This book made available by the Internet Archive.

Introduction

The Prospectus articulates the Institution's broad purpose, its immediate and general course of direction, and its resource requirements. This Appendix is a supplement to the Institution's Prospectus. It contains the following sections:

examples of ongoing and planned collections related research;

descriptions of program categories used in developing resource projections;

projections of operating expenses for each bureau and office by program and by source of funding; and

projections of repair and restoration projects by building.

The Prospectus contains the Smithsonian's operating program plans for fiscal years 1991 through 1995, and longer term plans for construction. It includes the Institution's statements of purpose, goals, and areas of emphasis, along with specific descriptions of initiatives the Institution will pursue during the next five years.

The projections of operating expenses in the Appendix constitute the "bottom-up" part of planning, in that the bureaus and offices determine their projected resource needs as they appear in this document. The projections in the Prospectus, by contrast, represent the Institutional estimates of resource requirements.

The Prospectus and the Appendix are prepared annually for the approval of the Institution's Board of Regents. The Prospectus should be read along with the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year.

Collections-Related Research

Traditionally, the Smithsonian's collections have stimulated much of the Institution's research. This inspiration continues, and this appendix briefly describes some of these research activities. A fiscal year 1983 inventory highlighted, for Smithsonian and other researchers, the variety, range, and depth of the collections and the potential information they contain. This inventory and several recent improvements combine to make the Institution an even more productive environment for collections-based research. Some of the recent improvements are: the establishment of research and conservation laboratories and curatorial areas at the Museum Support Center; the provision of additional internships and fellowships; the upgrading and replacement of research equipment; and the growing importance of the Institution's international functions. The strength of the Institution's collections, the depth of the Institution's support, and the keenness of the staffs research interests will ensure the continued quality and intensity of the Smithsonian's future collections research.

Archives of American Art

The Archives of American Art is the major national repository of primary source materials for the study of art in the United States. Its vast collections of visual and written documentation serve as the basis for research in American art and cultural history. The primary users of the Archives' holdings are the thousands of scholars, students, journalists, collectors, and others who come to the Archives each year or who study the Archives' collections on microfilm at six regional offices and through interlibrary loan.

Staff research concentrates in three areas: research to locate documents for acquisition; research to analyze and describe the holdings of the Archives and to make them more accessible to all potential users; and research that results in symposia, exhibitions, and publications.

Among recent projects Archives staff have undertaken is an exhibition in the New York Regional Center of selected documents from recent acquisitions including the papers of the painters Arthur Dove and Joseph Stella, the architect Marcel Breuer, the Milch Gallery, and the noted scholar, Katharine Kuh. Another exhibition of documents from the papers of Walter Pach, influential art historian and critic who played a central role in assembling the 1913 Armory Show, opened in the fall 1989. The Archives has prepared and microfilmed a guide to the Pach collection making the material available for research use.

Recently published works Archives staff have prepared include a booklet on the papers of African-American artists in the collections and

guides to art-related archival resources in Chicago and Philadelphia for the study of art history. The staff based these guides on three-year surveys in each city. Upcoming publications include an illustrated book of the papers presented in the Archives' symposium at the Art Institute of Chicago on the coming of modernism to that city, a guide to French material in the Archives' collections, and a guide to archival resources for the study of art history in New York City.

Special and continuing research projects include the documentation of Asian-American artists and of the history of the development of Southern California into a world renowned art center. In addition, the Archives has undertaken refining the collections catalogue and converting from a manual to an automated system and expects to be online in a national database network by 1991, providing easy access for researchers in libraries across the country.

Research is the fundamental focus of the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, providing the basis for exhibitions, publications, and collections acquisitions. The gallery also provides additional research for public use through collection research records and educational activities. Lectures by members of the Freer and Sackler galleries staff include topics of current research; additional lectures by nonstaff include topics related to Asian art and culture. Publications include not only exhibition catalogs, but free gallery guides, papers, and articles, and children and teachers' guides. The research program involves both visiting scholars as well as the curatorial staff.

Current research is progressing in the following areas. In the area of Near Eastern art, the staff is conducting research on twentieth-century collectors of Islamic art. Current research in the area of Indian art includes the study of Mughal gardens and garden architecture of the sixteenth to seventeenth centuries. Research on Yokohama prints will result in an exhibition catalogue of significant new materials. The works of the twentieth century Chinese artist, Chang Dai-chien, is a major research project that will result in an unprecedented exhibition of these works at the Sackler Gallery. Research on Chinese gardens is ongoing.

An extensive exhibition program in the new building displayed the initial Sackler gift together with other major objects on loan from the private collection of Dr. Arthur M. Sackler. The inaugural exhibitions included In Praise of Ancestors: Ritual Objects from China, Monsters, Myths, and Minerals, Pavilions and Immortal Mountains: Chinese Decorative Art and Painting Nomads and Nobility: Art from the Ancient near East, Persian and Indian Paintings: Selections from a Recent Acquisition, Temple Sculptures of South and Southeast Asia, and Chinese Buddhist and Daoist Imagery.

Arthur M. Sackler Gallerv

Subsequent to the inaugural exhibitions, of which several remain on display, the gallery opened new exhibitions. These included Terracottas from South India, Chinese Scholar's Studio, the museum's first traveling exhibition, The Art of India, Recent Japanese Acquisitions, A Jeweler's Eye: Islamic Arts of the Book from the Vever Collection, Photographs of Afghanistan, Timur and the Princely Vision: Persian Art and Culture in the Fifteenth Century, and Yani: The Brush of Innocence.

Future exhibitions include those originated by the gallery to travel to other museums and institutions, as well as other museums' collections traveling to the Sackler Gallery. Upcoming exhibitions include T)\e Noble Path: Buddhist Art from South Asia and Tibet, India Along the Ganges: Photographs by Raghubir Singh, Ancient Chinese Bronzes and Jades, Yokohama Prints, Paintings by Chang Dai-chien, Selections from the Vever Collection, Indonesian Court Arts and Mughal Gardens. Under consideration for subsequent exhibitions are Sasanian metalwork, Chinese furniture, Near Eastern ceramics, Far Eastern ceramics, and Chinese sculpture, and Japanese painting and sculpture. When feasible, research catalogs will accompany these exhibitions.

The gallery's publications program includes a quarterly magazine, Asian Art, intended for the general public, although it will most likely contain the results of most recent research. This publication, produced in cooperation with Oxford University Press, has color plates and informative text relating to various research activities, the permanent collection, recent acquisitions, and special exhibitions. Specific research projects generate exhibitions, exhibition catalogues, and lectures at the Gallery. The Sackler provides free brochures and gallery guides in the exhibition galleries.

Following the long practice of the Freer Gallery, the Sackler conservation effort includes object research to understand this origin and therefore better develop the proper treatment of them. Expansion of the conservation facilities in a renovated Freer building will accommodate the requirements of the Sackler programs. The staff of the Conservation Lab has concentrated on particular items for future exhibitions such as Buddhist and Tibetan sculpture and Indonesian court arts. Additionally, staff prepared research of dynastic Egyptian glass and eastern Mediterranean glass of the Hellenistic and Roman periods for glass and glaze research on the Freer collection and the Gellatly glass in the Sackler collections. Conservation in field archaeology included a site in Turkey at the Gordion Archaeological Mission sponsored by the University of Pennsylvania. Research for a book on the materials, structural aspects, techniques and deterioration mechanisms of East Asian paintings is another project of the Technical Laboratory staff.

