources for general operations have been declining since fiscal year 1990 and have continued their downward spiral because of a multitude of factors. The amount of Federal operating funds has also been reduced based on the President's executive orders to reduce the federal workforce and take administrative cost reductions, as well as to implement procurement savings. As a result, in FY 1994, the Institution embraced the Federal Workforce Restructuring Act of 1994 and expanded it to its nonappropriated Trust fund activities. By the middle of fiscal 1995, Federal positions will have been cut by 209, or over 4 percent, and nonappropriated Trust positions by 24, or over 6 percent.

On the positive side, the Smithsonian maintains its pre-eminence in astrophysics, tropical and environmental biology, history of science, art history, and the conservation of materials. Its lead in education is a cornerstone of the "increase and diffusion of knowledge" mission. The continuing commitment by OMB and Congress to fulfill the dream of the National Museum of the American Indian and to complete the submillimeter telescope array; to fully fund such vital programs as the R&R program, and the research equipment and information management pools; as well as to provide the more recent funding of a Latino program initiatives pool, have buoyed the Institution during a period of constrained growth and helped to sustain its vitality.

The Institution is prepared to continue managing its resources closely and carefully for the foreseeable future as it struggles to meet the demands of ongoing programs, new health and safety issues, operational requirements of new construction and repair and restoration projects, mandatory costs, and the opening of the Custom House in New York City, the Cultural Resources Center in Suitland and the National Museum of the American Indian on the Mall. Re-engineering and re-focus will be the key words—and key strategies—as the Institution approaches the 21st century.

Building on the major restructuring efforts begun in 1992 and continuing, the Institution is well ahead of most agencies in getting its financial house in order. With the foundation of critical analysis of programs and activities established in that restructuring process, it is already focusing on program performance issues. The Smithsonian has had unqualified audits of its financial statements for years and is implementing a new financial accounting system that will enhance its ability to comply with elements of the Chief Financial Officers Act. Further, as part of the annual call for plans and budgets process, the bureaus and offices have developed strategic plans and planning processes that are guiding them in more careful allocation of their scarce resources. In the coming year, planning efforts will be led by a new Secretary whose work will be informed by the findings and recommendations of the Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian Institution, a broadly based body of public members addressing the Institution's future. Last, the Institution looks eagerly toward implementing the initiatives developed in response to the National Performance Review. Already it is piloting a human resources initiative, is serving as the test site for the Federal Quality Institute's training program, and will soon be undertaking the planning process to begin developing its response to the Government Performance and Results Act. In the case of the latter mandate, many activities in the Smithsonian have been engaged in program assessment for years. In recent months, performance measurements have been used as part of normal operations in Finance and Administration, and their use is expanding across the Institution.

This year's budget request includes significant changes in presentation. It has been streamlined to present all requested Salaries and Expenses increases in the initial pages. Specific details are provided in the Appendix, making them available only if needed; the previous narratives for each Smithsonian bureau and office have been compressed into one section of the Appendix. This fiscal year 1996 budget request's changes in presentation are a microcosm of the reinvention efforts that must happen throughout the Institution on a more global level in the next few years.

FY 1996 BUDGET PRIORITIES

The Smithsonian's fiscal year 1996 budget request centers on key themes which support its operations as well as the priorities of the Nation. The request for all operating and capital accounts totals $421.6 million, an increase of $22.7 million over its fiscal year 1995 base. Of this amount, $350.9 million is for the Salaries and Expenses account, the Institution's basic operating budget; $20.2 million, for the Construction account; $10.5 million, for the Construction and Improvements, National Zoological Park account; and, $40.0 million, for the Repair and Restoration of Buildings account.

The Salaries and Expenses (S&E) request includes funding for critical core needs which support the daily operations of the Institution; the request does not seek expanded or new programs. The Institution is at a crossroads in terms of its operational abilities. It has restructured, downsized and reduced services. Because of continuing budget erosion, it can no longer adequately support its core needs without drastically altering its research and public programs. Items have been chosen for this request to address the most critical core needs.

The S&E request for fiscal year 1996 includes reductions for the return of Museum Support Center judgment funding and workforce restructuring. It centers on nine themes developed by Institution management during the budget process, which are briefly described below. The components of each of these themes are described in further detail in the Salaries and Expenses section of this budget submission. A specific breakdown by Smithsonian budget line-item may be found in the Appendix.

Mandatory Increases for Sustaining Base Operations

• Necessary Pay, Utilities, Rent and Inflation. Includes necessary pay requirements; utilities, communications and postage costs; rental space increases; and inflation costs.

• Health and Safety. Identifies requirements related to mandatory health and safety issues.

•

Facilities Operations. Identifies operational (S&E) requirements associated with new and expanded facilities projects funded via the Institution's capital accounts.

Administration of the Repair and Restoration Program. Identifies Office of Design and Construction S&E requirements necessary to execute increased levels of repair and restoration funding.

Priority Program Enhancement

The National Museum of the American Indian. Supports funding required for the continuation of the American Indian museum's development.

Vital Smithsonian Programs. Supports high-priority needs of existing, unique programs, including the submillimeter telescope array, collections preparation, restoration and preservation requirements, exhibit hall renovations, and other critical programs.

Education. Supports the Institution's on-going education development activities through fellowships, internships and secondary school educational programs.

Institution-Wide Programs. Supports requirements for the Information Resource Management; Research Equipment; and Latino Exhibitions, Acquisitions and Educational Programming pools.

Executive Branch Initiatives

National Performance Review Initiatives. Identifies requirements in support of the National Performance Review — especially those in support of the "information highway" and "electronic commerce."

The request for the Institution's capital accounts includes funding for repair and restoration of facilities to achieve a balance between correcting the unacceptable condition of four older buildings and maintaining the current condition of other facilities through systematic renewal and repair. The Institution's construction request addresses requirements for physical plant expansion and modification to support program needs particularly in the area of collection storage and care. The FY 1996 budget will also provide funds to address portions of the National Zoological Park's Rock Creek Master Plan and the Front Royal Development Plan.

Smithsonian Institution FY 1996 Budget Request By Appropriation

SALARIES AND EXPENSES

The Salaries and Expenses (S&E) request of $350.9 million and 4,673 workyears represents a net increase of $32.3 million over the fiscal year 1995 requested level. Of this requested increase, $6.4 million in non-recurring costs is returned and $16.9 million is to cover increases for necessary pay, utilities, space rental, and inflation. The remaining increases account for $21.8 million of the requested S&E amount.

The non-recurring costs include $40,000 for the return of funds associated with the Museum Support Center judgment fund and $6.4 million and 26 workyears associated with workforce restructuring. These workforce savings are the direct result of buyouts offered to Smithsonian employees under the Federal Workforce Restructuring Act of 1994, and reflect the decrease associated with the FY 1996 government-wide Federal workforce reductions proposed by Executive Order 12839 (47 FTE) and offset by FY 1995 Smithsonian buyouts in excess of the FY 1995 reduction ceiling (21 FTE). The cumulative FTE reduction through FY 1996 is 276 FTE. The Smithsonian has been able to meet these reductions through the FY 1993 restructuring (41 FTE) and the Voluntary Separation Incentive Program in FY 1995 (209 FTE) leaving a total of 26 FTE and $6.4 million to be withdrawn in FY 1996.

Of the total fiscal year 1996 S&E request, the Institution requests that funds for certain activities remain available until expended. These funds support the Institution-wide programs, the major scientific instrumentation program, collections acquisition, Museum Support Center equipment and move, exhibition reinstallation, the National Museum of the American Indian, and the repatriation program at the National Museum of Natural History.

MANDATORY INCREASES FOR SUSTAINING BASE OPERATIONS

Necessary Pay, Utilities, Rent and Inflation (0 FTE/$ 16,901,000)

The Smithsonian Institution seeks funds to pay costs that are beyond its control to manage. These costs result from established practices in regulating wages, insurance premiums, utilities, rent, and the effects of inflation. The Institution requests an increase of $16,901,000 for the mandatory costs shown below.

Salary and Related Costs:

-Proposed Annualization of FY 1995 Locality Pay Raise $1,003,000

-Proposed Annualization of FY 1995 Cost of Living Adjustment 1,285,000

-Proposed FY 1996 Locality Pay Raise 3,050,000

-Proposed FY 1996 Cost of Living Adjustment 4,219,000

-One Additional Workday in FY 1996 906,000

-Health Insurance (Increase in Premiums) 1,784,000

—Federal Employees' Retirement System (FERS) 373,000

—Workers' Compensation 61,000

Total, Salary and Related Costs $12,681,000

Utilities, Communications, and Postage $ 1,017,000

Central Rental Space 735,000

Inflation 2,368,000

SIL Acquisitions Inflation 100.000

Total $16,901,000

Salary and Related Costs - The Institution requests a net amount of $12,681,000 for the projected higher salary and benefits costs in FY 1996 for FY 1995 staff. The Smithsonian has calculated costs required to annualize the proposed FY 1995 2.1 % locality pay raise ($1,003,000); to annualize the proposed FY 1995 2.6% cost of living adjustment ($1,285,000); for the proposed FY 1996 2.1 % locality pay raise ($3,050,000) for three-quarters of a year; for the FY 1996 2.8% cost of living adjustment ($4,219,000) for three-quarters of a year; and to reflect the increase of funds associated with one additional work day ($906,000). In FY 1996, the Institution also requires funds to cover rising health insurance premiums ($1,784,000), increased costs related to the Federal Employees' Retirement System ($373,000), and increased workers' compensation costs ($61,000).

• Annualization of FY 1995 Proposed Locality Pay Raise - The Smithsonian has included an amount of $1,003,000 in its FY 1996 request to annualize the costs of the proposed January 1995 locality pay raise. This reflects the proposed 2.1 percent locality pay raise.

• Annualization of FY 1995 Proposed Cost of Living Adjustment - The Institution requires an amount of $1,285,000 to annualize the costs of the proposed January 1995 cost of living adjustment. This reflects the proposed 2.6 percent cost of living adjustment.

• FY 1996 Proposed Locality Pay Raise - The Smithsonian requests an amount of $3,050,000 to fully fund the anticipated January FY 1996 locality pay raises for three-quarters of a year. This reflects an anticipated 2.1 percent locality pay raise.

• FY 1996 Proposed Cost of Living Adjustment - The Smithsonian requests an amount of $4,219,000 to fully fund the anticipated January FY 1996 cost of living adjustment of 2.8 percent for three-quarters of a year.

• One Additional Workday in FY 1996 - Currently, base funding is available for employee compensation for a 260-day workyear. For FY 1996, however, contains 261 workdays and requires additional funding to cover employee salary and benefit costs for the extra day. The Institution requests $906,000 to cover this mandatory cost.

