SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

FISCAL YEAR 1987

Justification of Estimates of Appropriations To the Office of Management and Budget

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PAGE Museum Programs

Office of the Assistant Secretary 133

Office of the Registrar 136

Conservation Analytical Laboratory 138

Smithsonian Institution Libraries 144

Office of Exhibits Central 150

Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service 153

Smithsonian Institution Archives 158

National Museum Act 161

Directorate of International Activities -. 163

Special Programs

American Studies and Folklife Programs 168

International Environmental Science Program 172

Academic and Educational Programs 175

Collections Management/Inventory Program 183

Museum Support Center 188

Administration 193

Facilities Services

Office of Design and Construction 200

Office of Protection Services 202

Office of Plant Services 206

MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH

(SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM) 211

FACILITIES PLANNING, RENOVATION, RESTORATION, AND CONSTRUCTION

Construction

—Quadrangle 215

—General Post Office Building 217

—Science Facilities Development 218

Construction and Improvements, National Zoological Park 224

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

FY 1987 Budget Request ($000's)

APPROPRIATION ACCOUNT

Salaries and Expenses Construction

Restoration and Renovation Zoo Construction Special Foreign Currency TOTAL

FY 1986

CONGRESSIONAL

REQUEST

$ 185,590

4,000

14,875

4,851

2,500

$ 211,816

FY 1987 REQUEST

$ 202,219

15,400

16,000

7,351

2,000

$ 242,970

INTRODUCTION

The Smithsonian Institution's FY 1987 budget request to the Office of Management and Budget represents a focus on the efficient use of existing resources and a realistic recognition of the essential additional resources required to fulfill the Institution's mandate for the increase and diffusion of knowledge. These resources are required in line with the Institution's role as a national repository for collections that reflect the heritage and traditions of this country, with the corresponding obligation to provide adequate care and facilities for the preservation of these items.

The FY 1987 budget was formulated initially by program managers and administrators from all of the Institution's bureaus and offices working within the context of broad goals for FY 1987 and the future as expressed by the Secretary. During the budget process, these bureau requests were analyzed, refined and integrated into a consolidated budget with program managers' and administrators' participation at each stage of review. Through this review process, the Secretary and his Management Committee established the Institutional priorities and requisite budget levels which are reflected in this document. Final review and approval of the Institution's Federal and Nonappropriated Trust fund budgets as well as the Institution's Five-Year Prospectus for FY 1987 - FY 1991 will be topics of the September 16, 1985 meeting of the Board of Regents.

ORGANIZATION AND GOALS

Founded in 1846, the Smithsonian Institution is an independent Federal establishment devoted to public education, research and national service in the arts, sciences and history. Centered on The Mall in Washington, D.C., the Institution operates major facilities and activities throughout the country and overseas. It is one of the world's leading research centers and encompasses the world's largest museum complex, attracting millions of visitors annually to its museums, galleries and zoological park. Many others also view Smithsonian traveling exhibitions, which appear across the United States and abroad, and the annual Folklife Festival. As custodian of the National Collections, the Smithsonian possesses more than 100 million art objects, natural history specimens and artifacts. These collections are displayed for the enjoyment and education of visitors and are available for research by the staff of the Institution and by hundreds of

visiting students, scientists and historians each year. Other significant study efforts draw their data and results directly from terrestrial, marine and astrophysical observations at various Smithsonian installations.

The Smithsonian complex presently consists of 13 exhibition buildings on and near The Mall in Washington, D.C. and New York City in the fields of science, history, technology and art; a zoological park in Washington, D.C. and an animal conservation and research center near Front Royal, Virginia; the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum, which performs research and exhibit activities in a low income area of the city in cooperation with the community; a preservation, storage and air and spacecraft display facility at Suitland, Maryland; two natural preserves, in Panama and on the Chesapeake Bay; a biological laboratory in Rockville, Maryland; an oceanographic research facility at Link Port, Florida; astrophysical stations in Massachusetts and Arizona; and supporting administrative, laboratory and storage areas.

The goal of the Smithsonian Institution is to promote the increase and diffusion of knowledge. To accomplish this goal, the Smithsonian conducts a broad variety of programs alone and in cooperation with other institutions, universities and government agencies in the United States and abroad. These programs include:

— Collections management : The Smithsonian Institution has the legal responsibility (20 U.S.C. 59) to serve as the official repository of the National Collections which contain more than 100 million art, technological and cultural history objects and natural history and anthropological specimens and artifacts. The responsibility involves the acquisition, documentation and conservation of these materials along with detailed record keeping or cataloguing, regular inventories and storage or display in secure and atmospherically controlled environments.

—B asic research : The Smithsonian, by virtue of its staff, collections, data bases and research facilities, is a unique international resource in basic research. Complementing industrial, federal and university research, the Smithsonian's long-term research activities provide critical continuity to the Nation's research enterprise in a number of disciplines. Smithsonian research serves as the foundation for the Institution's public activities. The accuracy and currency of the Institution's exhibitions and the quality of its public education programs depend directly on the research of the staff.

— Exhibitions, including performances and festivals or celebrations : These presentations constitute one means of diffusing knowledge on a wide scale. In Washington, D.C. and New York City, Smithsonian museums, galleries and the zoological park devote exhibit space to showing significant objects, specimens and animals from the permanent collections. In addition, temporary exhibitions with loan materials enhance these presentations, adding fresh concepts and ideas— further enriching visitor experiences. Through the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, approximately 120 exhibitions are seen annually by millions of people in most states and the District of Columbia. Live performances, festivals, celebrations, lectures and records also are enjoyed by millions of people.

— Education : Education programs of the Institution offer enormous variety in content and form; they range from in-depth, scholarly symposia to activities for fun and enjoyment and reach all ages from young children to senior citizens. They include classes and workshops, guided tours by trained docents, and radio, television and motion picture programs, sponsored by the individual museums and by centralized offices including Fellowships and Grants, Symposia and Seminars, and Elementary and Secondary Education. A significant aspect of the education effort involves production each year of several hundred publications including

museum catalogues, books, scholarly monographs, articles, papers, the Archives of American Art Journal , and Smithsonian magazine, which is now received by over 2 million Associates' families. At any given time, there are likely to be two to three hundred visiting scholars, scientists and students working throughout the Institution in various collections, laboratories and offices. Finally, as another educational endeavor, the Institution offers assistance to museums across the country and abroad by conducting museum training courses, producing and distributing audio-visual programs on conservation principles and techniques and by awarding grants for professional museum training and research.

— Collections acquisition : The Smithsonian museums acquire works of art, artifacts and specimens and other objects in three ways: by collecting, by donation and by purchase. Collecting and donation are and will continue to be the major means for acquiring materials for the collections. However, donations and gifts of collections, for the most part, do not lend themselves to planned development. If the Institution's research and exhibitions programs are to thrive, the collections must grow by thoughtful design. To meet this responsibility and challenge, the Smithsonian provides funding specifically for collections acquisition for the museums. Some Federal funds are requested each year to permit regular planned purchases.

In order to carry out these functions, the Institution's administrative and facilities services units provide the required support. The Smithsonian has the responsibility for the maintenance, operation and protection of a large complex of museum and gallery buildings and other facilities. The Institution also provides architectural and engineering services for major repairs, alterations and improvements to the physical plant.

FY 1987 PRIORITY LISTING

The Smithsonian Institution's FY 1987 budget request in the Salaries and Expenses account and all construction accounts totals $240,970,000. (An additional amount of $2,000,000 equivalent in foreign currencies also is requested, but not ranked competitively with the other accounts.) Priorities established by the Institution in this budget request meet specific requirements. An overall ranking sheet follows this description.

After meeting increased costs of pay, utilities and rent and covering anticipated inflationary cost increases for FY 1987, the highest priority items in the Salaries and Expenses appropriation follow from construction initiatives of previous years. These consist of preparing for the new facilities in the Quadrangle to open to the public as scheduled in the spring of 1987; continued equipping of the Museum Support Center; and providing for the move of the collections to the new facility. For the Quadrangle, there is provision for operating programs and related support for organizations that will be located there and for essential furnishings and equipment (sought in the Construction appropriation).

This budget also reflects a concerted effort to strengthen basic research throughout the Institution with several new research initiatives and added research support at various Smithsonian activities including the Smithsonian Institution Libraries. Given high priority is the Institution's effort to present exhibitions and other programs to commemorate the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution and to plan for the commemoration of the Quincentenary of the landing of Christopher Columbus in the New World. Also given prominence are ongoing efforts to further automation in support of research and collections management; provide adequate and acceptable space for the Institution's library and archival holdings; and strengthen administration. Additional funding is sought to establish a National Science Resources Center under joint sponsorship of the

Smithsonian and the National Academy of Sciences to improve the quality of elementary and secondary science education in the United States.

A key component of the Institution's FY 1987 Construction request is the restoration of $4.0 million rescinded by the Congress in the FY 1984 appropriation. The restoration would enable construction completion and furnishings and equipment necessary for the scheduled opening of the Quadrangle to the public in the spring of 1987.

Of particular importance in this budget request, as in previous years, are projects included within the Restoration and Renovation of Buildings (R&R) appropriation. This appropriation is used to finance repairs, alterations and improvements to Smithsonian facilities. Major projects are under way in the following categories: facade, roof and terrace repairs; upgrading of fire detection and suppression systems; provision for improved access for the disabled and correction of hazardous conditions; and utility systems repairs and improvements. The R&R account also incorporates projects designed to meet programmatic objectives in the areas of research, collections management and education. The Institution must devote substantial resources to effect critical repairs and renovations to its buildings. The F ive-Year Prospectus for FY 1987 - FY 1991 has identified the need for $135.5 million for this purpose between FY 1987 and FY 1991. The FY 1987 request for R&R appropriation totals $16.0 million. This request includes $2.5 million to permit the completion of the courtyard/excavation project of the Freer Gallery of Art to provide needed collection storage space. This project must be accomplished in FY 1987 because of associated Quadrangle construction. Also included are funds to begin replacement or retrofilling of high-voltage electrical transformers containing PCBs.

A further sum of $7.4 million is requested for the FY 1987 Zoo Construction program. Of this amount, $4.9 million is of highest priority. This sum will permit continued essential renovation at Rock Creek Park and at the Conservation and Research Center at Front Royal, Virginia; foster research through the renovation of facilities at Rock Creek; and support further improvements and small exhibits along the Zoo's entranceway. The balance of $2.5 million, which is of lower priority, would permit construction of Phase I of the Zoo's new aquatic exhibits—a tropical forest and stream module.

A major construction initiative, in the development stage for the past few years, involves the General Post Office Building for which design monies of $3.0 million are sought. Authorization for transfer of the General Post Office Building from the General Services Administration to the Smithsonian Institution and for renovation work of $40 million was received on October 19, 1984 (Public Law 98-523). The addition of this historic building will solve space needs of the National Museum of American Art, the National Portrait Gallery and the Archives of American Art and further research, education and exhibition programs of these organizations. Located on F Street in Washington, D.C., the General Post Office Building is linked to the existing American Art and Portrait Gallery Building by underground tunnel. A further sum of $37.0 million will be required in FY 1988 for building renovation.

Improvements to the Smithsonian's scientific research facilities also are budgeted in an amount of $8.4 million in order to meet current and future programmatic needs. Included in the science facility development program for FY 1987 are construction of a terrestrial laboratory and conference center at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama and construction of a base camp for the Whipple Observatory in Arizona.

The Institution's request for the Special Foreign Currency Program totals $2.0 million equivalent in excess foreign currencies. This amount will continue a program of grants to United States institutions for research in those countries where excess local currencies are available.

RANKING OF THE FY 1987 BUDGET ($000s)

Priority

Item

Amount

FTE

Cumulative Amount FTE $

II. III.

IV.

V. VI.

VII. VIII.

SALARIES AND EXPENSES /l

Salaries and Expenses FY 1986 Base Uncontrollables (Necessary Pay,

Utilities, Rent and Inflation) Quadrangle-related Operations Museum Support Center Equipment & Move Research

Bicentennial of the Constitution Columbus Quincentenary Automation

Education and Public Orientation Protection

Buildings and Facilities Management General Administration Collections Management

CONSTRUCTION - Quadrangle

RESTORATION AND RENOVATION OF BUILDINGS /2

ZOO CONSTRUCTION /3 (exclusive of Aquatic Habitats)

CONSTRUCTION - General Post Office Building

CONSTRUCTION - Tropical Research Institute Laboratory and Conference Center

CONSTRUCTION - Whipple Observatory Base Camp

ZOO CONSTRUCTION - Aquatic Habitats - Phase I

3,875 185,590 3,875 185,590

3,000 4,076 230,070

3,900 4,076 233,970

4,500 4,076 238,470

2,500 4,076 240,970

/l Details of the requested Salaries and Expenses increases for each program category are given on page 15.

/2 Details of the Restoration and Renovation of Buildings Account are given on page 244.

/3 Details of the Zoo Construction account are given on page 227.

N ONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING

In addition to the support provided by Federal appropriations, the Institution also receives nonappropriated funds to expand and enrich its programs. The Nonappropriated Fund activities (Trust funds) are presented along with the Federal budget request to provide an overview of all uses of funds for each Smithsonian bureau. It must be emphasized that the estimates for Trust funds are subject to change due to the unpredictability of donations, grants and contracts to the Institution, fluctuations in visitor attendance and uncertain economic factors affecting restaurant, mail order and shop revenues, Associates' memberships and other auxiliary activities. The Institution's gross operating revenue, less the expenses of the auxiliary activities, represents the net operating revenue available for programmatic and other worthwhile purposes.

The FY 1986 Trust budget comprises approximately 49 percent of the total Institution's gross operating revenues or approximately 22 percent of net operating revenues. Included in the above are Federal grants and contracts received from government agencies. These are expected to total nearly $16 million in FY 1986. Gross revenues of nonappropriated Trust funds (excluding Federal grants and contracts) are expected to continue to grow as in previous years and reach $165 million in FY 1986. Net income, however, is projected in the $35 million to $37 million range (of which $11 million is projected for restricted purposes).

The Trust funds are composed of unrestricted funds, restricted funds and Federal grants and contracts and are applied in the following manner:

A. Unrestricted Funds

1. General - Central management and administrative service units of the Institution, such as legal counsel, accounting, personnel, supply and budget receive Trust allotments whose costs primarily are funded from overhead recovery on grants and contracts received by the Smithsonian and from internal administrative fees charged to other Trust-funded activities. Operating funds are provided to various activities such as the Visitors Information and Associates' Reception Center, the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Office of Telecommunications and the Office of Folklife Programs along with a variety of program allotments for important Institutional and bureau needs as approved by the Board of Regents. These allotments primarily are funded from short-term investment income, unrestricted endowment income and net proceeds from museum shops, food service concessions, sales of Smithsonian books, records and other products based on designs and objects in the collections, and from the Resident Associate and National Associate Programs (including Smithsonian magazine).

2. Special Purpose - Certain bureaus have income-producing activities, the largest of which are the Theater and Spacearium operations of the National Air and Space Museum. Also included in this category are miscellaneous bureau revenues from the sale of posters-, exhibit brochures and publications; tuition grants from universities; the museums' share of sales in the restaurant and museum shops; membership and admission fees; exhibit rental; and investment income from current fund balances.

Beginning in FY 1979, the Board of Regents approved using the Institution's unrestricted Trust funds for certain programs previously financed with appropriated funds. These consist of the Institution's various fellowship programs (FY 1986 allotment of $2.3 million and almost $2.7 million in FY 1987) and the appropriate Trust fund share of rental costs of administrative units in L'Enfant Plaza, funded in part from rental payments by auxiliary activities occupying space on The Mall (FY 1986 allotment of $851,000).

The Special Purpose category also includes awards from the Institution's Collections Acquisition, Scholarly Studies and Educational Outreach Program, the Research

Opportunities Fund, the Smithson Society Awards Program, and the Special Exhibition Fund.

A substantial continuing commitment under this category is the $2.65 million annual allocation for the Institution's Collections Acquisition, Scholarly Studies and Educational Outreach Program, first approved by the Board of Regents in FY 1978. Of the $2.65 million, an amount of $1.1 million is available annually for purchase of objects of outstanding importance to the collections. FY 1985 marked the initial participation of the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery in the Collections Acquisition portion of the Program. The Gallery's first purchase was an extraordinary late 18th- or early 19th-century Japanese ceremonial palanquin ( norimono ) finished in lacquer. In addition, the National Museum of American Art acquired its first work by famed muralist Thomas Hart Benton, a 7 x 24 foot mural of "Achelous and Hercules"; and the National Museum of Natural History/Museum of Man bought the outstanding Brodzinsky Fossil Amber Collection. Each of these important acquisitions was supplemented by varying amounts of outside contributions.

An additional amount of $1.0 million is designated by the Program for scholarly research projects that do not lend themselves to or are not appropriate for Federal funding. These include multi-disciplinary research projects that can be carried out within and between bureaus and projects that have been awarded external funds, which require matching Trust amounts. For example, scientists at the National Museum of Natural History/Museum of Man (NMNH/MOM) are investigating major explosive eruptions of Costa Rican volcanoes. The study examines prehistoric volcanic activity and its role as an indicator of present land forms, and potential areas to be monitored for future volcanic activity. Little is known of the prehistoric volcanic activity in Costa Rica, and information produced will be compared with similar efforts worldwide, to develop a global volcanic profile. Also, the NMMH/MOM scientists are engaged in a study which focuses on the geological and paleontological evidence which might suggest the formation of the present Mediterranean Sea. The study will complement other efforts under way to understand how the earth was formed, and testing theories of plate tectonics and crustal formation.

The remaining $550,000 of the $2.65 million available for this Program is allocated to conduct a wide range of educational outreach programs of benefit to the public such as to the Office of Fellowships and Grants for Visiting Academic Associates, a program to bring individuals from universities and colleges throughout the United States who have an interest and commitment to expanding minority academic opportunities to the Smithsonian to learn about research and professional opportunities and to the Office of Education, National Museum of Natural History/Museum of Man and the Smithsonian National Associates Program, a workshop program offering teachers in cities remote from the Washington metropolitan area access to resources in the Smithsonian which will enliven their teaching and bring an understanding of the way in which natural science museums can be used to enhance the teaching of science. Funds have also gone to the Office of Museum Programs to conduct a two-day on-site training seminar "Policy and Management for Directors and Trustees of African-American Museums" for twenty-six African-American museum professionals and trustees; to an Exhibitions Design and Production Training Project consisting of a two week Smithsonian-based workshop in which ten participants from tribal museums were introduced to basic design and production information and assisted with the planning for the installation of an exhibit case or small area; and to the National Museum of American History for a unique demonstration/exhibit at the quadrennial meeting of the International Congress for the History of Science (and Technology) with the goal of educating academic historians to the potential uses of museum presentations in research and teaching.

In FY 1985, the Board of Regents approved an annual Trust-funded allocation for the Special Exhibition Fund. The cost of exhibition programs has generally been met with Federal funds which will continue to provide the predominant financing for the

Institution's overall exhibition effort, as supplemented by donations from individuals, foundations and corporations. To be part of and administered similar to the Collections Acquisition, Scholarly Studies and Educational Outreach Program, the Special Exhibition Fund with $3 million in FY 1986 and $3.5 million in FY 1987 will increase opportunities by providing funds for important temporary maj or exhibitions as proposed by organizations of the Institution. Subject to a competitive review and selection process, the request must be for temporary special exhibitions of sufficient importance to provide benefit to the viewing public and accompanied by a scholarly catalogue or similar work. Exhibitions currently in the planning stage include "The Magnificent Voyagers" by the National Museum of Natural History/Museum of Man which will introduce to the American public the U.S. Exploring Expedition of 1838-1842 and establish its place in the development of natural and naval science in America; "Field to Factory: Afro-American Migration 1915-1940" by the National Museum of American History, which will portray the movement of hundreds of thousands of Afro-Americans from southern states to northern urban centers during and after World War I; and "ZOOARK Twentieth Century: The Last Chance" by the National Zoological Park, which will assert the importance of zoos for the future of many endangered species and for the development of public opinion on the relationship between man and animals.

B. Restricted Funds

Restricted Trust funds include gifts, grants and endowments from individuals, foundations, organizations and corporations which specify the use of the donation or bequest. Generally, these funds provide support for a particular exhibit or research project. The Freer fund is the largest restricted endowment of the Institution. It is strictly controlled under the terms of the original gift and bequest for the sole use of the Freer Gallery of Art.

C. Federal Grants and Contracts

Federal grants and contracts are provided by various agencies and departments for special projects which can be conducted at the Smithsonian because of its expertise in a particular area of science, history, art or education, and because of its ability to respond quickly to certain kinds of needs.

($000)

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

SOURCE OF OPERATING FUNDS

FY 1985 PROJECTED THROUGH FY 1991

Table 1

SOURCE OF OPERATING FUNDS

FY 1985 FY 1986 FY 1987 FY 1988 FY 1989 FY 1990 FY 1991

Federal Salaries and Expenses .Plus cumulative effect of legislated pay changes

Subtotal

164,321 185,590 202,219 226,063 231,226 250,769 254,787

— ~ 3,700 8,000 12,300 17,100 21,800

164,321 185,590 205,919 234,063 243,526 267,869 276,587

Nonappropriated Trust Funds Unrestricted General . Investments .Gifts

.Auxiliary Activities .Miscellaneous

Subtotal

138,230 147,535 158,550 165,915 177,260 188,840 200,910

Unrestricted Special Purpose .Investments .Gifts

.Bureau Activities .MisceIlaneous

Subtotal

5,712

5,777

5,812

6,055

6,155

6,255

6,355

Restricted

Subtotal

9,374

,469

17,151

10,600

11,900

11,350

11,450

Federal Grants and Contracts

Gross Income

15,741 15,815 16,381 21,855 22,482 19,869 14,576

333,378 366,186 403,813 438,488 461,323 494,183 509,878

Less Expenses of Auxiliary and Bureau Activities

Net Funds Provided

(116,478) (127,974) (136,036) (142,233) (151,238) (160,822) (170,773) 216,900 238,212 267,777 296,255 310,085 333,361 339,105

($000)

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

APPLICATION OF OPERATING FUNDS

FY 1985 PROJECTED THROUGH FY 1991

Table 2 (1)

APPLICATION OF OPERATING FUNDS

FY 1985

FY 1986

FY 1987

FY 1988

FY 1989

FY 1990

FY 1991

Science

.Federal Salaries and Expenses

.Unrestricted General

-Program and Administrative*

-Auxiliary Activities .Unrestricted Special Purpose

-Bureau Activities

-Al I Other .Restr icted .Federal Grants and Contracts

Subtotal

55,589 59,696 62,681 69,057 72,238 77,367 78,685

833 466 486 494 502 509 518

79,911

82,373

87,662

97,864

104,182

106,224

100,388

History and Art

.Federal Salaries and Expenses

•Unrestricted General

-Program and Administrative

-Auxiliary Activities .Unrestricted Special Purpose

-Bureau Activities

-A I I Other .Restricted .Federal Grants and Contracts

Subtotal

36,530

42,856

44,958

47,822

47,91 1

48,822

50,539

Pub Iic Service

.Federal Salaries and Expenses

.Unrestricted General

-Program and Administrative

-Auxiliary Activities .Unrestricted Special Purpose

-Bureau Activities

-AlI Other .Restricted .Federal Grants and Contracts

Subtotal

2,256

2,400

2,483

2,483

2,483

2,483

2,483

17,443 16,317 17,587 18,736 19,981 21,213 22,050

Net of SAO Overhead Recovery

($000)

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

APPLICATION OF OPERATING FUNDS

FY 1985 PROJECTED THROUGH FY 1991

Table 2 (2)

APPLICATION OF OPERATING FUNDS

FY 1985

FY 1986

FY 1987

FY 1988 FY 1989

FY 1990

FY 1991

Museum Programs

.Federal Salaries and Expenses 9,920 11,404

.Unrestricted General

-Program and Administrative

-Auxiliary Activities •Unrestricted Special Purpose

-Bureau Activities

-AlI Other .Restricted .Federal Grants and Contracts

Subtotal 13,956 15,777

12,292

14,821

14,998

15,406

15,960 18,664 18,950 19,331

15,937

19,973

Directorate, International Activities .Federal Salaries and Expenses .Unrestricted General

-Program and Administrative

-Auxiliary Activities .Unrestricted Special Purpose

-Bureau Activities

-All Other .Restr icted .Federal Grants and Contracts

Subtotal

319

435

754

605 961 1,156 1,746 2,796 2,796

618 829 752 772 793 815

1,533 2,267 2,358 3,018 4,089 4,161

Special Programs

.Federal Salaries and Expenses

.Unrestricted General

-Program and Administrative

-Auxiliary Activities .Unrestricted Special Purpose

-Bureau Activities

-A I I Other .Restr Icted .Federal Grants and Contracts

Subtotal

8,399 10,478 12,300 14,709 10,209 15,714 8,445

947 1,085 1,194 1,165 1,204 1,239 1,276

18,519

21,155

23,643

27,404

24,043

30,988

24,175

($000)

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

APPLICATION OF OPERATING FUNDS

FY 1985 PROJECTED THROUGH FY 1991

Table 2 (3)

APPLICATION OF OPERATING FUNDS

FY 1985

FY 1986

FY 1987

FY 1988

FY 1989

FY 1990

FY 1991

Associates Programs

.Federal Salaries and Expenses

.Unrestricted General

-Program and Administrative

-Auxiliary Activities .Unrestricted Special Purpose

-Bureau Activities

-AlI Other • Restr icted .Federal Grants and Contracts

Subtotal

69,740

79,936

83,692

85,216

89,835

94,750

100,251

Business Management

.Federal Salaries and Expenses

.Unrestricted General

-Program and Administrative

-Auxiliary Activities .Unrestricted Special Purpose

-Bureau Activities

-AlI Other .Restr icted .Federal Grants and Contracts

Subtotal

30,180 32,145 35,350 38,635 41,650 45,065 48,610

30,180 32,145 35,350 38,635 41,650 45,065 48,610

Administrative, Financial and

Technical Services .Federal Salaries and Expenses .Unrestricted General

-Program and Administrative*

-Auxiliary Activities .Unrestricted Special Purpose

-Bureau Activities

-AlI Other •Restricted •Federal Grants and Contracts

11,267

12,791 13,569 14,385 14,588 14,788 14,898

Subtotal

13,042 14,360 16,149 16,988 16,918 17,126 17,224

Net of SI Overhead Recovery

($000)

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

APPLICATION OF OPERATING FUNDS

FY 1985 PROJECTED THROUGH FY 1991

Table 2 (4)

APPLICATION OF OPERATING FUNDS

FY 1985

FY 1986

FY 1987

FY 1988

FY 1989

FY 1990

FY 1991

Fac iIit ies ServIces

.Federal Salaries and Expenses

.Unrestricted General

-Program and Administrative

-Auxiliary Activities .Unrestricted Special Purpose

-Bureau Activities

-A I I Other .Restr icted .Federal Grants and Contracts

Subtotal

48,765 55,097 58,908 61,697 63,449 65,007 66,237

1,673 1,606 1,733 1,785 1,837 1,892 1,947

215

50,653

239 1

273

1

263

1

272 1

272

1

56,94 3

60,915

63,746

65,559

67,172

273

1

68,458

Adjustments for Inflation, Pay

Requirements and Grade Reductions .Federal Salaries and Expenses

-Necessary Pay

-Grade Reductions

- Inf lat ion

-Supplemental

(373)

Subtotal

(373)

6,682

15,981

23,895

33,695

44,995

Institutional Total

.Federal Salaries and Expenses

.Unrestricted General

-Program and Administrative

-Auxiliary Activities

• Unrestricted Special Purpose -Bureau Activities -AlI Other

.Restr icted

.Federal Grants and Contracts

164,321

185,590 205,919

234,063

243,526

267,869 276,587

Gross Funds Applied

330,728

363,022 394,865 433,414 455,942 488,475 500,825

Less Expenses of Auxiliary and Bureau Activities

(116,478) (127,974) (136,036) (142,233) (151,238) (160,822) (170,773)

($000)

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

APPLICATION OF OPERATING FUNDS

FY 1985 PROJECTED THROUGH FY 1991

Table 2 (5)

APPLICATION OF OPERATING FUNDS

FY 1985

FY 1986

FY 1987

FY 1988

FY 1989

FY 1990

FY 1991

Net Funds Applied Before Transfers .Federal Salaries and Expenses .Unrestricted General .Unrestricted Special Purpose .Restr icted .Federal Grants and Contracts

Net Before Transfer

214,250 235,048

258,829 291,181

304,704

327,653 330,052

Transfers: Out/(In)

.Federal Salaries and Expenses

.Current Funds Transfers (Internal)

-Unrestricted General 9,313

-Unrestricted Special Purpose (9,313)

.Current Funds to Plant Improvement

-Unrestricted General 322

-Unrestricted Special Purpose

.Current Funds to Endowment

-Unrestricted General 3,000

-Unrestricted Special Purpose

-Restricted 107

Total Transfers

3,429

10,439 10,357 11,882

(10,439) (10,357) (11,882)

22

3,000 3,500 3,500

126 107 110

12,805 14,263 14,852

(12,805) (14,263) (14,852)

4,500 5,000 5,500

113 116 119

3,148 3,607

3,610

4,613 5,116

5,619

Net Changes in Fund Balance :

Increase/(Decrease)

.Unrestricted General

.Unrestricted Special Purpose

.Restricted

.Federal Grants and Contracts

Subtotal

(779)

16

5,341

1,464

768

592

3,434

Net Funds Appl I ed

.Federal Salaries and Expenses

.Unrestricted General

.Unrestricted Special Purpose

.Restricted

.Federal Grants and Contracts

Net Funds Applled

216,900 238,212

267,777

296,255

310,085 333,361

339,105

SALARIES AND EXPENSES

FY 1987 SALARIES AND EXPENSES BUDGET

(Individual increases within each program category have not been prioritized)

SALARIES AND EXPENSES

FY 1986 BASE

UNCONTROLLABLES (Necessary Pay, Utilities, Rent & Inflation)

QUADRANGLE-RELATED

—Sackler Gallery of Art

—National Museum of African Art

—Office of Public Affairs

—Smithsonian Institution Libraries

—Office of Exhibits Central

—Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service

—Directorate of International Activities

—Administration

—Office of Protection Services

—Office of Plant Services

Subtotal 130 3,637

MUSEUM SUPPORT CENTER-RELATED

—Equipment — 1,300

—Move of Collections 34 208

Subtotal 34 1,508

RESEARCH

—Tropical Research Institute - Tropical Forest Biology: To research forest biology while fostering joint efforts with other research staff and international collaborators. 4 636

—Museum of Natural History/Museum of Man - Biological Diversity in the Amazon Basin: To study species diversity, coexistence, and ecosystem relationships. 3 525

—Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory: To initiate instrument

development in the new field of submillimeter-wave astronomy. 2 695

—National Zoological Park - Scientific Equipment: To upgrade

and replace critical medical and scientific equipment. — 100

—Museum of American Art - Inventories of American Sculpture: To locate, document, and index American sculpture throughout the United States in public and private collections. 1 124

—Archives of American Art: To establish an ongoing series of interpretive publications based on the collections of the Archives of American Art. — 25

AMOUNT

FTE SOOOs

RESEARCH (continued)

—Hirshhorn Museum - Hirshhorn Bequest: To research and catalogue

approximately 6,000 works bequeathed by Joseph Hirshhorn. — 42

—Cooper-Hewitt Museum: Associate curators for Decorative Arts

and Drawings and Prints departments. 2 72

—Smithsonian Institution Libraries - Research Support: To

provide online delivery service for interlibrary loans. — 165

—Conservation Analytical Laboratory: Isotope analyst and petrographic analyst needed to complement the archeometry

staff. 2 127

Subtotal 14 " 2,511

BICENTENNIAL OF THE CONSTITUTION

—Museum of American History: To present an exhibition on the Japanese-American Experience in World War II and its Constitutional implications. — 185

—National Portrait Gallery: To finance the exhibitions "The Portrait in America from 1700 to 1776" and "Portraits of Distinguished American Jurists." — 80

—Office of Elementary and Secondary Education: To establish a program on the Constitution for local and national school audiences. — 11

—Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars: To sponsor a

symposium on "Our Constitutional Roots." ™ 100

Subtotal — 376

COLUMBUS QUINCENTENARY

—Directorate of International Activities: To initiate

Institutional planning for the Columbus Quincentenary. — 245

Subtotal — 245

AUTOMATION

—National Air and Space Museum: For research on images and

data from space exploration. — 250

—Archives of American Art: To purchase hardware and software

for collections management and office automation. — 50

—Museum of American History: To acquire terminals, peripherals

and staff necessary to improve automation applications. 1 120

AMOUNT

FTE $000s

AUTOMATION (continued)

—Museum of American Art: To purchase hardware and and to

fund user services. — 133

—National Portrait Gallery: To provide additional automation

equipment, training and to fund user services. — 55

—Museum Support Center: To provide two computer programmers for computer systems analysis, software design and development for research, collections management and office automation applications at MSC. 2 55

—Smithsonian Institution Archives: Equipment, supplies and training to develop and apply automated data processing and data storage to the Archives' holdings. — 37

—Office of Public Affairs: To acquire equipment and software

to improve office automation. — 26

—Office of Accounting and Financial Services : To provide

for increased computer usage. — 50

—Office of Personnal Administration: To provide for a computer

systems administrator and a computer analyst. 2 66

—Office of Plant Services: To increase the full range of

financial, personnel and program management activities. — 191

Subtotal 5 1,033

EDUCATION AND PUBLIC ORIENTATION

—Office of Elementary and Secondary Education: To fund contract work for certain projects and to upgrade an existing position to deputy director position. — 25

—Office of Public Affairs: Minority outreach efforts

through television spots, advertisements and brochures. — 26

—Conservation Analytical Laboratory: To initiate conservation science training on the post-doctoral fellowship level, and advanced post-graduate internship training for conservators. — 65

—Assistant Secretary for Science: To establish a National Science Resources Center under joint sponsorship of the Institution and the National Academy of Sciences to improve the quality of elementary and secondary science education in the United States. 1_ 250

Subtotal 1 366

PROTECTION

AMOUNT

FTE

SOOOs

—Office of Protection Services: Industrial hygiene technician capable of analyzing air samples for asbestos fibers.

Subtotal

45

45

BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES MANAGEMENT

—Tropical Research Institute: To staff and furnish

the Barro Colorado Island dormitory, and dining/conference center buildings that will be completed by the end of FY 1986.

149

—Smithsonian Institution Libraries: To rent space to replace the unacceptable facility at North Capitol Street.

80

—Smithsonian Institution Archives: To pay rent for commercial space, purchase shelving and associated equipment, and to acquire moving services to relocate archival materials.

75

—Administration: To pay rent for additional administrative space at L'Enfant Plaza.

140

Subtotal

444

GENERAL ADMINISTRATION

—General Counsel: To provide a legal technician to aid in meeting the support needs of the legal staff.

20

—Assistant Treasurer: To provide a systems analyst to improve and maintain all financial management information systems.

50

—Audits and Investigations: To support the staff level and

associated expenses of the Office of Audits and Investigations.

113

—Personnel: To provide adequate personnel services to bureaus and offices.

—Supply Services: To provide an additional contract specialist

66

20

—Printing and Photographic Services: To replace aging equipment in duplicating branch.

60

Subtotal

329

AMOUNT

FTE SOOOs

COLLECTIONS MANAGEMENT

—National Zoological Park: To provide for three animal keepers

to fully utilize existing facilities. 3 150

—Collections Management Inventory: To provide an archivist to begin inventory work on the Library Picture File at Cooper-Hewitt Museum and to refine the inventory of the Numismatic and Philatelic collections at the Museum of American History. 1 123

—Archives of American Art: To care and conserve collection of photographs and works on paper, and to make the information contained therein available for research. 1 60

—National Portrait Gallery: Conservator, registrar technician

and collections storage. 2 100

—Smithsonian Institution Libraries: To accelerate the identification and cataloguing of items in the Libraries system which are not catalogued. — 100

Subtotal 7 533

TOTAL 4,076 202,219

FY 1987 UNCONTROLLABLE INCREASES

Funds are sought to finance costs that are beyond the control of the Institution. These costs result from established practices in regulating wages; higher utility, postage and communications charges; and the effects of inflation. Consequently, an amount of $5,602,000 is requested for these increases.

1. Salary and Related Costs

—Within-grade Step Increases $1,958,000

—Workers' Compensation 178,000

—0MB Grade Target Reduction -373,000

Total Salary and Related Costs $1,763,000

2. Utilities, Postage and Communications

—Electricity $1,489,000 —Steam 172,000

—Gas 25,000

—Fuel Oil/Water 65,000

—Communications 33,000

—Postage 315,000

Total Utilities, Postage, Communications $2,099,000

3. Rental Space $ -30,000

4. Inflation $1,770,000

Grand Total, Uncontrollable Increases $5,602,000

SALARY AND RELATED COSTS - An amount of $1,763,000 is required for the projected higher costs in FY 1987 for FY 1986 staff. These are provided to employees as a result of within-grade increases ($1,958,000). Funds also are required in FY 1987 to cover increased workers' compensation costs ($178,000). These requested increases are being offset by a reduction of $373,000 which was mandated by the Office of Management and Budget (0MB) affecting positions in grades GS-11 through GS-15. Costs required for within-grade increases are calculated by an automated program which computes costs on a position-by-position basis, taking into consideration workyears authorized by 0MB, savings from turnover and vacancies filled at lower grades when possible.

Within-grade Step Increases - A sum of $1,958,000 is sought in FY 1987 for within-grade step increases. For General Schedule employees, these increases are required by Section 5335 of Title 5, United States Code. Wage employees are covered by law and prevailing rates. Increases include the part-year cost of new actions scheduled to occur in the budget year, as well as the cost of annualizing step increases occurring in the current fiscal year.

Workers' Compensation - An amount of $178,000 is required to meet the provisions of Section 8147(b) of Title 5, United States Code as amended on April 21, 1976 by Public Law 94-273. This law provides for payments to be made to employees for injuries and to their families in cases where work accidents result in employees' deaths. These payments are determined and made by the United States Department of Labor's Employment Standards Administration, which subsequently bills agencies for costs incurred for their employees. The Institution continues to pursue its Accident Safety Program administered by the

Office of Protection Services. This Program includes employee training in safe working environments and supports a safety staff whose duties include identifying and eliminating potential accident hazards. The FY 1987 bill for the Institution totals $746,000. (This bill covers the actual expenses incurred for the period July 1, 1984 through June 30, 1985.) With an amount of $568,000 in the Institution's base for workers' compensation, additional funds totaling $178,000 are requested.

0MB Grade Target Reduction - In FY 1985, at the direction of the President, the Office of Management and Budget and the Office of Personnel Management (0PM) implemented a joint initiative to improve the management of positions and lower the average grade levels in the GS/GM 11 to 15 grade range. Thus far the reduction assessed the Smithsonian is $560,000. A sum of $373,000 will be relinquished in FY 1987 and a like amount in FY 1988. For FY 1989, the reduction will be $186,000. The cumulative reduction over the five-year period will total $1,492,000.

UTILITIES, POSTAGE AND COMMUNICATIONS - Currently, a base of $15,988,000 is available to fund the costs of electricity, steam, gas, fuel oil, water, postage and communications. An additional $2,099,000 is sought in FY 1987 to cover the projected increase for these items. The following tables show actual and anticipated use and costs of the components which comprise the utilities account between FY 1984 and FY 1987, and summarize the projected base shortage in each between the amount available in FY 1986 and the estimated charges for FY 1987.

ANALYSIS OF UTILITIES COSTS - FY 1984 - FY 1987

FY 1984 FY 1985 FY 1986 FY 1987 Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate

ELECTRICITY

Use_ - Millions of KWH 92.4 92.2 101.7 107.1

Unit Cost - Average per KWH .0672 .0728 .0783 .0783

Cost - $000s $6,210 $6,712 $7,965 $8,385

FY 1987 Estimated Cost $8,385

FY 1986 Base $6,896

Base Shortage, Electricity $1,489

STEAM

Use - Millions of Pounds

U nit Cost - Average per 1,000 lbs.

Cost - $000s

FY 1987 Estimated Cost FY 1986 Base

GAS

Use - Millions of Cubic Feet 1.350 1.544 1.752 1.863

Unit Cost - Average per Cu. Ft. .7755 .6857 .6901 .7112

Cost - $000s $1,047 $1,059 $1,209 $1,325

FY 1987 Estimated Cost $1,325

FY 1986 Base $1,300

Base Shortage, Gas T" 2T

FUEL OIL/WATER

Costs - $000s $ 235 $ 314 $ 325 $ 390

FY 1987 Estimated Cost $ 390

FY 1986 Base $ 325

Base Shortage, Fuel Oil/Water $ 65

Electricity - The major component ($1,489,000) of the proposed utility increase is for electricity. Consumption estimates have been refined to take into consideration full occupancy of the Museum Support Center in Suitland, Maryland, and the new Quadrangle facility on The Mall. Projected higher costs for electricity also take into consideration a 7 percent rate increase approved in FY 1985 by the District of Columbia Public Service Commission.

S team - The projected shortage of $172,000 for steam is attributable to consumption increases associated with the initial occupancy of the Quadrangle in FY 1987, correction of the formula used to measure total consumption by the General Services Administration (GSA), and rate increases passed on to consumers by GSA in FY 1984 and in FY 1985.

Gas - For gas, the projected shortage of $25,000 is attributable to increased consumption due to occupancy of the Museum Support Center and to space modifications to facilities at Suitland, Maryland and at the National Zoological Park.

Fuel Oil/Water - The projected shortage for fuel oil/water ($65,000) is attributable to increased fuel oil costs for the Museum Support Center.

ANALYSIS OF COMMUNICATIONS COSTS

FY 1984 FY 1985 FY 1986 FY 1987

Actual Estimate Estimate Estimate

TELEPHONE

Costs - $000s $2,480 $2,430 $2,575 $2,765

FY 1987 Estimated Cost $2,765

FY 1986 Base $2,732

Base Shortage, Telephone $ 33

POSTAGE

Costs - $000s $1,300 $1,300 $1,564 $1,650

FY 1987 Estimated Cost $1,650

FY 1986 Base $1 ,335

Base Shortage, Postage $ 315

Telephones - In FY 1984, measures were taken to limit communications costs such as purchasing previously leased telephone equipment and reviewing long distance telephone bills. These actions have resulted in an estimated savings of $157,000 for FY 1986. Although steps have been made to reduce costs, a projected shortage of $33,000 is estimated for FY 1987. Projections are based on full-year funding for the Quadrangle and the anticipated increase in FTS long distance costs resulting from the 24-hour-per-day charging system recently implemented by the General Services Administration.

Postage - Practices begun in FY 1983 to limit costs are continuing. This includes elimination of domestic package mailing at priority rates—domestic packages are sent via parcel post; and limiting international air parcel shipments and express mail service. A projected shortage of $315,000 is estimated for FY 1987. Estimates take into consideration a 20 percent rate increase, effective in February 1985, which was granted by the United States Postal Service Board of Governors.

RENTAL SPACE - A net decrease in rent of $30,000 is anticipated for FY 1987. The costs of facilities administered by the Office of Plant Services (OPlantS) will be $260,000 less, while the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) in Cambridge, Massachusetts will experience an increase of $230,000. Although rental fees for several facilities will increase, the net decrease of $30,000 is the result of relinquishing space at the Navy Yard Annex because of the Oceanographic Sorting Center's move to the Museum Support Center. The following chart details these changes:

Net Change

TOTAL

$ 1,875

$ 1,845

$ -30

Office of Plant Services - The amounts on the chart reflect costs for rental space for administrative activities located at L'Enfant Plaza, the Smithsonian Institution Service Center at 1111 North Capitol Street, and the Archives of American Art (AAA) located in New York City and Boston, Massachusetts. The terms of current leases at L'Enfant Plaza and the Service Center require the Smithsonian to assume additional charges for operating expenses brought about by increases in maintenance, utility charges and taxes. Although no increase is requested for current space at L'Enfant Plaza, the North Capitol Street rental will require an additional $11,000. Higher costs for space for the Archives of American Art in New York are reflected in a proposed lease agreement for January 1986. Space currently occupied by the Archives staff no longer accommodates current needs; overcrowding and potential safety hazards exist. In order to rectify the situation, new space is required. Archives staff along with Director of Facilities Services staff are negotiating for alternative space in a new location. An amount of $45,000 is required to fund leased space for the New York operations of the Archives of American Art. An additional $1,000 is required for AAA's Boston location.

The Federal rental share projected for this central rental account in FY 1987 totals $1,438,000. A sum of $1,698,000 is available in the base for FY 1986 and therefore, a sum of $260,000 is being relinquished for FY 1987.

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory - An amount of $230,000 is requested to fund the increased costs of rental space for the Astrophysical Observatory's Cambridge, Massachusetts facilities. This large increase is due primarily to an economic revitali-zation caused by the extension of the MBTA subway system from Harvard Square to Alewife Brook Parkway, one block away from the facilities SAO currently occupies at 185 Alewife Brook Parkway.

Faced with this significant increase in rent expenses, it has been decided that a move to a more convenient location, across the street from the Harvard College Observatory, SAO's main scientific facility, would be prudent. The cost of space at the new facility (160 Concord Avenue) is equal to that charged at the Alewife Brook Parkway facility and is fixed through FY 1990.

INFLATION - Resources totaling SI,770,000 are requested to help offset the cumulative and anticipated costs to the Smithsonian as a result of estimated inflation. The amount requested represents 4.2 percent (inflation factor allowed by the Office of Management and Budget) of total nonsalary expenses for FY 1986, excluding costs of utilities, rent and the Museum Support Center move and equipment. Inflationary increases represent significant costs that have the cumulative effect of seriously eroding research, exhibitions , collections management, education and public orientation programs , as well as facilities management and administrative services. The result of inflation, therefore, is equivalent to a significant cut each year to the base resources of all the Smithsonian's approximately'65 organizational units.

Research - Cost increases have a severe effect on the Institution's ability to carry out its programs. In the area of scientific research, prices for scientific supplies generally are not increasing as dramatically as they have in the past. However, the bureaus continue to experience significant price increases for the maintenance and repair of sophisticated scientific equipment.

The effects of inflation on costs for books, journals, papers and publishing, as well as research-related items, has had an impact on virtually all of the Institution's programs. The Smithsonian Institution Libraries purchases 50 percent of its scientific serials, which include journals and annual reports, from a serial subscription supplier. The price increase expected for FY 1985 from this supplier is projected to be 6.5 percent. The cost of series publications from other sources is expected to increase 10 percent in FY 1985. The average cost of a serial in FY 1984 was approximately $88.70, and approximately $365,000 in total was expended in that fiscal year. With a budget for binding books of nearly $90,000, the Libraries is projecting an increase of eight percent in binding costs for FY 1985. Similar increases can be expected for FY 1986.

The cost of publishing, which is essential to scientific research as well as to exhibitions and educational programs, continues to increase. It is estimated that FY 1986 publishing charges will increase five to six percent above FY 1985. The following chart illustrates some further examples of price increases for items that are purchased regularly:

Research and Scientific Supplies and Contracts

FY 1984 FY 1985 Item Cost Cost Percentage Increase

Beakers, stainless steel

(1,000ml.), each $ 24.00 $ 26.20 9 percent

Liquid nitrogen/liter 56.70 59.50 5 percent

Annual contracts:

Electronic laboratory

instruments 2,940.00 3,145.00 7 percent

Electron microscope maintenance 6,504.00 7,020.00 8 percent

Deionized water service 3,120.00 3,660.00 17 percent

Exhibitions - Inflationary increases for materials and supplies place a severe strain on the base resources needed to maintain an active exhibition program. Great care is taken in selecting the appropriate materials for exhibition construction. Lumber, in particular, has become increasingly more expensive, while items such as wallboard, paint and plexiglas have witnessed a steady but more modest inflation rate. Certain occasions demand that special lighting be required not only as a comfort for the viewer but as a requirement for a delicate object on display. Frequently, these lamps, exhibiting particular qualities, also are expensive to purchase. The Institution spent over $140,000 for lamps in FY 1984; the price for this item has increased by seven percent in FY 1985. The chart below illustrates cost increases for several items used extensively in exhibits preparation:

Exhibition Materials

Item

Lumber, 2"x4"xl6' Lumber, 4/4" sugar pine Lumber, 8/4" sugar pine Wallboard, 4'xl2'xl/2" Wire, #12 THEN, 500* coil Paint, latex, white, (per gal.) Plexiglas:

4'x8'xl/8", UF3

4'x8'xl/4", UF3

4'x8'xl/4", GM, clear Fluorescent lamp

(used for display exhibits)

Percentage Increase

30 percent 26 percent 77 percent

8 percent

31 percent 5 percent

5 percent

6 percent 5 percent

7 percent

Collections Management - Comprehensive collections management programs, essential to the preservation of the invaluable objects of the Institution, are not immune from inflationary effects and some price increases in this area are expected to be significant.

Among the items listed in the chart below, the increase in the cost of camera film, by approximately 16 percent between FY 1984 and FY 1985 merits mentioning. A large quantity of film is used by the bureaus for various purposes, such as photographing collections and making prints from old negatives. Over $300,000 was expended by the Institution in FY 1984 for camera film, chemicals and associated supplies; $90,000 has been obligated by the end of the first quarter of FY 1985 for purchases from four major suppliers. A list of additional samples illustrating cost increases for collections management items follows:

Collections Management Equipment and Supplies

FY 1984

Item Cost

Air control filter, 30"x48"x6" $386.00 Shutter assembly for X-ray

diffraction system 455.00

Gatorfoam, 4'x8'xl/2" 26.50

(protective support for paper items)

Foam core, 4'x8*xl/2" 40.32

Straight jaw locking pliers, 7" 5.84 Straight jaw locking pliers, 10" 6.30

Bristle brush, 38 cm., 15" 9.90

(for cleaning jars)

Camel hair brush, 23 cm., 9" 4.00

(for dusting balances)

Scalpels, each 2.55

Catheters, intracath, 50/box 115.00

Blow dart needles, each 2.25

(used at Zoo)

Film, 64 ASA, 35 mm. 3.74

(36 exposures) Polycontrast RC paper:

8"xl0" for prints (250 sh.) 53.24

8"x250' roll 61.36

FY 1985 Cost

$420.00

4.50

2.70

124.00

2.36

4.35

55.34 63.77

Percentage Increase

9 percent

8 percent 13 percent

11 percent 50 percent 50 percent 31 percent

13 percent

6 percent 8 percent 5 percent

16 percent

4 percent 4 percent

Facilities Management and Administration - Inflationary increases are experienced in the costs of security and safety items vital to the protection of visitors, collections and staff. It■is estimated that $387,000 will be expended in FY 1985 for security systems maintenance and repair, an increase of approximately six percent over the cost of similar services provided in FY 1984. Similar increases are anticipated for FY 1986. Safety glasses provided to workers whose jobs require eye protection are projected to increase in cost by nine percent in FY 1985. The Office of Protection Services expended approximately $6,600 in FY 1984 for this item.

Charges for computer maintenance services for the Office of Information Resource Management are projected to increase six percent in FY 1986 and the cost of software is expected to increase 11 percent. The following prices indicate increases for several buildings maintenance supplies:

Buildings Maintenance Supplies

Item

FY 1984 Cost

FY 1985 Cost

Percentage Increase

Plastic bags, 55 gallon (case) $

Varicel filter, 24"x24"xl2"

5700 T/A filter, 24"x24"x2"

Multifold paper towels

1/2" copper pipe

3/4" black pipe

3/4" PVC pipe

Lamps:

Spot, 150RSP, 130 volt Fluorescent, F40W/U/6 (40 watt) Incandescent, 75PAR/SP/65WM

Trash disposal 2,

(annual contract, one bureau)

Pest control:

1% Diazion, can, 23 oz., case 2% Baygon, can, 23 oz., case Carbonate insecticide, gal.

12.40 40.20 2.60 17.10 8.20 8.82 5.20

3.20

4.52

4.37

268.00

42.84 45.72 48.90

$ 15.30 58.00

2.74 18.20 13.60 14.28

6.40

3.39

5.04

4.66

2,424.00

51.75 53.00 54.40

23 percent 44 percent

5 percent

6 percent 66 percent 62 percent 23 percent

6 percent 12 percent

7 percent 7 percent

21 percent 16 percent 11 percent

The request of a 4.2 percent increase to nonsalary funds is a modest one. The additional proposed resources of $1,770,000 are vital to the integrity of virtually all programs of the Institution and will assist in restoring lost purchasing power due to the effects of inflation.

OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR SCIENCE

(Dollars in Thousands)

**FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Science provides guidance, planning and overall policy direction for the Institution's scientific research efforts, as well as for the science-related education and exhibition activities. Included in this line item are partial resources formerly associated with the Smithsonian Office of Educational Research (SOER). For FY 1987, an amount of 1 workyear and $250,000 is requested to establish a National Science Resources Center under the joint sponsorship of the Smithsonian Institution and the National Academy of Sciences.

PROGRAM - I. Immediate Office, Assistant Secretary for Science - With base resources of 10 workyears and $417,000, the Assistant Secretary for Science is the principal advisor to the Secretary for the coordination and planning of the Smithsonian science activities. The activities reporting to the Assistant Secretary for Science are: the National Museum of Natural History/Museum of Man; the Astrophysical Observatory; the Tropical Research Institute; the Environmental Research Center; the National Air and Space Museum; the National Zoological Park; the Office of Fellowships and Grants; and the International Environmental Science Program. The Office provides oversight to the National Science Resources Center, and a number of trust-funded programs designed to advance institutional objectives in research. In addition, the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Science serves as the Smithsonian liaison to various prominent national and international research organizations and participates in many national and international boards and commissions.

A major responsibility of this Office is to develop guidelines to ensure the superior quality of research conducted at the Institution. This entails providing guidance on shifts of emphasis; recommending new areas for research; and ensuring the Science bureaus access to state-of-the-art facilities and equipment. In addition, the Office will continue to place attention on efforts to more effectively disseminate research findings to the public and specialized audiences.

II. Office of Educational Research - Having pioneered research into the process by which people learn outside the formal learning environment, the Institution will, in FY 1986, reprogram monies formerly associated with this Office into other educational and research support activities. This decision is consistent with the Institution's policy that once experimental programs have achieved success they are best administered through established offices. In order to ensure appropriate follow-up to these reassigned activities, and to assist in the planning associated with the National Science Resources Center, two staff positions and $90,000 will be retained in the base of the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Science.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1987, an amount of 1 workyear and $250,000 is requested to establish a National Science Resources Center under the joint sponsorship of the Smithsonian Institution and the National Academy of Sciences. This Center will focus on making science and mathematics instructional resources available to elementary and secondary school teachers throughout the Nation.

The 1983 National Science Board (NSB) report Educating Americans for the 21st Century , recommended that regional teacher-training and resource centers be established throughout the Nation to lead efforts to improve the quality of pre-college science and mathematics teaching. A few large school systems have been able to establish such centers, but many more are needed. The NSB report stressed that science museums could play an important new role by serving as an additional locus for programs to improve science teaching in the schools. A number of science museums have now established science teaching centers, including the Exploratorium, the Franklin Institute, the Chicago Museum of Science and Industry, and the Boston Museum of Science. There is a growing need to provide resources and leadership at the national level to maximize the effectiveness of these local efforts and to promote the sharing of successful programs and instructional materials.

The National Science Resources Center (NSRC) will augment regional efforts to improve science and mathematics teaching by serving as an information center to identify and disseminate high-quality resources for science and mathematics teaching. It also will serve as a focal point for the translation of new scientific knowledge into effective resources for teaching and as a professional development institute for selected teachers, principals, and science and mathematics educators to encourage the sharing of successful programs and strategies for the improvement of pre-college education.

The Center will build on a number of successful science education programs already operating within the Smithsonian Institution, including the Museum of Natural History's natural science symposia and Naturalist Center educational programs; the National Zoo's elementary teacher-training programs and summer workshops for high school science teachers; the Air and Space Museum's summer programs for science teachers; and the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education's regional workshop program and summer intern program for gifted high school students.

Initial program priorities for the Center include an elementary science materials development project and a project to develop resource modules for high school science teachers. An effort is underway to obtain support from the National Science Foundation for the operating costs associated with these projects. The requested FY 1987 resources of 1 workyear and $250,000 will enable the Center to hire a director who will develop program initiatives to attract support from the private sector (including foundations, industrial research institutes, and corporations), and manage the initial program efforts.

Of the total amount requested, a portion will provide salary and benefits for the NSRC director ($78,000). Office, audio-visual and support equipment will be needed to permit resource materials development and teacher workshop activities ($55,000) . Funding for purchase of office supplies, science materials and books, professional publications, audio-visual materials, and software for the Center resource library is also requested ($41,000). Other support funding requested includes travel funds for outreach activities ($8,000), communications, including a dedicated telephone line ($9,000), printing and reproduction services for production of resource materials ($28,000), and contract services including copying, editorial services, graphics production, and on-line modem ($31,000).

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestrict ed General and Special Purpose Funds - These funds are provided by annual allotments and are used primarily to support three significant international foundations which operate field research stations used by Smithsonian staff members as well as by the world scientific community: the Seychelles Islands Foundation operates the former Royal Society station on the island of Aldabra, located in the Indian Ocean, where biological research is conducted (estimated expenditures of $15,000 in FY 1986 and in FY 1987); the Charles Darwin Foundation operates a biological research station in the Galapagos Islands (estimated expenditures of $30,000 in FY 1986 and in FY 1987); and the King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation provides scholars with access to a unique environment on the Indian sub-continent by operating a field station in the terai region (a low-land, grassy plain) of Nepal where significant ecosystem research is in progress (estimated expenditures of $10,000 in FY 1986 and in FY 1987). Smithsonian support facilitated the continued accessibility of these areas for the research community at large. Support also is provided for the exchange of scholars and scientific information between the Smithsonian and a number of nations, principally, the People's Republic of China and Cuba (estimated expenditures of $20,000 in FY 1986 and in FY 1987).

Restricted Funds - These consist of restricted endowments, gifts and grants from individuals, foundations and corporations which specify the use of the donation or bequest. Contributions from various sources provide support to the Galapagos Islands for the continuation of conservation and science activities (estimated expenditures of $50,000 in FY 1986 and in FY 1987). Funds are anticipated to support activities of the National Science Resources Center (estimated expenditures of $500,000 in FY 1987) . Competitive awards are made to Smithsonian units from the Seidell Endowment Fund, administered by this Office, which provides for dissemination of scientific information (estimated expenditures of $75,000 in FY 1986 and in FY 1987). The FY 1985 awards from the Seidell Endowment are reflected in the expenditures of the recipient organizations.

Federal Grants and Contracts - Contract funds have been provided by the Office of Naval Research for the continuation of studies in the area of manpower research and development (estimated expenditures of $225,000 in FY 1986 and $228,000 in FY 1987). Grant and contract support is anticipated for programs of the National Science Resources Center (estimated expenditures of $450,000 in FY 1986 and $900,000 in FY 1987).

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY/MUSEUM OF MAN

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - The National Museum of Natural History/Museum of Man is engaged in: the care and conservation of its collections, research in the natural and physical sciences, with special emphasis given to the origins and development of man; and the provision of services to the museum's many visitors. In addition, the Museum conducts special programs designed for various groups including the young, the aged, and the disabled. The success of these programs is given ample testimony by the six million visitors who enjoyed the museum in 1984. For FY 1987, an increase of 3 workyears and $525,000 is requested to conduct research on the biological diversity of South America.

PROGRAM - The National Museum of Natural History/Museum of Man (NMNH/MOM) houses one of the world's largest and most valuable compilations of scientific collections. The collections contain approximately 100 million specimens of plants, animals, fossils, rocks, minerals and man's cultural artifacts which prove essential to the nation's scientific community by providing fundamental documentation for the study of man, and the flora, fauna and geology of our planet and outer space. In 1984, almost one million specimens were added to the collections through gifts, purchases, expeditions of Museum scientists, and deposits from other government agencies. The Museum is responsible by law—20 U.S.C. 59—to serve as the ultimate repository for the collections of natural history, archeology and ethnology gathered by U.S. Government agencies. In addition, the National Museum of Natural History provides laboratory space and research facilitation to 80 scientists in affiliated federal agencies with natural history missions (United States Department of Agriculture, National Marine Fisheries Service, Fish and Wildlife Service, National Institutes of Health, and the United States Geological Survey).

Research - The Museum seeks to stimulate research on its collections and to promote the publications of the resultant research findings. In 1984, more than 1,000 scholars from throughout the world used the Museum's collections, and more than 286,665 specimens were loaned to the world scientific community.

The Museum staff of 120 scientists is engaged in hundreds of field expeditions and laboratory-based research projects. Research at the Museum results in nearly 500 books, major scientific papers and articles published every year. Recent publications include: a centennial volume assembled by Museum volcanologists on the 1883 eruption of Krakatau; "Arctic," the sixth volume of the 20-volume Handbook of North American Indians; and a

comprehensive, three-volume work that is the first modern and complete treatise on the grasses of southeastern Brazil. The findings outlined in this treatise will prove essential to Latin American institutions concerned with agricultural development. A field guide to the ferns of the United States and Canada is scheduled for publication in 1985. Treating over 400 species, many of which are illustrated by color photographs, this guide is the first complete one of its kind in North America.

Data amassed by the Museum as part of its various research programs often proves essential to the research of scientists outside the Institution. A prime example is the Museum's Marine Mammal Salvage Program which collects data and specimens of marine mammals stranded on the U.S. Atlantic coast. This project has been in operation since 1972 and has yielded an enormous amount of data pertaining to migratory patterns, size of populations, and eating and breeding habits of many species of whales and porpoises. In 1984, a team of scientists from U.S. federal agencies and universities, using computerized statistics and specimens from the Museum, suggested an answer to a longstanding scientific enigma: why do whales, dolphins and other marine mammals strand themselves on beaches? The data indicated that these animals have sensitive magnetic systems which enable them to navigate ocean "highways" guided by magnetic lane markers in buried rocks , and that coastal magnetic anomalies often result in mass beachings of the animals. If this theory is correct, the findings may eventually enable scientists to predict whale migration routes and to locate the animals at sea. With this information, it is hoped that scientists will eventually be able to redirect schools to avoid mass strandings.

Museum researchers also provide important assistance to the international scientific establishment. For example, erosion of the Nile Delta has increased alarmingly since the construction of the high Aswan Dam. This bodes ill for Egyptian agricultural and fishery production, and for the operation of the Suez Canal. In 1984, a Museum oceanographer, in cooperation with the Egyptian Coastal Protection Institute, began taking soil borings near the Lake Manzeleh area to measure past coastal change and, thus, plan ways to intervene and avoid future damage to the coast.

A base increase of $260,000 was received in FY 1985 to begin a long-term program of upgrading and replacing critical scientific equipment. This program emphasizes the introduction of state-of-the-art equipment to the scientific endeavors of the Museum. In FY 1985, the Museum replaced a no longer functioning Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with a new higher resolution SEM. An X-ray diffractometer system also was purchased, which facilitates basic structural research on finely crystalline materials. In addition, many less expensive pieces of equipment have been replaced under this program. It is anticipated that a further increase of $250,000 will be received in FY 1986 to allow the Museum to make significant progress in replacement plans.

In FY 1985, funding also was provided for two important research projects. An increase of $175,000 is making it possible to expand the Museum's comprehensive survey of the barrier reef ecosystems from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, to other Caribbean sites. Reefs off the Yucatan coast of Mexico, Barbados, Martinique, Guadeloupe, and southern Florida are now under consideration. Another increase ($175,000) is funding a major new project in global volcanism. Tectonic and chemical information will be added to the Museum's existing global volcanism data banks. This information will then be made directly accessible to scientists at the Smithsonian and elsewhere through a microcomputer network.

Collections Management - New acquisitions insure the increasing importance of the collections. In 1984, the Museum purchased one of the premier collections of New World tropical butterflies. With more than 100,000 specimens, including many rarities and new species and subspecies, the scientific value of this acquisition is inestimable. Another unique research collection slated for acquisition in 1985 consists of 5,000 specimens of

Dominican amber containing 10-million year old fossil insects. The rarity, numbers, quality of preservation, and diversity of the New World fossil insect fauna trapped and preserved in these specimens of fossil resin is unmatched in any museum or private collection in the world. Study of this collection will provide many new insights into insect evolution. Integrating this material, and the more than 950,000 other specimens acquired in 1984, into the main body of the Museum collection will be one of the major tasks of the Museum's collections management staff.

As the irreplaceable collections of the Museum age, increasing attention is being devoted to managing and conserving these collections to prevent a diminishment in their scientific or exhibit value. This process is being greatly facilitated by the inventory of Museum holdings and the pending move of major portions of the collections to the Museum Support Center in Suitland, Maryland. Work is under way in each of the Museum's seven scientific departments to document materials for the move; to reconcile move records with the inventory records; and to clean and prepare specimens for relocation.

Outreach - Among the important 1985 Evans Gallery shows were: "Views of a Vanishing Frontier," which featured paintings and historical objects from the 1832-1834 expedition to North America by German naturalist Prince Maxmilian and Swiss artist Karl Bodmer, and "Aditi: A Celebration of Life," which featured 1,500 objects of folk art from the many cultures of India and demonstrations by Indian artists and artisans. The "Aditi" exhibition, in conjunction with the Festival of American Folklife , is an integral component of the year-long Festival of India which is being celebrated throughout the United States.

In the Museum's Sea Life Hall, a Maine coastal ecosystem aquarium was opened in June 1985. Living kelp, lobster and other subarctic marine plants and animals are housed in a 3,000 gallon sea water system which uses a variety of electronic, mechanical and biological devices to simulate the natural conditions of the rocky Maine coast. The Maine coastal ecosystem offers the public a contrast to the popular living coral reef exhibition. The two exhibitions allow a comparison of the warm and cold water ecosystems; enable Museum scientists to better understand natural marine environments; and further studies of techniques for farming the sea and purifying polluted waters.

To celebrate its 75th anniversary in the Natural History Building, the Museum will • open "The Magnificent Voyagers," in November 1985. This year-long major exhibition commemorates the U.S. Exploring Expedition of 1838-1842 led by Lieutenant Charles Wilkes. The Wilkes expedition mapped and surveyed the South Pacific and confirmed, for the first time, the existence of Antarctica as a continent. The vast material assembled during the expedition formed the nucleus of the Smithsonian's scientific collections. To supplement the exhibition, the Museum's Office of Education is planning a variety of related activities including a symposium, scholarly and popular lectures, films, dance performances and an educational packet. The exhibition will travel to major museums and historical societies across the United States after its closing in Washington, D.C. in the autumn of 1986.

The Museum's Education Office, and its staff of about 300 volunteer docents, continues to be very successful in reaching a large number of visitors with a variety of tours and learning experiences. During the past year, a new series of instructional charts on plant and animal identification was initiated. These posters will be useful in classrooms, clubs, nature centers, libraries and homes. In 1985, the Office held a Natural Science Symposium for 400 greater Washington metropolitan area high school science students and their teachers. The program featured a seminar by guest speakers and discussion sessions , films , and tours behind the scenes to show the students current research in natural history.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - Research (3 workyears and $525,000) - Building upon the existing collections, data and personnel of the Museum, funding is sought in FY 1987 to expand investigations into the biological diversity and the roots of human culture in South America. The biological diversity of the earth is diminishing at an increasing rate. This alarming trend is particularly evident in the tropics where plant and animal life is the richest. Accumulating evidence indicates that the major center of biological diversity on earth is found in the arc along the western and northern Amazon Basin, along the flank of the Andes and eastward across the land of the Tepuis and throughout the Guianas. A series of multidisciplinary and integrated biological diversity studies will be initiated to collect specimens and record the coexistence of species. It is expected that thousands of new plant species, hundreds of new animal species and tens of thousands of new insect species will be found in this exceedingly rich area. These studies will result not only in greater understanding of biological diversity, but in the potential use of hundreds of these new organisms as biological control agents, food for indigenous peoples, and germplasm resources. The studies also will explore the origin of human culture in this area of South America which has always depended on a balanced biota.

The requested 3 workyears and funding of $525,000 will result in a coordinated and technically supported team approach to this research. These teams will engage in: documentation activities and data analysis of collections, with the intent of producing scholarly natural history base-line books and technical publications ($150,000); and developing and promoting international cooperation between Smithsonian and tropical Latin American scientists, including the establishment of an International Symposia series on the biological diversity of tropical systems ($50,000). Staffing requirements necessary to the successful execution of this program include a new curatorial position in entomology (1 workyear and $30,000), one program administrator (1 workyear and $25,000) and one museum technician (1 workyear and $16,000). Other support funding requested will cover: fellowships for students to participate in the program ($44,000); travel to collect specimens and conduct field-based research in South America as well as to other museums to study historical materials ($145,000); and transportation of specimens, basic supplies, and equipment ($65,000).

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - These funds are derived from a variety of sources, including allotments, the Museum's share of net proceeds from the Museum shop, cafeterias and other receipts such as sale of exhibit brochures, the "By-Word" exhibition explanation system and tuition reimbursement grants from local universities for courses taught by Museum staff. Program allotments provided support for the Wetmore research project on birds (estimated expenditures of $32,000 in FY 1985), and events related to the opening of new exhibitions. Special purpose funds are used to help finance exhibit hall brochures, field research, audio-visual equipment for exhibit halls, training for anthropology students, research in paleontology, and support for the Anthropological Archives.

Restricted Funds - These are in the form of restricted endowments which specify the use of the donation or bequest and of gifts and grants provided by individuals, foundations or corporations for specific purposes. Generally, the funds provide support for a particular exhibition or research project. Among the restricted funds are monies for field based and laboratory research on the physical and chemical mechanisms underlying geologic and cosmologic processes (estimated expenditures of $53,000 in FY 1986 and $50,000 in FY 1987) , and biological studies of mangrove swamps (estimated expenditures of $26,000 in FY 1986 and in FY 1987). Other funding is available for: ethnological research among the Canela Indians of Brazil (estimated expenditures of $37,000 in FY 1986 and $40,000 in FY 1987); for support of the marine mammal alert events program (estimated expenditures of $20,000 in FY 1986 and $21,000 in FY 1987); support of the graduate

fellowships for marine systems research (estimated expenditures of $31,000 in FY 1986 and $26,000 in FY 1987); and support for threatened Latin American plants (estimated expenditures of $30,000 in FY 1986 and $35,000 in FY 1987). Gifts have been received and continue to be sought for upgrading the Gem and Mineral Hall. The Museum received funds for the "Man Makes Culture Makes Man" exhibition (estimated expenditures of $77,000 in FY 1986). Funds were received toward production of the "Views of a Vanishing Frontier" exhibition (estimated expenditure of $17,000 in FY 1986), "The Magnificent Voyagers" exhibition which will feature materials gathered by the Wilkes Expedition (estimated expenditures $11,000 in FY 1986), and the "Crossroads of Continents" exhibition (estimated expenditures $105,000 in FY 1986 and $2,100,000 in FY 1987). The Museum continues to seek support from private sources for its planned exhibitions. Currently, funds are being sought for three temporary shows: "The Nature Paintings of Robert Bateman" (estimated expenditures of $40,000 in FY 1986); "Ebla to Damascus" (estimated expenditure of $105,000 in FY 1987); and "Man, Music and Motion" (estimated expenditure of $42,000 in FY 1987), all to be installed in the Evans Gallery.

