3A. NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK DEVELOPMENT PLAN, FY 1984-FY 1989

82

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, RESTORATION AND RENOVATION PROGRAM, FY 1985-1989

QUADRANGLE: ESTIMATED RESOURCES ASSOCIATED WITH PROGRAM AND SUPPORT OPERATIONS, FY 1985-1989

87

102

APPENDIX I: APPLICATION OF SMITHSONIAN OPERATING RESOURCES FY 1983 AND PROJECTED THROUGH FY 1989 BY ORGANIZATION

104

APPENDIX II

SCIENCE (TABLE 6) 105

HISTORY AND ART (TABLE 7) 111

PUBLIC SERVICE (TABLE 8) 119

MUSEUM PROGRAMS (TABLE 9) 123

SPECIAL PROGRAMS (TABLE 10) 131

ASSOCIATE PROGRAMS (TABLE 11) 139

BUSINESS MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES (TABLE 12) 143 ADMINISTRATIVE, FINANCIAL AND OTHER

SUPPORT SERVICES (TABLE 13) 148

SMITHSONIAN OPERATING RESOURCES 151

FY 1975-FY 1989 IN CONSTANT 1983

DOLLARS

APPENDIX III: EXAMPLES OF COLLECTIONS RELATED RESEARCH

155

ORGANIZATION CHART OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

158

At the meeting of the Board of Regents, January 25, 1984, it was

VOTED that the Board of Regents approves the Five-Year Prospectus dated January 25, 1984, covering the fiscal years 1985 to 1989, anticipating the annual revisions will similarly be presented for its approval.

S.£o

Secretary

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION FIVE-YEAR PROSPECTUS FY 1985 - 1989 INTRODUCTION

James Smithson bequeathed the whole of his property "to the United States of America, to found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men." In doing so, he created a charitable trust, through the terms of which the United States would serve as trustees for purposes directed toward the benefit of all mankind. By the Act of July 1, 1836, Congress accepted Smithson's bequest, and pledged the "faith of the United States" to carry out its purposes. In the Act of August 10, 1846, Congress established the Institution in its present form and placed responsibilities for management with a Board of Regents.

The Smithsonian is a unique combination of a privately endowed and governmentally supported institution administered by a Board composed of both ex officio governmental officials and governmentally selected citizens. This arrangement has made possible the remarkable achievements of the Institution during the 137 years of its existence. Over the years, this unique Institution has come to be regarded as one of the world's most important repositories for both private and public collections and for contributions from donors who wish to support the increase and diffusion of knowledge. The great National Collections now consist substantially of private gifts. Continuing additions to the Smithsonian's trust funds have expanded and nourished the Institution's usefulness. Appropriations recommended by successive Administrations and approved by successive Congresses have provided steadily increasing federal support for many of the Smithsonian's far reaching services to the public. Through the development of the Smithsonian Associate programs, the Institution now has a nationwide group of interested supporters who sponsor many of its educational activities across the country.

The Smithsonian Institution's programs are devoted to public education, research, and national service in the arts, sciences, and history. Centered on the Mall in Washington, D.C., it also operates major facilities and activities elsewhere in Washington, across the country, and overseas. It is one of the world's leading research centers and encompasses the world's largest museum complex, attracting approximately 25,000,000 visitors annually to its musums, galleries, and zoological park. Additional millions of people also view Smithsonian traveling exhibitions, which appear through-

out the United States and abroad, and its annual folklife festival. As custodian of the National Collections, it possesses more than 100,000,000 art objects, natural history specimens, and artifacts, a figure based on a recently completed inventory generously supported by Congress. The collections are displayed for the enjoyment and education of visitors and are utilized for research by staff of the Institution and by hundreds of visiting students, scientists, and historians each year. Other significant study efforts draw their data and results directly from terrestrial, marine, and astrophysical observations made in the field or located in data collections of various Smithsonian installations.

The broad goal of the Smithsonian Institution is the increase and diffusion of knowledge about Man, his culture and his environment. To accomplish this, the Smithsonian conducts a wide range of programs, many of which are joint ventures in cooperation with other institutions, universities, and government agencies in the United States and on every continent. As an outgrowth of basic scientific research, fundamental data are assembled for use by planners and research workers in other organizations, both government and private. Much of this activity fosters conservation, and can be expected to lead to results that are directly applicable to national needs and goals. Historical research, which enhances knowledge of this nation's growth through studies of technological development, art, and folklife and folklore traditions, also is a major endeavor.

The results of the Institution's research are disseminated to a wide audience through books, monographs, exhibit catalogues, and education pamphlets. Public-oriented programs include exhibits, performances, radio, television, and Smithsonian magazine. The management and care of the National Collections and a program for the selective acquisition of important items are basic commitments. Administration and support functions, including the development and care of facilities, protection and management services, serve the program elements of the Institution.

In the fall of 1977, the Regents and the Secretary established a five-year forward planning process covering all activities of the Institution. This process has proven to be an useful mechanism for management to examine development alternatives and to communicate important results and information to the Institution's Congressional authorizing and appropriations committees, and to other interested constituents. The Five-Year Prospectus, FY 1985-1989 is the sixth in a series of documents resulting from that action.

The process is an annual one and involves the preparation of plans and resource projections by each of the Smithsonian's organizations. The review of these materials by appropriate executive staff members occurs throughout the spring and summer months simultaneously with the assembly of the federal and trust budgets for the forthcoming fiscal year. A draft Prospectus is

prepared and submitted to the Regents for initial consideration in September of each year. Following the Regents' approval of the forthcoming budgets in September, and the review in November by the Office of Management and Budget of the Institution's federal budget request, the Prospectus is adjusted and prepared for approval by the Regents at their January meeting. If approved, it is distributed to the Institution's various Congressional committees at about the same time as the request for Congressional appropriations .

The Prospectus represents a summary of the areas that will be given priority and emphasis over the next five years and contains a chapter which describes some of the Institution's longer-range facility and operating objectives, projecting various activities ahead to about JjY 2000. The Prospectus should be read in conjunction with another publication, the Smithsonian Institution's Programs and Activities , which provides background information on the programs of each of the Institution's operating activities. The content presented here is arranged by the major organization grouping of the Institution and corresponds to the assembly of the FY 1985 budget being presented to the Congress; i.e., Science, History and Art, Public Service, and Museum Programs, with separate sections treating Special Programs, Associate Programs, Business Management Activities, and administrative and facilities development plans. Detailed projections and brief descriptions for the bureaus and offices appear in Appendix I. Several items discussed in the text, along with the financial figures for FY 1985, complement the Institution's budget submission to the Office of Management and Budget, and also appear in that document.

The Prospectus reflects needs and opportunities that the Smithsonian has described before. It emphasizes selected aspects of the Institution's work while assuring that others will continue at approximately the present level of activity. Areas of emphasis include collections management, security of collections and other property, automation of records and systems where possible, basic research, exhibition programs, administrative and technical support, the maintenance of current facilities, the completion of most work for the Zoological Park at Rock Creek and the Front Royal Conservation Center, the successful establishment of Quadrangle facilities and operations, and the restoration and preservation of landmark facilities such as the General Post Office Building. Also, funds supporting activities in celebration of the Bicentennial of the Constitution are incorporated for future years. The Museum Support Center at Suit land continues to need appropriate operating and equipment purchase resources for the activities to be housed there. Resources for the Quadrangle and the Museum Support Center appear in the Special Program chapter, Appendix I (Table 10), and Table 5.

Model of the Quadrangle; actual construction to be completed January 1986.

In addition, through its trust operations, the Institution will continue to concentrate on ways to develop quality educational products for the visiting public and Associate programs, sustain growth in endowment reserves, supplement important programs such as collections acquisitions, fellowships, tours, selected research investigations, conferences, and symposia of timely importance. Unrestricted trust funds and private donations are being used to cover one-half the construction costs of the Quadrangle.

In a significant way, through the budget process, the Institution has redirected current federal resources to meet high priority needs and has applied unrestricted trust fund income as self-help contributions to maintain the administrative support balance and to strengthen programs of acquisition, research, and education. Such efforts will continue to the best of the Institution's ability given the pressures at work on the federal budget to reduce spending while public use of our services remains strong, and given the uncertainty surrounding the continued availability of unrestricted trust income from auxiliary and other activities. Although the present revenues are encouraging, the Institution's management feels only guardedly optimistic about any five-year projection of such income. The public acceptance of the Institution's products or services, such as those performed by the National Associates, is speculative. It is possible, for example, that in the next five years the Magazine which is the most popular of the Associates' activities, may suffer a relative decline. Similarly, purchases in the Institution's shops, sales of books or records, or the sale of other products issued as services through the Associates' activities may decline. As with any such projections, therefore, it seems imperative that appropriate safeguards should be taken against the assumption that the expansion of these activities will continue in an unbroken progressive curve.

The Institution will continue to pursue the following principal objectives over the next five years.

Objectives

Principal Funding Source(s)

Operations

To equip and operate the Museum Support Center, including as an integral part the development of a collections conservation and conservation training program.

Federal Appropriations and Nonappropriated Unrestricted Trust Funds

2. To open, equip, and operate the

Quadrangle including establishment of the major international exhibit, research, collections, and education programs.

Federal Appropriations Nonappropriated Unrestricted Trust Funds

and private donations

The zigzag design of the Museum Support Center (dedicated in May 1983) creates maximum adjacency between the four-pod, loft-like storage area and the separate, two-story office/laboratory complex; it also makes the building easily expandable.

To strengthen museum operations in the research, documentation, and care of the collections through inventories, the future development of automated security and information retrieval systems, and conservation programs. In FY 1983 inventories, tailored to the needs of different types of specimens and objects, were completed, and collections to be relocated to the Museum Support Center are beginning to be transferred.

Federal Appropriations

To improve the level of technical assistance, equipment, and program funds which support collections related and other original research by the Institution's professional staff. Priority is placed on stimulating innovative approaches to research through competition and outside peer evaluation, and through in-residence fellowships for senior and aspiring junior scholars, especially women and minorities.

Federal Appropriations and Nonappropriated Unrestricted Trust Funds

To develop contemporary exhibitions and exhibition techniques to communicate to the Institution's audiences recent discoveries, important ideas, and new results of scholarship in science, history and art.

Federal Appropriations

To enhance the Institution's activities in national and international cultural and environmental conservation, research and education with emphasis on temperate and tropical biology, and on the conservation and study of endangered species.

Federal Appropriations

To continue to offer the nation an outstanding magazine, and other quality publications on subjects within the Institution's responsibilities; to utilize the latest technologies and methods to provide radio programs, recordings, and television presentations

Nonappropriated Unrestricted Trust Funds

To strengthen the National Collections for research and exhibitions through the acquisition of important objects and specimens.

To augment administrative, financial, and other support services to meet current and anticipated program needs. Areas of special emphasis include information management, personnel, facilities planning and engineering, security, and library services to meet the total requirements of the Institution; computer and photographic services in connection with improved documentation of the collections; and facility and protection services. Strengthening of equal employment opportunities and activities will also receive increased attention over the planning period.

Facilities

Federal Appropriations, Nonappropriated Unrestricted Trust Funds, and private donations

Federal Appropriations and Nonappropriated Unrestricted Trust Funds

To develop the Quadrangle (the area bounded by the Smithsonian Institution Building, The Freer Gallery of Art, the Arts and Industries Building, and Independence Avenue) to accommodate the activities of the Center for African, Near Eastern, and Asian Cultures.

Federal Appropriations, Nonappropriated Unrestricted Trust Funds, and private donations

To acquire and restore the General Post Office Building for public use and enjoyment as a center for the exhibit and study of American art and culture.

To pursue the development of animal and public facilities at the Zoological Park in Rock Creek Valley, and to improve the research, conservation, and visitor education facilities at the Zoo's Research and Conservation Center at Front Royal, Virginia.

Federal Approprations

Federal Appropriations

General Post Office Building, view of the F Street entrance.

General Post Office Building, view from corner of Seventh and F Streets.

4. To repair, upgrade, and restore Federal Appropriations Smithsonian buildings to keep them

in safe and functional condition with special emphasis on the provision of fire detection, containment, and suppression systems, access by handicapped persons, building exteriors, and energy conservation.

5. To provide new and renovated facilities Federal Appropriations at the Smithsonian's Washington, D.C.

and field locations for purposes of facilitating research and educational programs.

For the most part, the effects of inflation cannot be incorporated realistically into the Institution's resource forecasts for bureau and program operations. Summary Table 1, however, attempts to show the general levels of resources that would materialize assuming legislated pay changes are forthcoming in the range of 4 to 6 percent per year and assuming federal nonpersonnel purchases occur based on price changes for future years as derived from indices supplied by the Office of Management and Budget. Similar patterns are incorporated for trust projections. By FY 1989, resources from all sources required for various operations would increase from FY 1983 levels of approximately $269,000,000 to about $430,000,000.

Exclusive of legislated pay increases, federal salaries and expenses are projected to increase approximately $76,000,000. Significant additions are forecast for such items as security and protection, utility costs, necessary pay increases, inflation in nonpay areas, research equipment, equipping and operating the Museum Support Center and the Quadrangle, basic and interpretive research utilizing the collections and scientific and cultural information, improvement to technical and administrative support, and for physical operations and maintenance.

Operations supported with nonappropriated trust funds and federal grants and contracts are expected to increase by approximately $43,000,000. These increases involve primarily the revenue producing activities, including the Magazine and the Smithsonian Press, where production expenses are predicted to increase considerably. Detailed forecasting of federal grant and contract activities is difficult to achieve, but the Institution expects some increasing support for various operations in future years.

Appendix II presents a summary of areas of operations incorporating inflationary effects into the projections, and converting institutional resource growth into constant FY 1983 dollars.

Finally, operations funded by restricted trust fund resources are expected to increase somewhat, largely as a result of expectations regarding restricted gifts and grants in future years. This forecast may change over the fiscal year.

The trust fund forecasts assume the Institution will make measured progress in increasing its capital reserves (endowments), thus approximately $2,500,000 to $3,000,000 a year is incorporated into the projections for this purpose. In addition, trust support for fellowship stipends, collections acquisition, research, and other educational activities is projected to be slightly higher in future years if economic conditions permit, and if the Institution's auxiliary and revenue-producing activities continue to perform in a satisfactory fashion. Provision has been made in FY 1984 to apply an amount of $2,700,000 towards construction of the Quadrangle. This represents the balance of the approximate $9,500,000 of institutional trust funds to be used for this purpose as previously approved by the Regents. Federal construction appropriations of $36,500,000 or one-half of the total estimated construction costs, were received in FY 1983 (recision of $8,000,000 of this amount occurred during the FY 1984 budget process). Emphasis is being given to raising funds from private donors to finish the project during the planning period.

Major additions to physical facilities are expected over the next five years other than the Quadrangle. The Institution is working toward ■ acquiring the General Post Office Building, now occupied by the International Trade Commission, with expectations of restoring the facility for public and museum uses. In addition, major projects are currently envisioned for the Environmental Research Center near Edgewater, Maryland, the Rock Creek facilities of the Zoological Park, the Freer Gallery, Administrative Services, and the Air and Space Museum. Projects for this latter organization include an initial storage facility for large air and space craft funded from appropriations, and modifications to the present mall building for establishing trust funded food services which will serve the public in a much more suitable fashion than at present. Improvements and contemplated changes to other facilities include the installation of fire detection and suppression systems, the correction of other hazardous conditions and attention to disabled persons access, the provision of renovated and new-facilities (such as the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum, the Whipple Observatory, and the Tropical Research Institute) and a continuing program of repairs and maintenance to all Smithsonian buildings.

Notes on Financial Projections

The tables were designed to show trends in the Institution's future year resource patterns, and to reflect the changes and growth contained in the narrative portions of this report. The FY 1983 figures are end-of-year expenditures and income. FY 1984 figures are those approved by Congress, Board of Regents' authorization to expend the FY 1984 appropriation, and 3oard of Regents' approval of the nonappropriated trust fund portion of the FY 1984 budget.

The FY 1985 figures are those contained in the President's budget submitted'to Congress in January 1984. Projections for years FY 1986-1939 were derived from basic materials prepared by the organizations and bureaus of the Institution and then reviewed by the appropriate members of the Secretary's Executive Committee. The trends represent management's best estimate of federal and trust resources that will be needed to meet program and operating aspirations of the Institution.

Trust fund projections, as mentioned earlier, are particularly vulnerable to fluctuations in the nation's economic climate. They are presented to help explain the expected use of these funds. Trust funds are composed of restricted and unrestricted funds. Unrestricted trust funds (general and special purpose) originate from a variety of sources including income from endowments and current fund investments, parking and food service concessions, sales of Smithsonian products based on designs and objects in the collections, the Resident and National Associate Programs (including Smithsonian magazine), a publications program, and the museum shops. In addition, certain bureaus have their own income-producing activities, such as the Theater and Spacearium operations of the Air and Space Museum. Restricted trust funds include gifts, grants, endowment, and other income designated for specific projects and purposes by the donor. The Freer fund is the largest example in this category, being strictly controlled under the terms of the original bequest for the sole use of the Gallery.

There are three major purposes to which the unrestricted trust funds are applied. First, the expenses of the Associate Programs and revenue-producing activities, such as the Smithsonian magazine and the museum shops, are funded from the earned income of these activities. Second, central management and administrative service units of the Institution, such as legal counsel, accounting, personnel, supply and others, receive trust fund allotments funded almost entirely from the overhead recovery on grants and contracts administered by the Smithsonian and from administrative fees charged to trust-funded activities. General operating funds are also provided to various units for research and other specific purposes. Third, a variety of allocations for important institutional and bureau needs has been made with the approval of the Board of Regents, such as the Collections Acquisition, Scholarly Studies, and Education Programs; the Institution's Fellowship programs; and the reserve for the Quadrangle development.

After the three major categories of operating expense financed with unrestricted trust funds are met, the remaining unrestricted income is designated for three purposes. Funds are transferred to the museums and galleries in recognition of their assistance in the planning and carrying out of museum shop, product development, and concession programs. These

funds are used for the general operations of the recipient bureaus. A second designation is for improvements to the physical plant or land acquisitions. Finally, funds permitting, the Institution makes an annual transfer to its endowment for the purpose of providing income for rising costs in future years.

The other source of nonappropriated funding, federal grants and contracts, is made available to the Smithsonian by governmental agencies and departments to support specific types of research, educational or other projects which the Smithsonian can undertake as a result of its expertise or its ability to respond quickly to certain kinds of needs.

Tables 1 and 2 . Table 1 contains general levels of dollar resources (or revenues) from various sources which the Institution projects will be necessary for the conduct of its operations. In a summary fashion, it incorporates estimates for inflation and pay increases associated with federal and trust operations of the Institution. Table 2 projects expenses by functional area of operation (Science, History and Art, etc.) along with the application of trust funds to such items as plant improvements; endowments; and special activities such as the Collection Acquisition, Scholarly Studies, and Education Programs.

Tables 3> 3A and 4 . All major construction projects are included that are underway or being planned. For some future projects, detailed planning and estimating remain to be done (e.g. base camp facilities at Mt. Hopkins for the Whipple Observatory and storage facilities for the Air and Space Museum) and the amounts as well as the possible sources of funding have not been fully determined.

Tab1e 5 . Projections associated with programs and operating activities of units to be located in the Quadrangle, along with some expected maintenance and support costs, are consolidated in Table 5 to provide an overview of the organizational resources involved in that new facility.

Appendix I, Tables 6 through 13 . These contain detailed expense projections for the Institution's museums, galleries, and laboratories. For ease of presentation, expenses associated with the various administrative, financial, and support organizations of the Institution are grouped into three categories in Table 13: (1) Central Management Offices, (2) Specialized Administrative and Technical Offices, and (3) Facilities Offices.

A ppendix II, Table 14 . Presents operating funds for the period FY 1975-FY 1989 in actual and constant 1983 dollars.