• Health Insurance - For FY 1996, the Institution requests $1,784,000 to cover the rising cost of health insurance premiums for employees. The Smithsonian's FY 1995 base is $11,893,000. The requested increase includes the funds required to annualize the projected FY 1995 cost increase ($401,000 for one-quarter of the year) and to cover an estimated FY 1996 increase of 15 percent ($1,383,000 for three-quarters of the year).

• Federal Employees' Retirement System (FERS) - The Smithsonian requests an increase of $373,000 to cover the increased benefit costs of the higher percentage of FERS participants comprising the Federal workforce. For FY 1996, the projected cost increase of former CSRS positions that are now occupied by staff in the FERS system amounts to $9,623,000. The Institution has in its base $9,250,000 to fund this shift, leaving a shortfall of $373,000. Additional funds will be required in the future, as the composition of the Institution's Federal workforce continues to shift to FERS participation (versus CSRS) over time.

• Workers' Compensation - The Smithsonian requests an increase of $61,000 as specified in the provisions of Section 8147(b) of Title 5, United States Code, as amended on April 21, 1976, by Public Law 94-273. This law provides for payments to be made to employees for injuries and to their families in cases where work accidents result in employee death. These payments are determined and made by the U.S. Department of Labor's Employment Standards Administration, which subsequently bills agencies for costs incurred for their employees. Despite the Institution's emphasis on the Accident Safety Program administered by the Office of Environmental Management and Safety, which provides employee training in safety awareness and promotes the identification and elimination of potential hazards in the workplace, there has been an increase in employee compensation costs. The FY 1996 bill for the Institution's Federal portion ($1,771,000) covers the actual expenses incurred for the period July 1, 1993, through June 30, 1994. With an amount of $1,710,000 in its FY 1995 base for workers' compensation, the Institution requests an additional $61,000.

Utilities, Communications, and Postage - An FY 1995 Federal base of $24,550,000 and anticipated reimbursements of $860,000 (total of $25,410,000) are available to fund the costs of electricity, steam, gas, fuel oil, water, sewer, communications, and postage for nearly all Institution facilities. In order to provide constant environmental conditions and to ensure continuous operating equipment and communications systems, the Smithsonian requires an increase of $1,017,000 in FY 1996 to cover anticipated costs. This increase results from projected consumption increases related to the operation of National Museum of American Indian in New York City, the East Court Infill at the Museum of Natural History, as well as the new Osteo Prep Lab, Botany Greenhouses and the large artifact building at Silver Hill. Additional use of linked computer systems and expanding data networks lead to projected increases in communication costs. The increase also anticipates an additional rate increase in FY 1995 of approximately 10 percent by the various electric utility companies which serve Smithsonian Institution facilities.

Rental Space - For FY 1996, the central rental account requests $735,000 for uncontrollable expenses. The increase reflects the annual cost increase specified in negotiated lease agreements, including projected inflationary adjustments, and takes into account the offsetting Trust fund contribution for shared administrative activities and office space occupied by specific auxiliary activities on the Mall. Leased Space at L'Enfant Plaza, 1111 North Capitol Street, Archives of American Art space in New York and Boston, and Fullerton Storage provide critical housing for administrative, support and some program activities which provide valuable services to the Institution's exhibition, education, research and collection programs. Also included in this request is $400,000 to prepare up to 20,000 square feet of secure storage space, install adequate heating,

ventilating and air conditioning for that space, and purchase and install shelving and related equipment for permanent archival records. By 1996, space for Smithsonian archival records will be depleted, based on anticipated acquisitions. The projected Federal cost of the central rental account is $5,349,000. The Institution's Federal base is $4,614,000 in FY 1995. Therefore, the Smithsonian requires $735,000 for existing basic rent, real estate taxes, operating expenses and archival storage space.

Inflation - For FY 1996, the Smithsonian requests an amount of $2,368,000 to offset the inflation-related erosion of the Institution's purchasing power over the past year. This amount represents the effects of inflation on the Institution's Federal nonpersonnel budget for FY 1996, excluding utilities, rent, and Museum Support Center equipment and move costs. The requested increase will offset the negative effects brought about by inflation for FY 1996. The amount requested was calculated using the Consumer Price Index at a 3.3 percent rate projected for FY 1996.

Smithsonian Institution Libraries Acquisitions Inflation - For FY 1996, the Smithsonian requests an amount of $100,000 to maintain current levels of library support and to offset the cumulative impact of eight years of inflation in book and journal costs. In FY 1993, despite the cancellation of 1,260 titles since 1987, the Smithsonian Institution Libraries (SIL) was forced to assign its entire acquisitions budget to pay for journals. Although the Institution responded to the crisis that year by reallocating $200,000 from internal funds to restore the book budget, inflation in FY 1994 began to erode that amount. The projected increase for journal prices is 10.5 percent in FY 1995. This increase will force SIL to cancel an additional 150 titles costing $47,000 for FY 1995 to stay within the available acquisitions funds and to protect remaining journal subscriptions against further erosion. The average price of a journal title in SIL has increased 90 percent since 1987; SIL is now spending nearly 60 percent more for 16 percent fewer journals and is able to purchase only half the monographs per year that were purchased in 1987. The requested amount of $100,000 will restore journal subscriptions that must be cancelled for FY 1995 because of inflation in subscription prices and will also allow for the purchase of the most-urgently needed books.

Health and Safety (1 FTE/$427,000)

This theme identifies requirements related to mandatory health and safety issues and will continue a multi-year project to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and meet requirements of the Institution's Building Management Safety Program. Included are safety code improvements for the Folklife Festival due to new National Park Service directives, hazardous material training, the purchase of safety equipment, and treatment of waste water from restoration and preservation projects to meet applicable state and federal laws.

Facilities Operations (11 FTE/$1,050,000)

The fiscal year 1996 increase of 11 FTE and $1,050,000 is directly linked to operational requirements resulting from Construction, Repair and Restoration of Buildings, and/or Zoo Construction projects which were approved in those appropriations. Museums and facilities with

key projects underway include the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum (Miller/Fox townhouses renovation), the National Museum of Natural History (the East Court), the National Zoological Park (the Amazonia Gallery and Living in Water exhibits), and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (new and expanded facilities). If operational funding is not provided for these new spaces and facilities, the Institution will be unable to fully staff these areas.

Administration of the Repair & Restoration of Buildings (up to 10 FTE/up to $928,000)

This theme identifies Office of Design and Construction S&E requirements necessary to execute increased levels of repair and restoration funding. The first portion of this request is to support a $35 million Repair and Restoration of Buildings program. These funds will support the Smithsonian's Accessibility Program, Architectural and Historical Preservation Programs, and Construction Projects. The addition of an architect/engineer specializing in Accessibility and Historic Preservation will enable the Smithsonian to better provide disabled visitors and staff with safe, convenient access to all facilities and to preserve and protect our National Historic Landmarks. Other positions will support construction planning, design and management.

The second portion of this request includes additional funds to support a $40 million Repair and Restoration of Buildings program. These funds and positions will support the Smithsonian's Seismic Safety Program and Environmental Management Program. In compliance with Executive Order 12699 which mandated that all new Federal buildings be designed to resist seismic forces and comply with National Building Codes, the Seismic Safety Program is necessary to ensure the safety of the public and Smithsonian collections. The Environmental Management Program will oversee and coordinate environmental issues and conduct environmental analyses consistent with the National Environmental Policy Act.

PRIORITY PROGRAM ENHANCEMENT

The National Museum of the American Indian (30 FTE/$5,785,000)

This theme supports funding required for the continued development of the National Museum of the American Indian. The requested funds and FTE will be directed toward staffing costs in support of full operations of the George Gustav Heye Center in New York City; planning and preparation of the Cultural Resources Center (CRC) at Suitland, Maryland, including one-time expenses for such items as furniture, equipment, collections storage equipment, and relocation of staff; planning for the National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI) facility on the Mall; initial facilities and grounds operation, maintenance, and repair of the CRC at Suitland, Maryland; and security officers, health service and emergency first aid staff at the Research Branch and the Heye Center in New York. Funding at these requested levels will enable the Smithsonian and NMAI to respond affirmatively to public, congressional, and Native American mandates for the establishment of a national resource for and about Native American perspectives.

Vital Smithsonian Programs (14 FTE/$2,527,000)

This requested increase of 14 FTE and $2,527,000 will be used to fund vital, high-priority programs that will support bureaus and offices in executing and managing their individual missions. These programs currently do not have adequate base resources to support a viable scientific, educational or administrative purpose.

This theme supports the continued development and support of the submillimeter telescope array project which will directly contribute to measurably enhancing the scientific competitiveness of the United States. It also supports urgently needed resources for the continued renovation of Natural History's permanent exhibition halls, many of which are more than 20 years old and present outdated cultural interpretation and scientific information to the public. A portion of this request will go towards support of basic operations, to include costly printing equipment replacement, information management key staff support, automation disaster preparedness, and strengthening of the employee discrimination complaints process and other equal opportunity programs.

This theme also supports programs which are inherently unique to the Smithsonian Institution, such as the maintenance of archival holdings which document the scientific, social and cultural fabric of the United States. (One staff person will process and rehouse one hundred cubic feet of records, or 200,000 items, per year.) Funds are also required to restore and preserve historic aircraft and spacecraft as well as to prepare historic aircraft, spacecraft, engines and other objects for relocation to the National Air and Space Museum's Dulles Extension facility. Preservation of historic artifacts requires intensive treatment to prepare the artifacts for exhibition while still maintaining as much of the original materials as possible. The National Air & Space Museum, the leader among organizations that restore and preserve historic aircraft and spacecraft, has the unique mission to preserve the technology represented by the history of aviation and spaceflight, by preserving the vehicles in which early pioneers broke speed records, explored new worlds, fought aerial battles, and sought data about our universe.

A detailed listing of each item under this theme can be found in the Appendix.

Education (0 FTE/$2,280,000)

This theme requests funds to support the Institution's on-going education development activities through fellowships, internships and secondary school educational programs. The fiscal year 1996 requested increase of $2,280,000 will allow the Smithsonian to continue to play a crucial role as an educational institution. As a major research center and a national trust for an unequaled collection of treasures from the arts, humanities, and sciences, the Smithsonian provides formal and informal learning experiences to individuals both young and old from many different cultural, educational, and economic backgrounds. Additional fellowship and internship program awards would be provided, which provide opportunities for scholars and students from the U.S. and abroad to conduct research utilizing the Institution's unique collections and resources. Further, educational materials will be created and distributed to secondary schools across the country.

Institution-Wide Programs (0 FTE/$3,000,000)

This request will fund the Smithsonian's institution-wide pools for research equipment, information resources management, and Latino Exhibitions, Acquisitions, and Educational Programming.