In FY 1982, the Museum undertook the management of the Smithsonian Marine Station at Link Port, Florida (formerly called the Fort Pierce Bureau), as an integral part of its marine research program. The Hunterdon Endowment is used to support oceanographic research at this facility, located on the central east coast of Florida, a biotic and oceanographic transitional zone offering an unrivaled opportunity for study of a unique complex of both temperate and tropical plants and animals. Research here focuses on the life history, systeraatics and ecology of a wide spectrum of plant and animal marine life. Contributing to the research efforts are a resident scientist, Smithsonian visiting scientists, post-doctoral fellows and numerous national and international visiting investigators (estimated expenditures of $480,000 in FY 1986 and $492,000 in FY 1987). Support also is provided by the Seward Johnson Endowment Fund for operation and maintenance of the Johnson-Sea-Link submersible program conducted at the facility by the Harbor Branch Foundation (estimated expenditures of $525,000 in FY 1986 and $472,00 in FY 1987).

The Museum also has several other restricted funds, each one with anticipated expenditures of less than $20,000 in FY 1986 and FY 1987.

Federal Grants and Contracts - These funds are provided by various federal agencies and departments for special projects which can be conducted at the Museum because of its unique scientific expertise in certain fields. Examples of federal contract support are: an Agency for International Development grant for the study of aquaculture farming in the Caribbean (estimated expenditures of $700,000 in FY 1986 and $428,000 in FY 1987); projects funded by the United States Army to conduct basic biosystematic research on mosquitoes that are of medical significance overseas (estimated expenditure of $91,000 in FY 1986 and $87,000 FY 1987); to create a computer data file on the medical importance, distribution, ecology and collection of mosquitoes (estimated expenditures of $115,000 in FY 1986 and $121,000 in FY 1987); the "Tumor Registry in Lower Animals" project funded by the National Cancer Institute that facilitates the study of neoplasia and related disorders in invertebrate and cold-blooded vertebrate animals important in human biomedical research (estimated expenditures of $359,000 in FY 1986 and $430,000 in FY 1987); a project funded by the National Science Foundation to process and distribute polar biological specimens and data (estimated expenditures of $221,000 in FY 1986 and $233,000 in FY 1987); and funds to curate material collected during the Bureau of Land Management's outer continental shelf biological sampling program in the Atlantic and Gulf regions (estimated expenditures of $171,000 in FY 1986 and $180,000 in FY 1987). The Museum also has several other grants and contracts for various research projects (total estimated expenditures of $97,000 in FY 1986 and $67,000 in FY 1987).

SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO), located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, is engaged in basic astrophysical research in the following interrelated disciplines: atomic and molecular physics, high energy astrophysics, optical and infrared astronomy, planetary sciences, radio astronomy and geoastronomy, solar and stellar physics, and theoretical astrophysics. SAO cooperates in its scientific programs with the Harvard College Observatory (HCO), and together the two observatories form the Center for Astrophysics (CfA). SAO also operates the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory (FLWO) on Mt. Hopkins, Arizona, the site of the Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT), a joint project with the University of Arizona.

Scientific data are obtained from laboratory experiments conducted in Cambridge; telescopic observations, especially at FLWO; and space observations utilizing satellites, rockets and balloons. The reduction and analysis of these data are performed mostly with SAO's computer systems in Cambridge. The resulting astrophysical information and scientific interpretations are published in scientific journals and reports. These results also are conveyed to the scientific community and to the public through lectures and more general articles and books. For FY 1987, an increase of 2 workyears and $695,000 is requested to initiate instrument development in the new field of submillimeter-wave astronomy. A further amount of $230,000 for increased rental costs is being requested and justified in the Uncontrollable Increases Section of this budget.

PROGRAM - Founded in 1890 by Samuel Pierpont Langley, the third Secretary of the Institution, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory has become a leading international center for astrophysics. Past achievements include Langley's own pioneering studies of solar terrestrial relationships; the establishment of a worldwide satellite tracking network at the dawn of the Space Age; the development of the Multiple Mirror Telescope; and the landmark survey of galactic redshifts. SAO's current leadership in astrophysics is based in part on its diversified approach to research, including the varied interests of the staff and its technological capabilities to create new research tools. Although the research programs are divided among seven disciplines, efforts are integrated so that the results in one field often complement those in another.

Because of its location outside the Washington metropolitan area, SAO has several administrative support units funded by Federal funds and by indirect charges to grants and contracts. In addition, SAO maintains an engineering department, a computer facility, and an extensive astronomical library.

The major accomplishments of SAO are published in scientific journals by individual staff members. Approximately 200 such papers appear each year. A brief summary of the research conducted in each of SAO's seven science divisions follows. In each case, the first paragraph describes the research program in general terms with the subsequent paragraphs describing recent accomplishments.

Atomic and Molecular Physics - Most techniques for interpreting observations of astronomical objects require quantitative information about atomic and molecular processes. Accurate determination of physical conditions in these objects depends directly upon the precision and completeness of the underlying atomic and molecular data. The major objective of this research is to obtain such data from combinations of laboratory and theoretical studies.

Laboratory measurements were completed on the effect of atmospheric pressure on the millimeter-wave radiation of ozone. These results, when combined with ground-based measurements of radiation from ozone in the stratosphere, allow the distribution of ozone with altitude above the Earth to be deduced. Ozone was chosen as the first test gas in the laboratory program because of the critical role it plays in sustaining life on Earth. Other trace gases important in maintaining the chemical balance will now be studied. For example, work on hydrogen peroxide is planned for FY 1987.

Large-scale computing is fundamental for progress in theoretical studies in atomic and molecular physics. During FY 1985, substantial progress was made in meeting SAO's computing needs: an IBM 4381 computer was installed for making calculations in quantum chemistry and effective ways were established to interact with national supercomputers. These new computer resources should enable SAO to investigate a number of systems containing many atoms which are of importance for an understanding of planetary atmospheres and the interstellar medium.

High Energy Astrophysics - Research in high energy astrophysics is concentrated on those astronomical objects that emit a substantial fraction of their energy in X-rays. Since X-rays are absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, observations must be made from balloons, rockets, the Space Shuttle, or satellites. Scientific studies are directed at a broad range of topics including the processes for generation of radiation in the X-ray band, the amount of matter in the universe, and the origin, development and ultimate fate of the universe. SAO scientists and engineers also are developing new instrumentation to carry out future space science missions.

Analysis of data from the HEAO-2 (Einstein Observatory) satellite revealed the existence of hot, gaseous, X-ray emitting haloes associated with many elliptical and other early-type galaxies. Using this X-ray emitting gas to trace the underlying distribution of matter has led to the important conclusion that many of these galaxies have very massive haloes composed of dark matter of an unknown nature. This work resulted in the award of the first Rossi Prize by the American Astronomical Society to two SAO scientists.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is supporting SAO's development of a high resolution camera, as well as SAO's scientific guidance for an imaging telescope, both proposed for the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF), a great observatory to be placed in space in the 1990s to scan the X-ray sky as the Hubble Space Telescope will scan the optical sky. SAO scientists also are developing a novel Normal Incidence X-ray Telescope, for high resolution imaging of the solar disk from a sounding rocket, and an X-ray balloon experiment, called the Energetic X-ray Imaging and Timing Experiment (EXITE), to make high-sensitivity measurements of unusual sources of X-rays and gamma-rays in the universe.

Optical and Infrared Astronomy - Research in optical and infrared astronomy concentrates on extragalactic and galactic astronomy, with special emphasis on studies of

clusters of galaxies, clusters of stars, and the formation and evolution of stars. In support of this and other research, SAO operates the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory (FLWO) on Mt. Hopkins, Arizona, the site of the Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT), operated jointly with the University of Arizona.

In a study of fundamental importance, SAO scientists showed that our understanding of the large-scale structure of the universe has been flawed by errors in the classic map of how faint galaxies are distributed on the sky. Much of the theoretical work based on the older data, obtained by others, may prove to be invalid, with important consequences for theories of the early history of the universe. SAO scientists initiated a major new survey of galaxies to address this problem, using modern CCD (charge-coupled devices) detectors and digital image processing techniques.

A systematic survey of the distances to galaxies led to the discovery of a new gravitational lens in the Constellation Pegasus which is apparently serving as a "cosmic magnifying glass" to greatly enhance the image of a much more distant quasar. According to Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, if a massive object is positioned between an observer and a distant quasar, the light from that quasar will be deflected, or bent, by the object's gravitational field and will form one or more images. In this case, a team of SAO scientists using both conventional instruments and the MMT identified the lens as a 15th magnitude spiral galaxy on a line directly between the Earth and a previously unidentified quasar at an apparent distance of 1,800 Megaparsecs (about 1 billion light years) .

The Small Helium-Cooled Infrared Telescope (IRT) — a joint project of SAO, the University of Arizona, and the Marshall Space Flight Center — orbited the Earth as one of 13 experiments on Spacelab II aboard the Space Shuttle in July 1985. The telescope made an all-sky survey and searched for new sources of diffuse infrared radiation.

Work was completed on the first of the MMT mirrors to be refinished to the much finer optical quality required to take full advantage of the excellent characteristics of Mt. Hopkins for astronomical imaging. The rest of the six primary mirrors will be re-finished sequentially.

The scientific activities of the FLWO are supported by administrative, motor pool, and public information services located in a rather dilapidated base camp in Amado, Arizona, 18 miles away. Site selections for a new base camp have been made and an architectural firm is preparing design, engineering, and environmental impact studies. Funding for the construction of this new base camp is requested as part of the Construction appropriation request for FY 1987.

Planetary Sciences - Research in Planetary Sciences strives to understand the planets, satellites, and small bodies of the solar system; and the processes that created them from gas and dust billions of years ago. Optical observations of newly discovered, faint, or unusual minor planets and comets are performed at the Oak Ridge Observatory in Massachusetts and are closely coordinated with the International Astronomical Union's Minor Planet Center and Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams , both operated by SAO.

Preliminary computer simulations by SAO scientists of the infall of interstellar gas and dust that gave rise to the solar system suggest that the millimeter-size spherules abundant in certain meteorites were produced when infalling aggregations of presolar dust were heated sufficiently by aerodynamic drag to melt. If supported by more detailed analysis, this idea may provide the solution for this nearly century old puzzle.

One SAO scientist participated this year in an expedition to Antarctica to collect geologic samples across the contact zone between sediments of the Cretaceous and Tertiary

eras of the Earth's history and to analyze these samples for meteoritic elements and other types of evidence that would indicate whether a gigantic impact event occurred that might have extinguished the dinosaurs.

Radio Astronomy and Geoastronomy - Research in radio astronomy concentrates on understanding the structure, evolution, sources of energy, and ultimate fate of radio wave-emitting astronomical objects distributed throughout the universe. SAO scientists also are pioneering in the use of radio astronomy techniques to measure the contemporary drifts among the continents. Other scientists are developing atomic clocks, testing the theory of general relativity, and formulating uses for long tethers in space.

Very-long-baseline-interferometry (VLBI) observations of molecular water-vapor maser sources associated with star-forming regions in our galaxy allowed SAO astronomers to determine precisely the distances to these young objects and, by implication, to calculate more accurately the size of our galaxy, a basic parameter of the universe.

Using radio tracking of the Pioneer Venus Orbiter, SAO scientists mapped small irregularities in the gravitational potential of Venus. These irregularities were compared to the topography on Venus to determine the subsurface structure of the planet. Since Earth resembles Venus more than any other planet, an understanding of the near surface structure of Venus helps both to develop and to test theories that describe such important terrestrial phenomena as earthquakes, volcanoes, and the formation of mineral deposits.

A new generation of satellite-borne maser "clock" is under development for use in space and for sub-nanosecond worldwide timing. The present stability of these clocks is equivalent to the loss of no more than one second in 100 million years. Operating hydrogen maser clocks at temperatures very near absolute zero suggests that the stability could be improved one hundredfold. SAO has nearly completed development of the first such maser clock.

Solar and Stellar Physics - Research in solar and stellar physics is directed principally towards understanding the physical processes operating in the Sun and stars. Stars like the Sun are studied in order to increase understanding of the dependence of their properties on age, on composition, and on their physical associations in pairs and in groups.

A new computer program was completed by SAO scientists to analyze the outflow of mass from giant stars that are observed to be losing mass about ten million times faster than our Sun. In the coming years, this program will be used to analyze observations taken at the FLWO and by satellites in space.

New instrumentation and diagnostic techniques also are being developed to determine the physical processes responsible for producing the solar wind. SAO's ultraviolet coronal spectrometer, which has already provided the first measurements of temperature and outflow velocity in the solar wind source region, is now being prepared for deployment and retrieval by the Space Shuttle in 1986. SAO also is helping to define the characteristics of an instrument for the European Space Agency's Solar Heliospheric Observatory; measurement of the solar wind source region with this instrument, which SAO hopes to build, should provide a link between traditional observations of the solar corona and in situ measurements of the solar wind far from the Sun.

Theoretical Astrophysics - Theoreticians study astronomical systems by means of physical analysis and mathematical modeling. A broad range of topics are investigated, including the interiors of neutron stars , the properties of atoms and molecules in interstellar space, the formation of spiral structure in galaxies, high temperature plasmas, and the formation of planets in the early solar system.

One noteworthy example of theoretical research concerned globular clusters, those beautiful astronomical objects that contain about a million stars in a roughly spherical shape. Relatively sparse in their outer layers, they become quite dense in the center. In fact, the gravitational encounters between stars at the center should lead to "core collapse." Since many of the clusters now seen must have already undergone collapse, some unknown phenomenon may prevent real catastrophe. Until now it has been impossible to describe theoretically even how a cluster should look after collapse; but a computer simulation of both collapse and post-collapse phases was devised this year by an SAO scientist. This theoretical model is consistent with the observed properties of clusters and should help future research focus on the mysterious factors that allow clusters to survive this cosmic cataclysm.

Education Program - SAO conducts regular programs of public information and education, including popular lectures, "Observatory Nights for the Public" in Cambridge, and guided bus tours of the Whipple Observatory in Arizona.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE:

Research: Submillimeter-Wave Astronomy (2 workyears and $695,000) - For FY 1987, an increase of 2 workyears and $695,000 is requested to initiate instrument development in the new field of submillimeter-wave astronomy. The last frontier for ground-based astronomy consists of observing the skies with telescopes sensitive to submillimeter waves, light with wavelengths between those of infrared and radio waves. The formation of stars and planetary systems and the puzzling processes taking place in the cores of galaxies and quasars can best be studied at submillimeter wavelengths. Technology has only just advanced to the point where two critical requirements for such telescopes can be met: (1) large and precisely finished surfaces to focus the submillimeter waves effectively and (2) sensitive and efficient devices to detect the focused submillimeter waves .

SAO seeks this program increase to develop the technology and to construct the devices needed to detect submillimeter waves efficiently. SAO would hire a lead physicist to direct this development and a skilled technician to aid in construction of the devices (2 workyears and $95,000). A sum of $550,000 is required to equip a special laboratory for research in this new field and an additional $50,000 for supporting expenses, such as rental of space, machine-shop work and telephones.

The development SAO is now proposing will allow it to use existing telescopes to work at submillimeter wavelengths. Observations at submillimeter wavelengths made on such telescopes will be of unquestioned scientific importance. Moreover, this new field affects research programs in all of SAO's divisions, and scientists from each would be involved in the research made possible by this proposed development.

Specific scientific projects that would be possible include the study of: (1) the composition and evolution of the surfaces of the terrestrial planets, as well as the composition of, and, to a certain extent, the chemical processes taking place in, planetary atmospheres. In addition, the abundance of molecular constituents in the central regions of comets could be probed effectively; (2) the formation and interaction of molecules in interstellar space under conditions not achievable in terrestrial laboratories. The insights gained are not only of interest for understanding the birth of stars and the characteristics of the interstellar medium, but could conceivably lead to important chemical applications on earth; (3) the distribution of dust in galaxies and the role of such dust in star formation. Because of its low temperature, dust is especially amenable to study at submillimeter wavelengths; (4) the structure of galaxies through the measurement of the distributions of certain molecules that seem to trace out the locations of most of the mass in galaxies; and (5) quasars whose sources of enormous energy remain an outstanding enigma. Submillimeter observations can penetrate deeply into the heart of

quasars and provide powerful discriminants to distinguish among various theories proposed to explain the source of the power radiated by these objects.

Greater return from submillimeter observations will be achieved when they can be made at far higher angular resolution so as to reveal enormously more detail than the existing or planned single telescopes will allow. In a separate, but related, initiative SAO wishes within the next few years to take this next step toward significantly increased resolution by beginning construction of a pioneering array of submillimeter telescopes designed to achieve arcsecond resolution—more than a factor ten greater than achievable with single telescopes.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - Unrestricted general funds come primarily from overhead charged on contracts and grants. These funds are used to support administrative positions and some of the other administrative costs of SAO. Special Purpose funds come primarily from two sources: external users of SAO's Computer Center and the Institution's Trust funds, with the vast majority being from the latter. The former may be used for research purposes and for computer related purchases in future years. By far the largest special purpose fund is the Fellowships and Visiting Scholars program (estimated expenditures of $330,000 in FY 1986 and $400,000 in FY 1987).

Restricted Funds - Restricted funds consist of restricted endowments, gifts and grants from individuals, foundations, organizations or corporations which specify funds for a particular project. Restricted Endowment Funds provide support for studies "in various physical sciences (estimated expenditures of $111,000 in FY 1986 and $73,000 in FY 1987) . A grant from the Chemical Manufacturers Association assists SAO in studies of the chemical balance of halogens and ozone in the stratosphere (estimated expenditures of $104,000 in FY 1986 and $102,000 in FY 1987).

Federal Grants and Contracts - SAO receives a majority of its funding through Federal agency grants and contracts for research. These studies are integrated with both governmental and academic institutions in the United States and abroad. Funding is received from Federal agencies, such as NASA, the Naval Research Laboratory and the Air Force, to support specific projects in areas of SAO's expertise (estimated expenditures of $12,058,000 in FY 1986, and $12,147,000 in FY 1987).

SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE

(Dollars in Thousands)

**FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), located in the Republic of Panama, serves as an international center devoted to research in tropical biology and conducts basic research in ecology, behavior, and evolution. These research programs are complemented by carefully selected applied studies with a common theme of "Alternatives to Destruction" (providing an environmentally and economically valid substitute for the traditional clearing of forest for conventional agriculture). In addition to STRI staff, scientists throughout the world researching tropical behavior use STRI facilities for their fieldwork. Audio-visual and other educational materials on conservation and environmental education, developed by STRI, are distributed to both the local community and internationally. Under the terms of the Panama Canal Treaty of 1979, STRI has been designated the custodian of the Barro Colorado Nature Monument, a 12,000 acre tropical nature preserve (consisting of Barro Colorado Island and five adjacent peninsulas in Gatun Lake) located in the Panama Canal. Other STRI research facilities include a marine laboratory at Naos Island (on the Pacific Ocean); a marine laboratory at Galeta Point and a field station in the San Bias Islands (on the Atlantic Ocean); a research library, laboratories , conference and study facilities, and administrative headquarters all in Panama City. For FY 1987, an increase of 8 workyears and $785,000 is requested to expand STRI's research in tropical forest biology (4 workyears and $636,000); and to provide the necessary furnishings and staff to operate the new conference/dining facility on Barro Colorado Island (4 workyears and $149,000).

PROGRAM - The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute is the Nation's leading international center for the advancement of basic research in tropical biology. STRI performs at least four major functions as it strives to expand the horizons of tropical biology. Its professional staff conducts fundamental research on the ecology, evolution and behavior of tropical plants and animals, including mankind; provides major facilities for the international scientific community to study both terrestrial and marine tropical biology; is deeply committed to environmental education and to conservation of tropical ecosystems; and has the responsibility to protect and manage the Barro Colorado Nature Monument.

The accomplishments of STRI's programs in fundamental research, logistical support to visiting scholars and students, and conservation and environmental education continues at a high level. Current research projects are summarized in an annual report, STRI Contributions to Research , which is distributed to appropriate organizations throughout

Panama and the rest of the world. During FY 1984 and early FY 1985, the most significant accomplishments and major program activities have been:

Systematics - STRI has undertaken the study of both pollen and seedling floras for Barro Colorado Island. The pollen flora provides an unique opportunity to reconstruct past history from pollen records in lakes and bogs, and to study bees and the pollen they collect. A comprehensive seedling flora will enable STRI researchers to assess directly recruitment to shrub and tree populations, a background that is essential to development of sound forestry practice in tropical forests.

Biological Diversity - Many STRI research programs are directed toward documentation of patterns in biological diversity and the processes that generate those patterns. In one such program, the behavioral diversity of squid was shown to involve ten times more displays than most birds and mammals. The diversity of reproductive systems is the focus of many researchers at STRI. The study of coral reef fishes at the San Bias Station shows a wealth of innovative solutions to ensure successful reproduction. One species of fish, for example, maintains functional organs of both sexes all of its life. They spawn in pairs with the members of a pair exchanging sex roles in successive spawning bouts.

Another project has shown that a bat is attracted to the call of the male katydid but, instead of eating the calling male, it eats the females which the male attracts. By not eating the male, the bat may ensure a supply of females attracted to the calling male. Other katydids have evolved various ways to attract mates without being eaten; they may call rarely, call from places inaccessible to bats, or attract mates by vibrating their perches in a manner that is sensed by members of its own species but not by bats.

In another study, the pollen diet of honeybees has been investigated as part of the study of the impact of invading feral "Africanized" honeybees on native bee communities in Panama. This invasion of Africanized honeybees has now reached the United States and this research may help to minimize the bees' potentially profound impact on American agriculture.

Rhythms of Tropical Communities - In addition to recognition of the biological diversity of the tropics, it is important to understand how that diversity fits together in the life of the community as a whole. Seasonal rhythms of many forest organisms are tied to the cycles of the wet and dry season. Other cycles, although less obvious, are also important in marine communities (such as tidal and upwelling).

For numerous plants and animals, the seasonal cycles of reproduction and migration are affected by wet and dry seasons. Plant seeds dispersed by wind, ripen during the dry season when winds are the strongest. Iguana hatchlings emerge from their sandy nests at the beginning of the rains when new leaves are most abundant. Even plants on coral reefs have seasonal rhythms which reflect the seasonal distribution of exposures to low tide and wind. Elucidation of these rhythms is a central goal of STRI for the development of rational sustained yield exploitation of tropical resources.

Geographical Comparisons - The study of organisms and their adaptations must also be put in the context of comparable communities elsewhere. Do tropical communities in Malaysia exhibit the same seasonal rhythms and adaptations as those in Panama? Why is the diversity of tree species so much higher in Malaysia than in Panama? How do these differences affect animal communities and what are their consequences for managing forests for wood production or as nature preserves? Answers to these and many other questions are at the heart of STRI research goals, and communicating the results of this work is the primary function of the education and conservation programs.

Long-term Research and Biological Catastrophes - Solutions to the many biological problems of human societies in the tropics require long-term studies. STRI's permanent location and continuing research efforts in the tropics contribute toward the search for those solutions. Indeed, as a result of long-term research programs, STRI has come to recognize the significance of the catastrophes to which tropical communities are sometimes subjected. Recent examples include the devastation of coral populations following the overheating of surface waters of the eastern Pacific during the El Nino year of 1983. Mortality in many plants and marked changes in insect and bird populations were also attributed to the same El Nino. The devastation of a sea urchin population throughout much of the Carribbean due to an epidemic illustrates that marine organisms can experience diseases of plague proportions.

Role of Mankind in Tropical Habitats - Research programs at STRI seek to determine human influences in the tropics. Pottery fragments deep in forest soils show early presences of human populations at low densities but lack of fragments in surface layers suggest that some forest on Barro Colorado Island may be older than previously thought. Radiocarbon samples will precisely determine the age and duration of prehistoric occupations. Extension of this work will enable reseachers to set the forest community of Barro Colorado Island in its proper historical context.

Studies of rainfall pattern in the last 100 years clearly show a significant decline in annual rainfall in central Panama. If the decline is attributable to human activities such as deforestation, it suggests an important message about conservation and the survival of mankind in tropical regions. Destruction of tropical forests may be slower than desertification in the Sahel but will, in the long-term, be no less devastating to human societies throughout the world.-

A series of studies with the common theme of "Alternatives to Destruction" have been initiated to apply the knowledge of tropical plants and animals to the solution of real-life problems in the tropics. Ongoing studies of the green iguana, for example, will benefit the rural poor. The combined effects of removal of habitat (deforestation) and overharvest for its eggs and meat have decimated green iguana populations, robbing the people of Latin America of a traditional source of protein. Through the Iguana Management Project at STRI, scientists seek solutions to two major problems in Third World countries—protein deficiency and deforestation.

Visiting Scientists - STRI acts as an intellectual magnet as it attracts scientists from throughout the world to its research facilities in central Panama. During 198A, STRI accommodated over 1,000 visitors, including over 450 scientists from 85 universities and 90 other institutions, 37 countries and 40 states. In addition, STRI scientific staff and fellows conducted research in over 20 countries throughout the tropics.

STRI provides a logistic and an intellectual base for visiting investigators that is unrivaled. Its library, laboratories and residence facilities, along with the experience and knowledge of the professional staff, allow scientists from the northern temperate world to work in the tropics without sacrificing the kind of support to be found in universities. Dissertations on a wide variety of subjects can be pursued in a biologically rich environment without concern for intellectual isolation.

As a result of STRI's research and educational programs in the Republic of Panama, its relations with a variety of governmental and educational institutions in the host country have been strengthened. STRI is often invited to participate at nationally and internationally important round-table discussions, seminars and workshops. Its advice is sought not only by interested scientists and scholars, but by members of the Panama National Assembly when relevant proposed legislation is being considered. Several collaborative scientific agreements with local educational, governmental and conservation organizations demonstrate these cooperative efforts.

Publications - At least 183 scientific papers and books were published in 1984 as a result of work at STRI. Staff and visiting scientists are currently involved in over 150 research projects which will produce at least the same number of publications. Two of STRI's fellowship recipients have received prestigious awards for their research accomplishments and publications in recent years. In 1984, Phyllis Coley, now of the University of Utah, won the Ecological Society of America's Mercer Award for her thesis research on Barro Colorado Island, published in Ecological Monographs . This award is given to that young ecologist with the best ecological research published in the United States or Canada during the past two years, and is the "highest form of recognition for published ecological research." In 1981, Nigel Franks of the University of Leeds, won Britain's Thomas Henry Huxley Award for thesis research on Barro Colorado Island.

Facilities - STRI research facilities in Panama include the Barro Colorado Nature

Monument; a marine laboratory at Naos Island (on the Pacific Ocean); a smaller marine laboratory at Galeta Point (on the Atlantic Ocean); a small field station in the San Bias Islands; and a cloud forest station at an elevation of 6,500 feet in western Panama. STRI also maintains a 63-foot vessel for studies in both oceans. In addition, these' facilities are used as home base for research conducted at numerous other sites throughout Panama. STRI research programs include both comparative studies among habitats and geographic regions and numerous carefully organized experimental studies.

Fellowships, Conservation and Environmental Education - Because of its location in the Republic of Panama, STRI is in an unique position among Smithsonian bureaus to play a significant role in the study and conservation of tropical forests. The goals of STRI in the area of education are two-fold: on the one hand, STRI is interested in the development of creative and critical scientists from tropical and nontropical nations; on the other hand, STRI is committed to the conservation of tropical ecosystems and is aware that their survival depends on the combined efforts of international organizations and the governments and people in the tropical countries themselves.

Approximately 100 young men and women representing a dozen nations (40 from Latin America) participated in STRI's academic programs in FY 1984. Also, STRI was instrumental in organizing a six-week Tropical Ecology field course for students from the University of Panama, with the participation of 13 biology students, as well as a combination of STRI staff and University of Panama professors. STRI also hosted courses in Tropical Meterology and Applied Oceanography given by a visiting scholar, attended by approximately 50 professionals from STRI and various Panamanian institutions.

STRI's educational function in tropical biology is enhanced by the best reference library for tropical studies in Latin America. This library serves STRI's staff, visiting scientists and students from secondary schools and universities in Panama. Currently, the library has over 1,000 patrons per month.

STRI is deeply involved in conservation activities in the Republic of Panama and, selectively, in other countries as well. Examples include sponsorship of student conservation groups; preparation of programs, articles, posters, exhibitions, and workshops; cooperative agreement with the Kuna Indians Employee Association to develop a biological reserve in the Comarca of San Bias; and technical assistance for the Parque Volcan Baru in Chiriqui. Studies of green iguana and forest gardening involve efforts to transfer the products of basic research programs to the "grass roots" local community.

The general objective of STRI's conservation/education program is to encourage a conservation ethic and to promote the preservation of forests and other threatened ecosystems in the tropics. During 1984, STRI's activities in conservation included synthesizing and disseminating information for the general public and Government of Panama agencies, in an attempt to promote the implementation and enforcement of ecologically oriented national policies. For example, a colorful educational poster on the endangered

species of Panama, and another on the subject of deforestation were distributed in schools and institutions throughout Panama. In addition, a series of articles on conservation education have been published in the local newspapers by the coordinator of STRI's Office of Conservation and Environmental Education.

In the areas of public information, STRI published a brochure for visitors on the Barro Colorado Nature Monument and a Guide to the Trees of some of the finest forest in central Panama located in the Parque Nacional Soberania. The STRI brochure "Opportunities for Research in the Tropics," presently distributed to hundreds of institutions throughout the United States and Europe, was translated into Spanish for distribution throughout Latin America.

All of these activities are designed to encourage research in the tropics, either by the direct support of individual projects or indirectly by encouraging the training of young scientists. This support is partly developed as a result of STRI's efforts as a constant advocate of the importance of studies in tropical biology to mankind as a whole.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1987, an increase of 8 workyears and $785,000 is requested to expand STRI's research in tropical forest biology (4 workyears and $636,000); and to provide the necessary furnishings and staffing to operate the new conference/dining facility on Barro Colorado Island (4 workyears and $149,000).

Research: Tropical Forest Biology Initiative (4 workyears and $636,000) - Rapid destruction of tropical biotas and the limited understanding of their dynamics makes the acquisition of new knowledge especially urgent. STRI's research in forest biology on Barro Colorado Island (BCI) is one of the largest and longest-term attacks on this problem. An increased investment in forest biology research programs at BCI can expand the horizons of tropical biology and provide solutions to many problems in tropical forestry. An increase of 4 workyears and $636,000 is requested for FY 1987 for this purpose.

The staff of STRI have a history of individual research projects of exceptional quality. In addition, the Environmental Science Program has demonstrated the ability of STRI to integrate research activities of resident and visiting scientists into a substantive contribution to tropical biology. Another pioneering effort at STRI (census of a permament 50-hectare plot of lowland forest) has the potential to form the central core of a major new initiative in tropical biology. The tree census project is clearly the most massive and definitive assault to date on the mystery of tropical tree species diversity. The scale of the work ensures that the results will stand for many years as the most authoritative data base on the demography and spatial relationship of tropical trees.

Optimal utilization of this data depends on funding of an expanded research effort to integrate that study into a larger programmatic initiative. Subject areas in which lack of knowledge is a critical impediment to advances in both basic and applied biology in the tropics include plant biology (physiology and seedling growth and development) and plant-animal interaction. For example, herbivorous (leaf-eating) insects can cause extensive defoliation, retarded growth and high mortality. Natural protection against these effects is conferred by toughened leaves , natural insecticides , or latex to inhibit insect attack. Identification of these attributes, the plant species that possess them, and the pests against which they are effective is fundamental to the development of a sound scientific foundation for reforestation of damaged watersheds, for conservation of tropical biotas as genetic reservoirs, and for sustained yield exploitation of tropical ecosystems.

Another active area of biological research involves use of molecular techniques to study evolution, a new field with the promise of elucidating some of the unsolved

problems in the origin of organic diversity. Molecular techniques can be used in two distinct ways, both of which would be very relevant to STRI's mission and geographical location and mesh well with the 50-hectare census study.

1. Study of the evolution of molecules . An hypothesis which, if correct, allows the extraction of crucial evolutionary information for extant species is known as the "molecular clock." This hypothesis holds that molecules evolve at constant rates, so that molecular divergence can be used to calculate the time of splitting between two lineages. Panama is the ideal location both for testing the hypothesis and for calibrating the clock, because the rise of the Isthmus 3.1 to 3.7 million years ago provides a datable point, which allows the determination and comparison of divergence rates of many marine species in two oceans.

2. Application of molecular biology to the study of population biology and system-atics. Molecules can be used to determine kinship relationship between individuals, migration between populations, changes in gene frequencies, and relationships between taxa. Most of this information cannot be obtained in any other way, and all of it is of vital interest to the study and conservation of tropical populations. The tree census plot provides an excellent data base for kinship analysis and, thus, analysis of the genetic consequences of breeding systems for many tropical trees.

Despite recent advances in knowledge about the close relationship between plants and insects, present collections of terrestrial arthropods are woefully incomplete, especially in the tropics. Many tropical species undoubtedly have been and will be exterminated before they are even collected for the first time. Even in relatively well-studied areas such as central Panama, a large fraction of the fauna is still undescribed, including some very abundant species. A major effort would be initiated in cooperation with the National Museum of Natural History/Museum of Man (NMNH/MOM) to study terrestrial forest insects on BCI with the goal of developing a synoptic collection in Panama and collections for NMNH/MOM. The strength of this proposal is that it couples systematic work with ecological studies of long duration. Such a collection would improve STRI facilities for research because it would be useful to many kinds of scientists .

This initiative also incorporates major collaborative projects with ongoing studies in other tropical areas. First, the BCI census plot is now being duplicated at an exceptionally rich forest site in the dipterocarp forest of Malaysia. A Smithsonian contribution to this effort of the Malaysian Forest Research Institute is critical to ensure the collection of comparable data. In addition to providing an unmatched set of comparative data, it provides an excellent opportunity to foster international cooperative programs among tropical regions. Second, the insect studies will complement research and collection development by the Museum of Natural History in Peru.

Satellite information is available showing temperatures, weather maps, etc., as they occur. Computer links are available to access this information, receiving images of cloud cover and movements, surface temperatures, vegetation, etc. This information would be very useful to STRI scientists. In recent years, for example, studies of the impact of El Nino on forest canopy, flowering phenology of forest trees, etc., could have been monitored with regular access and analysis of NOAA-Landsat Imagery from the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (An added benefit of this equipment is its usefulness to marine biologists interested in monitoring ocean currents, upwelling, and other regional oceanic phenomena).

Scientific advances sometimes come most rapidly with individual scientific initiatives. However, the case for a programmatic effort at BCI is strong and the opportunity to incorporate NMNH staff, substantive contributions to Smithsonian collections, and international collaboration adds measurably to the merit of this initiative.

Specifically, the requested increase would provide for laboratory equipment for research initiatives in plant physiology ($82,000) , and biochemical evolution ($106,000); supplies and equipment for the demography studies ($38,000); STRI participation in Malaysian tree census ($50,000); insect field studies and collection development ($78,000); contractual services for tree demographic studies and arthropod field studies ($55,000); computer hardware and software for access to NOAA-Landsat Imagery ($25,000); travel involved in above research programs including Malaysia, Washington, D.C., and South America ($75,000); and support for NMNH participation in tropical forest biology initiative ($35,000). The requested increase will permit the hiring of a staff scientist and biological technician in molecular evolution, an administrative aide, and a secretary (4 workyears and $92,000).

Buildings and Facilities Management (4 workyears and $149,000) - The preparation of a Master Plan for STRI facilities has called attention to numerous deficiencies in STRI's research support facilities on Barro Colorado Island. Most of these facilities date principally from the 1920s and 1930s and many have been structurally damaged due to insect and fungal attack. Kitchen and dining room facilities for the scientists conducting research on the Island are below minimal public health standards. Kitchen and dormitory improvements are planned for FY 1985 and FY 1986. Due to the isolated location of Barro Colorado Island, researchers must take all their meals on the Island to avoid disruption of their activities. The existing 50-year-old wooden frame building is in poor condition and does not meet sanitary standards. With funding requested as part of the Restoration and Renovation appropriation in the FY 1986 budget ($665,000), a new conference/dining facility for Barro Colorado Island will be constructed. This facility, which will provide support for both STRI's researchers and visiting scholars conducting research in tropical biology on the Island, is anticipated to be completed by the end of FY 1986. The requested increase of 4 workyears and $149,000 for FY 1987 would enable STRI to equip this conference/dining facility ($113,000) and hire two food service and two custodial workers to staff it (4 workyears and $36,000).

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING:

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - These are derived from a variety of sources including receipts and collections from users of Barro Colorado Nature Monument facilities (20 U.S.C. 79b(d)) and annual allotments. They are used to support, in part, the salaries and related costs of the fellowship education program, the senior sabbatical program, insurance, supplies and facilities maintenance. Funds also are used to finance a short-term fellowship program in tropical biology, visiting scientists and students, field research, seminars and lectures, and to defray expenses at international scientific colloquia and ceremonial occasions.

Restricted Funds - Funds provided here are in the form of restricted endowments which specify the use of the donation or bequest and of gifts and grants from individuals, foundations, organizations or corporations for specific purposes. These are used to support: scientific research related to the biological, ecological and behavioral processes on which tropical ecosystems are organized; research related to geophysical events; publication and distribution of research results; and studies relating to endangered tropical environments. Among these is the Edward W. Nelson Endowment Fund which supports the research on the habitat selection and survivorship patterns in tropical forest birds (estimated expenditures of $11,000 in FY 1986).

Continuing support from the Exxon Corporation will be used to provide short-term tropical biology fellowships and assistance to 50 students from developing Latin American countries (estimated expenditures of $44,000 in FY 1986 and in FY 1987). A grant was recently received from the Jessie Smith Noyes Foundation to start a program of predoc-toral fellowships for Latin American students (estimated expenditures of $33,000 in FY 1986 and $17,000 in FY 1987).

The significant grant awarded by the W. Alton Jones Foundation, Inc. (recently increased by $100,000) will continue the following research projects: management of the green iguana to determine whether populations can be increased for human consumption; the possibility of domesticating the paca as a food source; the possibility of increasing the mammal populations in the natural forests; and developing horticultural practices to be used inside tropical forests (the latter project funded by another foundation). These projects are developing alternatives to the destruction of tropical forests and are being carried out over a five-year period in the West Bank of the Panama Canal in the vicinity of the Barro Colorado Nature Monument (estimated expenditures of $230,000 in FY 1986 and $255,000 in FY 1987).

SMITHSONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - The Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) performs basic scientific research in two interrelated biological disciplines: (1) environmental biology—the study of plants and animals in natural environments and in simulated laboratory conditions to understand the growth, development and succession of whole environmental systems; and (2) regulatory biology—the study of mechanisms that regulate the growth and development of whole organisms down to their cellular and subcellular levels. SERC also maintains a radiocarbon dating laboratory that provides age estimates of archeologi-cally important samples for the Institution's museums and outside research institutions. SERC currently occupies a research laboratory building and greenhouse in Rockville, Maryland, and a 2,600-acre site near Edgewater, Maryland, consisting of a tidal river system and surrounding land. No program increase is requested for FY 1987.

PROGRAM - SERC research programs are concentrated in two major areas, environmental biology and regulatory biology.

The environmental biologist studies organisms at the organizational levels of populations , communities, ecosystems and landscapes. Much of the research comprises a long-term interdisciplinary study that utilizes a tidal river (the Rhode River) and its watershed as a natural laboratory. Geographical and theoretical comparative studies, as well as the use of simulated but controlled environments, also are a part of this unit's research. The SERC program at Edgewater concentrates on: (a) how such driving forces as land use, air quality, atmospheric particulate deposition, and variations in weather affect the movement of nutrients, sediments, and other materials throughout this land/water mosaic; (b) the population dynamics and structure of important or key species and assemblages of plants and animals; and (c) the productivity of the plant and animal components. Research is designed to examine how changes in one part of the system affect the rest of the Rhode River system and how this entire environmental system interacts with the larger Chesapeake Bay.

The regulatory biologist studies organisms at levels ranging from molecules to whole organisms. Research emphasis is on the mechanisms by which growth and development are affected by environmental factors, such as the duration, intensity, and color of sunlight, temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide levels. Individual projects include the determination of the molecular structure of pigment molecules; the assembly processes for making and inserting molecules in photosynthetic membranes; the timing and chemical control of the formation of reproductive structures; the light activation and regulation of genes and enzymes; the control of photosynthetic productivity in controlled environments (especially those controlled for light, water content and carbon dioxide);

measurements of the membrane properties of cells; and the characterization of stimulus-response systems related to light and gravity in fungi.

Research Results - Nutrient concentrations in interstitial water were measured throughout the year in two brackish Chesapeake Bay tidal marshes which differ in elevation and vegetation, and which receive runoff from the Rhode River watershed. At all sites, sulfate to chloride ratios were lowest during the fall. In contrast, dissolved ammonia, phosphate, organic nitrogen, and organic phosphorus concentrations did not vary seasonally but differed among sample sites. These nutrients were generally enriched in interstitial water relative to tidal water and those that were most enriched declined in concentration with increasing proximity to creeks. In the low marsh, comparison of nutrient concentrations in interstitial water with those in tidal water suggested that ebb water contained 5%-15% interstitial water. Flow of interstitial water towards creek banks in the low marsh was traced with fluorescent tracer dye. Consequent seepage of interstitial water into the creek of the low marsh was estimated from continuous monitoring of water table heights and from measurements of hydraulic conductivity. The estimated seepage could account for only a small portion of the tidal export of dissolved nutrients from the low marsh. Recent studies in the Rhode River Estuary indicate that most of the observed exchanges of nutrients between tidal waters and tidal marshes probably occur by mixing processes on the surface of the marshes rather than along the creek banks .

The monitoring of ultraviolet sunlight has been initiated at the Mauna Loa observatory in Hawaii with the installation of SERC Ultraviolet Band instruments. This station is approximately 10,000 feet above sea level and operates in collaboration with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The ultraviolet data obtained are being compared statistically with solar constant measurements obtained from the Nimbus 7 satellite. Although the term solar constant is used to describe the output of energy from the sun, there is a solar variability in measured ultraviolet which is relatively small compared to the sun's total output. Such data are essential to assess the importance of ultraviolet exposure in affecting plant and animal life on the earth.

Plant growth depends upon the ability to exchange carbon dioxide with the atmosphere. This ability is regulated by the opening of small pores in the leaves. The size of opening is believed to be regulated normally by photosynthesis of the cells that form these openings. In the orchid, Paphiopedilum (Ladyslipper) , these cells do not contain the chlorophyll necessary for photosynthesis. The very slow growth rate of these orchids was tested by adding blue light in an attempt to enhance the nonphotosynthetic opening of these pores. Growth rate was found to be directly proportional to the degree of pore opening. Where normal leaf pore function is restricted, it has been shown that the regulation of pore sizes by nonphotosynthetic blue-light may be very important in controlling the growth of crop plants.

The leaves of green plants contain pigmented structures, chloroplasts, where light is absorbed by chlorophyll for photosynthesis. These chloroplasts are composed of membrane and nonmembrane phases. The protein synthesis machinery of chloroplasts, chloroplast ribosomes , is distributed between both phases. The reason for this compart-mentation is not known. However, it is thought that the chloroplast ribosomes associated with membranes add proteins to the membranes as part of the process of membrane growth. Evidence in support of this conclusion has been obtained. By studying the structure of the chlorophyll protein complex of the first light reaction of photosynthesis in membranes from spinach chloroplasts, two polypeptides were found. These polypeptides represent two gene products, and both appear to be made only by ribosomes bound to the chloroplast membranes. Such data are essential for understanding how chloroplasts grow.

One of the products of photosynthesis is oxygen. Two light-requiring systems are required to produce oxygen, but the location and interrelationships of these systems within the photosynthetic membranes of two large groups of plants—the cyanobacteria and red algae—are unknown. These plants are unique because they contain red and blue colored pigments in antennae complexes that capture light energy very efficiently and transfer it to the photosynthetic reaction centers. Data have been obtained to support the hypothesis that the chloroplasts of the red algae originated from once free-living primitive cyanobacteria. By sensitive immunological techniques, it has been shown that the terminal pigments from such pigment complexes in both plant groups are cross-reactive. Such cross-reactivity indicates a common origin and provides data on the way in which photosynthesis developed on the primitive earth.

Plants and animals are believed to have evolved from common ancestral organisms originating on the primitive earth. The discovery of animal peptide hormone-like activity in plants provides new evidence in support of the common metabolism of such ancestors. In addition to the demonstration of insulin-like material in the flowering plant duckweed, Lemna, somatostatin-like activity also has been discovered in Lemna using radio-immunoassay. These materials also function like the animal hormones in animal bioassay systems. To date, their function in the growth of plants is not known, but their presence in plants is surprising and interesting.

A unicellular system has been developed that responds rapidly and consistently to 1 G gravitational stimuli given across the long axis of developing cells of the fungus, Phycomyces . Data obtained indicate for the first time that the displacement of large cell components, the vacuole and cytoplasm, is responsible for the cell's ability to sense the direction of gravity. This displacement is correlated with the cell's ability to grow and provides a means to test how other environmental stimuli, such as light, may affect the formation of sensitivity to gravity.

Educational Activities - SERC provides a broad range of educational activities, including teacher-led field trips, self-guided nature trails, and guided tours in which groups of students and the general public observe firsthand a variety of natural habitats. A work-learn program enables students to work with scientists, both in the field and in the laboratory. Pre-doctoral, post-doctoral and sabbatical programs for professionals at all levels enable visiting researchers to carry out collaborative or independent research at SERC. The results of SERC's research are disseminated through the publication of findings in scientific journals, the presentation of research findings at national and international scientific meetings and seminars, the training of scientists, and public education activities.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - These are provided by allotments and proceeds from the sale of educational brochures and materials. Uses include support of special events, work-learn and fellowship programs, and the salary costs of a docent coordinator and a part-time public program director.

Restricted Funds - These are provided through donations, bequests and foundation grants that are designated for specific subjects of investigation. For SERC, these include the Eppley Foundation Grant to support investigation of biological responses to solar radiation, and the Rollins Endowment Fund used to support the study of physical measurements of radiation (estimated expenditures of $11,000 in FY 1986 and $5,000 in FY 1987).

Federal Grants and Contracts - These funds are provided by various federal and state agencies for special projects which can be conducted at SERC because of the expertise of the staff and the physical site characteristics. Contracts from the Chesapeake Research Consortium and the U. S. Department of Energy are expected to total approximately $382,000 in FY 1986 and $383,000 in FY 1987.

NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - The National Air and Space Museum (NASM) serves as an international center for the exhibition, research, education, and preservation and restoration of the artifacts and documentation related to the development of aviation, space flight and space science. Included in the collection are more than 300 historic aircraft and 250 spacecraft. The Museum serves a wide public and scholarly audience interested in the history and technological achievements of aviation and space flight. In addition to its Mall location, NASM maintains a facility for the preservation and restoration of artifacts at the Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration and Storage Facility in Suitland, Maryland. For FY 1987, an increase of $250,000 is requested to purchase computer equipment for the Center for Earth and Planetary Studies necessary to conduct research on images and other data generated by Earth-orbital and planetary satellite missions and to enable the Center to communicate this data by computer with other Planetary Image Facilities.

PROGRAM - During FY 1986, the National Air and Space Museum will celebrate two anniversaries: the 40th anniversary of the establishment of the Museum and the 10th anniversary of the opening of the Museum building. Established by law on August 2, 1946, NASM's role as a national resource for public and scholarly interest in air and space fields was greatly strengthened by the completion of the current museum building on The Mall in 1976. More than 91 million people have visited the Museum since it opened, making it the most popular museum in the world. NASM's collections consist of more than 300 historic aircraft; 250 spacecraft; and extensive holdings of artifacts, papers, photographs, microfiche, video discs and technical drawings which are available for study by interested scholars throughout the United States and abroad. The exhibition program uses state-of-the-art techniques in exhibit design, presentation and equipment to convey excitement of the subject matter to the visitor. An active scientific research program in Earth and planetary geology continues as an important endeavor of the Museum. Active programs in collections management, preservation and restoration of artifacts remain as a centerpiece of the Museum's curatorial efforts. As a public institution, considerable emphasis is placed on the education and outreach activities through lectures, films, planetarium presentations, docent tours and written materials for schools and visitors to the Museum.

NASM maintains exhibits preparation, collections storage and management and preservation and restoration programs at the Paul E. Garber Facility in Suitland, Maryland. The Museum has restored more than 57 historic aircraft and spacecraft from its collections at the Garber Facility, with the restoration of at least two more each year planned

over the next several years. The Garber Facility also presents to the public approximately 90 aircraft, numerous spacecraft and other flight-related objects. In 1985, approximately 19,000 people visited the Garber Facility on scheduled tours throughout the year and during the annual open house.

Research - Research is the basic foundation of the Museum's efforts as a primary center for the study of the science and technology of aviation, space, and geophysical science. The results of research projects support the exhibitions, publications, education, historic restoration, and archival preservation programs. In FY 1985, a curator of Foreign Space Programs was added to the research staff, and the first Research Report was published. The Research Report for FY 1986 will contain the results of the many research projects conducted by the Museum in the fields of Earth and planetary studies, space science and exploration, aeronautics and contemporary history. Furthermore, the Museum sponsors two applied research and development programs in the restoration of historic aircraft and spacecraft, and in the storage and retrieval of archival and visual information.

Earth and Planetary Studies : The Center for Earth and Planetary Studies was established in 1973 to conduct research in comparative planetology and in the development of the Earth's landforms and surface composition by analyzing remote-sensing data obtained from satellites. Research analysis of remote-sensing data uses scientific information gathered by satellites and analyzed by computer to produce geological and topographical studies of areas of the surface of the Earth, the Moon, and other planets. In FY 1984, a new research project on satellite remote sensing of central Mali was initiated to determine the long-term effects of climate change on the fragile environment of the inland Niger Delta region. This ongoing project has already revealed dried-up lake beds and movement of layers of sand related to the drought and climate changes . Research in mapping and analyzing the origin of surface features on the Moon and Mars continued throughout FY 1985 with funding by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

In FY 1983, NASA designated the Center for Earth and Planetary Studies as a Planetary Image Facility, a repository allowing researchers access to the collections of images of the planets taken by NASA space probes. In FY 1985, the Center was utilized by more researchers than ever before. Plans are now under way to link the Planetary Image Facilities across the country beginning in FY 1986 so that this valuable information can be easily shared.

Space Science and Exploration : The Museum's research and documentation of the Space Telescope (an astronomical observatory scheduled to be launched into orbit by NASA in August 1986) will serve as a rich source of research material for historians in the future, and provide a valuable current record of space technology. The continuing oral history projects on the Space Telescope and Space Astronomy have already resulted in 450 hours of interviews with over 100 people. These transcripts are currently being used by numerous scholars in their research. A publication on the Space Telescope has been scheduled to coincide with its launch.

In FY 1986, a new research project on living and working in space will begin. This research will focus on the effects of long-term life in a space station and will culminate in a new exhibit based on the NASA Space Station in FY 1987. Other new research thrusts in FY 1986 will include the expansion of the oral history project to include the Planetary Sciences, never before studied by this methodology.

Aeronautics : The Museum staff continued to work on the four-volume Smithsonian History of Aviation during FY 1985, completing 75 percent of Volume I and making significant progress on portions of subsequent volumes. Staff efforts will be augmented largely by contract writers in FY 1986 and subsequent years. Volume I is estimated to be completed in late FY 1986.

A new series of scholarly monographs treating various aspects of aerospace history will begin in FY 1986. The goal will be to attract to the Museum and the Smithsonian Press high quality manuscripts produced by scholars working with the Institution.

Exhibitions - In FY 1985, new exhibitions at the Museum included "Military Air Transport," showing the establishment of air transport in the armed forces; "Focus on Flight: Four Decades of Aerial Photography," exhibiting portions of the extensive collections of Rudy Arnold and Hans Groenhoff contrasting the artistic and historic views of aerial photography; display of the restored aircraft DH-4 and N-1M, and accompanying exhibit panels outlining both their history and the restoration procedures; "Aerial Firefighting," showing the use of aircraft in detecting and controlling forest fires; "Edward Henry Heinemann and Clarence 'Kelly' Johnson: Designers for the Jet Age," displaying the historical significance of their world famous aircraft designs; "John Safer: Sculptor," exhibiting 14 pieces of his artwork including the "Web of Space" sculpture, the National Air and Space Museum Trophy; and "Leroy Grumman and the F6-F Hellcat," showing the aeronautical designs and historic establishment of the Grumman Corporation, and featuring a World War II Hellcat fighter.

The new planetarium show "Comet Quest" opened in the Albert Einstein Planetarium in FY 1985. This popular show commemorates the reappearance of Halley's Comet and explains its fascinating history. An accompanying exhibition shows the make-up of comets and the emphasis of Halley's Comet in history.

Exhibition plans for FY 1986 Include the opening of the major gallery "Looking at Earth." This gallery will explore efforts to see the Earth from higher vantage points, starting with early attempts using birds and kites, continuing with balloons, aircraft, spacecraft and finally satellites to study the Earth's changing surface. A U-2 reconnaissance aircraft and numerous Landsat photographs will be on display, along with a weather satellite depicting the advanced technologies used to look at the Earth. The ever popular art gallery in the Museum will open a new exhibition entitled "Fire and Ice, a History of Comets in Art." This exciting exhibition will include paintings, jewelry, furniture, books and buttons relating to comets and their influence throughout history. In January 1986, the Museum will feature a continual slow scan video of the Voyager -Uranus encounter, the first close-up view of this far away planet. The encounter and related exhibition will reveal a vast amount of information about this distant planet. Smaller exhibitions planned for FY 1986 include: "Exploring Comets"; "Space Food"; "IRAS," about the infrared astronomy satellite; "Space Suits"; and "America's Space Truck: The Space Shuttle."

The Museum will join with the United States Navy in FY 1986 in celebrating the 75th anniversary of U.S. Naval Aviation with several special exhibitions. Also planned for FY 1986 is the commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Douglas DC-3, the one airplane which epitomizes the history of commercial air transport. The 50th anniversary of Air Traffic Control will also be commemorated by a special exhibition in FY 1986, in cooperation with the Federal Aviation Administration.

In FY 1987, NASM's plans for new exhibitions include a major gallery on "The Space Station" and "The History of Flight as Seen in Art." Additional smaller exhibitions will cover "Astronaut Selection and Training"; "Women in Aviation"; "Women in Space"; "The Space Telescope"; "V-2 Science"; and "Women's Contributions to Space Exploration."

Exhibitions are complemented by film presentations related to air and space travel in the specially equipped Langley Theater, which uses an innovative high-resolution projection system (IMAX) and a giant screen for extraordinarily realistic effects. The newest IMAX film "The Dream is Alive" premiered in June 1985, featuring actual film footage shot by the astronauts on three Shuttle missions. The combination of the high-resolution of the film and the size of the screen makes this film so realistic that it

provides the audience with an accurate portrayal of space travel on the Shuttle. In FY 1986, another new IMAX film will debut called "On the Wing," presenting a comparison of natural and mechanical flight. Plans are currently being developed for additional film projects to begin in FY 1987 and beyond.

Development of Collections - In FY 1985, acquisitions included a UH1M helicopter gunship used in Vietnam; the American Eagle, the first ultralight used in police work; and a full scale mock-up of the infrared astronomy satellite (IRAS). On December 6, 1985, the first NASA space shuttle, the Enterprise, will be acquired by the National Air and Space Museum. Additional space artifacts are continually acquired from NASA missions.

Preservation and Restoration of the Collections - During FY 1985, the original 1903 Wright Brothers Flyer, because of its historic significance and public interest, was restored in the Museum building on The Mall. The public was able to view and understand this delicate restoration project. The cleaning, chemical treatment and protection mark the first time that extensive preservation has been performed on the Flyer since Orville Wright prepared it for exhibition in 1927. Additional aircraft under restoration at the Garber Facility in FY 1985 included the 0S2U Kingfisher, Spad XIII and the Arado 234. The restoration of the Wiseman-Cooke, a 1910 biplane which flew the first scheduled mail route, was completed in FY 1985. The treatment program begun in FY 1983, to reduce further deterioration of aircraft not yet restored, has become the heart of the restoration program.

The Space Science and Exploration Department's Artifact Preservation Group has completed its third year of providing seminars and guidelines in the area of artifact preservation, exhibition, care and handling. These seminars have created an awareness of the special problems related to space artifacts that were designed and constructed based on one-time use in zero-gravity environments without oxygen, and not for extended storage or display on the Earth's surface.

Video Disc Project and the Development of the System for Digital Recovery - With funding provided in FY 1985, the National Air and Space Museum has been able to accelerate its two archival programs utilizing video disc and computer technology: the Video Disc Project and the System for Digital Recovery. By continuing to develop and utilize these systems, the Museum can greatly expand its photographic and archival collections to enhance ongoing research efforts.

Video Disc Program : The enhancement of NASM's video disc program in FY 1985, with the addition of two camera operators and cameras , was made possible by additional funding provided in the FY 1985 budget. This preservation program of archival photographs and other visual collections consists of filming the images on 35mm film and the transfer of this film onto video disc format. With the expanded base for this program, over 400,000 images have been transferred to date, and three discs have been completed. By facilitating greater access to the collection and eliminating the loss or destruction of the originals, this project has expanded the availability of these vast collections to scholars throughout the world.

Development of the System for Digital Recovery : Utilizing the most advanced technological innovations in computer and video technologies, the Museum with additional funding provided in FY 1985 has successfully put together the first three production systems. The ability to translate any historical document into digital format, produce a printed copy of the text and a full-text index search of any word, is currently being tested in the field. Two of the systems for digital recovery are presently at off-site locations to copy and store extremely valuable historical documents for use in research projects. The system has received international attention with requests for production installations coming from England and Austria, as well as numerous United States

organizations. A patent for this digital recovery system is being sought. In FY 1986 and beyond, the system will continue to be refined, tested and employed all around the country, digitally storing and indexing invaluable collections.

Public Education and Orientation - The Office of University Programs was created to support the academic focus of the Museum. In FY 1985, the cooperative program between NASM and New York University continued, bringing History of Science undergraduate students to the Museum to conduct a portion of their course work and receive hands-on experience working with Museum artifacts. Expansion of this program to include a combination of international and regional universities will be developed and implemented in FY 1986 and FY 1987.

The Museum's elementary and secondary education outreach programs were expanded in FY 1985 by the production and distribution of new packaged programs. Additional outreach programs through teacher workbooks, brochures, curriculum materials and docent tours maintain NASM's high standard for education.

NASM continues to present many series of free lectures, seminars, symposia and

films to the public. These include the General Electric sponsored lecture series, the

Von Braun lecture, the Charles Lindbergh Memorial lecture, the Monthly Sky lecture and the Exploring Space with Astronomers lecture series.

During FY 1985, these events included lectures on "The Ultimate Is To Survive" by test pilot Chuck Yeager; "The Beginning of the Jet Age" by Hans von Ohain, inventor of the jet engine; and "'Houston, We've Got a Problem': Mission Control from Mercury to Shuttle" by Christopher Kraft from NASA Mission Control. Other presentations included "The Canals of Mars," "Comets: Relics of a Cold and Distant Past," "The Milky Way: An Insider's View," "Venus: Earth's Wayward Twin," "Flying Tigers to Turbojets," and "World Champion Air Racers: From Concept to Competition." NASM also sponsored "Ten Years After Apollo-Soyuz: A Symposium," and "Are We Alone? The Infrared Search for Planetary Systems."

Publications - The planned publications for FY 1986 include the Wright Symposium papers, the artifact series publication on the History of Space Suits , the catalogue of the Space Astronomy Oral History Project , the Research Report and U.S. Women in Aviation 1930-39 . Additional publications in FY 1986 include Congreve and Hale Rockets , and the Scholars Guide to Aerospace History in Washington, D.C. Publication projects planned for FY 1987 will include artifact series publications on Apollo 11 and the Titan Launch Vehicles , as well as the annual Research Report .

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1987, an increase of $250,000 is requested to purchase computer equipment for the Center for Earth and Planetary Studies necessary to conduct research on images and other data returned by Earth-orbital and planetary satellite missions and to enable the Center to communicate this data by computer with other Planetary Image Facilities.

Computer Analysis of Orbital and Planetary Research Data ($250,000) - NASM's Center for Earth and Planetary Studies currently conducts original scientific research utilizing images and other data returned to Earth by orbital and planetary missions. This research continues to provide valuable insight into the processes that form and modify planetary surfaces. Present investigations include the analysis of Viking and Voyager images to understand the geologic evolution of Mars and the Galilean satellites of Jupiter, the use of Landsat and other remote sensing data to determine areas prone to desert encroachment in Northern Africa, and the use of orbital data in the thermal infrared wavelengths to map fracture patterns and determine surface compositions. Since 1981, this research has been conducted on a Prime 550 mainframe computer (with base resources allotted to computer maintenance and upgrades of $30,000 a year).

The Center's research on remote sensing of arid lands is partially supported by NASA and Smithsonian grants for field investigations in Egypt., Mali and Botswana. However, concurrent laboratory investigations of the spacecraft data are now limited by available time for processing the data and the large amount of storage required on the computer. Likewise, research on planetary imaging and other data from space missions requires the use of image processing applications for proper interpretation of images taken in different spectral bands. In addition to these research tasks, the transfer of planetary data throughout the scientific community is a major concern. The need for network links among the different centers is now being addressed by the Planetary Data System, a group of scientists charged with the task of developing methods for the efficient transfer of planetary data. The need for this System cannot be overstated, since it now takes more than 6,000 computer tapes to store just the imaging results from one planetary mission.

The dramatic increase in the size and number of channels of digital image arrays has created computing demands that are beyond the processing power of the existing Prime 550 mainframe computer. Large image data array processing requires not only a large central core memory and disc storage, but a pipeline central processing architecture that has only become available in the past two years. The need to link with and use common software developed at other research centers requires the use of DEC/VAX equipment. At present, NASM is the only Planetary Image Facility that is not using this equipment, and transfer of data and software is already under way among the other nine facilities in the United States. In order for NASM to obtain digital planetary data, computer tapes from other facilities currently have to be requested, an expensive and time-consuming task. This problem will become more acute in the 1987-1992 time period, when data will become available from the Venus Radar Mapper and the Mars Observer missions.

Therefore, it is imperative that computer equipment capable of handling the data analysis requirements of planetary images and data with the ability to communicate data with other planetary Image Facilities be purchased to avoid the severe limitation of the Center of Earth and Planetary Studies' future research capabilities. The funding requested for FY 1987 would allow the purchase of the VAX 11/780 mainframe computer. In FY 1988 and following years, this funding would enable the Museum to upgrade other components of the Center's computer system (including peripheral equipment such as high speed tape drives) and to provide maintenance of this computer equipment.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - These are derived from a variety of sources including the Museum's share of the net proceeds from the shops and restaurant, the net proceeds resulting from bureau activities (such as the Theater and Planetarium) and small allotments. In addition to meeting expenses of the Theater and Planetarium, these funds are used to finance fellowships, guest lecturers, symposia and special events. Portions of the proceeds from the Theater and Planetarium are used to support the production of new TMAX films including "The Dream is Alive" and "On the Wing," and for support of other Institution programs. However, additional funding also was received for both new films. During FY 1985, in the Albert Einstein Planetarium, the Museum premiered a new show "Comet Quest," which commemorates the reappearance of Halley's Comet in 1986. Continuing support is provided for distinguished scholars to study at the Museum through the Lindbergh Chair of Aerospace History and the International Fellowship. Other fellowship programs include Guggenheim and Verville, which provide funding for pre- or post-doctoral students and other distinguished scholars in aviation and space science.

Restricted Funds - Funds provided here are in the form of restricted endowments which specify the use of the donation or bequest, and of gifts and foundation grants by individuals, organizations or corporations for specific purposes. Examples of these

funds are the Ramsey Endowment, used to finance research relating to naval flight history (estimated expenditures of $25,000 in FY 1986 and $29,000 in FY 1987); the Guggenheim Endowment, which is used for lectures and stipends (estimated expenditures of $20,000 in FY 1986 and in FY 1987); the Martin Marietta Chair in Space History, which supports research by distinguished scholars in the space sciences (estimated expenditures of $38,000 in FY 1986); and the NASM Educational Fund, which is used for general education purposes, symposia and seminars (estimated expenditures of $32,000 in FY 1986 and $35,000 in FY 1987).

Federal Grants and Contracts - These are provided by various agencies and departments for special projects which can be conducted at NASM because of its expertise in a given area. Continued funding from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration grant program supports the following research activity in planetary geology by the Museum's Center for Earth and Planetary Studies: photogeologic investigation of planetary tectonic features (estimated expenditures of $89,000 in FY 1986 and $96,000 in FY 1987). Additional support from NASA enables efforts to continue in mapping and analyzing the origin of surface features on the Moon and Mars (estimated expenditures of $85,000 in FY 1986 and $84,000 in FY 1987). The research project on satellite remote sensing of central Mali, begun in FY 1984, continues to determine the long-term effects of climate change on the fragile environment of the inland Niger Delta region. This research was expanded in FY 1985 to cover fringe areas of the world's deserts and will receive continued financial support (estimated expenditures of $85,000 in FY 1986 and $65,000 in FY 1987). The Space Telescope Historical Project, a joint effort between NASM and the Johns Hopkins University, also is partially funded by NASA (estimated expenditures of $35,000 in FY 1986 and $30,000 in FY 1987).

NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - In its 1889 charter, the mission of the National Zoological Park was defined as for "the advancement of science and the instruction and recreation of the people." Today these goals are accomplished through programs that make the National Zoological Park a leading international center for animal exhibition; biological and veterinary research; and public education in conservation and in the humane care of animals. The Zoo houses its public collection on a 163-acre site at Rock Creek Park in Washington, D.C., and maintains a major conservation, captive breeding and research center of 3,150 acres at Front Royal, Virginia. The Zoo serves the public and specialized audiences in understanding animal adaptations and evolution, and the interaction of wildlife with the environment, through its programs in research, conservation, animal health and education. For FY 1987, an increase of 3 workyears and $250,000 is requested for equipment upgrade and replacement ($100,000) and for collections management (3 workyears and $150,000).

PROGRAM - At the Rock Creek site, the National Zoological Park is responsible for the maintenance and welfare of approximately 2,000 animals comprising 381 species. The species are chosen primarily for their interest to the public and their contribution to research and conservation. The more than 8 70 animals representing 57 species housed at the Conservation and Research Center (CRC) at Front Royal have been selected due to their long-term breeding potential and to the precarious nature of the species existence.

In addition to its traditional animal management practices, the Zoo plays a major role in developing new techniques for long-term sperm and embryo storage and embryo transplantation; these techniques will probably play a crucial part in future conservation objectives. Many species are endangered due to man-made disturbances to their natural habitats. This has been particularly true in the tropics. For this reason, the Zoo has an energetic program of conservation research in the natural habitats of endangered species and is conducting pioneering studies in the reintroduction of animals bred in captivity to their native habitat. The Zoo is developing programs to inform the public of the role both the public and zoos can play in animal conservation. The major programs of the National Zoo are: Animal Exhibition; Animal Management; Animal Conservation and Propagation; Research; and Public Education and Information.

Animal Exhibition - The primary objective in exhibiting animals is to interest the public in animal biology, and in the role animals play in the ecosystem. To best serve this purpose, animals must be provided with the physical conditions necessary for a

complete and active life, and as natural an.environment as possible. The success of the breeding program in the recently renovated Small Mammal House, which provides an estheti-cally pleasing and attractive setting, is strong testimony of the necessity of simulating the natural habitat while animals are held in captivity.

An August 1985 ground breaking ceremony marked the start of Phase I of the Olmsted Walk project. Renovation of this main walkway through the Zoo will enhance greatly the appearance of the Zoo, increase pedestrian comfort, and improve access to the exhibits. Completion of the first phase will unify all major buildings in the lower half of the park with a winding pedestrian walkway. This is in keeping with the spirit of Frederick Law Olmsted, the pioneering landscape designer who contributed to the original design of the Zoo.

Further improvements to the Zoo are the new entrance and the gibbon exhibit, which is now under construction. This innovative enclosure is designed to allow the gibbons to demonstrate their brachiation. Phase II of Olmsted Walk is slated for completion in October 1987, and Phase III in FY 1988, which will precede the Zoo's centennial in 1989.

In July 1985, an Indian rhinoceros was placed on exhibit after an absence of five years. This marks the first step in a major conservation effort to reestablish the species. This effort, in cooperation with other major zoos in the United States, is taking place under the auspices of the United States Species Survival Plan for Indian rhino. To assure genetic diversity and, thus, the success of the long-term program for the captive propagation of Indian rhinoceros in the United States, the National Plan will obtain animals from the wild with the aid of the Smithsonian Institution and the Government of Nepal.

Animal Management - Of prime import is the health and well-being of the animals under the Zoo's care. The Zoo attempts to provide the animals with natural and congenial conditions which contribute to the overall state of health and a general absence of stress. In addition, the National Zoo provides the most advanced techniques in health care, preventive medicine, emergency treatment, surgery, dentistry, and neonatal medicine. The medical care is reinforced by a scientifically-based nutrition program and the highest standard of food preparation. Comprehensive medical and general records, the majority of which are automated, are maintained on all animals. These records are a major tool in maintaining the Zoo's health standards and in developing breeding programs.

In an average year, approximately 2,500 medical cases require attention, of which about 500 require hospitalization. In FY 1985, a new 12,000 square foot hospital opened at the Conservation and Research Center, Front Royal. Similar facilities at Rock Creek are, however, less than satisfactory. The hospital at Rock Creek was built in 1969 and is now inadequate. With funds requested for FY 1986, construction will begin on a 17,000 square foot hospital building at Rock Creek. This facility will consist of a large operating room with adjoining support rooms. Both new hospital facilities will add tremendously to the level of animal care at the Zoo and, hopefully, improve the present mortality rate of approximately five percent.