Conservation Analytical Laboratory

The Conservation Analytical Laboratory (CAL) conducts the preservation, technical study, and analysis of museum objects and related materials. Hence, most research at CAL is by its very nature collections-oriented and, to a large extent, collection-based.

Studies in conservation science, as well as in conservation-treatment technology, concentrate upon problems encountered by conservators in caring for objects in the Smithsonian's and other museums' collections. Often, therefore, these studies involve the use of actual collection items as research materials. For example, the program of research in the conservation of photographic materials—a rather new endeavor which should develop appreciably over this five-year period-began as a direct result of an Institutional survey of Smithsonian photographic collections and their preservation problems. The first project will focus on preservation problems of collodion-glass negatives and objects from the National Portrait Gallery's collections will be the basis of this study. A major new research program anticipated to develop over the next five years, focusing on problems related to the preservation of natural history specimens, will directly affect and derive from the collections of the National Museum of Natural History. Similarly, a recently completed study on a newly developed cleaning technique for marble statuary depended on the treatment of objects from various Smithsonian collections for the testing of its efficiency. Even when the research does not directly involve the use of actual objects from the collections, the results still will have a direct impact on the care which they will receive in museums. For example, the study of the effects of various fumigants on museum objects will probably affect maintenance programs in Smithsonian museums, and studies on mechanical properties of lining adhesives and backing materials will generate considerable findings of immediate relevance to the painting conservators in various Smithsonian museums. As such knowledge is, of course, equally of interest to museum professionals outside the Institution, CAL distributes the results of the research to as wide an audience as appropriate, through publication in professional journals and presentations at professional conferences.

Technical and analytic studies often involve Smithsonian collection items. For example, the systematic studies of works by Albert P. Ryder and Thomas W. Dewing are joint programs with the staff of the National Museum of American Art and concentrate upon paintings by these artists from the collection of this museum. Similarly, technological and analytical studies of archaeological materials often utilize objects from Smithsonian collections such as the National Museum of Natural History or the Sackler Gallery as well as materials from collections outside the Smithsonian.

Cooper-Hewitt, National Museum of Design

The Cooper-Hewitt, National Museum of Design has more than one hundred sixty-seven thousand items in its permanent collections. The museum schedules ten to twelve special exhibitions annually, and these often stimulate research on the permanent collections. Exhibitions provide the museum's staff the opportunity to display collection objects and to publish information curatorial research developed. Future special exhibitions will reflect the results of research on the museum's extensive holdings of jewelry concentrating on the nineteenth century and including Renaissance Revival designs from Guiliano Castellani; the twentieth-century graphic designer/illustrator E. McKnight-Kauffer, particularly noted for his posters featuring the British Rail and American Airlines and for stage and costume designs; and innovative textiles of the last decade, with special attention to surface effects and color, new fibers, dye techniques, and the effects of lighting on textile surfaces. Longer-range planning involves an exhibition on the origin and development of the Cooper-Hewitt's collections. As illustrated in the museum's collections, the staff continues to research the theme of domestic refinement for a complex series of exhibitions and programs focusing on the theme of Home: A Place in the World, organized in cooperation with five other New York City museums and the New School for Social Research.

Additionally, research proceeds in the Textiles Department on large holdings of works produced between 1900-1940. The staff continues to search historical literature for documentation to identify many of these previously uncredited works. Periodically, the Curator of Textiles offers a special course in textile structures analysis for an invited group of professional colleagues from across the country. Cooper-Hewitt collection materials provide the working materials for the course, as they do for many of the courses offered in the museum's accredited graduate study program in the history of decorative arts, jointly administered by Parsons School of Design. In the Drawings and Prints Department, research continues on a recent acquisition of a collection of 1,488 documents of textile and wallcovering designs, from the Wiener Werkstatte Archive. This vast collection is unique in the United States, and only the holdings of the Museum fur Angewandte Kunst in Vienna, with which Cooper-Hewitt is coordinating its studies, match the Cooper Hewitt's acquisition. Research is also underway on the furniture designs of the late Donald Deskey. The museum's Deskey Archive, acquired over several years as a generous gift from the designer himself, includes nearly 2,400 drawings and blueprints, as well as artifacts. The Cooper-Hewitt has important industrial design archives, including a new gift of materials by Gilbert Rohde. The archives are a constant resource for research on various projects. In the Decorative Arts Department, another acquisition-related area of investigations is the Henry and Ludmilla Shapiro Collection of Soviet porcelains. A major acquisition in 1989, this collection is unique in the United States and comprises over 250 examples of tablewares and figural porcelains made from the time of the Russian Revolution to the present, thus providing an

exceptionally complete survey of propagandistic ceramics made and promoted in the Soviet Union. Research continues on the Metzenberg Cutlery Collection of European cutlery and tableware spanning the sixteenth through nineteenth centuries.

The results of curatorial research on the collections in the Freer Gallery of Art are most visible in exhibitions. However, the gallery also makes research available to the public through collection research records, free gallery leaflets, public lectures and in published papers, articles, and catalogs, including Ars Orientalis, an Asian art scholarly journal which the University of Michigan and the Freer Gallery produce jointly. Although the Freer closed to the public in the fall of 1988, research on the collections continues. After extensive renovation, enlarging the collection storage areas, the conservation laboratory, and the exhibition galleries, and constructing a tunnel to the Sackler Gallery, the Freer plans to reopen in 1992. Research during this interim period will result in entirely new exhibitions for the reopening.

Specific areas of current research in Japanese art include painting from the Heian to Edo periods and calligraphy.

In the field of Chinese art, research continues on Chinese calligraphy and paintings of the Sung, Yuan, Ming, and Ch'ing dynasties. Research on the Che School will result in an exhibition of paintings after the Freer reopens. An article and a lecture published results of research on Chinese lacquers. Research on Tuan-fang and John C. Ferguson will result in papers for a lecture series.

In 1973 the Freer published a catalog, Chinese Figure Painting. This is the only scholarly study in this field, and the catalog has been out of print for eleven years. Revision of this original text for publication has necessitated a comprehensive review of all literature on that subject during the past fifteen years. The Freer will republish the catalog before reopening the gallery.

In the field of Indian art, research during the last year focused on early seventeenth-century Mughal painting and the Rajput painting of Rajasthan.

Southeast Asian ceramics will be the focus of an intensive nine-month research trip to southeast Asia and south China resulting in new material that will provide guidance for further study of the Freer's collection of southeast Asian ceramics.

In the area of Near Eastern art, after several years of intensive research on Islamic paintings, particularly of the fifteenth-century, the research focus is on Islamic metalwork. Objects in the Freer collections

Freer Gallery of Art

provide an excellent opportunity for comparative analysis with objects borrowed for the Sackler exhibitions. In the area of ancient Near Eastern art, topics of research included the Near Eastern influence on early Greek art and ancient Iranian metalwork.