• Research Equipment—This pool supports the replacement, upgrade, and acquisition of scientific research and laboratory equipment for which the units are unable to fund as a result of continued reductions to their programs. The bureaus five-year equipment replacement plans, submitted nearly one and a half years ago as the basis for distribution of the first year's funding of the research equipment pool, indicated a need for over $20 million for research equipment renewal. In FY 1994, after a review and prioritization of these needs by the Assistant Secretaries for Sciences and Arts and Humanities, $1.2 million was allocated to this pool in order to respond to the Institution's serious need for upgrading and replacing its research equipment. The Smithsonian estimates an annual need of $5 million to maintain a program of systematic renewal of its research equipment. This request is to continue to fund this pool for research equipment renewal. New technology advancements create the necessity for new kinds of equipment in order to establish and maintain an adequate equipment base for complex research.

• Information Resources Management—During the past year, a pan-institutional task force, working in various teams, addressed the Institution's long-range information management needs and provided a blueprint to meet these needs into the next century. Working from the IRM Vision, a Key Initiatives Team identified seven key initiatives as the essential elements to bring that plan to fruition. The IRM pool is part of the funding strategy for some of those initiatives. Other initiatives, especially the collections information management systems of the larger bureaus that have significant public outreach components, will be addressed as part of the National Performance Review Initiatives request. This request will support continued computer technology upgrades and will enable the information technology needs of the Institution to be addressed systematically. The priorities to be funded under the FY 1996 IRM Plan include continued upgrade of the Smithsonian's basic information technologies (hardware/software) and improvement of research collection and data analysis technologies. The IRM Pool during the preceding two fiscal years has funded the completion of the Smithsonian Institution Network (SINET), development of on-line collections information systems, and acquisition of computing resources that support contemporary research techniques. Continued expansion of the IRM Pool will enable the Smithsonian to continue to bring information age advancements to its own staff as well as visitors, scholars and museums around the nation.

• Latino Exhibitions, Acquisitions, and Educational Programming—This request will support the development of Latino exhibitions, the acquisition of collections, and the undertaking of educational initiatives across the Institution in order to share the accomplishments of Latinos with the public. In response to the cultural diversity of the nation and the need for outreach programs directed to specific cultures, the Smithsonian Institution established the Task Force on Latino Issues. This task force was formed to analyze Latino employment and recruitment

patterns, provide recommendations for change within the Smithsonian, and oversee the implementation of the recommendations. Its recommendations were released in Spring 1994; the Smithsonian is currently in the process of preparing a response to those recommendations. Funding for this pool will also support the recommendations of the Task Force and the development of a comprehensive strategic plan to increase the Latino presence in the Institution's programming, collections and staff.

Funding of pilot programs will enable informed long-range investment in exhibitions, collections, and education programs focused on the Latino community. In the short-term, these new pilot programs will permit the Institution, through creative experimentation at the museum level, to expand its coverage of the Latino culture as well as its Latino audience. External funding can also be projected to increase in the long-term; with evidence of positive outcomes from the pilot programs, the case for external funding can be made substantially stronger.

EXECUTIVE BRANCH INITIATIVES

National Performance Review Initiatives (9 FTE/$5,823,000)

The Smithsonian Institution is committed to leading the Vice President's charge in the National Performance Review area of information technology and "electronic government." As stated in the Accompanying Report of the National Performance Review, Creating a Government that Works Better & Costs Less—Reengineering Through Information Technology , "access to government is a right of Americans." The Institution proposes major initiatives in FY 1996 to make its collections and services far more accessible to the American public than ever before. Most of these changes lie in the area of collections information systems and support, as outlined below, as well as national educational outreach. In addition, funding is being requested for improvements to internal systems, to include travel system and personnel services automation efforts. The travel system in the Office of the Comptroller will lead to streamlined, reinvented travel management and expense processing with connectivity to the Institution's new financial accounting system currently under development. The personnel services automation efforts include the Smithsonian being a pilot for an electronic personnel action system developed by the Department of Navy. The Smithsonian is also one of the Federal government's pilot agencies in the area of electronic commerce.

The national collections, numbering over 138 million objects, are the essence of the Smithsonian Institution and are increasingly serving as public resources of global importance. These holdings and the information associated with them form the basis of Smithsonian research, exhibitions and public programs, which draw millions of visitors annually and inform issues as wide-ranging as global change, biotic resource management and cultural diversity. This has placed extraordinary new demands on access to the national collections and associated information. Yet currently, public access to Smithsonian collections and information is poorly met. To realize the full potential of the national collections and to meet demand from academia, federal agencies, policy makers, the private

sector and public citizens, the Smithsonian intends to become a valuable data provider on the national information highway, as well as through other electronic and traditional means.

To achieve this goal, the Institution requests funding to accelerate modernization of its information technology infrastructure for collections management and the dissemination of associated collections information. Collections Information Systems (CIS) with public access modules will be implemented in four targeted areas to better support access to art, cultural and scientific information: the National Museum of Natural History/Museum Support Center Collections Resource Information System, the National Museum of American History Collections Information System, the National Air & Space Museum Inventory System, and the Art Bureaus collaborative Collection Information Systems project. The respective systems differ in configuration, but the Institution has a unified goal - to fully automate the collections and the information associated with them, to provide imaging capability and to create public access modules that allow convenient access.

Requested funds will support CIS software, the hardware necessary to run the systems (including installation or enhancement of local area networks), imaging equipment, network support and, in some instances, additional staff.

The National Performance Review noted the potential for information technology to improve the way government does its job. The Smithsonian collections are a unique and highly visible resource that can be made accessible at very little cost through use of this technology. The education potential is enormous; the benefit to scholars significant; the advantages for the collections themselves, through improved management and tracking, are considerable. Most importantly, this initiative would place the collections in the hands of the American people to use and enjoy.

Construction and Improvements National Zoological Park

1994 Appropriation $5,400,000

1995 Estimate $5,000,000

1996 Estimate $10,500,000

Appropriations to this account provide funding for:

• repairs, alterations, and improvements to plant property;

• additions to existing facilities and minor new facilities, including exhibits;

• plans and specifications for construction; and

• renovation, restoration, and construction of new facilities outlined in the Master Plan.

The Zoo contracts for most construction and improvement projects. If contractor estimates are above acceptable cost levels, it is sometimes more economical to hire permanent or temporary laborers to accomplish the work. The account also funds related expenses such as relocation of animals during the renovation or construction of facilities and major grounds maintenance resulting from storm damage.

In keeping with the 1889 charter, the National Zoological Park endeavors to "administer and improve" the Zoo for "the advancement of science and instruction and recreation of the people" (20 U.S.C. 81). The National Zoological Park (NZP) complex includes 163 acres in the Rock Creek Valley of Washington, D.C., and a 3,150-acre Conservation and Research Center (CRC) located near Front Royal, Virginia.

The FY 1996 request is as follows:

Rock Creek Master Plan:

Aquatic Trail $2,000,000

Grasslands Exhibit 4,500,000

CRC at Front Royal Development Plan:

Consolidated Maintenance Facility 750,000

Renovation, Repair, and Improvements:

Rock Creek 2,300,000

Conservation and Research Center 950.000

TOTAL $10,500,000

Rock Creek Master Plan

The National Zoo's Rock Creek facilities have been undergoing major renovation and improvements through implementation of the Master Plan. Congress has appropriated a total of $70,884,900 from FY 1974 to FY 1994 to carry out major portions of the Plan. Full implementation of the Master plan, as revised in 1986, will keep the National Zoological Park among the world's finest zoos.

Aquatic Trail ($2,000,000) - Funds received in FY 1993 ($2,068,950) and FY 1994 ($800,000) have allowed for the design development and the initial phases of construction. The Aquatic Trail, a cluster of exhibits near the Amazonia Exhibit, will focus on the biology of life in water and on conservation efforts for sea otters and penguins. The first element will be a "Living in Water" module, conceptualized to involve interactive, low maintenance exhibits, that will illustrate the crucial role of water in the origin and maintenance of life on Earth.

The Aquatic Trail program is intended to provide an educational experience for the visitors regarding various facets of aquatic life in exhibit modules, depicting endangered ecosystems and habitats. The objective of the program is to enlighten the public of the impact on life of such habitats and the danger involving the destruction of the ecosystem.

Currently NZP is finalizing a conceptual plan, to be followed by the design development phase of the program. Funds requested for FY 1996 will provide for landscaping and the construction of the latter phase modules comprising the Mangrove Swamp and the Chesapeake Marsh.

Grasslands Exhibit ($4,500,000) - The Grasslands Exhibit will enhance the visitor's experience to the National Zoo through viewing three specific areas of varying topography that span approximately six acres. These areas will depict three primary grassland habitats including the African Savannas, American Prairies and Australian Plains. Each exhibit will be self-contained and cover a wide range of topics on the central theme of grasslands through time. Topics include the domestication of grains, human history on grasslands, the living world beneath the surface of grasslands, medicinal and food plants of grasslands, and multiple use of grasslands throughout the world over time.

A major element of this experience will be "anticipation areas" that will introduce visitors to each of the three exhibits. These areas will also be places to rest and picnic and for children to play. For example, at the Grasslands exhibit, visitors will be educated on a variety of grasses from every imaginable viewpoint-from information about their luncheon bread (derived from a grass) to where they can learn more about grass in the Grasslands exhibit and throughout the park.

The African Savannas exhibit will be adjacent to the Education Building and can be approached from either direction along the Zoo's Olmsted Walk. Animals such as cheetah, zebra, ostrich, blesbok, gerenuk, several species of gazelles, and dwarf mongoose will inhabit the African Savannas. The exhibit will include a subterranean segment that will include soil invertebrates and

underground dwellings of vertebrates. The current Panda Plaza will be the anticipation area for the American Prairies and the African Savannas exhibits.

This exhibit will continue the educational experience for the visitor including the ability to walk, rest and play in these grassland habitats. Topics of varying degree will be presented, including the living world beneath the grasslands, the human history on the grasslands, and medicinal and food plants of the grasslands.

Funds totaling $2,280,950 have been appropriated in FY 1993 and FY 1994 . Funds of $1,950,000 are anticipated for FY 1995. The conceptual design has been completed and it is anticipated that the design contract will be awarded in FY 1995. Funding of $4,500,000 requested for FY 1996 will provide for the construction of the major exhibit areas and the installation of the grasses and landscaping according to the final project plans.

Conservation and Research Center Development Plan

At the Conservation and Research Center at Front Royal, the Zoo has established a plan that will meet the Center's conservation, research, and public education needs well into the next century. This Development Plan results from the extensive analysis of CRC's operations and its facilities and future program needs. An important aspect of the plan is a built-in flexibility for growth that accommodates expansion of research and conservation programs at minimal costs.