Animal Conservation and Propagation - The Conservation and Research Center plays an important role in research and breeding programs for rare and endangered species. Significant births and hatchings in the first half of 1985 included: red-footed tortoise, green tree python, Guam rail (a highly endangered bird), and the tiger quoll (the first of this species born outside its Australian homeland). In addition, the Center's facilities provide an unique environment for the establishment of selected breeding programs. This has enabled the Center to breed successfully such animals as zebras, Burmese brow-antlered deer, scimitar-horned oryx, Pere David's deer, maned wolves, lesser pandas, binturong, and selected birds, especially cranes.

The Center also is an important training ground for the Wildlife Management and Conservation curriculum which is taught to many nationals of developing nations. Nearly 100 students from South America, Africa and Asia have participated in this unique course at Front Royal, and over 100 students have attended the course in Sri Lanka, Venezuela, Peru, Indonesia, and Brazil. Training is also given to United States students of veterinary medicine, pathology, animal behavior and animal management. The Zoo also will continue to play an active leadership role in a variety of national cooperative breeding programs including those for the golden lion tamarin, gorilla, orangutan, tiger, and small-clawed otter.

The National Zoo is active in international programs of biological conservation. An integral part of these programs is the reintroduction to their native habitat of various animals bred in captivity. One such study during 1984 and 1985, involved zoo-bred golden lion tamarins which were reintroduced to a protected forest in Brazil. This reintroduction was the ultimate step in a comprehensive and pioneering program to save this animal from extinction. To ensure the success of the reintroduction of tamarins, the Zoo instituted a thorough program of research and management. Captive born animals had to be "educated" to fend for themselves in the wild, and become acclimated to the different foods and climate of their native habitat. This process involved training the animals to search for hidden and dispersed food and to recognize a wide range of naturally occurring edible objects. At present, reintroduced animals have raised infants and are thriving in the wild.

Conservation efforts have also entailed placing animals with other zoos. Pygmy hippopotami have been shipped, over the years, to zoos in Argentina, Indonesia and Singapore. The Zoo continues to explore opportunities to place this rare species in zoos outside the United States in order to further captive reproduction and zoological interest in this species.

Research - The success of the programs in conservation and propagation depends largely upon the Zoo's ongoing research. The reintroduction of the golden lion tamarins to the wild would not have been possible without sophisticated and painstaking research. With little prior knowledge, Zoo researchers had to study in great detail the structure of the social and family life of tamarins before they could successfully breed them and, ultimately, re-create natural groups of animals capable of surviving in the forests of Brazil.

Basic research at the Zoo concentrates on understanding the factors which influence the daily lives of animals. These factors range from communication patterns to nutrition. The results of these studies are published in reports and delivered at various scientific congresses. In 1984, the Zoo staff published over 80 scientific articles.

Another major focus of research at NZP is genetics studies, which is conducted in conjunction with zoos around the world, and with the National Cancer Institute. These studies are expected to contribute to the long-term viability of captive populations of critically endangered species. Automated demographic models and long-term breeding plans are being developed for captive tigers, Asiatic lions, and golden lion tamarins. Efforts to determine the pedigrees of several hundred captive endangered Bali mynahs were initiated prior to establishing a reintroduction program for this bird in Bali, Indonesia. New biochemical studies resulted in the finding that cheetahs in captivity show little genetic variation, a possible partial explanation for their poor captive breeding record.

Two new research projects were started on a species completely new to the Zoo's collection. In collaboration with the Duke University Primate Center, the Zoo successfully reproduced, for the first time, western tarsiers acquired from Malaysia. Tarsiers have been little maintained or exhibited in zoos due to their delicate and nocturnal

nature. Plans to conduct field studies on the behavioral ecology of this primate have been made to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the biology of these animals. The Zoo also has spearheaded an attempt to breed Guam rails in captivity. This bird is disappearing from the island with astonishing rapidity and the Zoo hopes that the decline of the species can be reversed and captive-bred rails be reintroduced to Guam.

Public Education and Information - As part of its broad educational programs , the Zoo reaches out to a large audience with signs posted throughout the park. More personal educational efforts are provided through programs such as "meet a snake," and "laboratory" groups like HERPlab, BIRDlab , and ZOOlab. More than 10,000 people have visited HERPlab alone. This program received a national educators award in 1983. Public education and orientation are assiduously pursued by the Zoo, the success of which is seen in the approbation the Zoo has received from as far away as Japan and Australia. The Zoo series "Symposia for the Public," which began in 1982 to introduce serious, biological theory to nonspecialists has met complete success. The Zoo is engaged in finding innovative ways to inform visitors of its multifarious conservation programs. A weekend event, the Tropical Forest Festival, consisting of a series of multi-media activities, addressed tropical forests, their animal inhabitants and the problems facing tropical forests today. A temporary exhibition, "Zooark and Beyond" is in the planning stage (scheduled to open summer of 1986). This exhibition will inform visitors of world wildlife conservation problems and on what both zoos and the public can do to help solve these problems.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1987, an increase of 3 workyears and $250,000 is requested for equipment upgrade and replacement ($100,000), and collections management (3 workyears and $150,000).

Research Equipment Upgrade and Replacement ($100,000) - For FY 1987, an increase of $100,000 is requested to extend the long-term program of upgrading and/or replacing critical medical and scientific equipment.

The Zoo is responsible for the maintenance and welfare of approximately 2,900 animals comprising nearly 400 species at Rock Creek Park and Front Royal. The health and well-being of these animals is of overriding importance. To maintain the Zoo's programs, funding for the purchase of equipment is urgently required.

Just over a year ago the Zoo completed a detailed survey of equipment at Rock Creek and Front Royal. The review showed that the equipment had a value of just under $3,000,000 and an estimated replacement cost of nearly $5,000,000. The average life of Zoo equipment ranges from six to 12 years. In many departments, the Zoo is operating programs crucial to the health of the collection with equipment that is between ten and 19 years old. With base funds of $100,000, the Zoo has been able to replace some of the older pieces of equipment, but the Zoo is still well behind in its overall replacement program. The following are some equipment items that need to be replaced or acquired: tissue processor-replacement cost, $17,000; ultra-low temperature freezer-acquisition cost, $7,000; LKB Ria Beta Counter-acquisition cost, $24,000; and laparoscope equipment-acquisition cost, $10,000. The funds that are being requested in this submission would address the critical need for new equipment and insure that the National Zoological Park remains a leader in the zoological community. In FY 1988 and following years, the requested funding would be used to purchase needed equipment to support research and scientific programs.

Collections Management (3 workyears and $150,000) - For FY 1987, an increase of 3 workyears and $150,000 is requested for three animal keeper positions (3 workyears and $57,000) needed by the National Zoological Park to care for the collection at the newly constructed facilities at Rock Creek and Front Royal, and support costs for the general maintenance of the facilities at both locations ($93,000).

The National Zoological Park has experienced an ambitious period of development to meet the needs of: exhibition programs in Washington, D.C.; national and international conservation programs for endangered species; and special programs in research and the reintroduction of animals to their native habitat. Over the years, support in the form of animal keepers, facilities personnel and maintenance costs have not kept pace with facility development, and the growing disparity is now seriously hampering existing programs. To support existing facilities at Rock Creek and to fully utilize the new facilities at Front Royal, the Zoo requests three new positions. Support funds also are being requested at this time.

Two animal keeper positions ($38,000) are needed to support the Invertebrate Exhibit, located in the basement of the Reptile House. The exhibit is scheduled to open later this year and the keeper duties are being handled by volunteers and research assistants. By FY 1987, the exhibit will have advanced to the point where two full-time keepers will be required. The third position is for an animal keeper ($19,000) for the Conservation and Research Center, Front Royal. The Center has just opened a new Small Animal Facility, the Hardy Bird Complex, Veterinary Hospital, and acquired three new barns and constructed 14 new hoofed stock pastures over the last two years which require support personnel. The utilization of these facilities cannot be sustained with volunteer help or grant money support staffing must keep pace with the Zoo's construction program. The Zoo no longer has the ability to shift positions from current exhibitions to support newly constructed facilities.

An additional $93,000 is needed in support funds for the maintenance of the facilities at Rock Creek and Front Royal. The funds will be used to purchase supplies and materials for routine maintenance programs, not for major repair and renovation work. The Zoo has a base of less than $350,000 to support the day-to-day maintenance at the park. To continue a satisfactory level of support and to incorporate the new and renovated facilities into the maintenance program of the Zoo, a necessary labor to material ratio must be maintained. This increase of $93,000 is vital to provide the essential support for both animal and public areas of the Zoo.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - These funds are derived from a variety of sources including fees for general use of the facilities at the Conservation and Research Center at Front Royal. Expenditures are made for the support and maintenance of these facilities; for the purchase of animals for the collection; and for salary and support costs for the director.

Restricted Funds - These are provided through gifts and foundation grants and are used to support specific research projects and education programs. For example, funds provided from a grant from the Packard Foundation are being used to train foreign nationals from developing nations in animal management techniques.

OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR HISTORY AND ART

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE **FTP

Full-time equivalent Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - The Assistant Secretary for History and Art is responsible for the overview and management of the Smithsonian Institution's history and art programs and activities. No program increase is requested for FY 1987.

PROGRAM - I. The Office of Assistant Secretary for History and Art : With a base of 4 workyears and $223,000 this Office advises and assists the Secretary in overseeing the programs of the Smithsonian history and art bureaus, which include: the Archives of American Art (headquartered in Washington, D.C. with regional offices in Boston, Detroit, New York, San Francisco and Los Angeles); the Cooper-Hewitt Museum in New York City; the Center for Asian Art, consisting of both the Freer Gallery of Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery; the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden; the National Museum of African Art; the National Museum of American Art and its Renwick Gallery; the National Museum of American History; the National Portrait Gallery; the American Studies Program; and the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum. During FY 1986 and FY 1987, the opening of the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and the transfer of the National Museum of African Art to its new quarters in the Quadrangle will be of highest priority. The Office coordinates and manages Institution-wide special projects, programs, exhibitions and publications commemorating significant historical individuals and events. In FY 1987, this will include the continuation of the editorial project to publish the manuscripts of Joseph Henry (1797-1878), the eminent American physicist and first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, and the planning of exhibitions and activities to commemorate the bicentennial of the signing of the Constitution. The Office administers the Regents' Collections Acquisition Program, which was established to facilitate the purchase of major acquisitions by Smithsonian museums. The Office also bears responsibility for the oversight of planning for the use of the General Post Office building.

II. Joseph Henry Papers : With a base of 5 workyears and $234,000, the Joseph Henry Papers executes the collecting, transcribing, editing, researching, and publishing of the manuscripts of Joseph Henry. This entails extensive searches in this country and abroad to try to obtain as many extant Henry documents as possible. Publication objectives include a projected fifteen-volume letterpress edition, an indexed microfilm edition of approximately 90,000 items, and special publications aimed at more general audiences. The letterpress edition is a source of otherwise unpublished and often previously unknown letters and papers that shed light on the history of the sciences in 19th-century America, on the development of Federal policy towards the sciences, and on the institutionalization and social structure of the scientific community in this country. The Papers of Joseph Henry is an essential resource work for historians in the history of

science, and in the intellectual and cultural history of the United States. The extensive annotation and introductory essays included in the work also provide an invaluable interpretive study of Henry and his milieu.

In FY 1985, the Henry Papers project published its fifth letterpress volume, which covered the years 1841 to 1843, during which time Henry was Professor of Natural Philosophy at the College of New Jersey (Princeton), and was still actively engaged in experimentation in electricity and magnetism. The Henry Papers project is well into the sixth volume, which includes the years 1844-1846. The volume covers the end of Henry's tenure at Princeton, the establishment of the Smithsonian Institution, and Henry's selection as its first Secretary in December 1846.

In pursuit of its mission, the Henry Papers cooperates with other Smithsonian units on various projects. Two such projects have been a symposium in connection with the exhibition on the Wilkes Expedition at the Museum of Natural History, and an exhibition to celebrate the tricentennial of Newton's Principia at the Museum of American History.

The sixth volume of The Papers of Joseph Henry will be submitted for publication toward the end of FY 1986 or in FY 1987. Work will then commence on the seventh volume, documenting Henry's first years at the Smithsonian.

In late FY 1985 or early FY 1986, the Henry Papers project will automate many of its activities, install personal computer work stations, printers, and a local area network. This will facilitate the production of letterpress volumes, as well as aid in research and the entry of information into the documentary index.

In FY 1987, the staff will continue to conduct research in American history and history of science, to participate in many different scholarly activities, and to help with the Wilkes and Newton exhibitions.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - These funds provide for memberships for the Institution in the American Council of Learned Societies and the American Crafts Council and for expenses associated with the Office of the Assistant Secretary.

Restricted Funds - The Joseph Henry Papers will receive approximately $2,000 in funding during FY 1986 from the National Academy of Sciences and Smith College tuition funds to meet expenses incurred while editing The Papers of Joseph Henry .

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN HISTORY

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - The National Museum of American History (NMAH) collects and preserves the Nation's material culture, the artifacts that embody the national heritage of the United States. By carefully enlarging and preserving its collections and using them as a basis for exhibitions, educational programs, research, and publications, the Museum offers scholars and the public the opportunity to understand the history of the United States. In addition to the Mall building, the Museum maintains the exhibition "1876 Centennial," located in the Arts and Industries Building, and supervises the movement and care of objects stored in six buildings in Suitland, Maryland. For FY 1987, an increase of 1 workyear and $305,000 is requested to complete the production and installation of the exhibition and related programs to commemorate the bicentennial of the signing of the United States Constitution ($185,000); and to continue expansion of the Museum's capability to develop automation applications for research, collections management, public programs, and program management (1 workyear and $120,000).

PROGRAM - The National Museum of American History possesses the largest and most diverse collection representing the heritage of the United States. Covering a wide spectrum of materials, sizes, and descriptions, these museum objects include railroad trains, automobiles, textiles, photographs, paintings, sculpture, paper materials, clothing and costumes, tools, power machinery, clocks, weapons, ceramics and glass, musical instruments, scientific instruments of all kinds, one million numismatic specimens, and 14 million stamps.

As custodian of these artifacts of American history, the Museum has the obligation to protect and preserve them for future generations. To that end, the Museum continues to work toward achieving a more comprehensive collections management program by integrating and improving its conservation, registrarial, object storage, archival, and other key collections management functions. Through the collections, as well as exhibitions and a wide range of programs including publications, lectures, symposia, concerts, public tours and demonstrations, and film and broadcast features, the Museum presents this Nation's history to over five million visitors per year.

Exhibitions - The Museum's first major reinstallation of a permanent exhibition will open in October 1985. "After the Revolution: Everyday Life in America, 1780-1800" uses period settings to examine the daily routines and concerns of a Delaware farm family, a Massachusetts merchant, and a Virginia planter; community studies tell visitors about the African-Americans of the Chesapeake, the Seneca Nation of the Iroquois Confederacy in New York, and the urban world of Philadelphia. Based on years of research, "After the

Revolution" is a major new interpretation of the diversity of the American people at the Nation's beginning.

In FY 1986, the Museum will open its second major reinstallation of a permanent exhibition: "Engines of Change: The Industrial Revolution in America, 1790-1860." This exhibition will show how the Industrial Revolution in America brought new tools for transforming energy, new ways of organizing work, and a new entrepreneurial spirit to the United States.

Several new exhibitions opened in FY 1985 including "Eleanor Roosevelt: First Person Singular," which presented more than 100 photographs, objects, and documents, and explored the major influences and interests that shaped her life; "Bridges of Niagara," a traveling show depicting the history behind the nearly 20 bridges built at Niagara Falls between 1848 and the present; "Celestial Images," another traveling show, which displays and describes the history and use of astronomical charts that date from 1500 A.D. to 1900; "Discover Graphics," an exhibit of 40 color and black-and-white prints produced by Washington metropolitan area high school students who were participants in a unique seminar and studio training program on printmaking; "European Roots of American Pharmacy," an exhibition of selected objects from the Squibb European Pharmacy Collection, the largest and most valuable collection in North America of pharmaceutical artifacts from the 15th to the 19th centuries; and "History as Seen from the National Museum of American History," a show that presented photographs by Smithsonian photographers of some of the most important celebrations and demonstrations on and around The Mall in 1984 and 1985. Through its "Case of the Month" exhibit program, the Museum was able to present 18 mini-shows, including "Running Fun: A Treasury of American Political Humor," "Stamp Collecting: King of Hobbies...Hobby of Kings," "The Americanization of the California Missions," "A Constellation of Black Sports Stars," "Thomas A. Edison: Documents and Artifacts," "Women in the Navy," "Ben Franklin and the Colonial Posts," and "Building the Bomb: Forty Years After Hiroshima."

During FY 1986, several new temporary exhibitions will open. In conjunction with the celebration of the Festival of India, "Aditi: The Monies of India" will present a broad survey of Indian history as reflected in this Museum's Indian numismatic collection, and "Indian Chintz in the West" will examine the use of Indian fabrics in the West and describe the impact of their popularity on the British and French textile industries. "Beyond the City Lights: American Domestic Gas Lighting Systems" will explore the development of gas lighting and how it contributed to the first widespread illumination of America. "At Home on the Road" will examine the enduring American urge to take to the highway by outlining the history of 19th-century leisure travel, presenting 20th-century innovations such as tourist travel by automobile, autocamping and recreational vehicles, and looking at the ways Americans have managed to bring pieces of home with them on the road. "Hollywood: Legend and Reality," a SITES traveling exhibition, will celebrate the creative achievement and cultural influence of American movies over the past 70 years. "Domestic Interiors" depicts the major changes that occurred in the way Americans furnished their houses during the 1700s. "Graphic Arts: 100 Years" will show the evolution of the Museum's graphic arts division and how it has interpreted what "Graphic Arts" meant, what a collection was, and how an exhibit was presented. "Patent Office" will commemorate the 150th anniversary of the U.S. Patent Office. "Reaching Rural America" will highlight the growth and importance of rural free mail delivery in America.

With funding provided in FY 1985, a large part of the research and planning phases of the exhibition "The Japanese-American Experience in World War II" was completed. Developed as the Museum's contribution to the celebration of the 200th anniversary of the Constitution in 1987, the exhibition will deal with the complex problems facing national and state decisionmakers during World War II, when they had to balance constitutional guarantees of civil rights against the perceived requirements for military security. The exhibition will particularly focus on issues of civil rights for Japanese Americans and on their patriotic contributions during World War II.

During FY 1984 and FY 1985, the Museum also shared some of its most valuable and treasured objects with an international audience. Benjamin Franklin's walking stick, models of Eli Whitney's cotton gin and the McCormick reaper, a silver tray owned by George Washington, even a 19th-century buckboard, among other objects, traveled to Scotland with the "Treasures of the Smithsonian" exhibition for the 1984 Edinburgh International Festival. The Smithsonian Chamber Players, a part of the Museum's Department of Public Programs, also performed at the Festival. In the same spirit, the Museum loaned the world's oldest operable locomotive, the John Bull ; a patent model of an early Singer sewing machine; a compass carried by William Clark on the Lewis and Clark expedition; and several other invaluable objects, some never before exhibited outside the Museum, to the Dallas Arts District for its opening in the spring of 1985.

Master Space Planning Program for NMAH - In FY 1985, in collaboration with the Smithsonian's Office of Design and Construction, the Museum began its master space planning program, designed to document space requirements of the Museum both for the short-term and for the long-term (the next 20 years). The plan breaks down into two main categories: program and support. The program needs under study include spaces for offices, exhibitions, storage, and other working spaces from which a variety of plans can be drawn. Support plans will be drawn up for utilities, HVAC, security, fire protection, and other environmental improvements. Documenting program needs over the long term should enable the Museum to define future space needs, put forward design options, and identify needed structures as far in advance as possible; the master plan will also permit the Museum to integrate support improvements into the plans for future programs so that these improvements do not interfere with exhibitions and public programs. The master plan also will include estimates of future long-term program and support funding needs.

Collections Management - In FY 1985, the Museum concentrated its efforts on maintaining the shelf survey of the collections (completed in 1983) while it set priorities and began work on refining the data collected. To that end, the Office of the Registrar established an Office of Central Catalogue that supports the Museum's inventory maintenance, refinement and collections research efforts. The Museum hired a director for its Office of Computer Services in FY 1985 and also upgraded and expanded its minicomputer system to provide more data, word, and network processing for its growing collections and new collections management needs. The Museum's Division of Conservation examined, rehoused, or treated more than 3,000 objects in FY 1985. Surveys were completed for more than 250 paintings in the Museum, work made possible by the additional positions received in FY 1985. Funding provided in FY 1985 for object storage equipment permitted the rehousing of severely overcrowded collections in four of the Museum's divisions. Major archival collections were organized and finding aids prepared during FY 1985. The Museum's Archives Center published an 89-page register to the George H. Clark Collection of Radio History materials (1880-1950), and organized, rehoused, and described in writing the finding aids of some 200 boxes of business ephemera in the Warshaw Collection of Business Americana. The Donald Sultner-Welles collection of approximately 100,000 color transparencies is also being prepared for use by researchers. New positions provided in the FY 1985 budget have been instrumental in completing these projects.

In FY 1986, the Museum will make measured progress toward completing the refinement of its shelf survey data. A more complete description of the Museum's inventory accomplishments and goals is included in the Collections Management/Inventory Program section of this budget. In order to accommodate the various upcoming moves of collections, the Museum will implement its new registration tracking system, and the Division of Conservation will accelerate its rehousing and stabilization treatment program for deteriorating objects identified in previous surveys.

The Museum's Archives Center will develop policies and procedures for archival storage, reproduction, and use of video tapes and audio tapes in the collections. The

Center also will continue to receive and care for additional manuscript collections from curatorial divisions.

Suitland Facilities and the Museum Support Center - In addition to its reference collections at the Mall building, the Museum stores more than one million objects in six buildings at the Institution's Suitland Facility. These buildings are contaminated by asbestos, as are the objects stored there. With funding provided by Congress in FY 1985, a team of technicians was formed to begin a thorough cleaning program of both the objects and the buildings. A great deal of preliminary work has been accomplished including establishing a processing area and a clean work area; cleaning and reorganizing outside areas for better storage; cleaning all the objects in one building; and acquiring a newly renovated building for storing oversized objects. In FY 1986, comprehensive cleaning of three more buildings and their objects is scheduled. The team also will prepare objects and their records for transfer to the new Museum Support Center.

In FY 1985, some preliminary planning has proceeded for the movement of objects to

the Museum Support Center. The Museum has already prepared some objects for transfer; purchased supplies and equipment; selected staging and storage areas; and identified

recordkeeping and resource requirements. In FY 1986, the Museum will begin to survey the objects on The Mall as well as at the Suitland Facility; the staff will begin refining records, and moving, photographing, cleaning, packing, and storing these objects.

Research - As the result of research conducted by NMAH curatorial staff, the following works were published in FY 1985: The Great Rifle Controversy ; Small Arms Today ; Bibliography of C.F. Gauss ; American Anthem: An Exhibit of Songs and Symbols of American History ; That's What She Said: Contemporary Fiction and Poetry by Native American Women ; Organ Planning ; Ragtime: Its History, Composers, and Music ; and Material Culture: The Shape of Things Around Us .

A dozen articles were also published including: "Museum Exhibits, Breaking the Silence," "Love at first Byte: Wordplay and Imagination in the New Machine Age," "The Atomic Clock from Concept to Commercial Product," and "At the Edge of Science: Joseph Henry, Visionary Theorizer and the Smithsonian Institution."

The Museum has sponsored or co-sponsored numerous symposia and seminars on such subjects as puppetry in the Federal Theatre Project and the Work Projects Administration, music in America, technology in the Industrial Revolution, Indian Museums, and the historical experience of the American Indian.

The Museum continues to provide support staff and space for the scholarly publication Technology and Culture , the official journal of the Society for the History of Technology, and provides assistance in the development of a possible magazine examining black American history. The Museum's Afro-American Communities Project continues to develop a data base of social and economic information dealing with the structure and development of free black communities in ten U.S. cities prior to the Civil War.

Research Center - In FY 1986, the Museum will seek to establish a research center for the study of American history. This program will combine in a more structured way the existing research centers of the Museum—the Eisenhower Institute, the Afro-American Research Project, the Archives Center, and the journal Technology and Culture —with the relationships already established on an ad hoc basis with several universities. The center will promote new affiliations and provide encouragement and opportunity for intramural research, and its programs will be geared to the strengths of the Museum: the social history of science and technology; the intersections among political, social, and cultural history; and material culture. The new center will offer a regular program of seminars, and might include different seminars for undergraduates and graduates. The center will afford outside faculty the opportunity to teach, do research, and write in a

new setting; offer university administrators the chance to attract more students; and enable the Museum to cultivate and enrich its research capacity.

Collections Acquisition - During FY 1985, the Museum received through purchase or gift a number of significant collections. Some of the acquisitions include: a late 19th-century cotton gin with gearing and gin house; a circa 1852 papier mache of a human body; two clockwork, automata made in southern Germany in the 17th century; a colonial postal rate chart dated 1765, signed by Postmaster General Benjamin Franklin (believed to be the only such chart in existence); a wood and pewter schoolmaster's rod from the 18th century; a "Philadelphia" printing press, circa 1850, an iron hand-press made by Frederick Bronstrup; Woolworth Building structural drawings, 162 ink-on-linen tracings of the structural steel work for the first monumental skyscraper, the Woolworth Building in New York City, 1909-13; the NASCAR stock car that Richard Petty drove to his unprecedented 200th Grand National victory in 1984; and Benjamin Franklin's General Post Office Account, dated 1770 to 1772, written entirely in Franklin's own hand.

Public Programs - The Museum's Department of Public Programs provides visitors with a range of opportunities and incentives for learning. In the past few years, the Museum has experienced a significant increase in visitorship, and with the opening of the permanent exhibition, "After the Revolution: Everyday Life in America, 1780-1800," the Department expects heightened demands on all of its offices.

The education function of the Department is central to its overall mission and its accomplishments can be measured in several ways. The Museum's Calendar of Events , produced by this Department and now in its second year of publication, reaches over 12,000 individuals and institutions on a quarterly basis providing accurate and timely information on Museum activities. Staff members from the Department of Public Programs introduce roughly 90,000 visitors to exhibitions and demonstrations in the Museum through school programs, tours, and Discovery Corners. More than 100,000 people attended Museum performance and film programs during the past year, and through radio broadcasts on National Public Radio and American Public Radio, an estimated five to six million listeners outside the Washington metropolitan area became familiar with this Museum and its activities.

The Department sponsored the Smithsonian Chamber Music Series, 28 concerts in all. Colloquia/concert programs such as "Jazz Improvisation," "Women in Blues," and "Black Classical Composers," contributed highly original scholarship to the exploration of black American Culture while strengthening the Smithsonian's outreach activities and minority awareness of the Museum. Other programs in collaboration with curatorial departments, universities, and educational organizations gave added depth to many exhibitions and enabled the Museum to offer educational presentations throughout its public spaces.

In FY 1986, the Department plans to continue to develop its broad array of programs. Special emphasis will be placed on the installation and operation of a Discovery Corner in the "After the Revolution" exhibition that will offer visitors insight into the lives of 18th-century Americans by touching and working with accurate reproductions of 18th-century tools and objects and through other participatory experiences. The Department also will inaugurate the "Highlights of the Collections" popular booklet series. These illustrated booklets will describe specific objects and collections and give the public the opportunity to learn about some of the many important objects not on display in the Museum.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1987, an increase of 1 workyear and $305,000 and is requested to complete the production and installation of the exhibition and related programs to commemorate the bicentennial of the signing of the United States Constitution ($185,000); and to continue to expand the capability of the Museum to develop automation applications for research, collections management, public programs and program management (1 workyear and $120,000).

Constitution Bicentennial ($185,000) - In 1987, this country will be celebrating the 200th Anniversary of the signing of the United States Constitution. In FY 1985, the Museum began work, on developing a special exhibition that addressed the history of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team of World War II with the idea that such an exhibition would act as a centerpoint for a larger exposition about the United States Constitution. This exhibition will provide a method for careful examination of the Constitution of the United States as a living and unfolding document by tracing the history of this Japanese-American combat team and reliving their experiences as well as those of civilians of Japanese heritage.

With funds of $100,000 provided by Congress in 1985, a large part of the research and planning phases of the show was completed. An exhibition currently on display in California will provide some of the material and objects for the show with the remaining items to be loaned by individuals. An extensive audio-visual system using the latest video disc technology is being designed as well. In FY 1986, the space needed for the exhibition will be created by dismantling and reorganizing exhibitions in the Museum's third floor Ordnance Hall. Ordnance collections will be displaced and reinstalled in study galleries on mezzanines to permit the main third floor area to be devoted to thematic exhibitions such as the 442nd.

In FY 1987, an increase of $185,000 is needed to complete construction of the show, finish the video production work and provide support for a symposium and related public program events.

Computer Systems Application (1 workyear and $120,000) - Since establishing its own Office of Computer Services (OCS) in 1982, the Museum has made steady progress toward its goal of having a fully automated, integrated data and word processing system that meets its diverse needs. In the early years, brought on by a Congressional mandate to inventory its holdings, the Museum focused all of its attention on collections management. Since then the scope of work for OCS has been expanded to include many non-collection management areas as well. In order to handle effectively these additional requirements, an upgrading of the Office and staff was necessary. In FY 1985, the Museum hired a functional chief to specialize in and oversee the entire computer operation. With an increase of funding anticipated in FY 1986, an additional computer specialist will be added to work primarily on such non-collection management needs as visitor information systems, interactive exhibit components, financial management programs, and other office automation packages. Also, the Museum has begun to add the necessary equipment (personal computers, terminals, printers, etc.) for extending the system to all parts of the Museum, eliminating numerous operating inefficiencies.

Efforts to meet all of the Museum's automation needs continue. However, at current operational level it may take as much as ten years to meet some of the Museum's most fundamental program goals. Thus, funds are being requested for several one-time purchases as well as for the addition of one new staff member to accelerate the program.

An increase of $40,000 is requested for user terminals to support administrative and management personnel access to automation resources. The additional funding will allow for the continued extension of system components to the administrative staff to support increased automated office functions. This is a one-time request.

An additional $50,000 is requested for the acquisition and installation of additional main memory, input/output processor, on-line storage and networking software to support a number of computer networks. The implementation of the Institution's network system will enhance computer-to-computer and user-to-computer capabilities that will place additional demands on the Bureau's mini-computer system to support additional users, additional executive software and additional storage requirements. This is a onetime request.

Finally, one full-time permanent computer specialist (1 workyear and $30,000) is needed to develop and maintain application systems and programs in the areas of research, collections management, public programs and internal administration and management. Additionally, this position will be used to establish an information center facility and program for the education and training of the Bureau's staff in the use and implementation of microcomputers.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING ;

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - This income is derived from a variety of sources including the Museum's share of sales in the Museum Shop/Bookstore, cafeteria concession, product development activities, and publication royalties. In FY 1986, these funds will be used to support the salary and benefits costs for the positions of museum director and a graphic designer, care of the furniture collection and the cost of cataloguing and otherwise making accessible for research the Sultner Photographic Collection. Purchases for the collection, supported by allotments in FY 1985, included the Bradford Cup, which was made in London in 1634 and belonged to William Bradford, a passenger on the Mayflower and later governor of the Plymouth Colony.

Assistance was provided in FY 1985 to the American Visions Foundation, Inc., for a possible magazine pertaining to black American History. Funds also were provided in FY 1985 and will be provided for FY 1986 for the Museum's Chamber Music Players to support a special performance and recordings program.

Restricted Funds - Individual or corporate gifts and foundation grants are the principal sources of income under these funds. In FY 1985, a number of exhibitions and special projects received support. One hundred thousand dollars in the form of a general gift was received from Tramell Crow and Associates. These funds are largely being used to support the education programs associated with the Museum's first major reinstallation of a permanent exhibition, "After the Revolution: Everyday Life in America, 1780-1800." IBM Corporation provided two grants ($20,000 and $25,000) for the research work needed for planning an information exhibit. The Goldsmith Foundation provided $43,000 for a project entitled "Study, Recording, Publication, and Exhibition of Smithsonian Ethnographic Judaica."

The Pepsi Cola Company gave a second gift of $8,000 in support of a special oral history project they had initiated with funding in FY 1984. In FY 1986, the Museum will receive the first installment of a grant of $592,000 from DuPont, which will be the principal support for another of the Museum's major permanent exhibition reinstallations. The show, entitled "Materials," deals with the vast range of natural and synthetic materials as well as the social and economic consequences of their distribution and manufacture within the United States.

Federal Grants and Contracts - The Museum received a grant from the National Historical Publications and Records Commission of $47,000 to fund the Robert Mills Project, a research and publications endeavor focused on assembling and publishing the complete papers and drawings of Robert Mills, the nation's first native-born and trained professional architect.

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN ART

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - With a collection begun in 1829, the National Museum of American Art (NMAA), formerly known as the National Collection of Fine Arts, is devoted to the acquisition, preservation, study, and exhibition of American painting, sculpture, graphic arts, and crafts. The Renwick Gallery, established in a separate building in 1972 under the purview of NMAA, exhibits American crafts, as well as decorative arts and design. Also, the Barney Studio House, with a part-time curator paid from an endowment, is maintained by NMAA as a period home open for tours and for special interpretive programs. For FY 1987, an increase of 1 workyear and $124,000 is requested to develop the Inventory of American Sculpture and $133,000 is sought to further the automation efforts of the Museum.

PROGRAM - NMAA's collection represents American art from its beginnings to the present and serves as the basis for active programs of research, exhibition, and public education. The permanent collection includes over 32,000 objects and continues to grow at a rate of approximately 1,000 new acquisitions each year. A portion of the permanent collection is on view to the public on a rotating basis in the Museum's galleries. The balance is available for study in storage or on loan to selected museums and university galleries throughout the country. Preservation and restoration of irreplaceable American art works also are important features of the Museum's mission. Scholarly research performed by the professional staff results in publications, exhibitions, and educational programs which further the understanding of American art and artists throughout the country.

NMAA's reference materials are used by both lay and scholarly researchers from a wide variety of disciplines. Unique among these resources are its inventories of American art: the Inventory of American Paintings Executed Before 1914 ; the Smithsonian Art Index , which lists art works currently housed in the Institution's non-art museums; and the Index of Pre-1877 American Art Exhibition Catalogues , which documents artistic activities in early regional centers of this country and Canada. These inventories comprise more than 500,000 computer entries, and constitute the most complete data base on the subject of American art in existence.

Collections - In FY 1985, the Museum was given two large and important collections of 20th-century art. The Container Corporation of America donated 311 paintings, sculptures, and graphic artworks from the 1933-1980 period, including major objects by many established masters. Selections from this celebrated collection will be shown in an exhibition early in FY 1986. The second major collection, donated by the Sara Roby Foundation, includes 169 paintings, sculptures, and drawings by artists working from the

1920s through the early 1980s. This collection is especially strong in figurative art and will substantially enrich the Museum's holdings in this area. The collection will be unveiled in a public exhibition in January 1987.

In addition to these major gifts, the Museum acquired significant individual works during FY 1985. Among them are Achelous and Hercules , a 24-foot mural by Thomas Hart Benton, and important paintings by William Morris Hunt, Edward Bannister, Charles Sprague Pearce, Peter Blume, Lorser Feitelson, and Albert Gallatin. The Museum's newest area of collecting—American photography since World War II—grew through the addition of key photographs by Aaron Siskind , Carl Chiarenza, Gary Winogrand , Arthur Oilman, Ray Metzker, and others. Significant woven objects by Anni Albers , Cynthia Schira, and Clare Zeisler were acquired for the Museum's crafts collections.

As in the past, the Museum benefited in FY 1985 from the transfer of contemporary works on paper and sculpture maquettes from the National Endowment for the Arts and the General Services Administration, respectively.

In FY 1986 and FY 1987, the Museum will continue to seek major works by artists inadequately represented in the collection, and will maintain its tradition of acquiring high-quality examples by artists who have had a significant effect on the development of American art.

The preservation, management, and security of the collections remain central concerns of the Museum. More than 400 objects were treated by the conservation staff during FY 1985. During this year, Museum staff also attended professional workshops on security and began a long-range program to increase its protection of objects in storage and on exhibition.

Publications - The Museum's acquisitions and exhibition programs continue to generate significant research leading to publication. In FY 1985, the following major catalogues were published: Sharing Traditions: Five Black Artists in Nineteenth Century America ; The Martha Jackson Memorial Collection ; Creation and Renewal: Views of Cotopaxi by Frederic Edwin Church ; The Woven and Graphic Art of Anni Albers ; and Werner Drewes: Sixty-Five Years of Printmaking . Manuscripts were completed for a major publication documenting 81 of the Museum's greatest objects and for a study of The Art of New Mexico, 1900-1945 , both to be published early in FY 1986. Research has also been carried out on objects in the permanent collection, particularly on recent acquisitions, and preliminary research for future exhibitions of the art of Albert Pinkham Ryder and Gene Davis has begun. Additional research and publication projects now in progress include a revised edition of the catalogue raisonne of works by Mary Cassatt, a catalogue raisonne of the art of Joseph Cornell, a book on the sculpture of Paul Manship, and a study of the experience of 19th-century American artists who studied in French academies.

Research - Research resources at the Museum continue to provide unparalleled opportunities for scholars of American art. In preparation for a national inventory of American sculpture, which will be comparable to the Museum's invaluable Inventory of American Paintings, a one-year pilot project is under way to automate the University of Delaware's Index of American Sculpture. The Delaware Index is currently the only substantial repository of information on public sculpture and works in museum and private collections. By converting the Index's manual records to computer, the Museum will develop critical formats and standards for handling research information on sculpture, which, if funding being requested in FY 1987 can be secured, will lead to an intensive five-year program to seek and record sculpture in public and private collections throughout every region in the United States. Already generating enthusiastic response across the country, the Museum has received letters of endorsement and offers of assistance from museums, conservators, historical societies, and individuals interested in contributing to the program.

Throughout FY 1985, NMAA also continued to augment its other research resources, adding roughly 7,200 slides and over 8,000 prints to its Slide and Photograph Archives. An additional 6,000 nitrate negatives from the Museum's collection (taken by Peter A. Juley, the noted photographer of works by American artists), were converted to stable film. The Inventory of American Paintings, the only existing national census of paintings, added 10,000 records and is now serving over 1,500 requests a year, ranging from interdisciplinary queries to art publication and exhibition research.

Exhibitions - The focus of the exhibition program during FY 1985 was Museum collections, monographic treatments of major bodies of work, and significant topics in the history of American art. The following exhibitions were circulated to other museums across the United States: "Sharing Traditions: Five Black Artists in Nineteenth-Century America"; "Wood Works: Constructions by Robert Indiana"; and "The Woven and Graphic Art of Anni Albers." The Museum's earlier exhibition, "Exposed and Developed: Photography Sponsored by the National Endowment for the Arts," continued to tour other museums.

"Treasures of the National Museum of American Art," an exhibition of some of the finest works in NMAA's permanent collection, will travel to five major cities in the United States during FY 1986 and FY 1987. The tour will afford exposure to NMAA's collection in areas of the country where it has previously remained relatively less well known. All costs of the exhibition's organization and travel will be underwritten by United Technologies Corporation.

Planning for the following future exhibitions is under way: "The Art of New Mexico: Themes and Perspectives," a "Gene Davis Memorial Tribute," "American Prints from Washington Collections," "Post Office Murals and Studies," "The Art of John LaFarge," and "American Art Deco," as well as the previously mentioned exhibitions featuring the Container Corporation Collection and the Sara Roby Foundation Collection.

Also in FY 1985, the NMAA lent more than 300 artworks from its permanent collection to other museums and organizations in the United States and abroad for temporary exhibitions and displays. Within NMAA, the permanent collection continues to be the focus of small changing exhibitions, such as "Zoo to Art: Animal Subjects by American Sculptors."

Interpretive Programs - The Museum presents scholarly programs coincident with current exhibitions, such as the symposium "Creation and Renewal: Views of Cotopaxi by Frederic Edwin Church," as well as diverse educational activities such as lectures, performances, films, and related programs which complement exhibitions and enrich the learning experience of the Museum's visitors. In addition to a broad spectrum of educational programs for the scholarly community and the general public, NMAA has assumed a national, as well as local role in the fostering of art education. In January and February 1985, NMAA presented a "Festival of Afro-American Arts" to complement the exhibition "Sharing Traditions: Five Black Artists in Nineteenth-Century America." As the exhibition travels nationally under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, many of the programs presented at NMAA are being repeated in the cities in which the exhibition is being shown. The exhibition is also accompanied by a packet of interpretive materials specifically designed for use by teachers and their students .

In FY 1986, the Museum will continue its interpretive programs which highlight the permanent collection and temporary exhibitions. For example, a series of "conversations with artists" featuring living American artists whose work is represented in NMAA's permanent collection will be presented at the Barney Studio House.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1987, an increase of 1 workyear and $124,000 is requested to develop the Inventory of American Sculpture and $133,000 is sought to further the automation efforts of the Museum.

Research (1 workyear and $124,000 ) - For FY 1987, 1 workyear and $124,000 is requested to pursue a national sculpture inventory project. This Inventory of American Sculpture will be a logical companion to NMAA's pioneering Inventory of American Paintings, which was begun in 1972 with specially appropriated American Revolution Bicentennial funds and is still the only national census of over 240,000 American paintings in the United States. Like the painting inventory, the sculpture inventory will be an automated index which will provide essential information for each work (artist, title, medium, dimensions, owner/location, subject matter, and other pertinent data). In addition, the sculpture inventory will list data unique to sculpture, such as foundry, cast number, and outdoor location for conservation studies.

Using the original methodology developed by NMAA in the Inventory of American Paintings, the sculpture inventory will be implemented through: field surveys conducted throughout every region of the United States to locate the primary source material (the sculptural objects in both public and private ownership); mass mailings of information questionnaires to museums and collectors, utilizing the mailing lists, sources and contacts developed for the Inventory of American Paintings; and published sources of information on sculpture (collections, exhibitions, and auction catalogues).

Compared to the other visual arts, there is a lack of published material and research resources on sculpture. The diverse locations of sculpted works, in cities and historic town squares throughout the nation, does not facilitate the study, or even appreciation, of American sculpture. In general, the inherent properties of sculpture— size, weight, and fragile nature—have acted as a deterrent to its exhibition in museums and in traveling shows. The campaign to restore the Statue of Liberty has led conservators as well as cultural historians to express interest in conducting a study of the plight of our public monuments, which are being threatened by the effects of acid rain and air pollution. However, before a conservation study can be undertaken, the estimated 20,000 outdoor sculptures and undetermined number of related works in public and private collections throughout the United States must be identified and documented. The sculpture inventory, which will-provide the necessary first step toward a conservation study has already attracted the interest of potential users including the National Trust for Historic Preservation, the National Park Service, and the National Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Property.

The sculpture inventory, as the painting inventory demonstrates, will benefit a large constituency including state and local art councils, curators, educators, art scholars, conservators, authors, publishers, genealogy researchers, historians, collectors, civic groups, and the public in general. If begun in FY 1987, it is anticipated that the sculpture inventory will require five years for substantial completion. Of the $124,000 requested to begin this project, 1 workyear and $25,000 will be used to hire a research data coordinator. Data entry work will be contracted at a sum of $45,000. Two computer terminals and a printer ($20,000) will be purchased for recording, organizing, and indexing the sculpture records. Related computer expenses include computer cost center charges ($5,000) and equipment maintenance contracts ($2,000). Support funding is required for travel by project staff to supervise field survey contract work ($5,000); printing of report forms, brochures, and related literature describing the program ($6,000); purchase of camera equipment for on-site photography ($5,000); purchase of existing photographs documenting sculpture ($5,000); and general supplies and materials ($6,000). Amounts expended in FY 1987 for one-time costs for camera and computer equipment ($25,000) and preparation of printed literature ($6,000) will be utilized in subsequent years (FY 1988-1991) for field survey work; for increased computer costs (which are expected to increase about $2,500 per year); and for acquisition of reference photographs either through on-site photography or through purchase.

Automation ($133,000) - For FY 1987, a sum of $133,000 is required to cover computer user charges ($100,000), and to purchase workstations ($33,000). By FY 1987, all of NMAA's on-going data base projects will reside on either the central mainframe or bibliographic systems. NMAA's Permanent Collection Data Base, comprised of 30,000 records, and its object tracking system will reside on the mainframe and will cost approximately $25,000 annually which will be covered by the Museum's available funding. Five of NMAA's data bases, representing 500,000 object records, will reside on the bibliographic system, and will incur an estimated annual cost center charge of $100,000 to support user access to this data. An amount of $100,000 is requested for FY 1987 to cover the cost of these charges.

In order for NMAA to take full advantage of the services of the Office of Information Resource Management, it will purchase, with funds anticipated in FY 1986, a central processing unit and disk drives capable of supporting NMAA's sizable data operating needs, which include data entry, processing, report writing, uploading, downloading, interactive searching, and integration of functions. In FY 1987, the increase requested will permit acquisition of workstations required to operate from the new central processing unit and access NMAA's data bases, the Institution's network, and provide for increasing office automation needs ($33,000).

These increased automation costs reflect the use of more sophisticated data processing and communications technologies and the growing automated data bases, improvements which will make the Museum's collections much more widely available to staff and researchers. In future years this amount, along with funds provided in FY 1986, will supply funds toward the establishment of a three-to five-year replacement cycle for computer equipment and software; maintenance fees for equipment; and the training of personnel .

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING:

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - These funds are derived from a varieTy of sources including the Museum's share of sales in the restaurant and museum shop; allotments for special purposes; royalties from publications; sales of slides and photographs; honoraria received by staff while on official duty; participation fees from museums to which NMAA exhibitions are lent; and tuition reimbursement from universities for NMAA interns. Funds are used for the support of publications, traveling exhibitions, and public programs; curatorial research and travel; stipends for summer interns; purchase of photographic supplies; travel costs for meetings of the NMAA Commission; repairs to the Barney Studio House; and special events for the opening of new exhibitions. Starting in FY 1984, through an agreement with the J. Paul Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities, special purpose funds have been used to continue the preservation project of the Juley Collection until its anticipated completion in FY 1989 (estimated expenditures of $62,000 in FY 1986, and $67,000 in FY 1987).

Restricted Funds - These funds are contributed for specific purposes in the form of gifts and grants from individuals, foundations, or corporations. Funds are available to support curatorial and programmatic activities of the Barney Studio House (expenditures of approximately $35,000 annually). With support from the Robert Tyler Davis bequest, prints and drawings continue to be purchased for the permanent collection (estimated expenditures of $10,000 in FY 1986 and in FY 1987). Other significant uses of restricted grants and gifts are for the support of publications, such as The Graphic Art of Mary Cassatt and Sculpture and the Federal Triangle , and for the support of programs, video tapes, and other activities of specific exhibitions, including "Sharing Traditions: Five Black Artists in Nineteenth-Century America"; "Reuben Nakian: Apprentice to the Gods"; and "Life: The Second Decade 1946-1955." In FY 1985, refurbishment began on the Doris M. Magowan Portrait Miniature Gallery, and should be completed during FY 1986 (estimated expenditures of $57,000 in FY 1986). In FY 1985, funds were obtained to begin

work, on an Inventory of American Sculpture pilot project ($62,000), the "Treasures of the National Museum of American Art" exhibition (estimated expenditures of $97,000 in FY 1986 and $57,000 in FY 1987), and the "Art of New Mexico" exhibition (estimated expenditures of $136,000 in FY 1986).

NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY

(Dollars in Thousands)

**FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - The National Portrait Gallery (NPG) was established by Act of Congress in 1962 (20 U.S.C. 75b) as a museum for the exhibition and study of portraits depicting men and women who have made significant contributions to the history, development and culture of the people of the United States and the artists who created such portraiture. For FY 1987, an increase of 2 workyears and $235,000 is requested to cover an exhibition celebrating the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution ($80,000); to further office automation ($55,000); and to improve collections management activities (2 workyears and $100,000).

PROGRAM - The arts of portraiture and biography are the means through which the Gallery offers a continuing exploration of the American people's heritage and accomplishments. The Gallery, opened in 1968, collects, studies, preserves, and exhibits portraits in all media as both historical and artistic documents.

The growth of such a collection entails great responsibility for research into, and careful conservation of the objects acquired. Research results are published by curators and historians in articles, monographs and exhibition catalogues. The collections are exhibited continuously in a series of galleries arranged both chronologically and themat-ically, and are cared for by professional conservators on the Gallery's staff. The Gallery also organizes a schedule of popular and scholarly temporary exhibitions on a wide variety of subjects. Each is accompanied by an illustrated catalogue and usually incorporates materials borrowed from museums throughout the country and abroad.

Collections - In FY 1985, the Gallery purchased more than 100 works and received approximately 75 gifts. Notable among the painted portraits are Gilbert Stuart's portrait of the Revolutionary War and War of 1812 officer William Hull, composer Virgil Thompson by the late Alice Neel, writer Dashiell Hammett and singer Lena Home by Edward Biberman, and artist Frank Duveneck's self-portrait. Major prints and other paper works include images of artists Thomas Hart Benton and John Steuart Curry; a multiple in cast paper by Chuck Close of composer Philip Glass; a Covarrubias caricature of collector Chester Dale; Ben Shahn's drawing of atomic physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer ; as well as a rare broadside advertising a $100,000 reward for John Wilkes Booth and his accomplices. Among the outstanding photographs acquired are the portraits of photographer Edward Steichen by Heinrich Kuhn; two portraits of Edward Everett by the Scottish photographers Hill and Adamson; a tintype of James Butler ("Wild Bill") Hickok; authors Tennessee Williams and S. J. Perelman by Irving Penn, composer Aaron Copland by George Piatt Lynes; entertainer Gypsy Rose Lee by Ralph Steiner; and photographer Diane Arbus by Gary Winogrand. Fund raising has been initiated to enable the Gallery to purchase the portrait of editor Talcott Williams by Thomas Eakins in FY 1986.

Exhibitions - The Gallery's exhibition program during FY 1985 was distinguished by diversity and scholarship and reflected its dual role of studying significant Americans and the artists who portrayed them.

The exhibition, "Baseball Immortals, 1905-1935: The Photographs of Charles Martin Conlon," was opened in October 1984 by diamond greats Leo Durocher, Bill Terry and Lefty Gomez. The photographs in the exhibition were selected from nearly 7,000 glass plate negatives in the collection of The Sporting News , the Nation's oldest sports publication. The exhibition is being circulated by the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service.

In November 1984, the witty and amusing caricatures of Mexican artist Miguel Covarrubias were presented. The talented Covarrubias came to live in New York City in the early 1920s and his visual comments on the American cultural scene were published in The New Yorker and Vanity Fair . Original drawings and paintings for both previously published and unknown caricatures were exhibited. Part of this exhibition was sent in February 1985 to the San Angelo Museum of Art in Texas for the inaugural show of the new museum there.

Concurrent with the Covarrubias exhibition was the "Metropolitan Opera Centennial: A Photographic Album," a selection of 100 images chronicling great moments in the history of that institution.

In January 1985, "Peace and Friendship: Indian Peace Medals in the United States," was opened. This exhibition illustrated the significant role the medals played in relations between native Americans and the United States Presidents, bringing together for the first time examples of all the peace medals issued by the United States Government. This exhibition is traveling to the Buffalo Bill Historical Museum in Cody, Wyoming, the Joslyn Museum of Art in Omaha, Nebraska, and the Denver Museum of Natural History.

In February 1985, "Joseph Wright, American Artist, 1756-1793," examined the work of a man who, in his brief career, achieved many firsts: the first American-born artist to study at London's Royal Academy, the first to sculpt George Washington, and the first engraver to the United States Mint.

"Thomas Paine: A Hero Scorned," also opened in February 1985, and included sculpture, prints, books, cartoons and paintings relating to Paine's career as a political and social reformer both in America and abroad, and to the vicissitudes of his reputation in America and abroad.

In April, two exhibitions of mid-19th-century American portrait artists were presented: "A Truthful Likeness: Chester Harding and His Portraits" and "William Edward West, 1788-1857, Kentucky Painter." The re-examination of these two neglected artists underscores the richness and diversity of their portrait work. The Harding and West exhibitions moved to the J. B. Speed Museum in Louisville, Kentucky in the fall of 1985, while the West exhibition was also on view at the Lauren Rogers Museum, Laurel, Mississippi during the summer of 1985.

In July 1985, an exhibition on Ulysses S. Grant commemorated his centennial and focused on Grant's role as soldier and president. It was jointly organized by the Gallery and the Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library in Austin, Texas, to which it moved at the close of its Washington, D. C. showing. An exhibition of prints featuring family portraits of famous 19th-century individuals opened in August, as did "Women on TIME " which was installed in the room devoted to TIME cover originals.

Exhibitions being planned for FY 1986 include the portrait sculpture of Gaston Lachaise, portrait sculpture of John Frazee and photographs by Mathew Brady from the

collection of Harvard University. Research has begun on exhibitions to be held in FY 1987 and FY 1988 including "On the Air: Pioneers of American Broadcasting," "The Portraits of Henry Inman," "The Portrait in America from 1700 to 1776," and masterpieces from the national collections of Sweden.

Publications - In FY 1985, most of the publications were generated by the heavy exhibition schedule: brochures for "Baseball Immortals, 1905-1935: The Photographs of Charles Martin Conlon," and catalogues to accompany the exhibitions on Miguel Covarrubias, Indian Peace Medals, Joseph Wright, William Edward West, Chester Harding, and Ulysses S. Grant. In production for the coming fiscal year are catalogues for exhibitions on Gaston Lachaise and John Frazee, and a catalogue for the Mathew Brady exhibition is being planned. The Indian Peace Medals, William Edward West, and Miguel Covarrubias catalogues have received awards in recognition of the high quality of their design in this year's American Association of Museums' Museum Publications Competition, as has the NPG quarterly Calendar of Events. The Smithsonian Institution Press undertook trade distribution of the Miguel Covarrubias and Chester Harding catalogues, and the Southern Illinois University Press will distribute the Ulysses S. Grant exhibition catalogue. Funding from the T. M. Evans Foundation, Inc. has been obtained to produce the descriptive brochure of the NPG in a new format. In FY 1985, a favorable reader's report was received by the Yale University Press, which sets in place the publication of volume 2 of the Selected Papers of Charles Willson Peale and His Family . This large volume—which will be published in two parts—will be entitled Charles Willson Peale: The Artist as Museum Keeper, 1791-1810 . In July 1985, the copy-edited manuscript was expected back from Yale University Press. In the meantime, illustrations and maps for the volume were selected and prepared by the Peale Papers staff. Also during this fiscal year, work began on volume 3— The Artist in Retirement, 1810-1820 .

Other books in production are The Portrait Engravings of C.B.J.Fde Saint-Memin (in a co-publishing arrangement between the Smithsonian Institution Press and the Barra Foundation); The Picture of Health , a history of the development of medicine in this country told through portraits in the NPG collections, and a new edition of the Permanent Collection Illustrated Checklist .

Education - The National Portrait Gallery's public education program continues to combine an active schedule of docent-led tours seven days a week, year-round, with an array of intensive school and senior citizen outreach programs (such as a musical tribute to Cole Porter) conducted by trained education aides and docents.

The Department's "Portraits in Motion" series of biographical dramatic presentations continues to provide highly popular programming. The Education Department has encouraged the development of new programs in this series specifically for NPG, and continues to maintain its level of cooperative programming with other Smithsonian units. The "Lunchtime Lecture" series, in addition to the "Portraits in Motion" series, has continued to grow in popularity and to draw both regular followers and new visitors who are interested in specific topics.

The Education Department has begun planning ways to increase use of special exhibitions by school groups and to investigate ways to serve the "gifted and talented" school audience. The Department continues to experiment with its own programs, for example, training local junior high school students to interpret the NPG collections for their fellow students. In consideration of the increased activity of education programs over the past several years, the Department has reorganized its programs to assure the maintenance of high quality presentations.

In the future, the Education Department hopes to develop an ongoing film and video project, and schedule lectures and symposia directly related to NPG special exhibitions.

Research - In FY 1985, the library, in conjunction with the National Museum of American Art, received a grant from the Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Associates to assist in organizing the Edgar Preston Richardson vertical file collection which was given to the library in 1984 by Mrs. Richardson.

The library is participating in the Smithsonian Institution Bibliographic Information System (SIBIS). Other Smithsonian units and the general public have access to the shared library on-line catalogue from SIBIS terminals and from other telecommunication vehicles. However, some 4,000 titles of early publications are still in Dewey Decimal classification and accessible only through the traditional card catalogue. Efforts will be made in the coming year to convert these records to the Library of Congress classification and into machine readable form.

The national portrait survey of the Catalogue of American Portraits, which is being pursued by a portrait research center within the National Portrait Gallery, is continuing in FY 1985. In this fiscal year, the seventh year of the survey, field research in Texas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico will be completed, adding approximately 1,500 additional portrait records to the Catalogue. By the end of this fiscal year some 26,000 records will have been processed and entered into the computer. In addition to facilitating the response to daily inquiries from museum professionals and the general public, the Catalogue played an important role in securing materials from major studies of Raphaelle Peale, Henry Inman, Anders Zorn, and Frank Duveneck, and in establishing the groundwork for an exhibition of American portraiture from 1700-1776.

FY 1985 saw the advent of personal computers in the Catalogue of American Portraits. Installation of the Institution's IBM mainframe as well as personal computers in the Catalogue offices permitted, for the first time, direct entry of Catalogue information into the central record. In addition, the on-line capability afforded by the microcomputers will allow better service to the public through increased accuracy and currency of information. Processing collected field data will continue, as will field survey work, to the extent that funds are available.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE : For FY 1987, an increase of 2 workyears and $235,000 is requested to fund an exhibition celebrating the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution ($80,000); to further office automation ($55,000); and to improve collections management activities (2 workyears and $100,000).

Exhibitions and Performances ($80,000) - For FY 1987, an increase of $80,000 is sought to produce a major exhibition to commemorate the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution. The exhibition, to be funded by this increase, is "Portraits of Distinguished American Jurists," which is scheduled to open in the spring of 1988. A second exhibition commemorating the Bicentennial of the Constitution, which is planned for FY 1988, is expected to be Trust funded through the Institution's Special Exhibition Fund and will present "The Portrait in America from 1700 to 1776."

"Portraits of Distinguished American Jurists" will feature a selection of the most historically enlightening portraits of prominent members of the legal profession that can be located from the early years of our Nation's history to the present. While its primary purpose is to highlight images of individuals who over two centuries have been pivotal interpreters and shapers of our legal institutions, this exhibition will also attempt to capture some sense of the backdrop against which they acted and the circumstances in which this country's legal processes and institutions evolved. Given that the Gallery is devoted to the recognition of the accomplishments of notable Americans , this show is especially appropriate. Additionally, since portraits of jurists in this country have been of unusually good quality, the exhibition promises to be a visually engaging survey of American portraiture.

The Gallery has already been in touch with other institutions regarding the possibilities of drawing on their holdings for this show. Among the contacts made has been one with the Harvard Law School, which houses one of the oldest and largest collections of portraits of noteworthy lawyers in this country. This is a resource that until now has remained largely unknown to the general public. The Constitution's bicentennial affords a special opportunity to share these treasures with a national audience.

In tandem with the exhibition, the Gallery will also be producing a catalogue. Not only will the catalogue contain reproductions of objects used in the show, but it will include a text which will chronicle some of the significant chapters in the history of American law.

Though the exhibition is not scheduled until spring 1988, $80,000 is requested in FY 1987 to begin research. The entire exhibition is expected to cost approximately $200,000 and the remaining amount will be requested in the FY 1988 budget.

Automation ($55,000) - For FY 1987, an increase of $55,000 is sought for automation equipment, staff training, and user services. Even with the four personal computers purchased in FY 1984 with reprogrammed funds and the $40,000 in base funding for additional equipment anticipated in FY 1986, the National Portrait Gallery remains dangerously deficient in the area of automation. It is absolutely essential for the efficiency of the Gallery that additional "stand-alone" and on-line computer facilities be purchased and expertise be developed as quickly as possible.

In FY 1987, an additional $32,000 is needed to purchase five personal computers, associated computer equipment and supplies to continue automation of NPG offices. Automation enables office functions to be handled more quickly, easily and cost efficiently than ever and provides invaluable assistance to researchers in amassing and reformatting information which formerly could take much more time to process.

In order for the Gallery to make the maximum use of this automation equipment and to guide it in additional purchases and later replacement, it is becoming necessary to attain computer literacy and expertise in order to determine what equipment and software will best meet its needs. There is no one currently on the National Portrait Gallery staff who can act in this capacity and training a few key staff would give the Gallery the ability to determine its own automation requirements and to select the system or systems that would be most applicable. For this reason $8,000 is requested to cover automation-related training.

With the increased use of computers, additional funds will be required for outside automation services, user fees for the bibliographic and collections information systems, and utilities. The bibliographic charge alone for FY 1985 was $8,000. For FY 1987, $15,000 is requested for these charges.

Collections Management (2 Workyears and $100,000) - For FY 1987, 1 workyear and $30,000 is requested for a conservator; 1 workyear and $20,000 is required for a museum registration technician; and $50,000 is sought for collections storage.

Conservation is a critical area of concern. It is no longer possible for the one painting conservator and the one paper conservator currently on board to keep pace with the Gallery's growing collections and expanded exhibition schedule. A great portion of the collection is in need of treatment, but remains in danger of further deterioration due to lack of staff and funds. This past year, conservation of the collections was, in most cases, deferred in order to prepare loan items for exhibition. In addition to providing support in painting and paper conservation, a new conservator, (1 workyear and $30,000) trained in the new area of photographic conservation is critically important to NPG. The Meserve Collection is only one example of a precious group of photographic

objects urgently in need of specialized care. Many of the original TIME covers are photographs, often in color (which imposes special preservation problems), and the Gallery needs to care for its daguerreotypes and other 19th-century photographs using the latest in developing technology.

The Gallery seeks 1 workyear and $20,000 to provide a museum registration technician for the Office of the Registrar. This Office, which currently consists of three full-time staff and one part-time employee, has custody of the Gallery's master collection files and the management of all automated collection records. The staff is unable to handle effectively all the duties of the Office which include object shipping; insurance; packing and crating; pick-ups and deliveries; resolution of storage and security problems; and related clerical duties.

The National Portrait Gallery exhibition program brings in over 3,000 temporary loans per year, all of which pass through the Registrar's Office for condition reporting and tracking for inventory purposes. The staff of the Office of the Registrar experiences difficulty keeping up with exhibition schedules and essential office functions. Many routine but important and necessary collection management functions such as recording of location changes, updating of inventory records, and overall maintenance of storage areas have been deferred due to lack of support personnel. Deficiencies in these areas were cited last year by the Smithsonian Office of Audits and Investigations which also noted the lack of staff and resources to begin automation of collection inventory records and establishment of archival files.

An increase of $50,000 is requested to rehouse drawings in the collection and to replace painting storage screens. The drawings in the National Portrait Gallery's collections are presently stored in several different locations, some framed, some unframed. To insure better security, optimal environmental control (including constant temperature and humidity, and protection from light), and appropriate administrative control, the drawings must be housed with the Gallery's other works on paper in the Prints and Photographs area. Special shelving and storage boxes are needed for this purpose. These materials are readily available, as is the space, but funds are not available to remedy this major deficiency. For this reason, $20,000 is requested to purchase shelving and storage boxes.

The moveable storage screens used in NPG's painting storage have been in service for more than 15 years and now roll with such difficulty that the paintings stored on them are often endangered when the units are used. These screens must be replaced to ensure the safety of these works of art. An amount of $30,000 is sought to buy moveable storage screens.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING:

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - These are derived from several sources including the Gallery's share of sales in the restaurant and museum shop; sales of photographic reproductions of portraits in the collection; staff honoraria; and participation fees from museums to which NPG exhibitions are loaned. These funds are used to help defray the expenses of public lectures, symposia and special events in coordination with the opening of exhibitions; associated costs of loan exhibition development and management; and for research expenses of staff who are preparing special publications or lectures.

Restricted Funds - These funds are provided for specific purposes in the form of gifts and grants from individuals, foundations, organizations or corporations. The Catalogue of American Portraits is currently in the seventh year of a nationwide survey of American portraits. A grant of funds ($325,000) from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation in 1977 made possible the implementation and continued operation of this extremely important project.

The Carter Inaugural Committee provided $15,000 toward the purchase of the portrait of President Carter in the Oval Office by Robert Templeton. Several other acquisitions were made possible by generous contributions from the Barra Foundation, The New Republic, Inc., Katie Louchheim and the CBS Television Network, and they included a cabinet photograph of S. L. Clemens, Lena Home by Edward Biberman, the Thomas Wentworth Higginson daguerreotype, and a large handmade paper print of Philip Glass by Chuck Close.

Support for the exhibition "A Truthful Likeness: Chester Harding and His Portraits" was provided by Harding descendants Margaret L. Smith and Chester H. Lasell. The Sporting News Publishing Co. and the Eastman Kodak Co. cosponsored the exhibition "Baseball Immortals, 1905-1935: The Photographs of Charles Martin Conlon." The Lilly Endowment, Inc. and Gulf States Paper Corporation provided partial support for the opening of the exhibition "Peace and Friendship: Indian Peace Medals in the United States." While Merrill Lynch contributed toward the Covarrubias exhibition, the publication of the Covarrubias catalogue was made possible by an earlier grant from the Swann Foundation for Caricature and Cartoon.

Mr. Paul Mellon graciously contributed a partial subvention for the publication The Portrait Engravings of C.B.J.F. de Saint-Memin . The publication of this book culminates many years of research on the superb group of de Saint-Memin portraits that Mr. amd Mrs. Mellon made available to the Gallery in 1974. The T. M. Evans Foundation contributed $15,000 for publication of the National Portrait Gallery brochure. In addition, the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library through the LBJ Foundation will provide the $10,000 needed to produce the Ulysses S. Grant exhibition catalogue.

In FY 1985, the Gallery received the first installment of a grant from the Lachaise Foundation in support of the exhibition and catalogue on the portrait sculpture of Gaston Lachaise. The Gallery also received substantial contributions for future activities and general support from the Clarence and Jack Himmel Foundation, the Ruth and Frank Stanton Fund, and Robert L. McNeil, Jr., and smaller gifts from a number of individual donors.

HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE **FTP

Full-time equivalent Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (HMSG) was established by an Act of Congress (P.L. 89-788, November 7, 1966) and opened to the public on October 4, 1974. Its collection of art, soon to number more than 13,500 works, forms the basis of an active program of public exhibitions, catalogues relating to its collection and exhibitions, extensive research and a wide range of educational activities including film programs, lectures, concerts, publications and tours. For FY 1987, an increase of $42,000 is requested to enable the Museum to conduct research and cataloguing on approximately 6,000 works of art added to the permanent collection.

PROGRAM - The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden has been an active presence on The Mall for the last 11 years. The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden has the highest visitation of any contemporary art museum in the United States according to a survey conducted by the American Association of Art Museums. As one of the major museums of modern and contemporary art in the United States, HMSG operates an active program of research, exhibitions, acquisitions, collections management, and activities involving audiences of all ages.

Research - The Museum's resources include works of art, a curatorial file providing information on artists and works in the collection, and a library with 6,000 volumes. Works of art not on display are available for study to scholars and students by appointment. With the addition of the 6,000 works of art from the estate of the late Joseph H. Hirshhorn, the staff of the museum will be involved in researching the provenance of each work of art which will be added to the curatorial files. In coordination with the Office of Information Resource Management's Institution-wide automation plans, HMSG's data base will be placed on a new system that ultimately will allow researchers and the public to retrieve information on-line from computer terminals.

Exhibitions - The Museum conducts an active exhibition program that draws upon works in its collection, as well as other collections. Approximately 700 works from the permanent collection are on display at any time. In FY 1985, the HMSG organized two major exhibitions: "Content: A Contemporary Focus,1974-1984" and "Representation Abroad: Diversity." The exhibition "Content: A Contemporary Focus, 1974-1984," was the second part of the tenth anniversary celebration of the Hirshhorn Museum. Nearly two hundred American and European works were shown in the exhibition which was organized as a unified overview of art of this decade. "Representation Abroad" a loan exhibition of 147 paintings, drawings, and sculpture, opened at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden on

June 5, 1985. The 16 artists represented, reflect the strengths and diversity of representational art being created in Australia, Colombia, France, Great Britain, Italy, Spain and West Germany. "Jim Dine: Five Themes," organized by the Walker Art Center, was also exhibited at HMSG during FY 1985.

A small exhibition with an accompanying slide presentation, "Conservation of Modern Art," was financed by the Women's Committee of the National Associates. In addition, the museum mounted several small exhibitions based on its holding of works on paper. The Museum, in conjunction with the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES), circulated two exhibitions, "Artists and Models: Portraits from the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden" and "Genre Scenes: Works on Paper from the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden" to a total of 25 locations across the United States.

In FY 1986, the following are among the major exhibitions planned by HMSG: "A New Romanticism: Sixteen Artists from Italy"; "Selections from the Collection of Gustave and Marion Ring"; "Directions 1986" and "Selections from the Bequest of Joseph H. Hirshhorn." "Robert Arneson," organized by the Des Moines Art Center, will be shown at HMSG in FY 1986. Exhibitions based on the permanent collection will include "Relief Sculpture" and several of works on paper. Exhibitions organized by the Museum that will travel in FY 1986 are: "A New Romanticism: Sixteen Artists'* to the Akron Art Museum, and "Surrealist Art: Selections from the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden" which, through SITES, will go to seven locations.

In FY 1987, the following are among the major exhibitions scheduled: "Alberto Giacoraetti (1901 - 1966)" ; ."Roger Brown," which will travel to several other museums; and "Morris Louis," organized by the Museum of Modern Art in New York.

Collections Management - The Museum inventories its entire collection on a three-year cycle with spot checks made at least annually. In FY 1984, catalogue worksheets were completed for all of the works on paper currently in the collection and work was underway to preserve and, where necessary, conserve the sculpture collection. In FY 1985, conservation on the outdoor sculpture involved treating every piece of sculpture that was in the garden and on the plaza.

Education and Public Orientation - To increase visitor appreciation and understanding of specific exhibitions and of modern art in general, the Museum provides visitors with a variety of educational materials, including explanatory wall labels and brochures. The latter range from a single page to illustrated mini-catalogues and are distributed free of charge to the public.