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SCIENCE

The science programs of the Institution consist of the Museum of Natural History/Museum of Man, Astrophysical Observatory, Air and Space Museum, Tropical Research Institute, Environmental Research Center, and the Zoological Park. In addition, some of the supporting units that report to the Assistant Secretary for Science include the Office of Educational Research, the International Environmental Science Program, and the Office of Fellowships and Grants. The latter two offices are contained within the Special Programs chapter to provide consistency with the FY 1985 budget submission. The Office of Fellowships and Grants oversees the activities of the Institution's Special Foreign Currency Program among other program responsibilities.

The Smithsonian is a unique international resource in basic science and technology areas and provides critical continuity to various long-term research efforts that are not intensely pursued by universities or other federal agencies. The research activity of Smithsonian scholars is fundamental to the Institution's ability to meet its public obligations. The results of research are used as the basis for the development of exhibitions for the public as well as for the preparation of public education material. Adequate support for scientific research efforts of the Institution is needed if other elements of the Smithsonian's overall program are to thrive. For example, the value of the Institution's vast scientific collections must be weighed in terms of the information derived from them for research purposes, in addition to being a source of material for exhibitions. The ability to maintain the Smithsonian's preeminent role in various areas of science and to provide enhancement for selected new starts is emphasized in the planning period. The pressing problems of the global environment make the Institution's scientists in demand for their expertise, and they are looked upon by the international community for leadership in a number of scholarly fields. The scientific enterprise of the U.S. is largely dependent on fundamental knowledge gathered by organizations such as the Smithsonian to achieve major breakthroughs in science and technology.

Current and Projected Resources

Sources of science support vary markedly from organization to organization. For example, the Marine Station at Link Port, Fort Pierce, Florida, which is administered by the Museum of Natural History, operates solely with restricted trust funds, while the Astrophysical Observatory, because of its unique national and international position as a research leader, has better than two-thirds of its dollar and personnel resources assor ciated with federal grants and contracts. The Tropical Research Institute and the Zoological Park, on the other hand, rely extensively on federal appropriations for maintenance of programs.

As is the case with other museums and galleries of the Institution, the Museum of Natural History and the Air and Space Museum conduct their basic exhibit, research, collections, and building services activities primarily with federal appropriations, but at the same time enjoy measured support from restricted or unrestricted trust sources, and from federal grant and contract work based upon their ability to obtain these funds.

A breakdown of estimated FY 1983 and projected FY 1989 resources available for science operations (before application of overhead recovery) follows:

Total 1,537 $70,301 1,596 $90,069

In FY 1983, total resources amounted to approximately $70,000,000 and 1,537 full-time employees. Total funding consisted of approximately 69 percent federal appropriations, 18 percent federal grants and contracts, and 13 percent nonappropriated unrestricted and restricted trust funds.

Future Year Prospectus

The major goal of the Science programs for the next five years is to maintain and improve the capabilities of the Smithsonian as a scientific institution. This goal will be sought by placing highest priority on increasing knowledge through imaginative and pioneering research in disciplines which the Smithsonian has historically followed. As part of this, the Institution is planning to increase the Air and Space Museum's research capability through a variety of new research programs, as well as by increasing the Museum's curatorial staff over the planning period. Also of high priority and a new initiative of the Astrophysical Observatory is a submillimeter telescope array to open up the last frontier of ground-based astronomy for high resolution operations. Emphasis also will be placed as well on upgrading major instrumentation in support of science. For example, work will proceed to further improve the capabilities of the Multiple Mirror Telescope which the Astrophysical Observatory operates with the University of Arizona. The next

Scientists at work on cooperative research project involving mummified musk ox. From left to right, Dr. Jerry McDonald (Smithsonian postdoctoral fellow), Dr. Clayton Ray (Museum of Natural History paleobiologist), and Dr. Lawrence Freeman (Assistant Professor veterinary biology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine).

step is to enable all six mirrors to work together to make the telescope first in the world in its ability to distinguish details in distant astronomical objects. Only by maintaining high quality research can the Institution be assured that adequate current knowledge will be available to diffuse through the publications, exhibits, seminars, and education programs.

Another major initiative over the planning period is to increase the scientific capabilities to conduct research by replacing old and outdated equipment. Following an extensive inventory of existing equipment a replacement schedule has been developed for implementation over the next five years. While overall costs have not been completely defined, included are the needs of the Astrophysical Observatory which is embarked in a major program to upgrade and replace its equipment, including computers, and this element is estimated to require about $6,000,000 over the period. Similar efforts are underway in all Science bureaus to adequately define equipment replacement needs. In the collections management area, the Natural History Museum has a pressing need to replace worn and outmoded wooden cabinets in which to keep the collections that are not moving to the Museum Support Center. This program is estimated to cost approximately $1,700,000 over the planning period.

A major priority over the period is to continue to refine the science programs professional evaluation procedure to help ensure the continuation of high quality research. In terms of new professional staff, over the next five years the Institution will seek about forty new scientists over an existing base of approximately 275. These new personnel will strengthen the Institution's capability in such areas as submillimeter interferometry at the Astrophysical Observatory; research capabilities at the Air and Space Museum in manned space flight, aeronautics and comparative planetology; integrated research in tropical marine and terrestrial ecosystems at the Natural History Museum; tropical biology at the Tropical Research Institute; and in animal behavior, conservation, and reproductive biology at the Zoological Park. In addition to new professional staff, the bureaux will seek funds to selectively hire support staff to fill gaps in certain disciplines, especially at the Museum of Natural History, the Astrophysical Observatory, and for the proposed new laboratory facilities of the Environmental Research Center. Additional operating engineers will be needed at the Zoo to run the climate control machinery in the planned new exhibits. As part of the overall scientific effort, the Institution plans to continue to support in a substantial way the Institution's trust funded fellowship program which enhances and extends the Smithsonian's research effort through interactions with visiting scientists and students.

As the twenty first century approaches it is clear that the computer age has arrived and that the Institution's scientists will be seeking to exploit this valuable tool in a much greater fashion. The Astrophysical Observatory's experience in using high-speed computers, and the National

Air and Space Museum's adaptation of the laser disc to making archival material almost instanteously available, are models for other science programs to follow. Use of laser discs should help the Museum of Natural History to exploit its own vast collections now that they have been inventoried for the first time. The Smithsonian, as a result of the recent inventory and the availability of such new technologies, is in a position of being able to develop data processing techniques in collections management as a guide for other museums throughout the country.

The Institution also recognizes the high priority of scientific printing and publishing. Backlogs, especially at the Museum of Natural History, in papers waiting to be published continue to grow. Enhancements to the publishing base will be sought during the forthcoming planning period.

Besides publishing research results, exhibits are an important element to spread scientific knowledge. Exhibits at the two science museums and the Zoo, these three being most visited of all Smithsonian facilities, will continue to be improved. Within the next five years funding for the Zoo's master plan of Rock Creek Park should be completed, except perhaps for new parking facilities. At the Museum of Natural History, funds are needed in the Museum's exhibits base to finance one major exhibit each year from its own collections in the new Evans Hall. It is planned that these exhibits will later appear throughout the country through the Institution's Traveling Exhibition program, following the successful prototype in FY 1982-FY 1983 of the Bering Sea Eskimo exhibit, INUA. Long-range plans of the National Air and Space Museum call for the design and construction of new exhibit facilities at Dulles airport and a gradual phasing out of the present temporary exhibit and restoration space at Silver Hill, Maryland. A description and cost of this program are contained in the Facilities Planning chapter and the Beyond FY 1989 chapter.

Education programs are a third component of activities, along with publications and exhibits, in the Institution's responsibility to diffuse knowledge. Added emphases over the planning period will include: at the secondary school level, the Astrophysical Observatory in FY 1984 will begin the development of astronomical lectures directed at student audiences nationwide; institutional educational research will continue with modest studies aimed at understanding why people learn in nonformal settings; modest increases in federal support will be sought to improve the Institution's recruiting ability and the facilities for handling pre and post-doctoral

Dr. David Correll, Smithsonian scientist at the Environmental Research Center, collects a water sample as part of an acid rain study he has been conducting near the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland.

fellows. Trust funds have been used in recent years to pay the stipends of graduate students, but expanded living and laboratory facilities are needed at several science facilities to sustain a quality training program. New laboratories and dormitories are planned for the Tropical Research Institute and some cost projections are shown in the Facilities chapter. A major new facility is being considered for the Environmental Research Center at Edgewater, Maryland, to provide for the staff and programs currently housed in rented space in Rockville, Maryland. The development of a base headquarters and a replacement dormitory is planned for the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in Arizona; this also will allow for proper utilization, training, and research support concomitant with the expanding demands on the instruments located on the mountain.

Finally, the science bureaus must look to the maintenance of their facilities. There is a special need to replace the heating and air conditioning system in the Natural History Museum. In Panama, the climate and termites take a heavy toll on the old structures and long delayed maintenance of Tropical Research Institute buildings will need to be undertaken until appropriate new facilities can be established.

Overall levels of Science operating funds are expected to reach levels of about $90,000,000 and 1,596 staff in FY 1989. Most of the increase is associated with appropriation needs of the Natural History Museum, the Zoological Park, and the Astrophysical Observatory. Availability of restricted and unrestricted trust funds is expected to increase modestly. Future year levels of federal grant and contract work are difficult to project at this time because of the uncertainty surrounding NASA support of the Astrophysical Observatory's research programs. Detailed projections for Science bureaus appear in Appendix I.

The new Stars Gallery at the National Air and Space Museum features many special effects and high-tech exhibits where visitors can discover what astronomers have learned about the sun and stars.

HISTORY AND ART

History and Art at the Smithsonian is defined to embrace the following organization units: The Museum of American History, which is primarily concerned with American history and the history of technology; the Museum of American Art, which is the Smithsonian's museum devoted to the history of American art, along with its subsidiary, the Renwick Gallery, which displays decorative arts and crafts; the Portrait Gallery, which studies American biographic history through the various media of portraiture; the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, which is the Smithsonian's museum of modern art; the Freer Gallery of Art and the Sackler Gallery of Art, which together cover the broad fields of Near and Far Eastern art; the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, which focuses its program on design and holds one of the major decorative arts collections in the world; the Archives of American Art, the nation's largest repository of documentary materials pertinent to the study of American art history; the Joseph Henry Papers Project, which edits and publishes the papers of Joseph Henry, the first secretary of the Smithsonian and a leading scientist in the mid-1800's; the Museum of African Art, which deals with traditional art forms of the Continent of Africa; the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum, which serves as a cultural resource for the people of Anacostia through research and exhibitions on Black contributions to local and national history; and the Office of the Assistant Secretary for History and Art, which provides overall guidance and coordination.

The resources and programs of the Office of American Studies are also administered by the Assistant Secretary for History and Art, as are the Major Exhibition Program and the Trust Fund Collections Acquisition Program. These activities are contained in the Special Programs chapter to provide consistency with the FY 1985 budget to Congress.

Current and Projected Resources

Each of the History and Art museums has its own physical plant, its own distinctive collections, and its own specialized staff, and, more importantly, its own character and sense of purpose. Although the Freer Gallery of Art opened more than 50 years ago, the preponderant activity in History and Art at the Smithsonian has been developed largely over the last twenty years, in most instances following specific enactments by the Congress. The budgets for History and Art activities have grown at a measured pace, and most of the bureaus are now reasonably well funded to carry out at least the basic charge each has been given.

Current funding for History and Art activities consists of a mixture of appropriated federal funds, infrequent federal grants and contracts, nonappropriated restricted trust funds, and allocations of nonappropriated unrestricted trust funds. In FY 1983, resources available to History and Art programs amounted to approximately $32,000,000 and 741 full-time positions. About 75 percent of the dollar figure and 91 percent of the personnel represent federally appropriated support for basic exhibit, research, education, and administrative activities of the museums and galleries. Most of the balance consists of resources associated with trust operations, with only a small portion originating in federal grant and contract work.. A breakdown of FY 1985 and projected FY 1989 levels of resources follows:

Source of Funds

FY 1983

Full-Time Employment

Funds ($000s)

Projected FY 1989

FTE

Funds ($000s)

Federal Salaries

§ Expenses Unrestricted trust Restricted trust Federal Grants

& Contracts

671

$25,911

305

$54,278

Total

741

$51,748

873

$41,002

Unrestricted trust fund support is concentrated primarily in the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, Museum of American Art, and Museum of American History. Restricted trust fund support is largely directed to the operations associated with the Freer Gallery of Art, the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, and the Archives of American Art. Only minor amounts of grant and contract work are present in the American History and Cooper-Hewitt Museums.

Generally, the larger of the History and Art bureaus--the Museum of American History, the Museum of American Art, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, the Portrait Gallery--are supported predominantly with federal funds. Their exhibition, research, collections management, and building operations comprise their major expenses. Each of these museums, however, has small amounts of trust funds (at most about 10 percent of the total resources) made available by donors for specific purposes, and

jS

Chinese bronze ritual wine container, from the outstanding collection of Dr. Arthur M. Sackler given to the Smithsonian.

from proprietary activities (bookstores, museum shops, cafeterias and the like), on their respective premises. These latter funds are used for a variety of program purposes.

The operationally smaller History and Art bureaus--the Freer Gallery of Art, Cooper-Hewitt Museum, Museum of African Art, Archives of American Art--work with more evenly mixed financing. Most of the Freer's principal programs are financed by the income from a restricted endowment fund established by Mr. Freer's Will; federal funds support the costs of protecting and managing the collections and building, and general administration. The Cooper-Hewitt Museum receives an annual allocation of Smithsonian unrestricted trust funds to help support its programs; beginning in 1979, federal funds supported a small portion of the exhibition program as well as the costs of maintaining and protecting the building and collections and a share of administrative costs. In addition, the Cooper-Hewitt Museum raises in excess of a million dollars annually to support its exhibitions and related educational activities. The Museum of African Art raises from $50,000 to $100,000 per year from private sources to finance certain of its educational activities and the retirement of real estate mortgages it incurred before joining the Smithsonian. The Archives of American Art's Board of Trustees raises between $300,000 and $400,000 each year to support more than one-third of the Archives' program.

In addition to this general pattern of fund availability and use, the History and Art units are eligible for allocations from the special trust fund Collections Acquisition, Scholarly Studies, and Education Programs, and from the Special Foreign Currency Program. They also enjoy the presence of pre- and postdoctoral research fellows selected competitively through the Smithsonian's fellowship awards program and funded with nonappropriated unrestricted trust funds.

Future Year Prospectus

Art . For the next five years, the single most comprehensive change in History and Art programming will be occasioned by the Quadrangle development. Affecting both the Museum of African Art and the Sackler Gallery of Art, this major construction project will provide the long-overdue opportunity to present non-Western art to the visiting public in facilities commensurate to the importance of African, Middle Eastern and Asian cultures in the broad spectrum of Man's creative history. FY 1984 will see continued fund-raising activities to secure matching monies to complement federal construction appropriations, refinement of research exhibition plans, and the onset of heavy construction. Throughout construction, program plans for major opening exhibitions and educational activities will be receiving priority attention, along with logistical planning for collections management, security, research programs and all other aspects of museum management.

Resources for such program development for the Sackler Gallery and the Museum of African Art amount to about $4,500,000 including approximately 53 new positions, over the planning period. These resources concentrated in exhibition, education, and conservation efforts are in addition to appropriations required for basic building management, security, and utility costs which, by 1989, should total 122 positions and $3,400,000. Programs and operational resource projections for the Quadrangle are summarized in the Special Program Chapter and Tables 5 and 10.

Some of the world's richest collections in American art and material culture are found in the museums of the Smithsonian Institution. They range from large holdings of decorative arts--furniture, silver, textiles, porcelain and glass--to folk arts and the fine arts, including major collections of paintings, sculpture, photographs, prints, and drawings. Supporting the collections are unparalleled resource materials such as the historical documents in the Archives of American Art and the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum, the Inventory of American Paintings, research libraries, as well as recognized scholars working in various areas of American art. By virtue of the richness and diversity of the Smithsonian's collections and its documentary and staff resources, the Institution has become, in fact, a major international center for the study of American art and material culture. This center can and should be strengthened by building up its individual parts, including research programs, exhibitions, teacher-training, lectures, and publications, primarily at the Museum of American Art, the Renwick Gallery, the Portrait Gallery, the Archives of American Art, and the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum. Toward this objective, the Institution will continue to seek the funds needed to permit balanced program presentations. In future years, increased support for exhibits production and scholarly positions, as well as for expanded publications, both on collections and for exhibitions, will be requested. Funding will also be requested to enable the bureaus to continue and to expand nationally recognized research data bases in American art and to increase scholarly and public accessibility to such data, as well as to archival material and collections, through the fruits of new developments in computer technology. In the future, if the General Post Office Building becomes available to the Institution, it would serve as the central focus for these mutually reinforcing activities. Although the availability of the building is not yet assured, the Institution remains hopeful of securing it within the present planning period for this important multi-bureau purpose.

History. An equally central focus for the Institution's exposition of American culture is the Museum of American History. Building on recent improvements in collections management, inventory, conservation and storage programs, and energized in its public aspect by new major exhibitions, the Museum will be very active in all aspects of its programming during this five-year period with special emphasis on the management of collections and the reinstallation of permanent exhibits. A ten year exhibition plan,

:■■■■ : ■ . : ■ ■'■:■..■■..':■■ ■

A rare nineteenth century wooden maternity figure from the Yombe people of Zaire. This is one of six such extant figures, the only one in the United States, believed to have been carved by the same hand. Museum of African Art.

formulated early in 1982, points the way to presenting social history in addition to the history of technology; achieving a more ordered spatial layout; and providing improved orientation for the public through signage, labels, and other educational techniques. Over the next five years, this reinstallation effort will be concentrated on the first and second floors of the Museum. On the first floor, the major installations will be devoted to Materials (an exhibit which serves to orient the public to raw materials, their products and processes), Sci ence in America , and an exhibit on American industrialization. The second floor will house exhibits on America's Beginnings , The Hart House , After the Revolution: Life in America, 1780-1800 , and Life in America, 19th Century . The American Anthology Gallery will present a rotation of famous objects from the collections, and the First Ladies Hall will continue to display the gowns of the Presidential wives. With an exhibition plan established, the Museum recently was able to reinforce its commitment to public education by incorporating performing arts capability. Major goals over this five-year period include the consolidation of new functions, performance programming which supplements other programs in American History, strengthened education and outreach overall, and better training for docents.

In June 1983, the Museum finished the shelf inventory of the collections initiated in 1978. Though this major first phase has concluded, efforts to refine, reconcile, and update data will continue. A computerized program has been installed to aid this important work, along with developing computer applications in other areas once the inventory work has been addressed. Along with these collections initiatives, the Museum will continue to address its long-term storage and conservation needs. While the Museum has benefited from the Support Center by acquiring some added storage areas and a small laboratory for treatment of the Museum's objects, planning for the long-term must include careful consideration of these activities and their requirements.

In addition to these improvements in general collections programs, the Museum is bringing the extensive collections of graphic and archival materials, distributed throughout curatorial divisions, under more systematic care and control. The appointment of an archivist, a small archives staff, and the restoration of curatorships will benefit the Museum in substantial ways throughout future years.

