14 List of Grants:

14 Archeology and Related Disciplines

24 Systematic and Environmental Biology

30 Astrophysics and Earth Sciences

32 Museum Programs

34 SFCP Grants Administration

MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH (SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)

PROGRAM PURPOSES AND LIST OF GRANTS

INTRODUCTION

The Smithsonian Institution's Special Foreign Currency Program makes grants in United States-owned foreign currencies to United States institutions, including the Smithsonian itself, to conduct research projects in the so-called "excess" foreign currency countries. In FY 1984, the excess foreign currency countries were Burma, Guinea, India, and Pakistan. In FY 1985, Poland was added to the list of excess currency countries and the Treasury Department has announced that as of FY 1986, the Indian rupee excess currency account will be depleted. The Smithsonian program supports research in Archeology and Related Disciplines, Systematic and Environmental Biology, Astrophysics and Earth Sciences, and Museum Programs.

The Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program awards grants when applicants have fulfilled three requirements. These are: 1) the favorable recommendation by a national advisory council of qualified scholars; 2) the concurrence of the appropriate American embassy and host government overseas; and 3) the completion of appropriate cooperative arrangements with host country institutions.

This supplement to the Institution's FY 1986 appropriation request describes: 1) the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program within the context of the basic Smithsonian purpose; 2) some of the program's achievements; 3) its goals for FY 1986, and 4) projects for which obligations were incurred during FY 1984.

THE GLOBAL NATURE OF THE SMITHSONIAN'S CHARTER

The purpose of the Smithsonian Institution is "the increase and diffusion of knowledge." This quotation from the will of its founder, James Smithson, was made part of the Institution's enabling legislation enacted by the Congress in 1846, chartering the Institution and leading to the eventual designation of the Institution as the custodian of the National Collections.

The Smithsonian's first Secretary, Joseph Henry, implemented the charter through support of basic research and publication not only in Washington but through a global network of correspondence devoted to these same ends. At the same time, the Institution began to acquire substantial collections of biological and geological specimens and of archeological and ethnographic materials, derived both from its own research and from U.S. Government programs. The Institution continues to conduct research and education programs and to improve its collections. Today the Institution is acknowledged to be a major national resource for the study of natural and cultural history and to be without equal anywhere on earth.

THE FY 1986 APPROPRIATION

For FY 1986, the Smithsonian requests an appropriation of $2,500,000 equivalent in foreign currencies which have been determined by the Treasury Department to be in excess of the normal needs of the United States. This appropriation will be used to continue a program of grants to United States institutions for research in those countries where excess local currencies are available. Of the total requested, $1,480,000 will be available for continuation of the grants program. The request also includes $1,020,000 equivalent in Pakistani rupees for the fourth and final increment of a U.S. contribution for the restoration and preservation of Moenjodaro in Pakistan.

Special Foreign Currency Program Appropriations and the U.S. Taxpayer

An appropriation for this program does not add to the tax burden of Americans because the money used for foreign currency grants comes from U.S. holdings of foreign currencies abroad in existing accounts that were established in connection with the "Food for Peace" (P.L. 480) program. These accounts were generated largely through sales of surplus U.S. agricultural commodities abroad in exchange for local currencies. In cases where these are greatly in excess of the projected normal U.S. needs, the Treasury Department designates them "excess foreign currencies." They then become available through the Special Foreign Currency Program appropriation process for U.S. uses like scientific research.

Erosion of these accounts by inflation is in many countries dramatically reducing their value to the United States. The Indian rupee has lost, for example, more than half of its value since 1970- As a consequence, when a worthy use of these excess currencies can be identified through programs like the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program, the U.S. can effectively employ at least some of these currencies before inflation effectively eliminates their usefulness.

PROGRAM OF GRANTS FOR RESEARCH

The purpose of the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program is, like that of the Institution itself, "the increase and diffusion of knowledge." The Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program supports this purpose by making grants to United States universities, museums, and other institutions of higher learning, including the Smithsonian itself, primarily for research and advanced professional training in fields of traditional Smithsonian competence. An appropriation of $1,480,000 equivalent in excess foreign currencies is sought for these grants.

The Smithsonian program is a major source of excess foreign currency support for research carried out by United States institutions in the excess currency countries. The Smithsonian program is distinguished from other Special Foreign Currency Programs in that the full responsibility for the design, execution and publication of research results rests with a scholar working within the program of a United States institution.

The Smithsonian program strengthens the research and training activities of collaborating institutions abroad, for most projects directly involve host country institutions and scholars. Enduring professional ties which result from joint efforts and scholarly exchange contribute to the strongest form of United States cultural relations with other nations. These ties contribute to the integration of the worldwide advancement of science which serves to narrow the gap between the industrial and the developing nations.

T he Importance of Research in the Natural Sciences and Cultural History

The rapid growth of world population and technological development has resulted in significant effects on the natural environment and on society. Research sponsored by the Smithsonian in the natural sciences and in cultural history is aimed in part at improving understanding of the environment, of the management and protection of scarce resources, and the cultural setting within which social changes take place.

In FY 1984, grants supported the following projects of special interest:

The study of the great Buddhist caves at Ajanta in India has been enhanced by a complete photographic record of the remarkable 1500-year-old cave paintings.

Historians are participating in multidisciplinary studies on the depletion of tropical forests in India in an effort to provide a model for the study of long-term ecological change in tropical forests.

United States and Indian geologists are using recently developed fission tracking procedures on uranium bearing sandstone as an aid to the study of the history and movement of ancient ground water.

The unique reproductive biology of the mugger crocodile, currently endangered on the Indian subcontinent, is being studied to develop captive breeding and rearing programs.

Further, with emphasis on information exchange through small workshops, symposia and field conferences, the Smithsonian is encouraging international research in specialized areas. In FY 1984, for example, U.S. scholars received support for participation in exchanges on the subjects of arid land studies, numismatics, tiger management, Hindi studies, solar-terrestrial physics, and natural history collections.