The Hirshhorn Museum encourages visitation through its outreach program. Several film series are conducted including a lunchtime series about artists and their work, an evening series of films by artist filmmakers, and a Saturday film series for young people. Events held in the auditorium include concerts by the 20th Century Consort and lectures by artists, critics and art historians. Occasionally, symposia are organized in connection with exhibitions.

Acquisitions - The legislation establishing HMSG described its function as a "museum in Washington, D.C. where modern art could be exhibited and studied ... [to] ... enrich the culture of the Nation." In order to carry out this mandate, it is essential that HMSG's collection always include contemporary art and that the Museum keep abreast of current developments in the visual arts. To present an accurate account of esthetic developments on an international level, an active acquisitions program is essential. Twenty-one objects were donated in FY 1984, and the Museum was able to add three works of art through purchase with appropriated funds, including a drawing by Robert Arneson "Gotcha," a drawing by Anselm Kiefer "Der Stab," Edward and Nancy Keinholz's tableau "In

the Infield Was Patty Peccavi," and a painting by Isabel Quintanilla "Fisch." In addition, using nonappropriated funds the Museum purchased five works of art: William Beckman's "Diana IV," Deborah Butterfield's "Horse," Leon Golub's "Four Black Men," the sculpture "Untitled" by Sol LeWitt and a drawing by Robert Stackhouse "Inside Ohio Prospect Bones 3-14-85."

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - Research ($42,000) - In FY 1987, an increase of $42,000 is requested to enable the Museum to research and catalogue approximately 6,000 works of art added to the permanent collection.

In 1981, Joseph H. Hirshhorn bequeathed 6,000 works of art to the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. At that time they were valued at $12 million and are worth significantly more today. In order to make determinations as to how these works of art will relate to the Museum's existing collection, considerable research will be required. The Museum will prepare a bibliography and archival record on each work of art. Comparative studies will be done between these 6,000 pieces and the 7,500 already in the collection in order to weed out any duplication, to identify redundancies and to establish relationships. In addition, biographical research will have to be conducted with respect to artists not already represented in the collection.

The requested increase of $42,000 will allow the Museum to employ specialists to work on some aspects of the collection. The curatorial staff also will need to travel in the United States to perform the initial research on these additional works. In the longer term, it is expected that such a large increase in the size of the collection will mean a like increase in the number of outside inquiries from scholars and students. After the initial work to incorporate the bequest into the collection is completed, some of the funds will be used to publish a small catalogue on various parts of the collection.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - These funds are provided from several sources including the Museum's share of sales in the museum shop and plaza cafe and from other receipts such as fountain coins. A special purpose fund partially supported the exhibition, "Content: A Contemporary Focus, 1974-1984," for the tenth anniversary of the Museum (estimated expenditures of $208,000 in FY 1985) and an allotment provided for the travel expenses of the Museum's Board of Trustees (estimated expenditures of $4,000 in FY 1986 and $5,000 in FY 1987). Funds also were made available to support in part the 20th Century Consort which has been performing at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden for ten years (estimated expenditures of $10,000 in FY 1986 and $19,000 in FY 1987).

Restricted Funds - The Museum is anticipating the funds bequeathed to it by Joseph H. Hirshhorn to be received in FY 1987. The Museum has raised outside support from various sources to help acquire costly and important major works for the permanent collection (estimated expenditures of $400,000 in FY 1986 and $197,000 in FY 1987).

CENTER FOR ASIAN ART

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - The Center for Asian Art is comprised of the Freer Gallery of Art, established May 5, 1906, and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, established July 28, 1982. Both galleries are devoted to the acquisition, study, conservation, interpretation and exhibition of Asian art. The Sackler Gallery will have an exhibition program that includes temporary loan exhibitions to and from other organizations which is not possible at the Freer because of the terms of the founder's will. The Freer Gallery of Art has a continuing program to display its collections as keys to understanding the civilizations that produced them. For FY 1987, an increase of 10 workyears and $808,000 is requested for the Sackler Gallery for activities to be held in the Quadrangle, including a major inaugural exhibition that will display the entire Sackler collection of approximately 1,000 objects. A further amount of 11.5 workyears and $309,000 is required to annualize the partial-year funding for 19 positions requested in the FY 1986 budget for Quadrangle-related support.

FREER GALLERY OF ART

PROGRAM - The Freer Gallery of Art houses one of the most distinguished collections of Oriental art in the world. The collection consists of over 26,800 works of art from China, Japan, Korea, India and the Near East and spans 5,000 years. Included in the collection are paintings, sculptures and other objects in stone, wood, lacquer, jade, pottery, porcelain, bronze, gold and silver, and Biblical manuscripts. "The Peacock Room" by James McNeill whistler is a highlight of an outstanding collection of American art that Charles Lang Freer, the Gallery's founder, considered a bridge between the arts of the East and West. Items not currently on exhibition are available to students and scholars for study. In addition to the collections, the Gallery houses a public library of approximately 30,000 volumes relating to the objects in the collections.

The unique Oriental collections in the Freer Gallery, together with notable holdings of American paintings, have made the Museum a center for students, scholars and the general public on an increasing basis. This growing interest has been manifested in a steady increase in visitors, in requests for museum tours, lengthy periods of advance bookings for authentication appointments, and the number of visiting scholars and dignitaries.

Research - Freer Gallery research facilities, comprising the collections, curatorial staff, library and technical conservation laboratories, form the nucleus of its

specialized public service. Research findings are made available to the public through exhibitions, catalogues of exhibitions, articles, free gallery leaflets and public lectures at the Freer as well as at other similar institutions. Updating the research files on individual pieces in the collection continues. These files are made available to visiting scholars and students as well as the general public.

The results of curatorial research are most visible in the Gallery's exhibitions. However, additional research results made available to the public can be found in collection research records, in lectures, and in published papers and books. Specific areas of current research in Japanese art include an ongoing study of porcelains, the study of Mino and Seto wares, clan patronage of Japanese ceramics during the Edo period, calligraphy and theatre in the Edo period.

In the field of Chinese art, research continued on Chinese calligraphy and paintings of the Sung, Yuan, Ming and Ch'ing dynasties. Topics included K'un-ts'an (ca. 1612-1680) Mt. Huang and Chang Ta-ch'ien (1899-1983); the periodization of Yen Chen-ch'ing's (708-784) calligraphic influence; and Huang T'ing-chien's (1045-1105) cursive script and his influence.

The investigation of the development of Western connoisseurship of Chinese art continues. Of particular interest are the changes in the dating and qualitative assessment of Chinese artifacts in Western collections on the basis of information provided by recent archaeological finds in the People's Republic of China. While the initial focus was Charles Lang Freer and his collection, research has expanded to include English and European collectors of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A major presentation of the present status of this investigative research of Western connoisseurs will be a lecture to be given at the National Palace Museum in Taiwan in October 1985, as part of that museum's 60th anniversary celebration.

In 1973, the Freer published a catalogue, Chinese Figure Painting . This was the only study in this field, and it has been out of print for seven years. Revision of this text for publication in 1986 has necessitated a comprehensive review of all literature on that subject during the past 12 years.

In the field of Indian art, research during the last year focused on the art and architecture of 16th-century Mughal India. A primary interest has been the development and formation of a Mughal, esthetic and the formulation of a methodology for approaching the works of art made for the emperor Akbar during his years at Fatehpur-Sikri. Several publications will result from this research as well as an international symposium on the art, architecture and culture of Fatehpur-Sikri that will be part of the Festival of India. Research in the area of the Near East involved the exploration of the mechanisms by which Timurid art became codified and standardized and the impact on this process of Timur (Tamerlane) , the founder of the Timurid dynasty.

The Technical Laboratory of the Freer Gallery is renowned for its research activities, in addition to the ongoing conservation and restoration of objects in the collection. Research included casting methods, corrosion, and lead-isotope ratios in Chinese bronzes; colors of the copper-tin-lead alloy system; Oriental painting materials, including pigments and inks; and technical examination of Islamic metalwork for the exhibition and catalogue mentioned below. Continuing research includes lead-isotope ratios in pigments and bronzes from Asia; studies on Chinese ink samples; identification of early Korean painting materials; deterioration mechanisms on East Asian paintings; corrosion on archeological metal objects; the dating of ancient silver from its microstructure; and improved methods for analysis of archeological metals. A survey of pigments on Japanese Ukiyo-e paintings in the Freer has been completed and is being reviewed for publication. In FY 1985, the Technical Laboratory also had two research fellows, one working for ten weeks primarily on materials and methods of fabrication of Indian bronze mirrors, and the

other for a year to study the pottery of Kenzan (a 17th-18th-century Japanese potter) by both stylistic and technical means.

Conservation - In FY 1985, objects in various media (ceramics, wood, lacquer, metal,etc.) were treated, along with many Persian and Indian miniature paintings and also prints by the American artist James McNeill Whistler. Most of these treatments were done to put the objects in the best possible condition for exhibition. In addition, technical examination and treatment of objects intended for the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery began.

Exhibitions - Japanese exhibitions in the past year included "Japanese Calligraphy," which exhibited 14 hanging and hand scrolls and screens in an exhibition that featured traditional styles of Japanese writing and cursive styles developed during the 8th through the 12th centuries. Many objects were on public view at the Freer for the first time.

"Japanese Drawings" included the preliminary drawings that Katsushika Hokusai (1760-1849) made for a partially published series of woodblock prints. Some 35 brush and ink drawings by 19th-century artists were featured in this exhibition. The works by Hokusai illustrated the extraordinary care with which this master prepared his print designs. Also included were drawings by Gyosai (1831-1889) and others.

In the exhibition "The Glazed Ceramic Tradition of Seto and Mino" the evolution of glazed wares at Seto and Mino was illustrated by a number of rare early pieces, as well as by representative Momoyama period (1568-1615) wares. Centers for the development of glazed ceramics during Japan's medieval period (13th-16th centuries) were the neighboring pottery districts of Seto and Mino. In the 16th century, Chinese ceramic models were replaced by a colorful, eclectic, distinctively Japanese ceramic style for which Mino continued to be an important center. The "Kyoto Ceramics" exhibition presented the work of the major Kyoto ceramic artists as well as that of representative Kyoto pottery workshops of the Edo period (1615-1868). Witty design, refined workmanship, and colorful enamel decoration characterize the ceramic wares from Kyoto, the former capital of Japan and a great commercial center for luxury goods. A Japanese exhibition that will open before the end of FY 1985 is "Japanese Theater in the Edo Period," and another opening in early FY 1986 is "Garden Potteries and Official Kilns: Clan-sponsored Ceramics in the Edo Period." Both exhibitions deal with topics not previously explored through exhibitions at the Freer Gallery.

Chinese exhibitions included "Masterpieces of Chinese Painting" which was presented in conjunction with the exhibition, "The Treasures from the Shanghai Museum," shown in the National Museum of Natural History. The "Masterpieces of Chinese Painting" included important paintings dating from the Sung through the Ch'ing dynasties. "Ming Dynasty Calligraphy and Painting" presented comparisons of calligraphy and painting by 40 different artists of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) through a selection of 25 hanging and hand scrolls. "Painting and Calligraphy from the Ch'ing Dynasty" exhibits approximately 30 masterpieces of Ch'ing dynasty (1644-1911), plus new acquisitions from the same period. The calligraphy will include early scripts such as clerical and seal script. The paintings will feature masters of the orthodox school as well as the individuals. This show provides a sequel to the exhibition of similar types of works from the Ming dynasty mentioned above.

Indian exhibitions included "The Arts of South Asia." As part of the Festival of India at the Smithsonian, the Freer presented paintings and sculpture representing a complete survey of its collection of art from the Indian subcontinent. Among the objects in the exhibition: a stone relief (ca. 200 A.D.) from the Gandharan region of Pakistan, depicting the Four Great Events in the life of Buddha (his Birth, Enlightenment, First Sermon and Death); a 10th-century bronze sculpture of the goddess Parvati , consort of the

Hindu god Shiva and a symbol of earthly fertility and divine beauty; and an imperial portrait of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir (ca. 1615 A.D.). A recent acquisition, a Rajput painting from the Punjab Hills (ca. 1660 A.D.) showing the goddess Devi being worshipped by the three great Hindu gods (Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva), is an example of one of the earliest and most dramatic styles of Hindu painting from the region.

Near Eastern exhibitions included "From the Hand of Mani: Iranian Paintings from the Freer," which included 32 pages representing the Freer's finest Iranian manuscripts. This exhibition showed the development of an Iranian idiom in manuscript painting between the 14th and the 16th centuries. Among the paintings on view are pages from the "Haft Awrang" of Jami (1556-1565), the "Khamseh" of Nizami (early 15th century), and the Demotte "Shahnama" (early 14th century). Artists who executed these works drew symbolic inspiration from Mani, a legendary painter who became the ideal of artistic creativity in Iran.

"The Riza-i Abbasi Album" includes 27 drawings, many of them signed and dated by or attributable to Riza-i Abbasi, acknowledged by art historians to have been among the greatest artists of Iran's Safavid empire (1502-1736). The drawings are part of an album obtained by the museum in 1953 from the collection of Friedrich Sarre, a German art historian who, working around the turn of this century, pioneered the study of Islamic art. Also included in the exhibition are six Persian ceramics and 11 other 16th- and 17th-century Persian album paintings.

The "Islamic Metalwork" exhibition which will open this fall is a detailed exploration from both the technical and esthetic points of view. This show features 37 intricately crafted examples of vessels, plates, ewers, weapons and other objects in brass, silver and gold, showing the development of metalwork in the Islamic world from the 7th-8th through the 17th centuries. An illustrated catalogue accompanies the exhibition.

To coincide with the nationwide celebration of Indian traditions and culture, the Festival of India, the Freer presented not only the exhibition "The Arts of South Asia," but also the Freer Medal was awarded to Dr. Stella Kramrisch, an outstanding scholar in the field of Indian art.

A joint exhibition of Chinese, Japanese and Near Eastern calligraphy is planned for the summer of 1986 in conjunction with the International Congress for the History of Art to be held in Washington, D.C. in August 1986. This Asian Calligraphy Exhibition will include approximately 55 objects (12-15 from Japan, 20 from the Muslim world and 20 from China). A catalogue will accompany the exhibition.

Collections Acquisitions - A sum of $100,000 was appropriated for the first time in FY 1985 for collections acquisitions for the Freer Gallery. These funds were used to purchase a pair of 17th-century Japanese screens and a 7th-century Sasanian metalwork dish. The Sasanian dish is an extremely important example of 7th-century Iranian metalwork. Its finely crafted silver body and gilt decoration reflect imperial workmanship. The dish's significance, however, is not confined to its beauty. Its symmetrically arranged decorative program shows the impact of Islamic taste and indicates the dish's transitional position between the old ideals of the Sasanians and the new interests of the Muslim conquerors of Iran. Only a few other objects of this nature exist, and none of them are of the quality of the Freer dish.

The pair of six-panel Japanese screens depicts a stylized bridge in silver-leaf, spanning the width of both screens. Budding willows and weeping cherries in bloom hang gracefully over the bridge, set off against the gold-leafed background. From the branches of the trees hang poem-slips (tanzaku), decorated paper strips inscribed with poems in fine calligraphy and actually applied to the screen. The screens are datable to

the early 17th century and are stylistically similar to works by painters of the Hasegawa scroll, who were known for their large-scale paintings on sliding doors and screens. These screens are an important addition to the collection because they are the only calligraphic screens of this type in the collection and they are rare.

Recent additions to the collection with Freer nonappropriated Trust funds include Japanese ceramics, a wooden sculpture, calligraphy, paintings and a bronze; Chinese calligraphy, painting and a set of cricket cages; Indian painting; and a Korean ceramic. Donations to the collections included Japanese ceramics, paintings, lacquer; Chinese bronze, ceramics, jade, glass and painting; and Turkish calligraphy.

Education - The Freer Gallery carries out a wide range of research and scholarly activity which is made available to the public in a number of ways. As part of the Freer's education program during FY 1985, the Gallery offered six free public lectures on various subjects that related to the collections. This popular lecture program continued with two lectures given in the fall of 1984 and four more given in the spring of 1985. Other parts of the education program include a free introductory brochure given to the visiting public and mailed to individuals and groups who write for general information on the Freer; a free introductory brochure for the visually impaired; the continuation of the highly successful free exhibition leaflets introducing various aspects of the Gallery's collections; and the tours given by docents. In FY 1985, over 19,000 visitors joined the weekday and weekend tours given four times daily.

A catalogue on "Islamic Metalwork in the Freer Collection" is scheduled to be published in September 1985 and will accompany an exhibition entitled, "Islamic Metalwork in the Freer Gallery of Art." Educational outreach continues through a new education program currently being developed for the elderly and the young. Currently, slide sets are available for docents to show to community groups. Pre-visit education packets are sent to schools prior to their tours of the Freer Gallery. Tours covering specific areas of the collection are presented to school and community groups studying specific areas of Asian art.

ARTHUR M. SACKLER GALLERY

PROGRAM - The primary goal of the Sackler Gallery is the advancement of the scholarly appreciation and public knowledge of Asian art. Toward this end, Dr. Arthur M. Sackler has agreed to donate, upon completion of the building, a collection of nearly 1,000 objects in the fields of Chinese, Indian, Southeast Asian, Near Eastern and Japanese art. Among the works in the collection are Chinese jades spanning a period from Neolithic times (5000 B.C.-1500 B.C.) into the 19th century; Chinese bronzes from the Shang (ca. 1523 B.C.- ca. 1028 B.C.) through the Han (206 B.C.- 220 A.D.) dynasties; and Chinese painting, Chinese lacquer, Near Eastern metalwork, and sculpture from Cambodia, India and Thailand. Since the new building cannot receive objects until its construction is completed, temporary storage space at the Smithsonian's Museum Support Center in Suitland, Maryland, is being used to house the new collection securely.

Research - Research is the fundamental focus of the Sackler Gallery, providing the basis for exhibitions, publications and collections acquisition. The research program involves both visiting scholars as well as the curatorial staff. Additionally, it is anticipated that the Asian art history journal Artibus Asiae , now totally funded by the Sackler Foundation, will be produced in the Gallery. It is also planned to publish a journal of scholarly research devoted to Sackler Gallery exhibitions and collections. These two journals would make the Gallery a major center for research publications on Asian art history. Exhibitions, exhibition catalogues and lectures at the Gallery will be generated from specific research projects. The Gallery's publications program will also include a quarterly bulletin intended for the general public. The bulletin will have

color plates and informative text relating to the permanent collection, recent acquisitions and special exhibitions. Free leaflets will be provided in the exhibition galleries.

Conservation - The Sackler Gallery has a responsibility to protect and conserve the art objects under its purview. This includes the objects in the permanent collections, in loan exhibitions held in the Gallery, and in Sackler-organized traveling exhibitions. Following the long practice of the Freer Gallery, the Sackler conservation efforts include object research to understand the origin of objects and therefore better develop the proper treatment of them. Expansion of the conservation facilities in a renovated Freer building will accommodate the requirements of the Sackler programs.

An expanded Oriental painting conservation program also is being planned. The Oriental art restoration studio takes a more traditional approach toward the conservation of East Asian paintings and screens than do Western conservators. Besides the work related to the Sackler collections and exhibitions, the studio also looks forward to a future program to train Americans in order 'to alleviate the critical shortage in this country of persons skilled in this specialized field. There are only three facilities in the United States capable of restoring and mounting rare East Asian paintings and screens and they are occupied fully with the works in their respective museums.

Exhibitions - An extensive exhibition program is envisioned. The inaugural exhibition in the new building will display the initial Sackler gift together with other major objects on loan from the private collection of Dr. Sackler. The program will include exhibitions originated by the Gallery as well as traveling exhibitions organized elsewhere. Exhibitions will be drawn from international public and private collections as well as from the Sackler collection. It is expected that many Gallery-organized exhibitions will travel to other museums and institutions. Possible international traveling exhibitions include "Buddhist Art of Pakistan," "Timurid Art of Iran," "Mughal Gardens," and "Photographs by Raghubir Singh." Other considerations for future exhibitions are Chinese mirrors, Ordos bronzes, Chinese lacquer, Indian and Southeast Asian sculpture, Chinese garment hooks, Sasanian metalwork, Chinese furniture, Near Eastern ceramics, Far Eastern ceramics, and Chinese sculpture. Research catalogues will accompany these exhibitions .

Education - In addition to the publication programs, the Gallery will attract a large number of research scholars and will have an active program for awarding research fellowships. Fellowship recipients would work closely with curators on topics related to the collections. Such a program has already begun. A grant from the Rockefeller Foundation has made it possible to establish a Rockefeller Foundation Residency Program in the Humanities at the Smithsonian Institution. The grant, which supports residential fellowships in Asian and African art, will provide two to three postdoctoral appointments each year beginning in 1985 and continuing through 1988. The Rockefeller Residency Program differs from existing fellowship programs in that it allows the fellows direct involvement in the plans and programs of the museums, and participation in symposia, exhibitions and publications.

Other scholarly grant programs are being explored to further the research and education programs that will utilize the collections and exhibitions at the Sackler as well as enhance the scholarship of Asian art.

A classroom has been planned for the Center for Asian Art for use in conjunction with local schools, colleges and universities. We expect to develop programs whereby students at secondary, undergraduate and graduate levels can participate in symposia and seminars and come into direct contact with major works of art and distinguished scholars and curators.

The development and growth of the many programs at the Sackler Gallery will mean greater demands on the existing staff of the Center. Additional support staff for appropriate existing departments continues to be necessary.

Collections Acquisition - The Sackler Gallery will continue to acquire art objects in those fields of central interest to the museum, e.g., the arts of Asia in its broadest terms, from Japan to the Near East. Objects acquired for the collection in the future will continue to be of high quality with respect to esthetic standards, cultural history and physical condition. Objects may be acquired by gift, bequest or purchase provided that they meet established acquisition criteria. Since Dr. Sackler's initial gift, several items have been added to the Sackler collection. These include a Japanese palanquin or carriage, one Chinese lacquer and one Chinese bronze which were donated to the Sackler Gallery.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1987, an increase of 10 workyears and 3808,000 is requested for the Sackler Gallery to provide further support for the inaugural exhibition to be held in the Quadrangle, preparation of subsequent exhibitions, collection acquisitions, automation, collections management, research activities, and education and public orientation. An additional amount of 11.5 workyears and $309,000 is required to annualize the partial year funding for 19 positions requested in the FY 1986 budget for Quadrangle-related support.

Exhibitions (4 workyears and $389,000) - Four workyears and $389,000 are requested for exhibitions: $79,000 for funding of four positions and $310,000 for inaugural exhibition costs.

The sum of $310,000 is requested in support of the inaugural exhibition and is a one-time only expense. These funds will supplement the exhibition base of $1.2 million requested for the FY 1986 budget which will be used for the installation of the exhibition galleries and the inaugural exhibition. The only additional funds requested that would increase the base of $1.2 million are the salaries for four positions in the amount of $79,000.

Two museum technicians are required to assist with the installation of the inaugural exhibition initially, and all other exhibitions subsequently. The exhibition schedule will include a variety of both traveling and in-house shows that will require these two positions to be full-time and permanent. One other position in the Sackler Gallery (requested for FY 1986) is involved with installing exhibitions and preparing objects for exhibition. The Freer has three full-time permanent members of the staff who carry out both the exhibitions and collections management programs. Not having these two museum technicians, trained in handling the museum's priceless art objects, would seriously hamper the exhibition program in the Sackler.

A third position is requested for a graphics technician to assist the graphics designer requested for FY 1986. Given the exhibition and publications programs planned for the Sackler, this position is necessary for the day-to-day operation of the related graphic work. A fourth position, a woodcrafter assistant, is required to supplement the cabinet shop staff. The increased number of exhibitions subsequent to the Inaugural Exhibition, as well as the Inaugural Exhibition, necessitates the addition of this position.

Collections Acquisition ($200,000) - The sum of $200,000 is requested for the purchase of objects for the collection. The amount of $200,000 requested for FY 1986 is the only source of federal funds earmarked for the Sackler's collection acquisitions program. With an increase of $200,000 for FY 1987, the Gallery would be able to expand its collection which is deficient in four cultural areas: Japanese, Korean, Indian and Islamic art. Although several objects can be purchased with the $200,000 base in the

FY 1986 budget, these four cultural areas would remain inadequately represented without additional acquisition funds. Strong federal support would help to demonstrate that the Sackler Gallery collections are not limited to those works given by the original donor. It also would signal to lending institutions around the world that the Sackler Gallery and the Smithsonian will be able to reciprocate in the lending of major Asian art objects. The importance of expanding the Sackler Gallery's collection is directly related to the Smithsonian's advancement of scholarship and public education about all aspects of art throughout Asia.

Automation (1 workyear and $2 5,000) - One workyear and $25,000 are required for a systems administrator to oversee and assure the appropriate growth of the automation facilities of the Center. This position is required to provide guidance and automation support to enhance research, collections management, and office automation applications within the Center. An important part of this project is establishment of shared systems and effective connections with the Smithsonian's new mainframe computer, a joint effort of Office of Information Resource Management technical staff and the Center's systems administrator. As the Sackler Gallery increasingly attracts research fellows and guest curators, it will also need a computer specialist to train and assist researchers on the use of automated equipment. Also, the Research Library Information Network computer

system (with the Chinese, Japanese and Korean enhancement) will be added to the library using base funds and will provide general visitors and scholars with access to library card catalogues, research libraries information networks and collection information in the Center's fields of interest.

In FY 1987, the base of $85,000 will be used as follows: to purchase nine personal computers for the office of the director, the registrarial office, the curatorial office and the library ($36,000); to establish communications support for the 32 personal computers within the Center and with the Smithsonian mainframe ($42,000); to purchase portable computers for staff on travel status who need to conduct on-site research ($5,000); and to upgrade existing software ($2,0000. Base amounts in FY 1988 through FY 1991 will be sufficient to fund the purchase of additional equipment, software, and related supplies.

Collections Management (2 workyears and $42,000) - Two workyears and $42,000 are requested for a photographic technician and a museum technician ($32,000); and funds for supplies, language training and travel for the Chinese art restoration studio are requested ($10,000).

The photographic technician, together with the two photographers on the Freer staff and the technician requested for FY 1986 for the Gallery, will assist with the increased printing and paperwork associated with the Sackler Gallery and its program development, especially in the area of collections management and publications.

A second position is requested for a museum technician who will supplement the three Freer staff who now support both collections management and exhibitions. As the Sackler increases its collections and exhibitions, this staff member is necessary to assist with the care and management of these objects.

A sum of $10,000 is requested for expenses involving the restoration studio: $5,000 for supplies including primarily silks, papers, pastes, scroll tips and miscellaneous fittings; $2,000 for language training for visiting East Asian specialists and for apprentices in the studio; and $3,000 for travel costs for visiting specialists from East Asia and for sending apprentice or junior specialists for further training in East Asia. No other funds exist in the budget to support this studio.

Research (1 workyear and $16,000) - One workyear and $16,000 are requested for a slide and photograph librarian. Although a visual resources librarian is requested for

FY 1986, a slide and photograph librarian is required to maintain the day-to-day processing activities of the slide and photographic archives. The visual resources librarian will be responsible for developing and augmenting various visual research collections such as the Islamic Archives, the photographic archives and the slide collections. The care and maintenance of these collections will be performed by the slide and photograph librarian. The slide and photograph librarian will manage the loan program of these visual resources to the public and to scholars. The increased number of research fellows funded by nonfederal grant programs will require considerable assistance by this librarian.

Education and Public Orientation (2 workyears and $136,000) - Two workyears and $136,000 are requested to support two positions ($36,000) and publications and other printed materials costs essential for public orientation ($100,000).

An assistant for the public affairs officer requested for FY 1986 will be required to help handle the volume of paperwork and research for upcoming exhibitions. The public affairs office is responsible for preparing all press releases, all press events, including the filming and photographing of exhibitions; providing pertinent and relevant information about exhibitions; writing articles about the Center; writing general brochures and gallery guides; maintaining a public information calendar; assisting the visiting media representatives who will be reporting on the new museum; providing information and biographies of staff as appropriate; and organizing press kits. An assistant will be necessary to ensure the continuing operations of this office.

The editorial secretary will assist the editor by providing necessary clerical and secretarial support and occasional proofreading. The Sackler Gallery plans to publish four to six exhibition and research catalogues each year. A sum of $100,000 is requested for the partial support of catalogues, gallery guides, leaflets and introductory brochures. Outside funding will be sought to supplement this amount. Previously, no funds have been requested for this purpose. This amount would establish a base for the preparation and publication of catalogues and exhibition guides. Not receiving any of these funds would seriously curtail public and scholarly education in the area of Asian art.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - These funds are provided from allotments and are used to defray the costs of special events associated with the opening of new exhibitions and to cover the travel costs of members who attend the Center's Visiting Committee meetings. These funds also support the position of coordinator for special programs in the Center.

Restricted Funds - The major portion of the nonappropriated Trust funds used by theCenter stems from the Charles Lang Freer bequest and is restricted by the conditions stipulated in that document. The funds are used to help finance the Freer's professional curatorial staff, administrative staff, acquisitions for the collection and library, the maintenance of the Freer's courtyard and the operation of the Freer museum shop (estimated expenditures of $1,519,000 in FY 1986 and $1,567,000 in FY 1987). Funds from the Harold Stern Memorial Endowment support scholarly research in the field of Japanese art (estimated expenditures of $62,000 in FY 1986 and $12,000 in FY 1987).

ARCHIVES OF AMERICAN ART

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - The Archives of American Art is a national research bureau with a network of regional centers across the country. It is the nation's largest repository of documentary and source materials relating to the history of the visual arts in the United States. The Archives' collections contain more than eight million documents; 400,000 photographs; 75,000 works on paper; and approximately 3,000 tape recorded oral history interviews. The original material in these collections is housed in Washington, D. C. Regional centers, which hold microfilm copies of the collections, are located in Boston; New York; Detroit; San Francisco; and Los Angeles. Special collecting projects are active in Philadelphia, Chicago, and Rhode Island. For FY 1987, an increase of 1 workyear and $135,000 is requested for research ($25,000); for collections management (1 workyear and $60,000); and for automation ($50,000).

PROGRAM - The Archives of American Art promotes the study of American art and cultural history by providing fundamental documentation for research and publication. The Archives collects manuscript materials, photographs, drawings and prints pertaining to research; publicizes its documentary resources throughout the country; and provides easy access to microfilm copies of its resources. The continuous accumulation of letters, diaries, sketchbooks, business papers, photographs, oral history interviews, and the ready availability of these resources and other forms of primary records, allows the Archives to advance scholarly analysis and interpretation of the arts in America. This is reflected in the numerous books, articles, dissertations, graduate papers, and exhibition catalogues which have drawn upon the resources of the Archives.

Founded in 1954, as a private Institution in Detroit, the Archives became a bureau of the Smithsonian in 1970 following a resolution by the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian and the drafting of an agreement between the Archives' Board of Trustees and the Institution. The National Board of Trustees provides advice and assistance to the Board of Regents and to the Secretary on all matters relating to the Archives.

Research - The Archives' effectiveness is measured by the extent to which its collections are used. During FY 1985, 3,200 research visits were made to the various offices and 1,700 rolls of microfilm were lent to researchers from the United States and abroad. Research conducted at the Archives has resulted in more than 200 books, articles, exhibition catalogues, dissertations, and formal papers published or delivered this year. Information on the Archives' holdings is obtained from an ever expanding catalogue (a supplement to which was added this year); various inventories; numerous finding aids; descriptions published in the Archives' quarterly Journal ; and from talks and reports given by the staff to the scholarly community.

In FY 1986, increased emphasis will be placed on staff research and publication. The Archives' Journal will continue its concentration on the editing and publishing of significant materials from the collections, including letters , journals, photographs, and oral history interviews. The first of a separate series of documentary volumes on art in America will be sent to press next year.

Development of Collections - The collections of papers received in the past year cover precisely two centuries — from a 1783 letter to the uncle of Samuel F. B. Morse to the correspondence of Clement Greenberg which extends into 1983. In addition, the new acquisitions include: letters written by and to the 19th-century architect Robert Mills, who worked on three buildings now owned by the Smithsonian; some Morse family letters; the records of the influential Chicago art critic Clarence Bulliet and of the New York critics Clement Greenberg and Thomas Hess; papers of the painter and theorist John Graham; the papers of Jackson Pollock and his wife, Lee Krasner, two of the best known figures in 20th-century American art; Stuart Davis material which gives insight into artists' organizations of the 1930s; the complete records of the Betty Parsons Gallery which contain significant information on the American art market after World War II; a substantial collection of Marcel Breuer papers; and the voluminous files of the Institute of Contemporary Art in Washington, D. C., which record the history of a thriving 1950s organization whose aim was to bring contemporary culture to the Nation's Capital. In a particularly appropriate acquisition, this year the Archives received the personal and professional papers of its founder, the eminent art historian Edgar P. Richardson.

The Archives' Oral History Program continues. Thirty-five taped interviews were made this year with such artists as Aaron Bohrod of Chicago, Myron Stout of Provincetown, and Richard Diebenkorn of California. Among other influential art world figures interviewed were Nelson W. Aldrich, George C. Seybolt, and Robert Carlen. The Archives also conducted extensive videotaping sessions with David Hockney in Los Angeles and Marshall Fredericks in Detroit.

Surveys of art-related records in Philadelphia and Rhode Island will be completed in FY 1986. Examination of the holdings of New York institutions continues and a survey of documentary materials in the South has begun. Begun also in FY 1985, was a two year project in Chicago to collect documents in private hands and to duplicate holdings in institutions. Funding for these activities comes from foundation grants obtained by the Archives.

Exhibitions - The Archives of American Art lacks space in which to display its choicer holdings. The Archives, however, does lend selected items to museums to complement their art exhibitions. In FY 1985, these loans included several illustrated letters from American architects lent to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; sketches by Harrison Cady lent to a Cady exhibition at the University of Tennessee; records of the American Abstract Artists group lent to the Museum of Fine Arts in Houston; letters and other documents related to J. A. M. Whistler lent to Knoedler and Company; John Haberle sketches lent to the Museum of Fine Arts in Springfield, Massachusetts; and Picasso's list of French artists recommended for inclusion in the Armory Show of 1913 traveled to Edinburgh for the "Treasures from the Smithsonian" exhibition.

Public Education - The Archives' educational activities include symposia, staff lectures, participation in conferences, art tours, and publication of the quarterly Archives of American Art Journal . The Archives served, this year, as organizer and co-sponsor of "Los Angeles in the 1940s," a symposium on Southern California culture during and after World War II. Planning is under way for a conference on New Deal art and an accompanying guide to documentary material on that subject which are scheduled for next year. Early in FY 1986, From Reliable Sources , an extensively illustrated catalogue of selections from the collections, will be republished. This publication will emphasize the use of documentary records in historical research.

Conservation and Care of Collections - The process of identifying, photographing, and describing the drawings, sketches, prints, and other visual objects in the Archives continued in FY 1985. To date, several thousand items have been recorded, many of them of substantial esthetic and historical value. Automation of record keeping of the collections is well under way, and the application of computer technology to the cataloguing of collections will begin in FY 1986.

A further description of the Archives' inventory plans is included in the Collections Management/Inventory sections of this budget request.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1987 an increase of 1 workyear and $135,000 is requested for research ($25,000); collections management (1 workyear and $60,000); and automation ($50,000).

Research ($25,000) For FY 1987, $25,000 is sought to establish a base to launch a series of interpretive publications based on the collections of the Archives of American Art.

Publications by Archives staff have been limited by insufficient funds, which in the past were secured from small general operating funds, or small grants from foundations and private sources. Most of these publications have been reference works— printed card catalogues and guides. The addition of $25,000 for publications would stabilize funding support, thus allowing the Archives to publish important scholarly works and offer informative publications to the general public.

Among the many opportunities for publications, are plans to publish a descriptive guide to the collections which reflect the history of the federal art projects of the 1930s. The Archives of American Art contains the most complete records of the projects— artists' personal papers, oral history transcripts, and the official records of the projects. A series of essays by leading scholars and Archives staff, combined with a descriptive guide to the collections would be a significant contribution to the 50th anniversary decade of these federal programs. The request of $25,000 for FY 1987 would provide the necessary funds to engage scholars to write essays on the art of the period, and to prepare descriptions of the collections, detailing the federal art projects. Beyond FY 1987, these funds would provide the means to complete this endeavor, including the design, typesetting, and printing of an estimated 350-page book. After completion of the project, funding would be applied to additional publications. This would include a group of interpretive articles on the American Academy in Rome, whose complete records are held by the Archives. The effect of this classically oriented "graduate school" of fellows, which existed from 1895 until 1940, on the art, architecture, and urban design of the American city has yet to be assessed. Among the other publications planned is a series on sources and documents in the history of American art. This series would present important documents with interpretive essays and would be suitable for use in undergraduate and graduate programs to supplement textbook instruction.

Collections Management (1 workyear and $60,000) - Funding is required to enable the Archives to do critical organizational and conservation work on its invaluable collections of photographs and works on paper, and to make the information contained within the collections available for research. One workyear and a sum of $60,000 are requested in FY 1987 to enable the Archives to hire, for the first time, professional staff to work with the collections of photographs and works on paper. The increase would fund the establishment of a new position at the Archives (1 workyear and $40,000), and contractual conservation work on certain extremely valuable photographs and works on paper ($20,000).

The Archives has never had on its staff a professional with the needed degree of specialization in photography and works on paper. Such a person is urgently needed to

identify the most valuable items; to analyze the physical state of the works, many of which are in desperate need of repair and conservation; and to arrange for the treatment required. In addition, proper storage and basic preservation methods must be developed and the collections organized for their safekeeping and better use.

The collections which are in such critical need of care, are among the Smithsonian's best, most useful, yet least known groups of images. They consist of prints, which date from the 19th century to the present, and include images of artists, their families, friends, and colleagues, studios and homes, and works of art. Some 3,000 of the photographs, in addition to being important historical documents, are of great intrinsic value due either to their age and rarity or to their recognized fine art quality. Many of the drawings and prints were saved by artists for their personal collections.

Automation ($50,000) - For FY 1987 an amount of $50,000 is sought to purchase the remaining hardware and software needed for collections management and office automation in the regional centers; to support electronic transmission of data between the centers and the Washington-New York administrative headquarters; to underwrite maintenance contracts and to pay for computer resources which will permit the automation of the present catalogue and make information about holdings of the Archives more widely available to researchers.

Until 1984, the Archives of American Art conducted all its record-keeping operations manually. This, coupled with the complexity of the operation, the size of the collections, the multiple sources and different types of funding, the geographical dispersion of the regional centers, and inadequate staffing, made it impossible for the Archives to gain the control necessary to maintain properly a collection of eight million items, an active membership program, and a multiple office system.

Temporary reprogramming of base funds and assistance from Office of Information Resources Management, along with funds anticipated in FY 1986, will enable the Archives of American Art to install at least one collections management dedicated work station in each of its centers for use with the Institution's central bibliographic system, and to acquire the software programs needed to launch the automation of the catalogue. In FY 1987, the Archives plans to complete necessary purchase of local equipment to use the Institution's bibliographic system and to provide full office automation capabilities. Ultimately, each center will require:

- One subsystem to aid in collections management; the conversion of the catalogue from manual to automated; the entry of new catalogue data; and the tansmission of data between the central Smithsonian bibliographic system in Washington, D. C. and the various centers;

- An additional workstation for each regional office outside Washington to enable researchers to search the union catalogue in the Washington-based bibliographic system;

- Modems and other support for communications; and

- A subsystem for office automation needs, devoted primarily to office needs and integrated with the above system as required.

The $50,000 increase will bring the Archives base funding for its automation needs to $90,000. This base will be used to cover telecommunication charges, maintenance charges, user fees, and eventually, a scheduled replacement program to maintain the proper level of operations and collections management efforts.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - These funds are provided to defray costs associated with special events and to supplement the travel expenses incurred by the Archives' Board of Trustees. With partial support from an allotment, the Archives will publish its new edition of From Reliable Sources (estimated expenditures of $20,000 in FY 1985) , a publication which is the chief means of informing the public of the important documents in the Archives collections and the role of the Archives in preserving the records of American cultural history.

R estricted Funds - These funds are generated through fund-raising activities, the solicitation of gifts, as well as foundation and corporate grants, and a membership program. A substantial portion of this income is used to support the Archives' general operating expenses, including 16 full-time employees, its Oral History Program, and the entire publications program.

Foundation and corporate grants have provided the principal sources of support for special projects. Collecting projects funded by the Luce Foundation for projects in the South, Philadelphia, and Rhode Island will be completed in FY 1986 (estimated expenditures of $88,000 in FY 1986). Development of a film on the Archives' activities to reach a vastly increased audience, through television and other means of distribution, has been started through a grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Charitable Trust (estimated expenditures of $59,000 in FY 1987). An additional $100,000 will be sought from foundations and corporations to complete the film in FY 1988. In FY 1984, the Archives opened its Southern California Research Center, housed at the Huntington Library and Art Gallery and funded entirely by local contributions (estimated expenditures of $98,000 in FY 1986 and $104,000 in FY 1987). The project to identify and catalogue works of art on paper, funded by a Mellon Foundation grant, will be completed in FY 1986 (estimated expenditures of $13,000 in FY 1986). Support in FY 1986 and FY 1987 will be sought for a special Chicago collecting project (estimated expenditures of $69,000 in FY 1986 and $64,000 in FY 1987) and for contractual field collectors in the South, Minnesota, Missouri and other targeted areas (estimated expenditures of $86,000 in FY 1986 and $75,000 in FY 1987).

COOPER-HEWITT MUSEUM

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - The Cooper-Hewitt Museum opened its doors to the public in October 1976 as the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Design. Housed in New York City's national landmark Andrew Carnegie Mansion, and in the adjacent Miller House, the Cooper-Hewitt has world-renowned collections that include drawings, prints, textiles, wallcoverings, furniture, jewelry, glass, ceramics, metalwork and other examples of decorative and applied arts representing three millenia and dozens of cultures. The Museum is a leading international center for the study and interpretive display of the arts of design. With over 167,000 items in its inventoried permanent collections, the Cooper-Hewitt is responsible for the third largest group of objects in any single Smithsonian museum and more than twice the number inventoried by the rest of the Smithsonian's art museums combined. For FY 1987, an increase of 2 workyears and $72,000 is requested to provide curators for the departments of drawings and prints and decorative arts.

PROGRAM - The Cooper-Hewitt Museum is a center for collections, exhibitions and educational activities which explore the processes and products of historical and contemporary design. The Museum was established as the Cooper-Union Museum for the Arts of Decoration in 1897, a hands-on working laboratory for the benefit of anyone interested in design. Through the generosity of several benefactors, extraordinary resources were assembled and made available for study. The Cooper-Hewitt has since been acknowledged as one of the most distinguished "working" collections of its kind in the world.

In 1967, the Museum collections and library were transferred by the Cooper Union to the Smithsonian Institution and renamed the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Design. Today, the Museum is housed in a national and city landmark, a 1902 mansion built as the residence of philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, and in an adjacent townhouse. These properties were given to the Institution in 1972 by the Carnegie Corporation as a permanent home for the Museum. The Cooper-Hewitt is one of the principal attractions of New York City's famous "Museum Mile" on Fifth Avenue.

The Cooper-Hewitt would not exist in its present form without substantial private funding in practically every area of its operations, except the on-going maintenance and security of its facility which are federally funded. It is only through extensive fundraising and careful management that the Museum is able to offer its ambitious exhibition schedule year after year. The following review of the Museum's major accomplishments in FY 1985 and its plans for FY 1986 and beyond therefore reflect predominantly Trust-funded activities.

Exhibitions - The Museum presents between 12 and 16 exhibitions each year, both to generate revenues from admissions and to attract a broader audience. In FY 1985, the exhibitions presented European, Asian and American materials while a special group of projects addressed lesser-known paper-related arts, as well as books and libraries as design sources and products. "Objects of Adornment: Five Thousand Years of Jewelry from the Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore" was a wide-ranging survey of great beauty from a collection of maj or importance. "European Illustration: 1974-1984," organized especially for the Cooper-Hewitt, looked at modern trends in professional illustration work of several kinds. The figural representation of Europe, together with those of Asia, Africa and North America, formed the theme of an unusual survey of a major iconographic tradition in the decorative arts in "The Four Continents," an exhibition organized by a student in the Museum's Masters Degree Program. The exhibition "Celebration and Ceremony: Design in the Service of Wine," a panoramic look at objects, both ordinary and extraordinary, secular and sacred was made possible by a grant from Moet and Chandon Champagne and Hennessy Cognac.

Asian arts were featured in two specialized exhibitions during the year: "Fabled Cloth: Batik from Java's North Coast" and "Chinese Gold and Silver from the Tang Dynasty in American Collections." The Cooper-Hewitt costs for the batik project were underwritten with a grant from the Mobil Oil Corporation. American crafts and design traditions were the subjects of "Chicago Furniture: Art Craft and Industry, 1883-1983" and "Art Pottery: A New Vista in American Ceramics." The latter was a welcome opportunity to present an extraordinary collection of American art pottery which had recently been donated to the Museum, and which is now being circulated around the country under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service. With no permanent collection gallery space currently available , the Museum is always looking for ways such as this to use its own holdings in the context of changing and circulating exhibitions. "Designed for Theatre," an exhibition of 132 drawings from the Cooper-Hewitt' s extensive holdings of stage setting, costume designs and related works, was prepared for and provided to the Detroit Institute- of Arts in FY 1985 for this same reason.

"Cut Paper" presented over 150 examples of this traditional art form from several centuries and cultures around the world. The Museum's own holdings provided an important nucleus for that unusual survey, as well as three-quarters of "Old Master Prints from the Wallerstein Collection." Organized jointly by the Cooper-Hewitt, the Bell Gallery of Brown University and the Seattle Art Museum, the exhibition of 120 prints originally collected by Leo Wallerstein was drawn in large part from the 480 sheets he and his heirs had presented as gifts to the Cooper-Hewitt Museum. Durer, Schongauer and Rembrandt, among others, were well-represented in this celebration of printmaking genius. Printing arts also were an important aspect of an imaginative exploration of "Embellished Calendars" organized by the Cooper-Hewitt around specimens dating from the 13th-century to the present.

In yet another instance during FY 1985, the Museum's own holdings furnished rich materials for a temporary exhibition, the first devoted to its library, entitled "Timeless Sources: Rare Books in the Cooper-Hewitt Collection." This last was shown simultaneously with an informative study of one of history's greatest acts of continuing architectural patronage, "Carnegie Libraries: A Sesquicentennial Celebration." Andrew Carnegie's grants to build thousands of libraries around the world and the structures built with his funds seemed especially appropriate topics for exploration in the philanthropist's own house during the year which marked the 150th anniversary of his birth.

In FY 1986, the Cooper-Hewitt will continue to offer an impressively international spectrum of design-related exhibitions. "The Golden Eye," a Festival of India exhibition will showcase the impact of traditional Indian crafts upon the imagination of several of the world's leading designers. Contemporary Finnish glass, antique toys from the

Nuremburg Museum in Germany, Renaissance Hungarian gold and silver, and the iconoclastic 1980s furniture, textiles, and related designs of the international consortium known as "Memphis" are all slated for important exhibitions. "La Nijinska: A Dancer's Legacy," organized by the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco as a tribute to the international career of a major creative force in modern dance, will be premiered at the Cooper-Hewitt. The two organizations have been cooperating in fund-raising activities to make this eagerly awaited project possible.

Major private support has been developed by the Museum in the form of a grant from Louis Vuitton, Inc. for a yet-to-be-named exhibition on the subject of travel-related designs in FY 1986. Also in FY 1986, the Cooper-Hewitt plans to present the SITES exhibition "Hollywood: Legend and Reality." Other shows to be presented in FY 1986 include a survey of "Newcomb Pottery," 19th-century needlework portraits of tall ships, the historical evolution of playing cards, and milestones from the last fifty years of industrial design. The last-mentioned project is being funded by a grant from the Consumers Union Foundation.

Two major architectural exhibitions are being developed by the Museum for FY 1987. Although architecture has not been an exhibition subject at the Museum since the summer of 1984, it is always one of the Museum's fundamental interests and among its many awards, perhaps none was more welcome than the 1984 Institute Honor bestowed by the American Institute of Architects who cited the Cooper-Hewitt as having done more than any museum in America "to bring to the public's consciousness the role of architecture in the life of the nation." Continuing in that role, the Museum is now preparing "Berlin 1900-1933: Architecture and Design." Outside funding also will be sought for "Gaudi in Context," an unprecedented analysis of one of modern architecture's most enigmatic figures against the background of his native Catalonian traditional heritage and the work of his contemporaries. In FY 1987, the Museum also looks forward to a major exhibition on Louis H. Sullivan, one of America's own titans of modern architecture, as well as subsequent projects on the subjects of printed fabrics from our own collections, the arts and crafts movement in America, art nouveau designers in Belgium and Czechoslovakia, and designs inspired by the universal human experience of death, among others.

The Institution's special exhibition funds will be sought for the future exhibitions on design in response to death, and a tenth anniversary reinterpretation of themes suggested by the 1976 "ManTRANSforms" exhibition, the first exhibition the Museum presented in its current facilities.

Collections Management - Since the collection is so large, responsibilities in this area are considerable, and the collection management activities are continuous. Cataloguing of the collections continues as time permits; inventory records are being upgraded and reconciled with pre-inventory records in each of the curatorial departments. Each year, a portion of the collection is re-inventoried, as well.

Textile Conservation - Activities of the textile conservator in FY 1985 included: teaching in the Museum's Masters Degree Program; professional association activities such as sponsorship of a three-day symposium on occupational hazards for conservators; lecturing at the American Chemical Society; conserving, preparing for storage, and preparing for exhibition a 300-piece collection of 18th and 19th-century fans; and consultations with visitors from the textile conservator of Sweden's Royal Palace, a textile microsco-pist from the U.S. Customs Service, and a curator from Istanbul's Topkapi Museum, among several others.

In FY 1986, the conservator will continue to concentrate on work with the fans collection, but also will begin to identify fibers, then treat and prepare for storage and exhibition the Museum's large and important collection of 13th-century Spanish woven textiles.

Paper Conservation - The paper conservator has overseen treatment of 141 separate items in the first nine months of FY 1985, 60 of which were slated for loan or exhibition and 81 of which were treated as part of the on-going program of caring for permanent collection materials. In addition, the paper conservator managed a grant-funded statewide conservation advisory service for smaller museums , publishing five new information bulletins and re-publishing six others while arranging for surveys of numerous museums by qualified consultants and a series of seminars to be held at various sites around New York before the end of the year. Consultations were held at the Museum with a paper conservator from the National Park Service's Northeast Region, curators for Brunschweig, Germany's Museum of Judaica and the Chief for Photo Conservation of the Public Archives of Canada and a series of lectures was delivered for graduate students in New York University's School of Arts and Sciences.

A grant from the New York State Council on the Arts permitted the Museum in FY 1985 to contract an archivist consultant who prepared a plan of management for the important papers given to the Cooper-Hewitt by the preeminent Czechoslavakian graphic designer, Lladislav Sutnar. The Museum hopes to be able to arrange similar services in future years for several other archival collections which it has acquired over the years , but for which there has not been permanent staff available to act as managers.

The Registrar's Office is a major center of collections management activity. In the first half of FY 1985 alone, they recorded 673 accessions, oversaw all aspects of formal loan arrangements for 752 items borrowed from 53 separate lenders for nine different exhibitions and managed the loan of 385 Cooper-Hewitt items to 22 different borrowers in connection with 19 separate projects.

Acquisitions - Traditionally, acquisitions have been made by gift or bequest more frequently than by purchase. The Museum does have a very limited number of small, restricted funds for acquisitions and earned interest from two, larger acquisitions funds which it devotes to especially desirable purchases; Federal funds have never been available for this purpose at the Cooper-Hewitt. In FY 1985, some of the most important purchases included : a group of nine early 20th-century linen damask napkins made in the Netherlands; a very rare seven-meter length of hand-printed wallpaper made by the Reveillon firm of Paris in about 1800; two elevations for a house for P.J. Hertzel by the French architect Eugene Viollet-le-Duc, dated 1874; an unusual group of seven graphics documenting design for a printed silk by the renowned artist Raoul Dufy, who was employed by the French manufacturer Bianchini-Ferier between 1912 and 1928; and a spectacular 1907 English silver sideboard plate designed by L. Movio and made by Holland , Aldwinkle and Slater. During FY 1985, a group of 19th-century prints (portraying race horses) which had been left to the Museum by Erskine Hewitt, without restriction upon their use or disposal, was sold at public auction. The group was never considered to be a part of the Museum's permanent collections and bore no relationship to its other holdings. Some of the proceeds from this sale were applied toward the purchase of drawings by eight 20th-century architects, and the balance is retained for purchase of suitable rare book material.

Publications - A larger than usual number of the exhibitions which appeared at the Museum in FY 1985, were originated at other institutions and came with publications. However, the Cooper-Hewitt's own publications program, which operates strictly with private funds, was nevertheless busy. A thorough catalogue of the American art pottery collection will be completed and published in FY 1986 after more than a year's work. A portion of the sponsor's grant made possible a very handsome book with the same title as the exhibition, "Celebration and Ceremony: Designs for Wine," and a commercial publisher has approached the Museum for distribution rights to a reprint of this volume. The publications office also assists in the production of four illustrated newsletters which are sent to the Museum's members each year, as well as four brochures describing the changing subscription program offerings available at the Museum in quarterly curriculum groups.

A collection handbook, describing the range of the Museum's rare book holdings was produced with the aid of a generous grant from Mr. Arthur Ross to accompany the "Timeless Sources" exhibition. Work also progressed throughout FY 1985 on two additional handbooks devoted to theater designs and landscape architecture materials, respectively.

Planned publications for FY 1986 and beyond now include an innovative document to accompany "The Golden Eye," and a book on designs for travel, both of which will be funded by the sponsors' grants. Commercial publishers in Europe are being approached about the scholarly studies which are in prospect for the Berlin and Gaudi exhibitions, as well. The Museum is forming plans for the continuation of its co-publishing arrangement with the Book-of-the-Month Club and hopes to be able to produce another volume in its continuing "immovable objects" series of special design studies. Substantial encouragement for the Cooper-Hewitt publishing program was received on two fronts in FY 1985. A grant from the J. M. Kaplan Fund was awarded for the establishment of a revolving fund to help produce catalogues for major exhibitions when such books would otherwise be beyond the Museum's means; and two Cooper-Hewitt publications, Cities: The Forces That Shape Them and- American Enterprise : Nineteenth Century -Patent Models were selected to receive design achievement awards from the National Endowment for the Arts' First Annual Presidential Design Awards Program. Both publications won several other professional awards, as well.

E ducation - The Masters Degree Program in the history of the decorative arts continues to be operated, in collaboration with Parsons School of Design/New School for Social Research, entirely with private funds. Graduates from the first class have taken positions with the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the J. Paul Getty Museum, the Baltimore Museum of Art, the London Museum (England), and the St. Louis Museum of Art, among others. The Helena Rubinstein Foundation and the Ford Foundation, among others, have provided scholarship funds for needy students and the Museum hopes to see the availability of such support expanded in FY 1986 and FY 1987. Particularly gratifying to the Museum was the fact that two minority students were graduated from this important professional training program in FY 1985.

Outreach - Throughout FY 1985, due to Trust fund budget constraints, the Museum suspended most of its activities for younger students and many outreach audiences and has used this time to reevaluate traditional activities of this sort, since the Director is chairing a special committee on museum education for the Association of Art Museum Directors. Nevertheless, the Museum annually provides professional training opportunities to a large number of interns and a small group of privately subsidized fellows, and numbered 5,000 students (a larger student body than many small colleges) as attendees at its subscription program courses and study-tours throughout FY 1985. In the areas of architectural history, the history of the decorative arts, and the history of design, recent course offerings included surveys of the following: Renaissance decorative arts, the English Renaissance, French baroque and rococo interiors, Meissen porcelain, the German neo-classical architecture of Karl Friedrich Schinkel and his contemporaries, the American architecural genius of Thomas Jefferson, the history of English taste, Victorian-period majolica, the English architect and designer William Morris and his relationship to the international arts and crafts movement, the Scottish architect-designer Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Edith Wharton and the decoration of houses, the American arts and crafts movement, and seaside resorts in America. In addition, there were surveys of Vienna as a turn-of-the-century design capital, the "progressive" interior from 1895 to 1945, the Beaux Arts architectural tradition on two continents, architecture since 1945, vernacular and popular cultural influences on 20th-century design, the history and evolution of five leading American schools of design, post-war design trends in Italy, and contemporary religious architecture.

Two privately-subsidized lecture series were devoted to four centuries of master drawings and the fertile influences of oriental culture on western design traditions.

Other offerings explored oriental carpets, Japanese design in the 1980's, the Tang dynasty in China, the arts of Indonesia, 20th-century graphic design, contemporary developments in illustration, 20th-century jewelry design, 20th-century textiles, damask, quilt-making, papermaking, and the book-arts.

Special Events - In the first nine months of FY 1985, the Museum has hosted 27 special events attended by nearly 6,500 persons. On one night alone, the Museum Mile Festival, another 8,109 people visited the galleries in a three-hour period. Course attendance and special events figures, by virtue of standing policy, are not reported in the Museum's general attendance statistics, but they suggest the constantly growing uses to which the facility and its programs are subject.

Special events are an important benefit for both individual and corporate members. In FY 1985, a direct-mail solicitation of nearly 100,000 addresses yielded a satisfying total of 671 new membership enrollments, many of which were for more than one person. In the same period (through the first three quarters) the Museum's Corporate Membership Program has produced a gross income of nearly $60,000, over half of which has been applied against various exhibition project costs. In FY 1986 and beyond, the Museum hopes to see modest growth in this useful category of private support for operational expenses. The highest current priorities for special project fundraising in the Museum's development office include the Nijinska, Berlin, and Gaudi exhibitions, all of which require substantial grants. Subsidies are also required for the scheduled exhibitions on the American advertising industry, antique toys, and both the Hungarian and Finnish projects.

Capital Campaign - To raise a proposed $11.5 million for the Institution's share of design and construction costs for a new wing which will link the Mansion with the adjacent Miller House, a Capital Campaign is being prepared with the Cooper-Hewitt by the professional fundraising firm of Brakeley, John Price Jones. A special office has been at work on-site at the Museum throughout FY 1985. Important progress was made in FY 1985 with the visits of several Regents to New York to study current conditions and the limitations of the physical plant and the subsequent, unanimous decision by the Board to seek authorization for a federal appropriation of $11.5 million as one-half of the total necessary to renovate and construct an adequate museum facility which will incorporate the most important elements of the existing structures. Over $3 million has been raised thus far and a national committee comprised of influential friends of the Smithsonian was established to identify potential major donors. Additional committees of professional interest groups and others who support the Museum's activities also are envisioned .

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - Research (2 workyears and $72,000) - In FY 1987, 2 workyears and $72,000 are requested to provide for an associate curator in the Department of Drawings and Prints, and an associate curator in the Department of Decorative Arts.

In the Cooper-Hewitt's departments of printings and drawings and decorative arts, collections more numerous than the entire holdings of many other complete museums are being curated by just one professional curator. Apart from the sheer size of the collections, their diversity (from ancient materials to contemporary, from oriental to American to European) creates a formidable challenge to those who must study and care for them. There is only one curator for each of these major collections and the pressures of a necessarily active exhibition schedule, combined with the scope and range of the collections and active education programs, leave little or no time for on-going research projects or the effort that is necessary to shape the collections through coordinated acquisitions and related procedures. This leaves the Museum with curatorial resources stretched too thin to attend to these equally important curatorial duties. Were a curator to retire, there is no staff person familiar with the collections which number in the

tens of thousands. Responsible, prudent management dictates the necessity of broadening our expertise, distributing a shared workload more equitably, and developing mid-level curatorial talents who will ultimately be able to lead each department.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - These are derived from a variety of sources including museum shop sales, product development, membership and admission fees, donations, fund-raising events, and allotments. The allotments support salaries of the director, administrative office and various other staff members and help defray expenses associated with special events such as exhibition openings. Specific funds are used to support educational programs, museum shop expenses, exhibitions and publications for the Museum.

Restricted Funds - These funds are provided from grants, bequests, and other donations from individuals, foundations, organizations, or corporations for specific purposes. In FY 1986 and FY 1987, these funds will support exhibitions such as the following which are described in the preceding narrative: "Gaudi in Context" (estimated expenditures of $200,000 in FY 1986 and $243,000 in FY 1987); ••Wine" (estimated expenditure of $32,000 in FY 1986); "Death" (estimated expenditures of $57,000 in FY 1986 and $288,000 in FY 1987); "Travel Designs" (estimated expenditure of $160,000 in FY 1986); and "ManTRANSforms II" (estimated expenditures of $150,000 in FY 1986 and $60,000 in FY 1987).

Federal Grants and Contracts - These funds are provided by various government agencies and departments for specific program support. The Museum annually seeks funding in varying amounts from the New York State Council on the Arts for exhibition support and other programs as well. Requests for six separate projects were submitted for possible funding in FY 1986 (estimated expenditures of $50,000 in FY 1986 and in FY 1987).

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AFRICAN ART

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - The National Museum of African Art is the only museum in the United States devoted solely to the collection, preservation and explication (through exhibitions, related educational programs, research and documentation) of the visual arts of Africa. Founded in 1964 as a private institution, the Museum became a bureau of the Smithsonian Institution in August 1979 following the enactment of Public Law 95-414. In 1986, the Museum is expected to move from its Capitol Hill location to The Mall as a part of the Smithsonian's Center for African, Near Eastern, and Asian Cultures. For FY 1987, an increase of 9 workyears and $252,000 is requested to provide necessary support for the expanded programs that will be presented in the Quadrangle, scheduled to open in 1987. A further amount of 6 workyears and $136,000 is required to annualize the partial year funding for 14 positions requested in the FY 1986 budget for Quadrangle-related support.

PROGRAM - The National Museum of African Art (NMAfA) has a unique role in the United States museum community. As the only museum devoted solely to the collection, study and exhibition of African art, the NMAfA endeavors to promote through the visual arts an interest in and understanding of the diverse cultures in Africa south of the Sahara. Although the Museum's primary emphasis is on the traditional cultures of the sub-Saharan region, it also studies, and occasionally exhibits, the ancient and contemporary arts of the entire continent. The Museum develops and implements a variety of interpretive programs: exhibitions,lectures, tours, classes, workshops, audio-visual presentations, and publications. Each program endeavor is motivated by the esthetics of traditional African art, and the Museum actively cooperates and coordinates its activities with those organizations and institutions whose purposes are complementary.

In the spring of 1986, the Museum is expected to move to its new location as a part of the Center for African, Near Eastern, and Asian Cultures. During the ensuing months, the Museum's plans and efforts will be directed intensively toward preparations for the scheduled 1987 opening at which time all museum programs must be fully operational. The increase requested for FY 1986 will enable the Museum to strengthen its staff by the addition of 14 new positions and to develop and produce programs in research, exhibitions, collections, and public education and orientation of the highest quality.

Research - During FY 1985, the NMAfA completed the initial phase of the Union Catalogue of all African art objects in the collections of the Smithsonian, a project begun in FY 1984 and coordinated for the entire Institution by the National Museum of Natural Hi story/Museum of Man. Computer entries have now been made in a standard format

for approximately 6,000 objects in the collection of the NMAf A and photographs have been taken of most of the Museum's primary holdings. Ongoing review and revision of these entries will reflect the most current field data and reference literature and assure accurate regional and ethnic style attribution, and when possible, chronological classifications. This information will be merged with similar data on all other African art objects in the Smithsonian collections, enabling collection information to be compiled and presented in a systematic format. The absence of a standard specialized terminology in African art studies has been one of the most difficult aspects of research. The Union Catalogue addresses this need for standardization by utilizing terminology that is suited uniquely to the special requirements of African art research.

A major research component of the NMAfA is the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archive, one of the largest archives in existence on African art, culture and environment. Donations in FY 1985 of nearly 2,000 color slides and 3,500 black and white photographs have increased its holdings to about 35,000 color slides and 38,500 photographs as well as 75,000 feet of unedited film footage and 50 feature films. Among the gifts received in 1985 was a group of over 2,400 field photographs of Nigeria and Zaire, taken between 1949 and 1959, including photographs of the first excavations at Ife and material for a Yoruba art survey. Also received in 1985 was a collection of over 400 vintage field photographs of Zaire, Sudan, the East African Coast, including Zimbabwe, taken in 1932. The staff of the Archive responded to well over 1,000 telephone and written requests for visual information and supplied duplicate slides and photographs to students, scholars, universities, museums and other organizations. Within the Museum, the curatorial and education staff depend upon the Archive for research, exhibition and teaching purposes.

An important aspect of the photo archive is the conservation and preservation of the slides, negatives, prints and film which comprise its holdings. In FY 1985, as part of this ongoing program, the duplication of 1,400 glass negatives and lantern slides, in order to protect originals from further handling, was begun and the transfer of black and white negatives to archival quality storage sleeves was continued.

The increased funding requested for FY 1986 will enable the Museum to add to the permanent staff a curator of Central African art. NMAfA curators have regional specialization as a result of their graduate training. This assures that expert research work is carried out on the permanent collection and for exhibitions. The addition of Central African curatorial expertise assures that research for that area meets the highest professional standards. The FY 1986 requested increase will also permit the addition to the staff of a secretary to handle correspondence and filing for the entire curatorial department.

Exhibitions - During FY 1985, the Museum presented three major traveling exhibitions, beginning with "Praise Poems: The Katherine White Collection," one of the foremost American private collections of African art, now a part of the Seattle Art Museum, the organizer of the exhibition. This was followed by "African Masterpieces from the Musee de l'Homme," an exhibition organized by The Center for African Art, New York. Consisting of 100 celebrated works collected by early French explorers during anthropological expeditions, or received as gifts, the works are a part of the Musee de l'Homme collection. This outstanding exhibition brought record numbers of visitors to the Museum during its two month stay. In July 1985, the Museum opened "Igbo Arts: Community and Cosmos" organized by the UCLA Museum of Cultural History, consisting of more than 100 examples of Igbo art from museum and private collections in the United States, Canada, Europe and Nigeria. This first comprehensive survey of Igbo art illustrated the richness and complexity of the diversity of art styles among 10 million people living in southeastern Nigeria. The Museum also continued its popular series of small rotating exhibitions focusing on individual objects in the Museum's collection.

While still operating at its location on Capitol Hill during the first part of 1986, the Museum's exhibition schedule will include: (1) "History, Content and Materials: Objects from the Permanent Collection"; (2) a collection of photographs which were donated to the Museum's photo archive by Constance Stuart Larrabee; (3) "The Rising of a New Moon: A Century of Tabwa Art," a major international loan exhibition of approximately 100 Tabwa objects from European and American public and private collections, organized by the University of Michigan Museum of Art, that premiered at the National Museum of African Art. The final exhibition at the Museum's Capitol Hill location will be "Bamana Figure Sculpture," an exhibition of approximately 40 sculptures from the Batnana people of Mali, borrowed from museums and private collections in the United States. After the Washington, D. C. venue, this exhibition will travel to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.

Planning and preparation for the exhibitions, which will open in the Center for African, Near Eastern, and Asian Cultures in the spring of 1987, are well under way. The major loan exhibition, "African Art and the Cycle of Life," will include objects of the highest esthetic quality, borrowed from public and private collections in Europe, the United States, and Africa. Two of the three major opening exhibitions, "African Textiles from the Permanent Collection" and "African Art from the Permanent Collection," will include recent acquisitions, the majority of which have never been exhibited. There will also be photographic exhibitions illustrating aspects of African art, culture and environment.

The funding requested for FY 1986 will provide for increased staff to support an expanded exhibition program in the new location, a space more than four times larger than the Museum's present facility. With the addition of an exhibit production assistant, shop foreman and carpenter, on-site construction of some of the exhibition components can begin immediately following the move to the Quadrangle in the spring of 1986. A graphic designer and a writer/editor who will also join the staff in FY 1986 will assist with the design and production of printed materials such as catalogues, informational brochures, gallery guides, text and photo panels, all of which are planned to accompany the exhibitions. Audio-visual equipment will be installed and program material will be developed to further enhance the visitors' perception of African art in its cultural context.

Since a varied and substantive exhibition program is one of the most effective methods the Museum has to assure public understanding of African art and culture and also to generate new research in the field, the planning and development of future exhibitions is a continuous process. Thus, even before the opening of the inaugural exhibitions in the Quadrangle, planning is under way on those that will follow. As now planned, these future exhibitions will include: "Swahili Arts of the East African Coast"; "Bamana Puppets, Masks and Irons"; "African Skeuomorphs"; and "African Master Carvers."

Collections Management - An increase in base funding requested in FY 1986 will permit the addition to the staff of a photographer to provide an ongoing visual record of collection material (essential to collections management), publications, public information and the Museum's education and outreach programs. The increase will also provide for two temporary museum technicians to assist the Museum's permanent staff in packing and inventorying the entire collection prior to and following the move to the Quadrangle.

Education and Public Orientation - The Museum's programs for education and public orientation are as diverse as the vast audience they serve. Tours for nearly 300 elementary and secondary school groups were scheduled during FY 1985; an equal number of requests could not be accommodated due to space and staff limitations. More than 100 art workshops were presented in FY 1985, including those for children, adults and family groups.

In addition to scheduled tours and art workshops, the Museum also offers outreach programs to schools, senior citizens, and other audiences for whom the Museum is not readily accessible. In FY 1985, outreach programs reached more than 1,500 persons at 100 sites in the Washington metropolitan area. These included special programs presented at St. Elizabeth's and D. C. Children's Hospital, and a pilot African art program at a local elementary school which will be offered to selected schools in 1986. In conjunction with the Museum collections, research program and exhibitions, a substantive program of lectures, films, and demonstrations were scheduled throughout FY 1985 to enhance visitor appreciation and understanding of African art and culture. For example, a special film series which featured the works of a renowned British filmmaker, Francis Speed, explored the history of ethnographic filmmaking in Africa. For teachers, the Museum created special written material for each exhibition, and offered training workshops to demonstrate how the Museum can serve as a teaching resource within the curriculum.

With a grant obtained in FY 1985, the Museum produced the first of a series of publications on African art and culture for elementary and secondary schools. This first publication concerned the art and history of ancient African kingdoms. Future publications will focus on artistic techniques such as textiles, ceramics, or the arts of individual regions or ethnic groups.