Although the Freer is best known for its holdings in the arts of Asia and the Near East, it also houses a collection of works by American artists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, including a major group of works by the expatriate artist James McNeill Whistler. A new book on Whistler will appear in 1990. Research on Dwight W. Tryon will result in a major exhibition and catalog of the artist when the Freer reopens; the Institution will have this catalog published in 1990 or 1991. The Freer is conducting extensive research on its founder Charles Lang Freer, the history of the planning and building of the Freer Gallery of Art, and the founder's philosophy about and intended use of the collections, especially the American collections.

The Technical Laboratory of the Freer Gallery is renowned for its research activities, in addition to ongoing conservation and restoration of objects in the collection. Conservation research concentrated on extending identification methods of organic colorants in paintings and the lead isotope ratio analysis of Chinese bronzes in the Sackler collections. Additional projects included the study of unusual copper-green pigments on Ukiyo-e paintings, lead white on Japanese paintings, discoloration of lead-white pigments on Persian paintings, identification of pigment samples taken from excavated objects (dated from the fifth to the eighth centuries A.D.) in Korean museums, microscopic identification of paper fibers from very small samples, and investigation of the metallurgy and properties of high-tin bronzes, including reconstructing the alloy and production methods used in making high-tin bronze mirrors from Aranmula, India. In addition an analysis of Chinese Buddhist bronze sculpture (dated from the third to the sixteenth centuries A.D.) has begun, which studies the provenance and methods of manufacture of these bronzes and how they relate to the history of Chinese bronze metallurgy. Staff has also begun examination and conservation of objects for the Freer's reopening.

Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden

Since 1974, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, through its Department of Painting and Sculpture, has conducted a program of intensive research on its collection of modern and contemporary art. The Collection Archive maintains the primary documentation on the collection, together with interpretive research; the Archives serves as the central information file on the permanent collection. Among the major research projects undertaken within the past ten years is an international biographical survey of living artists represented in the permanent collection. The curators in the Department of Painting and Sculpture have also devoted intensive research to the

history of casting of modern sculpture, with particular emphasis on the problems of connoisseurship, foundry marks, and editions. With the bequest of Joseph H. Hirshhorn's personal collection in 1981, the curatorial staff has undertaken a massive effort to research and catalog the more than five thousand works bequeathed to the museum. Jointly, the curatorial staff, the director, and the deputy director conduct a systematic monthly artist-by-artist review of the museum's entire collection, and this monthly review supplements the ongoing catalog of the Hirshhorn bequest.

Exhibitions produced by collections-based research continue to play an increasingly important role in the museum's overall public program. Exhibitions based in the permanent collection included: New Acquisitions 1986-1988; Numbers/Letters/Images; Tliomas Eakins Photographs: A Selection from the Permanent Collection; and Ralston Crawford Photographs.

Similar projects currently in an exploratory stage include collections-based exhibitions on the American industrial landscape, on artists as social critics, and on the theme of cafe life.

National Air and Space Must-urn

Intensive research on the Air and Space Museum's rare Boeing 247 airliner has resulted in a scholarly manuscript. This aircraft revolutionized commercial air travel in the early 1930s and pioneered modern airliner design. Using primary material, the author has thoroughly examined the story of this aircraft and its impact on the development of air transportation. The University of Washington Press will publish the book in 1990.

A paper in the series of Smithsonian Institution Studies in Air and Space will chronicle the contribution of American women to aviation in the years 1940-1985 and will appear in the spring of 1990. Using primary source material donated to the National Air and Space Museum (NASM) by the female aviators themselves, the author chronicled the achievements not of only female pilots but female leaders in the aerospace industry, military aviation, and commercial air transport.

In 1990, NASM will publish Visions of a Flying Machine: Tlie Wright Brothers and Invention, which focuses on the process involved in creating the world's first airplane and subsequent Wright aircraft before World War I. Taking advantage of artifact-based research performed during the 1985 restoration of the 1903 Wright Flyer, the author uses that research to supplement more traditional archival resources with the goal of more fully understanding the Wrights' achievement. The Wright Flyer restoration project took place before the public in one of NASM's galleries, and included a companion exhibit about the Flyer's design and construction. This exhibit included an operating reproduction of the

Wright's wind tunnel in which, to better understand how the Wrights derived their results, the curatorial staff recreated the pivotal experiments performed in 1901-02. Another element of the project was a thorough artifact analysis done on the Flyer by NASM staff, in cooperation with the Smithsonian Conservation Analytical Laboratory.

The Aeronautics Department is also planning a publication on the development of small gas turbine aircraft engines. This book will explore the history of this industry in the United States, utilizing the museum's archives, photographs of engines in the collection, and extensive interviews with engine designers.

NASM plans to open a new gallery, Embattled Skies: Tlie Emergence of Air Power in World War I, in 1991. It will examine the first large scale use of aviation in warfare, highlighting the grim realities of aerial combat in contrast to the romanticized myth of "knights of the air.'' The collection-based research will include World War I aircraft, armaments, early oxygen equipment, and other artifacts and memorabilia.

At the Museum's Center for Earth and Planetary Studies (CEPS), research on the origin of planetary surface features and terrestrial deserts utilizes the collection of more than four hundred thousand images and photographs of the Earth and planets. Planetary research has resulted in the publication of articles in professional journals detailing the structural evolution of the moon and Mars. A collection of Landsat and other remote sensing computer tapes from 1972 to the present provided information for terrestrial research on dune movement and surface modification resulting from climate. Researchers compared this data with recent satellite observations to determine year-to-year changes.

New exhibits and the preparation and review of books for the general public use the research collections and the expertise of Center personnel. As part of the Smithsonian Institution's Quincentenary program, the Center is preparing an atlas of satellite observations of Earth for publication in 1992. Scientists at the Center are advisors for the Smithsonian Library of the Solar System, a multi-volume series published by the Smithsonian Press.

The Center is a NASA-supported Regional Planetary Image Facility under the Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program of NASA's Solar System Exploration Division. The purpose for the Regional Image Facility System is to provide a source of, and facility for, the scientific use and dissemination of images and other data returned by planetary missions. The CEPS not only supports NASM's and Si's research needs but ensures that images and other planetary mission data are accessible to the larger community of investigators and public in the mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. Through an additional agreement with Johnson Space Center, CEPS is a repository for a complete collection of photographs

Shuttle astronauts take using hand-held cameras. This collection is the only such archive easily accessible to the research community, and will continue to grow with photographs obtained on future Shuttle missions.

The Laboratory for Astrophysics opened in fiscal year 1989 at the National Air and Space Museum. Laboratory's research centers on infrared observations of star formation regions, active galaxies, planetary atmospheres, and novae. The Laboratory is designing instruments for, and participating in, an observational research program aboard the forthcoming Infrared Space Observatory. NASM exhibits will reflect the increased understanding of physical and technical astrophysics this department will foster.

The Space History Department plans to publish Our Weather from Above: America's Meteorological Satellites in 1990. This book will provide a chronological overview of the past and present U.S. civilian weather satellite efforts. One section of the book will describe the artifacts in the NASM collection that relate to the history of weather satellites. These satellites and instruments are probably the only existing examples remaining on Earth of certain technologies.