The Importance of Multi-Year Grants

Beginning in FY 1979 the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program began a policy of multi-year funding of major programs, whenever sufficient funds were available. Such funding is important because rational planning requires the advance commitment of professors and graduate students as well as of facilities. Multi-year grants, with annual disbursements subject to satisfactory review of progress by the advisory councils, allow participating institutions to coordinate such projects into their long-range scholarly programs, by providing some assurance of funding for the duration of the project.

Further, the Smithsonian has been able to use multi-year grants to protect successful projects from sudden termination when excess currency accounts were abruptly exhausted. This happened in Poland and Tunisia in 1976 and in Egypt in 1981, With multi-year funding over a three-year period, 10 projects in Egypt were funded to reasonable conclusions and 3 continuing projects gained sufficient time to seek other funding sources. Multiyear funding of projects in India is planned in 1985 to bring some ongoing projects to completion.

Benefits to United States Institutions

Since the inception of the program in FY 1966, Smithsonian grants have been made to 233 United States institutions in 41 states, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia to support more than 800 individual projects. Publications known to have resulted from program grants totalled more than 1 ,400 to date.

The benefits to U.S. institutions and the host country go beyond the accumulation of data, extending to the acquisition of collections of biological specimens and the archeological and ethnographic materials are acquired in the course of field research. These remain available for further study and interpretation by other generations of scholars long after the research teams supported by the Smithsonian have dispersed and their conclusions have been published. More than 100 such research collections have been placed in United States universities and museums. A similar number of collections has been added to the research resources of the excess currency countries.

The advantages of the program have extended to a far greater number of institutions than the 233 United States institutions which have received grants directly. For example, three of the grantee institutions are consortia of United States scholarly institutions. They are the American Institute of Indian Studies (AIIS) in Chicago, Illinois, with 49 institutional members; the American Research Center in Egypt (ARCE) in New York City, with 27 institutional and approximately 600 individual members; and the American Schools of Oriental Research (ASOR) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with 135 member institutions.

Smithsonian grants have supported the research in India of 550 AIIS fellows over the 17-year period from FY 1968 through FY 1984. The fellows were drawn from 70 United States institutions in 23 states. Program grants have also supported more than 80 ARCE projects over the 18-year period from FY 1966 through FY 1984, and since FY 1977, 80 ARCE fellows have received Smithsonian support. Nine ASOR excavations in Israel and Tunisia provided research opportunities for more than 260 senior U.S. scholars and field training for more than 324 graduate students. The Indo-American Fellowship Program, initiated in FY 1977 under the auspices of the Indo-U.S. Subcommission on Education and Culture has sent more than 70 scholars from U.S. institutions to India.

Scientific Review Under the Smithsonian Program

The Smithsonian program considers proposals from any .qualified American institution for research in fields of traditional Smithsonian competence. The program seeks the advice of experts in the specific area of sciences to be studied in reviewing the proposals and annually convenes advisory councils of senior scholars from across the nation. Following the recommendation in the House-Senate Conference Report 95-1672 dated September 29, 1978, the National Science Foundation reviews the credentials of the members of the advisory councils and certifies their competence. The councils discuss and evaluate the proposals, taking into consideration the experts' opinions, and provide specific advice to the Smithsonian regarding the selection of proposals recommended for support and the priorities among them.

Whether funded originally on a multi-year or on a one-year basis, projects lasting more than one year are subject to an annual review of scientific progress by the advisory councils before another year of funding is approved. In addition, Smithsonian staff scientists and program advisory council members visit projects in the field when firsthand scientific reports are considered necessary. Smithsonian policy requires that grantees publish scientific results and that scientific collections be readily accessible to the scholarly community.

Foreign currency awards to other institutions are executed as normal Federal contracts, with the American grantee institutions providing for full fiscal accountability. The Smithsonian audits each grantee's periodic financial reports and where grantees maintain records abroad, conducts site audits to ensure that appropriate accounting procedures are followed.

The Importance to the Smithsonian of Awards for Research

Access to funds for independent research is an essential factor in enabling the Smithsonian to attract and retain leading researchers and thereby to maintain a standard of excellence as a research institution. In this context, the Institution's initial request in FY 1966 for an appropriation of excess foreign currencies made it clear that Smithsonian scholars would compete for these funds. The appropriation justification in that year stated that the Institution would "...award and administer foreign currency grants...for maximum benefit of all participating institutions, as well as the Smithsonian." This appropriation has provided Smithsonian scientists an opportunity to pursue new and innovative research -

Under the Special Foreign Currency Program guidelines, Smithsonian proposals are reviewed by the same councils of distinguished scholars as are proposals from other institutions. Continuing projects also are subject to annual reviews. (These processes are described above in the section entitled "Scientific Review under the Smithsonian Program.") The Special Foreign Currency Program awards to Smithsonian employees, as to other scholars, often involve participants from other organizations and universities as collaborators. No Smithsonian employee, nor any other grantee, receives personal compensation to duplicate or supplement his salary. Program awards cover only field research costs in the excess currency country and travel to that country.

The awards to Smithsonian employees are executed as normal Federal allotments to the individual bureaus of the Institution for the support of approved employee research projects. Such funds are expended in accordance with Federal procurement and personnel regulations.

FORWARD-FUNDED RESERVE FOR THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF INDIAN STUDIES

Since 1967, the Smithsonian has provided annual funding to the American Institute of Indian Studies for fellowships, research, symposia and publications and for administrative costs. The Smithsonian has helped sustain this Institute and other American research centers abroad for more than a decade because of their significant contributions to scholarship and science without regard for national boundaries and their special service to American scholars conducting research.

In FY 1980, FY 1981, FY 1984, and FY 1985, anticipating the future depletion of the excess Indian rupee, the Smithsonian sought and received appropriations totaling $7,170,000 for a forward-funded reserve for continuation of the activities of the American Institute of Indian Studies after the demise of the excess currency program in that country.