Design of Consolidated Maintenance Facility ($750,000) - The Zoo plans to construct a new, prefabricated building that will consolidate maintenance, grounds, transportation, supply, and commissary operations into a single location. In keeping with the Center's Development Plan, this construction project will involve demolition of four dilapidated buildings dating from the early 1920s. Over the next five to seven years, eight other buildings vacated by the consolidation will be renovated into research laboratories, offices, and equipment storage areas. This new maintenance facility will improve the Center's infrastructure so it will be able to meet its operational needs well into the next century.

The construction of this facility will permit the consolidation of various maintenance functions currently located in various structures located throughout the site and in extremely poor condition and providing unhealthy working conditions for the employees. Many of the existing buildings will be demolished after relocating functions to the consolidated facility.

Resources anticipated in FY 1995 ($250,000) will fund the plans and specifications to build a facility to house maintenance and repair shops, support operations and utility services. Construction will be conducted in two phases for a total project cost of $2,337,000. Funds requested for FY 1996 will begin Phase I of the construction program comprising site work and demolition.

Renovation, Repair, and Improvements

Rock Creek ($2,300,000) - The National Zoological Park is responsible for the repair and preventive maintenance of its facilities. The Zoo strives to maintain a safe environment for its visiting public and staff, provide ecologically suitable and comfortable enclosures for the animals, and maintain all buildings in good condition.

The Zoo's Rock Creek facilities, located on 163 acres, include almost 500,000 square feet of buildings and more than 160,000 square feet of roofs. Along with the Park's perimeter fence, measuring 10,546 linear feet, the Zoo's in-ground utility distribution system includes more than 4,600 linear feet of high-voltage electrical fines, approximately 4,000 linear feet of medium-voltage electrical lines, 16,000 linear feet of water mains, 6,000 linear feet of gas mains, 28,000 linear feet of sewer lines, and 14,000 linear feet of storm drains. The Park's preventive maintenance program includes the care of these systems to ensure safe operation of the total facility.

The repair and improvement program at the Rock Creek site comprises environmental control, fire protection and security systems critical to the health and safety of the animals and specimens, as well as infrastructure requirements affecting the operation of the facility. A portion of the FY 1996 request ($70,000) will procure professional services to plan and design various R&R projects within the program. Additional funds ($300,000) will be directed to contracted maintenance services for HVAC systems. The balance of funds ($1,860,000) will be directed toward construction services for various repair and improvement projects.

The Zoo requests $2,300,000 to continue its annual program of renovation, repair, and preventive maintenance for its Rock Creek facility. This funding for FY 1996 will enable the Zoo to provide the required level of general maintenance to all plant property.

Front Royal ($950,000) - The Zoo's Conservation and Research Center at Front Royal is a nonpublic facility devoted to the conservation of endangered wildlife through programs in propagation, research, and international biodiversity training. The 3,150-acre facility includes more than 89 structures ranging from animal shelters to research laboratories and residences. The property has more than 2 1/2 miles of roads, 20 miles of jeep trails, and 30 miles of fences.

The FY 1996 request is to continue the program of renovating, repairing and improving the facility at Front Royal, Virginia. The program comprises maintaining and improving environmental and operating systems that directly impact the health and safety of the animals, fire protection and security systems for facility integrity and providing energy efficient and proper working space for the scientific and support staff.

The Zoo requests $950,000 for FY 1996 to support the Center's preventive maintenance program and help reduce the costly repairs at this important facility in the future.

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Repair and Restoration of Buildings

1994 Appropriation $24,000,000

1995 Estimate $25,300,000

1996 Estimate $40,000,000

The Smithsonian Institution is steward of the valuable and visible buildings entrusted to it by the Nation. These buildings include 15 museums and gallery buildings in Washington, D.C. and New York City; restoration and storage buildings in Suitland, Maryland and New York City; and centers for research and education in Panama, Maryland, Massachusetts and Arizona. These facilities total more than 5.5 million square feet of space and range in age from new to more than 140 years old. The Smithsonian Institution's facilities form a vital infrastructure for accomplishment of many programs and activities, provide safe haven to irreplaceable collections entrusted to us, and allow public access to the collections and programs by millions of visitors and scholars. Without well-repaired and maintained buildings, the Smithsonian cannot continue to meet these responsibilities. Additionally, the buildings themselves are important icons of the Nation's cultural heritage, and must be preserved with the intent of occupying them forever.

Funding for maintenance and repair of the Institution's facilities has not kept pace with the need, and this has resulted in a serious deterioration of the Smithsonian's physical plant. In 1987, the Institution identified an unfunded requirement for repair and renewal of its facilities, except for those at the National Zoological Park, totaling approximately $216 million and requested a significant increase in annual funding beginning with FY 1989. Although funding levels increased over pre-1987 levels, annual appropriations never reached the required levels. As of April 1994, the estimate of unfunded facilities renewal requirements had increased to $250 million.

The Problem: Current Conditions

As major components of building systems age, the risk of operational failure, unscheduled building closings, and damage to our collections increases dramatically. Despite heavy use of the buildings, the Institution's program of planned, preventive maintenance and repair extends the useful life of building systems beyond normal standards. However, as systems near or exceed their service life 1 , maintenance enters the "breakdown" mode and performing frequent emergency repairs is no longer economically justifiable.

To describe the current state of the Institution's facilities, the model in Chart l 2 illustrates the predicted performance curve throughout a building's service life, and plots the position of the Smithsonian's major facilities in relation to their expected life. Buildings are composed of a number

1 The length of time a system or component is expected to provide an acceptable minimum level of shelter or service.

2 Building Research Board of the National Research Council, "The Fourth Dimension in Building: Strategies for Minimizing Obsolescence," 1993.

of complex interrelated systems. The curve represents a composite rate of deterioration for all building systems over an estimated 40 year life span. The Institution's buildings were placed on the curve based on the estimated remaining useful life. The specific parameters used to assess existing conditions were:

• watertight enclosure;

• heating, ventilating, air conditioning (HVAC) and electrical systems age and condition; and,

• compliance with current codes, legislation, and industry operating standards. Chart 1

Smithsonian Institution Facility Conditions

Current Conditions

FY 1995

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Failures

Life-Cycle Time in Years

KEY TO ABRREVTATIONS:

A&I - Arts and Industries

AAPG - American Art & Portrait Gallery

Freer - Freer Gallery of Art

HMSG - Hirshhorn Museum & Sculpture Garden

MSC - Museum Support Center

NASM - National Air & Space Museum NMAH - National Museum of American History NMNH - National Museum of Natural History QUAD - African Art & Sackler Gallery Renwick - Renwick Gallery SIB - Smithsonian Institution Building

According to the Association of Higher Education Facilities Officers 3 , a nationally recognized organization, optimal performance decreases by 40% three-quarters of the way through a system's useful life, reaching the minimum acceptable performance level, labeled "Fair" on the chart. From that point on, performance declines steeply, decreasing another 40% in the next 12% of the system's service life expectancy. This is the "breakdown" mode of operation, labeled on the chart as "Zone of Accelerating Risk of Failure." Once a building has reached this stage, it can no longer reliably provide necessary conditions to support the programs housed within. In the case of museum buildings, this usually means that the continuous close control of environmental conditions and refuge from the elements required to preserve collections cannot be guaranteed. In addition, it costs as much as five times more to achieve this minimally acceptable performance through "breakdown" maintenance — that is, repairing or replacing a system or component on an emergency basis when it fails. Resources spent to patch existing systems are essentially squandered when the systems require full replacement. More importantly, however, with the high public visibility and 26 million annual visits, and the potential for irreparable damage to the collections, unplanned system failures can have major implications for the Institution. When a building has deteriorated to this point, major renovation and renewal is the only way to regain acceptable performance.

It is clear from the Chart 1 that the National Museum of Natural History (the Smithsonian's largest building in terms of area) and the American Art and Portrait Gallery Building are already in seriously deteriorated condition. Two more buildings are rapidly approaching the state where the increasing risk of incipient failure of building systems and components threatens closings of significant portions of the building to public and staff activities, and exposes the collections to irreparable damage. Together, these four buildings represent 30% of the Institution's usable area, and all four buildings contain significant amounts of public space. The estimated cost of bringing these facilities up to at least "Good" condition is $200 million.

Although other major Smithsonian buildings are not yet below the "Good" range in overall condition, periodic routine repair of the individual systems and components in these facilities is necessary to prevent further deterioration. Failure to renovate and renew in a timely manner increases the risk of failure, and hastens decline of the overall building condition.

The Solution

The Institution seeks to achieve a balance between correcting the unacceptable condition of its four older buildings, and maintaining the current condition of its other facilities through systematic renewal and repair. The Smithsonian has projected the conditions of its buildings by FY 2000 under two different funding scenarios for Repair and Restoration of Buildings beginning in

FY 1996: the current annual level of $24 million, and the requested $40 million annually. The

3 "Understanding the Life Cycle of Buildings and Structures," by Chris Hodges, President, Facility Engineering Associates, P.C., published in Proceedings of the 1994 Educational Conference and 81st Annual Meeting of APPA: The Association of Higher Education Facilities Officers, July 10-12,1994, San Antonio, Texas.

implications of each funding scenario are described below and are depicted in detail on the accompanying charts.

Chart 2 illustrates the disparity between the results of these funding options in terms of the aggregate area of Smithsonian facilities by condition in fiscal year 2000. The Scenario 1 stack shows approximately 41 percent of the aggregate total of four million square feet as threatened to fall below the minimum acceptable performance level with continued funding at $24 million per year. Twenty-six percent is predicted to fail as depicted in the shaded box positioned directly below the performance line of the chart.

Scenario 2, at a funding level of $40 million per year, shows a decrease to this threat with only 26 percent of the aggregate area to fall beneath the minimum acceptable performance level and with no failures predicted.

Chart 2

Smithsonian Institution Facility Conditions

Performance by Percent of Area

Minimum

Acceptable

Performance

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Scenario 1: §24 million Continued Decline

Scenario 2: $40 million Halting Decline

Scenario 1: Increasing Decline

If funding for Repair and Restoration of Buildings remains at the $24 million annual level, the Institution cannot arrest the deterioration of its buildings. As Chart 3 shows, the Natural History, American Art and Portrait Gallery, Arts and Industries, and Smithsonian Institution (Castle) buildings will all reach the end of their useful service lives within a five-year time span. Before they reach that point, however, building systems and components will fail at an increasing rate, resulting in closings, damage to collections, and dislocation of program activities, and increased operating and repair costs. Furthermore, increasing amounts of resources will be needed on an emergency basis to maintain only marginal performance.