The Space History Department has continued to organize video history sessions designed to document visually the museum's ultraviolet and X-ray detector collection and the collections of early Bennett RF mass spectrometers.

Another area of collections-related research being expanded in the Department of Space History concerns technologies used for surveillance and arms control treaty verification. NASM hopes to formulate a rational collections program in these important areas of space activity, to place the museum in the strongest possible position once the technology becomes free of current secrecy and classification requirements. Discussions have begun with representatives of the various government agencies involved.

Planned for 1992, A Catalog of the Art Collection of the National Air and Space Museum will list the entire contents of the art collection with the artist, title, accession number, medium, support, and date of creation. It will include essays on five aspects of the collection (aviation art, science fiction and space science art, prominent works in the NASM art collection, the NASA art program, and ballooning prints) and some color photographs.

Another planned collections-management publication is Caring for the Collections of the National Air and Space Museum. This book will cover the history of NASM's Paul E. Garber Facility and highlight the restoration of six important aircraft of the national collection.

National Museum of African Art

At the National Museum of African Art, curatorial research is the foundation for the museum's public and scholarly programs. New, untried, and often seminal projects can be conceived and developed because the entire research staff is sharply focused on the visual traditions of one important region: Africa south of the Sahara. The museum has used closed, working symposia, often multidisciplinary in composition, to explore new exhibition topics and content for attendant publications. Currently planned are working conferences on Lower Niger Bronzes and Tlie Art of the Luba. Visiting curatorial fellows also participate in museum research, exhibition, and publication programs.

Recent publications include a monograph Foreheads of the Dead: An Anthropological View of Kalahari Ancestral Screens written by Dr. Nigel Barley of the British Museum. Under the auspices of the two museums, Dr. Barley undertook fieldwork in Nigeria which resulted in a monograph and an exhibition. Professor Herbert Cole, Professor of Art History at the University of California, Santa Barbara and 1988 Rockefeller Residency Program Fellow at the Museum wrote Icons: Ideals and Power in the Art of Africa. This book, which accompanies the exhibition Dr. Cole curated, examines five prevalent themes in the history of African art.

Archival and oral history research devoted to the life and works of the Yoruba master carver Olowe of Ise is currently underway and has as it basis a major Olowe sculpture in the permanent collection. This research will result in the first monograph devoted to a traditional African artist. In addition, the first major publication devoted to the museum's permanent sculpture collection is now in the research stage.

Several important collection-related research projects are in progress and relate both to publications and exhibitions. One, an extraordinary collection of 85 ceramic vessels from Central Africa, which staff will study, identify, and place on exhibition. The other, a group of utilitarian objects, including containers, stools, headrests, and pipes primarily from east and central Africa, the museum has scheduled for research to determine its origins and uses and will be placed on exhibition.

The museum's Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, which includes over seventy-eight thousand black and white photographs and approximately two-hundred thousand color slides, is the center for ongoing research into the context of African visual traditions. During this five-year period, the staff will begin the multiyear project of cataloging the entire collection of photographic images and will also explore photo archival exchange possibilities with the following African museums: Bamako Museum (Mali); Institut Fondamentale d'Afrique Noir-IFAN (Senegal); Guinea-Bissau Museum; Kenneth Murray Archives

(Nigeria); and Institute des Musees Nationaux du Zaire-IMNZ (Zaire).

In the area of ethnographic conservation, the Museum of African Art now has a research facility which will allow the museum conservators, resident conservation interns, and fellows to contribute to both fundamental and applied research on the material used in ethnographic objects. A postdoctoral fellow has begun a comprehensive historical, visual, chemical, and instrumental analysis of Benin objects in the collection. In addition, a postgraduate intern from the London Institute of Archeology has begun research to identify corrosion processes in West African ironwork so curators can determine the appropriate conservation treatment.

National Museum of American Art

Collections-related research projects at the National Museum of American Art include: continuing research to supplement the study of the artist Albert Pinkham Ryder, resulting in both a book-length evaluation of his compositional and technical accomplishments and a related exhibition in 1990; preparation of a Joseph Cornell catalogue raisonne; research on a major acquisition of 1986, the Herbert Waide Hemphill, Jr. Collection of American Folk Art, focusing on the 378 objects and their context, as well as their creators, and resulting in a 1990-1991 exhibition and major catalog; a book on American artists who exhibited at the Paris salons in the latter part of the nineteenth century, a group which the Museum's collections heavily represent, and an in-depth study of the work from 1938-1946 of an important, but little known African-American painter, William H. Johnson, which will culminate in a 1991 exhibition. The Patricia and Phillip Frost Collection provides the basis for an in-depth study of American abstract art created during the 1930s and 1940s.

The museum will continue research on works from contemporary American landscape photographers acquired with funds provided by Consolidated Natural Gas. This research will result in a publication and exhibition in 1991. Research on the museum's collection of miniatures will serve as the foundation for a book-length manuscript on American miniature painting during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

A variety of research projects of lesser scope include: research for individual listings of the museum's works by various artist groups (e.g. Hispanic Americans, African-Americans, women artists, western artists, and WPA artists) to facilitate response to a large number of outside research requests; continuing research on the full range of sculpture in the museum's collections, and on the growing collection of craft objects in the Renwick Gallery collection.

National Museum of American History

Collections-based research remains a major component of the scholarly program at the National Museum of American History (NMAH). The study of the material culture of the American past not only opens entirely new avenues to an understanding of American history but is an essential prerequisite for planning a wise acquisitions program. The current effort of the Division of Domestic Life to study changes in American household technology in the twentieth century is a case in point. Such research, conducted with the assistance of interns and volunteers, enables staff members to better understand existing collections, identify significant gaps, and plan future collecting.

Research efforts in the Division of Domestic Life have also concentrated on the collection of patent models of lighting devices, domestic appliances, metalware, and furniture. A long-term project, this study has resulted in a number of publications. It has also served as an important base for a major exhibition of American patent models, which NMAH prepared for a tour of Japanese museums and plans to circulate in the United States.

Staff members of the Division of Costume pioneered the study of clothing as a means of exploring changing attitudes toward gender and this study was the subject for a variety of publications. In 1989, the Smithsonian Institution Press issued the latest publication, Men and Women: Dressing the Part. Continuing work on eighteenth- and nineteenth-century costume will result in several additional papers and publications over the next year. In addition, the Museum opened a new exhibition, Men and Women: A History of Costume, Gender, and Power, in the fall of 1989.

Current research by the staff members of the Division of Graphic Arts will lead to the publication of a catalogue of the museum's collection of nineteenth-century American printing type, the largest in the world. Most nineteenth-century type was pinmarked by manufacturers with very small and sometimes cryptic stamps which have never been identified or catalogued in any systematic fashion. The purpose of the project is to record the marks with microphotographic techniques as a first step toward identification and cataloging. The result will be a major contribution to the body of knowledge about the history of the American printing industry. Other collections-based projects currently underway in the division include a checklist of prints based on the paintings of Albert Bierstadt and a catalogue of the collotypes in the collection.