The Treasury Department has announced that FY 1985 is the last year of excess status for the Indian rupee. Thus, in FY 1986, the AIIS will begin to draw from the forward fund for its Indian programs. The Smithsonian will continue to monitor the progress of AIIS programs through annual proposals screened by a peer review panel. Annual increments of funds will be released upon successful scholarly and administrative review.

INTERNATIONAL EFFORT TO SALVAGE MOENJODARO

In 1921, two important discoveries were made in the Indus Valley of India, now Pakistan, when archeologists discovered the remains of the cities of Harappa, near Lahore, and Moenjodaro, about 250 miles north of Karachi. These two cities apparently are the products of the Harappan civilization which flourished over 4,500 years ago, from about 3000 B.C. to 1500 B.C. Moenjodaro, a city of a square mile, is the larger and more impressive of the two sites. From the standpoint of planning, sanitation and social organization, this city anticipates developments which only blossomed several thousand years later.

The excavated ruins at Moenjodaro have been threatened since their discovery by two main causes of destruction: floods of the Indus River and highly saline ground waters have caused the serious deterioration of the excavated remains.

Since the 1960's, the Government of Pakistan has appealed to the international community for assistance in salvaging Moenjodaro by diverting the river, lowering the water table, providing remedial action to stabilize threatened buildings and preventing disintegration of those that have not yet been seriously damaged, and installing appropriate landscaping. UNESCO responded to Pakistan's appeal and, in 1974, agreed to lead an international fund raising campaign. In the interim, the Government of Pakistan, with the assistance of UNESCO, has conducted a series of technical studies relating to river control, dewatering and other methods conducive to the eventual preservation of the site.

The project, long in the planning stage, is underway, with a ground water control scheme now in place. Requisitions are being prepared for water pumps, for the consolidation and treatment of the remaining structures and for landscaping. Salt-resistant plants will be planted for erosion control and to provide suitable protection from wind-driven sands.

On October 10, 1979, an agreement between UNESCO and the Government of Pakistan for the preservation and development of the monumental site of Moenjodaro was signed. Following this, an Executive Committee of the Campaign was set up to advise the Director-General of UNESCO on all aspects of the project. The Committee has held several meetings during which various aspects of the plans were reviewed.

To date, UNESCO has raised approximately $9.3 million, mainly from governmental contributions of member states and the Government of Pakistan has made an initial commitment of $3,000,000 for the project. The funds raised thus far have been deposited in an international trust fund for Moenjodaro. Considering that the total budget for the project is now estimated at more than $19,000,000, the Committee is seeking new or additional contributions.

In FY 1982, the Institution transferred to UNESCO the appropriation of $960,000 equivalent in nonconvertible Pakistani currency as an initial contribution from the United States toward this important project. In FY 1984 and FY 1985, $1,040,000 and $980,000 were conveyed respectively. The Smithsonian is seeking a fourth and final increment of funds for this project in FY 1986, a sum of $1,020,000 equivalent in Pakistani rupees, to complete the United States contribution.

Although the United States has withdrawn from UNESCO beginning January 1985, the funds for this important activity can continue to be made available to the campaign through another means, such as a transfer through a U.S. educational organization in Pakistan.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH (SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)

SUMMARY OF OBLIGATIONS, ACTUAL AND ESTIMATED FY 1984, FY 1985, and FY 1986

Obligations of Funds by Pr ogram Area (dollar equivalents)

FY 1984 Actual

FY 1985 Estimate

FY 1986 Estimate

Archeology and Related Disciplines

Systematic and

Environmental Biology

Astrophysics and Earth

$5,868,000 J/2/ $7,470,000 J/2/ $1,630,000 J/2/ 658,000 851,000 535,000

Obligations of Funds by Country (dollar equivalents)

FY 1984 Actual

FY 1985 Estimate

Burma

Guinea

India

Pakistan

Poland

Total

$ 4,000 3/ $ 16,000 3/

-0 5,000

5,914,000 J/3/4/ 7,730,000 J/3/4/

FY 1986

Estimate

$ 21,000 3/ 5,000 -0-

1,401,000 2/3/ 1,395,000 2/3/4/ 2,460,000 2/3/4/ -0 5,000 150,000 3/

$7,319,000 $9,131,000 $2,615,000

J/ Includes obligation for AIIS forward-funded reserve: FY 1984,

$2,000,000; FY 1985, $3,920,000. 2/ Includes obligation for U.S. contribution for Moenjodaro: FY 1984,

$1,040,000; FY 1985, $980,000; FY 1986, $1,020,000. 3/ Includes transfers to the State Department for "Foreign Affairs

Administrative Support." 4/ Includes estimates for Science Information Program for translations.

MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH (SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)

FISCAL YEAR 1984 - ACTUAL OBLIGATIONS

Actual Obligations by Program Area (dollar equivalents)

Science Information Program-Translations

TOTAL

180,000 $7,319,000

A ctual Obligations by Country (dollar equivalents)

J/These projects are described in the Grants List which follows. 2/Includes transfers to the State Department for "Foreign Affairs

Administrative Support." ^/Includes obligation for AIIS forward-funded reserve - $2,000,000. 4/Includes obligation for U.S. contribution for Moenjodaro - $1,040,000. 5/Includes estimates for Science Information Program for translations.

MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH (SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)

FISCAL YEAR 1985 - ESTIMATED OBLIGATIONS

Estimated Obligations by Program Area (dollar equivalents)

Archeology and Related Disciplines

Systematic and Environmental Biology

Astrophysics and Earth Sciences

Museum Programs

TOTAL FOR RESEARCH

Research Projects

$7,447,000

767,000

178,000

353,000

$8,745,000

Research Development

$ 23,000

84,000

17,000 7,000

$131,000

SFCP Grant Administration \J

Science Information Program — Translations

TOTAL

Total

$7,470,000

851,000

195,000

360,000

$8,876,000

105,000

150,000 $9,131,000

Estimated Obligations by Country (dollar equivalents)

J/Includes transfers to the State Department for "Foreign Affairs

Administrative Support." 2/Includes estimates for the Science Information Program for translations. ^/Includes $3,920,000 estimated obligation for AIIS forward-funded reserved/Includes $980,000 estimated obligation for U.S. contribution to Moenjodaro

MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH (SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)

FISCAL YEAR 1986 - ESTIMATED OBLIGATIONS

Estimated Obligations by Program Area (dollar equivalents)

Archeology and Related Disciplines

Systematic and Environmental Biology

Astrophysics and Earth Sciences

Museum Programs

TOTAL FOR RESEARCH

Research Projects

$1,610,000

506,000

157,000

134,000

$2,407,000

Research Development

$ 20,000

29,000

38,000

11,000

$ 98,000

SFCP Grant Administration V

Science Information Program — Translations

TOTAL

Total

$1,630,000

535,000

195,000

145,000

$2,505,000

35,000

75,000 $2,615,000

Estimated Obligations by Country (dollar equivalents)

Grants Administration

J/Includes transfers to the State Department for "Foreign Affairs

Administrative Support." 2/Includes estimates for the Science Information Program for translations, ^/Includes $1,020,000 estimated obligation for U.S. contribution to

Moenjodaro.

MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH (SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)

13

STATUS OF FUNDS

Unobligated Balance Start of Year

Appropriation

Recovery of Prior Years' Obligations

Unobligated Balance, End of Year

TOTAL OBLIGATION

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH (SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM) Fiscal Year 1984

List of Grants

ARCHEOLOGY AND RELATED DISCIPLINES

The study of archeology, anthropology, and related fields such as ethnology, are studies of changes in the human condition brought about by the environment and by cultural factors. Societies such as ours that are undergoing rapid change are subject to increasing pressures to accommodate new factors. These societies must look to studies of the history of man as well as to studies of today's condition to find answers to such questions as:

a) How have societies responded to similar pressures in the past?

b) What are those elements in our condition that are biological imperatives or are so culturally interdependent that we dare not change them? For example, is the family unit essential to the survival of our civilization?

c) What are the current options available to today's societies?

The urgency to understand the forces demanding change in human societies has caused scholars to study man and communities, past and present, for a better grasp of the process of social change.

Projects of United States institutions which contribute to understanding these processes and which received support in FY 1984, are listed below.

Institution

Principal Investigator

Obligation Number

$ Eqv,

BURMA

1. Duke U. Durham, NC

2. U. of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, HI

Development of a program on Burmese prehistory, INDIA

3. American Institute of Indian Studies Chicago, IL

E. Dimock

4061300, 4084250 & Amend. 1

$1,642,373

The American Institute of Indian Studies (AIIS) was founded in 1961 and today has a membership of 40 United States institutions- The AIIS is a unique national resource because it is the principal source of money supporting on an annual basis in the United States, the advancement of knowledge and understanding of India as well as the training in India of area specialists.

Moreover, the AIIS has served the U.S. national interest by sustaining active scholarly collaboration between the U.S. and India during periods of political stress when contacts have been interrupted. Disciplines sponsored by the AIIS are increasing from the original concentration on social sciences and the humanities to include the natural sciences as well. Smithsonian support of the AIIS has totalled more than $10,312,000 equivalent in Indian rupees over a seventeen-year period.

The AIIS provides administrative support for its fellows and for a major language program from a headquarters in New Delhi and small offices in Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, and Poona.

The principal activity of the AIIS has been the appointment of fellows. The SFCP currently provides most of the funds for this fellowship program. AIIS fellows receiving support during FY 1984 are listed below.

SENIOR RESEARCH FELLOWS

Ali Akbar Khan College

Amherst College

Arizona State University

California State University

Carleton College

City College of New York University

Colegio de Mexico

Columbia University

Florida International University

Harvard Medical School

Harvard University

Kansas State University

Lumen Dance Theater Miami School of Music Michigan State University

Geoffrey Lipner

Robert Thurman

Anne Feldhaus

Asoke Basu

Philip Engblom

Baidya Varma

David Lorenzen

Pramod Kale

David Lee

Daniel P. Brown

Pramod Chandra Diana Eck Akos Oster

Janet Benson William Richter Charles Stroh

Antonia Minnecola

Vicki Richards

Aruna N. Michie Barry Michie

Middlebury College New England Conservatory Northwestern University Sonoma State University Temple University Towson State University Unaffiliated

University of California

University of Chicago

University, of Illinois University of Iowa

University of Minnesota University of Pennsylvania

University of Virginia University of Washington University of Wisconsin

David Napier

Eric Charry

Manjunath Pendakur

Laxmi Tewari

Charles Weitz

Edwin Hirschman

Manibar Rahman Michael Siegell

Satendra Khanna Mattison Mines

Som R. Majumdar

CM. Nairn

George R. Strohl, III

Pallassana Balgopal Blair B. Kling

Wayne Begley Jeffrey L. Cox Sheldon Pollock

Robert Dixon James Perry

Thomas Fogarty Surendra Gambhir Vijay Gambhir Frederick Smith Sanford Steever

Murray Milner

John S. Hawley

Carol Hanson Manindra Verma

Western Michigan University

D.P.S. Dwarikesh

JUNIOR RESEARCH FELLOWS Duke University Harvard University

Kansas State University Kent State University New York University Stanford University Syracuse University

University of Arizona University of California

University of Chicago

University of Hawaii

University of Illinois University of Kansas University of Minnesota University of Pennsylvania

University of Rochester University of Washington

University of Wisconsin

David Rasmussen

Jane Casey Barbara Holdrege Cynthia Stangroom

Neena Kapoor

Gregory Booth

Monica Lawyer Bergman

Pradeep Dhillon

Swapna Mukhopadhyay Aditya Tyagi

Pamela Stanbury

Edwin Bernbaum Padma Kaimal Lydia Morales Victoria Mukerji Charles Pain

Neal Delmonico Patricia Gossraan Gail Hinich

Surojit Gupta Januna Ramadrishna

Debashish Bhattacherjee

Samuel Mathai

Glenn Ames

Jonathan David George Gillespie Thomas Zwicker

Lois Metcalf

Allen Kornmesser Robert Lucky

John Loud Sashi Pandey Carol Saavas

Institution

American Institute of Indian Studies Chicago, IL

Principal Investigator

N. Jairazbhoy

Obligation Number

41008100

$ Eqv, $145,518

The establishment of the Archives and Research Center for Ethnomusicology will provide a center for the documentation of traditional Indian folk music as studied by international scholars.