Complementing these central efforts, each History and Art unit will be seeking to maintain high performance in all program areas, devoting special attention to selected high priority initiatives. For example, over

the next several years, every History and Art bureau will continue to emphasize improved management of collections, from computerization of the records at the Museum of American History, Cooper-Hewitt, and the Archives of American Art, to the creation of loan exhibitions to museums throughout the country from the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden collection (including Mr. Hirshhorn's bequest); and the creation of a union catalogue of all Smithsonian holdings of materials from Africa at the Museum of African Art. The Archives of American Art will intensify efforts to speed up processing, cataloguing and microfilming new collections, as well as purchase needed compact storage systems which will expand current storage capability by more than 40 percent. The Anacostia Neighborhood Museum will produce four major exhibits in its present Martin Luther King headquarters facility over the next few years prior to moving its total operations to an interim facility in Fort Stanton, with long-range plans for a new museum building at Poplar Point. Additional conservation capability will be added to the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, the Museum of American Art, the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, and the Freer Gallery of Art, while the Museum of American History, the Portrait Gallery and the Museum of American Art will acquire more badly needed storage equipment and space. Other priorities include funding for exhibitions in all the museums with focus on refurbishing older displays; exhibit catalogues, leaflets and checklists for visitors; and planning for collection storage space at the Institution's new Museum Support Center in Suitland, Maryland. The Archives of American Art will develop fellowship and publications programs, the Hirshhorn Museum will add research assistance to the curatorial staff, and the Joseph Henry Papers Project will publish four more volumes of the papers of this eminent American scientist. Finally, a continuing priority for each of the museums will be increased funding for acquisitions.

To meet the goals outlined for the next five years, it will be necessary throughout History and Art to add staff positions, primarily in collections management, conservation, exhibitions, and education. To this end, budgetary adjustments within bases will be made and some new resources, both federal and trust, will be sought, as detailed in the Appendix.

Other Programs . Other priorities within History and Art through FY 1989 are largely related to improved physical facilities. A more intense review and consideration of long-term facility needs of the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum will take place, particularly with regard to possible sites and other factors related to the future growth of the Poplar Point area in the city of Anacostia. Below grade development of the Freer Gallery of Art's courtyard would do much to capture a valuable additional space, as will remodeling the Freer's lower level to accommodate the physical connection with the Quadrangle and subsequent refurbishment of Freer staff and exhibit space. Extensive renovation of the General Post Office Building will be required for the programs of the National Museum of

American Art, the National Portrait Gallery, and the Archives of American Art. Efforts to raise private funds for the construction and endowment of the Quadrangle, which will benefit both the Museum of African Art and the Sackler Gallery of Art, will continue, as will exploration for donors to support renovation of the Miller House which adjoins the Carnegie mansion and is part of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum in New York. This latter project is essential for full use of the needed galleries for temporary exhibitions, expanded collection storage, educational facilities and office space. In addition, completing facade repairs to the Renwick Gallery is a high priority for this period, as is the renovation of older storage buildings at the Institution's Silver Hill facility. These various construction and renovation efforts represent by far the largest need for direct new funding on the part of History and Art bureaus of the Smithsonian. Progress on all of these facility requirements is expected by FY 1989. Additional information is contained in the Facilities chapter and the Beyond 1989 chapter of this document.

History and Art resources are projected to increase to about $41,000,000 and 878 staff in FY 1989. Most of the increase is associated with appropriation needs of the Museums of American History, American Art, the Portrait Gallery, and the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Restricted and unrestricted expenses are expected to remain at about the $7,000,000 level, and grant and contract activity is expected to remain at less than $100,000. Detailed projections for History and Art bureaus are contained in Appendix I.

PUBLIC SERVICE

The Public Service programs are the central focus for the Institution's "diffusion of knowledge" activities. These are: Smithsonian Magazine, contained within the Associates Program chapter because of the general support the Magazine provides to many programs of the Institution and because it is viewed as a major benefit to Associates; Smithsonian Institution Press, including the University Press publications and popular exposition books, and the recently transferred Smithsonian Recordings Program; Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, contained within the Special Programs chapter to provide consistency with the FY 1985 budget presentation to Congress; Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center; the Office of Telecommunications; the Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars; and the Office of Folklife Programs. The latter two offices also are incorporated within the Special Programs chapter, along with the International Center, as part of the Quadrangle operations, for which the Assistant Secretary for Public Service is responsible. In addition to their outreach activities, the Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars and the Office of Folklife Programs carry out research activities. The vigorous growth of Smithsonian outreach trust funded programs can be attributed largely to the success of the Magazine. Through the application of trust funds generated by the Magazine and other revenue producing activities, a variety of valuable conferences, publications, and other projects have been made available in recent years to the public. While enriching the kinds of services provided, the Institution at the same time has been able to reduce the requirements for federal appropriations.

Current and Projected Resources

Resources in FY 1983 devoted to Public Service activities amounted to about$12,000,000 and 92 full-time employees. Total funding in FY 1983 consisted of approximately 13 percent federal appropriations and 87 percent nonappropriated unrestricted trust funds. The largest amount of support for Public Service programs comes from the Institution's trust operations, and unrestricted trust fund support is, for the most part, concentrated in the expenses of the Smithsonian Press. The Visitor Information and Associates Reception Center is operated primarily with trust funds, but some additional appropriated resources will be needed over the planning period. Restricted purpose funds are occasionally obtained for support of special activities sponsored by various units; occasional federal grants and contracts fund portions of publications and other educational endeavors. Federal appropriations largely support the publication of the basic technical and scientific series distributed by the Government Printing Office, other publications and conferences, and a substantial portion of the staff and operations of the Institution's centralized film and television operations.

A breakdown of FY 1983 and projected FY 1989 levels of resources follows:

Total 92 $12,391 102 $15,392

Future Year Prospectus

The principal goal for the Public Service programs of the Institution over the planning period is to further in a significant way the development of a coherent public understanding of intercultural and international issues at work today. This will be addressed in part through the operations of the International Center, and in part by examining the potential for a Smithsonian series of supplementary educational materials in the form of publications which combine printed work, sound, and motion picture media along with the broadest range of other available technologies. The Institution, because of information recently available as a result of the collections inventory, and because of more diverse visiting and scholarly audiences expected in future years, is in a position to make major contributions in this area. This endeavor will involve the coordination of public service activities with business management, educational activities, and scholarly research projects throughout the Institution. What is foreseen is an overall effort which will provide educational institutions, foreign and domestic, with new teaching and learning materials designed and produced from the resources of Smithsonian scholars and collections. In addition some existing materials may be suitable for republication in new formats. An understanding of this kind is important, will take time, and will be phased with the ongoing activities of Public Service units. The International Center will facilitate many of these objectives.

.An example of the educational value of Smithsonian resources and activities is the major series for public television, Smithsonian World, currently in production and funded under a grant from the McDonnell Foundation. The first of seven one-hour programs, hosted by David McCullough and dealing with subjects and study areas related to Smithsonian interests, was broadcast January 18, 1984.

The largest annual cultural event in the nation's capital, the Folklife Festival, pays tribute to the rich cultural variety of the United States and honors the countries of origin of many of our ethnic groups.

Over the next five years, federal growth is expected to remain relatively stable, rising from current levels of $1,600,000 to about $1,800,000 by FY 1989. Some additional funding is forecast for the Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center to provide an increase in services to the general public and to respond to an expected growth in telephone and written inquiries. In addition, some additional resources for this unit will be used to develop and establish a pre-visit education program which will be coordinated with the new Washington Convention Center and local and national travel agencies to help individuals and groups better plan their visits to the Smithsonian. Trust funded activities are projected to increase from about $10,800,000 in FY 1983 to approximately $13,600,000 in FY 1989, but this is largely attributable to an increase in pay and other expenses associated with revenue producing activities such as the SI Press' University Press, direct mail books, and the recordings operations. Also, over the planning period ways will be considered to continue to enhance outreach programs, such as the radio production activities of the Office of Telecommunications (the Smithsonian Galaxy , Radio Smithsonian , and Here at the Smithsonian ), and the various worthwhile proposals that come forth from the bureaus. Detail projections for Public Service bureaus appear in Appendix I.

MUSEUM PROGRAMS

Museum Programs consists of the Office of Museum Programs, Conservation Analytical Laboratory, Office of the Registrar, Office of Exhibits Central, Smithsonian Institution Libraries, Smithsonian Archives, the Traveling Exhibition Service, Office of International Activities, and the National Museum Act. The Office of Horticulture and South Group Buildings Management also report to the Assistant Secretary for Museum Programs. Resources associated with these last named activities appear in the chapter on Administration, Financial and Other Support Services to be consistent with the Congressional Budget presentation. Collectively, these units provide a number of specialized services and programs to museums and research bureaus of the Institution and to the museum community at large. Most of these services relate to fundamental aspects of museum development and operations, such as collections management, conservation, production of exhibitions, training for museum professionals, and bibliographical and archival support for research. Other activities — traveling exhibitions, grant awards and technical assistance programs--make it possible for the Institution to share many of its resources with museums and similar organizations throughout the United States and abroad.

Museums today are recognized as important elements in the cultural and educational fabrics of both developed and developing nations and public and private organizations which support museums are paying increasing attention to the effectiveness and strength of their performance. More than ever before, museums are held accountable for the quality and condition of their collections, for the educational values of their exhibitions, and for the significance of their research and informational programs. In response to these changing perceptions, museums have begun to assign higher priorities to certain basic functions, particularly collections management and conservation, which traditionally have received less than adequate support. This heightened concern has created a need for better trained personnel in all areas of museum operations, for improved systems, and for an expansion of conservation services based on sound scientific analysis of the materials which make up museum collections. In addition, museums require strong library and archival resources to support their research and informational activities. Currently available resources can be expanded substantially by providing greater access to the growing number of networks of computerized bibliographic data bases, and through application of automated data processing systems to many library functions previously performed manually.

Much of the effort of the organizations within the Museum Programs function of the Institution is directed to these and similar issues. Over the planning period these units intend to strengthen their capabilities to assist the Institution and other museums to meet these critical needs.

Current and Projected Resources

The overwhelming proportion of support for the bureaus and offices of the Museum Programs organization in FY 1983 comes from federal appropriations. Of the approximately $11,000,000 available for Museum Programs activities $8,000,000 or 75 percent are provided by federal support. A breakdown of FY 1983 and projected FY 1989 resource levels follows:

TOTAL 245 $11,103 294 $18,774

Only the Traveling Exhibition Service has the majority of its support provided from unrestricted ($1,446,000) and restricted trust funds ($689,000) which constitute 87% of resources in FY 1983. Limited trust fund support is available to the Smithsonian Institution Libraries and Archives for support of staff and related costs. In FY 1982, the Kellogg Foundation awarded the Office of Museum Programs (working in conjunction with the Resident Associate Program) a three year grant to foster the educational influence of museums. In FY 1983, expenditures for this purpose amounts to some $300,000. Apart from this, the Office of Museum Programs has revolving trust fund budgets to receive revenues for handling and shipping costs associated with audiovisual programs on conservation information. The Office of Horticulture, South Group Buildings Management and the Office of Exhibits Central have small trust fund accounts to provide support for trust fund activities.

Future Year Prospectus

Over the planning period, federal resources for Museum Programs units (excluding the Office of Horticulture and South Group Buildings Management) are expected to increase from $11,000,000 to $19,000,000. The greatest part (about $6,000,000) of this projected increase is associated with expanded library services and facilities. Only modest increases are forecast for museum training activities, archival programs, and exhibits support services. FY 1986 and future year requirements for Libraries, exhibit support, and the Traveling Exhibition program that are associated with the Quadrangle are contained in the Special Program chapter, Appendix I, and Tables 5 and 10.

Several activities are closely associated with such Institutional initiatives as the planning and construction of the Museum Support Center, the Quadrangle, and the Collections Management/Inventory program. The relocation of the Conservation Analytical Laboratory to the Museum Support Center and the expansion of its traning and archaeometric research programs is a development of major importance to the Institution and to museums generally. The Support Center resources required for these developments, along with those for libraries, are shown in the Special Programs chapter to be consistent with the budget presentation.

With regard to collections oriented research, the brochure prepared in 1977 to describe the then proposed Museum Support Center spoke of the importance of collections research in these terms: "Collections of objects and works of art represent the physical evidence of man's inventiveness and creativity and the environment in which he has evolved. Without objects, we would be unable to understand natural process, or the aspirations and achievements of the civilizations which preceded ours and which document our common origin and heritage. With objects, we can--through direct observation and tactile experience--grasp with greater clarity a sense of the forces that helped to shape those civilizations. The knowledge we get from the study of these objects provides new perspectives for understanding and influencing the directions in which mankind is moving."

Research at the Smithsonian has been traditionally driven by the collections. Currently, various bureaus are engaged to differing degrees in research on their diverse collections, and Appendix III contains some descriptions of these activities. In future years, use of the collections for research at the Smithsonian will increase. The recent inventory has brought into focus for Smithsonian and other researchers the variety, range, and depth of the collections, and the information potential they represent. The establishment of research and conservation laboratories and curatorial areas at the Museum Support Center, the provision of additional internships and fellowships, the regular upgrading and replacement of research equipment, plans for increasing skilled personnel and the growing importance of the Institution's international functions combine to provide a strengthened base from which collections oriented research can receive greater emphasis in future years. In addition, archaeometric studies will become increasingly important. In studying man-made objects, form and decoration have classically been the differentiators establishing provenance. With the advent of archaeometry, the chemical composition, internal structure and other physical characteristics of objects can be quantified and statistically analyzed by computer techniques. Such studies need large numbers of objects of known provenance to be sampled, accurately measured and the data stored in an accessible manner. The Smithsonian Archaeometric Research Collections and Records of the Conservation Analytical Laboratory have been set up to focus research in this area and to maintain a bank of data and samples.

All of the Conservation Analytical Laboratory's functions—conservation treatment, conservation science and archaeometry--moved to the Support Center in the fall of 1983 and occupy new laboratory and work areas totaling approximately 40,000 square feet. This space also will accommodate the Institution's new conservation training program to be initiated on a small scale in late 1984. Phased growth of staff and resources to make proper and full use of these new facilities will occur throughout the planning period. Planning for this growth has been underway for several years; specialized equipment has been acquired and installed, recruiting activities for qualified conservation and scientific personnel has been pursued vigorously, and arrangements for the training program have been explored in cooperation with local universities and conservation professionals. The internal staff structure of the Laboratory has been reorganized to accommodate its larger size and its several specialized functions. Working from these foundations, the Laboratory will be in a substantially stronger position to offer increased conservation and related services to the Institution's museums and to museums generally through its training and informational programs. A major thrust will be to coordinate and integrate these staff and facility resources effectively to broaden the range of expertise available for the training program, to provide a broader technological base for new work in conservation treatment, and to make full use of modern instruments and analytical methods to provide answers to important questions in conservation and collections research.

Work in archaeometry has thus far centered on chemical and petrographic analysis of objects and materials to determine provenance. In addition, neutron-induced autoradiography of paintings has been used in combination with other examination methods to give critical information on technique and attribution. These methodologies will continue, and others such as isotope analysis will be extended. Effective use of physical and chemical data derived from objects to determine their place in time or their origin depends upon comparison with an adequate data base. At present, these data bases and samples from objects of interest are scattered throughout the country and have limited uniformity of quality control. The Archaeometry Department of the Laboratory operates the Smithsonian Archaeometric Research Collections and Records (SARCAR) in order to bring these data together at a single point and to apply uniform criteria to them. SARCAR is essential to research on collections. It is a source of reference materials (petrographic thin sections, metallographic sections, etc.) and data (neutron activation, X-ray diffraction, electron microscope analyses results, etc.]. The Smithsonian is committed to collections research and to the Fellowship Program in Materials Analysis for art history, anthropology, and the history of materials technology. The Archaeometry program will grow during the planning period and will enhance the Smithsonian's ability to use and preserve data in a meaningful and effective manner. The Laboratory plans to improve its methods of gathering and disseminating other data to serve practicing conservators and the general public. It will i.orK. closely wiuh the Office of the Registrar in development of policies and procedures for the control of information and collection materials passing through the Laboratory.

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Alice Thompson, inventory coordinator for Natural History's Anthropology Department, logs in some nineteenth century artifacts from Ethiopia and Somalia during phase one of Si's recently completed inventory project.

The first steps to be taken in the conservation training program will be a series of seminars directed toward practicing conservators. These seminars will be the basic building blocks for a post graduate conservation training program for approximately eight to twelve students a year, beginning in FY 1985.

The branch Library at the Support Center will also work in close concert with the Laboratory to provide the bibliographic resources needed. The training section of the Office of Museum Programs will continue to participate in the development of the conservation training program and will assist in the production of audiovisual resources needed for the training, research, and treatment functions.

In addition to direct involvement with the Museum Support Center through the Laboratory and Library operations, the Assistant Secretary for Museum Programs participates in equipment acquisition and space utilization planning for the Center. The development and establishment of the Center's collections management systems and environmental practices also will continue to be a concern of that office.

Completion of the initial inventory of Smithsonian collections in June 1983 was a landmark in the development of improved collections management policies for the Institution. The inventory produced vital base-line data on current holdings which will enhance and clarify existing acquisition and catalogue records and serve as a base for computerized record keeping systems in the future. Program resources are described in the Special Programs Chapter and Appendix I, Table 10 of this Prospectus. The inventory, however,is only one aspect of collections management which also involves accountability procedures contained in the collections policies and information management techniques of the Museums. These provide knowledge about and access to all of our objects and specimens. Although no increase in program funds is anticipated during the planning period for the Office of the Registrar, this unit will continue to develop, oversee and coordinate the policies and practices related to the management of collections. The Office will evaluate the experience of the recent inventory effort to generate up-dated policies and plans for new inventory cycles appropriate to the nature and size of the collections of each of the museums, and it will continue to monitor future inventory activities as well as compliance with collections management policies. The Office will work closely with all museums to improve and refine their individual collections policies and, in cooperation with the Office of Museum Programs, will develop and offer training programs for Smithsonian personnel in collections registration and related functions. The Office of the Registrar will continue to oversee the affairs of the Smithsonian's Registrarial Council and will assemble collections management information for dissemination through that group.

The Smithsonian Institution Libraries (SIL) will reach a turning point in many of its operations in FY 1984 with the implementation of the automated library system, which has been planned over the last several years in cooperation with the Office of Information Resource Management. The system will support wider and more effective use of book, manuscript and graphic resources and will provide on-line access to additional bibliographic information held in library network data bases. With this major development in place, SIL will address other issues, such as enhancement of research collections; increased participation in networking with other research libraries; overcoming backlog problems in such areas as trade literature, deacidification, and catalogue conversion; improvement of library space and facilities; and upgrading of staff. A major goal is to increase the book purchase fund. For example, in the National Museum of Natural History there are new emphases on African anthropology, island ecosystems, and other topics which need to be funded. At the National Zoological Park, bibliographic collections in such fields as animal nutrition and veterinary medicine must be kept current, and similar serious gaps occur in the collections of SIL branches which support the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, the National Air and Space Museum, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, the Cooper-Hewitt and the Museum Reference Center. The growth of programs planned for the National Museum of African Art after its move to the Quadrangle in 1986 will also require substantially greater bibliographic services. Funds for Quadrangle library services are contained in the Special Programs chapter.

SIL is also looking ahead to improve basic facilities for storage purposes. Approximately 100,000 volumes, including 50,000 pieces of trade literature, are not being stored in adequate circumstances. Many of these items are irreplaceable. The Institution is considering ways to solve the immediate storage problem, and, for the long run, is beginning to plan for a possible library facility.

The Smithsonian Archives over the planning period will enhance and update its automated processing capabilities, address major equipment and space problems and extend its archival and records management services to all bureaus and offices of the Institution. Staff are planned for the Oral History Program, to keep pace with documenting the growth of the Institution since the mid-1960's, and an additional archivist will concentrate on the preservation of natural history records and manuscripts. The steady growth of archival collections will, by the middle years of the planning period, create significant space problems for the Archives. Alternatives are being considered in conjunction with the Libraries (whose space criteria are similar] to develop a specific plan for a new facility where these related activities can be based.

The Office of Museum Programs over the planning period will seek a gradual increase in federal support for its Native American Training Program and audiovisual programs. The number of qualified Native Americans available to serve the more than 100 tribal museums and cultural centers remains discouragingly small, and although these museums hold remarkable and important collections of historical and ethnological materials, they lack resources to provide the required training themselves, or to obtain much needed technical assistance for their museum operations. The great popularity and heavy continuous use of the informational audiovisual programs dealing with preventive maintenance and care of collections in museums have been in great demand. OMP plans to increase the number of subjects covered by these slide sets and tapes and will require funding for professional production support to make this possible.