Collection Acquisitions - The Museum's permanent collection of 6,000 objects is its primary resource for research, exhibition, publication and education programs. While the present collection is broad in its sub-Saharan representation, the Museum has worked steadily to strengthen its holdings from the regions of the western part of the Sudan, the Guinea Coast, and central Africa. In order to assure the highest quality and regional scope of the collection, an active acquisition program is essential. The increase of funds received in FY 1986 will enable the Museum to fill systematically some of the most serious gaps in the collection with objects of the finest esthetic merit.

In FY 1985, the Museum acquired 65 works of art of which 53 were donated by private collectors. Of the total acquisitions, six were purchased with privately donated funds and six with appropriated funds. Among those acquired with appropriated funds were: Ghana, Akan funerary commemorative head; Zaire, Eastern Kuba raffia applique textile; Nigeria, Annang Ibibio shrine cloth; Ghana, Akan man's robe. Included among those purchased with privately donated funds are a collection of miniature Angola, Chokwe sculptures and a Zaire, Tio clay vessel. In addition, an extraordinary private collection of 13 objects from various sub-Saharan regions was donated in order to enrich the Museum's permanent holdings in preparation for its opening on The Mall. Of special note in this gift is a Cameroon, Bamum memorial grave figure. It is unique in the corpus of African sculpture and is dated 1908.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1987, an increase of 9 workyears (for 10 positions) and $252,000 is requested to prepare for the expanded activities that will be presented in the Quadrangle, scheduled to open in 1987. A further amount of 6 workyears and $136,000 is required to annualize the partial-year funding for 14 positions requested in the FY 1986 budget for Quadrangle-related support.

Exhibitions (6 workyears and $129,000) - Funding in FY 1986 totaling $1,211,000 will provide for costs associated with the design, production and installation of exhibitions in the Quadrangle facility. In order to complete the staffing as planned, an increase of 6 workyears and $129,000 is requested in FY 1987. This would provide for the addition to the staff of an assistant in the exhibition design office; a graphic production assistant, who will assist in the production of silkscreened materials; a carpenter and a painter, who will work with the exhibit production unit; and an art handler and a packer, who will assist in exhibition installation as well as the packing/unpacking of loan material. Since these staff additions will be needed to design, produce and install not only the inaugural exhibition, but future exhibitions as well, this increase will be retained in FY 1988 and subsequent years.

Automation (.25 workyear and $59,000) - A basic automation program has been developed that would permit registration and curatorial staff to participate in the central collection information system; to permit administrative staff to perform more efficiently functions such as budget control, filing and personnel record keeping; and to equip clerical, public information, education and editorial staff with word processors. Base funding of $50,000 requested in FY 1986 will provide for the purchase of a portion of the equipment (eight workstations, eight printers, one file server, and software) as specified in the basic automation plan and necessary staff training. The requested increase of $59,000 will allow the purchase of additional automation equipment, staff training, annual maintenance, software, and cost-sharing of central computer system ($52,000).

It is anticipated that by mid-FY 1987, sufficient automation equipment will have been acquired to require the addition to the staff of a computer assistant to assure the most effective use of the automation equipment and to coordinate data applications ($7,000). (Funding for full year costs of this position is anticipated in the FY 1988 budget request.)

In FY 1988 and following years, total base funding of $109,000 will be retained to cover the cost of annual maintenance, additional software, cost-sharing of the central computer system and cyclical replacement of equipment.

Research (1 workyear and $25,000) - For FY 1986, the requested amount of $51,000 will permit the addition to the permanent staff of a curator for Central African art and one secretary for the entire curatorial department. The requested increase of $25,000 in FY 1987 will provide for the addition of an assistant curator, thereby providing assistant and senior curatorial specialization for the major sub-Saharan geographic/culture regions: West, Central, and Southern/Eastern — that are represented in the collection and in the Museum's exhibition schedule.

Education and Public Orientation (1.75 workyears and $39,000) - Since the National Museum of African Art will open its new expanded facility in the Quadrangle in the spring of 1987, additional staff positions are required to strengthen departments that will develop and conduct programs for a substantially larger public audience.

For FY 1986, the request of $133,000 will permit the addition of two staff positions in the education department, an education specialist to conceive and develop special exhibition programs for the general public, and a docent/intern coordinator. Also, FY 1986 funds will provide for the development and production of a new educational outreach program and related printed materials for a series program of combined school and in-house sessions designed to prepare elementary school students for an in-depth exposure to African art and culture at the Museum. A variety of public information materials such as information flyers, general museum brochures, a calendar of events, and public service announcements for both radio and television will be made available to supplement this program.

The requested increase of 1.75 workyears and $39,000 for FY 1987 will allow the addition of an education specialist whose primary responsibility will be elementary/secondary level programming and outreach programs, and a secretary to assist the Public Affairs Office with the increased volume of activity that will result from the expansion of the Museum's programs and audience. (Funding for the full-year costs of these positions is anticipated in the FY 1988 budget request.) Since these departments will continue to serve an increasingly large audience, funding for these positions will be necessary in FY 1988 and the following years.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - These are derived from the Museum's share of sales in the museum shop, membership contributions, courses conducted in

cooperation with Washington metropolitan area public education institutions , and allotments. They are used to provide additional support for the Museum's education and collection acquisition programs, exhibition openings and to defray travel costs associated with meetings of the Museum's Commission. An allotment was provided in FY 1985 and in FY 1986 for the mortgage payments at the present location on Capitol Hill and to support insurance premiums plus the salary and benefits costs of two employees.

Restricted Funds - Funds provided here are in the form of grants and gifts from individuals, foundations, organizations or corporations for specific purposes. Generally, they provide support for a particular project or exhibition. For example, in FY 1985 a grant received from the Women's Committee of the Smithsonian National Associates Program enabled the Museum to purchase materials used in two educational outreach programs, "Animal Symbolism" and "African Music." A grant from the Friends of the National Museum of African Art provided funds for the purchase of two beaded hats from the Toposa people of Sudan, while a James Smithson Society grant enabled the Museum to acquire a rare Tetela mask from Zaire. These funds and those from various individuals and other organizations provided supplemental support for the acquisitions program. A grant from the Shell Companies Foundation provided funds to begin a publication series for the Museum's Education Department (estimated expenditures of $10,000 in FY 1986). To supplement appropriated funds for planning and preparation of one of the major inaugural exhibitions, "African Art and the Cycle of Life," a three-year grant from the Cafritz Foundation was awarded in 1985 (estimated expenditures of $166,000 in FY 1986 and $78,000 in FY 1987). Currently the Museum is working to secure funds from private sources to exercise purchase options on an extraordinary collection of 62 objects of African art assembled over the years by a Belgian collector. The collection ranges from the 12th to 15th century A.D. to the mid-20th century. A third of the collection, which is in hand, was purchased during FY 1985 (estimated expenditure of $550,000). An intensive development effort continues to assure the acquisition of the balance (estimated expenditures of $500,000 in FY 1986 and in FY 1987). Additional gifts and grants are anticipated to support a special publication program, the first volume of which is titled African Art in American Collections (estimated expenditures of $19,000 in FY 1986 and $29,000 in FY 1987).

ANACOSTIA NEIGHBORHOOD MUSEUM

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - Founded in 1967, the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum serves as a national resource for exhibitions, scholarly and applied research, historical documentation, and interpretive and educational programs relating to black history and culture in America. Located in the Anacostia neighborhood in the southeast section of Washington, D.C. (approximately six miles from The Mall), the Museum currently occupies public and exhibition space in the old Carver Theater (2405 Martin Luther King, Jr., Avenue) and an Exhibits Laboratory Building at Fort Stanton Park. No program increase is requested for FY 1987.

PROGRAM - The Anacostia Neighborhood Museum is a national prototype for scholarly and applied research, historical documentation, exhibition, and interpretive and educational programs relating to the experience of black Americans and their contributions to science, history and the arts. The Museum serves as a source of materials on black American history for similar institutions around the Nation and demonstrates to other museums and neighborhoods new and innovative ways of inviting nontraditional museum audiences into the worlds of science, history, and the arts. Moreover, the Museum serves as a cultural resource for the people of Anacostia.

Presenting American history from a black perspective through its research, exhibitions and educational activities, the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum also cooperates with other Smithsonian units to strengthen their own capabilities in research and exhibitions on subjects related to black history and culture. The Museum is an active member of the African American Museums Association and works with other museums and research institutions, universities, and archives throughout the United States to enhance the awareness and appreciation of the contributions of black history and culture to American society.

Research - During FY 1984 and FY 1985, the scripting and artifact search was completed for two major exhibitions: "Black Women: Achievements Against the Odds," and "The Renaissance: Black Arts of the Twenties," both of which are described later under "Exhibitions." Originally developed as a museum piece and traveling exhibit in 1975-76, "Black Women" was updated, redesigned and rescripted for new audiences.

In FY 1985, the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum and the National Museum of American History have continued dialogue and planning concerning the staffing and implementation

of the Checklist of Afro-American Artifacts at the National Museum of American History , a project which will mark the culmination of several years of talks and activity between Anacostia and the National Museum of American History about collaborating on projects of mutual benefit and interest. When completed in FY 1986, the checklist will be invaluable to the research program at the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum, as well as to other scholars and interested public.

In support of a major forthcoming exhibition, "Climbing Jacob's Ladder: One Hundred Fifty Years of Black Church History, 1750-1900" (tentatively scheduled for late FY 1987) , Anacostia research staff have made contact with and visited individual congregations and major repositories of church records in the following cities: Savannah and Augusta, Georgia; Nashville and Jackson, Tennessee; Salisbury, Raleigh and Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Charleston, South Carolina; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; New York, New York; Boston, Massachusetts; and Richmond, Virginia. Basic research has been conducted, objects, artifacts and memorabilia have been located, and loan agreements are being negotiated. This research project, reported in the Smithsonian Institution Research Reports (No. '44 Winter 1985), already has attracted keen and enthusiastic interest in the academic/museum community. The Museum has also successfully negotiated with Tuskegee Institute in Alabama for the use of photographic/visual records housed in the P.H. Polk Archives. The first museum permitted to use this collection, Anacostia will present items from this collection in an exhibition "P. H. Polk: The Man and His Works," featuring vintage photographs by Prentice H. Polk (1898-1985), who highlighted southern folk and folkways in his work.

Traveling Exhibitions - In cooperation with the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES), the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum has produced several traveling exhibitions related to the history, culture, and achievements of black Americans, including "Out of Africa," "Blacks in the Westward Movement," "Black Women: Achievements Against the Odds," and "The Frederick Douglass Years." As part of the commemoration of the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Centennial in 1982, Anacostia presented "Mary McLeod Bethune and Roosevelt's 'Black Cabinet'," which became a traveling exhibition after its showing at the Museum. These traveling exhibitions allow the Museum to reach diverse national audiences in addition to those who are able to visit the Washington-based facility. For instance, more than 5,500 students and visitors to the Mary McLeod Bethune Home/Archives and gravesite at Bethune-Cookman College in Daytona Beach, Florida, saw "Mary McLeod Bethune and Roosevelt's 'Black Cabinet'" during the past year as part of the commemoration of the 110th anniversary of her birth (July 10, 1875). During FY 1985, "Out of Africa" was exhibited at the Boston Afro-American National Historical Site, and "Black Wings" was exhibited by Broward Community College in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, and by the Federal Aviation Administration in East Point, Georgia.

Exhibitions at the Museum - During FY 1984, Anacostia produced and exhibited a third copy of the National and Air Space Museum exhibition, "Black Wings : The American Black in Aviation," enhanced by selected artifacts and memorabilia added by Anacostia.(April to August 1984), which is presently being toured by SITES. During FY 1985, "Black Women: Achievements Against the Odds" (shown from October 1984 to June 1985), and "The Renaissance: Black Arts of the Twenties" (scheduled to open in September 1985 and run through December 1986) were presented. "Black Women" presents the adversities, contributions, and varied roles of a representative group of 113 American black women, from the noted slave-poetess Phillis Wheatley (born in 1753) to the distinguished former Congresswoman Barbara Jordan. Designed as a panel show, "Black Women" provides biographical and historical data, characteristic quotations, and little known vintage photographs of the women highlighted. "The Renaissance: Black Arts of the Twenties" will document and highlight the achievements of the black literary community during the 1920s, including the influences of the leading protagonists and supporters of the "New Negro Movement" and its subsequent impact on the arts. This exhibition, greatly enhanced by material loaned by major archival repositories, the Library of Congress, and private collectors and

patrons of the arts, also will feature audio-visual presentations. In FY 1987, two art shows will also be presented—one will be the art works of the D.C. Art Association, and another will feature the works of Sam Gilliam and two other local artists.

Exhibition plans for FY 1987 and beyond will continue to emphasize both black history and the role of blacks in American art and culture. "Climbing Jacob's Ladder: One Hundred Fifty Years of Black Church History, 1750-1900" will show the historic black church as truly a rock in a weary land and a shelter in a time of storm. Although it was first and foremost an agency for lifting the spirit, its concern always extended beyond spiritual needs to include the total aspirations of the community. "Black Inventors" will explore Afro-American contributions to science, creative genius, and technology. "P. H. Polk: A Man and His Work" will feature photographs taken by Prentice H. Polk (1898-1985), highlighting southern folklife. To commemorate the centennial of the birth of the labor leader and civil rights advocate, Asa Philip Randolph, in April 1989, the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum will prepare a mini-exhibition on his life and achievements. The exhibition is scheduled to run from April through July 1989, and will be accompanied by a symposium or series of lectures that would bring together labor leaders, civil rights leaders, and scholars to mark the anniversary.

Public Education and Orientation - During FY 1984 and FY 1985, Anacostia Neighborhood Museum staff, with the assistance of volunteers, conducted tours for elementary and secondary school groups, gave lectures to museum audiences and academic and professional groups, and developed special presentations and interpretive programs to amplify and support exhibitions. A new program developed in FY 1984, "The Lunch Box Forum," has brought together community residents, colleagues from other Smithsonian museums and other interested individuals in an informal discussion series covering topics of interest to the black community. "Forum" topics have included "Afro-American Migration: 1915-1940," "Coming in 1985: A National Magazine of Afro-American Culture," "Future Plans for the National Museum of African Art," the experiences of an original member of the Tuskegee-trained 99th Fighter Squadron, "Underpinning of a Neighborhood Museum," "Dynamics Women Face in the 1980s: The Black Superwoman, Male/Female Relationships, and the Single Woman," and "Perspectives on Africa."

In a workshop, "Using Personal Histories to Motivate Learning," which was sponsored by the Museum, the D.C. Council on the Social Studies, and the D.C. Public Schools Instructional Services Center, teachers viewed the "Black Women" exhibition and heard a colleague of the late civil rights activist Fannie Lou Haraer discuss the impact of the Civil Rights Movement on the speaker's life as a youngster growing up in Mississippi. The workshop participants also shared personal histories and ideas for classroom use and sang songs from Movement days.

An educator's preview of the "Black Women" exhibition brought many of the personalities on view to life as relatives and closest associates shared experiences and remembrances of black women achievers. The Museum also sponsored teacher workshops/meetings on "Paper as Art." Workshop participants learned how to make paper and then use it to create a work of art. Other educational programs included a lecture series on black women in politics, science, engineering, the arts, and broadcasting; presentations by master storytellers; and an award ceremony given in recognition of the services provided by the more than 40 volunteers working at the Museum.

The Museum will continue strengthening its community relations with schools, senior centers, group homes, and other sites in the Washington metropolitan area, with special emphasis on Anacostia; and the development of assessment programs to measure its effectiveness and to enable the Museum to continue to improve the quality of its services.

Museum Facilities - With funding provided as part of the Restoration and Renovation appropriation in FY 1984 and FY 1985, construction of the addition to the Museum's Fort

Stanton facilities began in FY 1985. The new addition will provide safe, dry, and environmentally controlled exhibition areas adjacent to the Museum's Exhibits Laboratory and will include an exhibits staging area that will minimize the period that the Museum must be closed during the dismantling or installation of an exhibition. It is anticipated that construction will be completed in the spring of 1986. The Museum's public exhibition and education facilities then will be relocated to the Fort Stanton building and the lease of the old Carver Theatre will be terminated. It is anticipated that the savings realized by terminating the leases of the Carver Theatre and its adjacent lot will be applied initially to equipping and furnishing the new facility, and in subsequent years to enhancing research and exhibition production capability.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - Funds are provided by an annual allotment to cover the salary and benefits costs of a woodcrafter. During FY 1986, this woodcrafter will work on panels for hanging art work and build exhibit cases, stands, and frames for the two art exhibitions which will be presented in the new facility. Additional monies, derived from exhibition rentals and donations, are used to purchase supplies and materials to support the Museum's programs.

Restricted Funds - These are in the form of gifts from individuals and organizations and are designated for the support of specific Museum programs.

ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR PUBLIC SERVICE

(Dollars in Thousands)

* t'TH = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Service encourages and supports the development of programs to advance the Institution's objectives in education, publication, information, and folklife programs and advises the Secretary on policy issues and program planning for Public Service activities. Included in this line item are the Office of Telecommunications, the Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center, and the Office of Public Affairs. For FY 1987, increases of $31,000 to conduct an information campaign for the opening of the Center for African, Near Eastern, and Asian Culture; $26,000 to further office automation; and $26,000 to increase minority outreach programs are requested.

PROGRAM - I. Immediate Office, Assistant Secretary for Public Service : With base resources of 4 workyears and $229,000, the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Service provides coordination and supervision of the Institution's educational and public service programs and advises the Secretary on the development of policies and activities for these programs. The bureaus and offices reporting to the Assistant Secretary include: the Office of Telecommunications; the Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center; the Office of Public Affairs; the Smithsonian Institution Press; Smithsonian magazine; the Office of Folklife Programs; the Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars; and the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education.

II. Office of Telecommunications : With base resources of 5 workyears and $226,000, the Office of Telecommunications, develops and produces radio, film and television programs of an educational and informational nature on the Smithsonian's myriad activities. Working in close collaboration with the Institution's art historians, scientists, and history scholars, the Office supports educational, research and exhibition programs within the museums.

The primary mission of the Office of Telecommunications is to disseminate information resulting from Smithsonian research and exhibition programs. The productions created by this Office maintain Institutional standards of historical accuracy and academic excellence. Broadcast in virtually every state over public television and radio, as well as over commercial stations and cable systems, these wide-ranging programs also are available to educational institutions and libraries. Their effect is seen not only in the enthusiastic response from audiences, but also in the recognition and prestigious awards received from the broadcast and film industries.

The Office produces three major program series. "Here at the Smithsonian," an award winning series of short video features for news and magazine programs, is now in its fourth season on the air. Carried by over 60 commercial and public television stations, the series has tripled its subscription since it began in 1982. "Radio Smithsonian," a weekly 30-minute series now heard on 84 stations here and abroad, is celebrating its 15th-year on the air in 1985. In recognition of this, during the month of October 1984, it presented a special four-part mini-series entitled "American Stories." "Smithsonian Galaxy," a series of short radio featurettes, continues to be popular with commercial radio stations, with a subscription of 230 stations in the United States and around the world. For FY 1987, the Office plans to continue to produce six features per month. In addition, "Smithsonian World," a series of prime-time hour-long specials co-produced by WETA-TV and the Smithsonian Institution, will begin its third season in the fall of 1985.

During FY 1985, the film "The Sea: A Quest for Our Future" was aired nationally by the Public Broadcasting System (PBS). The film is based on research conducted by the Marine Systems Laboratory. A half-hour version of the film has been completed and will be made available to schools and science organizations across the country. "The Work of Peace," the award-winning half-hour film relating the story of the signing of the Treaty of Paris of 1783, was telecast on PBS in June 1985. With extensive research and planning now complete, the Office is in the process of developing the necessary print materials to promote this half-hour film to the educational market nationwide. The Office also produced a half-hour film entitled "In Open Air: A Portrait of American Impressionists" which aired on PBS in July 1985. Produced to accompany a Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service exhibition, "In Open Air" explored the lives and careers of late 19th-century artists who revitalized the American painting tradition using the impressionist style. Also, documentation of the Smithsonian's Festival of India activities was filmed by the Office of Telecommunications in conjunction with the bureaus involved in the Festival.

Projects currently under development or planned by the Office of Telecommunications include a children's television series entitled "Smithsonian Quest." The pilot for this series is now being completed and it will be used to secure funding for a 26-week PBS children's television series which will be drawn from the resources of several bureaus. Work continues on a half-hour updated version of the film "American Picture Palaces," with recent filming in California with host/narrator, Gene Kelly. The film is being produced for broadcast by PBS. Future plans of the Office include planning and research for a possible series of television programs featuring dialogues between young citizens coming of age and authorities on the various aspects of citizenship. This project is intended to coincide with the Bicentennial of the Constitution in 1987, and will be developed in conjunction with the symposium, "Our Constitutional Roots," set to take place in May 1987. Also, "Engines of Change" a proposed video presentation, will complement a major exhibition of the same name to open at the National Museum of American History in the fall of 1986. The program will portray, in capsule form, the evolution of American technology from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution through the mid-19th century, and set forth the important technological issues facing the United States today.

III. Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center - With base resources of 2 workyears and $167,000, the Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center (VIARC) provides information on Smithsonian exhibitions, events, programs and activities to the public. VTARC's mandate encompasses the responsibility for administering a range of centralized information and assistance programs serving the public , Associate members, staff, volunteers and interns. Many of the Center's programs operate seven-days-a-week and involve the coordination and direction of large numbers of volunteers who constitute a primary source of support for public information programs and for staff project assistance.

Seven-day services furnished by VIARC include the staffing of information desks in ten museums by a corps of 400 volunteers, and the operation of the primary telephone information service for the public which also provides-24-hour recorded information on Dial-A-Museum and Dial-A-Phenomenon. VIARC serves as the primary research, response and referral point for public mail; operates an outreach program to promote pre-visit education; presents a variety of daily slide/lecture orientation programs for visitors; and conducts behind-the-scenes tours of the Castle Building. During the summer months of peak visitation, VIARC's mobile information units on The Mall supplement information services in the museums. VIARC also is responsible for a registration and placement program for the approximately 900 volunteers who assist behind the scenes. In this capacity, VIARC conducts an annual volunteer survey, which provides the statistical data necessary for annual acknowledgment of volunteer support. A similar program for interns was initiated in FY 1984 which has handled some 663 interns to date—25 percent more than originally projected.

To strengthen the Institution's ability to inform, orient and serve its millions of visitors, VIARC has developed a multifaceted program to upgrade the visitor services provided by the Institution. Important facets of this plan are the development of a better system of identification for Smithsonian facilities; improved pedestrian and vehicular directional signage; general information directories; and the establishment of an Information Center in the Castle Building which will provide a primary central point of information and orientation for visitors.

IV. Office of Public Affairs : With base resources of 12 workyears and $620,000, the Office of Public Affairs (OPA) is responsible for acquainting the public with programs and policies. This is accomplished by means of news releases, the Smithsonian News Service, feature articles, Research Reports , calendars, radio-television public service announcements, guides, brochures, contacts with individual journalists, and news conferences. OPA provides advice to individual bureaus and offices on public information policies and problems, monitors their public information materials, activities and public affairs aspects of their relations with corporate or other sponsors, and reviews the advertising and promotional plans and materials of corporate sponsors. OPA also produces a monthly staff newspaper and informs management of public and media attitudes and needs. The OPA director serves as the principal institutional spokesperson.

The Office's programs serve both the public and the members of the Smithsonian community. Externally oriented programs are generally designed to acquaint the public, via the media, with programs (exhibitions, research, public events and other activities) and policies in order to encourage public participation in, knowledge of, and support of programs and policies. News releases originating in the various bureaus and in the Office of Public Affairs are used to encourage the media to report on research, exhibitions and other activities.

The Smithsonian News Service, launched in October 1979, provides 1,557 daily and weekly newspapers with a monthly package of four feature-style articles on subjects in art, history and science, technology and contemporary life. The News Service packages of articles are distributed to a number of museum and general interest magazines as well as to various publications overseas. Selected articles are distributed by the United States Information Agency to its offices abroad. During FY 1985, News Service articles have appeared in some of the nation's most prestigious newspapers.

OPA publishes a monthly calendar of events in the Washington Post to inform a potential readership of 1,925,000 about events, lectures, motion pictures and Resident Associate performances, exhibitions, and openings. Also, a Quarterly Calendar of Exhibits containing brief descriptions of all exhibitions having firm opening dates is distributed to news organizations nationally. OPA publishes "The Smithsonian Institution: Yesterday and Today," a 100-page publication designed for journalists and

others in need of detailed background information on the Institution, its components, holdings and research. OPA plans a major revision of this publication to include changes of emphasis in the Institution and the opening of the Center for African, Near Eastern, and Asian Cultures.

Publications of the Office, designed for internal use, include The Torch , distributed to over 5,000 staff members of the Institution to keep them abreast of the people-oriented activities of the Smithsonian. The Torch also serves as an historical document and as a source of information for volunteers, docents, members of Smithsonian boards and former employees. OPA distributes daily pertinent news clippings from newspapers around the country, as well as transcripts of relevant television and radio news items.

The Office of Public Affairs also produces Research Reports , a periodical published three times a year. The publication is devoted to reports on research in the arts, history and science. The publication reaches more than 34,000 readers including the

scholarly community, foundations, universities and contributing members. A brochure entitled "Science at the Smithsonian" has recently been prepared to acquaint a broad

audience with the range and philosophy of scientific research and other activities. This brochure has been distributed to members of Congress, visiting scientists, members of the media and others, and also is being used for development purposes by the Office of Membership and Development. The success of this publication has led OPA to consider the feasibility of a similar brochure on Institution research in the fields of history and art.

The Office continues to receive acclaim for the work of its staff. In FY 1985, Smithsonian News Service articles won awards in the annual competitions of the Society for Technical Communications and the National Association of Government Communicators. The brochure "Science at the Smithsonian" also received an award from the Society of Technical Communication. Research Reports won awards from the American Association of Museums, the National Association of Government Communicators and the Society for Technical Communication. Finally, a 30-second television public service announcement on attractions for children won a Gold Screen award in a major competition sponsored by the National Association of Government Communicators.

The Office of Public Affairs played a major role in the FY 1985 and FY 1986 programs for the Festival of India celebration. The Office of Public Affairs has been active in encouraging publicity for Festival activities in India and the United States. To that end, information gathered by a news team sent to India during FY 1985 has been incorporated into a special package of 13 feature stories on aspects of India today.

Future plans of the Office of Public Affairs include: improvements in the effectiveness and distribution of Smithsonian News releases; an increase in the circulation of the News Service articles in ethnic newspapers; and greater use of technological advances to increase the efficiency of processing news items. The Office of Public Affairs, in cooperation with other offices, continues to explore the possibility and the advisability of publishing an annual report to supplement the more extensive Smithsonian Year . Additionally, A Guide for Disabled Visitors , a supplement to the Welcome brochure, will be revised and expanded to include not only new activities, but more importantly, to reflect the latest improvements in facilities to meet the special needs of handicapped visitors.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1987, an increase of $83,000 is sought: to support a Quadrangle Media Information campaign ($31,000); to further office automation ($26,000); and to increase minority outreach activities ($26,000).

Quadrangle-related Support ($31,000) - A sum of $31,000 is requested in FY 1987 to finance an information campaign on the opening of the Center for African, Near Eastern,

and Asian culture (the Quadrangle). The media information campaign will be coordinated by the Office of Public Affairs in cooperation with the staff of the National Museum African Art, the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and the International Center.

The Quadrangle is intended to integrate the efforts of many of the Institution's curatorial and programming components. A special effort will be necessary, on behalf of the Quadrangle, to disseminate to the public full and accurate information about this complex and important addition to the international museum and research communities.

The requested increase of one-time costs of $31,000, would cover the creation of a Quadrangle inaugural brochure in English which would be distributed by mail, at the information desks of the Quadrangle and its components, and by other means ($19,000); the production of a Quadrangle television public service announcement ($9,000); and photographs, slides and press kits ($3,000).

Automation ($26,000) - An amount of $26,000 is requested for the purchase of five workstations, four printers, and software required for the Office of Public Affairs. Automation permits a more effective system of sending news releases, drafts for 0PA publications, and other information from public affairs specialists in the individual bureaus to the Office of Public Affairs. Currently, most news releases are typed in the originating office, hand-carried to OPA, edited, retyped, duplicated and then distributed. It is more cost-effective, efficient, and accurate to use a computer for this purpose. It is hoped that this equipment eventually will enable OPA to transmit material directly to the major news media. This would provide an important benefit to the Institution by relaying information to the media in a more timely fashion. Basic equipment and software would be purchased during FY 1987, and additional terminals, printers and software would be purchased in subsequent years.

Education and Public Orientation ($26,000) - For FY 1987, $26,000 is requested to make information about the Smithsonian more readily available to members of minority communities and, thereby encourage more participation by these communities in exhibitions and activities.

Multiheritage television public service announcements, an expanded "Explore Your Heritage at the Smithsonian" brochure and regular monthly advertisements in ethnic newspapers would continue the outreach efforts in the following ways:

1. A series of television spots would be produced ($13,000), focusing on: the Hispanic community; the Oriental communities and on the black community.

2. The frequency of the now-intermittent advertisements in the Washington/Baltimore area black newspapers would increase to monthly advertisements ($5,000) informing readers of Smithsonian activities. The regularity of the advertisements would encourage readers to anticipate the advertisements and more easily use the information for their leisure-time planning.

3. The current "Explore Your Heritage at the Smithsonian" brochure has been well received and is especially helpful to people already familiar with the Smithsonian or when used in conjunction with the general brochure. Modifying this brochure to include more information on the logistics of the museums—locations, hours and services—would allow it to stand on its own, and wider distribution through other than Smithsonian-controlled channels could be implemented ($8,000).

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - I. Immediate Office, Assistant Secretary for Public Service : These funds are provided by an allotment which covers the salary and benefits of three full-time staff members. In FY 1985, special purpose funds were provided to support expenses associated with this Office's responsibility for management and coordination of the Festival of India programs and activities. This involved planning for the major exhibition "Aditi: A Celebration of Life" and other exhibitions; a special Festival of India component of the Festival of American Folklife, as well as other performances, symposia, workshops and tours. These offerings highlighted the culture, music, dance, science, art, history and life of the country of India.

II. Office of Telecommunications : These funds are provided by allotments which support nine full-time staff members and expenses associated with the production of educational and informational materials for television, film and radio, (estimated expenditures of $557,000 in FY 1986 and $590,000 in FY 1987). In addition, a nominal amount

of subscription fees is received to help defray some of the production and distribution costs. Additional funds are obtained through sales of films and video tape programs. The Office produces three ongoing series of programs which reach the American public regularly through radio and television. "Here at the Smithsonian" and "Radio Smithsonian" are financed partly by an allotment and partly by subscriber fees. "Smithsonian Galaxy" is supported by an allotment.

III. Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center : These funds are provided by an allotment and are used primarily to support 22 full-time staff members associated with the Center's work as the Institution's public service bureau responsible for the information and assistance activities described in the above program statement. (Estimated expenditures of $731,000 in FY 1986 and $783,000 in FY 1987).

IV. Office of Public Affairs : These funds are provided by allotments which support four full-time positions and expenses associated with public outreach activities such as publication of the Institution's "Welcome Brochure," Washington Post calendar advertisements and public service announcements (estimated expenditures of $378,000 in FY 1986 and $404,000 in FY 1987).

Restricted Funds - Immediate Office, Assistant Secretary for Publ ic Service : A grant from the Jimmy Carter Inaugural Trust supported the special performance programs and extended hours at selected Smithsonian museums during the 1985 Presidential Inaugural activities staged for the general public (expenditure of $ 67,000 in FY 1985). A small gift in FY 1985 supported the cost of mounting the "Rosalind Solomon: India" exhibition in the National Museum of Natural History/Museum of Man as part of the Smithsonian's Festival of India activities (estimated expenditures of $3,000 in FY 1985).

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

(Dollars In Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - The Smithsonian Institution Press is responsible for the editing, design, production, and distribution of printed materials prepared by staff scientists, historians, and curators. Such materials include research monographs, technical and scientific series, exhibition catalogues for Smithsonian museums, educational pamphlets, and informational leaflets. The Press also has responsibility for the development, production, business, and marketing functions of the Institution's recordings program. In addition, the Press acts as the official agent of the Smithsonian Institution in procuring printing services from the U.S. Government Printing Office; in creating government forms, guides, instructions, and the like; and in providing professional assistance to Smithsonian authors upon request. No program increase is requested for FY 1987.

PROGRAM - The federal publication activity of the Press is a fundamental extension of the Smithsonian's basic research activities. The scientific, technological, and historical monographs published by the Press make the results of research conducted by Smithsonian curators and staff experts available to libraries, museums, scientific institutions, and interested members of the public throughout the United States and abroad. In addition to publishing research findings, the Press edits and designs exhibition catalogues , educational pamphlets, and informational leaflets that serve the millions of visitors to the Smithsonian in Washington, D.C. and the extensive programs conducted all over the nation.

The Press also edits, designs, and produces Smithsonian Year , the Institution's annual report to the Regents and the Congress. In addition, the Press is responsible for the procurement and distribution, within the Institution, of a variety of necessary manuals, reports, and directories, including copies of congressional materials and reports from government agencies.

Federally funded books published during FY 1984 include: "Seagrasses from the Philippines" by Ernani G. Menez, Ronald C. Phillips and Hilconida P. Calumpong ( Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences , #21.); "The Carnivora of the Edson Local Fauna (Late Heraphiian) , Kansas" by Jessica A. Harrison ( Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology , #54.); "Ecology and Social Organization of the Maned Wolf" by James M. Dietz ( Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, #392.); "United States Women in Aviation, 1919-1929" by Kathleen L. Brooks-Pazmany ( Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space , #5); "The Hammered Dulcimer in America" by Nancy Groce ( Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology, #44).

The Smithsonian book program continues to receive acclaim for its editorial, design, and production capabilities. Krakatau 1883: The Volcanic Eruption and Its Effects , by Tom Simkin and Richard S. Fiske, won the jacket design competition at the Association of American University Presses book show, and the Academic Book Award from CHOICE magazine, as well as the second prize in the category for a book aimed at a technical audience from the National Association of Government Communicators. This same organization also awarded second prize, in the category of books for general audiences, to One Hundred Masterpieces of American Painting from Public Collections in Washington, D.C. by Milton Brown. Smithsonian Press design was honored by the prestigious Art Director's Club of Metropolitan Washington for Dreams and Nightmares: Utopian Visions in Modern Art , originally a catalogue for the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden which later became a trade book. Another catalogue, "Adventurous Pursuits," produced for the National Portrait Gallery, won the Association of American Museums Annual Publication Competition. The Aviation Space Writers Association gave awards to two Press books. The Eagle Aloft , by Tom Crouch, won their National Award, and Vengence Weapon 2 , by Gregory Kennedy, won the Mideast Regional Award. Other scholarly titles which were well received include: The Birds of China , by Rodolphe M. De Schauensee, the first systematic guide in English to Chinese birds, which was co-published by Oxford University Press; and Vertical Fligh t, edited by Walter J. Boyne and Donald Lopez, an account of the development of the helicopter compiled from first-person narratives and extensive research, which sold out within a few months of its first printing.

Federal publishing plans for FY 1986 will be determined primarily by the Press's client bureaus and offices and depend upon the allocation of funds made available to these bureaus for publication purposes. Press records show that requests for publication have leveled off. Figures over the last several years show 337 jobs sent to the Press in FY 1981, 301 in FY 1982, 318 in FY 1983 and 314 in FY 1984. As of the end of March of this year, 152 jobs have been received and we project an estimated 345 jobs for the current fiscal year.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING:

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - These funds are derived from the sale of Trust-funded books, recordings, royalties, and special publishing services. These areas support ten staff members within the Press's University Press Division, 16 members of the staff of the Direct Mail Books Division, and nine members of the Recordings Program. These funds also support the necessary services required to develop, market, warehouse, and distribute records and scholarly and general-interest books, which are published in connection with the Institution's research, collections, exhibitions, and other programs. Some of the scholarly and trade books published during FY 1985 include: Drawn From Nature: The Botanical Art of Joseph Prestele and His Sons , by Charles van Ravenswaay; Washington Deco: Art Deco Design in the Nation's Capital , by Hans Wirz and Richard Striner; American Issue: The U.S. Postage Stamp, 1842-1869 , by Peter Rohrach and Lowell S. Newman; Scholars' Guide to Washington D.C. for Northwest European Studies , by Louis A. Pitchmann; Identifications of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains , by Donald Ortner (reprint).

The Smithsonian Collection of Recordings has published a number of popular recordings suitable for marketing by direct mail to Smithsonian Associates and other mailing lists. It also has issued numerous recordings of scholarly interest, which have enjoyed limited but consistent sale. The program's goals are to continue publishing outstanding recordings and to distribute them in an efficient and cost effective manner.

Smithsonian Books, a division of the Press, publishes illustrated books for a general audience on subjects that relate to Smithsonian collections and research interests. They are marketed primarily by direct mail to Smithsonian Associates and other mailing lists, and also are sold to the general public through several trade publishers. The goals of the program are to continue publishing books of general interest to the Associates that are well-written and carefully researched; and to assure the commercial success and critical acclaim of the publication.

ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR MUSEUM PROGRAMS

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Museum Programs assists and advises the Secretary on the coordination and direction of the Institution's central museum support activities; supervises special projects affecting Smithsonian museum operations and facilities; and maintains a liaison with national and international museum organizations. The Office also furnishes advice and technical assistance to other museums; performs studies on the effectiveness of museum exhibitions, programs and management methods; conducts training seminars and workshops for museum personnel; and disseminates technical information on museum practices. Also included in this line item is the Office of Museum Programs. The Offices of Horticulture and South Group Buildings Management, which report to this Office, are included in the Facilities Services section of this budget request, since their functions relate closely to those of the Office of Plant Services. No program increase is requested for FY 1987.

PROGRAM - I. Immediate Office, Assistant Secretary for Museum Programs - With base resources of 7 workyears and $372,000, this Office administers, oversees, reviews and supports: the Office of Museum Programs; the Office of Exhibits Central; the Office of the Registrar; South Group Buildings Management; the Conservation Analytical Laboratory; the National Museum Act; Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service; the Office of Horticulture; Smithsonian Institution Libraries; and Smithsonian Institution Archives.

In addition, the Office coordinates and supports projects related to the development and improvement of facilities, operational methods, and exhibition programs of the Smithsonian museums, including the Museum Support Center (MSC) and the Collections Management/Inventory Program, which, since FY 1979, has entailed the accelerated inventory effort and the process of refinement and reconciliation of collections records. The Office has worked closely with the General Services Administration, the architects and the museums that occupy the facilities of the Museum Support Center in the development of specifications for the storage equipment to be used, the planning for the transfer of the collections, and the implementation of the operating requirements.

Within the museum profession, the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Museum Programs works closely with museum organizations and professionals, both nationally and internationally, among which are the American Association of Museums and the International Council of Museums. This involvement promotes the scholarship, exhibition, and educational functions of museums; encourages the development and application of new techniques for museum administration and practices; and supports museum training programs, particularly those in conservation.

II. Office of Museum Programs - With base resources of 12 workyears and $378,000, the Office of Museum Programs conducts specialized services and training programs for museum personnel from American and foreign museums . These include programs designed particularly for the Native American community; internships in museum practices; and visits to the Smithsonian for museum professionals. The Office plans and conducts special conferences and consultations on museum matters and provides program supervision for the Museum Reference Center, which is the major library source for museological information in the United States. The Office also produces informational and audiovisual presentations on conservation and museum practices for distribution to museums and educational organizations. Moreover, the Office currently is involved in a three-year program and study to investigate how museums can increase their educational contribution to the community. The Museum Training Program offers workshops and seminars taught primarily by Smithsonian staff for individuals employed by museums throughout the United States and abroad. These courses concentrate on improved museum practices in such areas as: management, design and production of exhibitions , conservation awareness, educational programming, registration methods and automation, public relations and publications, audiovisuals , library and archival organization, curation and collections management, and security. New subjects offered and planned for FY 1986 include: horticulture in zoological habitats and environments, families in museums, volunteer management, and older adults and museums. In FY 1985, 30 workshops attracted approximately 700 museum professionals.

During 1985-1986, a program of 17 on-site workshops is being conducted. This program makes it possible to present training opportunities through cooperating museums to the personnel of local and regional museums who are unable to attend the workshops given in Washington, D.C. In FY 1985, the Office of Museum Programs conducted two workshops on "Preventive Care of Collections" for museum professionals in Pakistan. This reflects an increasing number of requests, particularly from third world countries, for museum training abroad.

Since 1977, more than 1,000 Native Americans, their museums and cultural institutions have been served through workshops, internships, publications, slide-tape programs and other technical assistance activities geared to the special needs of this community. Since 1974, the audio-visual conservation information program has produced 115 programs and distributed over 7,000 videotapes and slide-cassette programs illustrating museum practices and techniques with emphasis on conservation, care of collections and education. As interest in conservation grows, the national and international demand for use of this unique service increases. "Tribal Archives" produced by the Native American Museums Program received the National Association of Government Communicators' Gold Screen Award for 1984 and "Museum Accessibility for the Visually Impaired ," an Audiovisual Program production, received a Merit Award for Accessibility at Superfest, an international media festival on disabilities.

In FY 1985, more than 125 museum professionals and students from the United States and other countries participated in the Museum Practices Internship Program conducted by the Office in cooperation with various bureaus and offices of the Institution. Interns are placed with those Smithsonian units that can provide the appropriate experience to the individuals. In addition, a special Museum Careers Seminar is offered regularly by the Office to all Smithsonian interns. The number of such interns has been growing and is expected to increase during FY 1986. More than 160 museum professionals, almost half from foreign countries, participated in the Visiting Professionals Program during 1985.

A new program granting awards to minority museum professionals was initiated in June 1984. In FY 1984, 12 minority museum professionals were awarded up to $500 each to help defray the cost of travel to Washington, D.C, so that they might attend a workshop of their choice and spend a second week in residence at the Institution as a Visiting

Professional. Twenty-four such awards will be granted in FY 1985, and plans are underway to continue the program.

Three major projects consisting of 30-day instructional tours of United States museums for foreign museum professionals are conducted by the Office of Museum Programs with United States Information Agency cooperation and funding. These are: "Education in Museums," a multi-regional program in its sixth year in 1985; "Museum Administration," a European regional program now in its third year; and "Collections Management, Preventive Care, and Conservation Awareness" another multiregional program, which was held for the first time in February 1985. United States Information Agency has requested a fourth program on museum management for Latin Americans for 1986.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - The Office of Museum Programs has two revolving Trust funds for training and for the audio-visual loan program to accommodate small fees for services. A separate fund records the sale and the biennial revision of the Office of Museum Programs' publication Museum Studies-International , now being distributed in cooperation with the International Council of Museums. An allotment provides for the Awards for Minority Museum Professionals.

Restricted Funds - The Office of Museum Programs received a grant of $1.1 million from the Kellogg Foundation in 1982 for a project to "expand the educational influence of museums." The purpose of the grant is to enable the Smithsonian to assume a leadership role in the establishment of a network of museums in the United States to examine issues and provide means of implementation so that museums can increase their educational impact in their communities. All aspects of museum operations are being explored with decisionmakers from museums and with representatives from other educational resources. Colloquia, regional workshops, demonstration projects, residencies, and videotapes are being organized and presented to involve more than 400 museums (estimated expenditures of $482,000 in FY 1986 and $425,000 in FY 1987).

OFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - The Office of the Registrar is responsible for the development, oversight and coordination of the Smithsonian's collections management policies. This entails advising management on accountability, procedures and information management techniques as they pertain to records associated with collections. To this end, the Office of the Registrar is charged with supervising cyclical collections inventories and other inventory-related activities such as the reconciliation of findings with existing records. No program Increase is requested for FY 1987.

PROGRAM - In 1976, the Office of the Registrar shifted from an emphasis on records keeping to an emphasis on improving collections management policies and practices in all Smithsonian bureaus.

The Office works with the directors of Smithsonian Institution museums, heads of other collecting units and with registrarial staff in the museums to coordinate development and processing of collections management policy documents and procedures. The Office also maintains close working relationships with other Smithsonian units including the Office of Information Resource Management, the Office of Audits and Investigations, and the Office of General Counsel, all of which have a vital interest in the documentation and accountability of Smithsonian collections. Through these activities, the Office monitors registrarial and collections management functions and provides regular reports to Smithsonian management on their effectiveness.

In FY 1977, Institutional recognition of the critical role of collections inventory control resulted in responsibility being given to the Office for the development and application of a basic inventory policy applicable to the initial inventory effort and to subsequent cyclical re-inventories. The Office regularly gathers summary inventory data from all museums and collates it for the management of the Institution.

Other responsibilities of the Office of the Registrar include coordinating the Smithsonian Registrarial Council through which interbureau registrarial business is conducted and cooperative procedures are developed. It is also responsible for maintaining contact with national and international organizations concerned with the application of computers to collections management functions and with other museums involved in the development of systems for similar application. In cooperation with the Office of Museum Programs, the Office of the Registrar conducts regular seminars and workshops on the information management aspects of collections management and on other matters of interest to museum registrars.

The crucial role of records in the inventory process underscores the irreplaceable nature of the Institution's collections records. To assure the safety of these records while making their contents accessible for accountability and research purposes, the Office is responsible for investigating the use of new technologies to generate and maintain security copies of all such records.

CONSERVATION ANALYTICAL LABORATORY

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - The Conservation Analytical Laboratory (CAL), located at the Smithsonian's Museum Support Center (MSC) in Suitland , Maryland, performs research on the conservation-related properties of materials, the improvement of conservation treatment technology, and the extraction of information of historical importance from the material's technical record. Within these areas of interest it also provides Institution-wide support to conservators and curators in the Smithsonian museums. CAL advises and assists the Smithsonian and other museums in the study, preservation and conservation of objects of artistic, scientific, cultural and historical importance. It conducts basic research in conservation by studying the physical characteristics of materials, the effects of environmental factors and the chemical processes involved in the deterioration of objects, and applies this knowledge by developing and testing techniques for the stabilization of deteriorating objects. Other research seeks to establish the relationship between objects and the societies that produced them, as this is reflected in the material make up and the manufacturing technology. CAL conducts the Conservation Training Program at the Museum Support Center, which includes advanced conservation training; supports and organizes workshops and seminars; and provides other opportunities for the dissemination of the latest knowledge in the field of conservation to museums and research professionals throughout the United States and the world. For FY 1987, an increase of 2 workyears and $192,000 is requested to expand CAL's research capability in studying the technology and provenance of archeological and historic ceramic artifacts and in the development and application of isotope analysis to dating and other studies of anthropological and archeological importance (2 workyears and $127,000); and to initiate training in conservation science on the postdoctoral fellowship level, and advanced postgraduate internship training for conservators ($65,000).

PROGRAM - The Conservation Analytical Laboratory provides a specialized facility at the Smithsonian, devoted to all aspects of the conservation and technical study of museum objects. CAL provides scientifically based examinations of objects, studies the conservation-related properties of their materials, provides treatments for their protection and preservation, and performs analyses and technological studies of objects to elucidate their cultural and historical context. Furthermore, CAL gathers and disseminates conservation information to assist museums, both within the Smithsonian as well as elsewhere, in the care of their collections; monitors and advises on the environmental conditions in which Smithsonian museums display and store their collections; and conducts and assists conservation training programs.

CAL's activities are carried out in a number of interrelated programs—Conservation Treatment, Conservation Science, Archaeometry, Information, and Conservation Training. CAL's unique combination of research and practical conservation work enables the knowledge gained from state-of-the-art scientific research to be applied directly to the actual treatment of objects. Moreover, the diversity of the objects treated and the wide variation in their state of preservation provide a unique opportunity to develop the experience needed to define directions for scientific research in conservation. CAL's milieu of active conservation treatment, supported by specialized scientific facilities and stimulating more basic research in conservation science, is also extremely appropriate for the advanced education of conservators and conservation scientists.

Conservation Treatment - CAL, with its specialized facilities at the Museum Support Center, provides treatments for objects from the collections of all Smithsonian museums which present special conservation problems requiring scientific analysis by conservation scientists and the use of more specialized equipment than is available within the museums. Routine maintenance and less complicated treatments of collection items are performed increasingly by conservation staff of the individual museums.

A partial listing of items treated during FY 1985 reflects the wide range of expertise represented among the members of CAL's conservation staff: a number of 19th and 20th-century American furniture pieces (Renwick Gallery, the Cooper-Hewitt Museum and the National Museum of American History); contemporary weavings by Anni Albers (Renwick Gallery); wooden ritual statues decorated with glass beads from Cameroon (SITES); artists' designs for Mouton-Rothschild wine labels (SITES); plaster sculpture and models by Calder and Kemeyes (National Museum of American Art); numerous works of art on paper including hand colored mezzotints, linocuts, and watercolor and graphite drawings (National Portrait Gallery); several paintings by Harvey Dunn, depicting World War I battle scenes and executed under actual front line conditions (National Museum of American History); a contemporary copper sculpture by Claire Falkenstein (National Museum of American Art); and a variety of Middle Eastern archeological objects, including gold, silver, bronze, ivory, ceramic and stone objects, for the exhibition "From Ebla to Damascus" (SITES).

Stimulated by problems encountered during the treatments which they performed, CAL conservators initiated a number of research projects, generally in collaboration with members of the scientific staff, on such subjects as: the effects of the materials used in weighting silk on the deterioration of the fibers, the nature of a red discoloration sometimes encountered on white pigments in drawings, metal corrosion processes induced by fatty acid treatment materials, the effects of fumigation with ethylene oxide on the chemical stability of cellulose materials , and the removal of paper degradation products during washing procedures. CAL conservators presented papers and lectures on these and similar subjects at a number of professional meetings.

A team of CAL conservators and conservation scientists assisted the National Air and Space Museum through a comprehensive examination and condition evaluation of the Wright Brothers' Flyer, prior to its restoration by NASM staff members. The results of this examination, which included the scientific analyses of a number of samples taken from various parts of the airplane, aided the staff of the Museum In the planning and execution of the restoration, and was followed by advice on particular phases in that process and by preservation treatment of the removed textile covering.

The program for environmental monitoring in various museums and bureaus continued, using 85 hygrothermographs placed in 13 Smithsonian buildings. New fumigation facilities at the MSC will allow CAL to provide an effective program of protecting the objects in the collections, while ensuring safer working conditions for staff to protect them from the dangerous nature of the chemicals used in the fumigation treatment.

Conservation Science - The conservation scientists at CAL are involved in a wide variety of research projects and provide analytical and technical support services to conservators and curators Institution-wide. Research activities, often performed in collaboration with conservators , relate to conservation problems of a broad interest to museum professionals, while service activities involve chemical and physical analyses and technical examinations of objects from the Institution's collections which help to provide a basis of knowledge and understanding from which specific preservation measures for the object can be formulated.

During FY 1985, studies were conducted to determine the effects of high energy electromagnetic radiation (like that emitted by X-radiography machines) on the aging properties of oil paint media. This study is also expected to yield general kinetic observations on the degradation of oil paints, and the influence of such variables as pigment composition. Research continued on the interaction of the architectural design and climate control in historic structures and other museum buildings, using specially designed electronic monitoring equipment which can be implanted within walls for a continuous record of heat and humidity transport phenomena. Another study involved the measurement of the dimensional changes induced in the joints of wooden flutes by the humidity variations during playing, and the effects of the joint packing material on the physical stability of the wood. In preparation for the fumigation activities at the Museum Support Center, a study was initiated on the effect of the fumigant sulfuryl fluoride on the materials of museum objects. Also, a current bibliography on various aspects of museum pest control was commissioned from a recognized authority on this subject and will be made available to other museum professionals. The installation of a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer enabled CAL scientists to perform highly sophisticated analyses of organic substances and opened new avenues in conservation research and analytical services.

Conservation scientists supplied a wide variety of-support services, including the testing of materials to determine their suitability for storage or exhibition of museum objects, including storage equipment proposed for use in the Museum Support Center. Scientists also presented papers and lectures at a number of professional meetings.

Archaeometry - The field of archaeometry integrates the scientific analysis of objects with their archeological, anthropological, art historical and cultural backgrounds. The analyses provide curators, archeologists and historians with basic research data concerning materials, dates, attributions and historical technologies. In combination with contextual information, typological and stylistic analysis, these data may serve to answer questions of an anthropological or art historical nature.

During FY 1985, work continued on studies of archeological ceramics, involving both compositional and structural analyses, to elucidate questions of provenience and technology. Two areas of major concentration of efforts, in the Middle East and the American Southwest, were identified. For both areas pilot projects were planned, aiming at establishing a base of inter-institutional and international collaboration. A project initiating CAL's involvement in American Southwestern archeology is expected to start in the latter part of FY 1985. In addition, work on ceramics from Mezo and Central America and Spain continued.

In collaboration with scientists at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) and the Corning Museum of Glass research continued on provenance studies of ancient bronzes and glasses by means of lead isotope analysis. Another collaborative effort with NBS involved the study of paintings using neutron-induced autoradiography. With this technique, information regarding distribution of pigments below the surface of the painting can be obtained non-destructively. In collaboration with the Metropolitan Museum of Art (MMA), a project on the technique of Rembrandt, started by the MMA in cooperation with Brookhaven National Laboratory, was continued at CAL. Also in collaboration with NBS,

studies were made on the application of neutron radiography to the structural study of objects.

The work of CAL's staff is complemented by that of pre- or post-doctoral fellows and research associates. In FY 1985, such research included work on the raw materials of European Iron Age Glass, the use of specular hematite as a pigment on Mayan ceramics, provenience studies of North African medieval ceramics, and Roman period iron technology in Britain.

The Smithsonian Archaeometry Research Collections and Records (SARCAR) database now contains about 22,000 analytical data sets of archeological materials studied at Brookhaven National Laboratory and at CAL. This development will continue in FY 1986; as a result, SARCAR is well on its way to become a major research database for archaeometri-cal studies. Also, an important sample and reference material collection of archaeo-metallurgical interest was donated to SARCAR.

Research continued on the application of electromagnetically induced conductivity measurements for the prospection of archeological sites in the Middle East. This technique, developed at CAL, was used successfully to locate and assess the condition of tomb sites in Bahrain, while preliminary surveys were conducted in Kuwait and Jordan. As with many other archaeometry projects, this research was carried out in close cooperation with the Department of Anthropology of the National Museum of Natural History/Museum of Man.

CAL archaeometry staff members presented papers and lectures at a number of professional meetings. CAL also co-sponsors a series of joint seminars with NBS, and another with the Department of Anthropology of the National Museum of Natural History.

Information - CAL's information program seeks to maintain and expand current information files on conservation and archaeometry literature, technical information, commercial products data, and internally generated reports. A reprint file containing over 14,000 entries, to which annually about 1,500 new entries are added, provides CAL researchers, and others Institution-wide, fast and direct access to almost all literature of relevance in conservation and archaeometry. The information program staff also responds to a large number of public inquiries regarding preservation. During FY 1985, an average of 25 inquiries per week were handled, in cooperation with the expert conservators on the CAL staff. An ever increasing number of requests for information assistance is received from conservators in museums all over the United States. In FY 1986, further progress is expected in the computer-based indexing of the information files, and in developing cooperation with other similar programs internationally.

Conservation Training - During FY 1985, CAL initiated a number of new activities in its conservation training program. These activities endeavored to make significant educational contributions to the field, without as yet embarking upon a program of basic training as presently offered by a number of universities nationwide. CAL is, however, assessing critical needs with regard to conservation training, and the possibilities for the Smithsonian to respond to some of them. CAL's activities to date are based on such assessments. In FY 1985, five advanced specialist courses for conservators were organized covering a wide variety of topics: suction tables for paper conservation, wood identification, polymer chemistry, conservation of ancient glass objects, and reproduction molding. In addition, CAL co-sponsored three other courses on microscopy for conservators and basic metallurgy. These specialty courses, which typically last a few days to a week and are aimed at practicing conservators, cover subjects which normally are not dealt with in general training programs, but are of vital interest for conservators working with certain types of collections. CAL plans to continue organizing such courses in FY 1986.

Another mechanism by which CAL seeks to contribute to the national conservation training effort is through the hosting of interns at various levels of training and experience. In FY 1985, a visiting conservator from the Netherlands spent a half-year in CAL's furniture conservation laboratory. During the summer, four interns worked with the textile conservator as part of their training elsewhere. Two candidates were selected for student internships of one year, to begin in late FY 1985, and CAL has announced a program of postgraduate conservation internships, planned to start at about the same time.

In addition to training conservation professionals, CAL plays a role in providing conservation-related education for other museum professionals. CAL conservators frequently served as faculty for such workshops, both at the Smithsonian and other institutions .

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1987, an increase of 2 workyears and $192,000 is requested to expand CAL's research capability in studying the technology and provenance of archeological and historic ceramic artifacts and in the development and application of isotope analysis to dating and other studies of anthropological and archeological importance (2 workyears and $127,000); and to initiate training in conservation science on the postdoctoral fellowship level, and advanced postgraduate internship training for conservators ($65,000).

Research in Archaeometry and Conservation Science (2 workyears and $127,000) - The Conservation Analytical Laboratory has established itself as a major international center for archeometrical studies. Its activities include an outstanding program of characterization studies of archeological materials, especially, although by no means exclusively, ceramics, through chemical trace element analysis. The results of such studies, for which the neutron activation analysis is done in collaboration with the National Bureau of Standards, at that institution's research reactor, serve to assign geographic provenances to archeological artifacts, thus providing invaluable information with regard to ancient trade contacts, cultural exchange patterns, etc. The interpretation of the analytical data generally benefits greatly from the result of concurrent petrographic and mineralogical examination. This work serves to identify and quantify the various minerals which make up the ceramic paste. Correlation of these data with those of the trace element analysis has proven to be an extremely powerful tool for provenance studies. Petrographic microscopic examination also allows conclusions to be drawn with regard to technology, such as method of forming, firing condition and temperature, etc. Information of this type can serve as another indicator of cultural contacts when technological developments were exchanged, and can provide information which allows the object to be placed in its social historical context.

A sum of 1 workyear and $54,000 is requested to hire a petrographic specialist (1 workyear and $36,000) and provide this position with necessary supplies, materials and other services ($18,000).

Measurement of concentrations of naturally occurring isotopes, both stable and radioactive, is another area in which much significant research has been done but large new and unexplored application possibilities still exist. CAL has had a certain amount of involvement and experience with these techniques. Currently it operates, in collaboration with NBS, a program of provenance studies of archeological and historical materials through lead isotope analysis, using mass spectrometry equipment at NBS. Several years ago, CAL commissioned Brookhaven National Laboratory to design a system for measurement of radiocarbon concentrations for the dating of small samples of organic archeological materials. These miniature counters meanwhile have found widespread application in archeological dating. Several other possibilities for application of isotope measurement do exist, both in the area of dating, as well as the identification of other anthropologically relevant information such as food chains.

To coordinate existing involvement of CAL in this area and initiate research projects leading to new applications of isotopic measurements, CAL will hire an isotope analyst (1 workyear and $42,000). Funding is also requested for contracts for services provided by collaborating institutions where the sophisticated and highly specialized equipment used in such measurements can be used ($10,000); and the cost of supplies, materials and other services ($21,000).

Although both these scientists would primarily be concerned with research projects, a significant contribution would also be made to CAL's teaching program, the Conservation Training Program and the Material Analysis Post-doctoral Fellowship Program.

Conservation Training ($65,000) - The requested increase would allow CAL to initiate training in conservation science on the postdoctoral fellowship level, and advanced postgraduate internship training for conservators. The need in the profession for more conservation scientists is widely recognized and has been documented repeatedly and conclusively; nevertheless, no training in this field is available. This is due, in large part, to the inability of most practicing conservation scientists, often employed in small laboratories, to devote time and other resources to training. CAL, as a major research center for conservation science, with the largest staff of specialists in this field in the United States has an obligation to the field to provide for this urgent need. To support a postdoctoral training fellowship, a sum of $30,000 is requested to cover one fellowship stipend ($20,000) and associated research support costs ($10,000).

The other initiative, postgraduate internship training for conservators, would help to address a well recognized problem in conservation training, i.e., the relative lack of experience of new graduates of the training programs and the inherent difficulties in making them responsible for the conservation of museum collections. Advanced internships in established conservation laboratories, of one to two years duration, have been shown to be effective solutions to this problem. CAL, with its unique staff and program combination, would provide an environment in which recent graduates could be exposed to state-of-the-art conservation technology , conservation science applications and research , and examination techniques for conservation and scholarly purposes. To establish two such internships, each internship for a two-year term, a sum of $35,000 is requested.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - The Smithsonian Institution Libraries serves the Institution and the public through: (1) support of Smithsonian research, curatorial, publication and other program activities; (2) direct participation in the creation of a national bibliographic data base; and (3) programs for publications, exhibitions, loan and information services. Its collections of approximately 980 ,000 volumes, including over 20,000 serial subscriptions, are available to Smithsonian and outside scholars through a system of 15 branch libraries in 36 locations in the Washington, D.C. area, at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (Massachusetts and Arizona), the Cooper-Hewitt Museum (New York City), and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (Panama). The Libraries also provides coordination and support for other Smithsonian bureaus that administer their own library collections, such as the National Museum of American Art and National Portrait Gallery library and the library of the Center of Asian Art. Moreover, the Libraries is responsible for the purchase of all books, journals,' and related materials for other Smithsonian bureaus, and coordinates all requests for automated information sources to avoid duplicative efforts within the Institution. For FY 1987, an increase of $345,000 is requested to initiate on-line document delivery service for interlibrary loan ($165,000); to provide upgraded environmentally controlled stack space for SI Libraries collections currently in inadequate storage space ($80,000); and to accelerate the identification and cataloguing of uncatalogued material in the SI Libraries collections ($100,000). A further amount of 1.5 workyears and $22,000 is required to annualize the partial year funding for 2 positions requested in the FY 1986 budget for Quadrangle-related support.

PROGRAM - With its collections of approximately 980,000 volumes and its system of branch libraries, the Smithsonian Institution Libraries (SIL) provides centralized Institution-wide support and specialized branch research collections to serve the research, curatorial and other bibliographic needs of Smithsonian bureaus and staff. The central collections emphasize multidisciplinary research journals , proceedings of academies of science, and interdisciplinary topics, such as ecology, exploration and travel, and museology. The specialized collections in the branch libraries are outstanding in natural history, American ethnology and culture, tropical biology, decorative arts and design, astrophysics and the history of science and technology. Rapidly developing collections include aeronautics and astronautics, African art, and conservation research. SIL's collections also include approximately 35,000 volumes of rare books, primarily in the subject fields of science, technology, applied art, aerospace, and natural history. The largest of these rare book collections is the Dibner Collection in the History of Science and Technology, consisting of 19,000 volumes and manuscripts, which is one of the most comprehensive collection of its kind in the world.

The SIL comprises three operational divisions: Collections Management, responsible for the selection, acquisition, preservation, and housing of library collections essential to Smithsonian research work; Automated Systems, responsible for the application of automated systems to support all library functions, including the indexing and automated inventory control of SIL collections; and Research Services, charged with direct, individual assistance to and interpretation for the scholarly clientele of the Libraries. Through centralization of certain operations, including an interdisciplinary reference/ information center, acquisitions and cataloguing units, a consolidated administrative staff, and a conservation laboratory, the SIL has achieved system and cost efficiencies. Branch libraries housed within the museums and research units of the Institution provide direct services to scholars and others through pertinent book collections and specialized reference services.

Collections Management - This function includes selection, acquisition, deac-cessioning, preservation, and determination of collections management policies for SIL. A materials selection committee develops collection policies and recommends books and journals for acquisition. During FY 1985, the Libraries purchased over 5,300 monograph titles and approximately 2,830 serial titles. In addition, the Libraries also purchased a major collection of Southeast Asian materials and received a number of gift collections, as well.

The SIL's conservation program, implemented by a Book Conservation Laboratory, is charged with remedying the deterioration of SIL's valuable materials resulting from improper storage conditions. For the past nine years, SIL has microfilmed books to preserve material that had become too brittle and crumbling to be handled by researchers.

Automated Systems - Sophisticated electronic technologies continue to be fundamental to SIL planning for growth in the areas of information transfer and resource sharing. Since 1974, SIL has used the Online Computer Library Center, Inc. (OCLC), a national bibliographic data base, as a major data source for creation of its own bibliographic records. SIL has in turn contributed these catalogue records to the OCLC data base, thus sharing with other libraries in the reduction of cataloguing costs while making its bibliographic records available to researchers in all 6,000 member libraries.

The Smithsonian Institution Bibliographic Information System (SIBIS), developed and implemented by the Libraries and the Institution's Office of Information Resource Management, became operational in July 1984. It is anticipated that all component functions of SIBIS will be fully on-line by December 1986. Important advantages for research resulted from the introduction of the SIBIS-SIL on-line catalogue: besides having access from all SIL branch libraries, researchers in the field are now able to dial into the SIL catalogue wherever there is a computer/telecommunication link. Eventually, researchers with specific needs can relay them on-line from their offices or elsewhere, saving a visit to the library. Vastly improved searching power (including Boolean search strategies) will allow users to discover documents through approaches not possible before.

Research Services - The Research Services Division of SIL provides a full range of reference support for scholars in all fields of interest to the Institution. Its staff is stretched not only over myriad fields of intellectual inquiry, but also over a very broad geographic area; it is organized in 15 branches operating in 36 different locations in Washington, D.C.; Cambridge, Massachusetts; New York City; and Panama.

In order to locate appropriate sources and provide the information needed by SI researchers, SIL staff makes use of both manual reference tools and on-line data bases. During FY 1984, the 50 SIL branch library staff members answered 160,019 reference questions (approximately 613 every working day) including 1,827 on-line searches of automated bibliographic data bases. At least 38,000 items were circulated to Smithsonian

staff, and 18,716 photocopies of journal articles and other material were provided instead of circulating originals. To serve research needs which cannot be met from its own holdings, SIL borrowed 19,271 volumes in FY 1984. SIL loaned 4,836 items from its collections to users in other institutions, and staff also photocopied 2,992 journal articles for scholars outside the Smithsonian.

Quadrangle Project: African Art Branch Library - Since the goal of the Quadrangle is to be an educational and research center for non-western cultures, close cooperation between the SIL branch in the National Museum of African Art and the library of the Center for Asian Art is both important and necessary. Through the SIBIS on-line catalogue, both libraries will be able to provide their users with rapid bibliographic searches and a corresponding savings of time and effort in locating relevant volumes.

In FY 1985, the African Art Branch Library began a multiyear acquisition program to develop a collection that will support the expanded level of research that its placement in the new Center for African, Near Eastern, and Asian Cultures will require. Upon completion of this multiyear program, the African Art Library's collection will be able to begin to support comprehensive research in the field.

Outreach - The Libraries continues its commitment to national and international responsibilities in the areas of exhibitions, seminars, lectures, publications, and participation in national and international forums.

SIL produces a variety of publications which serve the Smithsonian staff, members of the national and international library and scholarly communities, and the general public. Two new volumes in the SIL Research Guide Series were issued this year, the first a selective bibliography published by Holmes & Meier entitled African Art: A Bibliographic Guide . The second, Manuscripts of the Dibner Collection: A Guide to Manuscripts in the Dibner History of Science and Technology Collection of the SIL , lists 1,614 manuscripts which reflect the history of science and technology from the high Middle Ages to the present, including papers of nearly every significant contributor to western science and technology during the past 900 years. Other SIL publications distributed included "Saving the Record: A Report on Preserving the Collections of the SIL"; "Book Collecting and the Care and Conservation of Books"; and an illustrated exhibition brochure for the "Panorama of India: Exhibition of Books, Prints and Manuscripts," an exhibition developed by SIL in conjunction with the Smithsonian's participation in the Festival of India.

A new master SIL Guide with detailed inserts for the 15 branch libraries was published this year to provide specific and general information on the Libraries. In addition, acquisitions lists and specialized bibliographies for collections for the National Zoological Park, the National Museum of African Art, the Anthropology Branch Library in the National Museum of Natural History, and the Museum Reference Center library were developed for distribution. In FY 1984 and 1985, SIL also presented lectures and seminars on the subjects of book preservation and bibliography. A number of SIL staff participated in presentations to special groups outside the Smithsonian on its collections and services.

With funding provided through the Institution's Special Foreign Currency Program, the SI Libraries administers the Science Information Program for Translations. This translation program, which makes available to American scholars a great number of scholarly articles and monographs on the natural sciences and cultural history originally published in foreign languages, has produced more than 195 published works since its inception in 1959. Beginning in 1985, works to be translated are recommended by a review committee consisting of representatives from the Libraries and several major Smithsonian bureaus. Examples of recent publications include Crayfishes of Mexico (translated from Spanish) and An Outline of the History of Metal Cutting Machines to the Middle of the

19th Century (translated from Russian) . Approximately 650 copies of each work translated are distributed gratis to libraries and specialists in the United States and throughout the world.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1987, an increase of $345,000 is requested to initiate on-line document delivery service for interlibrary loan ($165,000); to provide upgraded environmentally controlled stack, space for SI libraries collections currently in inadequate storage space ($80,000); and to accelerate the identification and cataloguing of uncatalogued materials in the SI Libraries collections ($100,000). A further amount of 1.5 workyears and $22,000 is required to annualize the partial year funding for 2 positions requested in the FY 1986 budget for Quadrangle-related support.

Research: On-Line Document Delivery Service ($165,000) - The national system of interlibrary loans, developed by the American Library Association (ALA), allows libraries to supplement their own collections by requesting the loan of material from other libraries instead of having to purchase it. Traditionally, the requesting library must search through union catalogues and other master listings of libraries to locate one that has the material needed, send out a request form to borrow, and wait an average of 18 to 21 days for the receipt of the material. If the material is not available for interlibrary loan from the library asked or is in circulation, the borrowing library must search for another library that possesses the material and the requesting process must be repeated. With the development of national bibliographic data bases, such as 0CLC, processing of interlibrary loan requests has become much more efficient, because requesting libraries can locate all the libraries possessing the needed material at one time through a computer search of the data base and can request the loan of the material by computer as well. Furthermore, commercial, computer-based document delivery services have proved even more effective. The requested increase of $165,000 would permit the SI Libraries to contract with these commercial document delivery services for the provision of interlibrary loan searching and delivery.