5. American Institute of Indian Studies Chicago, IL

G. Possehl

41008200

$255,570

The Center for Art and Archeology at Benares, India, is a vital research facility serving scholars of ancient and modern India from all over the world. The Center was established to apply rigorous scholarly standards to the massive job of photographing and indexing the art collections and temples and monuments of India which abound in every region of the subcontinent. The archive of more than 30,000 photographs continues to grow as important projects such as the photographing of collections in the Indian Museum in Calcutta are undertaken.

American Institute of Indian Studies Chicago, IL

E. Dimock

007560 Amend. 2

$2,000,000

A forward-funded reserve account has been established to support the activities of the American Institute of Indian Studies in India when the depletion of the U.S. India rupee account causes its removal from excess currency status.

7- American Institute of Indian Studies Chicago , IL

M. Verma

TX4000073,-074, $9,437 -075, & -076

Participation in the Third World Hindi Convention at New Delhi, October 1983.

Asian Cultural Council (agent for the American Panel of the Indo-U.S. Subcommission on Education and Culture) New York

T. Tanen

41009500 & 40619200

$264,885

Institution

Principal Investigator

Obligation Number

$ Sqv,

The Indo-American Fellowship Program, established in late 1975, was created to widen the circle of scholarly/professional contacts and increase the extent of collaboration between the U.S. and India. Fellowships are granted for research in India, primarily at the postdoctoral or equivalent level with substantial collaboration with Indian colleagues. The fellows who received support in FY 1984 are:

Atelier du Livre

Case Western Reserve University

Harvard University

Randolph-Macon Women's College

Stonehill College

Talladega College

Unaffiliated

Unaffiliated

University of California

University of Iowa

West Virginia University

U. of Minnesota F. & C. Asher Minneapolis, MN

Alexandra Soteriou John Taber Robert Gardner John d'Entremont Gregg de Young Leon P. Spencer Vickie Elson Henry Leo Schoebel Daniel Crowley Jeffrey Cox Edward Pytlik 41009300 $11,845

Preparation and study of architectural plans of the monuments at Nalanda, including a Buddhist monastery, will complete a picture of the evolution of the site from Lodi to Mughal architecture.

10. U. of Washington Seattle, WA

J. Bacharach

TX400111

$2,707

Participation in the International Numismatic symposium, January 1984, inaugurating the new center of the Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies at Nasik, India.

11. U. of Wisconsin Madison, WI

J. Elder

9037700 Amend - 7

$5,500

Preparation of documentary films on selected aspects of contemporary South Asian civilizations.

Principal Obligation Institution Investigator Number $ Eqv.

12. U. of Chicago J. Erdman TX400963 $2,642 Chicago , IL

Participation in the Ethnomusicology Seminar and Workshop at Pune.

13. U. of Pennsylvania F. Frankel 30616400 $1,200 Philadelphia, PA Amend. 1

U.S. and Indian scholars are collaborating in an effort to document regional patterns of political and economic change in modern India.

14. U. of New Mexico J. Fritz 40179600 $60,771 Albuquerque, NM TX400181

Study of Vijayanagara, the Hindu imperial capital, is providing valuable understanding of the organizational patterns and principles embodied in this greatest of medieval Hindu urban centers.

15. Case Western Reserve M. Goldstein TX400725 $1,000 U., Cleveland, OH

The final years of Tibetan history - 1933-1950 - will be documented with interviews of the aging refugees now residing in India.

16. Western Michigan U. A. Helweg TX400602 $206 Kalamazoo, MI

Widespread migration of professional and highly skilled Gujaratis is being studied to determine the little known effect of migration on the sending society.

17- Smithsonian R. Hebert TX400215 $2,731

Institution Washington, D.C.

Participation in the International Numismatic symposium, January 1984, inaugurating the new center of the Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies at Nasik, India.

18. Columbia U. B. Joshi TX400031 & $5,000

New York, NY -032

Indian participation in the conference on "Minority Development Strategies in Comparative Perspective" at Columbia University, November 1983.

Principal Obligation Institution Investigator Number $ Eqv.

19. U. of Houston P. Kolenda 40180900 & $48,870 Houston, TX Amend. 1

Restudy of the village Khalapur in northern India is providing valuable anthropological data on the changes which have occurred over a thirty-year period.

20. U. of Arizona M. Mahar 30725800 $6,716

Amend 1 & 2

The restudy of an Indian village after a 30-year Interval is providing a controlled picture of change in rural India.

21. U. of Wisconsin A. Narain TX400163 $4,547 Madison, WI

Participation in the International Numismatic Symposium, January 1984, inaugurating the new center of the Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies at Nasik, India.

22. Boston U. H. Papanek TX400276 $6,823 Boston, MA

Development of a program of collaborative investigation on women's education, employment, and family life.

23. U. of Pennsylvania G. Possehl 4018100 $89,633 Philadelphia, PA

The unusual change back to pastoral nomadism from urbanized civilization is being examined in an archeological program in Gujarat.

24. Duke U. J. Richards 41008400 $15,540 Durham, NC

Historical analysis of land use vegetation changes in India from 1800 to 1980 will provide new information for future land use management.

25. U. of Washington H. Sakata TX400867 $2,540 Seattle, WA

Participation in the Festival of Tribal Music and Dance at Lucknow, September 1984.

26. U. of Washington H. Schiffman 40972100 $15,159 Seattle, WA

Preparation of the first comprehensive English dictionary of the Tamil verb.