In FY 1983, the Office of Exhibits Central served more than thirty Smithsonian units and was involved in almost two-hundred and fifty projects. OEC is a major source of exhibit support for the Traveling Exhibition Service for its national and international exhibition programs. To maintain productive capacity in the coming years, the Office of Exhibits Centeral plans to add a total of ten experts to its staff. These new positions will help to fill Institution wide demand for design and editing services, model making, graphics production, and exhibit fabrication. In addition, the Office plans to continue to replace worn and outdated equipment, including its freeze-dry machinery, and will also upgrade its shops and work areas by installation of such devices as dust collectors and exhaust systems. Some additional support will be required for servicing Quadrangle programs beginning in FY 1986, and this is incorporated in the Special Programs chapter.

The Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) international exhibition programs, which are multi-year projects, have enjoyed much success to date. These have included .American Impressionism which traveled throughout Europe and American Porcelain which is circulating among a number of major Far Eastern cities. Other exhibitions currently under development and which will extend well into the planning period include From Ebla to Damascus containing objects of antiquity from Syria, Hollywood: Myth and Reality which may be presented in Europe as well as in the United States, and in cooperation with the United States Information Agency, Good as Gold: Alternative Materials in .American Jewelry which may tour in Africa for eighteen months. Precious Legacy: Judaic Treasures from Czechoslovak State Collections opened at the Smithsonian late in 19S5 and will tour widely in the United States through 1985.

In 1982, SITES developed the first of its "poster panel" shows, "Black Women: Achievement Against the Odds." Poster panel shows are two-dimensional, printed versions of exhibitions, which may be purchased by SITES' clients who wish to keep them permanently for their own exhibition or collection purposes. SITES plans to produce at least one of these poster panel exhibition each year.

The Traveling Exhibition Service is scheduled to move to the Quadrangle in FY 1986, where it will cooperate with other Smithsonian bureaus in production of exhibitions related to Quadrangle museum and research activities. These joint efforts will be similar to those used presently for exhibitions in the Evans Hall in the Museum of Natural History. Resources for these expanded functions are contained in the Special Programs chapter, Appendix I, and Table 5.

The National Museum Act (NMA) makes grants to museums, academic institutions, and museum associations for the purpose of enhancing professionalism in the museum community, advancing knowledge about critical museum-related problems, and disseminating information through seminars and publications. Through its various programs over the years, the Act has emphasized conservation and the improvement of preservation practices. Although conservation awareness has increased recently in the museum community and among federal funding agencies, the Act remains unique in its support of individuals who are pursuing professional training in conservation and in its funding of scientific research on both the deterioration mechanisms of objects and materials used by conservators. The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Museum Programs and the NMA staff maintain continuing liaison with professional associations in order to monitor changing museum issues and with federal funding agencies to avoid occurrences of overlap. Reauthorization is being sought for FY 1985, FY 1986, and FY 19S7.

The Office of Horticulture will face a major responsibility for the garden being planned for the top of the Quadrangle Building, and resources to cover this added requirement are contained in the Special Programs chapter, Appendix I, and Table 5. During the planning period, this Office also plans to enlarge and improve its greenhouse facilities at the Old Soldiers and Airmen's Home, to continue its work with special collections of rare and endangered floral species and to place special emphasis on the care of the trees on Smithsonian grounds along the Mall. Additional resources over the planning period for these latter activities are contained in the Administrative, Financial, and Other Support Services chapter.

The Office of International Activities will support arrangements for research programs being planned in cooperation with foreign scientific agencies and for international exhibition programs being developed by the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service and other bureaus. The Office has prepared an advisory handbook for Smithsonian staff engaged in international projects and will, throughout the planning period, issue periodic newsletters to keep the staff informed of important developments which affect Smithsonian participation in international endeavors. In FY 1984, central administrative responsibility for the Office of International Activities will be transferred from the Assistant Secretary for Museum Programs to the Assistant Secretary for Public Service.

SPECIAL PROGRAMS

Special Programs include the Offices of American and Folklife Studies, the International Environmental Science Program, Academic and Educational Programs (including the Office of Symposia and Seminars, the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, and the Office of Fellowships and Grants); the Collections Management/Inventory Program; and the trust funded Collections Acquisition, Scholarly Studies, and Education Programs. This chapter also consolidates the equipping and operating requirements of the Museum Support Center and the Quadrangle for the various Smithsonian organizations involved in their development. The resources associated with the International Environmental Science Program, the Fellowship Programs of the Institution, the Collections Management/Inventory; Program, and the trust funded Collections Acquisition funds are generally available to all organizations of the Institution if they meet standards and selection procedures.

Current and Projected Resources

Total

73

$13,345 409

$29,253

Funding patterns vary, and include programs which are funded entirely from federal appropriations to those funded solely through trust operations of the Institution. American and Folklife Studies operate with both federal appropriations and trust funds and also seek grants and contracts for special projects. Federal funds support three members of the Folklife administrative staff as well as office expenses; travel expenses; research and publication efforts; two-thirds of the cost associated with the annual folklife festival; and special projects such as the recent Renwick exhibition, Celebration: A

World of Art and Ritual , and an exhibition from India scheduled for the Evans Gallery, Museum of Natural History, in FY 1985. Trust funds support the salaries of the remaining ten permanent staff members, one-third the cost of the annual festival, and some travel and office expenses. Grants and contracts are sought to augment programs at the annual festival (e.g., the New Jersey and French programs at the 1983 festival).

Trust funds cover the direct costs of the Visiting Research Fellowships, the recently established Regent's Fellowships, the Cooperative Education Program, and the James E. Webb Fellowship program. Administrative costs for the Office of Fellowships and Grants , the office which manages these programs, are essentially federally funded. In addition to administering the Institution's entire range of fellowship offerings, the Office of Fellowships and Grants also manages, for the Assistant Secretary for Science, the Special Foreign Currency Program .

The Office of Elementary and Secondary Education conducts its basic activities through federal appropriations, and solicits trust funds or grants for support of special projects, meetings or conferences. The Office of Symposia and Seminars receives an annual allotment from trust funds for administration and direction of its activities, which include seeking outside support for the academic and intellectual conferences which it coordinates. Both offices are administered by the Assistant Secretary for Public Service.

The International Environmental Research Program was established in the early 1970s to promote interbureau research on environmental matters by funding special, long-term projects using the principal scientific strengths of such organizations as the Tropical Research Institute, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Natural History Museum, and the Zoo. These funds are federally appropriated and administered by the Assistant Secretary for Science.

Collections Management/Inventory Programs . In FY 1979, Congress appropriated special funds in the amount of $500,000 to help allow the Institution to begin conducting a major inventory of its various collections, including those which are to be housed in the Museum Support Center. These funds in FY 1983 were allocated to the Museum of Natural History, Museum of American History, the Cooper-Hewitt, and the Office of Information Resource Management and Registrar to permit these units to finish projects associated with the overall effort. The initial inventory is now complete (June 1983) with some one hundred million items documented as being in the collections, but there is a real need to continue the program in future years. Efforts will be directed in FY 1984 to reconciling the inventory results with catalogue and other records, to establish routine

Making his own micro-trail, a youngster learns about ecology the fun way at

the Environmental Research Center.

Visitors meet an African bullfrog at the National Zoological Park's Herplab (a family education center)

procedures for entering data on incoming objects, to refine the results of collections that were inventoried by batch rather than individual counts, and to continue to refine and improve on the data processing systems for accessing information on the collections. The program will continue to be administered by the Assistant Secretary for Museum Programs, working in close consultation with the Assistant Secretaries for Science and History and Art to assure that from year-to-year the most urgent projects are selected for funding through this appropriation.

Collections Acquisition, Scholarly Studies, and Education Programs . In FY 1978, the Regents established a special trust account to be used for strengthening the Smithsonian's collections through purchase of major works of art and objects of scientific and historical value, and to allow for the funding of special projects important to the research and educational functions of the Institution. A total of $15,645,000 in unrestricted trust funds was approved by the Regents for allocation to bureaus through FY 1983: $3,250,000 for scholarly projects, $4,050,000 for educational activities, and $8,345,000 collections acquisitions.

These funds, along with about $200,000 that had been earmarked in earlier years for similar purposes, have made possible important activities in various museums and other bureaus of the Institution, including major acquisitions for the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, the Portrait Gallery, the Museum of American Art, the Freer Gallery of Art, the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, and the Museums of Natural History, American History, and African Art. The funds have also supported major scientific studies and educational efforts, scientific workshops and conferences, student intern programs, Native American training programs, presentations, programs and performances for special groups including the handicapped and the elderly, and weekend films and lectures for the general public. It is anticipated, given available funds, that these Regents' programs will continue during the planning period.

Museum Support Center Equipment and Operations . Current efforts at the Museum Support Center are focused on preparing the building for full operations and for the initial move of collections which should begin soon. The building was dedicated in mid-May 1983 and environmental systems are now being monitored and carefully balanced. Laboratory equipment is also being installed. The storage system to be installed at the Center provides efficient high density storage on three eight-feet high storage levels, similar to multi-story library stacks. The system uses fixed, self-supporting metal racks and cabinets that can hold a variety of cases, shelves and drawers as needed to meet the specific requirements of each of the collections. The prototype "wet" storage equipment, which will house specimens preserved in alcohol, is now being installed in pod three. Completion of this first phase will occur early in 1984. A contract for the more complex and voluminous "dry" storage equipment to be erected in pods one, two, and four was awarded in December 1983, and installation is expected to be completed by mid-1985.

Major Exhibition Program . Appropriations of $750,000 were received for this program for the first time in FY 1981. Several exhibitions were successfully produced over the next few years, during which time it became increasingly apparent that the financing needs of the special exhibition program of the Evans Hall in the National Museum of Natural History, and of the program of phased reinstallation of the permanent exhibit halls within the Museum of American History, were such overriding priorities that the resources of this program would best be allocated to those purposes on a permanent basis. Accordingly, for FY 1985 and beyond, the federal resources formerly shown under this head are included in the figures displayed for the Museum of American History and the Museum of Natural History. To finance major exhibitions beyond the scope of base resources available to museum bureaus of the Smithsonian, studies are being undertaken on ways in which nonappropriated funds can be directed to a trust-funded program, effectively replacing this federal activity.

Future Year Prospectus

The Office of Folklife Programs will continue to plan and produce the annual Festival of American Folklife, which takes place during the two-week period at the end of June and over the July 4th holiday weekend. This Office will also continue its research and publication efforts, including the publishing of scholarly monographs on aspects of American culture (these monographs are accompanied by documentary films which visually explicate technical aspects of the written treatises) and mount special projects within the museums such as the "living celebrations" for the Renwick Gallery in FY 1983 which were part of the "Celebration" exhibition. For the planning period, consideration is being given to ways the Office can contribute to the opening year's activities of the Quadrangle. The Office is also planning an exhibit on cultural stereotypes for FY 1988. Projections contained in this chapter and the Appendix tables reflect these plans.

Only small increases in federal resources are projected over the planning period for administering the activities of the Office of Fellowships and Grants , including the Special Foreign Currency Program. If trust funds are available, however, significant added support for fellowships and stipends may occur. The Institution has given high priority to this program. Additional funding in FY 1982 and 1983 enabled the Office to offer a greater number of these fellowships and awards. Continued increases in funding will permit expansion of the program to include more senior postdoctoral Fellows as well as increasing the overall number of awards offered. Increases are also planned for the prestigious Regents Fellowships. These awards are offered to scholars of distinction and breadth of intellect to conduct in residence studies of major importance.

As part of the effort to enhance minority participation in the life of the Institution, plans also call for providing expanding opportunities for minority students through internships and the Cooperative Education Program,

A museum teacher helps two visitors participate in a treasure hunt at

the Museum of Natural History.

and to increasing visiting faculty appointments available to faculty members from minority academic institutions. Approximately thirty students and five faculty are currently supported each year.

No major growth of federal projects or resources is planned for the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education , but expansion of trust supported programs is planned if funds become available. An anthropology resource kit for use in elementary and secondary schools has been developed, and, it if proves popular, may be adapted later for various other subjects in art, history, and science. Some additional workshops, the completion of a special project directed toward producing learning materials for hospitalized children, expanded programs for handicapped visitors, and a program designed to introduce minority young people to career opportunities at the Smithsonian also are underway. Ways to fund these activities through grants and contracts or through the Institution's earmarked educational trust funds are being considered.

Increased federal funding for the Office of Symposia and Seminars is projected for a seminar series devoted to celebrating the anniversary of the signing of the Constitution. The theme of the first seminar is tentatively directed to "Learning the Duties of Citizenship", and will include public servants and leaders from the professions and industry. The second colloquium may deal with "Ideas Behind the Constitution" and involve leading high school teachers from around the nation, students, scholars of constitutional law, and radio and television producers. The third, in FY 1987, the bicentennial year of the ratification and signing of the Constitution is tentatively devoted to the "The Pursuit of Justice" and is under conceptual development.

Some added appropriations are projected in future years for travel, supplies and publication costs associated with the projects supported through the International Environmental Science Program , but current projections call for stable funding of the Coll ec tions Management/Inventory Program . Some minor growth in trust support for the Collections Acquisition , Scholarly Studies, and Education Program is projected, but as is the case for other programs, this support is contingent in future years on economic conditions, institutional priorities, and the abilities of the various auxiliary and revenue producing activities to sustain their popularity and financial performances.

From FY 1980-85 some $11,200,000 federal funds have been appropriated to acquire the specialized storage and laboratory equipment at the Museum Support Center . In FY 1984, the Institution has a federal appropriation of $3,895,000 for equipment of which $1,510,000 is the last installment of laboratory equipment; $750,000 for expenses for moving specimens and artifacts from museums and laboratories to the Center; $772,000 for utility costs; and 116 positions and $2,576,000 for an operating base of $7,993,000.

These funds will allow the Institution to open and operate the building and its programs for the first year. For FY 1985, the Institution is requesting a total of $13,172,000 appropriations including $7,500,000 which will accelerate the planned acquisition of storage equipment and complete the purchase of equipment needed for the initial move of collections to the Center. Approval of this request will permit substantial savings of several million dollars resulting from economies of scale through procurement of the balance of the storage equipment. Also included is $772,000 for utilities costs; $750,000 to continue the move of collections to the Center; and 143 positions and $4,150,000 for operating and program support. This amount will allow the Center to operate at the full operational level and provide continued program development of the Conservation Analytical Laboratory including the first class for the Conservation Training program. In addition, over the planning period, the Institution will use about $750,000 in trust funds for specialized conservation equipment.

Quadrangle . FY 1985 is the first year the Institution is seeking federal appropriations in a substantial way for Quadrangle staff, operations, and equipment. Some $1,109,000 and twenty-one positions are contained in the FY 1985 budget request for the African Art Museum, Sackler Gallery, Libraries, Traveling Exhibition Service, and for the needs of the International Center. Appropriations are expected to grow in FY 1986 to about $11,150,000, the year when Quadrangle construction is completed. Much of the increase will be directed to security, building and grounds maintenance, utilities, and staffing and support costs of the Museum of African Art, the Sackler Gallery, and the International Center. Also included are one-time equipment and move costs, amounting to around $6,300,000 in FY 1986 appropriations; as these latter requirements are filled, some funds will be redirected to operations which are currently expected to be around $12,000,000 in FY 1989. The projections do not take into consideration the future effect of inflation. Trust resources will be raised from donors and various sources to augment exhibition, education, and other activities in dollar amounts that cannot be accurately estimated at this time. It is expected, however, that activities such as the National and Resident Associate Programs, along with private donations, gifts, and shop sales, will contribute in a meaningful fashion to trust funded operations.

Much of the federal increase during FY 1984-FY 1986 is associated with obtaining necessary operating and equipment funds. Overall, Special Programs funding is projected to grow from current levels of about $13,000,000 to $29-,000,000. Appropriations associated with Quadrangle requirements occur in the years FY 1985-FY 1989. Unrestricted funds are expected to increase for fellowships and grants, elementary and secondary education, and the folklife program. Detailed projections are presented in Appendix I.

ASSOCIATES PROGRAMS

Founded in 1965 on the 200th birthday of James Smithson, the original Associate Program was designed especially for residents of the Washington metropolitan area, drawing on the varied resources of the Institution to provide educational and cultural opportunities to individuals or families who chose to join. The larger institutional aims in public education, however, have always been to make Smithsonian resources increasingly accessible to people of all ages and without regard to their geographic distance from the National Mall. With the establishment of the Smithsonian magazine in April 1970 as a major benefit and feature of a membership program, the original Smithsonian Associate Program has evolved now to include separate National and Resident organizations which offer educational and learning experiences geared to public constituencies in the Washington area, as well as across the country.

This chapter covers future plans, changes in activities, and resource estimates for Associates programs, including the National and Resident Associate Programs, the Office of Membership and Development which coordinates these programs, and the Magazine which is part of the Office of Public Service,

Current and Projected Resources

These trust-funded operations had FY 1983 Associate activity revenues totaling approximately $62,500,000 and 167 employees. Minor amounts were also available from special purpose funds and restricted gifts and grants. As a group, they generated almost $9,000,000 in unrestricted trust income for the Institution in FY 1983 after cost of sales, payroll, and other operating expenses. Gross expenses for unrestricted trust Associate operations amounted to over $55,600,000.

Unrestricted income and expenses for FY 1983 and projected FY 1989 are summarized below:

Projected FY 1985 FY 1989

INCOME:

Office of Membership

and Development Resident Associate Program National Associate Program Magazine Total

EXPENSES:

Office of Membership

and Development Resident Associate Program National Associate Program Magazine

Total

Net Gain:

Full-Time Employment

11

46 27 83

f67

Funds ($000)

$ 2,783 10,188 49,482

$62,455

$ 1,059

5,150

9,5"4

59,3S5

$55,62S

S S,325

FTE

12

55 51 90

1S6

Funds ($000)

$ 5,625 16,225 61,000

$S0,S50

S 761

5, 715 14,295 52,000

$70,771 $10,079

National and international study tours, regional events across the U.S., selected studies seminars in Washington and contributing membership activities comprise the ways through which the National Associate Program serves members without regard to their geographic location. The Resident Associate Program offers a variety of popular classes, lectures, tours, and other activities for members in the metropolitan Washington area. It has been self-supporting since 1972, generating modest net funds each year which are budgeted with unrestricted funds of the Institution. The fund raising and administrative costs of the Office of Membership and Development are considered as an expense item against unrestricted funds. Contributions to the Smithsonian from corporations, foundations and individuals approximate $5,600,000 in FY 1983. This figure does not include the Contributing Membership Program, contributions from the members of the James Sraithson Society, or contributions toward the Quadrangle project or other construction and renovation programs.

The Magazine has been one of the most successful public education ventures established by the Institution. Its general acceptance is a tribute to the role it has played in filling a need for style and elegance, as well as lucid reporting on cultural and scientific developments taking place in today's world. The largest portion of the resources for this group of activities is contained within the operations of the Magazine. In FY 1985, expenses of this trust funded activity were approximately $49,500,000 and the Institution realized net funds of about $9,600,000. The net funds will continue to fund various educational operations of the Institution.

Future Year Prospectus

National Associate Progra m. Secure on a well-established foundation, the Program has successfully come through a period of national economic uneasiness and now anticipates a creative and reasonable growth in the future. Over the next five years, and in close cooperation with Smithsonian magazine, new efforts will be made to increase the awareness of National members to the benefits of contributing to the Institution. Current projections for National Associate Contributing Membership call for a 50 percent to 60 percent growth, but it is entirely possible that membership could double in size by 1990, expanding self-supporting services to the membership, increasing members' support for the Institution and providing an even more significant contribution to various programs of the Institution. The currently projected 50 percent to 60 percent membership growth is predicted to result in more than $2.5 million in unrestricted funds by FY 1989.