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Scenario 1: $24 Million Straight-Lined Funding Continued Decline

FY 2000

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Life-Cycle Time in Years

Scenario 2: Halting the Decline

At $40 million annually, the Institution can arrest the rapid rate of decline in our four buildings with the greatest need. However, as shown in Chart 4, the remaining facilities will forgo much necessary scheduled maintenance and repair, resulting in a decreased service life. With the accelerated rate of decline, the need for renewal and repair becomes more urgent. If the minimum level of acceptable performance is to be maintained across the Institution, resources will not be available to improve the overall condition of marginally performing buildings.

Chart 4

Scenario 2: $40 Million Plus Inflation;

Halting the Decline

FY 2000

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Attached is a summary of planned expenditures by category of work over the next five years, at the $40 million annual level.

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Construction

1994 Appropriation $10,000,000

1995 Estimate $50,000,000

1996 Estimate $20,200,000

The Smithsonian has a growing requirement for physical plant expansion and modification to support program needs, particularly in the area of collection storage and care. Plans for facility development in the coming years represent a major investment in the continuing vitality of existing programs, including collections management, research, public exhibitions and education, and other services. The Institution requests $20.2 million in FY 1996 to carry out these plans. The five-year program is summarized on the chart following the narrative. The most significant issues are discussed in more detail below the chart.

This year's Construction request is as follows: Major Construction:

Collections Care

The magnitude of the collections, held by the Smithsonian, is estimated to be 138 million objects and specimens. Providing adequate and appropriate space for these collections emerges repeatedly as the most critical collections management priority. Because of the severe lack of adequate space, objects are stored in potentially dangerous conditions. Causes of damage to the collection range from environmental and biological factors, to theft, vandalism, neglect, carelessness, and natural disasters.

Many of the museum buildings are not adequately constructed to provide the quality of space needed to protect the collections. Building constraints include inadequate building closure and

antiquated mechanical, plumbing and electrical systems. To compensate for their inadequacies, many museum buildings require additional environmental monitoring equipment.

Placing collections in space not intended for their storage and placing non-collection items in collections storage areas, even temporarily and out of necessity, have both harmed the collections and limited their accessibility to staff and researchers. Because storage areas are so crowded, objects are often placed wherever space can be made. Some objects are located on top of storage cabinets, for example, rather than inside them. Overcrowding also makes it difficult for staff to perform routine cleaning and conservation needed to protect objects from deterioration. Lack of adequate storage has forced museums to restrict their acquisition of new collections, even to the point of declining worthy bequests. As a consequence, off-site storage has become increasingly critical to the Institution.

The highest priority in the Institution's capital expansion program is to meet the requirement for adequate and appropriate space in which to house, care for, and study the collections. The staff has developed a comprehensive plan to satisfy space needs for the care of its diverse collections for the next 20 years. Components of this program include the Suitland Collections Center, the Air and Space Extension, and the Cultural Resources Center of the American Indian Museum. The National Museum of Natural History East Court Building will help alleviate storage space problems in that museum after the renovation of major building systems is complete.

The Smithsonian requests funding in FY 1996 to correct collections storage conditions. Specifically, $1.5 million will complete equipping of the Cultural Resources Center of the American Indian Museum; $2 million will continue design of the Air and Space Extension; $8.7 million will complete construction and equipping of the National Museum of Natural History East Court Building; and $500,000 will begin planning for the first component of the Suitland Collection Center.

Exhibitions and Public Programs

The Smithsonian must provide space for exhibitions and public activities associated with displaying current collections, such as the Museum of the American Indian (Custom House and Mall Museum) and the Air and Space Extension, and meet expectations for new programs such as the African American Museum. The National Museum of Natural History East Court Building also will increase exhibition space by returning galleries now used to house collections and staff activities to public use. The Institution requests $3 million to complete design of the Mall Museum of the Museum of the American Indian.

Minor Construction, Alterations and Modifications

The Smithsonian requests $4 million to continue the program of Minor Construction, Alterations and Modifications (A&M). These projects are all under $1 million in construction cost and enable the Institution to provide efficient space in which its many and varied programs can operate.

Construction Planning

The Institution requests $500,000 to continue planning for future construction requirements in conjunction with its programmatic goals. The planning process will provide well defined plans and cost estimates for construction and operations prior to seeking funding or authorization of the project.

Realization of the projects in the current program will support the Institution's mandate to maintain responsible custody of the artifacts of history, culture, and natural and physical environments that it holds in trust; conduct cutting edge research; and contribute to the educational and cultural foundation of our society.

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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Board of Regents

Under Separate Boards of Trustees

Anacosria Mmeun Archive* of American An Arthur M. Sadder Gallery and

Freer Gallery of Art Cooper^Hewht, National Design Museum Hirshhom Museum and Sculpture Garden Institutional Studies Office National Air and Space Museum National Museum of African Ait National Museum of American Art

Renwick Gallery National Museum of American History

National Postal Museum National Museum of the American Indian National Portrait Gallery Office of Exhibits Central Office of Museum Programs Smithsonian Institution Traveling

Exhibition Service

Office of the Comptroller

Office of Contracting and Property Management Office of Equal Employment and Minority Affairs Office of Facilities Services Office of Architectural History and Historic

Preservation . Office of Design and Construction

Office of Environmental Management and Safety

Office of Plant Services

Office of Protection Services Office of Human Resources Office of Information Resource Management Office of Planning, Management and Budget Office of Printing and Photographic Services Office of Risk and Asset Management Office of Sponsored Projects Ombudsman

Conservation Analytical Laboratory National Museum of Natural History

Museum Support Center National Zoological Park Office of Fellowships and Grants Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Smithsonian Environmental Research

Center Smithsonian Institution Libraries Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

Assistant Secretary

for

EDUCATION & PUBLIC SERVICE

Assistant Secretary

for

ENVIRONMENTAL AND

EXTERNAL AFFAIRS

Assistant Secretary

for

INSTITUTIONAL TJ^mATTVES

Center for Folklife Programs and

Cultural Studies National Science Resources Center Office of Elementary and Secondary Education

September 1, 1994

Office of International Relations

Office of Special Events and Conference

Services Office of Telecommunications The Smithsonian Associates

National Program

Resident Program Smithsonian Institution Press Smithsonian Magazine Air <4 Spact Magazine Visitor Information and Associates'

Reception Center

National Campaign for the National Museum of the American Indian Office of Development

Smithsonian Institution Budget Line-Items

Office of the Assistant Secretary for the Sciences - The Office of the Assistant Secretary for the Sciences facilitates, strengthens, and plans for the Smithsonian's worldwide scientific efforts and research support activities. The Office develops and implements Institution-wide policies that foster the creation and dissemination of high-quality research in the sciences and promote science as an essential endeavor that contributes to knowledge and addresses issues of pressing concern to society. The Office also seeks to build an excellent research staff that reflects the Nation's diverse heritage and the Institution's scholarly strengths, to foster interdisciplinary research and effective linkages among scholars within and outside the Institution, and to encourage the integration of research results and staff into the other areas of the Smithsonian, particularly exhibition, education, and public programs.

Included in this line-item are the Smithsonian Institution Scientific Diving Program and the Office of Fellowships and Grants. The Smithsonian Institution Scientific Diving Program oversees the diving activities of the Smithsonian staff and related investigators, ensuring their safety and training in compliance with the Department of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations and the standards of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences. The Office of Fellowships and Grants manages and administers the Institution's programs of research grants, fellowships, and other scholarly appointments.

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory - The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) conducts research to increase understanding of the origin and nature of the universe and to communicate this information through publications, teaching, and public presentations. SAO studies diverse systems, including the large-scale structure of the universe, clusters of galaxies, galaxies, quasars, the Sun, and planets. SAO also conducts research in laboratory astrophysics, atmospheric physics, and geophysics. SAO research has a major impact in the worldwide scientific community and has helped the United States maintain worldwide leadership in astrophysical research. SAO's observing facilities include the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in Arizona, the Oak Ridge Observatory in Massachusetts, and a millimeter-wave radio telescope at Cambridge, as well as instruments launched from time to time aboard balloons, rockets, and spacecraft.

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute - The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) is the Nation's center for advanced studies of tropical ecosystems. It maintains the only extensive U.S. research facilities in the mainland New World tropics, providing access to the enormous tropical biodiversity not available within the United States. Studies at STRI of tropical forest and coastal marine communities provide basic data upon which to base decisions on the wise use and possible fate of these unique and threatened natural systems. STRI is the permanent host to a core of tropical researchers, who in turn provide an intellectual environment that attracts many visiting scientists, research fellows and students. STRI researchers study the evolution, behavior, ecology, and history of tropical species in systems ranging from coral reefs to tropical rain forests. Strengths include molecular biology, plant physiology, paleoecology, evolutionary biology and ecology. For more than four decades, STRI has carried out intensive research on Barro Colorado

Island (BCI), part of the Barro Colorado Nature Monument (BCNM), which is under STRI custodianship as designated in the Panama Canal Treaties of 1977. Results of BCI studies are now a critical resource of long-term studies for understanding tropical forests, and BCI is a center for continuing studies without peer. The ability of STRI researchers to compare and contrast the marine systems of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts makes their research in evolution of unique significance, since this is the only place in the world where a complete marine barrier of known age exists. Possessing perhaps the best tropical research library in the southern part of the Americas, and with a state-of-the-art conference center and experienced administrative staff in Panama City, STRI expects to continue to be a major center of basic research on tropical ecosystems and catalyst of public awareness of tropical science.

Smithsonian Environmental Research Center - The Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) in Edgewater, Maryland, performs basic scientific research on coastal air-land-water systems. SERC currently occupies 42,000 square feet of laboratory, office, educational, and support space and 2,600 acres of land on the Rhode River, a tidal river system. Interdisciplinary staff, visiting scientists, and students study how land use, air quality, and weather variations affect the movement of nutrients, eroded soil, and other materials through the system, the dynamics of plant and animal populations, and the overall health of the system. SERC also conducts public education and outreach activities for audiences of varied ages and diverse cultures. The research staff uses long-term observations, controlled experiments, and models to address a wide variety of ecological questions, particularly those relevant to the Chesapeake Bay region. SERC is part of a global network of United States and international sites, each of which is conducting ecological research relevant to its geographical region.