The Division of Textiles continues to research a sample book of American-made fabrics transferred to the NMAH from the National Archives. Dating to 1834, the book, made up of fabric samples sold at Ft. Gibson, Oklahoma, was part of a report submitted by Henry Ellsworth, Commissioner of Indians, to Lewis Cass, Secretary of War. The study will result in the identification of manufacturers involved in the

Indian trade, the type of fabrics being marketed, and additional information on aspects of trade in the West.

Several divisions in the Department of the History of Science and Technology have worked on the Smithsonian videohistory program. This unique project has enabled the staff to conduct video interviews of the inventors of items in the museum's most recent and important collections. The museum completed the first segment of a three-part series on the history of ultrasound this past spring. The staff filmed part one, an interview with Dr. Robert Ledley, inventor of the first whole-body CAT scanner. An experimental robot acquired from the National Bureau of Standards has led to a videohistory of robots. In addition, the staff interviewed Mikhail Timofeyevich Kalashnikov in Moscow. Kalashnikov designed the AK 47 assault rifle.

Other research projects utilizing artifacts in the Museum's collections include analysis of the use of silver in the manufacture of medical instruments and methods of producing dosage forms for homeopathic pharmaceuticals. Nearing completion is a major project listing 48,000 photographic images in the Railroad collection. Research work is continuing on the design and adaptation of closed automobiles, based on the Museum's 1928 Chevrolet sedan, and on the nineteenth-century electrical instruments invented by Charles Page.

The Division of Engineering and Industry continues to conduct research on the artifacts from the firm of William Bond and Son, of Boston. A manuscript for a book is in production chronicling the work of the Bonds and their relationship to the Harvard College Observatory.

Recent publications based on original research on the national collections include: Bio-Bibliography of American Makers of Navigational Instruments and National Inventory of Navigational Instruments Made in the United States, from the Division of Physical Sciences; Landmarks in the History of Computing in the National Museum of American History, from the Division of Computers, Information and Society; and, the Division of Agriculture's study of the fire ant campaign of the late 1950s, a project which grew out of the exhibit Science, Power and Conflict.

Forthcoming publications based on original research utilizing the collections will include: a history of the manufacture and use of microscopes in the United States; a discussion of the development, production, and use of the Eisenhower jacket made popular by General Eisenhower during World War II; a monograph on the housing and conservation of military headgear; a history of the American dentist's office; and, funded by a Smithson Society grant, a booklet on American clocks.

In the National Numismatic Collection, staff continue to research the medieval, and modern foreign coins; Chinese and Islamic coins; and

foreign medals and decorations, as well as premonetary forms.

In the National Philatelic Collection, research is taking place on several recent acquisitions: a 1904-style screen wagon, a turn-of-the-century rural free delivery sled and wagon, a 1931 Ford Model AA mail truck, a 1966 three-wheeled "Westcoaster" mail van, and the first of 99,150 new "Long-Life" postal trucks. Further collecting activities will include the acquisition of postal vehicles such as an 1880s stagecoach, 1920s and 1950s mail trucks, and a 1910 three-wheel mail cycle. These vehicles and the research carried out on them serve as the basis for a comprehensive history of the movement of mail in America. A publication, tentatively entitled, Mail on the Move, is nearly complete.

National Museum of Natural History

The more than 119 million specimens of animals, plants, fossils, rocks and minerals, and artifacts of human culture housed by the Museum of Natural History/Museum of Man provide a focal point for the basic research of a resident staff of more than two hundred scientists from the Smithsonian and other affiliated government agencies. Numerous scientists all over the world also use these collections, either as visitors or borrowers. The Museum lends more than two hundred thousand specimens and objects annually to the international scientific community.

Because of growing concern about changes in the global environment, the museum is giving greater emphasis to programs and projects that will contribute to our understanding of such changes. The following are summaries of the ongoing collection-based research projects which relate directly to global change.

The rich crescent of tropical/subtropical vegetation that extends from the flanks of the Andes northward, then eastward into the Guianas, contains millions of plant and animal species. Investigators have screened very few of these bioresources for their economic potential. In 1989, the museum continued a major effort to inventory and study the plants of this region before accelerating human encroachment into Amazonia destroys them. Inventories will continue over the next decade in protected reserves and parks in Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, and Venezuela. Museum staff expect the project to increase understanding of biological diversity and discover hundreds of new plant species, dozens of new animal species, and thousands of new insect species potentially valuable as food, biological control agents, and germplasm resources.

The museum also has underway two other major long-term collection-based projects aimed at increasing knowledge of (and ultimately conserving) the biological diversity of the Latin American tropics—one in Surinam and the other in Brazil's Amazonian Basin.

The museum is one of six sponsoring organizations that have undertaken a multinational effort to study the biodiversity of the little known plant life of Guyana, Surinam, and French Guiana. Because existing museum collections document past exploration, they significantly aid this project which involves more than a dozen museum botanists.

Ongoing museum fieldwork is yielding important new information on the composition, function, evolution, and distribution of the plants and animals of Brazil's Amazonian Basin and Atlantic Forests. The museum coordinates this research with archeological studies of the roots of human culture in Amazonia. The Museum has taken on a major biodiversity project in Brazilian Amazonia formerly managed by the World Wildlife Fund. This project will greatly increase our knowledge of biotic succession in forest fragments.

Scientists are in the process of describing as many as 35-40 extinct bird species from a collection of tens of thousands of fossil bird bones amassed in the Hawaiian Islands over the last 13 years. The collection has provided startling evidence that Polynesians who colonized the archipelago 1,500 years ago annihilated as much as 50 percent of the archipelago's original bird species. Heretofore, most naturalists had assumed that Hawaiian ecosystems remained relatively untouched until the arrival of James Cook in 1778. This continuing project is changing the assumptions of biogeographic studies, making it clear for the first time that modern, uninhabited island biotas are merely remnants of what was present under prehuman conditions.

The museum is conducting a major research program to determine whether the present disturbances in terrestrial environments are extraordinary compared with events that occurred before the appearance of humans. Documenting how stable land ecosystems have been over geological time will help scientists assess and predict the long-term effects of global, environmental disturbances now taking place (such as, tropical deforestation and the greenhouse effect). The museum enjoys a unique advantage in pursuing this research because of its vast collections of fossil terrestrial animals and plants, the diverse talents of scientists working here, and its importance as a center of research on biological diversity.

Concern over the high prevalence of cancer in fish living in chemically contaminated bodies of water and the potential human health hazard this poses is focusing attention on the museum's Registry of Tumors in Lower Animals. The registry, a depository for a collection of more than five thousand diseased specimens of fish, shellfish, and other animals from the United States and forty other countries, is the only clearinghouse in the world for information on cancer in fish and other vertebrate and invertebrate cold-blooded animals.

The rise in sea level and the Aswan Dam's blocking normal sediment flow on the Nile River are engulfing the northeastern edge of

the Nile Delta. The problem could flood a large part of the northern delta by the year 2100, inundating agricultural lands where several million people now live. An ongoing multidisciplinary study of the delta, directed by the museum in cooperation with the Egyptian government, serves as the basis for these findings. Specialists from scientific and research organizations in Egypt, Western Europe, and North America have shipped hundreds of sediment cores, cut into three to five-foot lengths, to the museum for analysis.