Principal Obligation In stit u tion Investigator Number $ Eqv.

27. Northeastern U. P. Serenyi 40917700 $27,324 Boston, MA

A study of the contemporary architecture of India will highlight Indian architects of the post-LeCorbusier period.

28. U. of California J- Sisson TX400772 $1,914 Los Angeles, CA

Development of a program to commemorate the golden anniversary of the Indian National Congress.

29. U. of Michigan W. Spink 40136100 $33,560 Ann Arbor, MI

Current studies of the Buddhist cave paintings at Ajanta are seeking to prove that the extensive decorations developed in a twenty-year burst of activity rather than over the two century period previously thought.

30. U. of Arizona W. Stini TX400187 $2,928 Tucson, AZ

Participation in the Silver Jubilee Conference on Man and the Environment at Calcutta, December 1983.

31. Oakland University R. Tucker TX400211 $6,040 Rochester, MI

Massive deforestation in India began under colonial rule. A survey of the modern history of ecological change during the years of British administration will provide information for development of a management model for the future.

32. Southern F. Wendorf TX400230.-232, $6,582 Methodist U. & Amends. 1

Dallas, TX

Publication of archeological reports on the prehistory of Egypt.

33. American U. C. White 41009200 $51,000 Washington, D.C.

The rich Vaishnava literary heritage of India is being recorded and conserved with a major effort to microfilm documents in private and public collections throughout India.

Institution

Principal Investigator

Obligation Number

$ Eqv,

PAKISTAN

34. U. of California Berkeley, CA

G. Dales

TX400332, -333, -334

$15,694

Research into the paleo-environmental and archeological history of a 4000 B-C. coastal site in Pakistan illustrating that Balakot was indeed a seaport (now several miles inland) and that trade was carried on with Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf. The boring of stratigraphic cores is determining the physical environmental situation in relation to the ancient coastline and may provide historical information directly bearing on present-day development schemes for harbors and coastal facilities.

35- U. of Colorado Boulder, CO

L. Flam

TX400891, & -992

$9,874

Development of a program of prehistoric archeological excavation at Ghazi Shah.

36. Wesleyan U.

Middletown, CT

L. Keiser

40250400

$71,518

A program of ethnographic research in Pakistan is gathering basic data on patterns of social structure, culture, linguistics, and population of little known tribal and peasant groups of northern Pakistan.

SYSTEMATIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

For much of our history as a nation, we have regarded technology as the key to the betterment of the human condition. It is a concept that once stood virtually unquestioned and which has profoundly influenced changing cultural patterns around the world. Today, however, it is becoming increasingly obvious that technology exacts its price, one that is multiplied by new levels of population. Biological scientists who once concerned themselves with laying the brick-work of the edifice of human knowledge now find themselves with a new responsibility. We now know that it is imperative to establish norms for our environmental systems, to monitor changes, and to predict the consequences of social policies that may have an injurious environmental impact. American scientists are again the leaders in international research efforts in these new fields. Through the long-term collaborative relationships between American and foreign institutions and scholars, research conducted under the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program serves as a foundation for the intense efforts that will be required to solve the problems of biological science that transcend national boundaries.

Institution

Principal Investigator

Obligation Number

$ Eqv,

BURMA

37. New York U. New York, NY

H. Bowling

TX400688

$923

Investigation of the snakes of Burma will provide a comprehensive listing of the poisonous and non-poisonous varieties, now non-existent in a country which has the highest mortality rate from snake bites.

38. Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C,

M. Moynihan

TX400406

$448

Development of a program of behavioral studies of marine invertebrates.

39- California Academy T. Roberts TX4100790 $448

of Sciences Los Angeles, CA

Development of a program of systematic studies of the freshwater fishes of Burma.

40. Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C.

M. Robinson & TX400095 & R. Rubinoff -104

$1,530

Development of a program of collaborative research in environmental and evolutionary biology.

Principal Obligation Institution Investigato r Number $ Eqv.

INDIA

41. International G. Archibald TX400710 $4,449 Crane Fdn.

Baraboo, WI

Development of a program of ecological studies of the reproductive behavior of cranes will contribute to the development of a conservation plan for these threatened birds.

42. Smithsonian D. Challinor TX400095 to -102, $73,051 Institution -104, -106, -109, Washington, D.C. -110, -125, -132,

-156, -167, -172 -814

U-S- participation in the Centenary Symposium of the Bombay Natural History Society, December 1963.

43. Brown U. G. Conroy TX300171 $227 Providence, RI Amend. 1

Paleontological studies in the Siwaliks of India will fill in the enormous geographical gap between primate discoveries in Pakistan and China.

44. Iowa State U. C. Davis 4013600 $130,517 Ames, IA

Studies on the vegetation in the Bharatpur wetland will be used to develop indices and guidelines for predicting the impact that the changes in water regime will have on vegetation development in semitropical, monsoonal freshwater wetlands.

45. Iowa State U. C. Davis 400376, -377, $7,044 Ames, IA -378, -379

U.S. participation in the International Workshop of the World Council for the Biosphere.

46 New York U. H. Dowling TX400688 $3,664 New York, NY

Examination of collections of Burmese snakes in Indian collections is providing basic information for the development of a comprehensive study of the snakes of Burma.

47 U. of Washington D. Farner TX400062,-63,-64, $10,686 Seattle, WA -65,-72,-80, -83

U.S. participation in the International Symposium on Environment and Hormones, December 1983, at Srinigar.

Principal Obligation Institution Investigator Number $ Eqv.

48. Carnegie Museum C. Gans 30543300 $46,443 of Natural History Amend. 1

Pittsburgh, PA

A baseline collection of reptiles and amphibians is being made in south India before environmental destruction of the forests destroys the large endemic population of these animals.

49. U. of Michigan P. Grant 40998100 $12,700 Ann Arbor, MI

A field study of Old World Leaf Warblers, using variation in plumage patterns will contribute to a greater understanding of speciation mechanisms in continental birds.