In 19^84, some 6200 Smithsonian Associates will participate in at least 85 foreign and domestic study tours. Tne challenge of the next five years will be to expand the market, achieving greater levels of operational efficiency so as to offset escalating costs of travel. Increased use of computer and word processing resources will help make this possible and at the same time enable the Institution to reach a larger market through direct mail and refined advance tour information.

Since 1976, the Institution has successfully transported representational elements of its activities to Associates and others in 66 cities of 30 states.

The regional events plan for the next five years is essentially one of refining and fine-tuning techniques. Providing educational services to Smithsonian members and to numbers of cosponsoring organizations, the Institution will seek to increase public awareness through media promotions, with especial emphasis on such lesser-serviced populations such as rural residents and military personnel.

The Institution is utilizing all available space for the selected studies seminars; fifteen or sixteen annual seminars are currently the maximum capacity. While this condition is expected to improve with the introduction in mid-1986 of the Quadrangle's Education Center, the Institution will continue to hold some seminars at such Smithsonian facilities outside Washington as the Cooper-Hewitt Museum in New York and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Boston.

Resident Associate Program . Plans of the Resident Associate Program can be summarized as follows: continue present programming (95.0 separate activities in FY 1983, growing at least 25 percent in the next five years); assimilate and strengthen the newly acquired performing arts acitivities; expand and broaden the composition of the membership (now at 51,500 and expected to reach 55,000); and develop new outreach programs.

The Resident Associate Program will continue to organize high quality cultural, educational, and membership activities, including courses, seminars, lectures, films, workshops, and study tours for adults and young people. The scholarship program for inner-city young people and adults will continue, as well as Institutional celebrations and events developed in conjunction with . Smithsonian and other museums on important national and international occasions. The Program will continue to commission works of art. During FY 19S3, the incorporation of performing arts responsibilities (including the Discovery Theater's live and puppet performances for young people and families) added a major new dimension to the Resident Associate Program. Another new activity is the Discover Graphics project, formerly managed by the Museum of American Art, and providing free etching/lithographic workshops for area secondary education students and their teachers.

A primary objective for the next five years is to reach new audiences through more diverse programs and expanded membership. For example, negotiations are in process to teleconference a major national seminar in collaboration with the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, a joint videotape project with George Washington University, and a cooperative project with Loyola College in Baltimore, which will open up humanities programming for a new constituency. Comsat is interested in RAP programs for its new fine arts television channel, and Home Box Office (pay television channel) has expressed interest in collaborating on performing arts projects. WETA is also interested in RAP programs. The Program is working with the Folger Theatre in providing season subscription series of theatrical productions embellished by after-theatre special events. The joint, highly successful, RAP-Audubon-F0NZ lecture series will continue, and additional mutually rewarding efforts will be considered, such as with the Old Post Office Building Nancy Hanks Center.

1 For example, the bicentennial of the Treaty of Paris, the centennial of the birth of President Harry S. Truman, the 1985 Festival of India, and bicentennial celebration of the constitution in 1987.

To help broaden the composition of membership, active promotional efforts to the black community will be made, including advertisements in publications and direct mailings to special mailing lists. Also, in the case of senior citizens the success of the "Tuesday Morning at the Smithsonian" lecture series may lead to expanded daytime activities for senior citizens and others unable to participate in the evening hours.

Office of Membership and Development . The nature of corporate and foundation involvement in art and culture has been changing as a result of the policy of the current administration which calls for the private sector to increase support to various human and social services. Competition for art and cultural funds is increasing. The case for contributions to the Smithsonian, therefore, now requires greater and more continuous effort, and these conditions can be expected to persist well into the future.

As a result, several measures are now being planned. These include the preparation of a general brochure which will thoroughly present the institution's needs for a wide variety of private support, making clear the historic relationship with federal appropriations. As Quadrangle fund raising efforts begin to diminish, attention will be directed to the creation of endowments for many of the individual bureaus and to renewed emphasis on the development of deferred giving instruments such as the Pooled Income Fund, Unitrusts, Annuity Trusts, etc. The brochure also will feature traditional opportunities for support such as bequests and other testamentary gifts. A more personal approach to soliciting specific project sponsorships is also planned for the future, including more visitations to foundations, corporations, and individuals.

Smithsonian Magazine . Although the Magazine's management is justifiably cautious about the ebb and flow of fashion in publishing, it also expects that the demand for its product will remain strong, with an annual financial surplus estimated at $8,000,000 to $9,000,000 over the next few years. It is primarily from these funds that the Board of Regents has been able to budget for the recently approved Regent's program for acquisitions, scholarly studies and educational outreach projects, to fund certain expenses previously met with federal appropriations, and to set aside sums each year for the enhancement of the Institution's endowment. The Magazine will continue to produce a high quality product and to be supported entirely by the trust revenues which it generates. New growth in subscribers is expected to average 25,000a year from the present level of about 2,000,000 . If required because of inflationary cost increases associated with production and mailing, subscription rates may increase in future years.

With continued good performance by Associate Programs, revenues should increase from current levels of $62,500,000 to $81,000,000 in FY 1989, with net income from these activities projected at about $10,000,000. Detailed expense projections appear in Appendix I.

BUSINESS MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES

This section covers plans, anticipated changes, and resource estimates for selected auxiliary activities conducted under the auspices of the Business Management Office. These revenue producing activities include the Museum Shops, Mail Order Division, Concessions, Food Services, Parking and the Belmont Conference Center. The revenue-producing activities of the Magazine, Smithsonian Press and Traveling Exhibition Service are separate from the Business Management Office, and are presented in appropriate chapters and tables corresponding to the organization of the Institution and the FY 1985 budget submission.

The operations described in this section, like the Institution's Associates Programs, are an effort to offer the public a diverse range of services, to make the Smithsonian more accessible, and to enhance the educational experiences generated by exhibits and other activities.

Current and Projected Resources

In FY 1985, these trust-funded operations had revenues totaling some $27,675,000 and 264 employees. As a group they generated over $4.0 million in unrestricted net income for the Institution after cost of sales, payroll, and other operating expenses. By FY 1989, gross income from these activities is expected to increase by approximately $12 million with a net gain of approximately $5.0 million being made available for application to various activities and programs of the Institution.

Full-Time Employment FY 1985 FY 1989

INCOME:

Business Management Ofc. Museum Shops Mail Order Division Concessions/Food Services Parking Belmont Total

Unrestricted Funds C$000s)

EXPENSES:

Business Management Office/Product Licensing . In addition to the administration of the business activities listed below, this office is responsible for a product licensing program which makes reproductions and other products closely related to the Smithsonian collections and activities available for purchase by individuals throughout the country, through licensing agreements with various manufacturers.

Museum Shops . The Smithsonian has provided sales desks since the 1860s, but substantial sales results are a recent development. Centrally managed museum shops are located in the Museum of American History, the Museum of Natural History, the Arts and Industries Building, the Air and Space Museum, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, the Museum of American Art, the Portrait Gallery, the Renwick Gallery, and the Museum of African Art.

Items offered for sale in the museum shops are selected to meet special requirements. Each item must expand the educational value of an individual's visit, relate to the collections, be appropriate to the museum where sold, and conform to high standards of quality and taste. Catalogues and other publications derived from exhibition themes and subjects, including works by Smithsonian scholars, are important to the museum shops. Other items include reproductions of artifacts, craft products, and educational games and toys for children.

Mail Order Division . Formed in 1975, the Mail Order Division produces several catalogues each year. These catalogues are sent to Associates and offer special items selected to reflect Smithsonian collections and programs. High standards of quality, taste, and educational value are maintained. Approximately 260,000 catalogue orders are processed annually through the Division's receiving and shipping center in Springfield, Virginia.

Concessions/Food Services . Through concession arrangements, the Institution provides visitors with restaurant facilities and recorded tour rental systems in the major Smithsonian museums. An old-fashioned ice cream parlor is also operated by a concessionaire in the Museum of American History. Other concessions include the popular carrousel and popcorn wagons on the Mall during the spring and summer. During FY 1982, the Smithsonian converted two of its concessionaire-managed food facilities (at the Air and Space and the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden) to seif operation on an experimental basis. A comprehensive study was recently conducted to evaluate the Institution's food services, including these self-operated facilities as well as concessions, and to recommend short and long-range development alternatives. The results of this study and other internal reviews resulted in the management decision to restore all restaurant operations to concession. This action was completed effective October, 1985.

Parking . Parking revenues are generated by the parking garage located under the Air and Space Museum and supplemented by fees charged to Associates and the public parking on other Smithsonian lots during weekends.

Belmont Conference Center . The Center, which opened in 1967, is located between Washington and Baltimore and is operated by the Smithsonian to provide a setting for scholarly conferences and related gatherings both for its own activities and for other nonprofit and governmental organizations and institutions. The limited size of this facility has necessitated in years past an operating subsidy of approximately $50,000 to $100,000 per year. In FY 1983, sale of the Center and its surrounding land to the American Chemical Society and the State of Maryland was concluded.

Future Year Prospects

In the period from FY 1983 to FY 1989, the primary focus in the Business Management activities will be on improving the quality of goods and services offered to the public as well as the operational efficiency of the business activities. Expanded program activity will be associated primarily with the opening of new museum shop facilities in the Quadrangle replacing the existing shop of the National Museum of African Art, as well as the opening of a major new shop in the National Museum of American History, the opening of new restaurant facilities in the National Air and Space Museum to improve access for the public, and increased efforts in the area of product licensing. As in the past, high standards for the quality and value of goods and services will be maintained. Detailed projections appear in Appendix I.

ADMINISTRATIVE, FINANCIAL, AND OTHER SUPPORT SERVICES

Organization units described in this chapter include central management functions provided by the Office of the Secretary, Under Secretary, Assistant Secretary for Administration, General Counsel, Treasurer, Coordinator of Public Information including Congressional Liaison, and Director of Facilities Services. They also include the following specialized administrative and technical offices : Accounting and Financial Services, Audits, Contracts, Equal Opportunity, Grants and Risk Management, Information Resource Management, Management Analysis, Personnel Administration, Printing and Photographic Services, Programming and Budget, Public Affairs and Special Events, Supply Services, and Travel Services. Also included is the International Exchange Service which has been transferred to the Assistant Secretary for Administration.

They also consist of three major facilities offices : Design and Construction, Plant Services, and Protection, with primary orientation to the physical plant and its contents and to safety and health services for visitors and staff. To be consistent with budget presentations, resources associated with the Office of Horticulture and South Group Building Management are included in the tables of this chapter as part of physical plant services. These latter two organizations are supervised by the Assistant Secretary for Museum Programs.

These central administrative, financial, technical and other support services provide overall planning, policy determination, direction, and leadership to the Institution; management of its resources; and evaluation of its work. These units furnish legal counsel, financial management, public information, and other administrative, professional, and technical services required to support the Smithsonian's programs, to maintain, operate, and protect its physical plant; to perform health and safety services; and to assure that the Institution complies with all appropriate laws and regulations and is fully accountable for its actions.

Current and Projected Resources

These organization units had FY 1985 resources totaling about $62,000,000 (including $14,021,000 for utility and communications costs) and 1,451 full-time employees. Of this total, approximately $55,000,000 and 1,272 full-time employees are provided from appropriated funds and $9,000,000 and 179 employees are allocated within the Institution's nonappropriated trust fund budget. A breakdown of resources (before application of overhead recovery) follows for FY 1985 and projected FY 1989:

Specialized Administrative and Technical Offices Federal S$E Trust Funds

Facilities Offices Federal S§E Trust Funds

Total 1,451 $61,926 1,659 $81,170

Unrestricted trust funds are allotted to the management and support units to achieve an appropriate balance of federal appropriation and trust fund support in these units, since they serve the entire Institution. Primarily, these funds are used for personnel who perform assignments similar to those of staff paid from appropriated funds. Several support units administer unrestricted trust funds for more specialized purposes. The Office of Printing and Photographic Services receives income from the sale of photographic materials to the public. The computer center of the Office of Information Resource Management and the audiovisual unit of the Office of Plant Services operate on a cost recovery basis by charging users for the services provided.

Future Year Prospectus

Major emphases of the administrative, financial, and other support offices over the planning period may be grouped in three categories: the development and maintenance of the physical plant; improvements to the management of information and continued strengthening of internal controls and accountability systems; and provision of adequate security, safety, and health systems.

The major facility event will be the completion in about January 1986 of the Quadrangle project now under construction with public opening of its museums and other education resources in late 1986. Administrative, financial, and support costs identified to date associated with Quadrangle operations are contained in the Special Program chapter, Appendix I, and Table 5. Shortly after completion of the Quadrangle it

is anticipated that the General Post Office Building will be repaired and restored and in use for museum and other public purposes. New facilities to support basic science research and public education will be available at several of the Institution's field activities. Work will continue in the annual program to provide adequate public and support facilities for the National Zoological Park, and the Institution will be diligent in maintaining and upgrading its physical plant to guard against deterioration, to improve energy efficiency, to provide for health and safety requirements, and assure that spaces meet program needs. Details on the Smithsonian's capital program appear in the Facilities Planning, Construction, Restoration and Renovation chapter and the Beyond FY 1989 chapter of the Prospectus.

Efforts will continue to strengthen information and other management systems to aid in the effective and efficient support of the Institution's operations and to assure adequate control and accountability as a public responsibility. In the area of automation, an information resource manage-' ment office has been established and is working on a program to identify and solve information management problems in ways that will unify processes in the total organization. Continued attention will be given to internal controls and management reviews of important areas of the Institution's work and the assessment and correction of potentially vulnerable areas of operations. Such activity will be examined by the Board of Regents and its Audit and Review Committee.

Security, safety, and health programs will receive continuing attention in both the operating and construction budgets. Guard and other security personnel will be added based on continuing surveys to meet the needs of new facilities and to provide a more acceptable level of coverage in present public and other spaces for the protection of facilities, natural areas, collections, visitors, and staff. Over the planning period, it is anticipated that the Institution's proprietary alarm system, now being installed at the Museum Support Center, will be extended to other buildings on the Mall and elsewhere. Simultaneously, the program of upgrading alarm and other security equipment and devices will be completed. The conversion and elimination of nitrate film materials from Smithsonian collections for safety reasons will be completed and substantial progress will have been made in the elimination or containment of asbestos conditions. An occupational health program for the Institution's employees will be in place.

Operating budget resources required to meet these priority objectives and to sustain adequate levels of operational support by the organizations in the administrative, financial, and other support category may approach $81,000,000 in FY 1989 from the FY 1983 level of $62,000,000. Detailed projections for centralized, specialized and technical, and facilities offices appear in Appendix I.

FACILITIES PLANNING, CONSTRUCTION, RESTORATION AND RENOVATION

The Smithsonian's responsibility for its museum buildings and other facilities requires a continuing program of repairs and maintenance (some of which is accomplished by staff with funds provided in operating budgets), renovations and restorations, and new construction. The objectives of this program are to provide appropriate, safe, and accessible facilities for research, education, and care of collections. Federal appropriations are the primary source of funds for this work, but, starting with the funding of the original Smithsonian Institution Building, other sources of funds have at various times become available for particular projects.

Beginning in the mid-1970s, the Smithsonian established improvement of its facilities and their operation as one of its highest priorities. This decision to'emphasize building repairs and improvements through the budget process reflected the Institution's great concern for the condition of its buildings, many of which date back to the turn of the century, as well as the realization that many more millions of dollars were required each year for this purpose.

Considerable progress has been made in determining the extent to which additional facility support is required. A number of critical projects have been completed and a number of other major projects have been started. These projects include periodic work such as roof replacement, terrace waterproofing, replacing heating and air conditioning equipment, fire detection and suppression improvements, etc. These and other repair and improvement requirements are estimated currently to cost about $112,730,000 from FY 1985 through FY 1989.

Redevelopment of the Zoological Park began in 1970 and steadily accelerated to a point where now only several improvement and exhibition projects remain. About $37,000,000 of work has been accomplished and about $25,260,000 of work is planned through FY 1989. At the Conservation and Research Center at Front Royal, a facility master plan has been adopted which provides a renovation and development program, much of which can be accomplished in the next five years at an estimated cost of about $5,780,000.

The Smithsonian's five-year construction program, .which follows is highlighted by an exciting project to develop on the Mall new buildings for Eastern and African art. In addition, programs are outlined for the Whipple Observatory, the Environmental Research Center, the Tropical

Research Institute, the Air and Space Museum, the Old General Post Office Building, and Mall administrative support facilities.

Construction, Renovation and Restoration Summary FY 1985-1989 ($000) (Appropriated and Nonappropriated)

Construction $137,450,000

Zoo (Rock Creek 5 Front Royal) 38,540,000

Restoration $ Renovation 112,750,000

$288,720,000

Construction

Quadrangle Development

Public Law 96-36 that authorized planning for development of the Quadrangle was signed by the President on July 20, 1979. In FY 1982, $960,000 was appropriated to complete planning and design for a Center for African, Near Eastern, and Asian Cultures within 4.2 acres of land bounded by the Smithsonian Building, the Arts and Industries Building, the Freer Gallery of Art, and Independence Avenue. This project, including a connecting link and modifications to the Freer Gallery, is estimated to cost $75,000,000, and is planned to be financed equally between government and private sponsors. An amount of $56,500,000 was appropriated in FY 1983 to allow the Institution to construct a building in the Quadrangle. Because a very favorable construction contract was awarded by the General Services Administration, the Congress reduced the construction appropriation by $8,000,000. Legislative language accompanying this reduction allows the Institution to make future properly justified requests necessary to bring this project to fulfillment.

The Quadrangle building will include exhibition galleries and supporting museum facilities for proper display of unique collections of the Museum of African Art, as well as for an expansion of collections of N'ear and Far Eastern art to be known as the Sackler Gallery. In addition, quarters are planned for the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, expanded public education facilities, as well as a much needed International Center for special exhibitions and symposia. The joining of these activities and programs in one area will enable the Institution to apply, in a coordinated fashion, its major resources to benefit millions of visitors who travel to Washington each year. It will provide, as well, an opportunity for foreign nations to present their most important cultural accomplishments to this same audience.

The Quadrangle site will be occupied aboveground by two small entrance pavilions bordering Independence Avenue which will serve as introductory galleries and form an enclosure for an eclectic landscape particularly evocative of 19th Century landscape design appropriate to the Smithsonian

4 *J*Z*»J-.s£- '*//, / •■'':'' V.-, ."V.-"'"'--' '.^'O'"' "

A refurbished Small Mammal House opened April 1983.

Institution Building and the Arts and Industries Building. The two pavilions will allow access to three building levels below grade providing exhibition galleries, libraries, classrooms, and space for the care and study of collections. The galleries will permit the Institution to present a variety of exhibitions drawn from the resources of its own museums, other United States collections, or borrowed from abroad. The International Center will enable the Institution to organize international symposia and exhibitions and will enhance the public's ability to interpret distant cultures of extraordinary richness and importance.

On June 30, 1983, the General Services Administration (GSA) awarded a construction contract for the Quadrangle project to the Blake Construction Company, Weashington, D.C., in the amount of $39,377,000. Following a pre-construction meeting and submittal of performance bonds, the GSA issued a notice to proceed to Blake effective July 20, 1983. The period of performance required by the contract is 915 days, producing a contract completion date of January 20, 1986.

Annual Quadrangle program and operating costs, including one-time costs for such items as collection storage equipment and moving costs, can be found in Tables 5 and 10 of this Prospectus.

General Post Office

Since 1958, when the Institution acquired the Patent Office Building, it has been interested in obtaining the General Post Office Building, which is immediately across F Street and further bounded by 7th, 8th and E Streets. Both buildings are the work of America's first native-born professional architect, Robert Mills of South Carolina, who also designed the Washington Monument and the Treasury Building. The General Post Office (the fifth oldest Federal building in Washington, D.C.) is proposed to be used for the expanding public activities of the National Museum of American Art, the National Portrait Gallery, and the Archives of American Art now housed in the Patent Office Building.