The results of an evaluation of its interlibrary loan requests conducted by SIL provided documented justification for the use of commercial delivery services. During the year under analysis (FY 1985) a substantial proportion of interlibrary loan requests (39 percent) sent by traditional ALA request forms were not filled within a three month period. A substantial improvement in results occurred for interlibrary loan requests transmitted by OCLC: 85 percent of the items were found in the first library queried by the computer and only 5 percent of the requests were not answered by the five libraries to which an OCLC query is automatically transmitted. Trial use of the commercial document delivery services resulted in the location of all but three of the items in the several hundred requests that had not been filled by the traditional interlibrary loan system. In addition, average response time for the- document delivery services is only 10.5 days, instead of up to 21 days for traditional interlibrary loan.

Expanded use of these computer-based document delivery services would also achieve a substantial increase in productivity because contracting with a document delivery service relieves SIL staff of time-consuming verification of detailed bibliographic information and preparation of special interlibrary loan forms. Most importantly, interlibrary loan processing by these delivery services would increase the Libraries' ability to support current Smithsonian research rapidly, effectively, and efficiently.

Buildings and Facilities Management: Upgraded Environmentally Controlled Space for Collections ($80,000) - The Smithsonian Institution Libraries currently occupies space throughout the different museums and research facilities. Many of these designated library spaces, carved out of existing public and office spaces in the different buildings , are neither environmentally suitable nor adequately designed for the demands

of easy accessibility, safe and secure storage, and high density ("compact") shelving necessary for the efficient provision of stack space for the Libraries' collections. Furthermore, poor environmental conditions in library stack space cause accelerated decay and decomposition of books and eventually irreparable damage and destruction to the collections. The requested increase of $80,000 would provide for the rental of approximately 15,000 square feet of upgraded environmentally controlled space to replace the worst stack spaces currently used in order to prevent further decay of the unique and priceless collections housed at the Smithsonian Institution Service Center (SISC) at 1111 North Capitol St. and elsewhere on The Mall.

In the SISC, the Libraries occupies 12,000 square feet of space, including a Conservation Lab and 10,000 square feet of stack space containing approximately 150,000 volumes. This space is overcrowded, subject to wide variation in temperature and humidity, and lacking adequate security and fire protection for use as a library stack facility. The facility is a repository for actively-used volumes for which there is no stack space available in the appropriate branch, as well as a storage area for major collections not frequently used, such as translations, major donations awaiting processing, and SIL books that had been on deposit at the Library of Congress but which have been transferred back to SIL.

It is estimated that, if these conditions are not alleviated soon, most of the collection of 150,000 books housed at 1111 North Capitol St. will completely deteriorate within ten years. The temperature at North Capitol Street varies from 10°C (50°F) in winter to 32°C (90°F or more) in summer, with relative humidity variations from 15 to 80 percent. This means that the bulk of the holdings is facing a deterioration rate at least quadruple that of collections stored under ideal conditions of 68°F to 74°F and 45 to 55 percent relative humidity.

In addition to the SISC, the Libraries stores large research collection in environmentally unsuitable conditions in most of the buildings on The Mall. For example, at the National Museum of American History, the Libraries maintains an overflow stack facility with approximately 5,000 square feet of space. With over 200,000 volumes in the facility, including the priceless and unique collections of trade literature, this stack area is overcrowded, without the necessary environmental conditions for book storage, and threatened by water damage caused by the problem experienced by the terrace of the building.

By providing upgraded stack space that is environmentally controlled, further decay of these collections, especially those which cannot be replaced because of their historical value, would be prevented and the Libraries' program of book conservation would be assured of a higher degree of long term success. The most expedient short-term solution to the need for securing the necessary upgraded environmentally controlled space would be to rent commercial or warehouse space that meets the necessary requirements for temperature, humidity, and other environmental controls. For the long-range solution to these needs, SI Libraries is currently working with the Office of the Director of Facilities Services and other appropriate Smithsonian offices to develop a comprehensive plan to satisfy the space needs and environmental requirements for space for the Libraries.

Collections Management: Cataloguing of Uncatalogued Materials ($100,000 ) - With funding provided in FY 1985, the Libraries began a long-term process to identify and catalogue approximately 400,000 items in its collections that had previously not been catalogued. During FY 1985, more than 8,000 of these items were catalogued. In order to accelerate the processing of these uncatalogued materials, an increase of $100,000 is requested to provide an expanded base of $180,000 for this important long-term project.

The backlog of uncatalogued materials includes 8,650 totally uncatalogued gift items (presently stored at 1111 North Capitol St.)', more than 230,200 pieces of trade literature (such as catalogues for Ford auto parts, Burpee seeds and Saks Fifth Avenue furs) important to the understanding of the history of American commerce; approximately 9,950 rare books in SIL's Special Collections, mostly from the Dibner Collection; and more than 29,000 other volumes in libraries and offices throughout the Institution. With minimal or no bibliographic accountability for these books, their use in research is severely limited because they cannot be readily found through the normal search of the library catalogue, and their location may be uncertain. Furthermore, once catalogued, these books are less likely to be misplaced or stolen since identifying marks to show Smithsonian Libraries ownership are applied during the cataloguing process.

Cataloguing involves a physical description of the item, which can be quite complex in the case of rare books; a detailed narrative of its subject matter and contents; and the assignment of a classification and call number. The bibliographic information is then entered into the Smithsonian Institution Bibliographic Information System (SIBIS) and becomes readily accessible to research scholars at the Smithsonian and other institutions. The volume is then labeled and shelved in the proper stack location. The cost of cataloguing a volume is currently $20 per book; the specialized cataloguing required for rare books is $3 5 per volume. The cataloguing services would be provided on contract. Total cost of the project is estimated to be over $2 million: approximately $760,000 for regular books, $348,250 for rare books, and $1 million for a simplified online catalogue for trade literature (to be indexed by SIL). With the expanded base of $180,000, the cataloguing process for these uncatalogued backlogs would take approximately 12 years. It is anticipated that additional resources may be sought in future years to further accelerate this important work.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - These funds are provided by allotments and are used primarily to support 10 full-time positions and related support costs including supplies, book binding and training (estimated expenditures of $333,000 in FY 1986 and $349,000 in FY 1987). In addition, an allotment is currently being used to complete the cataloguing of the Echols Collection of books on Southeast Asia, to restore valuable volumes of photographs, to bind heavily used journals and paper bound books, and to purchase anthropology books for the Bureau of Ethnology (estimated expenditures of $102,000 in FY 1986).

Restricted Funds - These are provided through gifts and grants from individuals, foundations, endowments, organizations or corporations for specific purposes. For example, restricted funds were used to publish Manuscripts of the Dibner Collection: A Guide to Manuscripts in the Dibner History of Science and Technology Collection of the SIL . A gift from the Dibner family provides funds for the purchase of rare volumes on the history of science (estimated expenditures of $5,000 in FY 1986 and in FY 1987). A grant from Time-Life will support the preparation costs for a future publication on international exhibitions (estimated expenditures of $5,000 in FY 1986 and in FY 1987).

OFFICE OF EXHIBITS CENTRAL

(Dollars in Thous and s)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

A BSTRACT - The Office of Exhibits Central (OEC) is an in-house resource of highly skilled exhibition specialists and well-equipped shops that participate in and support the exhibition and exhibit-related programs of the Smithsonian Institution. These resources provide exhibit capability to Smithsonian units without full-time or specialized exhibition staff and supplement the capability of those units that have their own staff. OEC services are strictly museum-oriented, recognizing the demand for accuracy, meticulous attention to detail and extreme care in the handling of museum objects. The great majority of OEC projects are one-of-a-kind tasks, custom designed and produced for the exhibition of specific objects from the collections of the Institution or from other museums or private collections. In FY 1987, an increase of 3 workyears and $92,000 is requested to support expanded OEC activities for exhibition and related needs of the International Center located in the Quadrangle and to supplement the exhibition capabilities of the National Museum of African Art and the Sackler Gallery.

PROGRAM - The Office of Exhibits Central provides professional services in the fields of exhibition design, label writing and editing, and a full range of exhibit production capabilities geared to the particular demands of museum presentations. The OEC Fabrication Unit includes a fully equipped cabinet shop, a custom paint shop and a sheet plastics shop experienced in the uses of all types of acrylics including ultraviolet filtering materials. The OEC Graphic Production Shop includes a complete state-of-the-art photo silk screen lab, photo mounting capabilities and a staff trained in conservation-correct mounting and framing of original art works. The OEC Model Shop utilizes the most recent techniques of fluid and thermo-setting plastics as well as the more traditional materials and methods to create museum models and replicas of all types and sizes. The shop also provides a limited capability in freeze-dry taxidermy and fabricates custom mountings and brackets for all types of museum objects.

The Model Shop is now working on a reconstruction of the jaw of a prehistoric shark, Carcharodon megalodon , including its over 300 teeth. Scheduled for completion in September 1985, this project required almost three years of development studies working with scientists from the National Museum of Natural History and the American Museum of Natural History. Three full-sized clay models of the over six-foot-high open jaw were required to finalize the correct anatomical detail. OEC modelmakers worked on other projects while the scientists checked these models against their formulations and developed the adjustments needed for scientific accuracy. The finished model will be installed in the Dinosaur Hall of the Natural Museum of Natural History and the molds will be loaned to the American Museum of Natural History so that a similar model can be produced for

their exhibits. This year the Model Shop made a life mask of astronaut Senator Edwin J. Garn. The mask will be sculpted to a life-size mannequin dressed in a space shuttle uniform for exhibition in the National Air and Space Museum. The Shop also produced exact models of owls' eggs for the National Zoological Park's Education Department. During the past year, the Model Shop has prepared mountings and brackets for over 300 museum objects, the majority of which are for the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) exhibition "From Ebla to Damascus."

OEC is designing, writing and editing, producing, and preparing for shipment the traveling exhibition "From Ebla to Damascus" for SITES. The exhibition contains over 300 archeological objects recovered in Syria, the smallest of which is a cylinder seal approximately 1/2" inch long; the largest is a Cult Basin of stone weighing 1,600 pounds. The exhibition also includes 68 exhibit panels of interpretative and historical information designed and produced by OEC. Although the largest and most complex project this year by OEC, this is but one of the 30 new SITES exhibitions designed and produced at OEC. Earlier in FY 1985, OEC and SITES staff returned the exhibition "Treasures from the Smithsonian Institution" from Edinburgh, Scotland. Over 250 objects were safely returned to the 13 Smithsonian museums that participated in this major program of the Institution.

In FY 1985, OEC again provided graphic production support for the Festival of American Folklife, silk screening and mounting 150 photographs on 123 panel surfaces that were installed on the Festival grounds. OEC also provided support to the Smithsonian Associates by designing, writing and editing, and supervising the printing of over 70 brochures for its travel programs. Similar support also was provided for the Craft Show and Christmas programs of the Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Associates.

The OEC Fabrication Unit is now completing the second group of custom exhibition cases for installation at the Cooper-Hewitt Museum. These cases, designed by Cooper-Hewitt designers, were produced in OEC shops and then shipped to New York City where OEC staff installed them into the unique architectural interior galleries of the Cooper-Hewitt. In all, the OEC accepted and completed over 250 separate projects for Smithsonian units this year.

OEC staff continue to serve as faculty in the "Workshops for Museum Professionals" organized by the Office of Museum Programs and to consult on Institution-wide planning for exhibitions, graphics, and the design and uses of public spaces on The Mall and in the Smithsonian museums.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - Quadrangle-related Programs (3 workyears and $92,000 ) - In 1987, an increase of 3 workyears and $92,000 is requested to enable OEC to expand its program activities to provide support for exhibition and related needs of the International Center located in the Quadrangle building.

The anticipated increase in FY 1986 will allow OEC to hire one exhibit specialist to assist with the preliminary designs and models for the planned exhibition space of the new Quadrangle facilities. The FY 1987 increase will provide for three new exhibit specialist positions (two general and one model-maker), who will help produce cases, mount artifacts, develop and edit descriptive labels, and silk-screen exhibit materials for exhibitions being planned for the International Center and for SITES' new display spaces in the Quadrangle. The other funds will be spent for indirect cost support items such as hand tools, exhibit materials, and safety equipment needed in the production of exhibitions. In addition, this increase in staff will allow OEC to provide the specialized exhibition services necessary to supplement the exhibition capabilities of the National Museum of African Art and the Sackler Gallery as they develop the initial installation of permanent exhibitions in their new locations.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - These are provided by tuition fees received from local universities, proceeds from the sale of the OEC book A Freeze-Dry Manual through the Smithsonian Institution Press and reimbursements from internal Smithsonian units. These funds are used to purchase supplies , materials and services in support of OEC activities, to defray costs associated with special events and, as needed, to supplement a portion of travel expenses associated with consultation with other museum professionals (estimated expenditures of $32,000 in FY 1986 and $2,000 in FY 1987).

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION TRAVELING EXHIBITION SERVICE

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Fu **FTP = Fu

11-time equivalent 11-time permanent

ABSTRACT - The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) provides an important national service by offering carefully-selected, well-designed and widely-circulated traveling exhibitions' covering a broad range of subject matter in the fields of art, design, technology, history, science, anthropology, space, education, and the environment. These include exhibitions from the Smithsonian's collections as well as those organized and loaned by other museums in the United States and abroad, foreign governments, private individuals, and organizations throughout the world. In the spring of 1986, facilities for SITES will be relocated in the new Center for African, Near Eastern, and Asian Cultures in the Quadrangle. For FY 1987, an increase of 2.25 workyears and $38,000 is requested to reinforce SITES' staff support for its expanded program responsibilities in the Quadrangle. A further amount of 3 workyears and $87,000 is required to annualize the partial year funding for 6 positions requested in the FY 1986 budget for Quadrangle-related support.

PROGRAM - The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service is the primary Smithsonian organization which originates and circulates traveling exhibitions. SITES (the largest service of its kind in the United States) provides a broad selection of exhibitions encompassing the diverse disciplines and subject matter represented in the collections of the Smithsonian, including art, natural history, design, archeology, anthropology, science and technology, decorative arts and crafts, and popular culture. SITES exhibitions are complete programs accompanied by curatorial and registrarial information, handling instructions , technical information, publicity materials, suggested educational activities, and, in most instances, exhibition catalogues. SITES also provides professional assistance to the museum field on a variety of topics including shipping and insurance of artifacts, installation techniques, exhibit security, design and upgrading of exhibition space, and contract matters.

SITES represents an important outreach and service program of the Smithsonian, sponsoring over 120 exhibitions in continuous circulation. These exhibitions are seen by approximately eight million people each year through local museums, galleries , and educational and cultural institutions in the United States and abroad. Since its establishment in 1952, SITES exhibitions have reached an audience of over 100 million people in 15,000 communities. Over 9,000 institutions receive Update , SITES' annual catalogue describing the available traveling exhibitions and publications; SITELINE , a quarterly newsletter; and special mailings providing information on specific exhibitions.

SITES' exhibitions are an essential element in the program and resource planning of thousands of exhibition-sponsoring organizations. These organizations benefit directly from the traveling exhibitions by being able to present an exhibit in their community for a fraction of the cost required to develop and produce the exhibition for themselves. The Federal support received by SITES is what allows exhibitions to be developed, toured and provided to these organizations at an affordable participation fee. Federal funding constitutes only 15 percent of SITES total operating budget; the remainder is provided through exhibition fees, nonappropriated Trust fund support from the Institution, and outside grants and contracts. This Federal assistance, however, is essential to ensure that fees paid for exhibitions remain within the budgetary reach of participating museums and galleries across the United States — during FY 1985, 53 percent of SITES' traveling exhibitions were offered to exhibitors with a participation fee of $1,000 or less.

44

During FY 1985, a total of 354 bookings for SITES' shows were scheduled in 208 cities in states and the District of Columbia:

SITES' traveling exhibitions also provide the opportunity for people in other countries to learn about American history and culture. During FY 1985, "American Porcelain" traveled in India; "A Cartoon History of United States Foreign Policy, 1776-1976" traveled in Spain; and "Good as Gold: Alternative Materials in American Jewelry" visited Latin America. A total of 22 exhibition bookings were scheduled for travel outside the United States in FY 1985. SITES also cooperated with the Office of Exhibits Central in the staging and safe return to the United States of the exhibition "Treasures from the Smithsonian Institution," after a successful presentation at the Edinburgh International Festival in Scotland.

SITES estimates that 55 new traveling exhibitions will begin their tour during FY 1986 and FY 1987. Major new exhibitions include: "Hollywood: Legend and Reality," celebrating the creative achievement and cultural influence of American movies over the past 70 years; "After the Revolution: Everyday Life in America, 1780-1800," an exhibition adapted from the permanent exhibition opening at the National Museum of American History; "Material Evidence: New Color Techniques in Handmade Furniture," an exhibition on the most innovative creators of handmade furniture; "Audubon: Science into Art," from

the collection of the American Museum of Natural History in New York; "Artificial Reefs" and "Drawn from the Sea: Art in the Service of Ichthyology" from the National Museum of Natural History; "Surrealist Art" from the collections of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden; and "Magnificent Voyagers," developed in conjunction with the National Museum of Natural History/Museum of Man to commemorate the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838-1842 led by Charles Wilkes. In addition, SITES already has initiated development of 23 new exhibitions scheduled to tour in FY 1988 and following years. SITES' exhibitions, which require at least 12 to 18 months to develop and produce, usually average two years on tour.

EXHIBITIONS BEGINNING TOURS, FY 1986 - FY 1987

Traveling exhibitions developed by SITES serve two primary exhibition functions: to bring the collections of the Smithsonian to national and international audiences, and to cooperate with other museums, organizations and collectors to provide the widest range of exhibitions available for travel. Therefore, SITES' exhibitions are both produced from Smithsonian sources as well as adapted from other sources. The following list of new exhibitions beginning their tours in FY 1986 and FY 1987 demonstrates the wide range of subject matter covered by SITES' exhibitions:

Based on Smithsonian Sources

FY 1986 : "After the Revolution: Everyday Life in America, 1780-1800"; "The Blessings of Liberty"; "Carnegie Libraries"; "Comet Quest"; "Drawn From the Sea: Art in the Service of Ichthyology"; "Eleanor Roosevelt: First Person Singular"; and "Surrealist Art from the Hirshhorn."

FY 1987 : "Artificial Reefs"; "The Grand Generation"; "Magnificent Voyagers"; "Paul Manship from the National Museum of American Art"; and "Portraits in Black."

Based on Other Sources

FY 1986 : "American Master Drawings from the Corcoran Gallery of Art"; "Anasazi World"; "The Art of Cameroon" (Panel exhibition version); "Audubon: Science into Art"; "Community Industries of the Shakers"; "Contemporary Print Images by Afro-American Artists"; "Dutch Paintings from the National Gallery of Ireland"; "European Illustration 1974-1984"; "French Cinema Posters"; "Haiti: The First Black Republic"; "Hollywood: Legend and Reality"; "Italian Textiles"; "The Laser at 25" (copy 2); "Leonid Pasternak"; "Mark Twain and Huck Finn: Joy Flags and Milestones"; "The Master Weavers"; "Olga Hirshhorn, Collection II"; "The Paris Style 1900: Art Nouveau Bing"; "Renaissance Master Bronzes from the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna"; "Savory Suppers and Fancy Feasts"; and "Treasures from the Land: New Zealand Craftsmen and Their Native Materials."

FY 1987 : "Africa Adorned"; "American Dress-Up"; "Baseball Immortals, 1905-1935: The Photographs of Charles Martin Conlon"; "Childhood in Victorian America"; "Ecuadorian Archeology"; "Endings"; "Estimations"; "Gauguin and His Circle in Brittany: The Prints"; "Irish Decorative Arts"; "Lost Cities, Forgotten Kings: Discovery of the Ancient Civilization of Honduras"; "Man Ray"; "Martin Luther King"; "Morroccan Jewelry"; "New Horizons"; "Pacific Flyway"; "Pissaro"; "The Promised Land: Five Utopias Compared"; "Site to Sight: Photography in the Service of Anthropology"; "Sound Tracks"; "Swedish Drawings"; "Treasures from Scottish Castles"; and "Vatican Drawings."

Quadrangle-Related Programs - SITES reaches audiences throughout the United States and many foreign countries through its exhibitions, workshops, publications and educational materials. In its new location in the Quadrangle, SITES will, in addition, assume the development of exhibitions and programs that assist in fulfilling the Smithsonian's international mission, thereby reinforcing SITES' specific role in international cultural

exchange. The new facilities will include an introductory gallery, educational workshop, exhibition publications center, a vault for temporary storage of exhibition objects and materials, and additional meeting rooms.

Introductory Gallery : The Introductory Gallery will provide space where visiting museum colleagues, potential corporate sponsors, exhibitors and lenders will be able to view actual examples of SITES work, which SITES has no capability of presenting visually in its present location. The Introductory Gallery will present a varied sampling of SITES' materials, including installation of photographs from various exhibitors; educational materials, kits and booklets; video presentations of public service announcements and educational computer software; exhibition catalogues and brochures; posters; extracts from panel exhibitions; and suggested ways to interpret an exhibition that in turn assist museum colleagues to implement certain educational techniques in their own programs.

Educational Workshop : SITES develops and designs the themes and formats of exhibitions by actively involving curators and scholars from a broad spectrum of disciplines. As a result, SITES has developed one of the most comprehensive and finest quality museum education programs in the world. This includes educational and experiential exhibitions,

such as "What If I Couldn't," designed so that general audiences can learn about the special needs of the handicapped and "Sculpture: Exploring Three Dimensions," a participatory exhibition that involves visitors with the materials and technical processes necessary to produce sculptures. The new educational workshop area will allow SITES to integrate scholarly research and education in the initial stages of exhibition development. Here, SITES, working in collaboration with specialists, will be able to test and evaluate educational materials designed to accompany traveling exhibitions; hold seminars on exhibition design and content, audience identification and development, and public relations techniques; and assist colleagues in the design of outreach programs directed at their own local schools and communities. Students and educators among others play an important role in assisting SITES' evaluation team to test these museum programs, which are then shared nationally and internationally with museums and museum colleagues.

Exhibition Publications Center : Since its inception, SITES has published hundreds of catalogues, scholarly documents, and enrichment materials to accompany traveling exhibitions. SITES' literary offerings continue to grow rapidly, with over 30 publications issued each year. SITES also accumulates slides and photographs that promote exhibitions and educational product offerings. Exhibition publications are exchanged with museums throughout the United States and abroad. The Exhibition Publications Center will enable SITES to centralize its vast and valuable collection of exhibition literature, and become a repository for all SITES' publications and those of many other traveling exhibition services and museums. These resources will be open to colleagues and the public for reference and research and form a core of information upon which SITES' staff will draw for program decisions.

Exhibitions for the International Gallery - In conjunction with the Directorate of International Activities, SITES will organize the inaugural exhibition for the International Gallery of the Center for African, Near Eastern, and Asian Cultures (scheduled to open to the public in the spring of 1987). This exhibition, with the current working title "Birth: A Ritual for Life," will focus on the symbols and mythology associated with the advent of life in many cultures around the world. Development of this exhibition will integrate the disciplines of art, anthropology, and history and draw upon the expertise of many Smithsonian scholars from throughout the Institution, as well as other museums and universities. SITES plans to work with the Directorate of International Activities on the development of future exhibitions to be presented in the International Gallery.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1987, an increase of 2.25 workyears and $38,000 is requested to reinforce SITES' staff support for its expanded program responsibilities in the Quadrangle. A further amount of 3 workyears and $87,000 is required to annualize the partial year funding for 6 positions requested in the FY 1986 budget for Quadrangle-related support.

Quadrangle-related Support (2.25 workyears and $38,000) - To provide public assistance in the Introductory Gallery and the expanded public service functions required by SITES' location in the Quadrangle, a secretary/receptionist ( .75 workyear and $13,000) is requested. Another secretarial position (.5 workyear and $9,000) would provide support for the educational workshop coordinator requested for FY 1986, including assistance in the scheduling and promoting of workshop activities. (Funding for the full year costs of these positions is anticipated in the FY 1988 budget request.) An exhibition assistant (1 workyear and $16,000) would allow SITES to maintain its capability to provide prompt and efficient service to exhibitors, expedite the booking procedures, verify the accuracy of exhibition contracts, and promote SITES' exhibitions available for booking. The critical need of this position is underscored by the fact that the number of institutions served by SITES has grown over the past two years from over 7,000 institutions to more than 9,000 and is expected to increase further as a result of greater visibility in the Quadrangle.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - These are derived from participation fees collected from museums, universities, historical societies and other users of the traveling exhibitions. These funds, supplemented by an allotment, support 31 positions and virtually all exhibition development costs including publications, materials, outside specialists and contractual services (estimated expenditures of $1,840,000 in FY 1986 and $2,005,000 in FY 1987).

Restricted Funds - Funds are provided in the form of gifts and foundation grants from individuals, organizations or corporations for specific purposes. During FY 1985, several grants were received: from Time, Inc. for the exhibition "Hollywood: Legend and Reality"; from the Optical Society of America and the Lasers and Electro-Optics Society of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers for the exhibition "The Laser at 25"; and from Pepsico-International for the exhibition "American Art 1920-1940."

Major funding is expected to continue during FY 1986 for the development of important exhibitions: "The Paris Style 1900: Art Nouveau Bing"; "Five Centuries of Italian Textiles"; "Lost Cities, Forgotten Kings: Discovering the Ancient Civilization of Honduras"; "Renaissance Master Bronzes"; and "Baseball Immortals, 1905-1935: The Photographs of Charles Martin Conlon."

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION ARCHIVES

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT

The Smithsonian Institution Archives is the official archives of the

Smithsonian Institution. Its staff appraises, selects, accessions, and administers inactive official records, professional papers of distinguished research staff, and other documentation of lasting historical value on the research, public service, and administrative activities of the Smithsonian in science, technology, history, art, public education and museum operations. These archives serve as the Institutional memory, and they are a vital and valuable source of information not only to the administrators and community of scholars in the Smithsonian itself, but also to the broader community of interested researchers and the general public throughout the country and around the world. The staff of the Archives plans and implements archives and records management programs and projects from a main archives and research facility in the Arts and Industries Building (A&I) and operates an off-Mall records center for the temporary storage of documentation awaiting appraisal and disposition. Program increases are sought in FY 1987 to meet needs created by growth in the volume of holdings and by advancing technology. For FY 1987, an increase of $75,000 is requested to alleviate the lack of archival storage space and $37,000 is sought to develop the automation capability of the Archives.

PROGRAM - The archives program has succeeded over the past ten years in establishing control over a substantial amount of the official records and professional documentation that contain the vital history of the Smithsonian Institution. This has been accomplished by careful, labor-intensive examination of files in operating offices, establishment of disposition schedules arranging for inactive records to be sent to the Archives or discarded if lacking substantial historical value, and by personal oral history interviews with key figures in Institutional development. The archives program is an ongoing process, expanding and evolving to contain new documentation that is being generated constantly. This process is complicated by the fact that there are program and administrative changes every year which must be accommodated not only in the records, but in the program focus of the Archives.

The establishment and growth of the archival program since its inception in the 1960s has reflected the rapid and substantial growth and diversification of the Institution over the past several decades. It also has coincided with dramatic changes in information technology for document reproduction, communications, storage and retrieval in both research and institutional management. The Smithsonian Archives has had to grow and diversify, and it must continue to do so if it is to serve as an adequate official archives of the Institution. The Smithsonian Archives is working with the

Office of Information Resource Management, the Office of Facilities Services, the Smithsonian Institution Libraries, and with other offices sharing similar needs and problems to seek ways of ensuring adequate active storage for the growing volume of records used regularly by Smithsonian staff and outside researchers , and to accommodate the requirements of electronic information communications, storage and retrieval.

In FY 1978, there were about 6,000 cubic feet of holdings in the Smithsonian Archives. In FY 1985, there are over 12,000 cubic feet, which far exceeds the present shelf capacity and requires the stacking of records on the floors of stack aisles. Growth over the past decade was exceptional due to the backlogs of records in operating offices and to the addition of new bureaus and offices. This growth in documentation is expected to continue at the rate of about 400-800 cubic feet per year for the indefinite future. The advent of electronic information storage is not expected to alleviate this condition within the next several years, although it may provide some long-term relief. In the short term, the new technology overlaps existing, on-going storage and processing requirements rather than replacing them, and the Archives must accommodate both the old and the new out of existing resources. In addition to an increase in the volume of materials, there has been an increase in diversity of media beyond the traditional and relatively simple requirements of paper records to a variety of photographic and electronic media, each of which requires specialized equipment and specialized expertise to store, preserve, and use the material. Much of this capability is beyond the resources now available to the Archives.

There has been a corresponding increase in research and reference activity and, this too is expected to grow in the future. In FY 1978, there were 857 reference inquiries (in person, by mail and on the phone), and in FY 1985, projections for the first 36 weeks suggest that 1,600 will be handled. Copying documents for researchers tripled from FY 1984 to FY 1985. In FY 1984, there were just under 8,000 pages and in FY 1985, there is a projected total of over 24,000 pages. As the volume and diversity of holdings has grown, as the descriptions of holdings have become known through publication of the award-winning Guide to the Smithsonian Archives (1983) and as the service provided has improved, so the volume and diversity of inquiries, from routine public curiosity to intensive and extensive scholarly research, also have increased. With the entry of descriptive catalogue data into the Smithsonian Institution Bibliographic Information System (SIBIS), a further leap in the volume of reference inquiries is expected over the coming several years. Again, accommodating these requests and providing the service required equitably to both routine public inquiries and sophisticated scientific and historical research requires knowledge, experience, and expertise from the staff that must be developed and maintained at costs beyond the present capacity of existing resources.

A very modest microfilming program has been ongoing at the Smithsonian Archives for a number of years to provide security copies of vital records and to provide substitute reference images for paper documentation that is rapidly decaying. This program continues at a very modest pace, and it is hoped that in out-years it can be supplemented by new technology such as optical scanning and digital storage of imagery, and the Archives is cooperating with Smithsonian Institution Libraries and other interested offices to devise the requirements of archives for such technology.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1987, $112,000 is sought to alleviate the archival space shortage ($75,000) and to further the process of automation ($37,000).

Facilities ($75,000) - For FY 1987, an increase of $75,000 is requested to cover the rent of commercial space, the purchase of shelving and associated equipment and the hiring of moving services to relocate archival materials.

The present Smithsonian Archives facilities in the A&I Building and in the records center facility at 1111 North Capitol Street are both full. Rental facilities are sought as an interim measure until the Office of Facilities Services succeeds in its search for a suitable alternative to accommodate the growth of the Archives. The FY 1987 request includes the initial cost of shelving, associated equipment, and moving. These costs are excluded from the outyear estimates of continued rental costs ($50,000).

Smithsonian Archives has already attempted to relieve the pressure on the records center space somewhat by requesting authorization from originating offices for the early discard of groups of records properly scheduled for such discarding, and some success has been achieved in reducing the temporary holdings scheduled for discard by two or three hundred cubic feet. However, this will not meet the need for space to accommodate incoming transfers, nor will it help in solving the more important problem of space in the main archives where materials are kept for their permanent value. The effect of no action on this request will be that incoming materials will be stored poorly and incon-viently in access aisles until some relief can be found. Transfers should not be postponed because of the effect on over-crowded operating office files and because it would damage the favorable momentum that the archival program has built up over the past 15 years at great expense of time, effort and money.

Automation ($37,000) - For FY 1987, $37,000 is requested to acquire equipment, supplies, and training to develop and to apply automated data processing and electronic data storage to the holdings of the Smithsonian Archives and to the processing of and research into those holdings.

This development is in keeping with the general commitment of the Smithsonian Institution to develop automated office systems, and it is intended to enable the Smithsonian Archives to take maximum advantage of the potential of the SIBIS applications for archival materials. In order to do this, several small computers and related equipment, software and training are required ($27,000).

This request also includes $10,000 to cover the Smithsonian Archives' SIBIS user's charge, which in FY 1985 amounted to more than ten percent of the "other objects" program costs of the Archives and, therefore, cut heavily into the office's capability to convert nitrate film into stable film base and to develop automated data processing applications. Increased funding in this amount would improve the prospects for successful automation of the Archives.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - These are provided by allotments and are used to cover the salaries, benefits, and various support costs for an archivist and an archives technician (estimated expenditures of $71,000 in FY 1986 and $106,000 in FY 1987). Funding also has been provided for four positions and support costs for a project to survey the photographic collections of the Smithsonian, to enter the collected information into a database for online automated cataloguing, and to produce the Finder's Guide to the Photographic Collections in the Smithsonian Institution (estimated expenditures of $121,000 in FY 1986 and $123,000 in FY 1987).

NATIONAL MUSEUM ACT

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **-FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - The National Museum Act of 1966 (20 U.S.C. 65a), as amended, established a technical assistance program, administered by the Smithsonian, to issue grants for projects enhancing the quality of museum operations throughout the Nation. The National Museum Act (NMA) grants allow the Smithsonian to support professional training in museum activities—including collections management, research and exhibitions, education, public relations, and conservation—and scientific research on important museum-related problems. Historically, the grant program has attempted to foster a high standard of professionalism in the museum community and to increase awareness of the critical importance of conservation vis-a-vis the care and preservation of our cultural and national heritage. No program increase is requested for FY 1987.

PROGRAM - National Museum Act grants provide training opportunities for museum professionals; support research that advances knowledge about critical museum-related problems; and encourage activities that make technical information available to the field. Grants are made to museums, professional museum organizations and associations, academic institutions with museum-related programs, and in some instances to individuals applying through an eligible organization.

The Advisory Council, which assists in identifying priorities and evaluating projects for which support is requested, is appointed by the Secretary. It consists of museum and conservation professionals in the principal museum disciplines of art, science and history. In evaluating the applications for assistance from NMA, the Advisory Council makes recommendations that are based on the potential benefit of the projects to the museum field, the quality of the proposal and the qualifications of the individuals involved.

From 1972 to 1985, the National Museum Act processed 2,345 applications for grants and made 792 awards, totaling $10 million, of which 395 awards (50 percent) involved conservation training and research. In FY 1985, 185 proposals requesting $3.1 million were submitted and 64 grants were made totaling $659,363. Of these, 41 grants (64 percent) related to conservation.

Professional Training - In FY 1985, six grants were made to academic institutions offering training programs related to professional museum work. Three of these programs involve conservation, and one, devoted to advanced training in the preservation of books and archival materials, is the first of its kind in the country. Other grants to academic institutions will support museum studies programs tailored to the needs of future professionals in history and art museums.

Twenty museums were recipients of internship awards that will enable beginning professionals who have already received academic training to obtain practical experience in museum practices. These awards were distributed to art, history and science museums as well as zoos and herbaria in various regions of the United States. The training at these institutions covers a wide range of museum activities, such as educational programming, curatorial techniques, conservation, methods of interpretation, and registration.

Eleven individuals sponsored by various museum-related institutions received grants under the Stipends to Individuals for Conservation Studies Program to advance their training in conservation. This Program, which was established in 1976 in response to a continuing need for professional conservators in the United States, offers various types of assistance. Some awards involve enrollment in a multi-year formal training program or a short-term specialized course. Others involve an internship of several months duration for conservators already employed by a museum or a nine to twelve-month internship for recent graduates of a formal training program. Individuals who received awards in 1985 are gaining expertise in many different specialties such as books, paintings, paper objects, and textiles.

Thirteen seminars for museum professionals were supported in various areas of the country. One pertains to the care and management of photographic collections and another to strategies for preserving tigers in captivity. A museum association in Oklahoma and a regional conservation center in Colorado will be sponsoring conservation-awareness workshops for employees of small and medium-sized museums that have no access to in-house conservation staff.

Research - The National Museum Act has continued to provide support for research on technical issues that pertain to museums. In recent years, applications submitted to the Act under the Special Studies and Research category have largely related to conservation and have been increasingly technical in nature. Many of them involve research that is contributing to the development of improved techniques for the preservation of objects, specimens, and living animals in zoos and aquaria.

In 1985, ten grants were made on various specialized topics. Two involve environmental or nutrition-related problems associated with maintaining mammals in captivity. One involves establishing guidelines on the proper care of objects in historic adobe museums and another developing safe techniques for consolidating deteriorating plaster in historic buildings. At an outdoor history museum in Massachusetts, educators will investigate new programs that are specifically geared to adult visitors.

Services to the Field - A portion of the National Museum Act's budget is available each year for projects that provide valuable services to a museum constituency or to museum professionals in general. In 1985, awards were made to two national associations for consultant services that will benefit history museums and museums collecting Afro-American materials. A grant was made to a museum-related organization in New York for a series of data sheets on health hazards in museum conservation, which is an area of increasing concern to conservators, and another to a major art museum in Philadelphia for a publication being distributed to both conservators and the general public on the conservation of outdoor sculptural monuments.

The staffs of the National Museum Act and the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Museum Programs work closely with individuals, museums, educational institutions, and professional organizations involved in museum training and research activities to better coordinate efforts to meet the increasingly complex needs of museums. The Smithsonian also consults regularly with administrators of Federal museum programs such as the National Endowment for the Arts, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Institute of Museum Services, and the National Science Foundation to insure the effective and efficient utilization of Federal resources in the museum field.

DIRECTORATE OF INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - The Directorate of International Activities was established in October 1984 to monitor, coordinate, and enhance the Smithsonian-wide array of work in the international field; to be responsible for liaison with Federal agencies and national and international organizations whose activities relate to those of the Institution; to ensure balanced international program emphases, reflecting all world regions and all fields of existing Smithsonian interests from basic research in the natural sciences to popular culture and the performing arts; to assist in developing comprehensive, long-range program plans that will increase the scope, salience, and effectiveness of all the Institution's international activities; and to plan, design, and conduct the programs of the International Center located in the Quadrangle complex. The work of the Directorate is conducted in three divisions: a program staff primarily responsible for planning the programs of the International Center and for filling the liaison and coordinating roles of the Directorate; an Office of Service and Protocol (formerly the Office of International Activities); and an Office of Publications Exchange (formerly the International Exchange Service) . The Directorate also has responsibility for the overall planning of the 1992 commemoration of the landing of Columbus in the Americas.

For FY 1987, an increase of $328,000 is requested (1) to provide support for two Quadrangle-related initiatives including the development of a curriculum for tropical biology to be taught in the International Center ($23,000), and to provide automation capability for visiting scholars in the International Center ($60,000); and (2) to initiate preliminary Institution-wide planning for the programs and events to commemorate the Columbus Quincentenary ($245,000). A further amount of 1 workyear and $28,000 is required to annualize the partial year funding for 2 positions requested in the FY 1986 budget for Quadrangle-related support.

PROGRAM - In October 1984, the Directorate of International Activities was established to give higher visibility both internally and externally to the international programs of the Smithsonian which date from its earliest days and have continued to be integral to its mandate.

The Office of Publications Exchange fosters international scholarly interchange by enabling universities and learned societies in the United States to exchange their publications with those of corresponding institutions and governments of other countries. In recent years, more than 200 American universities, libraries and other organizations have participated in this international publications exchange. During FY 1985, in excess of 85,000 volumes were exchanged.

The Office of Service and Protocol provides the basic services necessary to coordinate the international aspects of Smithsonian research and museum programs, such as obtaining passports and visas for Smithsonian travelers; facilitating communications and logistical arrangements for research and participation in meetings abroad; assisting in the drafting and implementing of agreements relating to international cooperative programs; and providing assistance to foreign dignitaries and scholars who participate in Smithsonian programs in the United States.

The most recent Summary Profile of International Activities compiled by the Office of Service and Protocol reveals that over the past five years the Smithsonian has conducted over 850 international projects in more than 120 countries. This wide range of continuing Smithsonian international activities, conducted in each region of the world, will provide the core subject matter for programs of the International Center in the Quadrangle complex. While the program focus of the National Museum of African Art and the Center for Asian Art will be concerned with the ancient, diverse and complex cultures that extend from the west coast of Africa to the South Pacific, the International Center will not only complement the area interests of these museums, but also focus much attention on Latin America, thereby enabling the Smithsonian for the first time to cover all of the developing world with programs ranging from the scientific and technical to the cultural and artistic. The objective will be to provide all levels of the public with carefully researched insights into this broad expanse of ancient cultures in new nations, now insufficiently known in the United States.

The programs in the International Center will include exhibitions, conferences, colloquia, performances, film showings, lecture-discussion meetings, and seminars and symposia. They will be integrated and thematically planned to promote greater cultural understanding about peoples and regions of the world and will not be bound within national borders; cultures rather than political entities will inspire the programs of the Center.

Staffing for the International Center, consisting of the programs director and education specialist, was requested in the FY 1986 budget to Congress. As currently envisioned, the programs director and education specialist will be the only staff responsible for the actual operation of the International Center. The former will be assigned the duties of scheduling programs, ensuring that logistical requirements are met; coordinating Center activities with those of other units in the Quadrangle and elsewhere in the Institution; formulating plans for assessing public reaction to Center programs; and in general, maintaining systematic operation of the Center facility. The education specialist will develop educational outreach materials to complement exhibitions and other events; act as liaison with local school systems and colleges and universities; relate the Center's programs to those organizations engaged in continuing education; and make available to all age groups and audiences the fullest benefits of the Center's offerings.

With planning funds requested in the FY 1986 Federal budget and production funding anticipated to be provided by unrestricted Trust funds, the inaugural exhibition and associated programs in FY 1987 will focus on "Birth - A Ritual for Life," an ambitious subject especially appropriate for the opening of an international gallery, and one not previously presented as a museum exhibition. Birth is a universal experience, the symbolic content of which has found its way into the mythology of every culture, and its symbols are manifested artistically throughout the world. This exhibition will concentrate on the ways certain cultures view this subject, how they incorporate it in their world view, how they deal with its reality as well as it symbolism, and how they express these ideas and concepts in material form. From the Venus figurines of Paleolithic times to African sculpture, there are art objects and artifacts which are visually exciting and which also serve as bases of comparison among cultures. The exhibition will provide focus for esthetic appreciation stemming from the research of art historians and for cultural understanding as interpreted by anthropologists and other scientists.

For several reasons, the exhibition is judged to be an ideal inaugural show: its theme of creation provides a reason to celebrate and parallels the birth of a gallery and the birth of a program; it incorporates a strong didactic component in the context of an esthetic and scientific presentation; it allows the inclusion of many cultures and complements the presentations of the two Quadrangle museums; it results from new scholarship; it creates a bridge of understanding between the cultures exhibited and the experiences of the viewers; and it allows a cross-disciplinary approach combining art, history and anthropology.

Beginning in FY 1987, the Center also will become the Institution's coordinating mechanism for the focused research which will buttress public programs. At the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, the National Museum of Natural History, and the National Zoological Park, Smithsonian scientists conduct multiple research projects concerned with the increasingly important issue of biologic diversity. The Center will provide a link between these scientists and those from other national and international

institutions and organizations and will assist in planning joint long-range research endeavors which will enable the Institution to contribute more effectively to the reduction of such unprecedented international problems as deforestation, hunger, and the extinction of biologic diversity. The Center's public programs will be designed to bring the results of work in research laboratories and field stations to a museum educational setting. In FY 1988, the centerpiece of these programs will be "The Tropical Forest" exhibition. As in the case of "Birth: A Ritual for Life," this second exhibition will anchor thematically integrated offerings which explicate Smithsonian and other research for audiences at all levels.

Special International Programs - During the next six years, the attention of the Smithsonian and indeed the Nation will become increasingly focused on the commemoration of a very significant historical event—the 500th anniversary of the landing of Christopher Columbus in the Americas. National and international scholars from various disciplines have already begun to concern themselves with the kind and quality of the preparations to celebrate the Quincentenary in order to ensure that the commemoration not only marks the event, but results in a better intercultural understanding of the origins, meaning and consequences of the cultural diversity spawned by the event. The Smithsonian will play two major roles in the development of Quincentennial planning and commemoration. The Institution will participate in the national and international discussions of the meaning and impact of the 1492 voyage through the use of exhibitions, seminars and publications. At the same time, it will serve various public and private organizations and institutions throughout the United States which will request information and materials from the Smithsonian in the form of publications and traveling exhibitions. The Directorate has overall responsibility for coordinating the Institution-wide participation in the Quincentenary commemoration.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1987, an increase of $328,000 is requested (1) to provide support for two Quadrangle-related initiatives including the development of a curriculum for tropical biology to be taught in the International Center ($23,000), and to provide automation capability for visiting scholars in the International Center ($60,000); and (2) to initiate preliminary Institution-wide planning for the programs and events to commemorate the Columbus Quincentenary ($245,000). A further amount of 1 workyear and $28,000 is required to annualize the partial-year funding for 2 positions requested in the FY 1986 budget for Quadrangle-related support.

Tropical Biology Curriculum Development ($23,000) - The requested increase of $23,000 for tropical biology curriculum development will permit the planning of two courses in tropical biology, to be offered beginning in FY 1988. The Institution has significant and wide-ranging interests in Latin America which are divided among a variety of bureaus and programs. The Directorate represents the Institution's commitment to focus

attention on the cultures and scientific endeavors of Latin American countries and to expand professional and scholarly collaboration. Latin America will be central to the planning for Quincentennial programs and to the development of an exploration of problems in the world's tropical forests. In recognition of these points, the Directorate proposes to begin a variety of programs based upon its Latin American interests and that also contribute to the exchange of ideas and information on subjects reflecting Smithsonian expertise.

As a part of this effort, the Directorate plans to develop a series of intensive short courses for scientists and scholars of Latin America in subjects of mutual interest. The courses, developed and offered by senior Smithsonian staff, will be presented in the International Center and other Smithsonian facilities to selected students and professionals from Latin America. For example, such a course in the latest methodologies and research results in tropical biology will be a most appropriate beginning.

The funding of $23,000 will enable a planning committee to meet, a course coordinator to be contracted for and curriculum materials to be developed and produced. In FY 1988 and following years, it is anticipated that Federal funds will be sought to meet the expenses associated with actually conducting the courses. It should be noted that the Directorate will seek Institution Trust funds in FY 1987 to provide travel and stipends for the participants.

Automation Capability for Visiting Scholars at the International Center ($60,000) -One of the major planned activities of the International Center will be to conduct a Visiting Scholars Program to enhance the international scientific community's access to Institution resources. It will be necessary to provide these scholars with the tools to make use of various Institutional information sources, the majority of which are either presently, or contemplated to be, available via a computer. It is essential for the International Center scholar facilities to be equipped with Institutionally compatible automated word processing and computer systems which have the capability to be linked with appropriate local area networks as they develop throughout the Institution.

The requested increase of $60,000 will allow the purchase of 12 computers, necessary maintenance, software and central computer usage, as necessary. In FY 1988 and following years, this funding level will be reduced and the remainder used to provide maintenance, periodic replacement of the equipment, and to satisfy related research support necessary for these scholars.

Columbus Quincentenary ($245,000) - Public Law 98-375 established the Christopher Columbus Quincentenary Jubilee Commission. The law declares that "... as the Nation approaches the Quincentennial of the voyages of discovery of Christopher Columbus, it is appropriate to celebrate and commemorate this anniversary...." The Directorate of International Activities will coordinate the Institution-wide planning and development of the wide range of public scholarly programs and activities that the different bureaus of the Smithsonian will undertake to commemorate the anniversary. On July 1, 1985, the Secretary appointed a Coordinator for Quincentenary Research and Planning. The first function of the coordinator is to identify and develop a thematic framework for the Institution's participation. This phase of conceptual planning, supported by unrestricted Trust funds will include a series of conferences with representatives from north, middle, and south America. The purpose of the meetings is to bring together Smithsonian staff and international specialists in a variety of fields to provide insight, balance and perspective in the development of the Institution's thematic approach to Quincentenary exhibitions and programs.

Based on this planning, the greater part of the Institution's Quincentenary efforts commencing in FY 1987 will be devoted to program development, research and collections which are necessary to arrive at the Institution-wide coordinated events surrounding the

commemoration in 1992. This work will then result in specific bureau exhibitions, seminars and publications, which will enhance public and scholarly understanding of the significance of Columbus' landing as well as many aspects of the past 500 years of history.

The requested increase of $245,000 will enable the Directorate to implement an extensive range of topics such as an exhibition at the National Museum of American History emphasizing the social, cultural, political and economic interactions of the European immigrants with Native Americans and with each other on this continent. Other topics under consideration by other bureaus include: tropical ecology; archival projects; history of navigation; contemporary Hispanic culture in the United States; flora and fauna map of the Americas in 1492 and 1992; New World maiolica ceramics; impact of the 1893 Columbian Exposition on American visual arts; world atlas based on satellite photographs; Latin American folk art; and contemporary Latin American art.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - These funds are provided by allotments which support 11 positions and costs associated with the planning and development of research and exhibition programs for the International Center and the Quincentenary commemoration (estimated expenditures of $618,000 in FY 1986 and $829,000 in FY 1987). A special purpose fund will provide stipend support for Third World researchers to participate in Smithsonian-sponsored training courses and workshops (estimated expenditures of $100,000 in FY 1986 and $150,000 in FY 1987).

Restricted Funds - These funds are provided from gifts, grants and other donations from individuals, foundations, organizations or corporations for specific purposes, such as mounting exhibitions and staging performances , film showings, and other public presentations in the International Center (estimated expenditures of $210,000 in FY 1986 and $327,000 in FY 1987).

AMERICAN STUDIES AND FOLKLIFE PROGRAMS

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - The Office of American Studies and the Office of Folklife Programs are engaged in the study of various aspects of American civilization. The Office of American Studies is active in researching and promoting academic pursuits in the fields of study of material aspects of American society, while the Office of Folklife Programs concentrates on the study and presentation of folk cultures in the United States. Incidental to the study and presentation of American folkways is a great interest in and exploration of the folklife traditions of other lands. An important activity of the Office of Folklife Programs is the staging of the Festival of American Folklife, which is the largest annual cultural event in the Nation's Capital. No program increase is requested for FY 1987.

PROGRAM - I. The Office of American Studies : With base resources of 2 workyears and $103,000, the Office of American Studies sponsors a graduate program in American material culture in cooperation with various universities located in Washington, D.C. and other cities. Four or five seminars a year are offered for academic credit and are taught by the director of the program and by cooperating scholars.

The graduate program in American material culture provides a means for scholars and students to pursue American studies through use of the unique resources of personnel, objects, and archival material available in the various bureaus of the Smithsonian. This program provides opportunities for graduate students in American studies or American history departments of affiliated universities to undertake a program of formal course work at the Institution. In addition, a number of research grants and fellowships are awarded each year to support specific interdisciplinary research projects in American studies relevant to the interests and resources of the Smithsonian.

II. The Office of Folklife Programs : With base resources of 6 workyears and $628,000, the Office of Folklife Programs studies the rich variety of folk traditions found throughout the United States and the world. The Office advocates a long-term commitment to the preservation and revitilization of folk cultures which are endangered by the encroachment of modern technological society. To this end, it engages in scholarly research to identify and understand folk culture; presents various aspects of these folk cultures to general and scholarly audiences; collaborates with Smithsonian bureaus in the production of folklife exhibitions; and works closely with government agencies on the development of programs to advance the Nation's interest in America's folklife heritage.

Exhibitions - In FY 1985, as part of the nationwide Festival of India, an exhibition entitled, "Aditi: A Celebration of Life" was mounted in the Evans Gallery in the

National Museum of Natural History. Focusing on Indian ideas about the stages and transitions within the human life cycle, the exhibition featured 1,500 objects of folk, art from the many cultures of India and demonstrations by Indian artists and artisans. The Office of Folklife Programs cooperated with the staffs of the National Museum of Natural History and the Smithsonian Press in researching and designing the exhibition, and in editing and designing the exhibition catalogue. The Office of Folklife Programs researched, designed and produced the living component of the exhibition.

The Office of Folklife Programs is responsible for fundraising, researching, planning, producing, and presenting the annual Festival of American Folklife. This event has developed a large and loyal constituency throughout the Nation and has stimulated interest in the traditional arts of the regions from which the folk artists at the Festival have come. Such interest has fostered research projects, local festivals modeled after the Smithsonian's Festival, and regional opportunities for traditional craftsworkers and performing artists.

At the FY 1985 Festival of American Folklife, a major Indian component consisted of a re-created mela , or holy day fair, replete with bamboo, ceramic tile and woven palm frond bazaar stalls; a wide range of wares traditionally sold at melas ; Indian food; and over 70 Indian and Indian-American performers and craftspeople. In addition, the Learning Center of the National Museum of Natural History presented photographic and textual information on a wide range of topics, including the major religions and cultures of India and the special observances associated with them. Conceived to complement the "Aditi" exhibition at the National Museum of Natural History in which performers enhanced the meaning of museum artifacts by providing living, contemporary contexts for them, the m ela's constructed ambiance and colorful artifacts created authentic contexts for the lively performers.

Another festival program featured vibrant musical performers and selected crafts and ceremonial traditions from the state of Louisiana. Co-sponsored by the Department of Culture, Recreation and Tourism and by the Louisiana Heritage Society, the program represented the cultures of the citizens of Louisiana, including Afro-Americans, Anglo-Americans, Cajuns and other French-speaking groups, Italian-Americans, Native Americans and Spanish-Americans.

A third major Festival area,"Cultural Conservation," addressed the issues involved in preserving tradition-based cultures in the United States and abroad. Performances, demonstrations, discussion sessions and activities at the Learning Center evoked the vitality of traditional cultures, the threats to their survival, and the efforts being made by members of these groups and by outside institutions to assist the healthy development and preservation of their cultural integrity. Other programs at the Festival consisted of demonstrations and discussions of traditional foodways and audience-participatory dance parties animated by three traditional dance musics—polka, Afro-American blues and Cajun.

Planning is under way for the 20th Festival of American Folklife in 1986. Programs will include the folk cultures of Tennessee and Japan, the occupational folklife of American trial lawyers, the contemporary culture of American Indians, children's folklore, dance parties and traditional foodways.

Publications - The staff of the Office of Folklife Programs is involved in a broad range of publication projects that analyze and document folklife traditions. In 1978, the Smithsonian Folklife Studies Series was established to document folkways still within memory in a variety of traditional cultures. This innovative Series couples book-length monographs and films to document and analyze particular traditions more fully than would be possible if either medium were used alone. This hybrid format has proved a useful and important tool for the study of cultural processes. Recent publications in this

Series have included: The Ojibwa Dance Drum: Its History and Construction , a monograph written to accompany the film The Drummaker ; At Laskiainen, In Palo Everyone is a Finn , a film documenting a Finnish-American mid-winter festival; and The District of Columbia Fire Fighter's Project: A Case Study in Occupational Folklife , a monograph which will accompany a film on the occupational traditions of District of Columbia firefighters.

In addition to the Series , the staff produces scholarly monographs and films on aspects of traditional cultures. Recent titles have included: Raised in Clay: The Southern Pottery Tradition , a monograph tracing the development of 35 traditional southern potteries (published by the Smithsonian Institution Press for the Office of Folklife Programs); The Stone Carvers , a film about the traditional craft of stone carving as practiced by the carvers at the Washington Cathedral; Aditi: The Living Arts of India , a catalogue published by the Smithsonian Institution Press to accompany the exhibition "Aditi: A Celebration of Life"; Celebrations , a film with Victor Turner, who was a guest curator of the Office of Folklife .Programs' exhibition at the Renwick Gallery, "Celebrations: A World of Art and Ritual"; Bumba-Meu-Boi: A Brazilian Folk Drama , a monograph about this traditional Brazilian performance.

Archives and Education - The archives of the Office of Folklife Programs is a repository for folkloristic materials which have been generated by Office activities. These materials include recordings of Festival performances; fieldwork interviews stemming from research done in preparation for the annual Festival; and documentation of other office-sponsored publications and events, such as the film-monograph series projects and the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Centennial concert. The archives includes: 9,000 reels of audio tape; 2,500 audiocassettes; A, 700 rolls of black and white film; 20,000 color slides; 500,000 feet of motion picture film; 850 videotape recordings; and 220 cubic feet of files.

Inquiries are addressed regularly to the staff of the archives by scholars and others engaged in research on traditional cultures. The archives is also a resource for visiting fellows who, since 1976, have utilized the resources of the Smithsonian Archives to pursue various year-long research projects. Subjects of research have included: Coal Miners and the Coal Industry, 1930-1960; Institutional Intervention in Traditional Liturgical Music; Occupational Folklife of Firefighting; Pre-Bluegrass Banjo-picking Styles; and The Use of the Harmonica in American Traditional Music.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - I. Office of American Studies : Tuition reimbursement is received from the cooperating universities, principally the George Washington University and the University of Maryland, whose graduate students avail themselves of the courses offered by the Office of American Studies. The tuition reimbursement program is designed to reimburse the Institution for the use of its facilities by the students participating in Smithsonian classes and using these funds to provide honoraria and reimbursement for the services of outside experts participating in the program (estimated expenditures of $14,000 in FY 1986 and in FY 1987).

II. Office of Folklife Programs : Funds are provided by allotments and from concessions sales relating to the Festival of American Folklife (gross sales are normally $25,000 to $35,000). They support the salaries of 13 full-time employees as well as related support costs (estimated expenditures of $642,000 in FY 1986 and $655,000 in FY 1987).

Restricted Funds - Funds are provided in the form of individual gifts and grants from private foundations of corporations and are used to fund specific programs at the Festival of American Folklife (estimated expenditures of $379,000 in FY 1986 and $214,000 in FY 1987).

Federal Grants and Contracts - These are provided by various foreign, state and local governments for support of performances and programs at the annual Festival of American Folklife. In FY 1985 funds were received to support the costs of highlighting the folklife traditions of Louisiana. Additional grant support is anticipated in future years for the Festival (estimated expenditures of $592,000 in FY 1986 and $852,000 in FY 1987).

INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE PROGRAM

(Dollars in Thousands)

**FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - The International Environmental Science Program (IESP) coordinates the Institution's long-term monitoring and study of unique and significant ecosystems. Its goal is to evaluate biological diversity in order to understand and eventually predict the impact of human activities and natural change on the ecosystem. The Program is a multi-bureau, interdisciplinary effort. Research occurs at two permanent Smithsonian sites—the Tropical Research Institute in Panama and the Environmental Research Center in Maryland — as well as temporary sites throughout the world. No program increase is requested for FY 1987.

PROGRAM - The Smithsonian's long tradition in international research and its unparalleled collections of natural history objects qualify it to sustain scientific activities abroad. The IESP provides funds for teams of scientists to monitor natural variations in unstressed specific environments. A 1984 report from the Office of Technology Assessment reemphasized the need: 1) to expand existing long-term monitoring programs; 2) to maintain ecosystems, and 3) to develop ways to ensure the survival of rapidly diminishing tropical forests. A 1985 report by the Agency for International Development (AID) called for the expansion of monitoring to help promote biological diversity, as being of strategic value to the United States.

The Rhode River Estuary near Edgewater, Maryland, the tropical lowland forest of Barro Colorado Island (BCI), and the Galeta Reef on the Atlantic side of the Panama Canal are the program's permanent research sites. For over ten years, scientists have developed a data base on the biological, physical and chemical components to these ecosystems. Analyses of these data have produced concepts and verifiable hypotheses on the long-term patterns in climate, and the stresses and disturbances resulting from human activity.

- Long-term studies on the primary productivity and floristic composition of abandoned fields at the Edgewater site show a 60% increase in biomass productivity, and that the suite of dominant plant species has entirely changed over the first three complete growing seasons of the study. These results are important in developing habitat restoration strategies on areas once actively utilized for agriculture.

- Monitoring sea urchin populations ( Diadema ) in Panama has provided essential baseline data for analysis of an epidemic that decimated Diadema populations throughout the Caribbean.

- Monitoring has also demonstrated a slow rise in sea level with substantial impact on the biota of the Atlantic Coast of Panama.

- Terrestrial research in Panama produced a soil map for BCI. During the very dry El Nino year of 1983, many populations of plants and animals were affected. However, detailed studies of squirrels and other non-flying mammals supported by the program showed that the El Nino dry season had little effect on their populations. Two major publications derive directly from these efforts.

- Outbreaks of defoliating insects are well known in the temperate zone (e.g., spruce budworms) but are virtually unknown in the tropics, perhaps because host-plants are so widely separated in tropical forests. However, on Barro Colorado Island caterpillars recently attacked and defoliated the canopy tree Quararibea asterolepis . None of the other 350 species of shrubs and trees on BCI were affected. Since the phenology of Quararibea has been monitored since 1979, several important questions about epidemic level outbreaks in tropical forests can be answered.

At IESP's nonpermanent sites in Aldabra, Nepal, Venezuela, Brazil and Peru, scientists with support from the host governments, are continuing their efforts to gather descriptive data that will aid in the development of verifiable hypotheses concerning genetic diversity, animal management, and natural area management. Recent accomplishments at nonpermanent sites for FY 1985 are listed below.

Aldabra - A five week visit by an interdisciplinary team in the spring of 1985 continued their survey of benthic communities of seagrass beds on the reef flat. The quantitative sampling for this long-term project will continue for two years before analysis of the data will be attempted. Forty-six transect stations were surveyed for marine algae. Between 150 and 200 species were collected, among which were several new records. Bio-assays of about 150 algal species were done to identify the presence of unusual natural products with a potential for therapeutic usage. A tortoise population census was carried out for comparison with surveys done in 1968-69. An unexplained adult male mortality rate was observed, and 20 specimens were retained for further study at the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH).

Nepal - The Great one-horned Asian rhinoceros was studied in FY 1985 when it was discovered that these endangered pachyderms catalyze riverine forest succession on the vast grassland flood plains of Royal Chitwan National Park. Latrines used by rhinos serve as seed beds for favored forage species such as the tree Trewia nudiflora which rapidly colonize grasslands. Experimental studies reveal that seeds digested by rhinos germinate and grow faster than undigested seeds. Six rhinoceros were radio-collared to delineate use of space and ranging patterns. Scholars from Tribhuvan University undertook studies of rhino feeding habits. Vegetation mapping was instituted to track suc-cessional changes associated with human activity and flooding, and plans were developed for exclosure studies to investigate the impact of mammalian herbivory on vegetative change in grassland and riverine forest. Plans for re-introducing rhinoceros to the Bardia Reserve in the western terai were also developed. Initial transfers of Chitwan caught animals will take place in FY 1986. A parallel investigation on fire ecology of grassland funded by USAID began in March 1985 and is an important collaborative element of the entire program.

Brazil/Peru-Amazonia - Fieldwork in Amazonia was done in archeology, botany, entomology, herpetology and ichthyology. Results of these investigations added important new information on the composition and distribution of the Neotropical biota. These data are important for completion of several important publications and conservation planning. Specific highlights during this year include production of a checklist of the freshwater fishes of Peru by an NMNH ichthyologist and a Peruvian collaborator. This checklist

fills a critical need for Neotropical ichthyologists. A fish collecting expedition in coastal Brazil clearly documented for the first time the negative effects of deforestation on the native freshwater fishes. Although some impact was expected due to deforestation, the degree of devastation of the fish fauna was unexpected.

Brazil (Golden Lion Tamarin Project) - During FY 1985, success was achieved in efforts to repatriate the highly endangered primate, the golden lion tamarin, to its native habitat in Brazil. Between May and July 1984, 13 captive-born tamarins were released into the forests of the Poco das Antas Reserve in Brazil. Two females subsequently gave birth and two infants now survive that have been born in the wild to captive-born parents. Efforts will continue to observe, capture and track via radiotele-metry wild groups of tamarins in the Poco das Antas Reserve to improve understanding of their habits in the wild. Also, threatened fauna from outside the Reserve have been translocated successfully to within the Reserve. A corollary education effort is also successfully underway with local inhabitants surrounding the Reserve. During FY 1985, additional tamarins will be released in Brazil within protected forests.

Venezuela - Research in FY 1985 continued on the long-term investigation of the important red howler monkey. Efforts to understand the population size, foraging strategies, and diet of these primates continued. The results of these research efforts will be of importance to zoos in properly maintaining the animals in captivity. Research on insect populations began with a selection of insects which are chosen for food by vertebrate populations. This research is important to understand the nutritional requirements of insectivores and to properly control diets in zoo settings. Ornithological research on the Venezuelan snail kite was initiated in order to compare its unique mating system to that of its close biological kin the endangered Florida snail kite. The results of this research will be of significant use in the management of endangered species.

Evaluation of Program - IESP is involved in an ongoing process of evaluation to ensure the quality of the research. The IESP programs regularly are subject to peer reviews. In June 1984, there were "site visits to Panama and Edgewater by an external panel to review and evaluate the programs there. The reviewers' recommendations were incorporated into planning future research at Panama and Edgewater. In FY 1986 an external panel will review the Venezuela program.

Over the next five years, it is anticipated that work will continue at all program sites. Selected new initiatives will be undertaken in the future to improve the Institution's capabilities in monitoring additional sub-tropical and tropical sites. The loss of habitat in these areas makes it essential that scientific data now be gathered on areas that may disappear and that plans be developed to conserve other areas before they are lost.

ACADEMIC AND EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - Research and education are among the principal objectives and responsibilities of the Smithsonian. In order to foster and stimulate the pursuit and dissemination of knowledge, the Institution has promoted scholarly and academic ties with other learned institutions since its establishment and has offered its resources for learning— its collections, professional staff, libraries, laboratories and field sites—to the general public and to the academic community. These ties are developed and maintained through competitive awards for research projects, programs in higher education, symposia and seminars, and learning opportunities at the elementary and secondary levels provided by the Office of Fellowships and Grants, the Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars, and the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education. For FY 1987, an increase of $136,000 is requested to support the symposium "Our Constitutional Roots" to be sponsored by the Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars ($100,000); a three-part program of the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education celebrating the bicentennial of the Constitution ($11,000); and other educational programs of the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education ($25,000).

PROGRAM - I. The Office of Fellowships and Grants : With base funding of 11 workyears and $2,351,000, the Office of Fellowships and Grants (OFG) manages Smithsonian fellowships and all other stipend appointments, and administers the Special Foreign Currency Program which provides grants to American institutions for research in "excess", foreign currency countries. This Office, using its staff expertise and well-established advisory councils which evaluate Special Foreign Currency Program proposals, will administer the Smithsonian program of support to American overseas research centers. An amount of $2,000,000 is anticipated in FY 1986 to establish this program. Resources for administration of these programs are included here, as are costs of Institutional visiting academic appointments. The Special Foreign Currency Program is treated in greater detail in the section of this budget devoted to that appropriation.

Academic appointments and Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program grants are intended to enhance Smithsonian research and to foster communication and collaboration between the Institution and universities, museums, and research centers situated in the United States and abroad. Fellowships, internships and other visiting appointments enable the Smithsonian to further the research of junior and established scholars, to profit from an intellectual interchange with them, and to ensure full use of Smithsonian resources.

The collections and facilities of the Smithsonian, as well as the curators and scholars who use them, offer unparalleled and essential resources for specialized study. Access to historical and anthropological objects, original works of art, biological specimens; living animals and plants; and ecological systems, makes the Smithsonian a unique complement to university education.

Smithsonian resources are available nationally and internationally to students and scholars. Access to these resources is facilitated by the various forms of financial support offered by the Institution. Stipends are awarded primarily with nonappropriated Trust funds, enabling research in all areas of the Institution and encouraging interdisciplinary projects which draw upon the resources of several bureaus. In FY 1985, 89 pre-doctoral and post-doctoral fellowships were awarded through an Institution-wide program bringing the total number of recipients since 1965 to 1,290 fellows. Of the 89 fellowships offered this year, 15 were to foreign students and scholars representing ten countries. Additional fellowships, which provide research opportunities more closely tied to bureau interests and needs, also are offered with nonappropriated Trust funds or appropriated funds designated for the bureaus. In FY 1985, with funds allotted to the Office of Fellowships and Grants, approximately 75 visitors came to the Institution, for periods ranging from a few days to several weeks, to work in collaboration with the bureau research staff.

In addition to these appointments for students and scholars, several awards are offered at the senior level to persons of distinction and proven accomplishment. Now in its sixth year, the Regents Fellowship Program, supported with nonappropriated Trust funds, continues to bring eminent visiting scholars to the Institution. Several senior fellowships also are awarded through bureau funding, for example, the Charles A. Lindbergh Chair of Aerospace History and the Martin Marietta Chair in Space History at the National Air and Space Museum, and the Harold P. Stern Fellowship at the Freer Gallery.

In FY 1983, the Smithsonian established the James E. Webb Fellowships, named in honor of the distinguished former administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and Regent Emeritus of the Smithsonian Institution, to promote excellence in the management of cultural and scientific not-for-profit organizations. Awards are given to persons from within and without the Institution to pursue individual interests in formal academic and work situations.

The Office of Fellowships and Grants coordinates Smithsonian academic internships by informing students and organizations of the opportunities available, distributing applications, and administering internship stipends. The Office, in conjunction with other Smithsonian offices and bureaus , also assists with the activities of the Smithsonian's Internship Council. In FY 1985, 76 students, 26 of whom were minority students, were awarded internship stipends supported with nonappropriated Trust funds.

In addition, as part of the Institution's efforts to increase minority participation in its academic and educational programs, six fellowships were awarded to minority faculty members. In January 1983, the Office also assumed responsibility for the Cooperative Education Program, which placed five minority students during FY 1985 in positions throughout the Institution. It is hoped that permanent placements will develop from this program. This year the National Museum of American History hired, in a permanent position, one of the students who completed her Ph.D. and fulfilled the Cooperative Education requirements. The Native American Program, established in 1984, was designed to promote access to Smithsonian collections by Native Americans and to encourage participation in Smithsonian work related to North American Native people. Through the Program, the Office of Fellowships and Grants has awarded appointments to 13 Native Americans to conduct independent and directed research. The Institution will continue these special efforts through internships, fellowships, and cooperative education appointments.

For FY 1986 the Institution anticipates receiving an amount of $2,000,000 in appropriated funds to begin a program of support for American overseas research centers. This support will address the needs of ten such centers—created for the advancement of field scholarship by American universities and research institutions—operating in 14 countries in the Mediterranean region, the Near East, and Asia. Funding will be allocated as grants on a competitive basis to all individual centers. Proposals will be accepted from the centers for the purposes of funding the basic administrative costs of their operations and for the maintenance of a fellowship program.

II. Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars - With base funding of 3 workyears and $103,000, the Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars (OSSS) serves as a center for interdisciplinary studies and communications, with special emphasis on current research and its implications. The Office's wide-ranging activities include research and analytical exploration, scholarly and professional exchange, and publication of educational materials. The Office regularly administers and organizes major symposia in the Smithsonian's international series, the continuing seminar series, and individual discussion programs, all focusing on themes of public interest. In addition, the Office acts as a resource center for visiting scholars and intermediate students, maintains close association with other academic institutions in the United States and abroad, and represents the Institution at national and international meetings and conferences.