50. U. of Minnesota P. Jordan TX400060 & $7,906 St. Paul, MN -111

A program of scientific tiger monitoring in Indian parks will introduce new techniques developed during similar programs in Nepal.

51. Smithsonian K. Krishna Raju TX400852 $2,500 Institution

Washington, D.C.

Consultation with museum staff on the development of a collaborative program of biological research in the Eastern Ghats.

52. Smithsonian K. Kumar TX400890 $400 Institution

Washington, D.C.

Travel to the U.S. to undertake a fellowship in paleontology at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C.

53. U. of North Dakota J. Lang TX400350 & $29,136 Grand Forks, ND 40992500

Investigation of the reproductive behavior of the mugger crocodile will contribute to the development of a management plan for rearing and breeding this endangered animal.

54. Minnesota Zoological J. Lewis TX400709 $2,865 Garden

Apple Valley, MN

Participation in the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Cat Specialist Group meeting at Kanha National Park, April 1984.

Principal Obligation Institution Investigator Number $ Eqv.

55. Washington U. W. Lewis TX400188 $5,257

St. Louis, MO

Participation in meetings of the Indian Aerobiological Society at Hyderabad, December 1983.

56 Smithsonian M. Moynihan TX400406 $3,500 Institution

Washington, D.C.

Behavioral studies of cephalopods in South India will provide important comparative material for studies of New World species.

57 U. of Michigan R. Nussbaum TX4000033 & $14,475 Ann Arbor, MI -34

Development of a collaborative program of systematic studies of Indian caecilians, limbless, burrowing amphibians and probably the least studied order of terrestrial vertebrates.

58. Pennsylvania State U. D. Pearson 4046300 $10,706

University Park, PA

Observational and manipulative tests on Indian tiger beetles are providing for comparative studies on New World species.

59- Boston U. R. Primack TX400103 $5,776

Boston, MA

Development of a project to analyze growth rates of tropical trees in the Western Ghats of India utilizing data which has been measured every five years since 1939-

60. Smithsonian T. Reed TX4000000 & $5,367 Institution Amend. 1

Washington, D.C.

Consultation with zoo and wildlife officials on the development of new facilities in India.

61. Smithsonian S. Ripley & TX300951 $546 Institution B- Beehler Amend. 1

Washington, D.C.

An ornithological field survey in Andhra Pradesh, India, examined an area previously studied in the 1930's to assess the faunal changes under the pressure of uncontrolled development.

Principal Obligation Institution Investigator Number $ Eqv.

62. California Academy T. Roberts 4100790 $11,668 of Sciences

Los Angeles, CA

Modern collecting of freshwater fishes from South Asia are incomplete. Specimens of these fishes collected in the Western Ghats of India will provide well-documented and preserved specimens from an important, but little studied area.

63. Smithsonian R. Rudran TX400811 & $5,000 Institution -812

Washington, D.C.

Travel of Indian participants in a summer conservation field training program at the National Zoological Park Conservation Center at Front Royal, Virginia.

64. Duke U. E. Simons TX400586, $10,480 Durham, NC -587, & -588

The study of natural slender loris populations in South India will provide important data for the management for the only captive breeding population in the west, located at Duke Primate Center.

65. Utah State U. J. Skujins TX400227 $3,000 Logan, UT

U.S. participation in the Man in the Biosphere project, "Impact of Human Activities on the Organic Matter Productivity of Grazing Lands," at New Delhi, December 1983-

66. U. of Minnesota J. Smith TX400387 $2,300 St. Paul, MN

Participation in the IUCN Cat Specialist Group meeting at Kanha National Park, April 1984.

67- Smithsonian C. Suresh TX400835 $3,000

Institution Washington, D.C.

Travel to U.S. to a fellowship in botany at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C.

68. Ohio State U. C. Triplehorn TX400030 $2,500

Columbus, OH

Travel of Indian participant in the Entomological Society of America meetings at Detroit, November 1983.

Institution

Principal Investigator

Obligation Number

$ Eqv,

PAKISTAN

69- Howard U.

Washington, D.C.

S.T. Hussain

41007800

$100,000

Field studies of recently discovered vertebrate fauna from the Miocene lower Siwaliks of Pakistan, includes six families of rodents and two of insec-tivores some of which are new to South Asian fossil deposits.

70. Harvard U. Cambridge, MA

D. Pilbeam

30942300, Amend. 1 & 41008000

$119,952

In a search for fossils of small and large animals in Pakistan, particularly for primates dating from the time of man's earliest development, a collaborative effort between Harvard University and the Geological Survey of Pakistan is striving toward a better understanding of the evolution of man.

71. American Museum of Natural History New York, NY

J. Rozen, Jr,

TX400515, -516, -517, & -518

$19,296

Investigation of the bees of Pakistan is providing a better understanding of the classification, natural history, and zoogeography of these insects which play a significant role in the pollination of plants important to man.

ASTROPHYSICS AND EARTH SCIENCES

The study of astrophysics and earth sciences is the study of man's available energy and mineral resources. Studies of the stars and their origins reveal much about the origin, composition, behavior and fate of the Earth. The forces governing the stars are the same as those governing the star which is our Sun. The Earth was born of solar minerals, and the Sun remains the source of all energy, fossil or otherwise, available to man today. Uranium, for example, which provides the fuel for atomic power plants, is present in the Sun as well as in the Earth. Coal and oil are fossil remains of plants and animals which once relied on sunshine for life, just as all life does today.

Studies, like those listed below, which received Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program support in FY 1984 are contributing to knowledge essential to meet man's future energy and mineral needs, to understand and predict such natural phenomena as earthquakes, and to foster space age developments. Such projects help host nations, particularly the developing nations, improve their scientific output while providing United States institutions with collaborators, facilities or field research opportunities essential to the conduct of such studies, judged most likely to advance man's knowledge to his available energy and mineral resources.

Institution

Principal Investigator

Obligation Number

$ Eqv,

INDIA

72. Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C.