National Zoological Park - When the National Zoological Park (NZP) was founded in 1889, its mission was defined as "the advancement of science and the instruction and recreation of the people." The Zoo still works to achieve these ends. NZP has certain features in common with other Smithsonian public facilities and some features that are unique. Its exhibits are alive, and new exhibits require new construction, not merely remodeling. Since NZP's public function is educational and recreational, it seeks to enhance public awareness about biology and related subjects. This emphasis means that the Zoo is concerned with all aspects of life, both terrestrial and aquatic, small and large, past and present. Humankind has been part of the living world, and an increasing influence on it, ever since our species first appeared. Human biological history is, therefore, part of the Zoo's subject matter. Responding to the world environmental crisis, the Zoo is now committed to representing the whole of life on earth, plant and animal, in all its complexity and glory. To this end, NZP will transform the animals-only zoological park into a biological park. In the BioPark, the intermeshing relationships of animals and plants will be highlighted. The BioPark will educate visitors by its spectacle and beauty and foster a concern for the future of life in all its forms. This holistic approach will combine living exhibits of plants and animals with museum-type exhibits of structures, such as skeletons and fossils. It will make fruitful cross-correlations with exhibits by other Smithsonian entities presenting research in art and science.

Office of the Smithsonian Institution Archives - The Office of the Smithsonian Institution Archives (OSIA) is the official repository of the Institution's records, of the scholarly and personal papers of Institutional staff and affiliated scholars, and of the historical records of professionally-related societies and associations. Its permanent holdings amount to approximately 18,000 cubic feet of selected documentation, stored in a cost effective manner with efficient automated access. Thus, it constitutes a center of information, public accountability and research resources on the Institution, the National Collections and those disciplines and fields of knowledge representing Smithsonian interests and strengths. Its collections are strong in field research and exhibition records, oral and video histories, photographs, and architectural drawings of Smithsonian buildings. OSIA supports planning, management, and staff research; responds to public inquiries; and, serves students and scholars across the country and from abroad. OSIA performs its own research on the Institution and its place in American creative activity and museology as, for example, the preparation and publication of the papers of the first Smithsonian Secretary, Joseph Henry. These historical research projects will serve as resources for the Institution's Sesquicentennial celebration in 1996. It provides advice and assistance to archival, registrarial and historical research programs in and outside the Institution and develops, in partnership with Smithsonian bureaus and offices, policies governing the management of the National Collections and statistics on their size, growth, and use. As the Smithsonian grows and diversifies, OSIA preserves and manages a valuable record of its history and activities.

Smithsonian Institution Libraries - The Smithsonian Institution Libraries supports the mission of the Smithsonian Institution "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge" by providing access to information in all forms to Smithsonian scientists, scholars, curators, and staff, as well as others with research needs. The Libraries accomplishes this support by building, organizing, managing, housing, and preserving collections; by providing reference services and consultation; by employing all appropriate technologies for finding and disseminating information; and by contributing to and drawing from remote data bases. The Libraries offers educational opportunities, including exhibitions, internships, publications, lectures, and user instruction. The Libraries participates in local, national, and international networks and cooperative activities that promote the sharing of information, access to recorded knowledge, and the support and advancement of scholarly communication.

International Environmental Science Program - The International Environmental Science Program (IESP) is a multi-bureau interdisciplinary effort to coordinate the Smithsonian Institution's long-term monitoring and study of unique and significant ecosystems. The goal of the Program is to evaluate and eventually predict the impact of human activities and natural change on selected ecosystems. Research sponsored by IESP occurs at two permanent Smithsonian sites—the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama and the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Maryland—and several nonpermanent sites throughout the world.

Major Scientific Instrumentation - The development of major scientific instrumentation is vital to enable Smithsonian scientists to remain at the forefront of their fields. Because of the magnitude of the costs and the time scale required to fabricate major new instruments and to reconfigure existing ones, the Institution requests funding for such projects under this line-item,

rather than under individual bureau line-items. Since these projects will, of necessity, require long-term development and multi-year funding, the Institution also requests that funds in this line-item be available until expended.

National Museum of Natural History - The National Museum of Natural History/Museum of Man is one of the leading international centers for research on natural history and anthropology. The staff publishes more than 600 books and scientific reports each year on topics that include human biology and culture, ecological dynamics, biodiversity, complex interrelationships of plants and animals, and the evolution of the earth and solar system. The Museum attracts more than six million visitors each year and these guests provide a unique opportunity and responsibility for improving scientific understanding. The staff of the Museum is committed to presenting the best current scientific thinking in a stimulating environment. Expressions of this commitment include innovative development in the area of science education including exhibitions, educational programs for all ages, and publications for general audiences. The Museum houses one of the world's largest and most valuable assemblages of natural history specimens and cultural artifacts. It acquires, preserves, and interprets these vast collections and makes them accessible as an indispensable resource to the scientific community and public.

Conservation Analytical Laboratory - The Conservation Analytical Laboratory (CAL), located at the Institution's Museum Support Center in Suitland, Maryland, is the Smithsonian's specialized facility for research and training in the conservation and technical study of museum objects and related materials. CAL advises and assists the Smithsonian and other museums in the study, analysis, preservation, and conservation of objects of artistic, scientific, cultural, and historical importance. CAL staff examines the preservation-related properties of these materials and the processes and parameters of their deterioration, extracts historical information from their technical records, and develops and improves conservation treatment technology. Experience with a wide range of materials and expertise in analytical and technological studies enable CAL to engage successfully in collaborative research with archaeologists, anthropologists and art historians. The wide variation in materials and the state of preservation of objects in the National Collections provides the overview needed to define directions in conservation research. CAL conducts a conservation training program that includes basic and advanced conservation theory and technique, organizes workshops and seminars, provides interns and fellows with training opportunities within CAL's research environment, and disseminates the latest knowledge in the field of conservation and cultural materials research to museums and research professionals throughout the United States and the world.

Museum Support Center - The Museum Support Center (MSC), located in Suitland, Maryland, is a specially equipped and environmentally controlled facility providing state-of-the-art technology for scientific research, conservation, and collections storage. MSC accommodates collections storage in four sections (or pods) for three general types of needs: collections storage in cabinets, "wet" collections storage on open shelving for biological collections in alcohol, and "high-bay" storage for very large objects. MSC also houses the Conservation Analytical Laboratory (CAL) and conservation laboratories for the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) and the National Museum of American History (NMAH), the NMNH Laboratory for Molecular

Systematics, and other NMNH specialized research laboratories. MSC's facilities provide the best conditions possible for preservation of the National Collections for future generations.

Office of the Assistant Secretary for the Arts and Humanities - The Office of the Assistant Secretary for the Arts and Humanities provides direction to bureau directors, support offices, and programs in the arts and humanities in developing, executing, and managing their individual missions. It oversees essential museum functions, such as collections management, exhibitions, education, and public programs. The Office provides leadership in ensuring equal employment opportunities and in achieving full physical and intellectual accessibility of programs and collections to a culturally diverse public. It participates in national and international endeavors and fosters cooperation with other institutions in the arts and humanities.

This line-item includes the National African American Museum Project and the Office of Museum Programs, which provides training, information, and professional services to the museum profession nationwide.

National Air and Space Museum - The mission of the National Air and Space Museum (NASM) is to memorialize the national development of aviation and space flight; collect, preserve, and display aeronautical and space flight equipment of historical interest and significance; serve as a repository for scientific equipment and data pertaining to the development of aviation and space flight; and provide educational material for the historical study of aviation and space flight. Within the broader mission, immediate goals are to explore and present the history, science, technology, and social impact of aeronautics and space flight and to investigate and exhibit the nature of the universe and the Earth's environment. NASM's current research, exhibitions, films, outreach, collections, and archival efforts are dedicated to these goals.

In addition to its Mall location, NASM maintains the Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Facility in Suitland, Maryland. The Institution has recently received Congressional authorization for planning and design of an extension facility at the Dulles Internationa] Airport to replace the Garber Facility. It will house the Museum's collections and its restoration and exhibit production facilities, enabling the Museum to properly care for its largest aircraft and spacecraft.

National Museum of American History - The National Museum of American History (NMAH) is an educational institution dedicated to understanding the experiences and aspirations of all the American people. Through collections, research, publications, exhibitions, and an array of public programs, the Museum preserves and interprets the national heritage for scholarly and general audiences. Its collections of artifacts, numbering in the millions, together with its extensive archival holdings and the National Numismatic collections, represent the social, cultural, scientific, and technological development of the United States, and constitute one of the most comprehensive history collections in the world. Musical performances are a major portion of the Museum's public programs. They range from jazz, musical theater, and native American music to classical repertoire performed on original instruments. In all of its endeavors, NMAH makes a special effort to

recognize the diverse aspects of American culture and to present that diverse culture to audiences on the Mall and far beyond.

NMAH also administers the National Postal Museum, which houses the Smithsonian's national postal history and philatelic collection, the most important and comprehensive of its kind in the world. The Museum opened to the public on July 30, 1993, and its mission is to preserve, investigate, collect and promote the personal and cultural heritage of the American people through original research, exhibits, public programs, and publications pertaining to postal history.

National Museum of the American Indian - The National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI), established in 1989 by Public Law 101-185, recognizes and affirms to Native communities and the non-Native public the historical and contemporary cultures and cultural achievements of the Native Peoples of the western hemisphere through development and use of its collections and nationwide public programming, research, and exhibitions executed in consultation with Native peoples. The mission of NMAI states that the Museum has a special responsibility, through innovative public programming, research, and collections, to protect, support, and enhance the development, maintenance, and perpetuation of Native American culture and community. NMAI operates planning and administrative offices in Washington, D.C., the former Museum of the American Indian at Audubon Terrace in New York City, and a Research Branch located in the Bronx, New York. This Research Branch houses curatorial offices, a conservation laboratory, and most of the Museum's one million objects. In October, 1994, a new exhibition and public programming center in New York City will open at the George Gustav Heye Center at the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House. Future facilities will include a reference, collections, and program support center at Suitland, Maryland, and a museum building on the Mall. As part of the legislation establishing the NMAI, it was mandated that one-third of the construction costs of the Mall museum (estimated at $110 million) be provided from non-federal sources. The NMAI National Campaign is making significant progress toward the fund-raising goal of $60 million, to provide funds for construction (estimated at $36.7 million) as well as an endowment for ongoing education and outreach programs. Additionally, NMAI will develop a nationwide program of training and outreach services for Native communities in consultation with Native Americans.

National Museum of American Art - The National Museum of American Art is the Nation's museum dedicated to the arts and artists of the United States from the earliest colonial times to the present. The Museum's principal goal is to promote art as a source of enrichment for the layperson and scholar alike and to serve as a resource in the broadest possible sense for American visual arts. The Museum serves audiences throughout the country as well as those who visit its two historic landmark buildings in Washington, D.C. Outreach takes the form of circulating exhibitions, educational materials, publications, and automated research resources that reflect the diversity of the country's citizenry and art.