The following are descriptions of other important collection-based research projects ongoing in the Museum.

The museum recently computerized information on the pathological conditions of human skeletal remains. The National Institutes of Health funded this activity. The results are providing new perspectives on the history and the biomedical impact of disease. For example, a study focusing on skeletal material of the Plains Indians is shedding light on the causes of erosive joint diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, which is three times as common in Indian groups as in the general population.

Museum scientists are studying unknown sea life discovered by divers in previously unexplored underwater caves in the Bahamas, Bermuda, and the Turks and Caicos Islands. The diversity of these valuable collections includes, for the crustaceans alone, a new class, a new order, two new families, three new genera, and twenty new species. For scientists, these animals and their environment provide a window on the past. Isolated for millions of years from the pressures of natural selection, in a stable environment similar to the deepest parts of the world's oceans, they reproduce more slowly than other shallow marine animals and have lower metabolic rates. Research by museum scientists and colleagues at several universities has made classification of these animals possible and led to new hypotheses on the distribution of animals via the action of plate tectonics and the use of cryptic habitats on the sea floor.

Museum entomologists are converting a vast compilation of taxonomic and biological data on wasps, bees, ants, and related insects in America north of Mexico into a modern online electronic data base, a major advance in the field of systematic cataloging. The conversion will make it possible to revise and expand the data base as entomologists publish new works on these groups of insects. The Museum expects to complete the conversion during 1990. Easily queried by the outside scientific community, the data base contains a wealth of biological information valuable to a wide variety of scientists (for example, parasite-host records for those interested in biological control, and bee-plant associations of value to pollination ecologists and botanists).

The museum's unparalleled collection of arctic ethnological, archeological, and physical anthropological specimens makes it a center

for arctic anthropological research. Current projects include a major study on the prehistory of the Indian and Eskimo cultures of Labrador; research on the first European settlement in the Canadian Arctic, that of Martin Frobisher in 1574-78 on Baffin Island; studies of the prehistory and origins of the Alaskan peoples of St. Lawrence and Kodiak Islands; research on the origins of prehistoric Eskimo art and its ethnographic and modern expressions; and studies of the relationships of Siberian and Alaskan native peoples.

The museum's mineral research collection is one of the largest and most important in the world. Museum scientists are now using state-of-the-art analytical electron microscopy, powder x-ray diffraction data, and computer graphics to learn more about minerals—the fundamental building blocks of the earth. One ongoing study is shedding light on the structure and formation of economically important oceanic manganese oxide, occurring as nodules and often combined with cobalt, nickel, copper, and other strategic metals—metals of which the United States has a limited supply and which it may eventually want to mine.

Among the current research projects at the National Portrait Gallery (NPG) are: studies of journalists' and artists' depictions of World War II; American portraits exhibited at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition; a history of caricature in America; an examination of the various Andrew Jackson portraits which trace his evolving national image; a history of Time, Inc.'s patronage of portrait artists; and a biography and analysis of the portraits of Cecil Beaux. NPG has scheduled all of these projects to become major exhibitions within the next four years; a major publication will accompany each exhibition. The research projects listed above substantially involve objects from the NPG collections and, in most cases, also explore portraits from other public and private collections.

For the Columbus Quincentenary, NPG is collaborating with the Prado in Madrid, Spain, and the Kimbell Art Museum in Fort Worth, Texas, to present a major exhibition of portraits of Spanish notables from the time of Ferdinand and Isabella to the era of Velasquez, and, with the National Museum of American Art, it is jointly presenting the exhibition of American art from the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition. In another collaborative effort, an NPG scholar is undertaking research for the National Gallery of Art (NGA) and writing the entries for the NGA Systematic Catalogue of eighteenth and early nineteenth century American portraits which will reproduce, describe, and discuss each work in the NGA's collections.

NPG also plans publications on: the American sitters of the Swedish painter Anders Zorn; the career of the painter James Earl; the life and work of Charles Fevret de Saint-Memin; patronage of the fine

National Portrait Gallery

National Zoological Park

arts in the United States from 1860 to 1920; American museums and art galleries during the early twentieth century; a biography of Sara Hallowell, a leading curator of art exhibitions in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; and the papers of Charles Willson Peale and his family. Yale University Press has already published Volumes 1 and 2 of the Selected Papers of Charles Willson Peale and His Family; and volume 3, Charles Willson Peale: The Artist in Retirement, 1810-1820, will appear in 1991. Research for volumes 4 and 5 is underway. A volume of interpretive essays on Peale's work will mark the 250th anniversary of the artist's birth. Under grants from the Institution's Scholarly Research Fund and the Baltimore Gas and Electric Company, research has begun on a catalogue raisonne of the works of Rembrandt Peale (1778-1860). The Smithsonian Institution Press is editing the book on St. Memin with a grant from the Barra Foundation.

The Department of Mammalogy has initiated a research program to address questions concerning exhibit space and the exhibit animal. For example an 18 month long study was undertaken to determine the causes of stereotypic behaviors in confined bears. The staff found that modifying the feeding regimen could considerably reduce stereotypic pacing during some seasons. In addition, the Zoo made a small modification to the exhibit that houses the American black bear (known to the world as Smokey the Bear) giving visitors the opportunity to see the bear nearly 100 percent of the time in winter; that was up from only 6 percent before the change. A survey of 27 (about one-third) of the outdoor mammal exhibits is in progress to determine what changes would improve visitor viewing opportunities and to seek solutions to improving the social and physical environments in these exhibits.

Research on the husbandry and management of selected species to obtain successful reproduction continues to be a high priority. Since

1988, a number of steps have been taken to stimulate the flamingos to breed. These have included installing artificial sprinklers to stimulate rainfall, providing mud of different consistencies for nest construction, and increasing the size of the captive flock to increase social interaction. The flock produced a single infertile egg in 1988 and two fertile eggs in

1989. Because increased social interaction appears to be necessary for sustained reproduction, the Zoo plans to increase its captive flock to at least 40 individuals through breeding and acquisition.

Large numbers of wild birds—pigeons, sparrows, and starlings — are frequently attracted to zoo exhibits because food, water, and cover are readily available. Not only do these interlopers detract from the visitor's experience, but they also represent a significant husbandry problem since they compete with the captive animals for food and can potentially infect them with disease and parasites. At NZP, these problems have traditionally been greatest in the waterfowl exhibits where

the rations were readily available throughout the day. To eliminate this problem, zoo staff developed a new pelleted diet fed underwater. The food, readily available to the exhibit animals, is now inaccessible to the unwanted birds. This innovation is now used successfully in the zoo's new Wetlands Exhibit.

No zoo has successfully exhibited the shy North American star-nosed moles. NZP has maintained animals under both exhibit and off-exhibit conditions for periods exceeding 16 months. This accomplishment in itself is remarkable, but the research conducted on this species for prey catching is even more remarkable and exciting. Long-term studies have shown that the star on the mole's snout actually acts as an electrical receptor, which detects impulses, emitted by certain prey species. Further study will expand on this data. Confirmation of this hypothesis will be scientifically stunning and will also generalize to the duck-billed platypus which also detects its prey electrically and which the NZP is also considering as an exhibit species for its collection.