The Archives of American Art, founded in 1954, is the nation's largest repository of documentary and source materials relating to the history of the visual arts in the United States. Its primary purpose is to acquire and preserve these materials used by historians and scholars for research in all areas of American art history. The National Museum of American Art is devoted to the conservation and exhibition of American painting, sculpture, design, crafts, and graphic arts, and is a major American art research center. Its carefully catalogued collections are supplemented by a library of over 30,000 volumes and other documents. The National Portrait Gallery was established as "a free public museum for the exhibition and study of portraiture and statuary depicting men and women who have made significant contributions to the history, development, and culture of the people of

the United States, and artists who created such portraiture and statuary." This mandate was extended in 1976, to permit collection and display of photographic and other media portraiture.

Since initial occupancy of the Patent Office Building, the Museum of American Art and the Portrait Gallery have established an enviable reputation for the content and quality of exhibitions and scholarly research. This reputation, as might be anticipated, has had a very positive effect on the acquisition of quality objects of art. During this same period, the Archives of American Art has significantly reinforced its nationally recognized position as a center of art scholarship.

The success of these programs has caused the Institution to renovate garage and attic areas at the Patent Office Building for collection storage and staff purposes. In the last several years, all three bureaus have had to store certain collections and perform some collection management activities at the Institution's leased building at 1111 North Capitol Street,

Being assured of continued growth of collections and public programs at the Patent Office Building, the Institution has made known to the General Services Administration its long term requirement for space at the General Post Office. Located across the street and connected by a tunnel under F Street, this landmark structure would be expected to meet the needs of these three bureaus well into the next century.

The General Post Office offers space for a wide range of public museum activities such as exhibitions, the study of collections, classes and seminars. An auditorium for lectures, films, and other purposes, urgently needed by the programs in the Patent Office Building, can be created in the General Post Office Building. Conversion of the building to public use, including weekend and evening education activity, also would add significantly to the emerging cultural and art corridor along 8th and 7th Streets that has been encouraged by the Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corporation. The firm of E. Verner Johnson and Associates has been selected to develop specific museum programs of use for the building and to assess the positive effect the use of this building would have on the use of space in the Patent Office Building. A final report by this firm is expected in February 1984, when it will be possible to estimate better renovation and operating costs.

Funding in the approximate amount of $35 million is estimated to be needed for planning and design and to renovate and repair the building for public use. Preserving this historic landmark and converting it to public purposes will require a comprehensive program that must meet the special requirements of museums for fire protection and constant temperature and

STRI's library (dedicated April 1983) will serve scientists, scholars, teachers, university students and administrators throughout Central and South America.

relative humidity in order to preserve the collections with which they are entrusted, while also providing for the safety and accommodation of visitors. Elements of such a program will include replacing the existing roof; restoring all of the original interior and exterior architectural finishes; replacing the windows with thermopane glazing; modernizing all electrical and plumbing systems; providing new insulation, a vapor barrier, and a heating and airconditioning system with industrial controls; replacing existing fluorescent lighting with fixtures reminiscent of the period in which the building was constructed; and installing smoke detec -tion and sprinkler systems along with other security equipment. The Institution's Board of Regents.expects to introduce appropriate legislation early in 1984 to allow a request of $3.5 million for design and $31.5 million for construction in the FY 1986 budget to Congress.

Science Facilities Development

The Institution is obtaining approval from its Board of Regents to assemble in one legislative bill planning and construction authorization for science facility development. Unlike prior year repair and improvement activities, current research objectives include a coordinated effort to improve science facilities commensurate with the Institution's longer range scientific expectations. These construction projects are as follows:

Smithsonian Environmental Research Center

Following a thorough program review and evaluation, the Institution on July 1, 1983, integrated the research programs of the Radiation Biology Laboratory and the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Science. This merger is expected to strengthen present research activities and to afford greater efficiency and economy of administration. The former Radiation Biology Laboratory conducts basic research on the interaction of plants and sunlight and the mechanisms and processes controlled by light. The former Bay Center program conducts research on land-water relationships and ecosystems.

The Institution recently exercised an option to renew the lease for the Radiation Biology Laboratory's facilities at Rockville, Maryland, through 1985, and anticipates exercising a second option which would extend this lease through 1990. Past experience indicates that technically sophisticated laboratory space is acquired for lease only at significant expense, and with less than satisfactory results. Therefore, it is planned to consolidate the newly formed Smithsonian Environmental Research Center at the Bay Center facility at Edgewater, Maryland.

The Edgewater site includes about 1,800 acres of shoreline on the Rhodes estuary, marshes, forest, and former agricultural areas. Present facilities at the Bay Center include a renovated dairy barn with a new laboratory wing addition, an education and dormitory building, and miscellaneous small buildings which provide for storage and vehicle and boat maintenance, and several trailers.

It is planned to conduct a thorough study of the Edgewater site and facilities to determine best use of existing structures and to select an appropriate site for development of new facilities to accommodate the program consolidation.

An early assessment of need suggests that a modern laboratory building of approximately 60,000 square feet will be required, as well as construction of four scientifically equipped greenhouses and a wet laboratory with fresh and salt water tanks. The existing administrative and education facilities will require modifications, and extensive access and utility improvements are anticipated. The Institution expects to request $2,400,000 in FY 1986 for planning and design and $23,100,000 in FY 1987 for construction, of which $1,500,000 would be for equipping the facilities. Little if any increase in operating cost above that which the two separate locations now experience is expected.

Air and Space Museum

Because of the size of air and space craft, even early craft that could be partially disassembled, it was considered uneconomical to provide collection storage space in the Mall building. Therefore, the Air and Space Museum has continued using temporary metal storage buildings at a 21 acre site at Suitland, Maryland, acquired by the Institution for this purpose in the mid 1950's. Periodically, since acquiring this facility, additional metal buildings have been constructed to a point now where both buildings and site are filled to near capacity. Also, during these intervening years, the Suitland area has been developed intensely, making transportation of large modern aircraft to the Air and Space facility, now known as the Paul E. Garber Facility, unfeasible.

Staff of the Air and Space Museum for the past four years have evaluated potential locations at or near airports in the Washington region that could accommodate storage and exhibition structures and permit relocation of aircraft from the Garber Facility, as well as receive by air transportation new objects such as the NASA shuttle Enterprise and the French Concorde. This search resulted in the selection by the Museum of the Federal Reservation at Dulles International Airport, Virginia. Preliminary and informal

discussions with the Federal Aviation Administration indicate that sufficient underdeveloped acreage and general interest exists to warrant serious consideration of this location and further study and planning.

The Institution, following approval of conceptual development planning by its Board of Regents, anticipates that further feasibility exploration and preliminary planning could be pursued in the coming year. Beyond this stage of development, the Institution foresees that four aircraft type hanger buildings of approximately 100,000 square feet each might be constructed over a ten to fifteen year period. Amounts of $1,200,000 in FY 1987 and $12,000,000 in FY 1988 could be requested for design, site preparation, and construction of a first building.

Whipple Observatory

Further development of facilities at the Whipple Observatory near Tucson, Arizona, is required to support expanded research activities associated with the installation of the Multiple Mirror Telescope. Research activities of the Whipple Observatory are conducted on a 4,744-acre site at the 7,600-foot level of Mount Hopkins which is controlled by the U.S. Forest Service and reached by a limited-access secondary road that originates at the observatory administrative headquarters location in Amado, Arizona.

The headquarters site is midway between the cities of Tucson to the north and Nogales to the south and offers easy access from a nearby interstate highway for visitors and for the delivery of research equipment and supplies. On the property is a one-level school building and a residence which have been converted to office use. There are also various automotive service, repair, and storage buildings with gravel parking and driveway areas, as well as space for a motor pool which provides daily access to the mountain site, as well as road maintenance and winter snow removal.

The school building, leased from Santa Cruz County for about 15 years, serves as the base office and staging area for mountain research activities, and includes a small, informal Visitors' Center which has been remodeled to include displays on the history of astronomy and audiovisual presentations describing Smithsonian research.

Because the County is reluctant to continue its lease arrangement, the Observatory is seeking in FY 1985 to purchase two acres of land from the Tucson School District and two acres of adjacent land from private owners for a total price not exceeding $150,000. Smithsonian ownership of the property would allow construction of improved facilities in a planned and coordinated fashion that would respect the integrity of the neighboring community and protect the local environment. Because current and projected needs of the

Observatory necessitate a larger headquarters facility, leasehold improvement is not an economical alternative. Of eight sites studied and analyzed, Amado was chosen because it is accessible and visible from Interstate 19, contains all necessary utilities, is flat and conducive to appropriate development, can be developed to meet the Smithsonian's present and future need with minimum disruption to the current operations, and can be developed cost effectively. The Institution is seeking $3,000,000 in FY 1986 to construct support facilities at Amado and associated improvements at the Observatory.

Tropical Research Institute

The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) serves as a center for tropical studies carried out by the U.S. and the international scientific communities conducts in-house basic research, and is custodian of the largest protected area of tropical forest under direct United States care. To excel in each of these important facilities, it is necessary to undertake, over the next five years, a facilities program of immediate needs whose detailed planning will be incorporated in a Master Plan now being prepared by an architectural/engineering firm.

The Institute's research facilities on Barro Colorado Island, as well as those at Naos Island, Galeta Point and other locations, continue to offer unique research opportunities to scientists and students throughout the world. Repairs and improvements are difficult and costly because of accelerated deterioration and logistical problems associated with these remote tropical locations. Preservation of these facilities requires constant support to protect and improve them for the future.

Construction of a terrestrial laboratory would accommodate the present staff and students working in Building 235 at Ancon in Panama City. The Ancon structure, built before 1920 as a hospital laboratory, has inadequate wiring and plumbing and its hillside location precludes the development of adequate outdoor plant and animal facilities. By replacing this laboratory with a properly designed structure at the Tivoli site, STRI could provide many of its staff with closer access to the library, increased logistical and support service efficiency, and increasedsecurity by decreasing the overall dispersal of STRI's extant facilities.

The terrestrial lab is needed to supply research facilities for approximately 12 staff scientists and approximately 12 pre- or post-doctoral students. In addition to the 24 lab/offices for these scientists, the indoor facilities would include chemistry analytical labs, dark rooms, aquarium room, environmental control laboratory, instrument repair, computer equipment, chemical storage, reference collection storage and herbarium. External

but connected to the main laboratory would be an insectary, an aviary, a Small Animal facility (for mammals, reptiles and amphibians) and a plant growing facility. Since this building would be the principal facility for the largest group of STRI scientists, it also should include a seminar space and small restaurant.

The Institution expects to request $6,500,000 in FY 1986 for this laboratory. Additionally, it is estimated that amounts of $750,000 in FY 1987, $2,000,000 in FY 1988, and $3,500,000 in FY 1989 will be requested for construction projects at Naos Island on the Pacific, Barro Colorado Island in the Canal, and at Galeta Point on the Atlantic.

Mall Administrative Support

Service Center Building

The present concept of an in-town Smithsonian Service Center was developed in 1975, when a number of Institution support activities located at various leased buildings in Washington were consolidated at a single leased location in 1111 North Capitol Street, to provide efficient support to museums and other bureaus principally located on the Mall. In selecting the present Service Center location, proximity to the Mall was a key factor inasmuch as the movement of personnel and museum-related objects between the Service Center and the Mall occurs at a relatively high frequency.

Support activities included in the Service Center can be characterized as being of the light industrial type. A major activity is Exhibits Central where museum exhibits are developed and constructed from basic materials such as lumber, plastic, paper, etc. Exhibits Central facilities include drafting, model construction, shops for woodworking, plastics, silk screening, painting, fabrics and welding.

Other major activities include the assembly, processing, packing, crating and shipment of outgoing traveling exhibits for the SI Traveling Exhibition Services (SITES), the receipt, storage and issue point for general office and museum and building operation and maintenance supplies and equipment, printing and duplicating plant, and distribution center for the Smithsonian Press, and limited holding areas are provided for museum objects from several of the museums.

With the development of a Service Center concept, the Institution leased the presently used facility at 1111 North Capitol Street. The current lease for the Service Center expires in the fall of 1991. During the term of the present lease, the building was sold to a development firm.

In discussions with principals of the firm, it has been made clear to Institution representatives that the objectives of the current owners include redevelopment of the property to a higher and better use. It is noted that the neighborhood is currently in a transition stage, moving from light industrial use to probably office building or comparable use. Quality office buildings have been constructed on North Capitol Street several blocks south of the 1100 block, with substantial indication that this growth will continue to the north in a relatively short period of time.

Authorization will be sought to design and to construct replacement space for those activities now at 1111 North Capitol Street together with those other central support activities now on the Mall which are expected to outgrow their present space which may be required for museum programs. Presently, this is estimated to require a Service Center of 250,000 gross square feet. The Institution plans to request in FY 1987 $9,000,000 for site acquisition and design, and in FY 1988, $18,000,000 for construction.

Office Building

The Institution found it necessary about 1972 to lease office space at L'Enfant Plaza on 10th Street, S.W., about 2 blocks from the Castle building. This was occasioned by a consolidation of scattered leased spaces and the need to free up on the Mall additional space for public purposes. Presently, the Institution occupies about 55,000 square feet at L'Enfant Plaza and 12,000 square feet at Capitol Gallery located about 2 blocks from the Air and Space Museum, on 6th Street, S.K.

The Institution now is reassessing its use of all Mall and leased space, including the effects on this space resulting from occupancy of the Museum Support Center and anticipated completion of the Quadrangle project. In expectation that some leased space will continue to be required, the Institution needs to consider purchase or construction of office space near the Mall in order to reduce the longer term budget effects of continued rental escalation. In 1972, space at L'Enfant cost about $8.50 per square foot and now costs $20 per foot, and $22 per foot at Capitol Gallery. Assuming that a purchase or construction cost could be amortized over a 10 to 20 year period at yearly expense not exceeding current annual rental costs, then, these rental funds could eventually be put to other program purposes.

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Zoological Park and Conservation Center

The original 1973 Zoo Master Plan included 41 projects at Rock Creek costing an estimated $118,000,000. Since then, the program has been scaled down to 30 projects and approximately $75,000,000 at the Zoo in Rock Creek and approximately $10,000,000 of work at the Conservation Center. This savings is due largely to the acquisition of the Front Royal site in 1975, which permitted a reevaluation of the Rock Creek development plan, eliminating many costly and space-consuming projects necessary for breeding and research. The revised plan recognizes that many animals can be provided for at Front Royal at less expense than at Rock Creek. Projects that can be conducted more effectively at Front Royal will continue to be sited there and include nearly all major hoofstock breeding requirements, back-up housing for small primates and numbers of other small mammals, bird incubation and breeder functions, as well as holding facilities for long-term breeding programs.

Zoological Park Redevelopment

Central Area Redevelopment : Construction of the new Ape House and renovation of the Reptile House, including a new nocturnal exhibit in the basement and renovation of the Small Mammal House is complete (these projects total about $4,500,000, appropriated in FY 1980), as well as construction of Monkey Island (FY 1981 appropriation of $1,840,000). Except for minor improvements, redevelopment of the central exhibit area is complete.

Olmsted Walk : This project includes reconstruction of Olmsted Walk with consideration given to preserving and enhancing the natural and historical character of the park. The exhibits along the walk will be renovated to enhance the visitor's experience in viewing the animals. The Connecticut Avenue and Rock Creek entranceways will be redesigned to make them more visible and accessible to the zoo visitor and activity areas will be developed at natural gathering points along the walkway. These activity areas will provide seating, drinking fountains, concessions, public restrooms, and information areas to aid in orienting visitors to the park. Renovation of the walkways will also include improved drainage and surfacing of the walk as well as landscaping of adjacent areas, including the addition of more shade trees. These efforts will assist in unifying the exhibits and grounds, providing a pleasant and educational experience at the National Zoo. Construction is estimated at $4,500,000 phased over a three-year period: FY 85 ($2,000,000), FY 86 ($1,000,000) and FY 87 ($1,500,000).

Health and Research : Renovation of the veterinary hospital will include replacing air conditioning, heating and climate control systems with modern equipment. These systems are over 14 years old and beyond economical repair. An intensive care unit will be added and improvements made to the surgery and radiology areas. The building's roof and incinerator will also be replaced.

These modifications will greatly improve clinical care to Zoo specimens. The present research building, known at Holt House, was erected about 1805. Despite adequate maintenance and care, the building shows signs of age and deterioration. This project would restore Holt House or replace the entire structure. An amount of $4,500,000 will be sought in FY 1986 for design and construction.

Goats and Sheep Exhibit : A natural habitat for goats and sheep will be built south of the bird house between Cathedral Avenue and Rock Creek. The existing terrain is suited for these animals with only minor modifications. The construction of a series of exhibits in the area will permit the Zoo to exhibit these animals in attractive facilities, including some Asian species that are little known or exhibited in this country. An amount of $60,000 will be requested in FY 88 and $600,000 in FY 89 for construction.

Savannah and Plains Animals : An exhibit of prairie and plains animals will be created on the present site of parking lot "B", located north of the elephant house. The area will be viewed from Olmsted Walk. The Zoo currently does not have exhibits on flat terrain which might simulate the openness of the African Savannah. Amounts of $100,000 in FY 1986 and $1,000,000 in FY 1987 will be requested for design and construction respectively.

Aquatic Habitats : With funding of $500,000 appropriated in FY 1980, plans and specifications were prepared for construction of two of four planned exhibit areas within the aquatic habitats project. These two exhibit areas will house sea otters and penguins as feature species, surrounded by smaller corollary displays. An amount of $700,000 will be requested in FY 1987 to complete design of the remaining two exhibit areas (manatees and education/orientation). The construction cost for the four exhibit areas making up the aquatic habitat project is estimated at $12,000,000; a request for an FY 1988 appropriation is anticipated.

Renovation and Repairs : In additon to the redevelopment Master Plan, the Zoological Park is responsible for a continuing program of major maintenance and repair of its real property (buildings, grounds, utilities and equipment). The Zoo has 60 separate structures of which 18 are major buildings. The current plant value is over $100 million and over $1,000,000 will be required annually for structural, mechanical and electrical repairs and renovation of the physical plant to support the Zoo's mission at a satisfactory level.

Conservation and Research Center

Small Animal Facility : The small animal facility was designed as a three-winged building. With funds appropriated in FY 1981, the 2,200 square foot center wing, which contains all support spaces, and the 17,190 square foot east wing, which houses small animals, including marmosets, three kangaroos, dik-diks, marsupial tiger cats, tarsiers, banded palm civets, otter civets and lesser red pandas, have been completed. An amount of $700,000 appropriated in FY 1984 will be used to construct the west wing containing 10,800 square feet of space. The west wing will be used as a breeding facility and will house various small birds such as Bald Ibis, Red Bird of Paradise, Lesser Bird of Paradise, Gardner's Bower Bird, Bornean Great Argus Pheasant, Palowan Peacock Pheasant, Jobi Island Grown Dove and Blue Crowned Pigeon. The building also will serve as a backup holding facility for the Rock Creek collection.

Veterinary Hospital : An amount of $1,400,000 has been received in FY 1984 to construct a 14,000 square foot veterinary hospital which is urgently needed at the Conservation and Research Center. The hospital will include x-ray and treatment rooms, surgical rooms, laboratories, a pharmacy, animal wards, autopsy and food preparation rooms and administrative and storage areas. The hospital will have a number of special requirements which contribute to the cost of constructuion. Among these are ceramic tile in the surgical area, lead lining in the x-ray preparation area and doors of individualized specifications in the surgery, treatment and other areas.

Maintenance Facility : The maintenance trade shops that serve the Conservation and Research Center will be consolidated into one area for improved operations, security and accessibility. A group of supply buildings will be renovated and modified to serve this function, providing a separate service entrance and parking for the Center's motor pool operations and off-site employees. Amounts of $100,000 and $750,000 will be requested in FY 86 and FY 87 respectively, for design and construction. The space vacated by the present shops will be used to house student research activities.