National Portrait Gallery - The National Portrait Gallery is dedicated to the exhibition and study of portraits of people who have made significant contributions to American history and culture and to the study of the artists who created such portraiture. The Gallery sponsors a variety of scholarly and public activities for audiences interested in American art and American history.

Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden - The Hirshhom Museum and Sculpture Garden was established as the Smithsonian's museum of modern and contemporary art by Public Law 89-788, signed on November 7, 1966. While the nucleus of the collection remains Joseph Hirshhom's original gift, it has been greatly enriched by additional gifts from Mr. Hirshhorn and the 1981 bequest of the art he had collected since 1966. Other benefactors, such as collectors and artists, continue to give works to the Museum. Purchases made from funds provided by Federal appropriations, the Smithsonian's Board of Regents, Mr. Hirshhorn, private donors, and sales from the permanent collection have broadened the scope of the collection and maintained its contemporary character. The collection is the basis of an active program of exhibitions. The Museum staff conducts extensive research, prepares catalogues, and offers a variety of educational activities.

Arthur M. Sackler Gallery/Freer Gallery of Art - The Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, established in 1982, and the Freer Gallery of Art, established in 1906 as the Smithsonian Institution's first art museum, are the American national museums of Asian arts. Both actively seek to stimulate interest in and increase knowledge about the artistic and cultural traditions of Asia through exhibitions, public programs, research, publications, collections management, and acquisitions. The Freer Gallery also contains a collection of American art by artists whose work was influenced by Asian art. While the Freer Gallery neither lends objects nor exhibits works borrowed from other museums or individuals, the Sackler Gallery both lends from its collections and borrows works to augment its own holdings. Collections acquisition for the galleries is coordinated; together the galleries are an important resource for the cultural heritage of Asia. These two museums complement each other in all activities and are jointly administered by one director and served by a single staff.

Archives of American Art - The Archives of American Art, a national research repository with regional centers in New York, Boston, Detroit, and Los Angeles, has the world's largest collection of archival materials relating to the history of the American visual arts, including original manuscripts, photographs, works of art on paper, and tape-recorded oral and video interviews. The collection is housed in Washington, D.C., with microfilm copies of many of the documents made available in the regional centers and through national and international interlibrary loans. The Archives actively seeks out, collects, and preserves original source materials for study by scholars, students, curators, collectors, and others interested in the history of art and encourages research in American art and cultural history through publications, symposia, lectures, and other public programs.

Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum - Located in New York City, Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, explores the creation and consequences of the designed environment. Design, a process of shaping matter to a purpose, is a fundamental activity. The designed object may be as common as a paper cup, as distinctive as a crystal goblet, or as complex as a city. Cooper-Hewitt investigates the structures and effects of these products of design and their roles as forces for communication and change. The Museum is interested in all aspects of design, including urban planning, architecture, industrial design, landscape design, interior design, textiles, theater arts, advertising, and graphic arts. As a place for collected objects, memories, and experiences, the Museum is a public trust founded on the principle that understanding the past and present will shape

the future. Today, the scale and pace of change require a new understanding — one that recognizes that individuals, societies, and the natural environment are linked through design.

National Museum of African Art - The National Museum of African Art is devoted to the collection, preservation, research, exhibition, and interpretation of the visual arts of Africa. Although the Museum's primary emphasis is on the traditional cultures of the sub-Saharan region, it also studies and exhibits the arts of other African areas, including the arts of North Africa and the ancient and contemporary arts of the entire continent.

Anacostia Museum - Located near Fort Stanton Park in southeast Washington, D.C., approximately six miles from the Mall, the Anacostia Museum is a national resource for African American history and culture, community-based museology, the exploration and examination of contemporary black popular culture and cultural products and their impact on the African American population. The Museum's research, collecting, exhibition, and educational outreach activities focus on Washington, D.C., and the Upper South, a region that includes Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. The Museum's activities and projects offer scholars and the public a unique opportunity to study black history and culture from both scholarly and constituent perspectives.

Office of Exhibits Central - The Office of Exhibits Central (OEC) is the Smithsonian Institution's single largest exhibit producer, providing Smithsonian organizations with comprehensive exhibition services. OEC is expert in the specialized needs of traveling and temporary exhibitions as well as permanent installations. OEC exhibit specialists form teams with curators and subject-matter experts to prepare exhibitions that meet the highest standards of educational effectiveness and accessibility. The Office's facilities handle many aspects of Smithsonian exhibitions, including design, graphics, model making, and fabrication. The Office is also involved in concept development, object selection, and product research, evaluation, and prototype testing. OEC staff makes recommendations about the need for conservation assistance and conducts training in exhibit design and production.

Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service - The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) is the largest traveling exhibition service in the world and the Smithsonian's leading outreach arm, expanding the Institution's presence beyond Washington, D.C. by circulating exhibitions to millions of people annually in all fifty States and abroad. Although museums and university galleries are SITES's primary clients, the organization increasingly serves libraries, historical societies, science centers, zoos, aquariums and community centers, in keeping with the Smithsonian's commitment to reach the broadest possible range of American public audiences. SITES's top priority is increasing the availability of Smithsonian exhibitions among people who cannot see them firsthand by visiting the National Mall. Its exhibitions are based on the Institution's diverse collections and research activities, thus providing visitors worldwide with a rich picture of the Smithsonian's scope and vitality.

Office of the Assistant Secretary for Education and Public Service - The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Education and Public Service provides administrative and programmatic support for initiatives that advance the Institution's objectives in education, research, and documentation of living cultures; facilitation and advocacy of cultural diversity; the development of wider audiences; and celebrations focused on the achievements and contributions of women's and ethnic minority groups. The Office advises Smithsonian management on public service policy issues in the central planning, development, and oversight of all education and public service programs and activities of the Institution. This line-item includes: the Wider Audience Development Program, which advises and assists Smithsonian managers on policy issues related to minority audience participation in exhibitions and other public programs; and the Americas Endeavor Program, which will assess needs of the Latino community in the sciences, arts and humanities.

Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies - The Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies conducts scholarly research and public programs that promote the understanding and continuity of grass roots regional, ethnic, minority, tribal, and occupational cultures both in the United States and abroad. The Center performs research in collaboration with academic and community scholars and maintains the Folkways Archives and Collections. It also produces the annual Festival of American Folklife; Smithsonian/Folkways Recordings; documentary films, videos, and print publications; training programs and educational materials; and museum and traveling exhibits. The Center cooperates with Federal and state agencies to advance the Nation's interest in cultural matters.

Academic and Public Education Programs - Public education and scholarly research are among the principal objectives of the Smithsonian. To attain these goals, the Institution promotes the building of academic, scholarly, and community-based ties with educational centers and institutions throughout the Nation (schools, universities, museums, etc.). Collaborations and partnerships result in learning opportunities and in the development of programs for specifically targeted educational audiences, including: higher education, pre-school through the twelfth grade, continuing adult education, and culturally diverse communities. This line-item includes: (1) the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, which serves as the central policy-setting unit for educational initiatives at the pre-kindergarten through twelfth-grade levels, as well as a clearinghouse of information about Smithsonian educational materials and programs; (2) the National Science Resources Center, which serves to improve the teaching of science in the Nation's schools by disseminating information about exemplary science teaching resources, developing innovative science curriculum materials, and sponsoring outreach activities to help school districts develop effective hand-on science programs; and (3) the College and University Relations Program, a new central unit, which serves to analyze the impact of current academic and scholarly relationships at the Smithsonian and recommend improvements for coordinating the role between the Smithsonian and institutions of higher learning.

Office of the Assistant Secretary for External Affairs - The Office of the Assistant Secretary for External Affairs was established in 1988 to coordinate the Institution's external affairs activities and advise the Secretary and senior management on membership policies and programs,

media activities, visitor information, and issues affecting the Institution's public activities and then-impact on external constituencies, both national and international. This line-item includes the immediate Office of the Assistant Secretary for External Affairs; the Office of Telecommunications, which produces programs for radio, film, and television relating to a wide range of Smithsonian activities; the Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center, which provides and coordinates Institution-wide information and assistance programs for the public, Smithsonian Associate members, Smithsonian staff, and volunteers; and the Office of Special Events and Conferences, which coordinates special events and provides conference-planning services sponsored and co-sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution.

Smithsonian Institution Press - The Smithsonian Institution Press is a multi-media publisher of books, recordings, and videos on topics related to the Institution's collections and research interests. Although the Institution issued its first publication in 1848, the Press was given its current name in 1966, and the bulk of its growth has occurred since 1980. The Smithsonian Institution Press has five programmatic divisions. The University Press publishes scholarly works, including research reported in the Smithsonian Contributions and Smithsonian Studies series, for academic audiences as well as a small number of books for general readers. Smithsonian Books produces single volumes and continuity series of books aimed at a wide audience of readers attracted by serious thought and scholarship. Smithsonian Recordings produces recordings that reflect the diversity and depth of the American musical heritage. The New Media division develops interactive products and works with outside partners from both the electronic and publishing communities to explore options for a wide range of Smithsonian titles and highly marketable publications for adults and children. Smithsonian Video acquires videos from within the Institution and from independent producers, public television stations, and similar sources. Distribution of all Smithsonian Institution Press products is accomplished through a commissioned retail sales force, direct mail response, and co-publishing arrangements.

International Center - Located in the S. Dillon Ripley Center of the Quadrangle Complex, the International Center is a facility that provides office space, equipment, and administrative services for several independent Smithsonian divisions. These currently include the Office of International Relations, the International Gallery, and the Environmental Awareness Program. Offices also are provided for the Council of American Overseas Research Centers.

Administration - Administration includes executive management and related functions provided by the Offices of the Secretary, Under Secretary, Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration, and Assistant Secretary for Institutional Initiatives. Offices reporting to the Under Secretary include the General Counsel, Government Relations, Policy and Program Development, and Public Affairs. The Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration oversees a range of financial, administrative, and service offices, including the Office of the Comptroller; Contracting and Property Management; Equal Employment and Minority Affairs; Human Resources; Information Resources Management; Ombudsman; Planning, Management and Budget; Printing and Photographic Services; Sponsored Projects; and Risk and Asset Management. The Office of

Facilities Services also reports to the Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration and is responsible for Architectural History and Historic Preservation, Environmental Management and Safety, Design and Construction, Plant Services, and Protection Services (the latter three offices are separate line-items in the Institution's budget). The Assistant Secretary for Institutional Initiatives oversees the Office of Development, included in this line-item, and the National Campaign of the National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI), included in the NMAI line-item. The Office of Inspector General is also included in the Administration line-item. Administrative units receive both appropriated funds and nonappropriated Trust funds for their operating expenses in approximate balance to the overall funding of the Institution. Currently, some offices, such as Sponsored Projects, are supported entirely with Trust funds.