Definition of Program Categories

The Institution uses its federal appropriations and trust funds for five broad categories of activities. The Office of Financial Analysis and Planning, working with bureaus and offices, used these program categories to define each expenditure included in the base budgets through fiscal year 1988. Below are brief narratives describing each of the five broad categories, followed by a listing of detailed program categories within each.

Research and Curation

The Smithsonian, by virtue of its staff, collections, data bases, and research facilities, is a unique international resource in the basic sciences, arts, and the humanities. The Smithsonian's long-term research efforts complement industrial, federal, and university research and provide critical continuity to the nation's research enterprise in a number of fields. In addition to serving the broad research community, Smithsonian research is the basis for many of the Institution's public activities. The accuracy and currency of its exhibitions, the care of its collections, and the quality of its public education programs depend directly on the research and curatorial activities of the staff.

Various Smithsonian bureaus and museums engage in research and curation efforts. Research is the principal activity of the Astrophysical Observatory, Tropical Research Institute, the Environmental Research Center, and the Conservation Analytical Laboratory. Research is a highly important component in the Museum of Natural History, Air and Space Museum, the Zoological Park, and the Museum of American History, where exhibitions, education, and care of collections are additional responsibilities. The same is true in the Freer Gallery of Art, the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, the National Museum of American Art, and the other Smithsonian art museums, where curators exercise their intellectual talents and professional judgement in taking care of collections, preparing exhibitions, and developing education and public programs.

Detailed categories of expenditures for research and curation are:

Research/Curation & Direct Support - pertains to research and curatorial activities, including, but not limited to, research centers, museum departmental activity, and animal management at the National Zoological Park.

• Researchers/Curators ("Faculty") - pertains to research/curatorial

staff only and their compensation.

• Direct Support - pertains to departmental museum technicians, research assistants, secretaries, clerk-typist and their salaries, plus all departmental other object class expenditures.

Specialized Research/Curation Support Activities - includes operations such as:

Archives Offices, including SI Archives, Archives of American Art and bureau archival activity.

Registrarial Operations, including the Office of the Registrar and bureau registrarial activity.

Conservation Labs, including Conservation Analytical Laboratory and bureau conservation activity.

Special Inventory Efforts also includes base inventory efforts where they are identified by the bureau.

Collection Centers, including Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center and Museum Support Center equipment.

Collections Acquisitions

Libraries, including SI Libraries and bureau library activity.

Miscellaneous Research Support Activities, including SERC instrumentation, the Museum of Natural History's Scanning Electron Microscope lab and Molecular Systematics lab, Link Port Marine Station, and research support at the Museum of American Art and the Astrophysical Observatory.

Technical Support-Multipurpose - includes:

• Photographic Offices, including Office of Printing and Photographic Services (OPPS) and bureau photographic departments.

• ADP Offices, including Office of Information Resource Management (OIRM) and bureau ADP departments.

Exhibitions are the principal means for the Institution to communicate to public audiences recent discoveries, important ideas, and new scholarship in science, history, and art. In addition to the approximately 25 million visitors annually who enjoy the Institution's museums, galleries, and Zoological park, many millions more view Smithsonian traveling exhibitions, which appear throughout the United

Exhibitions

Education

States and abroad, and the Institution's annual folklife festival. Besides the curation and research benefits that the Institution and the national and international scholarly communities derive from the collections of the Smithsonian, the Institution's collections form the basis of its rich and varied exhibition programs.

All of the Institution's museums and a number of other offices conduct exhibition programs. These programs range from small ones, such as those conducted intermittently by the Office of Horticulture, to large temporary exhibitions or permanent reinstallations in the museums. Major support comes from federal appropriations, but the central special exhibition funds provided annually by the Board of Regents and gifts and donations from private individuals and firms significantly supplement museum and gallery activities.

Since all expenditures for exhibitions are included in just one program category, there are no detailed category descriptions.

The Smithsonian conducts a wide range of educational programs directed to general visiting audiences and specialized constituencies. These programs include:

• the activities and classes of the Resident and National Associate Programs;

• television, radio, and other media efforts;

• training, symposia, conferences, and information services;

• services provided to the visiting public by the Visitors Information and Associate Reception Center;

• the centrally approved Regents' public service and outreach programs; and

• The Smithsonian Magazine and the Smithsonian Press' popular brochures, recordings, and publications.

All of the major museums sponsor many and varied educational and public information activities appropriate to their operational environments. These form an important part of the overall learning opportunities available to Institutional audiences.

Since all expenditures for education and related activities are included in just one program category, there are no detailed category descriptions.

Facilities

The Smithsonian's responsibility for its museum buildings and other facilities requires a continuing program of repair and maintenance (some of which staff accomplishes with funds provided in operating budgets), and renovations and restorations. The objective of the Repair and Restoration program is to ensure continued operation of physical plant and to provide appropriate, safe, and accessible facilities for research, education, and exhibition and care of collections. Federal appropriations are the primary source of funds for this work. Maintenance and preservation of facilities to ensure their long-term operation is one of the Institution's highest priorities and reflects the Institution's great concern for the condition of its buildings, many of which date back to the turn of the century or earlier. This effort, as well as ensuring compliance with safety codes, requires many millions of dollars each year.

The Institution has made considerable progress in determining the extent of need for additional facility support and has completed or has undertaken a number of critical facilities-related projects; however, the Smithsonian must continue to apply itself to diminishing the identified backlog of repair and restoration work on facilities and to replacing major building systems.

Facilities expenditures fall into two detailed categories:

Security - includes the Office of Protection Services and bureau security offices at the Tropical Research Institute, the Environmental Research Center and the National Zoological park.

Facilities Maintenance & Repair - includes the Office of Plant Services, the Office of Design and Construction, MSC operations and buildings and grounds management in the bureaus.

The Institution's administrative, financial, and other support services comprise four functional areas:

• Central management;

• Central, specialized technical and support services;

• The bureaus' and offices' administration and management; and

• Facilities services and maintenance.

Administration

The central management offices under the direction of the Secretary and under oversight of the Board of Regents, provide operational planning and policy determination for program and support activities and parameters for utilizing the resources of the Institution. The Offices of the Secretary, Under Secretary, Assistant Secretaries, Treasurer, General Counsel, and Congressional Relations discharge central management functions.

Central, specialized administrative and technical offices furnish administrative, personnel, budget, financial, and other professional and technical services required to support operation of the Smithsonian's programs. The offices conducting these functions include the Offices of Accounting and Financial Services, Planning and Budget, Procurement and Property Management, Financial Management and Planning, Inspector General, Equal Opportunity, Risk Management, Information Resource Management, Management Analysis, Personnel Administration, Printing and Photographic Services, Sponsored Projects and Travel Services.

Also, the management of the Institution's bureaus and offices makes a significant contribution to the Institution's administration because of its responsibility for implementing the Institution's operational plans and establishing bureau level policy. Bureau directors also contribute significantly to the management of the Institution by participating with the staff of central management offices, in advocating and seeking funds for existing and new programs.