Large Hoofed Stock (pachyderms ): This project will provide a facility to house large hoofed stock for research and breeding. The site chosen is well suited for this activity and will not be labor intensive as to support requirements. The facility will permit the zoo to pursue actively breeding programs for such endangered groups as rhinoceroses and elephants. An amount of $2,300,000 for design and construction will be requested in FY 86.

Primate Facility : This facility will enable the Center to expand the variety and number of primates accommodated in research programs while providing better protection of animals from communicable diseases to which these species are highly susceptible. The building will be located in the core area, close to the small animal facility and veterinary hospital. Amounts of $170,000 and $1,700,000 are estimated for design and construction, and will be sought in FY 1986 and FY 1987 respectively.

Road Improvements/Extensions: This project includes providing access to new facilities with existing roads, and extending paved roads to outlaying animal facilities. The work is expected to cost about $660,000 and is planned for Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989.

Renovation and Repairs : The Conservation and Research Center includes 89 facilities of various types, containing approximately 236,000 square feet of space, two and one-half miles of paved roads, 20 miles of jeep trails and 30 miles of fences and all related utility systems (sewer, water, electricity). This account is used to complete necessary repairs to structural, mechanical, and electrical components of the Center's physical plant, and is expected to cost about $650,000 per year in the end of this planning period.

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Restoration and Renovation

The Restoration and Renovation of Buildings (R§R) account is used to fund building repairs, alterations and improvements, as well as the construction of additions to existing facilities and minor new facilities. Substantial annual funding is required in order to assure the maintenance and preservation of the Institution's buildings; to provide a safe environment for visitors, staff and collections; and to meet program objectives.

The Institution's buildings and other facilities (other than the Zoo) consist of twelve museum and gallery buildings in Washington, D.C. and New York City housing research and collections management activities and a wide range of exhibitions in the fields of science, history, technology, and art. Also included are the Radiation Biology Laboratory in Rockville, Maryland; the preservation, storage, and air and spacecraft display facilities at Suitland, Maryland; centers for biological research, conservation, and education in Panama and on the Chesapeake Bay, near Annapolis, Maryland; an oceanographic research station at Fort Pierce, Florida; a center for astrophysics in Cambridge, Massachusetss, and the Whipple Observatory on Mt. Hopkins, near Tucson, Arizona; and a number of administrative, storage, reference, distribution, and other supportive facilities primarily in leased space.

Since many of the Restoration and Renovation projects requested each year require one or more years of planning and design before a bid solicitation can be issued, it is necessary to forecast and organize this work several years in advance of seeking appropriations. In the early 1970's, the Institution's annual R&R budget totaled several million dollars and has increased as of FY 1984 to a level of about 9 million dollars. While this level of funding will continue to meet a wide range of Institution repair and improvement requirements, it is not sufficient to accomplish a number of major projects such as terrace replacements estimated at $3 million to $5 million each, and heating, ventilation and air conditioning system replacements that range in estimated cost from $7 million up to $26 million at the Natural History Museum.

In the past, the Institution has attempted to phase over several years projects of significant magnitude. While a number of these planned projects will continue to be phased in order to keep buildings and programs in operation, it is not practical or economical to phase these projects over, say, a five to ten year period. Such phasing would increase significantly the estimated cost and re-bidding each project each year, would be costly, difficult to manage, and extremely complex to affix responsibility and liability upon completion.

The FY 1984 R&R appropriation request of $9,000,000 reflects the Institution's commitment to acquiring and sustaining a level of funding consistent with the size, diversity, and age of Smithsonian facilities and

known work requirements. The following major products are planned for FY 1984: roof and facade repairs at the American History Building ($500,000) and the Arts and Industries Building ($2,500,000); continuation of facade repairs at the Renwick Gallery ($1,800,000); continued implementation of the fire protection master plans for the Natural History Building ($350,000) and the American History Building ($350,000); continued removal of asbestos insulation located in several Smithsonian buildings ($300,000); continued design and construction on heating, ventilating and air conditioning projects for the American Art/Portrait Gallery Building ($800,000), and the American History Building ($250,000).

General Repairs and Improvements . Funds requested in this category support projects that do not lend themselves to discrete categorization, as well as minor emergency repairs, such as equipment failures or structural defects that cannot be anticipated and that arise from heavy use, extreme weather conditions, or other circumstances. Examples of projects in this category are interior repairs to floors, ceilings, partitions, doors and building hardware; space renovations which would create additional or more effective space for program activities; renovations of exhibition and other public space; repairs to roads and walkways; elevator and escalator repairs; the lighting improvements. A total requirement of approximately $6,800,000 is anticipated for this planning period.

Facade, Roof and Terrace Repairs . Maintaining the integrity of the exteriors of all Smithsonian buildings is critical to preventing major structural damage and deterioration due to age and weathering, and to ensuring a safe environment for visitors, staff, and collections. Energy conservation also demands water and weathertight exteriors. Work in this category includes a variety of the major projects, such as roof replacement, repointing and recaulking facades, exterior painting, and window repairs. Requirements that fall under this category of repairs have become apparent in some of the Institution's newest buildings as well, and must be corrected. In addition to major projects, a scheduled program of maintenance and upgrading to protect building exteriors must be performed annually.

Planning and design for remaining exterior work at the Arts and Industries Building were completed in FY 1982. Major requirements include completion of the roof replacement, repointing of the masonry facade, extensive window replacement, and replacement of gutters and downspouts. During 1982-1983, construction focused on roof replacement and facade and window repairs to the building's northwest quadrant; $750,000 was included in the FY 1982 budget request for this purpose, as was some carryover funding from the previous year. An amount of $2,500,000 was included in the FY 1983 request and $2,500,000 has been received in FY 1984 to sustain progress on this project. Amounts of $2,500,000 and $1,500,000 will be required in FY 1985 and 1986 respectively, in order to complete this project.

During FY 1981, detailed drawings and specifications for the Renwick Gallery facade renovation were completed. The Commission of Fine Arts and the Joint Committee on Landmarks for the District of Columbia approved the use of precast concrete in lieu of natural stone. In FY 1982, the first construction phases began using funds appropriated in FY 1981 ($250,000) and in FY 1982 ($750,000). This work included the production of models and was followed in FY 1983 ($1,000,000) by production of molds and restoration of the SE and NW Pavilions. A final amount, $1,800,000 received in FY 1984, will complete this project.

Additional projects scheduled during this planning period include replacement of terraces at the Air and Space Museum and the Hirshhorn Museum, completion of roof replacement at the American History Museum, facade repairs and roof replacement at the Natural History Museum, and skylight repairs at the Freer Gallery. This and other work is expected to cost approximately $20,670,000 between FY 1985 and 1989.

Fire Detection and Suppression Systems . The Institution is continuing to develop and implement plans for upgrading fire protection systems in all buildings in order to provide a level of safety consistent with today's standards and technology. Work in this category includes such items as the installation of heat and smoke detection systems, sprinkler and chemical suppression systems, and fire doors and walls. Improved systems are installed as exhibitions are changed, and fire retardant materials are used wherever possible.

The implementation of comprehensive fire protection master plans is in progress at both the Museum of Natural History and the Museum of American History. Construction includes the installation of upgraded sprinkler systems, new detection systems, fire pumps, generators and control panels, and architectural modifications to create more efficient fire zones. A total requirement of approximately $7,765,000 is anticipated for this planning period, of which about $4,700,000 will be required for the Museum of Natural History and American History. Other fire protection projects planned for the next five years include the installation of additional smoke detectors in the Smithsonian Institution Building, the American Art Museum and the Portrait Gallery.

Access for the Disabled, Safety and Security, and Correction of Hazardous Conditions . Sustantial progress has been achieved in eliminating architectural barriers at Smithsonian buildings. Several Smithsonian facilities still require additional modifications to meet recently updated standards for disabled person access. These projects are scheduled to be accomplished during this planning period.

The elimination of exposed asbestos insulation located in several buildings continues to be a high priority. An amount of $300,000 is included in the FY 1984 budget request for this purpose, and approximately $2,400,000 will be applied to the correction of this problem between FY 1985 and FY 1989.

First phase of roof replacement for the Arts and Industries Building, completed in FY 1983.

Construction and equipment related to a new proprietary security system will be a prominent item in the Institution's R£R budget requests for the next five to ten years. Now being designed, this system will incorporate state-of-the-art computer software which can be updated as new technology becomes available. Projects include rewiring and installation of electronic detection devices and communications equipment. Also being planned is an exterior lighting system for all Mall buildings; installations are expected to start in FY 1985. These security projects are estimated to cost about $2,600,000 between FY 1985 and FY 1989.

This R§R category is estimated to require approximately $8,010,000 in appropriations over the next five years.

Utility Systems Repairs and Improvements . Upgrading the heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment and controls in Smithsonian facilities will contribute, more than any other factor, to the reduction of energy consumption. The HVAC systems in most buildings were designed with neither the goals of current energy standards nor the advantages of technologies that are now available. Major improvements are required, as well as minor maintenance and repairs, to achieve energy efficiency, to ensure reliability of existing systems, and to maintain environmental conditions necessary for the protection of the collection. Equipment requiring upgrading or replacement includes such items as air handlers, chillers, pumps, coils, fans, compressors, cooling towers, electronic controls, and exhaust and filtration systems. This category of work also includes associated electrical and plumbing repairs and improvements.

In FY 1983, the last construction phase for the Freer Gallery HVAC renovation project was completed ($500,000). Based on the results of study and design efforts, major HVAC renovation projects and energy conservation improvements are planned for the next five years at the Natural History ($26 million), American History ($5.5 million), Arts and Industries (6.9 million), and American Art/Portrait Gallery Buildings ($ 6.1 million). Energy conservation improvements also will be made at the Hirshhorn ($1 million) and Air and Space Museum ($1.5 million). Renovation of the electrical wiring in the Smithsonian Building will continue. It is anticipated that these and other utility systems repairs and improvements will cost approximately $51,240,000 between FY 1985 and FY 1989.

Other Projects : Included in this category are space modifications and renovations to accommodate changing program requirements, sometimes in conjunction with major roof and HVAC projects that offer improved office space conditions. Also included are improvement projects at Suitland to modify metal storage buildings for collections management purposes. Additional projects are improvements to the exhibits lab building at Fort Stanton Park for the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum, a new dormitory at Barro Colorado Island in Panama, and a support building at the Whipple Observatory. This category of R§R requirements is estimated to cost approximately $18,245,000 between FY 1985 and FY 1989.

A more detailed and comprehensive listing of R§R appropriation requirements by facility is contained in the Institution's FY 1984 and FY 1985 Budget Request.

BEYOND FY 19 89

There is merit to looking further ahead than just five years in com--municating to OMB, Congress, and others the Institution's operating and capital objectives and in planning for resource levels to match the Smithsonian's basic growth aspirations. The Smithsonian must look ahead fifteen or twenty years if it is to continue to be successful in meeting its responsibilities to the public, the museum and scholarly communities, and the nation. This chapter presents a brief summary of longer-range possibilities based on existing institutional policies, and projections to about FY 2000.

Emphasis on research, exhibition, collections management, and other basic programs, of course, will continue. Quality activities and services for the visiting public and Associate members are other basic aims and will be stressed. New buildings, where necessary, and careful attention to those now under the care of the Institution, require longer-range thinking if results are to be useful to the public. The most effective use of available federal and trust resources in achieving general objectives will continue to motivate overall management planning. As the planning period is extended, however, it becomes increasingly difficult to detail the varied opportunities and related management choices which will emerge. Nevertheless, it is possible to set down institutional desires, directions, and resources which can be realized if conditions external to direct management control permit. In interpreting materials contained in this chapter, it is important to highlight the following.

. A generally favorable economic situation is assumed to prevail over time. The Administration is predicting that inflationary pressures on the nation's economy will continue to lessen. For purposes of describing institutional plans beyond 1989, inflation is assumed to have only minimum influence.

. Essential levels of appropriations for capital and operating projects as outlined in the preceding chapters for years FY 1985-1989 will be forthcoming from the Exeuctive and Congressional branches of government.

. Visitation will remain strong.

. Public acceptance of the Institution's various programs and products, and supporting trust funds generated through investments, Associates and auxiliary activities will continue to allow net proceeds to grow moderately and to be applied to Smithsonian objectives as approved by its Board of Regents.

. Future transfers to the Institution of historic buildings that might be preserved for Smithsonian use are possible, but the timing is not known. Likewise, it is not possible to speculate on the availability of major new gift collections that might require special housing for display or other purposes.

Given these general assumptions, Smithsonian management predicts continued success through the turn of the century in developing resources to serve the public and the nation through its varied programs.

Program Expectations

With regard to longer-run developments in programs, the Institution's activities have always spanned national and international interests, but in future years its multinational character should begin to flourish in an even greater fashion, and, in keeping with longer-run natural and cultural forces, help lead to a more singular world community.

The construction of the Quadrangle, now planned for completion in FY 1986-1987, is basically an effort to provide the Institution with appropriate and sufficient space to display the great art and history collections of Near and Far Eastern and African cultures. In the ensuing years, its programs will provide a window on the Mall for cultures now representing two-thirds of the world's population, spanning an area from Japan, through Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. The roots of these cultures run deep, and the contributions to man's development from these areas have been and will continue to be a pervasive force in the world. The Quadrangle and its programs will promote the long-run causes of international peace and understanding. While the content of the Institution's longer-range exhibition programs, as in the past, will focus on historical events important to the development of the nation, of man and his culture, and be based on the latest findings and interpretations of the international community of historians and scientific investigators, in general, exhibitions can be expected over time to take on more of an international flavor, reflecting the interdependence of nations in pursuing essentially common cultural and humanistic goals in a world of limited natural resources.

The Institution expects to apply continuing emphasis to its research programs,•especially in collections related areas and where it has developed considerable expertise such as basic taxonomy and systematics, monitoring the effects of long-term environmental change, examining the basic components of matter, studying the universe, and expanding knowledge of animal behavior. Research endeavors expected to be more thoroughly cultivated and developed include archeometry, species conservation and propagation, and man-related disciplines. The rapid development of new techniques and fabrication of new instruments in the field of astrophysics now opens the possibility of

constructing a telescope with double the collecting area now provided by twenty of the largest telescopes in the world. The New Technology Telescope, now widely discussed in the astronomical community, will be of direct interest to the Institution's astrophysical laboratory. As a part of its longer-term research agenda, the Smithsonian may indeed be more of a focus for the activities of some of the American overseas research centers whose research interests align with those of the Institution.

Improvements to all aspects of managing collections is another long-term concern, including continuation and updating of the comprehensive inventories, security mechanisms, and loan processing arrangements, the development of automated information systems, and the conservation and preservation of artifacts and objects for research and display purposes. The Smithsonian will always have major responsibilities directed to the preservation and care of collections. Objects made by man, or collected by him from nature, are the tangible products of his historically persistent struggles to comprehend and live with his environment, extend his mastery over it, improve his condition, and express his spiritual aspirations. The collection, interpretation, preservation, and transmission of knowledge related to important objects is essential if this and future generations of people are to measure and understand the character of international cultural and natural change.

The programs 'which will be housed at the Museum Support Center building will be fully operational by the mid-1990s. The facility and its programs were fundamentally conceived a decade ago to provide space, laboratories, training areas, and equipment, all designed for the efficient storage, study, care and preservation of collections. In a visible fashion in future years, the Center and its operations represent the Institution's commitment to apply the most advanced research, conservation and preservation techniques known to minimize the unavoidable toll of time on the products and discoveries of Man, and to allow them to be passed on as a resource for future research and exhibition.

Educational programs and services to the public, including classes, publications and other media activities, are expected to grow in number and variety. They will be adapted in a style and format which will be in keeping with the changes that will be taking place in television and communications technologies.

Operational Funding Expectations

With regard to federal funding growth associated with operations, the Smithsonian expects to keep abreast of inflation; obtain the necessary resources to implement its programs being planned for the Quadrangle and Support Center; experience some continued moderate increases for collections related or other research, exhibit, and other program opportunities as they arise; and to maintain an appropriate balance of funding for its science, history, art, and other major operating interests.

Essential levels of S&E operating resources through FY 1989 are projected in earlier chapters as approximating $224,000,000-'-. For Illustrative purposes, even using a four percent annual growth figure to cover inflationary cost increases and program requirements (beyond those which can reasonably be supported through reallocation of base funds), the Institution would be operating at an appropriation level approaching $300,000,000 in FY 2000. An operating level of this magnitude seems incomprehensible when viewed from today's perspective. This figure, however, is conservative, and a genuine indication of what could happen.

As in federal operations, the basic approach regarding long-range trust prospects is a conservative one. Sustained moderate growth in the Institution's endowment is a high priority now and will continue to be throughout the foreseeable future. During FY 1975-1983, pursuant to the Board of Regents' policy of increasing the Institution's endowments, the market value of endowments in restricted and unrestricted areas grew from around $42,000,000 to over $120,000,000 as a result both of gifts and transfers to these funds, as well as sound investment. Assuming a com -parable economic climate and sound management investment choices, that performance should continue for a decade or so hence. It is planned that a prudent portion of the Institution's net revenues will continue to be added to the unrestricted endowment and that gifts for restricted purposes will also continue.

Overall, by the turn of the century, if trust revenues are sufficient to

offset the effects of inflation, the Institution hopes to be able to increase its net earnings from auxiliary and business-related activities to about $25,000,000. The pattern of applying unrestricted net funds throughout future years to institutional operations is expected to be much the same as now: to enhance endowments; to fund Board of Regents' approved programs in research, fellowship, and education areas; to enhance program activities with the museums and bureaus; and to support central institutional administrative requirements.

Grants and Contracts

Grants and Contracts from the federal government have been a significant source of funds for Smithsonian contributions to scientific and cultural advances almost since the Institution's establishment. Government interest in support of the national basic research enterprise may never again reach the levels recorded in the 1950s and 1960s, simply because of limited resources for higher educational institutions, research laboratories, and establishments such as the Smithsonian. Nevertheless, the federal government cannot neglect basic research, and must continue to support and stimulate through the grant and contract mechanisms quality

Projected level of S§E resources required excluding future year legislated pay increases.

investigations into selected areas. The Institution has distinguished itself in various basic research disciplines, and intends to continue to do so over the long run, partially through sustained grant and contract work received from the federal government, as well as its other sources of funding.

Foreign Currency Program

The Smithsonian has conducted programs with excess foreign currency funds since 1965. Foreign currency projects, consisting of grants to American institutions of higher learning, including the Smithsonian itself, museum professional exchanges, and occasional restoration projects of international importance such as the Temple of Philae in Egypt, have occurred in most of the excess currency countries. The results have been amply reflected in publications, conference presentations, and exhibits, and in sustained scholarly relationships. The countries where excess currency projects could be funded were eleven, and are now reduced to four. Opportunities may be limited over the longer run if present excess currencies and countries diminish even further. While the international context changes periodically, the Smithsonian expects its program to remain active as long as currencies are available. By forward funding certain high-priority efforts, it is expected that activities will continue forward beyond the period when countries are no longer on the excess list.

Buildings and Facilities

At the end of FY 1983, the Smithsonian occupied approximately 4,500,000 square feet of building space, owned or leased, for all purposes in facilities located in Washington and elsewhere. By FY 1989, with the occupation of the planned Quadrangle facility in FY 1986, and the essential completion of facility work for the Zoological Park in Rock Creek and at the Front Royal Conservation Center, space occupied by the Institution will approximate 5,500,000 square feet. By FY 2000, if the Institution continues to be successful in planning and accommodating its major space objectives, space available might approach 6,400,000 square feet. Implicit to the projections beyond FY 1989 are the following general institutional objectives:

. Consolidation of program, administrative, and support operations into Smithsonian-owned facilities on properties controlled by the Institution or the federal government, and the minimum reliance on leased or rented locations.

. Continued phased development of the Suitland properties for controlled warehousing, preservation, conservation, and study of the collections.

. Acquisition of a building site convenient to the Mall and construction of a light, industrial-type facility for technical and administrative support of museum operations .