Of major importance in FY 1985 was the symposium, "The Canvas of Culture," organized in connection with the other Smithsonian activities celebrating the Festival of India. This symposium (June 21-23, 1985) brought together 50 distinguished participants from India and the United States who were concerned with the rediscovery and redefinition of the past as a means of adaptation for the future. The discussions, of ways in which culture and nature can serve as resources with which to respond to current challenges, produced fresh insights into the recasting of experience and its roots as an adaptation for the future. The collected presentations will be published in book. form.

"Constitutional Roots, Rights, and Responsibility," the ninth international symposium, will provide a long-term educational program in civics and representative government based on the unique history of the United States. The centerpiece of the symposium will be a structured series of meetings addressing the history of ideas, self-governance, and duties and priv-ileges of citizenship. This will be supplemented by ancillary activities involving graduate school and secondary level students; undergraduate research into local political customs and their origins; public action organizations (such as the League of Women Voters); roles of the media in protecting civil liberties; and participation by other non-scholarly groups. In this manner, emphasis will be given to the all-inclusive nature of American democracy. In developing final plans, the Smithsonian anticipates working with outside organizations and government officials to foster greater understanding and appreciation of the country's founding documents.

Among the singular events organized this year was "Public Enjoyment of Irish Legacies: Castles, Gardens, and Scientific Wonders." The Honorable Desmond Guinness, founder and president of the Irish Georgian Society, and Lord Rosse, Seventh Earl of Rosse, discussed landmarks such as Birr Castle and its famous telescope, built by local craftsmen in 1842 (the world's largest at the time) for the then-astronomer, Lord Rosse. A one-day colloquium will be held at Cooper-Hewitt Museum, New York City, on October 19, 1985, on "Liberty: As Idea, Icon, and Engineering Feat," in anticipation of the centennial of the Statue of Liberty. Attention will also be given to the Brooklyn Bridge, for appropriate technological context.

The Smithsonian Institution Press has scheduled, for autumn 1985, publication of a volume based on "The Road After 1984: High Technology and Human Freedom," the topic of the eighth international symposium, December 1983, with Lewis Lapham (editor of

Harper's ) as the editor. A second volume based on the Orwellian symposium is now being edited by Lewis Dexter for publication in 1986.

III. Office of Elementary & Secondary Education - With base funding of 7 workyears and $339,000, the primary function of the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education (OESE) is to make Smithsonian resources for learning and teaching available to local and national school communities and other specialized audiences. Working in close cooperation with the various Smithsonian education offices, OESE is the one Smithsonian office in a position to provide pan-Institutional programming for elementary and secondary schools. OESE programs include workshops and seminars for teachers, publications and audio-visual materials for teachers and students, a summer intern program for high school students, and a Career Awareness Program for minority young people from the District of Columbia public schools. The Office also coordinates a wide range of services for disabled visitors.

The OESE offers a range of programs designed to encourage the effective use of museums by schools, both locally and nationally. During FY 1985, a workshop and seminar program for teachers attracted more than 1,000 participants to 40 programs, including ten summer courses, thus enabling the development of curriculum units based on the Smithsonian's collections. Summer programs for teachers include an orientation series introducing participants to a variety of Smithsonian resources, as well as a series of in-depth, one-week, fully-accredited seminars on such topics as "Teaching Life Science Through Direct Observation," "Museums and Language Development," and "Teaching American Cultural History through Art."

During the summer of 1985, OESE sponsored, in cooperation with the University of Virginia, a graduate level course on "Using Museums to Teach Writing" for a national audience of school librarians, teachers and curriculum specialists. The effectiveness and popularity of these national outreach programs is demonstrated by both formal evaluations and the continued demand for these services by teachers throughout the United States.

In FY 1985, OESE continued to sponsor a series of regional workshops in communities across the United States for the purpose of promoting the use of museums as educational resources. Among the regions taking part in this program in FY 1985 and FY 1986 are Oak Ridge, Tennessee; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Waterloo, Iowa; and Jackson, Michigan. Approximately 2,000 teachers will be reached by the regional workshops in the course of an 18-month period.

In order to promote cooperation and exchange of information between the Institution and schools in the Washington metropolitan area, two publications, which inform teachers about the variety of educational opportunities available at the museums, entitled "Let's Go," and "Through Looking and Learning: The Museum Adventure," are sent to approximately 11,000 teachers. To share these same teaching concepts with a national audience, the Office distributes "ART TO ZOO," a classroom newspaper, to more than 55,000 teachers and museum education departments throughout the United States. OESE also circulates, free of charge, two slide loan packages entitled "The Museum Idea" and "Museums as Storytellers" which reach an estimated 1,500 students during each school year.

During FY 1985, the Office continued its work to make Smithsonian programs accessible to disabled visitors by providing interpreters at special events, lectures, and tours, as well as by providing guidance to the various Smithsonian museums which were seeking ways to provide more effective programming for retarded, hearing-impaired and blind visitors. In addition, sign language classes were given to teach approximately 75 Smithsonian educators, guards, and other employees how to communicate with hearing-impaired visitors; a simplified guidebook to the Smithsonian was produced for retarded and hearing-impaired persons; and an "outreach kit" was developed to encourage reading and writing among language-delayed students.

In a related effort, the Office serves as Smithsonian coordinator for the U.S. Department of Education's new Federal Employees Literacy Training (FELT) program. This involves recruiting FELT volunteers from among Smithsonian staff members, assigning them to local reading centers, and monitoring their progress. Fourteen volunteers have recently been recruited for the first session of this program at the Smithsonian.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1987, an increase of $136,000 is requested to support the symposium "Our Constitutional Roots" to be sponsored by the Office of Symposia and Seminars ($100,000); a three-part program of the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education celebrating the bicentennial of the Constitution ($11,000); and other educational programs of the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education ($25,000).

Bicentennial of the Constitution ($111,000 ) - For FY 1987, an increase of $100,000 is requested for the Office of Symposia and Seminars to support "Our Constitutional Roots," a symposium celebrating the 200th-anniversary of the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights. This major international symposium is scheduled for May 1987 and the symposium will result in the publication of a book. The symposium format offers the most effective way to deal with the history of ideas and the effects of ideas concerning democracy, liberty, and self-government on the behavior of today's citizenry. Essays will focus on such questions as "Where did the authors of our founding document find their ideas about governance and law"; "What have two hundred years of experience with the Constitution taught us about its use in the future"; and "How can duties of citizens be learned along with their constitutional rights." New historical work on the Scottish Enlightment will produce a special session.

In addition to other bureaus of the Smithsonian, OSSS is cooperating with the American Bar Association and an informal consortium of U.S. and overseas colleges and universities in planning the symposium, which is the ninth in a series which began in 1965 with the Bicentennial of the birth of James Smithson. Among other organizations being consulted are: the National Archives; the U.S. Capitol Historical Society; Project 1987; the Mentor Group; Americans for Indian Opportunity; The Honorable John 0. Marsh, Jr., Secretary of the Army; and staffs of the National Endowments for the Humanities, the U.S. Department of Education, and the Council for the Advancement of Citizenship. Special attention will be given to the participation of youth in the symposium as well as that of established scholars and statesmen. (A cable television network will be invited to provide live coverage of the symposium.) Solid planning and groundwork for so comprehensive an educational program would be assured with the requested funds.

For FY 1987, an increase of $11,000 is requested for the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education to support a three-part program for the bicentennial celebration. The first component of this program would be a day-long seminar for Washington, D.C. area school teachers and administrators on effective methods for teaching the Constitution. This seminar, sponsored in conjunction with the Office of Symposia and Seminars, will involve participation by the National Archives and Record Service, the National Committee for the Bicentennial of the Constitution, the National Portrait Gallery, and the National Museum of American History, whose staff will provide the faculty for the program. Following an introductory session with a keynote address by a distinguished authority, the audience will break into small groups to participate in workshop discussions on such topics as "The People Who Framed the Constitution" and "The Constitution as a Living Document." OESE estimates the total cost of this seminar (for speaker honoraria and travel, SI support staff overtime) to be $3,000.

The second component of the program would be an one-hour videotape based on the day-long event. This tape, produced with the help of Smithsonian's Office of Telecommunications, at an estimated cost of $7,000, will be loaned free of charge to schools throughout the Nation.

The third component of the program would be a special issue of the OESE publication, "ART TO ZOO" encouraging teachers to utilize the resources of their city and county governments in teaching about our constitutional form of government. Three thousand extra copies of this special issue will be printed (at an estimated cost of $1,000) for distribution with the video tape at the seminar.

Education and Public Orientation ($25,000) - For FY 1987, an increase of $25,000 is requested for the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education to enable the Office to contract for certain projects currently being handled by OESE staff members and to promote an education specialist to the new position of deputy director, thus giving the director time to move ahead with new initiatives and to assume, on behalf of the Smithsonian, a greater national leadership role in education.

In its spring education survey, The New York. Times pointed out that, although learning options available to young Americans have proliferated in the 1980s, substantial evidence shows that today's young people are no better educated or more intelligent than their parents or grandparents. Indeed, recent studies have pointed to an alarming decline in factual and conceptual knowledge as well as basic skills. According to Ernest L. Boyer, author of the Carnegie Foundation report, "HIGH SCHOOL": "Lack of leadership, a smorgasbord curriculum and a decline of academic standards, all have contributed to the weakening of public education."

Certainly the Smithsonian has the resources—and the responsibility—to significantly address this crisis in pre-college education in the United States. Mindful of its pivotal role as the Institution's central education office, the OESE, over the past several years, has been seeking ways in which the Smithsonian's collections and research interests in art, history, and science can be effectively shared with local and national school audiences. Since FY 1983, regional workshop and career awareness programs have been initiated, and a variety of supplementary learning materials has been developed and tested in the schools. Furthermore, a science education program has been started by the National Academy of Sciences in cooperation with the National Academy of Sciences and the Smithsonian's Assistant Secretary for Science. Steps also have been taken toward the establishment of an Institution-wide publishing program for schools; and existing programs such as "Exploring the Smithsonian," summer seminars for teachers, and the Summer Intern Program have been greatly expanded.

With this expanded effort has come a great increase in the responsibilities and workload of the OESE director. The day-to-day operations of the Office largely consume the director's time, preventing the attention that is critically needed in the areas of: identifying the particular needs in pre-college education that the Smithsonian is especially well-suited to fill; finding ways to work pan-Institutionally with museums, schools, and institutions of higher learning across the country to develop and test innovative methods of addressing those needs; and disseminating the resulting materials and programs and helping school administrators integrate them into their curricula.

An additional $25,000 is therefore being sought by the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, in order to enable the Office to contract for work on certain publications and projects currently being handled directly by OESE staff members and to promote an education specialist to the new position of deputy director. The deputy director would then take on many of the day-to-day administrative responsibilities that are presently assumed by the director, including management of "ART TO ZOO" and other established OESE publications; the Summer Interns; the Career Awareness Program; the Summer Seminars for teachers; and "Exploring the Smithsonian." This in turn would give the director time to move ahead with new initiatives and assume, for the Smithsonian, more of a national leadership role in education.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - I. Office of Fellowships and Grants : These are provided from allotments which are designated primarily for an Institution-wide program of graduate student, pre-doctoral, post-doctoral and senior fellowships, as well as opportunities for shorter visits from scholars and students (estimated expenditures of $1,475,000 in FY 1986 and $1,725,000 in FY 1987).

The Regents Fellowship program continues to bring distinguished visiting scholars to the Institution (estimated expenditures of $140,000 in FY 1986 and in FY 1987). The James E. Webb Fellowship promotes excellence in the management of cultural and scientific organizations (estimated expenditures of $30,000 in FY 1986 and $25,000 in FY 1987). Funding also is provided to cover the stipends for minority internships and faculty fellowships (estimated expenditures of $80,000 in FY 1986 and $90,000 in FY 1987); and fellowships for minority students pursuing graduate education (estimated expenditures of $30,000 in FY 1986 and in FY 1987). Starting in FY 1985, funding also has been provided for: The Native American Fellowship Program (estimated expenditures of $50,000 in FY 1986 and in FY 1987); and a pilot program to support a cooperative effort with Howard University (estimated expenditures of $25,000 in FY 1986).

An allotment supports a small portion of the administration of the Office of Fellowships and Grants' academic programs (estimated expenditures of $118,000 in FY 1986 and $127,000 in FY 1987).

II. Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars : An allotment is provided for salary and support costs for two staff members and for partial support of the "Man and Beast II" symposium planned for FY 1986 and the "Our Constitutional Roots" symposium scheduled for FY 1987 (estimated expenditures of $148,000 in FY 1986 and $213,000 in FY 1987).

III. Office of Elementary and Secondary Education : A Summer Intern Program, now in its eleventh year, gives 34 graduating high school students an opportunity to participate in a learning service program at the Smithsonian, working behind the scenes with curators and other museum professionals. High school students from all 50 states and the District of Columbia are eligible to apply for admission to either of two five-week sessions. Successful candidates receive free lodging and transportation to and from Washington, D.C. as well as a stipend. The program will be expanded in FY 1986 to admit six more interns (for a total 40). In addition, a Career Awareness Program (CAP) for the District of Columbia public schools introduces minority youth to career opportunities at the Smithsonian as part of the Institution's affirmative action effort. A total of 80 students from two District high schools participated in CAP during the 1984/85 school year, and through the District's Summer Youth Employment Program, arrangements have been made for 18 of these students to work at the Smithsonian during the summer of 1985. Furthermore, after extensive evaluation of CAP, plans are being initiated to extend the program nationally through development of a manual and curriculum package for use by teachers, students and museum educators. These materials will be designed to interest minority young people in museum careers (estimated expenditures of both programs are $175,000 in FY 1986 and $197,000 in FY 1987).

Restricted Funds - I. Office of Fellowships and Grants : These consist of restricted endowments, gifts and grants from individuals, foundations, organizations or corporations which specify their use for a particular project. For example, an endowment from the Walter Rathbone Bacon Scholarship supports awards and research on fauna from outside the United States (estimated expenditures of $15,000 in FY 1986 and in FY 1987). A Rockefeller Foundation grant will support fellowships for the National Museum of African Art and the Sackler Gallery (estimated expenditures of $60,000 in FY 1986 and $51,000 in FY 1987).

II. Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars : Funds are anticipated to partially support the Office's participation in the "Man and Beast II " symposium (estimated expenditures of $59,000 in FY 1986) and the "Our Constitutinal Roots" symposium (estimated expenditures of $100,000 in FY 1987).

III. Office of Elementary and Secondary Education : Another 0ESE program for students is "Exploring the Smithsonian," which will serve close to 5,800 young people in FY 1985. Supported in part by a grant from a local foundation (estimated expenditures of $31,000 in FY 1986 and $30,000 in FY 1987), this program provides bus transportation to bring junior high school students to the Smithsonian museums to take part in a selection of interdisciplinary lessons on curriculum-related subjects in art, history and science. OESE works with the various Smithsonian education offices to plan and maintain the program activities.

COLLECTIONS MANAGEMENT/INVENTORY PROGRAM

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - A plan for scheduling and performing inventories of the collections was developed by the Institution in September 1978. To accelerate the process, a special appropriation of $500,000 was made to the Institution in FY 1979. Funding of the inventory program has continued through FY 1986, and has amounted to $5.9 million. This funding has been allocated primarily to the inventory projects of the three museums with the greatest need. These museums are the National Museum of Natural History/Museum of Man (NMNH/MOM); the National Museum of American History (NMAH); and the Cooper-Hewitt Museum. The Institution will continue, in FY 1986 and FY 1987, to channel the resources of this program primarily into these three museums. This will allow the museums to complete the inventory process and to integrate inventory data into other vital collections records. Major emphasis will continue to be placed on refinement of the inventory data, matching it with existing collections records and reconciling any differences. In FY 1986, funds also will be provided to the Archives of American Art to allow it to improve inventory control over the 75,000 works of art on paper held in the collections. For FY 1987, a sum of 39 workyears and $1,270,000 is requested for this program, an increase of 1 workyear and $123,000 over the FY 1986 base.

PROGRAM - In June 1983, the Institution completed the first inventory of the collections. The inventory was an integral part of the collections management program established in 1978. The emphasis on collections management was designed to ascertain the full extent of the Institution's holdings and to ensure accountability through the maintenance of comprehensive records on the collections. Efforts to improve the collections management program, including collections inventory, have been pursued actively since the initial inventory cycle was completed.

Prior to the initial inventory, each Smithsonian museum established schedules and procedures, and delineated the information which would be required to conduct an inventory. Most Smithsonian museums (National Museum of African Art, Freer Gallery of Art, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, National Portrait Gallery, National Museum of American Art, and National Air and Space Museum) along with the National Zoological Park were able to complete their inventories within the five-year period outlined in the collections management plan using their base resources. The monumental size of the collections of NMNH/MOM and NMAH and the absence of any prior inventory information at the Cooper-Hewitt Museum dictated that funding be provided to supplement the base resources of these museums. This additional funding was made available through appropriations beginning in FY 1979. In FY 1986, funds are requested to enable the

Archives of American Art to begin a more comprehensive inventory of the 75,000 works of art on paper within its collections. In order to maintain serviceable records, it has been necessary that the three museums maintain a current record by refining the vast amounts of data accumulated during the inventory process, and reconciling new records with the older catalogue information for particularly important collections. To further these efforts, the museums have developed improved automated data systems applicable to all phases of the collections management and inventory processes.

The projected base of $1,270,000 for FY 1987 will enable the National Museum of Natural History/Museum of Man, the National Museum of American History, and the Cooper-Hewitt Museum to continue the process of refinement, maintenance and reconciliation of inventory data, and to allow the Archives of American Art to pursue its inventory program. Each organization has devised and is adhering to specific five-year inventory plans. The following chart provides the base resources which are applied to collections management efforts and the portion of the FY 1986 appropriation and the FY 1987 estimate that will be allocated to museums the Office of Information Resource Management; and the Office of the Registrar.

COLLECTIONS MANAGEMENT/INVENTORY PROGRAM

(Dollars in Thousands)

Natural History

FY 1986 Base Resources $ 857 FY 1986 Estimated /J_

Portion of $1,147,000 517

TOTAL FY 1986

$1,374

American Cooper-

History Hewitt

$ 741 $ 70

418 84

$1,159

$ 154

Archives of American Art Other

Total

FY 1987 Base Resources FY 1987 Estimated

Portion of $1,270,000

TOTAL FY 1987

/l FY 1986 Congressional request.

/2 Proposed amounts are planned to be allocated to the Office of

Information Resource Management ($58,000) and the Office of the Registrar

($5,000) for each year.

The following narrative describes the specific progress made by NMNH/MOM, NMAH, the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, the Archives of American Art and the inventory tasks before them.

National Museum of Natural History/Museum of Man

The initial base line inventory of the National Museum of Natural History/Museum of Man was conducted on three levels: the specimen level, covering individual specimens; the batch level, including medium-sized groups of related specimens; and the collection level, consisting of large assemblies of related materials. By the end of the initial phase in June 1983, the Museum had compiled specimen-level inventories for the known type, valuable, and sensitive specimens; specimen- or batch-level inventories for much of

the material to be moved to the Museum Support Center; and collection-level inventories for the remaining collections. At the batch and collection levels, the number of specimens covered by each inventory record was estimated following careful sampling of each group of materials.

Since 1983, inventory efforts have focused on the reconciliation of base line inventory data with available documentation, routine maintenance, special maintenance associated with the move to the Museum Support Center, and refinement of collection level inventories containing specimens of particular scientific interest. The reconciliation of the gems and minerals collections is complete, and the reconciliation of the archeology and ethnology collections is almost complete.

The Museum recently created a new automated registration system which is now in operation in the Shipping Office and the Registrar's Office. The system is being extended to all departments as rapidly as possible. The system will enable the Museum to track loans, exchanges, and accessions more effectively. Other automated systems (such as the Collection Information File which contains data on the size, location and priority for refinement activities for each of the Museum's collections) are being developed to improve access to and accountability for the collections. In conjunction with the Office of Information Resource Management, work also has begun on the conversion of inventory files to the new mainframe and information retrieval software.

Limited testing will be done on new technologies to accelerate the cyclical inventory process and to track objects. The Museum also will test lap-top portable computers for source entry of inventory data so that records can be automated without having to go through a paper process.

The National Museum of Natural History/Museum of Man has used the majority of funds received through the special collections management/inventory appropriation to support inventory technicians, clerical personnel, and computer usage costs. In its five-year collections management/inventory plan, the Museum has projected a department-by-department analysis of the steps that must be taken to refine inventory data while maintaining current inventory records. This plan outlines the need for additional resources for personnel and computer expenses in future years. These resources will be actively sought.

National Museum of American History

In FY 1985, the National Museum of American History continued to provide edited print-outs of base line inventory data on general collections to permit the staff to verify and refine original inventory data. Print-outs for all units, including the special collections, will be delivered irt FY 1986. A major goal of the Museum has been to incorporate the inventory function into a more comprehensive collections information system which includes object accessioning, cataloguing, loan records, movement of collections and deaccessioning. As part of this objective, the Museum has developed an automated Registration Transaction Tracking System to permit information to be entered into the record at several points as the objects are processed by the Office of the Registrar and curatorial units. The System ultimately will enable the Museum to produce catalogue cards, accession memoranda and other collections management documents without duplication of effort.

The Philatelic and Numismatic collections and the 100,000 objects stored in Suitland continue to pose special problems. In FY 1985, the staff began work outlined in the five-year plans to complete a process of improving the records for the Philatelic and Numismatic collections. The plan for the Philately collection includes establishing distinct master, reference and duplicate collections, for which new computer records will be created to replace the batch inventory records created during the original shelf

survey. The National Numismatic Collection staff is combining the better physical organization of objects with improved object descriptions in the records and on the labels. The staff continues to produce high quality photographs of all incoming objects.

The inventory at Silver Hill Facility remains difficult to conduct since many of the collections are stored in asbestos contaminated buildings and the removal of the asbestos is expected to require four years to complete. As the asbestos removal program continues, the staff cleans and relocates collections and records new locations. Other necessary improvements to the records will be made as the removal program schedule permits.

Cooper-Hewitt Museum

Three major tasks face the Cooper-Hewitt Museum in its future collections management/inventory activities. These tasks involve the continuous, cyclical inventory of the permanent collection; reconciliation of discrepancies revealed by matching base line inventory records with original accession records; and the refinement of automated data base records for each inventoried object.

The collections management/inventory process is conducted by four technicians assigned individually to the departments of Prints and Drawings , Textiles and Decorative Arts, and to the Registrar's Office. Each cycle of the planned cyclical reinventory procedure will take seven years. Since the bulk of the collections which came from the Cooper Union Museum were inadequately documented, particular attention is being paid to upgrading existing catalogue records and to reconciling the automated inventory entries with problematic preinventory records. This work will proceed at least through FY 1986 and FY 1987. It may be necessary to continue the work for one or two years thereafter until remaining reconciliation problems can be determined to be of such little consequence that no further effort is warranted.

Location files are being created and updated in each department. Some resources are being applied to support photographic documentation of the permanent collection and to expand the Museum's computer capability to enable it to process collections information more rapidly. In FY 1986 and FY 1987, planning will begin for the relocation of collections now stored in areas of the Museum which will be affected by the renovation of the Museum. Inventory and related collections management measures will be crucially important factors in the Museum's ability to maintain ready access to and full accountability for its collections.

Archives of American Art

From 1980 to 1982, the Archives of American Art conducted a survey of its accession records to prepare a list of works of art contained in its collections. On the basis of this survey, it is estimated that there are some 75,000 works of art on paper in those collections.

Using this preliminary information, the Archives will initiate a more comprehensive inventory of these works of art in FY 1986. During this inventory, a shelf survey will be made and the data collected will be reconciled with the original accession records. Preservation measures will be applied simultaneously to safeguard against deterioration of the works of art. Serious conservation problems will also be noted and a record established to permit formulation of plans for a conservation treatment program.

In future years, the Archives will conduct a survey of its estimated 400,000 photographs in the collections. The collection of photographs already has been screened and nitrate negatives have been removed.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - Collections Management ( 1 workyear and $123,000) -For FY 1987, the National Museum of American History requests an increase of $80,000 for inventory purposes. Of this amount, $40,000 is requested for contractual services to supplement the work, of curators and specialists in each of the 19 categories in the National Numismatic Collection (including U.S. coins and paper currency, foreign coins and paper currency, primative media of exchange, tokens and medals, etc.). Work to be accomplished involves breaking down batch- and collection-level information gathered during the initial inventory into more useful and necessary detail and, in the case of objects of high intrinsic value, to the item level. Work that remains to be done in the National Numismatic Collection is scheduled for completion in FY 1990. An additional $40,000 is also requested for software development, computer terminals needed to enter and manage data, storage equipment for the reorganization of the National Philatelic Collection and staff training in the use of computers and software. The National Museum of American History will use software development and computer equipment to compensate in part for the need for additional staff. A wider choice of computer programs and easier access to terminals will expand the amount of work that current staff, when trained in the use of computers, can accomplish.

Also in FY 1987, an increase of 1 workyear and $43,000 is requested for the Cooper-Hewitt Museum to provide for an archivist to begin inventory work on the Library Picture File. The Picture File consists of hundreds of thousands, perhaps as many as a million, images ranging from original drawings to graphics and photographs. The Museum will survey this File in order to determine what items should be transferred from the Picture File and accessioned into the permanent collection. Following this, a systematized index will be created to allow easier access to the collections for staff and visiting scholars.

MUSEUM SUPPORT CENTER

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - The budget request for FY 1987 consists of the administrative and building management functions of the Museum Support Center (MSC), the activities associated with preparing collections for the move and their transport, and the storage equipment for the collection storage pods of the MSC. Funding for Smithsonian units which will operate in the MSC or provide services for the Support Center is contained in the appropriate sections of this budget document. These units are: the Conservation Analytical Laboratory, the National Museum of American History, the Smithsonian Institution Libraries, the Office of Protection Services, the Office of Plant Services, the Office of Printing and Photographic Services and the Office of Horticulture.

For FY 1987, a total of 74 workyears and $6,623 million is requested to support the following: the purchase of a collections storage system consisting of concrete decks and self-standing cabinets, with assorted shelves, drawers and doors ($4,625 million); costs for preparing collections for the move and transporting them to the MSC (34 workyears and $958,000); and MSC administrative and building management services (40 workyears and $1,040 million). The requested funding is essential to continue the planned development and use of the MSC as a major Institutional resource for the care and preservation of National Collections and for research programs associated with those collections. This request includes increases of $1.3 million for MSC equipment; 34 workyears and $208,000 for the preparation of collections for the MSC move; and 2 workyears and $55,000 to hire two computer programmers for computer systems analysis, design and development for research, collections management and office automation applications at the MSC.

PROGRAM - The Museum Support Center provides a total of 251,000 net assignable square feet of which 146,000 are for storage of museum collections and 105,000 for the laboratory work area, conservation training, and building maintenance and protection services. Several individual bureaus and units of the Smithsonian will make use of the Museum Support Center including the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH); the National Museum of American History (NMAH); and the Conservation Analytical Laboratory (CAL), which occupies a substantial share of the laboratory wing for its conservation treatment, scientific analysis and training functions.

At the Museum Support Center, collections storage space is provided in four discrete sections (or pods) of the building, each containing approximately 36,500 square feet of floor area and having a ceiling height of 26 feet. One of the pods (Pod 3) has been reserved for the storage of "wet" collections (those stored in alcohol), and a portion of another pod (Pod 4) will be used for storage of very large objects. The remaining

storage area (Pods 1 and 2, and a portion of Pod 4), approximately five-eighths of the total storage space, will be occupied by collections stored in cabinets on three levels of storage decks.

Museum Support Center Storage Equipment - Design work for a collections storage system for the MSC began in September 1980. In consultation with the architectural/ engineering team's material handling consultant and with the General Services Administration (GSA), and on their recommendation, the Institution decided to use a storage system utilizing a number of standard components assembled into a self-supporting three-level storage structure capable of holding the various kinds of shelves, drawers, screens, etc., needed to keep the collections safe from dust and insects while making them accessible for research, study and exhibition. In this first concept, the ducts and vents of the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system and other essential utilities were incorporated into the structural system. This design was a pioneer effort, since no other such system existed for museum purposes. On the basis of information available in 1980, the three-level storage system was judged to be lighter, easier and more flexible to install, and cheaper than the alternatives. Most important, the performance specifications for the system required that it be "bug" and dust tight as well as corrosion resistant for the safety of the collections and the use of necessary fumigants.

As design work proceeded, planning for the system was divided into two phases. Phase I involved Pod 3 and the storage of "wet" collections. This was a relatively simple and straightforward storage structure which was installed under contract and accepted for occupancy in November 1984. Phase II of the planning process covered the design of the more complex system involving tight, closed cabinets for dry collections to go into Pods 1, 2, and 4. Using the performance specifications that were developed during the planning period, bids were solicited and, after receipt of competitive bids, an award for construction of this part of the storage system was made in 1984 to the lowest bidder.

After intensive efforts by the Institution, GSA, the architectural/engineering firm and the contractor extending over many months, the Institution was advised late in 1984 that the requirements for tightness could not be met by the self-supporting system and that even if the requirements were achieved initially, excessive costs would be incurred in the future for the repeated caulking and sealing of the thousands of joints in the structure, some of which would become practically inaccessible after the structure had been assembled. Further, according to tests made by the Smithsonian's Conservation Analytical Laboratory and others, some of the paint used by producers of standard components failed to meet the contract specifications for fumigant resistance.

To overcome these shortcomings, the general contractor recommended an alternative storage system making use of two concrete decks to create three levels of storage areas within Pods 1,2, and 4, and premanufactured (not field assembled) storage cabinets which can be properly constructed, sealed and finished in a factory under quality control measures. Since the metal rack system first considered cannot be constructed or maintained to the required standards, the Institution and GSA concluded that continuation of the procurement under the initial concept would not be in the best interests of the Institution. The contractor's alternative will solve the cabinet enclosure and paint problem and can make up some of the time lost in unsuccessfully attempting to achieve the initially proposed solution. The storage cabinets proposed to be used are the type similarly being used satisfactorily within other areas of the Institution. Under the new storage system, the Institution will receive virtually as much storage capacity as had been planned initially. Some modification of the existing pod floor slabs may be necessary to properly distribute weight loads of the new system.

There are several advantages in using the concrete deck and storage cabinet system. Constructing full decks, rather than installing self-supporting three-level racking in only portions of the pods as had been planned for the initial move, eliminates the necessity of installing additional floors and utilities some time in the future. The necessary deck space and all utilities can be completely constructed in all areas of the pods where three levels of storage are required. All heavy construction will be completed early in the project. As a result, the Institution will not have to provide physical barriers that would be required to prevent theft and damage to collections from dust and vibration created by installation of large segments of the three-level system in the future. A further advantage is that this alternative will allow re-use at MSC of some storage cases presently being used within the Natural History building.

Although not all of the engineering work has been completed, it is anticipated that the cost of the concrete deck system will remain within the projections based on low bids received in 1983 for storage equipment for the initial move, as well as within the estimates projected for the storage equipment needed for the entire Museum Support Center. To keep within this funding framework, however, the Institution finds it necessary to revise the order of acquisition of some of the equipment; installation of "high-bay" equipment for storage of large objects will be deferred and funds for that equipment will be sought in the FY 1988 budget request. The Institution will also reduce the number of storage cabinets it will procure under the contract and substitute instead a number of existing storage cases from the National Museum of Natural History. This substitution would not have been possible with the rack-storage structure.

The total cost of the storage system for the initial move, including "wet" storage equipment and the system with concrete decks, is estimated to be $23.3 million. Through FY 1985, the Institution has received a total of $13.8 million in appropriated funds and has reprogrammed $1.6 million from other appropriated funds, producing a total of $15.4 million. The Institution also has requested an amount of $3.3 million in FY 1986 for acquisition of additional increments of the needed cabinets for the initial move, utilizing prices established in the unit-price options contained in the contract, and which remain valid through September 1987. To acquire the remaining cabinets needed to accommodate collections involved in the initial move, the Institution requests an amount of $4.6 million in FY 1987.

In future years, from FY 1988 through FY 1991, the Smithsonian will seek funds to provide for the acquisition of the high bay system and for additional cabinets to accommodate collections growth and to meet storage needs of museum bureaus of the Institution other than the National Museum of Natural History and the National Museum of American History. Additional funding of approximately $16 to $17 million, with exact costs subject to future bid solicitations, will be needed in FY 1988 through FY 1991 to make full utilization of all available storage space in the MSC.

Move of the Collections to the Museum Support Center - The move of Smithsonian collections to the Museum Support Center is unprecedented in the museum community in terms of volume, characteristics and variety of the collections, and the distance of the move. The National Museum of Natural History alone is sending millions of objects and specimens to the MSC. The entire transfer of the collections is occurring over a period of several years, with portions being moved only when appropriate storage equipment at the MSC has been installed. Using the principles and techniques of the "Critical Path Method" (CPM) for project planning, a detailed schedule for each phase of the move was completed in January 1983. All information regarding this complex schedule is automated and continuously updated. As the move has progressed, this schedule has been implemented with decisions being made regarding the specific methods of packaging and modes of transport appropriate to the particular collections and objects involved.

Funds totaling approximately $3.3 million have been appropriated in FY 1983 through FY 1985 and requested in FY 1986 to prepare the collections for relocation and to perform the move. Since FY 1983, temporary museum technicians have been preparing the collections to be moved, including cleaning and stabilizing objects; packing and moving them within the museums to staging areas and then to the MSC; and performing conservation treatment when needed.

In the summer of 1983, work began at several locations to prepare "wet" collections (those stored in alcohol) for relocation to Pod 3, which was specially designed to receive them. Following the acceptance of the "wet" storage structure in November 1984, the process of transferring these "wet" collections from Mall locations to the MSC began. This move will be completed in the fall of 1985 (ahead of the projected CPM move schedule), with over 260,000 specimen lots relocated to the MSC in 200 van loads.

Preparation of "dry" collections (to be stored in Pods 1, 2 and 4) is in progress with work being done on the collections of the Departments of Anthropology, Entomology, Mineral Sciences and Vertebrate Zoology. Because of the delay in the scheduled installation of the three-level storage system, some collections have been moved to temporary storage locations at the MSC, including over 190,000 archeological objects (representing 25 percent of those collections) and 15,000 Asian ethnological objects from the Department of Anthropology; over 640,000 insect specimens from the Department of Entomology; and over 36,200 petrology specimens from the Department of Mineral Sciences. These and other collections are planned to be moved to their final storage locations beginning in FY 1987 following the installation of storage equipment. Most of these moves are scheduled to be completed in calendar years 1987 and 1988, with the relocation of the Department of Anthropology's collections continuing through calendar year 1989.

Because the construction of the "high bay" storage equipment for the housing of over-sized objects, such as totem poles and war canoes, has been delayed until at least FY 1988, the CPM schedule currently projects that the move of collections to be stored in the "high bay" space will began in FY 1989 and take approximately two years.

An amount of $958,000 (an increase of $208,000 over the FY 1986 base of $750,000) is sought in FY 1987 to meet costs associated with continuing the process of preparing collections for the move and with their transfer to the MSC, including the salary and benefits costs for the temporary work force engaged in cleaning, packing and moving collections. For FY 1987, the Institution will require an additional 34 workyears for the temporary museum technician positions to assist with tasks associated with the move of the collections.

Administration and Facility Management - With base funding of 38 workyears and $985,000, the Office of the Director of the Museum Support Center is responsible for the administrative coordination of the activities of the various user and support units, and for supervision of building management functions at the MSC. This Office administers the automated data processing center used for registrarial and collections management activities, including the move to the MSC, and for the research and informational requirements of the occupants. The Office also enforces the procedures established to control and account for the flow of collections into and out of the MSC, and insures the safety of the collections against pest infestations and other hazards. Under the general supervision of the MSC Office of the Director, the facility manager is responsible for providing shipping and receiving services , moving equipment and objects, overseeing safety and security operations, and cleaning and maintaining all parts of the building. Cleanliness is a fundamental requirement in the successful operation of a collections management facility.

For FY 1987, an increase of 2 workyears and $55,000 is requested to hire two computer programmers for computer systems analysis, soft-ware design and development for research, collections management and office automation applications at the MSC. The requested increase would provide additional computer support necessary to create the automated information management system which is integral to managing the movement of collections to the MSC and maintaining the level of collections control realized in the baseline inventory process. This automated system for the MSC constitutes a pioneer effort in museum information management and is essential to realizing the mission of the Support Center. The two additional computer programmers also will provide data processing support for scholars using the collection at the MSC (including staff from the National Museum of American History and the National Museum of Natural History) , as well as the full range of automation needs of resident users (such as the Conservation Analytical Laboratory and the Oceanographic Sorting Center). Applications for these bureaus will include scientific and statistical programs, and information storage and retrieval systems.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - An allotment of $750,000 was provided to purchase special laboratory equipment for the Conservation Analytical Laboratory. Approximately $600,000 will be spent through FY 1985 with the balance of $150,000 to be spent in FY 1986.

ADMINISTRATION

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - Administration includes central management, planning, oversight and review provided by the Offices of the Secretary, Under Secretary, Assistant Secretary for Administration, General Counsel and Treasurer. It also covers a wide range of specialized administrative and technical offices. Included among these are Audits and Investigations, Business Management, Congressional Liaison, Contracts, Equal Opportunity, Facilities Services (responsible for Design and Construction, Plant Services and Protection Services, all separately justified), Financial Management, Accounting, and Risk Management. Other offices comprising this grouping include Information Resource Management, Management Analysis, Personnel Administration, Printing and Photographic Services, Programming and Budget, Special Events, Supply Services and Travel Services. The funding for the Workers' Compensation account is included here. These organization units receive both appropriated funds and nonappropriated unrestricted Trust funds for their operating support in approximate balance to the overall funding of the Institution. Some offices, however, such as Business Management, Contracts and Risk Management are funded entirely with Trust funds reflecting the nature of their work.

For FY 1987, an increase of 8 workyears and $600,000 is requested for the following purposes. One workyear and $20,000 is required for a legal technician in the Office of General Counsel. The Office of Audits and Investigations requires $113,000 to support this newly established combined function. Financial Management and Accounting needs 2 workyears and $115,000 for financial services and the payment of computer charges. Amounts of 4 workyears and $132,000 are required by the Office of Personnel Administration to strengthen personnel support and extend the availability of computer processing. The Office of Printing and Photographic Services requests $60,000 for the replacement of duplicating equipment and the Office of Supply Services requests 1 workyear and $20,000 to provide contract services. In addition, 1 workyear is required to annualize the partial-year funding for 2 positions requested in the FY 1986 budget for Quadrangle-related support in the Office of Personnel Administration. Also included is an amount of $140,000 for space rental. An increase of $178,000 for Workers' Compensation is included in this line item as is a reduction of $373,000 reflecting the anticipated savings from the Office of Management and Budgets' requirement to reduce the number of employees in grades 11 through 15. These latter two items are discussed in the Uncontrollable Increases section of this budget.

P ROGRAM - Within this activity grouping, the Office of the Secretary with the assistance of the Office of the Under Secretary is responsible for management and administration including policy determination, program planning, legislation, and the direction and review of performance of activities. The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Administration, including the Director of Facilities Services, is responsible for administrative and technical services and for design, construction, building operation and maintenance and protection services.

The Office of Audits and Investigations is responsible for performing all internal and external auditing and the investigation of certain criminal activity. Internal audits cover Federal programs as well as Trust-funded activities on a recurring basis. External audits involve the review of documentation in support of claims, cost proposals and cost and pricing data arising from contracts, grants and other financial agreements. The investigative function involves the examination of acts of alleged criminal activities by employees or contractors and the review of programmatic and operational weaknesses susceptible to fraud and abuse.

The Office of the General Counsel provides counseling to the Smithsonian Board of Regents, the Secretary, and the executive and program offices on legal matters involved in Smithsonian administration; coordinates and oversees the conduct of litigation and other adversary proceedings to which the Institution is a party; reviews administration claims arising out of Smithsonian operations; and generally monitors all aspects of Smithsonian operations for legal implications.

The Office of the Treasurer has responsibility for financial management. This includes the direction of financial planning, accounting, payroll, financial reporting, administration of grants and insurance, risk management, handling of bank relations, oversight of investments and management of certain auxiliary activities. Components of the Office of the Treasurer include: Financial Management, Accounting Services, Risk Management and various business management offices, including Museum Shops, Mail Order, Product Licensing, Concessions and Parking operations.

The Office of Congressional Liaison is responsible for the development and maintenance of the Institution's relationships with the Congress; communication of policies, programs and plans to the Congress; the preparation and clearance of legislative materials and the organization of Smithsonian participation at legislative hearings; and liaison with Federal agencies and organizations having related interests.

The Contracts Office assists in obtaining Federal grants and contracts for special programs and projects and negotiates certain specialized contracts related to Trust-funded operations.

The Office of Equal Opportunity plans, coordinates and monitors a positive action program to provide equality in employment practices and program activities. Major efforts include the setting of goals and monitoring action to correct underrepresentation in employment of minorities, women and the disabled; assessing program and facility access for disabled persons; providing employee counseling and complaints resolution; developing and overseeing upward mobility, Hispanic and women's programs; and meeting community and national outreach responsibilities through exhibitions and other informative programs throughout the Institution.

The Office of Information Resource Management (OIRM) guides bureaus and offices and senior management in determining information resource management policy; ensures the integrity and security of Institutional data; directs modern computer and communications technology in support of the Smithsonian's program and management information activities; and ensures technical integration of hardware and software required to make information and computer capability widely available. OIRM also administers the Smithsonian's data

processing cost center; operates computer system and data communications networks; and performs applied research supporting the Institution's use of data processing and communications technologies.

The Management Analysis Office provides staff assistance and advisory services in support of Smithsonian administrative operations. The Office performs studies of organizations, systems and procedures; prepares and distributes management issuances containing policy and instructions governing operations; and conducts the Institution's forms management program.

The Office of Personnel Administration (OPersA) provides personnel services, advice and assistance to managers and employees of the Institution. Within the laws, rules and regulations of relevant controlling agencies and within the policies of the Institution, the Office is responsible for recruitment, staffing, position classification and wage administration, performance appraisal and merit pay, employee relations and employee benefits planning, processing and communications. OPersA also provides for union/ management relations, employee training and career development, employee assistance and counseling, workers' compensation and unemployment insurance processing, records and data maintenance processing, personnel policy development and evaluation.

The Office of Printing and Photographic Services is the central office for technical advice, guidance and production on photography and duplicating services to curatorial, scientific, technical and administrative staff. Photographic services include studio and onsite photography, photographic copy restoration, printing, preservation of originals under archival conditions, the development and maintenance of an automated catalogue of photographs and sales of materials to the public.

The Office of Programming and Budget formulates the consolidated Federal and nonappropriated Trust fund budgets for review and approval by the Secretary and the Board of Regents. Approved budgets are prepared for submission to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and to Congress, and the Office serves as liaison with 0MB and Congress on budgetary matters. Appropriated and nonappropriated Trust fund budgets are monitored to help assure that program needs are met, budgetary goals are achieved and that accountability is maintained. The Office participates in the development of the Five-Year Prospectus , advises management on matters pertaining to program planning and development and incorporates financial information in central data bases for use in management reports, budgetary planning and special analyses.

The Office of Special Events plans and arranges events associated with exhibition openings, seminars, lectures and other activities upon the request of bureaus and offices and outside groups when given the permission to use Smithsonian facilities. A monthly master calendar of special events is maintained.

The Office of Supply Services is responsible for the policy, planning and coordination of the procurement, contracting, property management, and supply programs. The Office procures supplies, materials, contractual services and equipment for research, curatorial, exhibition, administrative and other activities. It negotiates and awards contracts for facility construction, renovation, repair and equipment as well as for automated systems and auxiliary activities such as concessions. Programs are established and monitored for business with small, minority and women-owned firms. The Office also maintains all property records and performs and oversees the regular equipment inventories and boards of surveys to ensure proper accountability, utilization and security.

The Travel Services Office makes travel arrangements in the most economical and effective manner consistent with Smithsonian and Federal travel regulations. Information on changes to travel procedures and regulations is distributed to bureaus and offices. Requirements for the use of contract carriers and United States carriers for international travel are enforced. The Office works closely with other offices in the development and implementation of new and revised travel regulations.

Progress in Administrative Support - Major emphasis over the past year and continuing for the current and future budget years includes the supervision of the administrative and support activities to assure their responsiveness to needs and strengthening of the Institution's equal opportunity and affirmative action programs. Continued attention is being given to legal oversight of and counseling on the Smithsonian's programs and improvement of financial management, accounting, monitoring, reporting and auditing systems to assure control and accountability. A number of specific developments merit reporting in the areas of personnel, financial and procurement management, equal opportunity, management information systems and photographic services .

The establishment of an Employee Benefits Office in April 1985 has consolidated the administration of the Trust fund retirement and health benefit programs. Extensive review of these matters is currently under way. Consolidation will facilitate civil service and trust employee communications and counseling on all aspects of benefits. Improvements in the administration of the unemployment insurance program continue to be made with resultant savings. The Performance Management Review System is being implemented. A new program for training custodial workers has been established.

Major financial management efforts in the current year include continued improvements in the areas of accounts payable, payroll, and recording and reporting the results of operations. In the area of accounts payable, the automation of a "matching system" to include the purchasing , receiving and invoice documents has contributed to more efficient and timely payment of vendors. Further development in this area and other related areas will increase internal controls and overall accountability. Efforts to improve and simplify processing the payroll are continuing. Through the use of the personal computer, the Office of Accounting and Financial Services has been able to meet increasing needs for financial information. This along with more communication linkages has allowed "point of origin" data retrieval and processing abilities.

Completion of the implementation of the new Federal Acquisition Regulations was an important accomplishment of the Office of Supply Services. Obtaining advance procurement plans from bureaus and offices facilitated prompt procurement and contracting. An effective property management system resulted in tight controls on inventory and obtaining a large amount of excess property for use.

Equal opportunity efforts are having success with improvements in representation of minority persons and women in professional jobs and in the upper grades. There has been steady improvement in program and facility accessibility for disabled persons. Efforts to hire the disabled continue. Greatly expanded opportunities for training and career development are available for minority students and scholars. The Smithsonian has developed working relationships with Washington, D.C. universities and with black colleges and universities. Many internship appointments and faculty fellowships are being made from these and other schools. The Career Awareness Program provides training and incentives to local junior high school students. In addition, there have been special actions to provide information, assistance and exhibitions to minority and women's groups and organizations. Goals of procurement from small and minority businesses were exceeded.

As the Smithsonian completed its third year of formal information resource management activities, significant technical and management changes were under way. The Institution has begun the transition from a central data processing technology to distributed data processing using microcomputers, minicomputers and a new computer mainframe, tied together by a data communications network. Since the new technology affected organization structures and staff roles, management techniques as well as technology have changed. Over the next few years, the pace of the technical and management changes will accelerate. Especially notable were results of the electronic data processing modernization effort. The Smithsonian Institution Bibliographic Information System, a turnkey system for libraries, archival units and individual bibliographies, was expanded to include additional functions, such as acquisitions, and to serve more users. Software for the information retrieval component of a new specimen collections system was selected, high level systems design was completed as were plans for starting up the system. A new computer mainframe was installed and initial training of technical staff was begun, preparatory to implementation of production systems on the machine during FY 1986, notably the specimen collections system. Planning for an Institutional raceway for voice, data and image communications was advanced. An information center was established to assist staff in the use of information systems and computer capabilities.

In the Office of Printing and Photographic Services, the important effort to convert hazardous nitrate negatives to safety film nears completion. Improvements were made to the cold storage room for archival preservation. A research program into applied photographic preservation methods was initiated. Work continued on video disc production for inventory and research purposes. Office staff continued to be active in teaching programs both within and outside the Institution.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1987, an increase of 8 workyears and $600,000 is requested for the following purposes. One workyear and $20,000 is required for a legal technician in the Office of General Counsel. The Office of Audits and Investigations requires $113,000 to support this newly established combined function. Financial Management and Accounting needs 2 workyears and $115,000 for financial services and the payment of computer charges. Amounts of 4 workyears and $132,000 are required by the Office of Personnel Administration to strengthen personnel support and extend the availability of computer processing. The Office of Printing and Photographic Services requests $60,000 for the replacement of duplicating equipment and the Office of Supply Services requests 1 workyear and $20,000 to provide contract services. In addition, 1 workyear is required to annualize the partial-year funding for 2 positions requested in the FY 1986 budget for Quadrangle-related support in the Office of Personnel Administration. Also included is an amount of $140,000 for space rental.

Office of General Counsel (1 workyear and $20,000) - For the Office of General Counsel (OGC), an increase of 1 workyear and $20,000 is sought for the addition of a legal technician. The case load of OGC is extremely complex and diverse and includes legal suits; tort and personal property claims; bequests; contract agreements, 'disputes, and protests; standard of conduct (ethics counselor) matters; personnel complaints and collections management reviews. An average of 400 matters is pending within OGC at any one time. The variety, complexity and importance of the work of the legal staff require extensive administrative and technical assistance on the part of the support staff. At present, each legal assistant is providing that assistance to two staff attorneys. This two-to-one ratio places a heavy burden on the legal assistants to meet the demand for support activities. The difficulty of this situation becomes particularly evident when a major case requires the undivided attention of the legal assistant for an extended period or when one of the assistants is absent. In this situation, the work of not one, but two attorneys must be reallocated to the other support staff members. Seeking temporary assistance from outside the Office has not proved useful since a knowledge of OGC procedures and the nature of the work is essential to the performance of the duties without very close supervision.

Office of Audits and Investigations ($113,000) - An increase of $113,000 is required to support the staff level and associated expenses of the Office of Audits and Investigations. This newly consolidated Office has responsibility for internal and external auditing and for the investigation of certain criminal activities, particularly those of a "white collar" nature and the review of programmatic and operational weaknesses susceptible to fraud and abuse. Funds will be used for supporting professional level positions, training, supplies, services and equipment.

F inancial Management and Accounting (3 workyears and $115,000) - An increase of 1 workyear and $50,000 is requested for the Office of Financial Management and Planning to fund a systems analyst and related support costs. The Institution has an obligation to maintain its financial management information systems so that they are consistent with various regulatory requirements, such as 0MB Circular A-127, the Federal Procurement Regulations, and approval of basic accounting systems by the General Accounting Office. The Institution has several major computer systems to replace over the next several years. These include the personnel/payroll system, the basic central accounting system, the property management system and the accounts receivable system. All of these systems are over ten years old and are not adaptable to present technology and software to provide adequate management information. The new position will be responsible for working with the Office of Information Resource Management as well as various bureaus and offices in order to define logically the requirements for the new systems and assist in developing implementation plans. Present staff levels are inadequate to accomplish the planned objective of systems replacement in a reasonable time frame.

The amount of $50,000 is requested to cover increased computer usage costs for FY 1987 and subsequent years. The Office of Accounting and Financial Services is responsible for the maintenance of the official Smithsonian accounting records, processing accounting transactions and the retrieval of financial management information. Currently this information resides on two computer systems. Beginning in FY 1986, the Institution is converting to a new mainframe computer. As a result of the conversion, extensive computer programming, training and computer usage will result. The costs of conversion coupled with the growth of processing necessitate this request. A further amount of 1 workyear and $15,000 is requested for accounting services to support the financial needs of the International Center, the Museum of African Art and other activities to be located in the Quadrangle.

Office of Personnel Administration (4 workyears and $132,000) - Increases sought for the Office of Personnel Administration total 4 workyears and $132,000 to strengthen personnel services to bureaus and offices and to assist with information processing. Smithsonian civil service and Trust fund employment averages approximately 5,500 and the total staffing of the Personnel Office averages 65 (45 civil service and 20 Trust). Of this total, 49 are in the personnel occupations and the remaining 16 are in other support occupations such as secretaries, clerk-typists, file room clerks, and an administrative officer. This provides a ratio of 1:112 in terms of personnel occupation staff to Smithsonian population serviced. The equivalent figure for the government is 1:40. An increase of 2 workyears (personnel management/staffing specialists) and $66,000 is requested to decrease this ratio and provide a level of services which the bureaus and offices require.

In order to be prepared for the eventuality of distributive processing and to be able to take advantage of the increasing number of personal computers and the planned networking of these computers, the Personnel Office is requesting 2 additional workyears and $66,000 for a computer systems administrator and a computer analyst. Distributive processing will require personnel knowledgeable in computers, programming and automation in general. Office automation will require personnel able to administer systems and to trouble-shoot. The two additional positions requested will be dedicated to these activities.

Office of Printing and Photographic Services ($60,000) - Additional funding of $60,000 is needed by the Office of Printing and Photographic Services to replace aging equipment in its duplicating branch. Repair costs and downtime are creating maintenance, funding and production problems. Required equipment includes presses, collator, inserting machine, line-up table and a heat fuser.

Office of Supply Services (1 workyear and $20,000) - An additional contract specialist and $20,000 is required to assist with growing, more complex and higher dollar-value workload. Specific areas of demand include construction, automation and security system acquisition. Furthermore, a recent audit report of Supply Services stressed the need for considerably more price analyses of negotiated contracts to assure the best prices and compliance with the Federal Acquisition Regulations.

Space Rental ($140,000) - Several factors have resulted in a requirement for the Smithsonian to rent additional space at L'Enfant Plaza for administrative and other program support units. These factors include the need to increase the space allocated to the Smithsonian Institution Press to house one of its components which must vacate space previously used in the United States Postal Service Building; to alleviate overcrowding, particularly in the Health and Safety and Accounting offices; and to provide for essential expansion of Institution financial management functions for planning and internal control. Since 1974, the Institution has leased approximately 40,000 square feet at the Plaza at an annual cost of about $1.0 million. An additional 12,000 square feet must now be leased at an annual cost of about $300,000 per year. Following the Smithsonian formula of sharing administrative costs between Federal and Trust funds, the Federal share of this rental will be $140,000.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING:

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - Funding of these centralized services from both appropriated and nonappropriated sources produces a ratio of Federal and Trust fund administrative support approximately in proportion to the operating program expenditures of the Institution as a whole. The amounts shown under Unrestricted General represents administrative expenditures for those units that are organizationally under Administration. Certain other units, receiving administrative allotments, are reflected in the appropriate section of the budget request. For example, administrative costs for the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory are reflected within its nonappropriated Trust funds section. Also included are expenditures for producing, distributing and marketing photographic material and slide sets, and funds to help defray the costs of the Office of Printing and Photographic Services. A program allotment is made to the Office of Equal Opportunity to support community outreach through exhibits and publications , specifically aimed at women and minorities. Funds also are provided for the costs of the development and implementation of the personnel/payroll system which is designed to provide a consolidated information base for a wide variety of personnel, budgetary and other financial data. Special Purpose funds include gifts received through unrestricted bequests which in accordance with the Bylaws of the Board of Regents subsequently are transferred to endowment. Anticipated expenditures in the Special Purpose category include support of studies in ornithology, computer conversion costs and small amounts used for legal seminars, research, furniture and property taxes.

Restricted Funds - Included in this category are endowment bequests and foundation grants for scientific research publications, general research projects and the forthcoming book, Best Addresses: A Cultural History of Washington, D.C. Apartment Buildings , to be published in FY 1987.

OFFICE OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - The Office of Design and Construction (ODC) provides professional architectural and engineering services to the Institution in support of the development, operation, maintenance, repair and improvement of the physical plant. Services include short- and long-range planning feasibility analyses, design and engineering studies, project management and development of cost and budgetary estimates. Other services provided by ODC include contract review, preparation and supervision; general construction administration and management; interior design work and space utilization planning; and technical consulting support. No program increase is requested for FY 1987.

PROGRAM - The primary functions of the Office of Design and Construction are to provide planning, engineering, architectural and related administrative services for all construction, renovation and repair projects for Smithsonian facilities. These are located primarily in the Washington metropolitan area, as well as at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Maryland, the Whipple Observatory in Arizona, the Cooper-Hewitt Museum in New York and the Tropical Research Institute in Panama. ODC's staff includes electrical, mechanical and structural engineers, architects and construction managers, architectural and engineering draftsmen, planners, estimators and administrative support personnel.

The major responsibility of the Office is to manage the Restoration and Renovation of Buildings (R&R) and construction programs by providing technical and professional support that addresses the facilities needs of the Institution in a cost effective manner. The Restoration and Renovation program is designed to bring an aging physical plant up to acceptable levels of safety for visitors and staff and to provide proper environmental conditions for the preservation and maintenance of the National Collections.

Staff services provided by the Office include the preparation of detailed project designs and specifications in support of future year physical plant projects and related budget estimating. In FY 1985, increased emphasis was placed on master planning for Smithsonian facilities. Master plans were initiated for the Tropical Research Institute, the Whipple Observatory, the Silver Hill facility, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden and the American History and Natural History buildings. With the completion of the master plans the Institution will be able more effectively to establish priorities to accomplish required work consistent with programmatic needs. The Office conducts architectural and engineering studies of buildings' operating systems; recommends and oversees efforts to solve functional deficiencies; reviews designs prepared by the museums' exhibits staffs to ensure compliance with safety, health, accessibility and other technical

standards; prepares, reviews and supervises architectural and engineering design contracts as well as construction contracts; and performs architectural and engineering feasibility studies and analyses.

Expertise also is provided to Smithsonian managers on matters relating to planned construction and facility development or utilization. In FY 1984, the General Post Office building was acquired by the Smithsonian, and current efforts for that facility include space analyses and facilities programming. To support these functions, ODC maintains a central library for cataloguing, filing and identifying all plans, drawings and specifications related to Smithsonian buildings and properties.

In FY 1985, ODC supervised 103 construction contracts. The most prominent among these were: the ongoing exterior renovations and repairs to the Arts and Industries building including roof replacement, cleaning and pointing of the brick, refinishing of stone sills and installation of new energy efficient windows; continued renovation of the facade at the Renwick Gallery (to be completed in late 1985) including the replacement of all existing sandstone elements that have deteriorated from weathering and age with architectural precast concrete replicas; and construction of a new Anacostia Neighborhood Museum annex which will include exhibit, curatorial and administrative spaces as well as increased exhibit production areas.

Also noteworthy is the ongoing roof replacement of the American History building that will be completed in FY 1986. Efforts continue to upgrade the heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) throughout the Institution's facilities, including a major upgrading of the HVAC system in the American History and Natural History buildings. The program for the abatement and containment of asbestos in Smithsonian facilities proceeds with primary work being accomplished at the American History, American Art/Portrait Gallery and Cooper-Hewitt buildings. A full range of fire protection improvements is continuing throughout the Institution with efforts most recently directed at the National Museum of Natural History, the Smithsonian Building, the Renwick Gallery of Art and the Silver Hill facility.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING:

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - These funds are provided by an allotment used primarily to cover salaries and some support costs (estimated expenditures of $362,000 for FY 1986 and $383,000 for FY 1987) as ODC provides services for Trust funded as well as federally funded projects.

OFFICE OF PROTECTION SERVICES

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - The Office of Protection Services (OPS) is responsible for the security, fire protection, safety, and health programs of the Smithsonian. For FY 1987, an increase of 22.5 workyears and $465,000 is requested. Of this amount, 21.5 workyears and $420,000 is needed to provide security for the Quadrangle building and grounds, and 1 workyear and $45,000 to hire an industrial hygiene technician to analyze air samples for asbestos fibers. A further amount of 21 workyears and $397,000 is required to annualize the partial year funding for 33 positions requested in the FY 1986 budget for Quadrangle-related support.

PROGRAM - The Office of Protection Services is responsible for security, fire protection, safety and health services for visitors and staff of the Smithsonian Institution. The authority of the Office to administer these programs derives from Public Law 82-206 and Public Law 88-391, which relate to the policing of Smithsonian buildings and grounds, and from Public Law 91-596, Public Law 91-616, and Executive Order 12196, which relate to occupational safety and health.

The Office of Protection Services provides a full range of protective services through the efforts of a security force and a professional and administrative staff that includes training specialists , safety specialists , industrial hygienists , fire protection engineers, alarm system specialists, investigators, and museum security specialists. The security force provides physical -security 24 hours a day, every day of the year, at 13 major museums and art galleries in addition to other major work, research and storage facilities in the Washington, D.C. area, and at the Cooper-Hewitt Museum in New York City. The staff conducts in-depth studies of security needs, escorts shipments of valuable objects, formulates long-range plans for improved security and safety, operates a personnel security program, and installs and maintains alarms, including equipment for the new proprietary security system. The Office provides technical assistance and advisory services and administers occupational safety and health programs for the National Zoological Park, the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. The Office is responsible for the protection of more than 5,000 Smithsonian employees, millions of visitors each year, the many facilities of the Institution, and the National Collections.

The security force monitors conditions and activities in and around the buildings, enforces museum regulations, and intervenes in cases of crime, accident, or other

emergency. Uniformed guards, plainclothes and K-9 officers are assigned in the galleries, on the grounds, and at entrances 24-hours-a-day, seven-days-a-week. Activities are coordinated through the use of a radio network. Security officers respond to alarm signals, conduct security and fire patrols after the museum buildings are closed to the public, investigate accidents, report fire and safety hazards, or malfunctions of mechanical and electrical equipment, and provide information to museum visitors. Security arrangements for visits by dignitaries and exhibitions of international interest must be coordinated with and supported by the State Department, the Secret Service, the U.S. Park Police, and other Federal and local agencies. Security coverage is based on the concept of posts—the areas for which security officers are responsible. A post may be one point (for example, a museum entrance) or an area whose boundaries are determined by such factors as its use; crowd conditions; the value of objects on display; the vulnerability of those objects to accidental damage, vandalism, or theft; the effective field of vision of the assigned protection personnel; and the availability of electronic devices. The number of guards required to staff one post may vary from one (for a post staffed eight-hours-a-day, five-days-a-week) to five (for a post staffed 24-hours-a-day, seven-days-a-week). In recent years, OPS has concentrated on reducing the number of thefts committed in Smithsonian facilities by assigning plainclothes officers with intensified training in police methods and security practices in high crime areas, and by thoroughly investigating incidents.

The Office of Protection Services takes pride in and has gained renown in the museum community for the training of museum security officers. The training staff instructs new guards (including K-9), prepares guards for higher level officer positions, and conducts refresher courses for the force. During the past several years, the staff has trained K-9 teams from Fairfax and Loudon Counties and Falls Church, Virginia, Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the Annapolis, Maryland Police Department, as well as guards and guard supervisors from Detroit Institute of Art, Museum of New Mexico, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, U.S. Air Force Museum, Amon Carter Museum of Art of Fort Worth, High Museum of Art in Atlanta, and National Aquarium of Baltimore. The Office assists the Smithsonian's Office of Museum Programs by providing training in security for small museums from across the United States and hosts a large museum security conference which has developed an international audience. For the past several years, OPS has played a lead role in improving security of cultural objects.

A key part of the Institution's security program involves the conversion to an electronic security and fire alarm system completely owned and operated by the Smithsonian. The purposes of converting to a proprietary security system (SIPSS) are to gain faster response time to security and fire protection alarms; to improve the quality and control of information transmitted from the security devices and fire sensors to the building security offices and the central control room; to manage and control systems maintenance; and to eliminate reliance on leased equipment, outside, sources of power and related contractual services. The fire detection and security sensors that are elements of this system will be linked to eight local control rooms and to a central room that monitors all alarm activity and provides emergency back-up capability. Computer-controlled closed-circuit televisions will allow the control room operator to assess quickly problem situations and dispatch patrolling guards to the area of the activated sensor for appropriate action. During FY 1983, the installation of the first phase of the SIPSS was completed at the Museum Support Center in Suitland, Maryland and in FY 1984, in the Central Control Room on The Mall. By the end of 1986, the system will be expanded to all Washington, D.C. area facilities.

The construction of the Museum Support Center (MSC) and the Quadrangle has presented great demands for the design and installation of new security systems. During FY 1984, more than 350 state-of-the-art sensing devices (including 18 closed-circuit television cameras and 47 access card readers) were placed in the MSC. State-of-the-art security technology has been incorporated in the system for the Quadrangle. This system will

include 500 security zones and will be controlled by the SIPSS with up to 68 closed-circuit television cameras, 102 card readers, and for the first time the new delay action locking devices permitted by the life safety code to improve security on exit doors without jeopardizing life safety.

Fire and safety programs include training in preventive techniques; reviews of construction, renovation, and exhibition installation drawings; regular fire inspections

of facilities; and annual safety and industrial hygiene inspections. These measures have resulted in the development of long-range plans for installation of new and upgraded fire detection and suppression systems and for compliance with safety regulations. Fire safety presentations are made to approximately 80 percent of the Smithsonian staff each year. A safety staff works to eliminate hazards, accidents and occupational illnesses. Locations in which asbestos has been discovered are monitored carefully by industrial hygienists, and projects to remove or contain asbestos and to clean areas and objects found to be contaminated are proceeding on schedule. Employees are provided safety shoes, safety glasses and other equipment as necessary. The safety staff continues to promote safety awareness among employees by coordinating the work of safety committees in every facility, by offering several training programs, and by publishing a safety newsletter for all employees.

Medical services for employees exposed to health hazards on the job or experiencing other job-related health problems are under the direction of a staff medical officer. In addition to providing first aid for on-the-job injuries to employees, the health services staff continues to develop and implement effective monitoring programs for employees exposed to hazardous conditions, writes medical standards for employees appointed to certain positions, and develops a program of pre-employment physical examinations. Programs to counsel employees troubled by alcoholism, drug, or emotional problems are continuing as are programs to provide immunizations for employees traveling

on official business, diagnostic tests for chronic illnesses, and certain treatments

ordered by employees' private physicians. Health units are staffed so that qualified

medical personnel are available to administer first aid when museums are open to the public.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1987, an increase of 22.5 workyears and

$465,000 is requested. These resources will be used to provide security for the Quadrangle when it opens to the public (21.5 workyears and $420,000); and to hire an industrial hygiene technician to analyze air samples for asbestos fibers (1 workyear and $45,000). A further amount of 21 workyears and $397,000 is required to annualize the partial year funding for 33 positions requested in the FY 1986 budget for Quadrangle-related support.

Quadrangle Security (21.5 workyears and $420,000) - An increase of 21.5 workyears and $420,000 is sought in FY 1987, for 35 guard positions and a nurse to provide security and health services for the Quadrangle when it opens to the public. Twenty-nine of these positions will be filled mid-year to coincide with the scheduled public opening of the Quadrangle in the spring of 1987. (Funding for the full-year costs of these positions is anticipated in the FY 1988 budget request.) These positions are essential to provide security coverage for the visitors, staff, collections stored and displayed within the Quadrangle, and exterior buildings and grounds; and health services for staff and visitors. Of this amount, $53,000 is requested for basic security supplies, uniforms, and equipment needed by the staff, to carry out day-to-day operations. In addition, 21 workyears and a sum of $397,000 is required to annualize the partial year funding for 33 positions requested in the FY 1986 budget for Quadrangle-related support.

Industrial Hygiene Technician (1 workyear and $45,000) - For FY 1987, an increase of 1 workyear and $25,000 is requested to hire an industrial hygiene technician (microscopist) capable of analyzing air samples for asbestos fibers and $20,000 is needed

for microscope equipment and supplies. Testing for asbestos and other hazardous substances in Smithsonian facilities has increased dramatically in recent years as an awareness has developed of the dangers to employees who must work in areas containing these materials. Asbestos experts have recommended hiring a staff person for this purpose, since time is essential when there is potential contamination of personnel, artifacts, and space. The technician will provide assistance to the industrial hygienists by taking field samples and doing other routine procedures. This capability would allow a two-hour on-site analysis of samples as compared to five or more days required by independent test laboratories. The technician also will improve personnel protection by monitoring cleaning operations of objects and reporting results promptly to the

individuals involved.

i

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING :

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - These are provided by an allotment and by reimbursements for the use of guard services at special events and lectures at Smithsonian facilities. These funds are used to purchase supplies, materials and equipment .

OFFICE OF PLANT SERVICES

(Dollars in Thousands)

* FTE = Full-time equivalent **FTP = Full-time permanent

ABSTRACT - The Office of Plant Services (OPlantS) operates, maintains, and repairs 14 museums and art gallery buildings including the Quadrangle, and a number of other work and collections storage areas located in the Washington metropolitan area and in New York City. OPlantS provides utilities, transportation, mail and telephone services as well as exhibits renovation and other essential program services in support of research, exhibit, education and other public programs. In addition, technical services and assistance are provided to other Smithsonian units located outside the Washington metropolitan area including the Tropical Research Institute in Panama, the Cooper-Hewitt Museum in New York, the Whipple Observatory in Arizona and the Environmental Research Center in Maryland. Also included in this line item are the Office of Horticulture, South Group Buildings Management and the Quadrangle Building Management units.

For FY 1987, a total increase of 21.25 workyears and $743,000 is requested. Of this amount, 3.25 workyears and $87,000 is required to establish repair and maintenance services in the new Quadrangle facilities and $191,000 is requested to establish an automated system which will improve the financial, personnel , and program management responsibilities performed by OPlantS. Also, an amount of 4 workyears and $172,000 is requested to support the installation and perpetual maintenance of the Enid A. Haupt Garden in the Quadrangle. A final sum of 14 workyears and $293,000 is required to fully staff the Quadrangle Building Management Division and to provide necessary supplies, services and equipment required for normal operations. An amount of $2,069,000 for utilities, postage, rent and communications is being requested and justified in the Uncontrollable Increases Section of this budget.

A further amount of 17 workyears and $367,000 is required to annualize partial-year funding for 36 positions required in the FY 1986 budget for Quadrangle-related support in the Office of Plant Services (5 workyears and $140,000 for 11 positions) and the establishment of the Quadrangle Building Management Division (12 workyears and $227,000 for 25 positions).

PROGRAM - I. Office of Plant Services - With base resources of 366 workyears and $13,543,000 (exclusive of the rent and utilities budgets), the Office of Plant Services operates, maintains and repairs the Smithsonian's physical plant on or near The Mall, including over 5.1 million net usable square feet in museums and art galleries. In addition, OPlantS operates, maintains and repairs 82,000 square feet of space in the Cooper-Hewitt Museum in New York City. Services also are provided to other work and

storage areas including the Museum Support Center in Suitland , Maryland, and space in leased facilities. These services include maintenance of building interiors and exteriors; all mechanical and electrical equipment (including elevators and escalators), lighting and refrigeration components; and oversight of emergency property repairs which are accomplished by service contracts. Operational responsibilities for utilities funding and management include the maintenance of large and complex air conditioning, heating and ventilating systems, and electronic environmental control systems essential for the protection of buildings, specimens, objects, paintings and sculptures. Trade and craft assistance, including carpentry, painting, plumbing, plastering, sheetmetal and electrical work is provided to further research projects, office relocations and modifications, and exhibitions installations and other public events at all museums.