Office of Design and Construction - The Office of Design and Construction (ODC) administers projects for the repair and improvement of the Smithsonian's physical plant by providing architectural, engineering, and facility planning services. These services include short- and long-range feasibility analyses, master plans, design and engineering studies, design development, contract document preparation, project management, contract administration, and preparation of cost estimates for construction. ODC staff reviews designs, plans interior design and space renovations, provides technical consulting support, and operates construction field offices. ODC also provides technical support and expertise in the design and construction of major exhibits.

Office of Protection Services - The Office of Protection Services protects and secures the National Collections entrusted to the Smithsonian Institution; ensures the safety and security of staff and visitors, while permitting an appropriate level of public access to collections and properties; and provides occupational medical services to staff and emergency medical services to visitors and staff.

Office of Plant Services - The Office of Plant Services (OPlantS) operates, maintains, and repairs 15 museum and art gallery buildings and grounds as well as many other work and collection storage areas located in the Washington metropolitan area and New York City. In support of research, exhibitions, education, and other public programs, OPlantS provides utilities, transportation, mail services, exhibits renovation, and other program services. OPlantS also provides technical assistance to several Smithsonian units located outside the Washington metropolitan area, including the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama, the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in Arizona, and the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Maryland.

The South Group Facilities Management and Quadrangle Facility Management are also part of this line-item. South Group Facilities Management offers a range of maintenance services and safety and occupational health management for the Arts and Industries Building and the Smithsonian Institution Building. Quadrangle Facility Management offers similar services for the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, the National Museum of African Art, the International Gallery, and the S. Dillon Ripley Education Center, located in the Quadrangle Complex.

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Nonappropriated Sources of Funding

In addition to support provided by Federal appropriations, the Institution receives nonappropriated funds to expand and enrich its programs. The Institution presents nonappropriated fund activities (Trust funds) along with this Federal budget request to provide an overview of all applications of funds for each Smithsonian bureau.

The Institution's Trust funds include unrestricted funds, restricted funds, and Government grants and contracts. The Institution applies Trust funds in the following manner:

Unrestricted Funds

General

The sources of general unrestricted funds ($26.7 million net projected for FY 1994, a $2.8 million decrease over FY 1993) are investment income; unrestricted endowment income; net proceeds from the museum shops, mail order, and food service concessions; sales of Smithsonian books, records, and other products based on designs and objects in the collections; the Smithsonian Associate's programs (including the Smithsonian and Air and Space magazines); and overhead recovery on Government grants and contracts the Smithsonian receives. Overhead recovery is the principal source of Trust support for central management and administrative service units of the Institution, including legal counsel, accounting, personnel, procurement, and budget. Unrestricted general funds also support various activities, such as the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies, Office of Development, Office of Telecommunications, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center, and a variety of Institutional and bureau-based programs. The Board of Regents approves allotments to these activities.

Special Purpose

These funds are derived from revenue-producing activities operated by various bureaus and offices and from transfers out of the General fund. For FY 1994, projected net operating funds total $7.0 million, a $4.1 million decrease from FY 1993. The two largest of these activities are the Theater/Planetarium operation of the National Air and Space Museum and the exhibit rental activity of the Institution's Traveling Exhibition Service. Special Purpose funds also include miscellaneous revenues from the sale of posters, exhibit brochures, and publications; tuition reimbursement from universities; the museums' share of sales in the restaurants, product development, and museum shops; and membership and admission fees. These funds support the Institution's fellowship and award programs and exhibitions, as further described below.

In FY 1979, the Board of Regents approved the annual transfer of General funds to Special Purpose funds for certain programs previously financed through Federal appropriations. These

include the Institution's various fellowship programs with projected FY 1994 transfers of $1.7 million.

The Institution also transfers General funds to make awards under its Collections Acquisition, Educational Outreach, and Scholarly Studies programs. In the FY 1995 budget, a total of $2.3 million is projected for these awards. Funding among these programs is to be distributed as follows: $644,000 to purchase exceptional objects important to the collections; $283,000 to conduct a wide range of educational outreach programs of benefit to the public, with special focus on diverse cultural audiences; and $1.4 million for innovative scholarly research projects that by definition or because of scheduling requirements did not fit within the Federal budget process. These include multi-disciplinary research projects initiated by the Institution's research staff, occasionally in collaboration with scholars from other institutions.

In FY 1985, the Board of Regents approved an annual Trust-fund allocation for the Special Exhibition Fund (SEF). The Institution supports exhibition programs with Federal funds and donations from individuals, foundations, and corporations as well as with the SEF. The Special Exhibition Fund, with $1,358 million projected in FY 1995, provides additional funds for temporary and permanent exhibitions proposed by Smithsonian bureaus that, regardless of scale, are of outstanding educational value to the public. The Fund gives special consideration to exhibitions that approach content in imaginative ways; that allow bureaus to explore new or expand current interpretive or exhibition techniques; that are worthy but, by their nature, unlikely to attract private funds; and that are likely to reach previously underserved audiences.

Restricted Funds

Restricted Trust funds include gifts, grants, and endowments from individuals, foundations, organizations, and corporations that specify the use of the donation or bequest. Projected FY 1994 restricted funds total $36.6 million, a $7.4 million increase from FY 1993. Generally, these funds provide support for a particular exhibit or research project. The largest restricted endowment in the Institution is the Freer Endowment. Under the terms of the original gift and bequest, this fund is strictly limited to uses benefiting the Freer Gallery of Art.

Government Grants and Contracts

Various Government agencies and departments provide grants and contracts for special projects that only the Smithsonian can conduct because of its expertise in a particular area of science, history, art, or education and because of its ability to respond quickly to certain needs. For FY 1994, government grants and contracts for operations is projected to be $43.8 million.

Sources of Nonappropriated Operating Funds

The estimates for Trust funds are subject to the uncertainty of the size of donations, grants, and contracts; fluctuations in visitor attendance; the volatility of the economy, which directly affects restaurant, mail order, and museum shop revenues; Associates' memberships; and other auxiliary activities. The Institution's gross operating revenue, less the expenses of the auxiliary activities, represents the net operating revenue available for programmatic and other worthwhile purposes. The following table provides a summary of the sources of nonappropriated operating funds.

Sources of Nonappropriated Operating Funds (in millions)

Total Available for Operations

108.5

114.1

100%

113.6

Smithsonian Institution

Museum Programs and Related Research

(Special Foreign Currency Program)

Program of Grants for Research

The Smithsonian Institution, through its Special Foreign Currency Program, makes grants to United States museums, universities, and other institutions of higher learning, including the Smithsonian itself, primarily for research and advanced professional training in fields of traditional Smithsonian competence.

Excess currencies appropriations directly funded the Program through FY 1986. Outlays from the budget authority appropriated through FY 1986, including the Forward-Funded Reserve for the American Institute of Indian Studies, will continue through the 1990s. In addition, since FY 1986 the Smithsonian has received allocations of U.S.-owned Indian rupees from the funds appropriated to the Department of State in FY 1985 for the establishment of the U.S.-India Fund for Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Cooperation.

For the past 27 years, the Special Foreign Currency Program has been a major source of support for research carried out by United States institutions in those countries for which excess foreign currencies are available. The full responsibility for the design, execution, and publication of research results rests with a scholar working within the program of a United States institution. Smithsonian foreign currency grants strengthen the fundamental research and training activities of collaborating institutions abroad, since most projects directly involve host country institutions and scholars. Enduring professional ties, which result from joint efforts and scholarly exchange, contribute to the strongest form of United States cultural relations with other nations. These ties also contribute to the global integration of research data in the sciences. As a result of this interaction, the gap between industrial and developing nations' scholars has narrowed. Moreover, research sponsored by the Program aims, in part, at improving understanding of the environment and the management and conservation of scarce natural and cultural resources that are threatened by the rapid growth of world population and technological development.

In FY 1994, ongoing research supported by these grants included the following projects of special interest:

• preparation of a critical edition of the Sanskrit text Manusmrti . which provides a classic description of the social institutions which have come to be identified with Indian society: karma, caste, the stages of life, gender relationships, law, ritual, reincarnation, mythology, and manners. The doctrines of the Manusmrti are central to the last 2000 years of Indian thought and practice;

• excavations at Watgal, Karnataka offer a cultural sequence from the Southern neolithic (3000 B.C.) to the Medieval Period, providing a situation ideally suited to

gathering information on a wide range of cultural problems relevant to the cultural history of peninsular India;

• years of study and documentation of Mughal gardens in Pakistan culminated in an in

situ workshop which moved from Lahore, through Rawalpindi, to Peshawar, bringing together world experts to experience and discuss the Mughal garden tradition in Pakistan.

Further, with emphasis on the exchange of information through small workshops, symposia, and field conferences, the Program encourages international research in specialized areas. In FY 1994, for example, support was granted for a series of exchange visits and workshops between U.S. and Indian astronomers and astrophysicists.

Forward-Funded Reserve for the American Institute of Indian Studies

Since 1967, the Smithsonian has provided annual funding through the Special Foreign Currency Program to the American Institute of Indian Studies (AIIS) for its fellowships, research, symposia, and publications programs, as well as its administrative costs. The Smithsonian has helped sustain this Institute and other American research centers abroad for the last 27 years because of their significant contributions to scholarship and science without regard for national boundaries and because of their special service to American scholars.

With Special Foreign Currency Program funding received from FY 1980 through FY 1985, the Smithsonian established a forward-funded reserve of $7,170,000 equivalent in rupees. This reserve enabled the AIIS to sustain its programs after the removal of India from the excess currency list in 1985. Since FY 1986, AIIS, with oversight from the Smithsonian, has drawn upon the funds from this reserve for its fellowship program and administrative costs in India. The Institution continues to examine annual proposals through its peer review system before releasing funds from the reserve account to AIIS. The reserve should support AUS programs through the 1990s in conjunction with continued support from the U.S.-India Fund. In 1990, the U.S. Congress authorized the deposit of the reserve in interest-bearing (rupee) accounts, a plan that will help to continue the viability of the fund for many years. In FY 1993, the first deposits totalling an equivalent of $4 million were made to the interest-bearing accounts.

U.S. -India Fund for Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Cooperation

In FY 1985, Congress appropriated $100 million equivalent in U.S.-owned Indian rupees to the Department of State to establish the U.S.-India Fund for Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Cooperation. Since FY 1986, the Smithsonian has received allocations from this fund to continue programs in India similar to those administered under the Special Foreign Currency Program, which

would otherwise have ended when India lost excess currency status in 1985. The Institution has received a total of $15.5 million from FY 1986 through FY 1994 and expects to receive $0.74 million in FY 1995 through the U.S.-India Fund. Based on current usage, the fund will be totally liquidated by FY 1997.

TOTAL $15.50 $0.74