G. Fazio

TXU00866

$4,699

Travel of Indian participant in a balloon borne far-infrared telescope program at the Center for Astrophysics at Cambridge, Massachusetts.

73. Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C.

K. Fredriksson

TX400398

$3,764

Continuation of meteorite studies of the Lonar impact crater.

74. U. of Maryland M. Kundu 40179500 $57,584 College Park, MD

U.S. participation in the Second Indo-U.S. Workshop on Solar Terrestrial Physics.

75- Massachusetts Inst, of Technology Cambridge, MA

P. Molnar

TX400091, -093, & -094

$4,363

Development of a collaborative program of research on the deep structure and active tectonics of the Himalayas.

Principal Obligation Institution Investigator Number $ Eqv.

76 U. of Southern S. Prasad 41008300 $6,360 California

University Park, CA

Models of the chemical evolution of interstellar clouds are vitally important to an understanding of molecular cloud structure, star formation, and galactic. This collaborative project is the first to link the chemistry, heating and cooling, and hydrodynamic collapse of an interstellar cloud as it evolves toward star formation.

77 George Washington U. E. Sabadell TX400240 through $19,71** Washington, D.C. 246 & 510

U.S. participation in the U.S.-India Workshop on Arid Zone Research, Jodhpur, January 1984.

78. Washington State U. P. Rosenberg TX400105 $5,865

Pullman, WA

New techniques for determination of uranium residence times are being developed in a collaborative program with the Physical Research Laboratory at Ahmedabad.

79- U. of Texas V. Szebehely TX400889 $2,500

Austin, TX

Development of a collaborative program of research on the gravitational problem of three bodies.

80. U. of California V. Trimble TX400851 $1,506 Irvine, CA

U.S. participation in astrophysical workshops commemorating the Golden Jubilee of the Indian Academy of Sciences.

81. U. of Colorado M. Wyss TX400525 & $4,376 Boulder, CO -526

Development of a program of collaborative research in earthquake hazard and prediction.

PAKISTAN

82. U. of Nebraska J. Shroder TX400726 $5,638 Lincoln, NB

Development of a program of collaborative geological field research on the Late Cenozoic intermontane basins of northern Pakistan.

MUSEUM PROGRAMS

The scope of museum activities is growing and changing. The traditional museum role has been the care and preservation of scientific specimens and cultural objects for study and reevaluation as new techniques and data become available- Today museums also have a growing role belonging traditionally to universities. They also play a growing role in communication between present-day cultures, drawing together peoples of different lands when language barriers prevent exchange of basic information. Museums are now making more use of their skilled personnel and their collections for popular education. Increasingly, museums are broadening the interpretation of museum collections to include living cultural traditions such as crafts and the performing arts.

Projects like those listed below, which received Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program support in FY 1984, support both the traditional and the newer roles of museums. These projects respond to those needs of the museum profession not met within the natural sciences and cultural history areas of the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program.

Institution

Principal Investigator

Obligation Number

$ Eqv.

INDIA

83. Asian Cultural Council (As Agent for Indo-U.S. Sub-commission on Education & Culture) New York, NY

T. Tanen

20494600 Amend - 3, 20854300 Amend. 2 & 3, 40579100 & 41009400 TX400351

$390,226

Continuation of museum-related programs and exchanges under the Indo-U.S Subcommission on Education and Culture-

""• American Association

of Museums Washington, D.C.

E. Hersher

TX400606

$2,000

Travel of Dr. Grace Morley to the U.S. to participate in meetings of the American Association of Museums and to receive an award for distinguished service, June 1984.

85. Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C.

C. Rose

TX400813

$2,500

Travel of Indian participant in the Sixth International Biodeterioration Symposium, at Washington, D.C, August 1984.

Institution

86. Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C.

Principal Investigator

P. Seitel

Obligation Number

TX400993 & -94

$ Eqv. $7,041

As part of the Festival of India in the U.S., the Smithsonian will present a major exhibition, Aditi: a Celebration of Life , featuring live folk artists and their crafts and performances.

87- Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C.

W. Washburn

TX400228

$2,580

Consultation with Indian scholars of the United States to enhance American studies programs in India.

88. Carnegie Museum of D. Schlitter TX300077 Natural History H. Genoways Amend. 1 Pittsburgh, PA

$283

U.S. participation in a zoological collections management workshop at Calcutta.

SFCP GRANTS ADMINISTRATION

34

Institution

Principal Investigator

Obligation Number

$ Eqv,

BURMA

89. Smithsonian Transfer $10

Institution Washington, D.C.

Burmese kyats were transferred to the State Department for Foreign Affairs Administrative Support, the costs incurred by the State Department in providing administrative support to Foreign Currency Program grantees in the excess currency countries.

INDIA

90. Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C,

Transfer

$13,675

Indian rupees were transferred to the State Department for Foreign Affairs Administrative Support, the costs incurred by the State Department in providing administrative support to Foreign Currency Program grantees in the excess currency countries.

91. Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C.

TX300156

$8,924

This obligation supported inspection and audit of research projects and liaison with host country governments by Smithsonian staff and advisors.

92. Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C,

309^2400 Amend. 1

$50,000

This obligation is for the development, conduct, and administration of Smithsonian/SFCP projects in India-

PAKISTAN

93. Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C

Transfer

$66

Pakistan rupees were transferred to the State Department for Foreign Affairs Administrative Support, the costs incurred by the State Department in providing administrative support to Foreign Currency Program grantees in the excess currency countries.

Institution

94. Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C.

Principal Investigator

Obligation Number

400494,-495, -498,-499, -901, & -902

$ Eqv. $19,196

This obligation supported inspection and audit of research projects and liaison with host country governments by Smithsonian staff and advisors,

SCIENCE INFORMATION PROGRAM FOR TRANSLATIONS

Principal Obligation Institution Investigator Number $ Eqv.

95- Science Information ST302742 $180,000

Program

Indian rupees were obligated for translations of publications of priority-interest to scholars conducting research in the natural sciences and cultural history.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES

3 9088 01681 1010