The Offices of Design and Construction, Plant Services, Protection Services, Environmental Management and Safety, Architectural History and Historic Preservation, and Horticulture discharge the facilities services and maintenance functions. These services primarily focus upon the physical plant and its contents; safety and health programs for staff, visitors, and collections; planning, design, and construction of new and renovated facilities; and architectural and historical research support for the Institution's buildings, along with collections management for the Castle Building and its antique furnishings.

Expenditures for administration fall into two detailed categories:

Safety - includes the Office of Environmental Management and Safety and safety components of the National Zoological Park and OPlantS.

Administrative & Miscellaneous Expenses - includes the central administrative units (except OIRM and OPPS) and expenses at the level of the director/assistant directors' offices for all units with 50 or more employees. The director's office for the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum is also included due to the Museum's multipurpose organizational breakdown of activities. Department Chairmans' offices will be included with other department expenses under "Research/Curation and Direct Support."

Projected Operating Expenses by Bureau

This section displays projected expenses for each bureau, by program category and by fund source. In each case the projections are consistent with the Budget Justification to Congress for Fiscal Year 1991. The projected expenses reflect growth in programs as planned by each bureau.

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Repair and Restoration of Buildings, and Minor Construction

This section displays projected resources through fiscal year 1995 for the Repair and Restoration of Buildings Program and for the Federal Construction program, Minor Construction. In each case the projections are consistent with the Budget Justification to Congress for Fiscal Year 1991. This section displays projections by building and by each major category of repair.

S9

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM SUMMARY SHEET

GRAND TOTAL.

FT90 FT91 FY'92 FT93 FT94 FT95

30,434 32,665 44,473 43,656 46,075 41,685

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM MISCELLANEOUS - 00

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM MISCELLANEOUS - 00

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN HISTORY - 30

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS PROGRAM

Total Request 550 760

' Subsequent year funding will be required for implementation.

1,235

1,355

110

RENOVATION & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS PROGRAM CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN HISTORY - 30

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION-FIVE YEAR PROGRAM NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY - 31

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS PROGRAM

Total Request

305

140

500 1,375 1,450

200

Total Request 9,950 10,140 10,900 12,400 16,400 16,400

Subsequent years funding subject to results of planning effort.

FV90 FT91

FT92

FT93

FT 94

FT95

TOTAL FOR R&R OF BUILDINGS PROGRAM

10,255 10,280 11,400 13,775 17,850 16,600

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION-FIVE YEAR PROGRAM NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY - 31

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUILDING - 32

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUILDING - 32

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM ARTS & INDUSTRIES BUILDING - 33

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS PROGRAM

Total Request

170 365 415

Total Request

960

7,160

500

7,160

TOTAL FOR R&R OF BUILDINGS PROGRAM

Fr90 170

FT91 365

FT92 415

FT93 960

PT94 7,160

FT95 7,660

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM ARTS & INDUSTRIES BUILDING - 33

BUREAU TOTAL (33-AIB)

FV90 FV91 FT92 FV93 FV94 FT95

470 640 715 1,760 7,960 8,460

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM AMERICAN ART/PORTRAIT GALLERY - 34

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM AMERICAN ART/PORTRAIT GALLERY - 34

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM NATIONAL AIR & SPACE MUSEUM - 35

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS PROGRAM

Total Request

2,370

1,555

7,325

6,430

MAJOR CAPITAL RENEWAL

FYVO

FY'91

FY'92

FYV3

FY'94

Total Request

100

1,750

500

FY'95

1,850

TOTAL FOR R&R OF BUILDINGS PROGRAM

FT 90 2,370

FT91 1,555

FT92 7,325

FT93 6,530

FT94 1,750

FT95 2,350

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM NATIONAL AIR & SPACE MUSEUM - 35

FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION PROGRAM

Total Request

360

200

300

325

180

TOTAL FOR FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION PROGRAM

FT90 380

FV91 200

FV92 300

PT93 325

FT94 180

FV95

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM RENWICK GALLERY - 36

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM RENWICK GALLERY - 36

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM FREER GALLERY OF ART - 37

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM FREER GALLERY OF ART - 37

FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION PROGRAM

Total Request

140

660

325

250

FT90

TOTAL FOR FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION PROGRAM

FT91 140

FV92 660

FT93 325

FT 94 250

FT95

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM SILVER HILL FACILITY - 38

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS PROGRAM

Total Request

50

325

790

705

125

MAJOR CAPITAL RENEWAL

105

FY'90 FYV1 FY"92 FY'93 FY'94 FY'95

No Projects Identified

Total Request

FY'90 FT91 FV92 FY'93 FY'94 FY'95

TOTAL FOR R&R OF BUILDINGS PROGRAM

50 325 790 705 125 105

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM SILVER HILL FACILITY - 38

FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION PROGRAM

Total Request

325

750

1,380

1,805

130

TOTAL FOR FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION PROGRAM

FT90 325

FV91

FV92 750

FV93 1,380

FT94 1,805

FY'95 130

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM SMITHSONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER - 44

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS PROGRAM

Total Request * Subject to reevaluation each fiscal year.

MAJOR CAPTTAL RENEWAL

125 280

950

535

115

120

FYV0 FY'91 FYV2 FYV3 Fr"34 FT95

No projects Identified

Total Request

TOTAL FOR R&R OF BUILDINGS PROGRAM

FT90 125

FY'91 280

FV92 950

FT93 535

FV94 115

FT95 120

Dock Storage Shed

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM SMITHSONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER - 44

Dock Storage Shed

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM HIRSHHORN MUSEUM & SCULPTURE GARDEN - 45

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM HIRSHHORN MUSEUM & SCULPTURE GARDEN - 45

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM ANACOSTIA MUSEUM - 46

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM ANACOSTIA MUSEUM - 46

BUREAU TOTAL (46 - AM)

FT90 FT91 FT92 FT93 FT94 FV95

190

230

165

50 400

50

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE - 50

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE - 50

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY - 51

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION-FIVE YEAR PROGRAM SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY - 51

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM COOPER-HEWITT MUSEUM - 58

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM COOPER-HEWITT MUSEUM - 58

FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION PROGRAM

Total Request

45

335

275

TOTAL FOR FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION PROGRAM

FT90 45

FT91 335

FT92

FT93

FT94

FT95 275

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM QUADRANGLE - 63

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM QUADRANGLE - 63

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM MUSEUM SUPPORT CENTER - 71

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS PROGRAM

Total Request

305

190

605

MAJOR CAPITAL RENEWAL

FY'90 FY'91 FYV2 FT93 FY'94 FY'95

No Projects Identified

Total Request

TOTAL FOR R&R OF BUILDINGS PROGRAM

FT90 305

FY'91 190

FV92 605

FV93

FY 7 94

FV95

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION-FIVE YEAR PROGRAM MUSEUM SUPPORT CENTER - 71

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM OTHER PROJECTS

REPAIR & RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS & FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION - FIVE YEAR PROGRAM OTHER PROJECTS

FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION PROGRAM

Total Request

385

400

260

375

140

505

TOTAL FOR FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION PROGRAM

FT90 385

FT91 400

FV92 260

FT93 375

FT94 140

FT95 505

BUREAU TOTAL (OTHERS)

FT90 410

FT91 400

FV92 720

FT93 375

FT94 140

FT95 505

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