Smithsonian rentals at today's rates from all sources of funds now cost about $5,000,000 annually. Primarily, these are for research, collections management, and support purposes. About two-thirds of these costs are represented by activities in the Washington, D.C. area, and the balance by field activities, principally the Astrophysical Observatory. Substantial consolidation of space holdings took place in 1972-75 in the Washington area to obtain more appropriate and efficient space, to simplify logistical support, and to avoid sizeable rent increases. Four leased buildings were vacated over this period with many operations being relocated to a singled leased facility at North Capitol Street. The Oceanographic Sorting Center soon will move to the Museum Support Center from the Navy Yard Annex .

This consolidation process should continue and other rental locations, inpluding North Capitol Street, are factored into our long-range consolidation plans. Included are the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum; the Radiation Biology Laboratory; the Astral Building in L'Enfant Plaza which contains the offices of several support and program functions such as internal audits, accounting, and folklife programs; and the Cambridge headquarters of the Astrophysical Observatory. The presence of the Support Center and Quadrangle facilities affords opportunities to examine space in other buildings, primarily the Natural History and Arts and Industries Building, as resources to meet a portion of needs now met in expensive rental space.

Institution facility requirements will be restudied at appropriate intervals and management is not presently committed to any planned building configuration or schedule for appropriations and construction. The Suitland location, however, seems ideal for fulfilling many of the Institution's consolidation and collection management objectives. The building recently opened at Suitland permits the Institution to meet many collections storage needs primarily in the natural history area, establish training and other conservation program space, and vacate rented space at the Navy Yard. A subsequent phase of development at Suitland would alleviate emerging collection storage pressures in the history and art bureaus. After 1989, as currently envisioned next development steps for the Suitland properties include an additional pod for the current building, a storage and laboratory building for the history and art functions, and a central facility for the libraries.

Zoological Park . Development of the Zoological Park's facilities will be largely finished by FY 1989, with the possible exception of the parking facilities at Rock Creek and the visitor's conference facility programmed for the Conservation Center. The proposed parking facilities will be reevaluated to determine when it might best be accomplished. Over the years, R§R funds will be sought for the Center for such items as installation of utilities and access roads, security buildings, and maintenance facilities. The visitors center as currently envisioned will add about 35,000 square feet to the Institution's public/exhibit areas after FY 1989.

Anacostia Neighborhood Museum . Presently, the Museum's administrative staff and exhibition space are located in a leased building that is in disrepair and unsuitable for long-term occupancy. A second, small building is to be constructed over FY 1984-1985 on federal land in Anacostia adjacent to the present Exhibits Lab building at Fort Stanton Park. This will allow the Institution to vacate the leased property. Planning for a new and modern museum building of about 30,000 square feet will be started during this planning period. At this time, this project is tentatively scheduled for beyond FY 1989 at an estimated cost of $12,000,000.

Astrophysical Observatory . The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory depends entirely upon rental space for its activities in Cambridge, Massachusetts. An Observatory-owned facility at Cambridge could offset long-term escalating rental costs and provide additional benefits of consolidation of locations and increased space. A 100,000 square foot research and support building programmed for construction -sometime after FY 1989 would accommodate the Astrophysical Observatory's requirements, and must be considered.

Cooper-Hewitt Museum . The Institution currently is exploring ways to make maximum use over the long run of the land and space available for Cooper-Hewitt operations. Under consideration is a tentative plan which would allow a new wing to be constructed at some future date on the parking area adjacent to the Carnegie Mansion and behind the Miller townhouse. Once erected, this phase would be followed by renovation of the townhouse and reorganization of the Carnegie Mansion. The new building would add substantially to the Museum's capabilities for special changing exhibitions, and allow the Carnegie Mansion to house the Museum's permanent collections and exhibitions. The Institution has received a private donation to pursue concept planning, including design schematics and other engineering analyses. It is too early to make judgments on the ultimate configuration, dimensional possibilities, and potential construction timetable, but consideration-is being given to ways the funding can be obtained from a variety of sources.

Mall Site . The property bounded by Third Street, Maryland Avenue, Fourth Street, and Jefferson Drive has been reserved by Congress for the future public use of the Smithsonian (P.L. 94-74, approved August 8, 1975). There are currently no plans for the development of this site, but the Institution will continue to consider potential use of the land for establishing a last major Smithsonian Mall museum before the turn of the century. In the meantime, it is expected that the site will continue to be used for temporary exhibitions and other purposes by federal and other organizations.

Mall Visitor Access . The Institution will continue during the present five-year cycle and beyond to strive to improve visitor access to all Mall museums and monuments. This includes enhancing present public transportation to and around the downtown area and, in the foreseeable future, providing adequate parking for visitors who will drive to the Mall area. This last concern encompasses attempts to increase capacity of current Mall resources by making available on weekends current government parking.

Air and Space Museum . There exists a long-term need for a storage and preservation facility for large air and space craft. The museum visitor of the next century will be as interested in the Space Shuttle as the scholar or visitor of 1983 is in the Kitty Hawk flyer. Included during the five-year construction program for FY 1985-1989 is a hanger-like building proposed to be constructed adjacent to Dulles Airport as an initial phase of this project. In later years, beyond FY 1989, it is currently envisioned that perhaps additional structures of this type could serve this purpose.

Additionally, the Institution will actively support efforts by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars to acquire appropriate new quarters.

Maintenance and Improvement of Buildings . The Institution currently occupies many older buildings of cultural and historical importance to the nation, such as the headquarters Castle Building, the Arts and Industries Building, the Old Patent Office Building, the original Corcoran Art Building, and the Barney Studio House. As time passes, these buildings will require added resources to assure their preservation and continued usefulness to the public and the Institution. In addition, many buildings of more recent construction will begin to require more attention.

At the present time, the Institution is devoting $8,000,000 to $9,000,000 of federal funds annually to the renovation and restoration of its buildings, exclusive of utilities, custodial care, and basic maintenance provided through the operational budget. The annual figure fluctuates somewhat, but the Institution foresees a need to increase its renovation and restoration efforts to a range of $20,000,000 to $25,000,000 per year

during the next five-year period. Management will make periodic assessments of the adequacy of this level of funding and, within the framework of future years' available renovation and restoration funds, the Institution will continue to make improvements at various locations. Included among these are such items as expanded tropical research facilities and improvements to the Barro Colorado Nature Monument under the supervision of the Tropical Research Institute in Panama and the Astrophysical Observatory's continued improvement of the Mt. Hopkins site. Beyond FY 1989, renovation, restoration, and modifications to existing space in Mall and other buildings for exhibitions, research programs, access by the handicapped, safety and health, and general preservation of historic facilities will continue to be among the highest priorities of the Smithsonian.

If these improvements and additions to the Institution's physical plant occur, there will, of course, be related operating costs for necessary personnel, utilities, equipment and other items, to be funded largely through the federal appropriations process. While some operating and equipping needs have been factored into the S$E projections through FY 1989 for the Quadrangle, Museum Support Center, and facilities associated with the Zoological Park, it is too early to speculate about similar resources related to longer-range building possibilities. This will be done, however, as plans become firmer and as the time horizon shortens to the three-to-five-year period usually assoicated with legislative, appropriation, and' construction cycles for physical plant additions.

As refinements are made to the Institution's long-range construction

and operational aspirations, Congress, the Executive Branch, and other

constituents will be kept fully informed through every means of communication, including the Prospectus.

QUADRANGLE: ESTIMATED RESOURCES ASSOCIATED WITH PROGRAM AND SUPPORT OPERATIONS!/

($000)

TABLE 5

Activities

FY 1985

.2/

Program Operations-Federal $ 2,147 Trust 16,887

FY 1986

$ 9,765 19,112

FY 1987

$ 6,960 20,372

FY 1988

$ 6,815 21,667

FY 1989

$ 8,015 23,827

Support Operations^.' Federal Trust

305

2,591

3,141

2,986

2,986

Utilities

460

615

615

615

Totals

Federal—' TrustS/

$ 2,450 $16,887

$12,816 $.19,112

$10,716 $20,372

$10,416 $21,667

$11,616 $25,827

$19,357 $31,928 $31,088 $32,083 $35,443

* Footnotes appear on next page.

1/ This table differs from the Special Programs Appendix I table because of the inclusion of projected base operating funds FY 1985-1989 (federal and trust) for the Museum of African Art, Traveling Exhibitions, and National and Resident Associate Programs. It is meant to provide an overview of operational costs (including building and ground maintenance, utilities, some support for central offices, and trust operations), that will be present in the new facilities. Not included are Freer Gallery of Art operations since base funds are not directed to Quadrangle activities, but will permit various economies of scale, including administration of the Sackler Gallery which will be undertaken by Freer staff.

2/ Program Operations include the Museum of African Art, the Sackler Gallery (part of the Center for Asian Art, along with Freer Gallery) National and Resident Associate Programs, the International and Education Centers, and the Traveling Exhibition Service.

3/ Support operations, for purposes of this table, include Quadrangle costs for protection and security, building and grounds maintenance, libraries requirements, exhibits central, personnel administration, and plant operations.

4/ FY 1986 and FY 1987 include approximately $6,300,000 and $900,000 ■respectively for estimated one-time equipment and move expenditures.

5/ Additional resources for operations and support will be raised from trust funds and donors to augment programs and selected activities in dollar amounts that cannot be estimated at this time.

APPENDIX I

APPLICATION OF SMITHSONIAN OPERATING RESOURCES FY 1983 AND PROJECTED THROUGH FY 1989 BY ORGANIZATION

NOTE: The brief descriptions by bureaus cover facilities construction, restoration and renovation projects as well as operational plans, while the dollar projections pertain only to federal or trust operational expenditures. For further information on projected facilities project costs see the Facilities Planning, Construction, Restoration and Renovation chapter.

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APPENDIX II

SMITHSONIAN OPERATING RESOURCES FY 1975 - FY 1989 IN CONSTANT 1983 DOLLARS

This appendix eliminates inflation from the projected funding levels for FY 1985 through FY 1989 in the Prospectus and compares the resulting real (constant dollar) growth for this period to that experienced in previous years. Chart A displays resources of the Institution in constant 1983 dollars, or current purchasing power. Information for FY 1970, 1975, and 1980 is included for comparative purposes. Table 14 sets forth 1985 and 1989 financial resources by source of funds, in both actual as well as constant 1983 dollars. Federal fund estimates for FY 1985-89 have been discounted in accordance with inflation indices provided in the summer of 1983 by the Office of Management and Budget; and, in a similar fashion, trust fund estimates have been discounted by a factor of 3 percent computed cumulatively, a figure that units were instructed to use when materials were being assembled for the Institution's budget planning reviews. For FY 1970, 1975 and 1980, resources were inflated to 1983 constant dollars based on the Consumer Price Index.

FY 1975 - FY 1985

In constant FY 1983 dollars, real growth projected from FY 1975 to FY 1985 equates to some $85 million, (or 41%), of which $68 million is attributable to nonappropriated trust funds, and $28 million to Federal appropriations. Offsetting these increases is a decline in Federal Grant and Contract support of some $11 million when expressed in constant dollars. The majority of the growth in nonappropriated trust funds ($72 million) is generated by the Institution's revenue producing activities and results from expanded Associate programs, primarily the Smithsonian magazine, expanded museum shop operations, and new activities including mail order, parking, and the direct mail

division (formerly Smithsonian Exposition Books) of the Smithsonian Press. In addition, almost $700,000 in real growth is projected in investment income, while gifts and foundation grants are expected to decline by over $4 million. After adjusting for expenses of the auxiliary and bureau activities, net real income provided from all nonappropriated trust fund sources is anticipated to increase by almost $5 million.

In Federally funded activities, real growth over this period is primarily associated with the major new facilities, the Museum Support Center and the Quadrangle, but also includes new and expanded activities such as the National Museum of African Art, the collections inventory program, information automation, custodianship responsibilities at the Tropical Research Institute resulting from the Panama Canal Treaties, and research support and equipment replacement.

FY 1985 - FY 1989

As detailed in earlier sections of the Prospectus, an increase in gross revenues of over $116 million is projected for the period from FY 1985 - FY 1989. Of this increase, some $71 million is required to cover inflationary increases in

salaries, utilities, rent, supplies, equipment, and other goods, leaving some $45 million in anticipated real growth. Federal appropriations account for about $35 million, or 77 percent of the projected constant dollar growth. Much of this growth is associated with operation of the new Quadrangle facility, and expanded activities of the Sackler Gallery and the Museum of African Art. Substantial increases are also projected for research support and equipment replacement, collections acquisition and management, exhibit programs, and library needs.

Anticipated real growth in gross revenues of nonappropriated trust funds will amount to approximately $9 million, the majority of which is attributable to auxiliary and bureau activities. After deduction of expenses incurred in generating these revenues, net income expressed in constant dollars will increase almost $2 million.

Real growth of slightly over $1.5 million is currently projected in federal grant and contract support, primarily for work related to programs of the Astrophysical Observatory.

Smithsonian Institution Operating Funds - In Constant 1983 Dollars Fiscal Years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1989

Chart A

350

325

300

275

250

225

200

175

150

125

100

75

50

25

FUNDS PROVIDED (In $l,000,000's)

Auxiliary

and

Bureau

Activities

Expenses

Net

Trust

Funds

Nonappropriated Trust Funds (Gross Revenues)

1

Federal

Gr. & Contracts

Federal f~ Appropriations

1970

1975

1980

1985

1989

Table 14

(In Thousands of Dollars)

SMITHSONIAN OPERATING FUNDS Fiscal Years 1985 and 1989 in Projected and Constant 1983 Dollars

FY 1985

FY 1989

FUNDS PROVIDED

Federal Appropriation - S§E

Federal Grants and Contracts

Nonappropriated Trust Funds: Investments

Gifts and Miscellaneous Auxiliary and Bureau Activities Revenues (Gross) Less Related Expenses Auxiliary and Bureau Activities Net Revenue

Total Nonappropriated Trust Funds: -Gross

-Net

Total Operating Funds Provided: -Gross -Net

114,587 108,100 ( 100,501 ) (94,800 )

14,086 13,500

126,764 26,263

317,462 216,961

119,600 24,800

292,900 198,100

138,495 116,100 (121,504) (101,700)

17,191

153,210 31,906

433,879 312,575

14,400

128,400 26,700

338,200 236,500

APPENDIX III EXAMPLES OF COLLECTIONS RELATED RESEARCH

The National Museum of Natural History with its vast collections of objects in many fields is a leader in collections oriented research. Typical of this research is a study of 800 skeletons covering the period 1840 to 1965 in the Terry collection. These skeletons of known date and name are being used to study the effects of nutritional changes in the U.S. population during the last 150 years. Interesting results are surfacing regarding the effects of diet changes and the introduction of antibiotics and refined sugar.

In biology, museum scientists have been studying squirrels in primate anatomical studies and carrying out revisionary studies on the taxonomy and distribution of deep sea fish (all species in the genus). In paleobiology, Cheilostome Bryozoans are being studied, especially their branching strategies which are of environmental and genetic importance. Using the collection of early Cambrian fossils, more than 600 million years old, new forms have been observed which are believed to be the ancestor to all Pelecypods.

The use of modern instrumentation at the museum is typified through electron microscope based studies. Observation of a Trilobite eye with this high resolution instrument has enabled deduction of how Trilobites perceived their environment. Also, studies of shell layering in Brachiopods has revealed the strategy for the formation of hard parts in this animal.

Staff at the National Air and Space Museum have examined the papers of Wilbur and Orville Wright and the construction of their airplane with a view to understanding the depth of their application of good aeronautical principles rather than aesthetics to the design of their plane. The results will be published in a volume commemorating the 80th Anniversary of powered flight.

During restoration of aircraft, engines and accessories, the museum supports research on materials and methods of manufacture in order to document aircraft design, fabrication, and the general industrial technology associated with the time.

The curatorial staff at the museum are recording the collection of aircraft and related photographs on video discs. This effort will enable scholars both at the Smithsonian and in other centers to research the collection without disturbing the objects during the sorting process.

At the National Museum of American Art , a study of George Catlin's paintings disclosed preconceptions of Western landscapes and of Indians held by Americans in the 1830s. The research revealed how myths of the American West began and why we remain infatuated with these even to our own times. Other research on the prints of Lewis Lozowick has led to an understanding of the optimistic view of American urban life which characterized the arts in the early 20th Century. The study presents insights into how our national identity came to be interpreted

as images of energy in the works of this Russian immigrant artist, who used the skyscrapers of New York and the steel mills of Pittsburgh as symbols which seemed to promise hope for all mankind.

The museum's exhibition of Roosevelt's America portrayed the importance of government participation in the production of art in the 1930s. Related research explained how a philosophical basis for federal support of the arts was founded in John Dewey's contention that art is essentially communication, and how government officials believed that art would bring about a spiritual rejuvenation of the country. Both of these observations relate to our current dilemma about the proper relation of federal government to the arts.

In the collections of the National Museum of American History , studies are being conducted on dynamos and motors of the turn of the century designed by the inventor, Elihu Thompson; the studies are directed at establishing evidence of personal style in the design of these objects. The manufacture and use of American calculating machines are being studied with particular attention to the relationship between developments in mathematical computation and mechanical technology. In addition, computer development and computer controlled automation are being studied, particularly with regard to effects on labor, employment and the quality of the work environment. Also, research is being done on the medical instruments collection, with emphasis on their evolution and'use in the treatment of women.

At the National Portrait Gallery , research is being done on "Robert Cornelius: Portraits from the Dawn of Photography." This "is a metallurgical study of daguerreotypes which involves as well an examination of their art and historical importance. The Gallery has brought together "George Washington, An .American Icon," a graphic study of the first American President as he is represented in prints. Also, the Gallery is conducting an in-depth study of pioneers in prints and silhouettes, including work of St. Memin who is well represented in the Gallery's collection. In the execution of some of his works, St. Memin used a mechanical device in which Jefferson and Peale were interested.

Recent research at the Freer Gallery of Art was presented through the exhibition "Studies in Connoisseurship: 1923-1985" which displayed a group of Chinese, Japanese and Near Eastern objects acquired by Charles Lang Freer before his death in 1919. Each of the objects included was chosen because research had provided new information that enabled the curators to change the original attributions. All of the curators at the Freer participated in this project.

Staff endeavors include: revision of the text for the Chinese Figure Painting Catalogue originally published in 1975; ongoing research on Chinese calligraphy in the Freer's collection as well as in other American and European collections; published results of research on China's early cooper and bronze artifacts including bronze "magic mirrors;" Japanese calligraphy in the Freer and other American collections, and Japanese portraiture and narrative screens in the Freer collection; research on Korean art and Japanese drawings by Hokusai and Gypsai in the Freer; exhaustive studies of James McNeill Whistler's works in preparation for the.Whistler memorial exhibition in 1984 marking the 150th anniversary of Whistler's birth; research on Japanese ceramics on the tea ceremony,

as well as nabeshima, agano and takatori and kakiemon wares; studies of Islamic roetalwork in preparation for a major exhibition in 1984 on Islamic lusterware ceramics and illuminations.

The Freer Technical Laboratory research projects include studies of pre-Islamic and Islamic metalwork, and pigments in Far Eastern paintings in the Freer collection.

At the Cooper-Hewitt Museum , staff collaborating with a visiting Jungian scholar are researching the relationships of symbol and design in decorative arts that are inspired by marine biology sources. Another project relates to analyzing and codifying the structure of lace with a view to making correct and heretofore unknown attributions. The museum has an archival collection of 70,000 slides of objects from the collection to be converted to video disc. This will allow studies to be made without disturbing the entire collection.

Many other projects utilizing institutional collections, whether they be man-made objects, animals, plants or data files only, could be listed for these organizations and other bureaus of the Smithsonian, such as the Zoological Park, the Astrophysical Observatory, or the Environmental Research Center. From these examples, however, it is evident that the central theme and strength of institutional collections oriented research is "diversity."

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