OPlantS also maintains a supply warehouse at the Smithsonian Institution Service Center where heavily used supplies and materials, purchased in bulk, to obtain the most favorable price, are received, stored and distributed. Packing, crating, warehousing and moving services for museum objects and collections are also performed by OPlantS. In addition, the Office is responsible for oversight of all communications systems including the management and funding of telephone installations and services (Federal Telecommunications System Network and local calls) and for the processing of mail and monitoring of postage costs. Transportation services, including the maintenance, repair and operation of vehicles, are carried out by the Office as well.

The Computerized Preventive Maintenance System for scheduling preventive maintenance requirements continues to provide for a highly reliable and efficient physical plant operation. The preventive maintenance program schedules periodic maintenance for fire prevention, automatic lighting, guard stations, roofing systems and heating, ventilating, and air conditioning mechanical equipment in all Washington, D.C. museums, and the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center near Edgewater, Maryland.

The Computerized Facilities Monitoring System continues to analyze effectively the operation of various mechanical equipment in major Smithsonian museums. The System uses sensors on nearly 1,900 points located on equipment components and automatically alerts a central control center to equipment malfunctions. These automatic alerts have aided in avoiding costly repairs over the past several years.

Accomplishments in FY 1985 included providing trade and craft services (such as electrical, carpentry, plumbing, painting and machinist) in support of 39 exhibitions presented by Smithsonian organizations. Some notable exhibitions among these were: "Life in America" at the National Museum of American History; "Views of a Vanishing Frontier" and "Maine Coastal Ecosystem Aquarium" at the National Museum of Natural History/Museum of Man; "Praise Poems" and "African Masterpieces From the Musee de 1'Homme" at the National Museum of African Art; "LIFE: the Second Decade, 1946-1955" at the National Museum of American Art; "William Edward West 1788-1857, Kentucky Painter" at the National Portrait Gallery; "Anni Albers" at the Renwick Gallery; and "Jim Dine: Five Themes" at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden '.

Additionally, in FY 1985, OPlantS was called upon to provide other essential program support services to museums and other Smithsonian organizations. These projects included office modifications to accommodate changing program needs such as converting office to exhibition space; modifications to areas to accommodate installation of scientific and other specialized equipment; and installation and maintenance of environmental control and fire detection and suppression systems and equipment.

II. Office of Horticulture - With base resources of 42 workyears and $1,443,000, the Office of Horticulture applies the disciplines of horticulture as an educational, scientific, research, exhibition, and display activity for the Smithsonian Institution. The Office provides horticultural services to all museums, including interior and

exterior landscape management from design through installation in addition to maintenance; research and development of historically styled gardens for museum grounds and special exhibitions; interior plantscapes; management of grounds around museums; and operation of a large greenhouse-nursery complex. Responsibilities of the Office also include exterior buildings and grounds pest control; snow and ice removal from sidewalks, roadways, parking lots and decks in locations on and off The Mall; and trash policing of grounds .

III. South Group Buildings Management - With base resources of 41 workyears and $1,049,000, South Group Buildings Management is responsible for the general repair and maintenance of the Arts and Industries and Smithsonian Institution Buildings. Included in these responsibilities are cleaning; minor maintenance; labor services; relamping; craft services; shipping and receiving; special events preparation; contract coordination for maintenance, trash removal and pest control; and renovation projects.

IV. Quadrangle Building Management - With a base of 13 workyears and $321,000 anticipated for FY 1986, the Quadrangle Building Management will provide a wide variety of support services to all organizations to be located in the new facility. These services will include shipping and receiving, custodial, minor maintenance, relamping and other services.

EXPLANATION OF PROGRAM INCREASE - For FY 1987, a total increase of 21. 25 workyears and $743,000 is requested. Of this amount, 3.25 workyears and $87,000 is required to establish repair and maintenance services in the new Quadrangle facilities and $191,000 is requested to establish an automated system which will improve the financial, personnel, and program management responsibilities performed by OPlantS. Also, an amount of 4 workyears and $172,000 is requested to support the installation and perpetual maintenance of the Enid A. Haupt Garden in the Quadrangle. A final sum of 14 workyears and $293,000 is required to fully staff the Quadrangle Building Management Division and to provide necessary supplies, services and equipment required for normal operations. An amount of $2,069,000 for utilities, postage, rent and communications is being requested and justified in the Uncontrollable Increases Section of this budget.

A further amount of 17 workyears and $367,000 is required to annualize partial-year funding for 36 positions requested in the FY 1986 budget for Quadrangle-related support in the Office of Plant Services (5 workyears and $140,000 for 11 positions) and the establishment of the Quadrangle Building Management Division (12 workyears and $227,000 for 25 positions).

OPlantS - Quadrangle Facilities Maintenance and Repair (3.25 workyears and $87,000) - For FY 1987, an increase of 3.25 workyears and $87,000 is required to provide trade and craft personnel required to operate, maintain and repair the complex mechanical, electrical, heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment installed in the Quadrangle and to provide mail delivery, sorting and distributing services to the organizations located in the facility.

Of this total, an amount of 2 workyears and $69,000 is requested to fund salary and benefit costs of an electrician, a plumber and a painter. These positions will be filled in January 1987 to prepare for public opening of the Quadrangle in the spring of 1987. (Funding for full-year costs of these positions is anticipated in the FY 1988 budget request.) These positions are essential to ensure timely maintenance and repairs to building utilities systems including all plumbing and electrical systems installed throughout the Quadrangle facility. One workyear and $15,000 is needed to hire a full-time permanent mail clerk to receive, sort and distribute mail to the organizations located in the Quadrangle. A final sum of $3,000 is sought to purchase safety shoes, uniforms and hand tools for the trade and crafts mechanics and other necessary supplies, services and equipment.

OPlantS - Automated Financial, Personnel and Management System ($191,000) - For FY 1987, 5191,000 is requested to establish automated systems to improve financial, personnel and program management responsibilities performed by OPlantS. The Office of Plant Services is a highly complex organization, with a staff of 366 and Federal resources totaling more than $31 million, including almost $18 million for the Institution's utilities and rental requirements. Such essential administrative tasks as financial, personnel and property management, utilities and rent cost projections, project estimating, scheduling and monitoring, and program analysis must now be done manually, resulting in the reduction of efficiency and effectiveness of the management staff. Many administrative requirements cannot, in fact, be met satisfactorily with present capabilities. Resources are sought based upon recommendations made by the Smithsonian's Office of Information Resource Management (OIRM) following a review of OPlantS' current capabilities and existing and future information management needs.

An amount of $57,000 will be used to contract for the overall design, development and implementation of software required to support OPlantS' information management needs. This system will assist OPlantS in developing and maintaining data base information through on-line data entry using remote computer terminals. Examples of priority functions identified for automation include accounting cost monitoring and funds control, base analysis budget projecting, position management, personnel action monitoring, project estimating and scheduling , workhour quota monitoring , nonexpendable property control and inventory, and monitoring and reporting on the status of ongoing and planned physical plant maintenance and program support projects. An amount of $110,000 is requested to purchase personal computers, printers and accessories to establish 10 automation workstations within OPlantS ($50,000) and cover higher costs attributable to increased usage of the new mainframe computer operated by OIRM to store and process centrally the large volume of data base information received from each remote workstation ($60,000). An amount of $24,000 will be used to fund essential staff training and computer supplies and to contract for annual equipment maintenance.

Horticulture - Quadrangle Gardens (4 workyears and $172,000) - An increase of 4 workyears and $172,000 is requested to support the installation and perpetual maintenance of the Enid A. Haupt Garden located in the Quadrangle. This garden will encompass a 4.2 acre-area and will require the utmost care to maintain the abundant plant types and elaborate landscapes.

The garden area will consist of three distinctly different types of gardens—the center will be in a Victorian style and will be flanked by Oriental and Persian gardens. The Victorian-style garden will include elaborate parterres which require weekly edging and trimming; the Oriental and Persian gardens will consist of specimen planting, rock work and water features. Due to the unique plant collections, large trees and shrubs, an amount of 2 workyears and $76,000 will be required to fund gardener/arborist positions to care for the live collection.

An amount of 1 workyear and $38,000 is required to provide maintenance of the interior plants located in the entrance pavilions, reception areas and museum galleries. These plants will require regular rotation, watering, feeding, trimming, and removal of damaged or dead leaves. The interior plant program esthetically will improve the museums and galleries and will relieve the subterranean feeling of an underground complex. Interior plants are being chosen to reflect native plants of each museum's discipline—such as plants of African and Eastern origin. All plants will be rotated to and from the greenhouse-nursery complex located at the United States Soldiers' and Airmen's Home (USSAH).

With the completion of the Quadrangle, the Office of Horticulture will be responsible for providing 100,000 seasonal annuals for parterres, urns, hanging baskets; providing tropical specimens of African and Eastern origin; and grooming plants for

exhibitions in the new Quadrangle complex. An increase of $20,000 is requested to erect four Victorian Greenhouses accepted as a gift in FY 1984. In order to support properly the Enid A. Haupt Garden, additional greenhouse space is necessary. Approval has been obtained to erect this type of building on land at USSAH. These buildings would make available 5,000 square feet of additional growing space. A final amount of 1 workyear and $38,000 is requested to provide a position that will maintain these four greenhouses and provide the necessary plants for the Enid A. Haupt Garden.

Quadrangle - Building Management Division (14 workyears and $293,000) - For FY 1987, an amount of 14 workyears and $293,000 is requested to fund salaries of Building Management personnel, to provide supplies , services and equipment necessary for the day-to-day support services to all organizations located in the building, and to establish an automated system to manage personnel resources, inventory control and budget projections.

In the spring of 1987, the Quadrangle will open to the public. Three major inaugural exhibitions are expected to generate heavy public visitation. The third level of the building will be in full operation as early as the summer of 1986, and will house the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, Resident Associate and National Associate Programs and the International Center. These organizations with their programs, lectures, classes, seminars and receptions will require constant attention from the Building Management Division during the day as well as late into the evenings seven days a week. An amount of 14 workyears and $218,000 is requested to fund salary and benefit costs of the Building Management staff. Also, an amount of $65,000 is requested to purchase supplies, uniforms, safety shoes, equipment and tools to enable the staff to perform assigned tasks ($15,000); to purchase special mobile maintenance equipment required to reach 25-foot ceiling skylights and interior windows, and loading dock equipment required to move art objects ($45,000); and to provide training for wage employees on improvements in maintenance and custodial techniques, uses of new supplies and equipment and training of managers and office staff on automated management systems ($5,000).

A final sum of $10,000 is requested to establish a system to automate office functions such as budget and personnel projections, personnel scheduling, inventory control, preventive maintenance and loading dock scheduling. Funds will be used to purchase personal computers and software.

NONAPPROPRIATED SOURCES OF FUNDING:

Unrestricted General and Special Purpose Funds - Unrestricted General Trust Funds are provided by allotments and are used primarily to cover salaries and support costs of seven full-time positions in the Office of Plant Services (estimated expenditures of $260,000 in FY 1986 and $298,000 in FY 1987) and to provide for the payment of the Trust fund share (40 percent) of the Smithsonian's annual costs for the use of the Federal Telecommunications System Network and for the Trust fund share of space rental costs for administrative activities located in L'Enfant Plaza (estimated expenditures of $969,000 in FY 1986 and $1,036,000 in FY 1987). Special Purpose funds are provided primarily from user reimbursement for services rendered to Trust-funded units and are used to purchase supplies, services, equipment and landscaping materials.

MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH (SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH

(SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)

1985 Appropriation $8,820,000"

1986 Estimate $2,500,000

1987 Estimate $2,000,000

Equivalent in Excess Foreign Currencies

For FY 1987, the Smithsonian requests $2,000,000 equivalent in foreign currencies which have been determined by the Treasury Department to be in excess of the normal needs of the United States. The Smithsonian Institution's Special Foreign Currency Program makes grants to United States universities, museums, and other institutions of higher learning, including the Smithsonian itself, primarily for research and advanced professional training in fields of traditional Smithsonian competence.

This appropriation will be used to continue a program of grants to United States institutions for research in those countries where excess local currencies are available.

PROGRAM OF GRANTS FOR RESEARCH

The Smithsonian program is a major source of excess foreign currency support for research carried out by United States institutions in the excess currency countries (currently Burma, Guinea, India and Pakistan are so designated) and is distinguished from other special foreign currency programs in that the full responsibility for the design, execution and publication of research results rests with a scholar working within the program of a United States institution. Smithsonian foreign currency grants strengthen the research and training activities of collaborating institutions abroad, since most projects directly involve host country institutions and scholars. Enduring professional ties, which result from joint efforts and scholarly exchange, contribute to the strongest form of United States cultural relations with other nations. Also, these ties contribute to the integration of the worldwide advancement of science which serves to narrow the gap between the industrial and the developing nations.

The Importance of Research in the Natural Sciences and Cultural History

The rapid growth of world population and technological development has resulted in significant effects on the natural environment and on society. Research sponsored by the Smithsonian in the natural sciences and in cultural history is aimed in part at improving understanding of the environment, and of the management and conservation of scarce natural and cultural resources.

In FY 1985, grants supported the following projects of special interest:

U.S. scholars combined the multidisciplinary skills of anthropology, history, political science and economics in observing the 1984-1985 elections in India, the world's largest democracy.

Recent study of the ritual arts of the Baga of Guinea is suggesting a tentative revision of previous interpretations of Baga religious systems.

New models for the study of the molecular evolution of gravitationally contracting clouds have been developed in a collaboration between United States and Indian scientists.

United States museum specialists conducted workshops in Pakistan on conservation awareness and preventive care of collections.

Further, with emphasis on information exchange through small workshops, symposia and field conferences, the Smithsonian is encouraging international research in specialized areas. In FY 1985, for example, United States scholars received support for participation in exchanges on the subjects of American studies, women in development, environmental education, Buddhist studies, geophysics, food systems and communication structures, and economic change in South Asia.

The Importance of Multiyear Grants

Beginning in FY 1979, the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program began a policy of multiyear funding of major programs whenever sufficient funds were available. Such funding is important because rational planning requires the advance commitment of professors' and graduate students' time as well as facilities. Multiyear grants, with annual disbursements subject to satisfactory review of progress by the advisory councils, allow participating institutions to coordinate such projects into their long-range scholarly programs, by providing some assurance of funding for the duration of the project.

Further, the Smithsonian has been able to use multiyear grants to protect successful projects from sudden termination when excess currency accounts were exhausted abruptly. This happened in Poland and Tunisia in 1976 and in Egypt in 1981. With multiyear funding over a three-year period, ten projects in Egypt were funded to reasonable conclusions and three continuing projects gained sufficient time to seek other funding sources. In FY 1985, the last year of Indian funds, several ongoing projects will be multiyear funded to completion.

Benefits to United States Institutions

Since the inception of the program in FY 1966, Smithsonian grants have been made to 247 United States institutions in 42 states, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia to support more than 850 individual projects. Publications known to have resulted from program grants totaled more than 1,450 to date.

The benefits to United States institutions and the host country go beyond the accumulation of data, extending to the acquisition of collections of biological specimens and the archeological and ethnographic materials acquired in the course of field research. These remain available for further study and interpretation by other generations of scholars long after the research teams supported by the Smithsonian have dispersed and their conclusions have been published. More than 100 such research collections have been placed in United States universities and museums. A similar number of collections has been added to the research resources of the excess currency countries.

The advantages of the program have extended to a far greater number of institutions than the 247 United States institutions which have received grants directly. For example, three of the grantee institutions are consortia of United States scholarly institutions. They are the American Institute of Indian Studies (AIIS) in Chicago, Illinois, with 40 institutional members; the American Research Center in Egypt (ARCE) in New York City, with 27 institutional and approximately 600 individual members; and the American Schools of Oriental Research (AS0R) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with 135 member institutions.

Smithsonian grants have supported the research in India of 630 AIIS fellows over the 18-year period from FY 1968 through FY 1985. Program grants also have supported more than 80 ARCE projects over the 18-year period from FY 1966 through FY 1983, and since FY 1977, 80 ARCE fellows have received Smithsonian support. Nine AS0R excavations in

Israel and Tunisia provided research opportunities for more than 260 senior United States scholars and field training for more than 324 graduate students. The Indo-American Fellowship Program, initiated in FY 1977 under the auspices of the Indo-U.S. Subcommission on Education and Culture, has sent more than 80 scholars from United States institutions to India.

Scientific Review Under the Smithsonian Program

The Smithsonian program considers proposals from any qualified American institution for research in fields of traditional Smithsonian competence. The program seeks the advice of experts in the specific area of sciences to be studied in reviewing the proposals and annually convenes advisory councils of senior scholars from across the Nation. Following the recommendation in the House-Senate Conference Report 95-1672 dated September 29, 1978, the National Science Foundation reviews the credentials of the members of the advisory councils and certifies their competence. The councils discuss and evaluate the proposals, taking into consideration the experts' opinions, and provide specific advice to the Smithsonian regarding the selection of proposals recommended for support and the priorities among them.

Foreign currency awards to other institutions are executed as normal Federal contracts, with the American grantee institutions providing for full fiscal accountability. The Smithsonian audits each grantee's periodic financial reports and where grantees maintain records abroad, conducts site audits to ensure that appropriate accounting procedures are followed.

An annual review of scientific progress is made by the advisory councils before another year of funding is approved. In addition, Smithsonian staff scientists and program advisory council members make onsite visits when firsthand reports are considered necessary. Smithsonian policy requires that grantees publish scientific results and that scientific collections be readily accessible to the scholarly community.

The Importance to the Smithsonian of Awards for Research

Access to funds for independent research is an essential factor in enabling the Smithsonian to attract and retain leading researchers and thereby to maintain a standard of excellence as a research institution. In this context, the Institution's initial request in FY 1966 for an appropriation of excess foreign currencies made it clear that Smithsonian scholars would compete for these funds. The appropriation justification in that year stated that the Institution would "...award and administer foreign currency grants...for maximum benefit of all participating institutions, as well as the Smithsonian." This appropriation has provided Smithsonian scientists an opportunity to pursue new and innovative research.

Under the Special Foreign Currency Program guidelines, Smithsonian proposals are reviewed by the same councils of distinguished scholars as are proposals from outside institutions. Continuing projects also are subject to annual reviews. (These processes are described above in the section entitled "Scientific Review under the Smithsonian Program.") The Special Foreign Currency Program awards to Smithsonian employees, as to other scholars, often involve participants from other organizations and universities as collaborators. No Smithsonian employee, nor any other grantee, receives personal compensation to duplicate or supplement his salary. Program awards cover only field research costs in the excess currency country, travel to that country, and the cost of publications resulting from research conducted in "foreign currency" countries.

The awards to Smithsonian employees are executed as normal Federal allotments to the individual bureaus of the Institution for the support of approved employee research projects. Such funds are expended in accordance with Federal procurement and personnel regulations.

FORWARD-FUNDED RESERVE FOR THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF INDIAN STUDIES

Since 1967, the Smithsonian has provided annual funding through the Special Foreign Currency Program to the American Institute of Indian Studies for fellowships, research, symposia and publications and for administrative costs. The Smithsonian has helped sustain this Institute and other American research centers abroad for more than a decade because of their significant contributions to scholarship and science without regard for national boundaries and their special service to American scholars conducting research. With funding requested as part of the Salaries and Expenses appropriation for FY 1986, the Smithsonian will greatly broaden its support for these research centers.

To prevent the sudden termination of the programs of the American Institute of Indian Studies after the removal of India from the excess currency list and to provide interim funding for AIIS for a period after the end of excess currency status, appropriations provided in FY 1980 through FY 1985 allowed the establishment of a forward-funded reserve for the American Institute of Indian Studies. The reserve of $7,170,000 equivalent in rupees is to be maintained intact through the end of FY 1985. Beginning in FY 1986, when the Indian rupee is removed from the excess currency list, the AIIS, with oversight from the Smithsonian, will begin to use funds from the reserve for its fellowship program and administration costs in India. Annual proposals will be examined through the Smithsonian's peer review system before each yearly increment is released from the reserve account.

INTERNATIONAL EFFORT TO SALVAGE M0ENJ0DAR0

In FY 1986, the Smithsonian anticipates providing the fourth and final increment of the United States contribution to the International effort to salvage the city of Moenjodaro in Pakistan, bringing the total contribution to $4 million in nonconvertible Pakistani currency. Moenjodaro, discovered in the Indus Valley in 1921, apparently was the product of the Harappan civilization which flourished over 4,500 years ago (from about 3000 B.C. to 1500 B.C.). From the standpoint of planning, sanitation and social organization, Moenjodaro anticipated developments which only blossomed several thousand years later.

The excavated ruins at Moenjodaro have been threatened since their discovery: floods of the Indus River and highly saline ground waters have caused the serious deterioration of the excavated remains. In the 1960s, the Government of Pakistan appealed to the international community for assistance in salvaging the city by diverting the river, lowering the water table, providing remedial action to stabilize threatened buildings and preventing disintegration of those that have not yet been seriously damaged, and installing appropriate landscaping. In 1974, UNESCO agreed to lead the international fund-raising campaign. Approximately $9,300,000 has been raised so far, mainly from governmental contributions from UNESCO member states and the Government of Pakistan. The total budget for the project is now estimated to cost over $19 million.

The project, long in the planning stage, is under way, with a ground water control scheme now in place. The construction of the tube wells for lowering the level of the water table to preserve the remaining structures and landscaping has begun. Salt-tolerant plants will be planted for erosion control and to provide suitable protection from wind-driven sands.

FACILITIES PLANNING, RENOVATION, RESTORATION, AND CONSTRUCTION

CONSTRUCTION: QUADRANGLE

FY 1987 Estimate: $8,000,000 Appropriated: $4,000,000 Nonappropriated: $4,000,000

Public Law 96-36, signed by the President on July 20, 1979, authorized planning for the development of the Quadrangle, a Center for African, Near Eastern and Asian Cultures. This project, including a connecting underground link to the Freer Gallery, is estimated to cost $75,000,000, and is being financed equally between government and private sponsors. In FY 1982, $960,000 was appropriated to complete planning and design. An amount of $36,500,000 was appropriated in FY 1983 to allow the Institution to construct a building. Because a favorable construction contract was awarded by the General Services Administration, the Congress rescinded $8,000,000 from the construction appropriation in FY 1984. Legislative language accompanying this reduction confirmed a continuing commitment from Congress to share equally in the funding of the project and provided for the Institution to request future amounts necessary to complete this major initiative. The Institution, therefore, has a request to restore $4,000,000 in FY 1986 pending before Congress and is seeking restoration of $4,000,000 in FY 1987.

The Quadrangle building, located immediately to the south of the original Smithsonian Building, includes exhibition galleries and supporting museum facilities for the National Museum of African Art as well as for the collections of Near and Far Eastern art known as the Sackler Gallery. In addition, areas are planned for the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, expanded public education facilities, and a much needed International Center for special exhibitions and symposia. The building includes two small above-ground entrance pavilions which serve as introductory galleries and form an enclosure for an eclectic landscape design appropriate to the Smithsonian Institution and Arts and Industries Buildings nearby. The two pavilions will allow access to three building levels below grade providing exhibition galleries, libraries, classrooms, collections storage and administrative space.

Completion of the Quadrangle building is expected in the spring of 1986. The Institution requests restoration in FY 1987 of the remaining $4,000,000 rescinded in the FY 1984 appropriation to cover construction contingencies, to complete construction of the tunnel link to the Freer Gallery of Art, and to provide for furnishings, equipment and final building preparations necessary for initial occupancy and opening of the building to the public in the spring of 1987. An amount of $4,000,000 of Institution Trust funds will be used to match the requested $4,000,000 in Federal funding in FY 1987 to provide the total funds required in this final year. Restoration of this funding is vital to the effective use of the Quadrangle building, and to fulfill the Smithsonian's responsibility to provide security and care for its collections, as well as an enjoyable educational experience for the visiting public.

A revised budget for the completion of the Quadrangle project, shown below, includes purchase and installation of security equipment; furnishings for public areas; administrative and shop space; moving costs; and final building adjustments essential to operations and public opening. Additional funds also are included for design, construction management, construction contingency, government furnished equipment (to be installed by the contractor during construction) , and design and construction of the tunnel link to the Freer Gallery of Art. In FY 1985, the Institution sought and gained Congressional approval to reprogram previously appropriated funds in order to make purchases in FY 1985 essential to allow the move of staff and collections into the

building beginning in early 1986. The table below shows obligations required through FY 1986. The funding required in FY 1987 is also reflected, representing $4,000,000 in Federal funds and matching Trust funds.

Quadrangle Construction and Equipping Budget Plan

($000s)

Budget Category

FY 1984

Post-Bid

Senate

Report

Design & Construction Management

Site Preparation

Construction Contract

Freer Link. Construction & Management

Construction Contingency

Government Furnished Equipment

Security Installation

Furnishings

Moving

Final Building Preparation

TOTALS

Current SI Budget

Estimated Obligations Through In

FY 1986

FY 1987

$59,000

$74,960

$66,960

$8,000

In FY 1987, the Smithsonian is requesting $3,700,000 to complete the purchase of furniture and equipment for public, administrative and shop areas. Furnishings for above-ground public areas include custom-made seating appropriate to thematic and architectural representations of the museums . Below-ground purchases include carpeting and lighting for exhibition areas, and classroom and conference seating and equipment. Flexible storage equipment will be required to provide proper storage of the collections and library materials and to furnish areas in which artifacts may be received and studied. In addition, furnishings will be required for the administrative areas to accommodate staff. Conservation, photo and exhibit production shop equipment will be needed for these expanded functions as well. An amount of $2,275,000 requested in FY 1986 will be used to begin the purchase of furnishings and equipment necessary to move staff and collections into the building in the spring and summer of 1986. The amount of $3,700,000 is requested in FY 1987 to continue these purchases and to purchase furnishings required for the opening of the building to the public in the spring of 1987.

An amount of $1,500,000 is requested for additional construction contingency to cover construction changes, as well as claims by the contractor caused by such factors as design errors and discovery of unknown conditions. This will bring the available construction contingency up to the $5,000,000 amount agreed to by the General Services Administration and the Institution. The General Services Administration estimates that construction changes identified as of July 1, 1985, may cost up to $2,700,000. An amount of $3,000,000 available through FY 1985 and $500,000 requested in FY 1986 will address these and other needs and an estimated $1,500,000 is anticipated to be required for future changes and possible claims.

An amount of $600,000 is requested for management of the construction of the tunnel link between the Quadrangle building and the Freer Gallery of Art. It was determined that it would be more advantageous to delay construction of the connecting link to avoid extensive disruption to Freer operations and programs until they are first relocated to

the completed Quadrangle building. This portion of the project accordingly has been scheduled to begin following completion of the Quadrangle building construction contract in 1986. Additional construction management services, from the General Services Administration and other inspection and monitoring consultants and staff, will therefore be required to complete this portion of the project separately from the Quadrangle construction.

Finally, an amount of $2,200,000 is requested to make final building preparations essential for full occupancy and public opening. In the initial design process, certain areas, notably exhibition and collection storage and care areas, were planned only in a general way because key staff to plan and direct the programs to fill these spaces had not been hired. Directors and exhibit designers for both museums to occupy the Quadrangle building are now here, and they have vital views about the operations of their facilities which must be assimilated into the building. While the new building nears completion, plans for exhibitions and building operations are evolving. As we begin to understand these programmatic requirements, substantial building details will need to be included in the completed structure to assure that the finished facility can meet the full needs of the programs and activities occupying the building. Without these final building preparations a considerable gap will exist between the needs of the museums and the facilities available. The exhibitions, public programs and collection care activities planned for the new building will suffer as a result and will not live up to the expectations held by the Institution that form the underlying impetus for the entire construction project.

GENERAL POST OFFICE BUILDING

FY 1987 Estimate: $3,000,000

Since 1958, when the Institution acquired the Patent Office Building, there has been interest in obtaining the General Post Office Building, which is immediately across F Street and further bounded by 7th, 8th and E Streets in northwest Washington, D. C. Both buildings are the work of America's first native-born professional architect, Robert Mills of South Carolina, who also designed the Washington Monument and the Treasury Building. From time to time since the early 1960s, the Smithsonian has reiterated its interest in the Building to the General Services Administration (GSA).

On October 19, 1984, the President signed P. L. 98-523 authorizing transfer of the General Post Office Building from the General Services Administration to the Smithsonian Institution without reimbursement. In anticipation of favorable Congressional action, the Institution in mid-1983 commissioned a preliminary space use study and conceptual facility plan for the building. The conceptual plan, which was presented to several Congressional committees and the District of Columbia Council, suggests a shared and mixed use of the General Post Office Building by the three neighboring occupants of the Patent Office Building: the National Museum of American Art, the National Portrait Gallery, and the Archives of American Art. The two buildings together would provide space for expanded public activities and collections storage requirements of the three bureaus and would alleviate the physical constraints that the Archives, in particular, is forced to accept in the Patent Office Building. The General Post Office Building offers space for a wide range of museum activities including increased exhibition space, collections study space, classes, seminars, lectures, and a 500-seat auditorium which could accommodate larger audiences for the already successful public programming produced by the National Museum of American Art and the National Portrait Gallery. The second phase of the space use study, to begin in the fall of 1985, will further identify specific needs and requirements for use of the two buildings.

Funds estimated in the amount of $40,000,000 will be required for architectural/engineering and construction services to renovate and repair the building

for public use. Preserving the historic nature of the building and converting it for public purposes will require a comprehensive program that must meet special museum requirements for fire protection and constant temperature and relative humidity in order to preserve the collections while also providing for the safety and accommodation of visitors. Elements of such a program would include razing the courtyard building and glass roofing the entire courtyard area; restoring all of the original interior and exterior architectural finishes; replacing the windows with double glazing; modernizing all electrical and plumbing systems; providing new insulation, a vapor barrier, and a heating and air conditioning system with industrial controls; installing appropriate lighting with ultraviolet screening; and installing smoke detection and sprinkler systems along with other security equipment. In FY 1987, $3,000,000 is requested for planning and design, and $37,000,000 for construction will be requested in FY 1988.

Failure to make the most urgent of these improvements would prevent the Smithsonian from making even basic use of the building, which is now in a substandard condition as office space for the International Trade Commission. Basic repairs to the building, along with replacement of the heating, ventilating, air conditioning, electrical and plumbing systems and installation of fire protection and security systems are the minimum requirements to provide conditions necessary for museum occupation. Modernizing of the building to provide energy conservation will allow more efficient and effective operation of the building, and changes to architectural finishes are required to return the building spaces to public use while restoring it to its early appearance. Overcrowded conditions at the Patent Office Building, which houses the National Portrait Gallery, the National Museum of American Art and the Archives of American Art, make it imperative that the General Post Office Building be made habitable as quickly as possible. Because of the length of time required to make renovations of the kind planned, the building will not be ready for use until FY 1990 if funding is available in FY 1987 and FY 1988 as projected. Delay beyond the projected schedule would have an adverse effect on the public programs at the two museums and would require location of additional space to house Archives of American Art collections now stored off-site under poor environmental and security conditions.

SCIENCE FACILITIES DEVELOPMENT

FY 1987 Estimate: $8,400,000

Consistent with the goals and objectives of the Smithsonian's five-year research program, the Institution has initiated a coordinated effort to improve science facilities to meet program needs. Hearings have been held and are being scheduled before several Congressional subcommittees regarding authorization for construction of a base camp for the Whipple Observatory in Arizona and planning and construction of additional research facilities and improved housing at various sites of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama. The details of the FY 1987 construction request for Science facilities development are given below.

Fred L. Whipple Observatory ($4,500,000)

The Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory, located on Mount Hopkins in southern Arizona, is the largest field installation of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Since its official opening in 1968, the Observatory has been used as the site for observations requiring extremely dark skies, dry climate, and good "optical seeing." Mount Hopkins is the second highest peak in the Santa Rita Range of the Coronado National Forest. The Whipple Observatory covers 4,744 acres, including the 8,550-foot summit.

The summit of Mount Hopkins is the site of the Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT), a joint facility of the Smithsonian Institution and the University of Arizona. The MMT is the third largest telescope in the world in collecting area and is used for research in

the optical and infrared regions of the spectrum. The first of its kind, the MMT combines six 1.8-meter telescope mirrors in a common support structure to produce the light-gathering capability of a conventional 4.5 meter telescope.

Instruments of the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory are located on a half-mile long ridge at the 7,600 foot elevation. These instruments include a 10-meter reflector for observations of extremely energetic gamma ray events and 1.5-meter and 61-centimeter reflecting telescopes for optical and infrared observations of distant stars and galaxies. The latter telescope is now being replaced by one with a 1.2-meter diameter.

The administrative and support facilities of the Observatory, which serve all moun-taintop activities, are located at Amado, Arizona in an office and maintenance complex just east of Interstate 19, but west of the Santa Cruz River, and 18 miles from the scientific operations on Mount Hopkins. This base camp is the operational and logistical headquarters for anyone working at or visiting the mountain. Its site consists of two adjacent, leased parcels of land totaling approximately A.25 acres; its facilities include a one-level school building and a one-level residence which have been converted for office use. There also are vehicle service, repair, and storage sheds on the site.

The owners of the site have indicated a desire to sell the property. The site was the primary focus of P. L. 98-73, approved August 11, 1983, which authorized appropriations of $150,000 for the Institution to purchase land in Santa Cruz County, Arizona, for a base camp. Almost immediately after enactment of the legislation, it became clear that the purchase price of the property would exceed the authorization. A more significant determining factor, however, was the rain that fell on October 1, 2, and 3 of 1983 and the immensely destructive flooding of the normally dry river that ensued. The bridge between the base camp and the mountain facilities was washed out, making access extremely difficult and often adding at least an hour to the already arduous trip to and from the summit. In view of these circumstances the Smithsonian is no longer a prospective buyer of the existing site.

Recently, the Smithsonian completed the first phase of a master planning process to locate a more appropriate site for a base camp and to make efficient use of the space available. After a thorough review, the Institution has selected as its first choice a site under the control of the Forest Service, considerably closer to the mountain than the existing one and east of the Santa Cruz River.

The second and final phase of the master planning process will begin shortly. It will include spatial analyses of the site, plans for its development, related environmental documentation, and refined cost estimates. Two alternative sites under the control of the State of Arizona are in the same general area; they will be investigated as backup sites in case the Forest Service land proves inappropriate or unavailable.

An amount of $4,500,000 is requested in FY 1987 for the design and construction of the base camp buildings totaling 16,400 square feet, along with necessary site improvements and road paving. A detailed breakdown of estimated costs and a description of the facilities planned follows.

($000s)

Planned Facilities Estimate

Administration Building and Visitor Center $ 700

Vehicle Maintenance Shop 500

Warehouse 340

Site Improvements 970 Road Improvements 1,000

Equipment and Furnishings 130

Escalation 530

Design and Construction Management 330

Total Project Cost $4,500

The operation of a large astronomical observatory such as Whipple requires computation and drafting facilities, public display areas, tool shops, vehicle maintenance and storage areas, space for the receipt and shipment of equipment and supplies, and administrative offices, all with access to major transportation routes in order to coordinate activities in several locations. The Observatory is, in effect, a small scientific mountaintop town which must be supported from the base camp. In addition, the increased public interest in astronomy nationwide, combined with interest in the unusual Multiple Mirror Telescope, has created a growing demand for access to the Observatory and a resultant need for expanded facilities to serve the public. The demand for access to the mountain is anticipated to increase sharply since the MMT has been chosen as the prototype for the construction of a larger new generation telescope called the "New Technology Telescope."

The proposed new base camp will provide space for all these functions. The amount of $700,000 is requested for construction of the administrative building and visitor center, which will provide 5,900 square feet of space for purchasing, fiscal, engineering and secretarial support, and for displays and briefings about the activities being conducted at the Observatory. The vehicle maintenance shop, for which an amount of $500,000 is requested, will provide 4,500 square feet of service and storage space to accommodate more than 60 vehicles, primarily buses and heavy machinery used for road maintenance. Enclosed motor maintenance shops are required due to extreme weather fluctuations in the desert environment, and space is needed for spare parts storage. The sum of $340,000 is needed for a warehouse facility of 6,000 square feet for secure storage of goods and equipment going to and from the Observatory. An amount of $970,000 will be required for site improvements to include utilities, excavation and grading, pedestrian walkways, driveways, parking areas and motor pool areas. The sum of $1,000,000 is required for improved road access to the base camp from the nearest highway, eight miles away, to provide for convenient public access and logistical support. An amount of $130,000 is requested to purchase fixed equipment for the vehicle maintenance shop and furnishings for the visitor center, to make the new base camp fully operational. A further amount of $530,000 will be required to cover anticipated escalation in project costs and $330,000 will be needed for design and construction management of the project.

Design and construction of a support facility in this area will require consideration of the impact on the surrounding desert environment to allow minimal intrusion on the natural landscape, and to avoid pollution of the air and water. The relative remoteness of the site will be a cost factor in contractor competition.

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute ($3,900,000)

The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) , located in the Republic of Panama, is the principal U. S. center for research in tropical biology. Each year hundreds of U. S. and international researchers join the permanent STRI staff in undertaking fundamental studies on the tropics. Increasingly scientists and policymakers have recognized the need to understand how tropical ecosystems function in order to predict more accurately environmental changes in the temperate zones , as well as guide development programs that affect tropical environments.

The Smithsonian has identified a need to replace and improve obsolete, substandard facilities now in use at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, as well as to provide additional facilities to support the current research program. The Smithsonian plans a phased construction program, to be completed during the next five-year period, according to a master plan which will be completed in FY 1986. In FY 1987, funds are requested for the construction of a terrestrial laboratory and conference center on the Tivoli site. For a number of years, the present research offices and laboratories for terrestrial scientists at STRI have been inadequate. The existing laboratory structure, approximately 12,000 square feet, is located at Ancon approximately one-half mile from the main STRI administrative complex at Tivoli. This building was transferred to STRI by the Atlantic-Pacific Inter-Oceanic Study Commission at the conclusion of its deliberations in 1970. The building dates from approximately 1919, and served as a hospital, laboratory and morgue. Despite renovations, it has inadequate wiring and plumbing. Its hillside location precludes the development of sufficient outdoor cages or parking to satisfy current scientific requirements. In addition, a severe asbestos problem and the presence of arsenic in the basement pose potential health risks.

The construction of a new laboratory at the central administrative site at Tivoli will allow for more efficient space utilization in support of scientific programs. The research staff would have more ready access to administrative support requirements as well as the central library for research endeavors. Greater efficiency in computer usage would be possible via a master raceway network linking all buildings at a common site. Janitorial, maintenance and security services also would benefit from this consolidation. Since this building would be the principal facility for the largest group of STRI scientists , it will include conference, seminar space and a dining facility.

The Institution received a donation in the amount of $4,000,000 from the family of the late Earl S. Tupper and is requesting $3,900,000 in Federal funds in FY 1987 for design and construction of this 36,000-square-foot laboratory and conference facility. The chart below details costs for this project.

($000s)

Project Cost Components Estimate

Construction $5,370

Site Improvements 480

Escalation 585

Design and Construction Management 680

Furnishings 785

Total Project Cost $7,900

An amount of $5,370,000 will be required to construct the new facility which will provide laboratory space for approximately 12 permanent staff members and 24 visiting scientists, fellows and assistants. In addition to office and laboratory spaces, other

indoor areas would include darkrooms, an aquarium room, a specialized environmental control laboratory, an analytical chemistry room, space for instrument repair, a computer room, chemical storage and disposal systems, reference collection storage and an herbarium. Adjacent to the main laboratory will be an insectary, an aviary and small animal facility for mammals, reptiles, and amphibians, and plant growing space. The conference center would consist of two rooms, an auditorium seating 180 and a room with movable partitions to host seminars, workshops and other recurring activities important to a scientific community. It would provide the capability of hosting international conferences as well. Site improvements will include excavation and drainage, utilities, walkways, paved parking and landscaping at an estimated cost of $480,000. An amount of $785,000 is requested for equipment and furnishings for the laboratory and conference areas as well as the kitchen and dining room. A further amount of $585,000 will be required to cover expected escalation of project costs, and $680,000 will be needed for design and construction management costs to complete the project.

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CONSTRUCTION AND IMPROVEMENTS NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK

1985 Appropriation $4 ,851,000

1986 Estimate $4 ,851,000

1987 Estimate $7,351,000

This appropriation is for use at the National Zoological Park for repairs, alterations and improvements to the plant property, and for the construction of additions to existing facilities and minor new facilities including exhibits; to prepare plans and specifications for construction; and to perform renovations, restorations and new construction for implementing the Master Plan approved by the Commission of Fine Arts and the National Capital Planning Commission in FY 1973. The Zoo's facilities include 163 acres in the Rock Creek Valley of Washington, D. C., and a 3,150-acre Conservation and Research Center located in Front Royal, Virginia. Construction and improvements are accomplished primarily by contract except in instances when suitable contractors cannot be located or their estimates are above acceptable cost levels in relation to proposed work. In such cases, accomplishment of the work by other means, such as the purchase of supplies, materials and equipment and the use of current staff or temporary labor, is the most economical alternative. Furthermore, occasionally it is necessary to fund other related expenses from this account, particularly those associated with the displacement of animals as a result of the construction program or major grounds maintenance in repair of storm damage.

Status of the Construction Program - The National Zoological Park was established in 1890 under the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, which was authorized to "administer and improve" the Zoo for the advancement of science and instruction and recreation of public" (20 U.S.C. 81). The Zoo administers two permanent facilities. Exhibition and educational functions have been centered since 1890 on 163 acres in Rock Creek Valley of Washington, D. C. Complementary animal conservation and breeding functions have been conducted since 1975 on the 3,150-acre site in Front Royal.

The National Zoo's Rock Creek facilities have been undergoing major renovations and improvements since FY 1974 through implementation of the Master Plan. With the transfer of selected and critical animal breeding functions to Front Royal, the elimination of costly projects and the scaling down of others, the total Rock Creek Master Plan program has been reduced from an original plan of 41 major projects and an estimate of $118,000,000 to less than 30 projects and a current estimate of $81,090,000. The total $40,051,000 appropriated through FY 1985 has been spent on 27 new exhibits and support facilities. During FY 1985, a revised Master Plan was developed that incorporated changes in exhibit concepts as they have evolved during the past decade. The revised Master Plan will place the Park among the world's finest zoos.

With funds requested for FY 1986, the Zoo will construct a 17,000 square foot hospital facility at Rock Creek. The hospital will be designed around a large operating room/surgery with adjoining recovery rooms.

For FY 1987, an amount of $7,351,000 is requested to support projects at the two sites operated by the National Zoological Park. Explanation of the sum of $7,000,000 sought for Rock Creek improvements and $351,000 sought for Front Royal follows:

Research Facility ($2,500,000) - With the construction of a new hospital facility at Rock Creek (funds requested in FY 1986), the Zoo will renovate the approximately 17-year old hospital and research facility into a modern research facility. The renovation will provide the Zoo with a first rate research facility including five environmentally controlled animal holding rooms; animal support areas; research support areas and staff offices. The animal holding areas will have individual room controls for temperature, light and humidity that can mimic diurnal cycles. The animal support area will have a large, walk-in cooler for storage of perishable produce and a large well ventilated substrate storage area for dry food. The research support area will house eight environmental chambers that will have a temperature range of zero degrees centigrade to 60 degrees centigrade, humidity control, separate water supplies, floor drains, electrical hook-ups and observation ports. The renovation of the research facility is scheduled to begin in early FY 1987 with a completion date of early FY 1988.

Entranceway and Olmsted Walk - Phase II ($600,000) - An amount of $600,000 is requested for the renovation and improvement of the section of Olmsted Walk from the Connecticut Avenue entrance to the hardy hoofed stock exhibit just below the Education Building. This is the second phase of a three year program which started in 1985. Planned for this phase is an activity plaza with an information kiosk adjacent to the Education Building. Areas that house the sable antelope, bongo and dorcas gazelle exhibits, which front on the walkway, will be reconfigured to increase the size of the yard and bring the exhibit edge up to Olmsted Walk. New curbing, bench niches, landscaping and drinking fountains will be added along the walk. Completion of all three' phases of Olmsted Walk will provide a coordinated walkway system from Connecticut Avenue to Rock Creek, tying together all the major animal exhibits and buildings into one pleasant visitor experience.

Aquatic Exhibits - Phase I ($2,500,000 ) - An amount of $2,500,000 is requested to construct Phase I of the Zoo's totally new Aquatic Exhibits. In the past the emphasis, by zoos, has been placed almost exclusively on terrestrial animals with little recognition of the variety and importance of aquatic animals in our natural world. The National Zoological Park will correct this imbalance by constructing its Aquatic Exhibits. The first phase will incorporate a tropical forest and stream displaying aquatic mammals with appropriate fish, invertebrates, birds and amphibians as well as tropical vegetation. The animals proposed for exhibition will include those not heretofore exhibited in most zoos. The world of aquatic animals is little known to the public, and this exhibit will provide an excellent opportunity for the education of the general public on these engaging and important groups of animals. An amount of $10,500,000 will be required in FY 1988 to complete the design and construction of Phase II of the facility. Prospects of raising private funds for Phase II in lieu of some appropriations are under review. It is anticipated that Phase I will be completed in time for a celebration of the centennial of the Zoo in 1989.

Renovations Repairs and Improvements: Rock Creek ($1,400,000) - An amount of $1,400,000 is requested to continue the program of renovation, repairs and preventive maintenance of existing facilities at Rock Creek where there are over 60 facilities of varying age, and 163 acres of land containing over 18 miles of heavily used paths and roadways. The pedestrian paths and vehicle roadways require regular maintenance in order to prevent future more costly repairs. Renovation, repairs and improvement funds also are used to complete emergency repairs to mechanical, electrical, plumbing and support systems, animal exhibits and housing; and to pay for the temporary relocation of animals during the time when repairs are being done. Safety of visitors and employees is a major consideration in the operation of a zoo and this can be assured only by the most rigorous maintenance of exhibits and other facilities.

Renovation, Repairs and Improvements: Front Royal ($351,000) - An amount of $351,000 is requested to continue the program of renovation and repair of existing facilities at the Conservation and Research Center at Front Royal. The Conservation and Research Center includes 89 facilities of various types containing approximately 236,000 square feet of space, two and one-half miles of paved roads, 20 miles of jeep trails, and 30 miles of fences, all of which must be maintained. Funds also will be used for upgrading the Center's utility systems.

For the period FY 1988-FY 1991 the construction program follows the Zoo's system of planning and designing and expects to proceed with construction based on realistic plans and designs with adequate provision for additional support requirements. Projects are defined in the Smithsonian Institution Five-Year Prospectus FY 1987 - FY 1991.

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RESTORATION AND RENOVATION OF BUILDINGS

1985 Appropriation $13,475,000

1986 Estimate $14 , 875 , 000

1987 Estimate $ 16, 000,000

The Restoration and Renovation of Buildings (R & R) account is used to finance repairs, alterations and improvements to Smithsonian facilities. (The repairs and renovations at the National Zoological Park are presented separately in this budget submission.)

Smithsonian facilities are comprised of over 4 million square feet of building space located in 14 museum and gallery buildings (including the Quadrangle, now under construction) in Washington, D. C. and New York City, housing research and collections management activities and a wide range of exhibitions in the fields of science, history, technology and art. In addition, the Institution operates and maintains preservation, storage, aircraft and spacecraft display facilities, and the Museum Support Center, at Suitland, Maryland; centers for biological research, conservation and education in Panama and on the Chesapeake Bay near Edgewater, Maryland; a center for astrophysics in Cambridge, Massachusetts; and the Whipple Observatory on Mt. Hopkins in Arizona. These facilities range in age from new to 130 years old.

The Smithsonian's request of $16,000,000 for FY 1987, reflects efforts to plan the orderly completion of a number of major initiatives begun in previous years to better the conditions of existing facilities and to provide creative solutions to future facilities requirements. The emphasis in this budget, and in future year budgets, will be on restoring and renovating building exteriors, improving fire detection and suppression capabilities, implementing energy conservation measures, improving environmental conditions in the museums, and altering or constructing space to meet the Institution's present and future programmatic requirements. In addition, funds sought in this budget will continue a wide range of ongoing essential repair and improvement projects.

The Institution' s Five-Year Prospectus identifies specific categories of work which are estimated to cost approximately $135.5 million between FY 1987 and FY 1991 (in 1985 dollars). The FY 1987 request for $16,000,000 is an increase of $1,125,000 over the FY 1986 R & R request and represents the Institution's commitment to establish the necessary level of annual funding for this account in consideration of the size, diversity, age, condition and character of the Smithsonian facilities. The justification for this year's budget request follows:

1. General repairs and improvements $ 830,000

2. Facade, roof and terrace repairs 3,930,000

3. Fire detection and suppression systems 1,255,000

4. Access for the disabled, safety and security,

and correction of hazardous conditions 900,000

5. Utility systems repairs and improvements 3,095,000

6. Other projects 5,990,000

TOTAL $16,000,000

GENERAL REPAIRS AND IMPROVEMENTS ($830,000) : Funds requested in this category support a wide variety of projects that do not lend themselves to discrete categorizations;

they also support minor unscheduled, but essential, repairs that cannot be anticipated specifically. Examples of projects include unforeseeable repairs or replacements of building systems or components which fail unexpectedly; modifications to create additional or more effective space for program activities; renovations of exhibition and other public spaces; and ongoing repairs to facilities and support systems.

For FY 1987, an amount of $830,000 is requested of which $150,000 is designated primarily for emergency repairs and $120,000 is sought for minor repairs at off-Mall facilities such as plumbing, electrical, lighting, and floor and wall repairs. The amount of $50,000 is required for repairs to the sidewalks and parking lots associated with the Mall buildings to eliminate hazards to the public and staff. A further sum of $150,000 is requested for repairs and improvements to the roads serving the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) near Edgewater, Maryland, and the Whipple Observatory near Amado, Arizona. Funds requested in FY 1987 for SERC ($100,000) will be used to resurface the parking lot by the calf barn and pave the Visitor Center parking lot. The road improvement project at SERC will be initiated with funds expected in FY 1986 ($100,000) for resurfacing the road from the back gate to the central area, stabilizing and resurfacing the entrance road to the main intersection, enlarging the turning space at the main gate and at the intersection of Countee Wharf Road and the road to the wharf to accommodate large vehicles, and graveling the road to the wharf. An additional amount of $100,000 is expected to be sought through FY 1989 to resurface and improve other roads and parking areas at this facility. Funds requested for the Whipple Observatory road improvements ($50,000) will provide for necessary continuing repairs to the dirt road leading from the base camp to Mt. Hopkins, which is subject to continual deterioration due to heavy use by Smithsonian vehicles and extreme weather conditions. An amount of $70,000 each year through FY 1991 is expected to be requested to maintain the road. An amount of $300,000 is requested for improvement of attic space at the American Art and Portrait Gallery Building to provide needed storage for paintings and sculpture acquired by the National Museum of American Art in recent years. The fourth floor attic space on the G Street side of the Building is presently unusable for this purpose because of ductwork occupying the floor space. The ducts will be relocated and partitioning, lighting, insulation and climate control will be provided so that the space may be used to store collections. Although future plans for this Building and the General Post Office Building will provide additional storage space, creation of this space is urgently needed to solve immediate problems of overcrowding of the collections, and is part of the long-range solution to be provided by renovation of the buildings as well. The sum of $60,000 is requested for installation of toilet facilities for personnel at the west loading dock and adjoining offices on the ground floor of the Natural History Building. Staff located in these areas do not presently have convenient access to such facilities.

FACADE, ROOF AND TERRACE REPAIRS ($3,930,000) : Maintaining the integrity of the exteriors of all Smithsonian buildings is critical to prevent major structural damage and deterioration due to age and weathering and to ensure a safe environment for visitors, staff and collections. Energy conservation also demands weathertight exteriors. Work in this category includes a variety of major projects that must be accomplished periodically according the life cycles of the materials used. For example, roof replacements are needed about every 20 years; facade joints must be recaulked and repointed about every ten years; and window frames and other exterior trim should be repainted every five years. Several Smithsonian buildings require large-scale renovation, and work is under way to assure that in the future adequate protection of the exteriors of these buildings can be provided through a preventive maintenance and repair program.

For FY 1987, a total of $3,930,000 is requested to continue, complete and initiate essential roof, facade and plaza projects at five Smithsonian museums and at several buildings at the Suitland storage facility. The amount of $2,500,000 will complete the multiyear roof and facade project at the Arts and Industries Building; $200,000 is

required to replace the roof at the Renwick Gallery Building; $250,000 will be used to repair the facade of the Air and Space Building; $450,000 is needed for replacement of the windows at the Smithsonian Institution Building; $250,000 is required to begin replacement of the plaza at the Air and Space Building; $50,000 will be used to continue the replacement of deteriorated stones at the Smithsonian Institution Building; $30,000 is required for exterior maintenance of five buildings at the Paul E. Garber storage facility in Suitland, Maryland; and $200,000 for general facade renovation, window trim, and refurbishing the bronze entrance doors to several museums.

Work is nearly complete on the renovation of the facade of the 120-year-old Renwick Gallery Building. The amount of $5.95 million appropriated through FY 1985 will provide the resources to complete this project successfully in late 1985.

The exterior renovation of the Arts and Industries Building is also proceeding well. Funds in the amount of $2,500,000 will be required in FY 1987 in order to complete the project, assuring watertightness, energy efficiency and restoration of original architectural features. Funds of approximately $1.25 million were appropriated in FY 1977 and FY 1978 for the first phase of exterior renovation work. These were applied toward replacing the roofs of the courts, four halls and rotunda; repairing rotunda and hall windows; replacing gutters and downspouts; repainting the most deteriorated areas; and other related repairs. With $225,000 appropriated in FY 1980, the Institution contracted for professional architectural/engineering services to provide the necessary analysis, documentation, cost estimates, detailed drawings and specifications for the remaining work. Funds of $8.9 million, appropriated from fiscal years 1981 through 1985, are being used to continue the exterior restoration on a quadrant-by-quadrant basis. For example, amounts provided from FY 1982 through FY 1984 were used to restore the northwest quadrant, the west facade, the southeast and northeast pavilions, the southeast quadrant and east towers. The sum of $2.5 million appropriated in FY 1985 is being used to restore the northeast quadrant, north entry and south towers. An amount of $1.5 million is anticipated in FY 1986 to restore the southeast quadrant, including demolition and restoration of the east facade of the southeast quadrant. An amount of $2,500,000 is sought in FY 1987 to restore the southwest quadrant; this will complete the entire project. Restoration work includes the removal and replacement of existing (range, pavilion and tower) roofing, flashing and underlayment; removal of abandoned or nonorigi-nal elements, such as skylights, roof vents, exhaust ducts and mechanical equipment; and the repair, relocation or replacement of the roof drainage and guttering systems. Other major aspects of the project include replacement and improvements to window components (frames, sashes, glazing, painting, weather stripping and hardware) and the incorporation of an electronic security system; the provision for fire exit windows; the reconstruction, cleaning and repointing of exterior masonry; the removal of nonoriginal equipment located on the facade of the building (such as window air conditioning units, exhaust fans and steam pipes); and the restoration of some of the Building's original elements (such as lighting standards at the entrances, cast iron gates and ornamental metal). Exterior restoration is scheduled for completion in late 1987, at a total estimated cost of $14.4 million.

An amount of $200,000 is needed to replace the slate roof at the Renwick Gallery Building. Now over a hundred years old, the slate has deteriorated and must be replaced. At the same time, insulation and a vapor barrier will be installed under this portion of the roof to improve energy conservation. An amount of $50,000 is expected to be needed in FY 1988 to complete replacement of the slate roof.

For the Air and Space Building, the sum of $250,000 is requested to repair the facade, now subject to water intrusion in a number of areas. This water seepage is caused by deterioration of the caulking between the stones of the facade and requires immediate attention to avoid more extensive interior damage. The work will involve the phased replacement of the caulking and will be coordinated closely with the plaza

replacement project in order to maintain public access to the Building. An amount of $600,000 is expected to be required through FY 1990 to complete this work.

An amount of $450,000 is requested to continue the phased replacement of the windows in the Smithsonian Institution Building. Many of the existing windows, including frames, have deteriorated beyond repair and require replacement. Others have been replaced since original construction with windows of a more modern design that are not in accord with the architectural style of the building. Most of the nearly 600 windows in the Building will be replaced with double-glazed windows to improve energy conservation and match the original architectural style of the Building. Those windows in exhibit areas will be provided with a factory-bonded ultraviolet filter film to screen light harmful to collection items. Because of the numerous types and sizes of windows in the Building, and because they must be specially manufactured to reflect the architectural style of the Building, this project is estimated to cost a total of $3,400,000, and therefore will be funded over several years. Funds in the amount of $200,000 requested for FY 1986 will be used for research and preparation of drawings and specifications. The amount of $450,000 requested in FY 1987 will be used for replacement of all windows in the east wing. Subsequent amounts will be requested to perform phased replacement of windows in other sections of the Building to avoid as much disruption to occupants as possible.

The plaza of the Air and Space Museum has deteriorated greatly since the Building's construction ten years ago. Shifting and broken pavers cause severe safety problems for visitors and staff and require continual maintenance. The Institution plans to replace the concrete pavers with granite pavers which would have an indefinite life span and require little maintenance. This solution would also be consistent with the design of the Building. Replacement of the plaza will provide an opportunity to correct defects in the waterproofing system above the structural deck over the garage. An amount of $250,000 is requested in FY 1987 for design and an amount of $3.2 million is expected to be required through FY 1991 to continue this project, which will be done in phases to preserve access routes to the Museum.

In numerous locations in the Washington, D. C. area, serious deterioration has occurred to exterior building elements, including painted surfaces such as window components, wrought-iron railings and perimeter fences, and monumental bronze entrance doors. For FY 1987, an amount of $200,000 is requested to begin a program of systematic repair and refurbishment to these components before major replacement becomes necessary. Windows, trim and other painted surfaces on the exterior of Smithsonian buildings will be repaired and painted; wrought-iron railings and fences, such as the perimeter fence at the American Art and Portrait Gallery Building, will be cleaned of rust, sealed and painted; and bronze entrance doors will be repaired, stripped and refinished at the Natural History Building, the American Art and Portrait Gallery Building, and the Hirshhorn Building. It is expected that an amount of $200,000 will be required each year through FY 1991 to continue this work.

An amount of $80,000 is requested in FY 1987 for two smaller projects. The sum of $50,000 is needed to continue the phased replacement of deteriorated stones in the facade of the Smithsonian Institution Building; and $30,000 is required for repairs and preservative coating on the metal roofs of Buildings 7, 10, 20, 21 and 24 at the Paul E. Garber Facility in Suitland, Maryland.

FIRE DETECTION AND SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS ($1 ,255,000) : The Institution is continuing to upgrade fire protection systems in all buildings to provide the highest level of safety consistent with today's standards and technology. Work includes the installation of heat and smoke detection systems; sprinkler and chemical suppression systems; fire doors and walls; and the improvement of exit capability, particularly in older buildings. Improved systems are also installed as exhibitions are changed and as other modification projects proceed.

For FY 1987, a total of $1,255,000 is requested to continue the implementation of fire protection master plans at the Natural History Building ($175,000) and the American History Building ($250,000), and to begin implementation of master plans at the Air and Space Building ($100,000) and the Smithsonian Institution Building ($250,000); to install sprinkler and smoke detection systems in the Arts and Industries Building ($200,000); and to make fire protection improvements at the Renwick Gallery Building ($50,000), at the Hirshhorn Building ($110,000) and in the buildings of the Tropical Research Institute on Barro Colorado Island in Panama ($120,000).

The Institution continues to place the highest priority on completion of implementation of fire protection master plans at the Natural History and American History Buildings, which together represent the largest areas with the least fire protection.

At the Natural History Building , steady progress has been made in implementing the fire protection master plan developed in FY 1979. Funds appropriated from FY 1979 through FY 1984 ($2,075,000) have been used to complete construction on the sprinkler and smoke detection systems for the east and west wings and portions of the main building; install a master fire control panel; and provide an upgraded and interconnected fire main and riser distribution system for the Building's sprinkler systems. Construction has begun on the installation of smoke detectors and sprinklers throughout the third floor of the main building. Funds in the amount of $500,000 appropriated in FY 1985 are being used to provide safe flammable liquid storage rooms and to separate the West Court from the main building with fire walls. An amount of $300,000 anticipated in FY 1986 will be used to continue projects begun in FY 1985, and to provide new fire alarm pull stations and integrate the smoke detection, sprinkler and alarm systems into the computer system in the master control room. The sum of $175,000 requested in FY 1987 will be used to upgrade the fire rating of access from the public areas of the main building into the wings; replace electric locks on perimeter doors with failsafe locks meeting Life Safety Codes; separate the Rotunda from the rest of the Building with fire-rated doors; provide two-hour fire separation between the main building and the wings; and install fire doors and partition systems in several other locations. It is expected that $1.6 million will be required from FY 1988 through FY 1991 to continue the fire protection master plan work at the Natural History Building.

The fire protection master plan for the American History Building outlines phased improvements similar to those under way or planned for the Natural History Building, including upgrading and/or adding sprinkler and detection systems; upgrading the existing emergency power supply and distribution systems; upgrading the fire pumps; installing a new fire alarm system; and undertaking architectural modifications to improve the efficiency of fire zones and exit capabilities. With funds of $1,265 million appropriated in FY 1980 through FY 1984, the fire protection master plan was completed; fire wall separations were designed for the first floor and installed on the west side; a new ten-inch water main from the street to the Building and sprinkler risers throughout the Building were designed and installed; a master alarm control panel and electrical trunk lines for smoke detection systems and sprinkler annunciation alarms were designed and installed; and additional automatic sprinkler and smoke detection systems are being installed throughout two-thirds of the basement level. Funds appropriated in FY 1985 ($200,000) and anticipated in FY 1986 ($300,000) will be used to install fire protection systems on the fourth floor, including installation of sprinkler and smoke detection systems and fire pull stations; removal of existing heat detectors; and installation of an emergency generator. The amount of $250,000 requested in FY 1987 will be used to install sprinkler and smoke detection systems and fire pull stations in the central part of the Building. It is expected that an amount of $2.0 million will be required from FY 1988 through FY 1991 to continue implementation of the fire protection master plan at the American History Building.

Over the past several years , some sprinklers and smoke detection systems have been installed in the Air and Space Building in areas considered most vulnerable to fire. In

order that a systematic and comprehensive approach be taken, a fire protection master plan will be completed with $100,000 requested for FY 1986. The amount of $100,000 is requested in FY 1987 to begin implementation of the plan, to include replacement of the fire alarm control panel, installation of smoke detectors on the third floor administrative areas and in the galleries, and installation of a fire bell system. A further amount of $700,000 is expected to be required through FY 1991 to implement other improvements identified in the master plan.

At the Smithsonian Institution Building, funds appropriated from FY 1983 through FY 1985 have been used to design and install smoke detection systems and are being used to install sprinkler systems in the basement and fire-rated partitions throughout the Building. A fire protection master plan was developed in 1985, and funds anticipated in FY 1986 will be used to make further improvements to fire detection and suppression capabilities, including upgrading hardware on emergency door exits and installing sprinkler systems in the center section's attic. The amount of $250,000 requested in FY 1987 will be used to continue improvements, including installation of fire-rated self-closing doors and sprinklers on the first floor and basement levels and in the North and South Towers ; and installation of smoke detection in mechanical rooms, basement and fourth floor corridors and in the South Tower. An additional amount of $700,000 is expected to be required through FY 1990 to complete work in this Building.

With funds of $225,000 appropriated through FY 1985, fire protection improvements were made at the Arts and Industries Building, including installation of smoke detection systems in the exhibit halls and pavilions, and Halon systems are being installed in the Computer Center. The amount of $100,000 required in FY 1986 will be used to update the fire protection master plan to include space use changes which will be recommended by a space utilization study now under way. A sum of $200,000 is requested in FY 1987 to extend fire protection systems to the remaining unprotected areas of the Building and to correct other life safety deficiencies, such as improving the fire rating of walls, replacing doors with fire-rated doors, providing fire-rated enclosures for electrical and mechanical equipment rooms, and upgrading the fire alarm bells and fire pull stations. This work will be done in conjunction with other space modifications anticipated in the Building. It is expected that an amount of $2.0 million will be required through FY 1991 to continue fire protection improvements in the Building.

An amount of $280,000 is requested in FY 1987 for three additional fire protection projects. For the Renwick Gallery Building, $50,000 is requested to install sprinklers on the first floor of the Building as recommended in a fire protection and security improvements study conducted in 1985; the sum of $110,000 is requested to extend the sprinkler system at the Hirshhorn Building to two large basement mechanical rooms; and $120,000 is requested to provide sprinkler systems in all buildings on Barro Colorado Island at the Tropical Research Institute in Panama.

ACCESS FOR THE DISABLED, SAFETY AND SECURITY, AND CORRECTION OF HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS ($900,000) : The Institution continues to place emphasis on correcting facility conditions to improve the security of the National Collections, promote improved environmental conditions for the health and safety of visitors and staff, and provide better access for disabled persons to Smithsonian buildings.

For FY 1987, a total of $900,000 is sought for five projects. To correct hazardous conditions, an amount of $500,000 is required to continue asbestos removal in various Smithsonian buildings. In order to address safety problems, $150,000 is needed for installation of safety guard rails at the Natural History Building; $120,000 is required to replace the tile in the Great Hall of the American Art and Portrait Gallery Building; $100,000 is required to replace the floor grates at the entrances of the Air and Space Building; and $30,000 is needed to replace emergency doors, also at the Air and Space Building.

Major attention will continue to be placed on the containment or removal of asbestos materials located in various Smithsonian facilities. Asbestos has been identified in areas of the American Art and Portrait Gallery Building, the American History Building, the Natural History Building, and in a number of buildings at the Suitland storage facility. Additional areas contain asbestos, primarily pipe and duct insulation in most other buildings in Washington, and construction materials at several locations at STRI. Funds of $1,550,000 appropriated through FY 1985 were applied toward the containment and removal of asbestos in the attics, mechanical equipment rooms, skylight areas and exhibit halls of the American Art and Portrait Gallery Building; in the carpentry shop in the Natural History Building; and in the television studio and other basement areas in the American History Building. Funds of $500,000 requested for FY 1986 will be used to continue removal of sprayed asbestos insulation and encapsulation of contaminated ducts in mechanical equipment rooms in the American History Building and in Building 19 at the Suitland facility. For FY 1987, $500,000 is requested to continue removal and encapsulation of asbestos insulation at several locations, including Buildings 4, 5, 7, 17, 25 and 26 at the Suitland facility and removal of boiler and pipe insulation in the basement of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum. Funds in the amount of $2.0 million are expected to be required from FY 1988 through FY 1991 to continue the asbestos correction program.

The north and south entrances to the Natural History Building were modified in FY 1980 to improve access for the disabled and emergency exit capabilities. With funds of $200,000 appropriated in FY 1985, Mall entrance gate repairs were completed and the entrance to the Learning Center will be modified. Funds of $200,000 requested for FY 1986 will be used to design and install stair and ramp railings at the north and south entrances and design safety guard rails at the south portico and monumental stair. In FY 1987, $150,000 is requested to begin fabrication and installation of the safety guard rails at the south portico. It is expected that an amount of $150,000 will be requested in FY 1988 to complete installation of the south portico guard rails.

For the American Art and Portrait Gallery Building, an amount of $120,000 is requested for FY 1987 to repair the tile floor in the Great Hall on the third floor of the Portrait Gallery side. An attempt to restore this unique encaustic tile floor, which covers about 6,700 square feet with various colors and designs, was made in the early 1970s, but the present deteriorated condition of the floor is unsightly and presents a safety hazard. Approximately 15 percent of the floor tiles are worn and cracked; other areas have been repaired by patching with tiles that do not follow the original pattern or color, destroying the beauty of this historic hall. An amount of $120,000 is requested in FY 1987 for design and purchase of the necessary tiles, which will have to be custom made. Funds of $65,000 are expected to be required in FY 1988 to complete installation of the tiles.

The amount of $130,000 is requested for two safety projects at the Air and Space Building. The sum of $100,000 is needed to replace the floor grates at the north and south entrances to the Building. The Pedigrid system installed during construction of the Building is primarily for removal of excess dirt from the shoes of people entering the museum. Despite continual maintenance, however, the structural support for the system has deteriorated beyond repair and the grates now present a safety hazard, with persons in high-heeled shoes particularly vulnerable. The system will be replaced by a new system of grates which will require less maintenance while providing safe access to the Building. In addition, the sum of $30,000 is needed to replace exterior emergency doors throughout the Building, because they have buckled from the natural movement of the stone facade to which they are attached. Many of the doors have now jammed to the point where they will not open, posing a serious safety problem in the case of fire or other emergency. The metal doors and frames leading from the public galleries will be replaced with new metal doors to be attached to the structure of the Building to avoid recurrence of this problem. It is expected that an amount of $30,000 will be required in FY 1988 to complete this project.

UTILITY SYSTEMS REPAIRS AND IMPROVEMENTS ($3,095,000) : Funds appropriated in this category are used to maintain, repair and upgrade the heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems (HVAC) and plumbing and electrical systems in the Institution's facilities. Proper maintenance and improvements of these systems are essential for increasing energy efficiency and for providing stable temperature and humidity conditions necessary for the preservation of the collections. Scheduled repairs and replacements of deteriorated equipment components require a consistent level of funding, and major renovations and repairs are required in many Smithsonian buildings where utility systems were not designed with the aid of today's energy saving technologies.

The Institution is making a concerted effort to conserve energy as described in the Uncontrollable Increases Section of this budget request. The most significant energy savings will be realized by applying substantial resources toward upgrading HVAC systems , replacing obsolete equipment and improving the efficiency of environmental zones. HVAC systems have been modified over the years as the Institution's programs have grown, as the functions of the buildings have changed, and as the environmental needs of the collections have become better understood. Prior to 1972, energy conservation did not represent a primary consideration. An integrated approach now is required in order to plan for long-range, systematic HVAC improvements that will meet museum environmental requirements in an energy efficient manner.

Comprehensive HVAC studies and energy audits have been conducted for most of the buildings in order to assist in the planning of future improvements. The scope of the HVAC studies included field investigations of age, condition and performance of existing equipment, controls and current operating conditions; reviews of existing drawings, specifications, operating manuals and hygrothermograph records; an analysis of the relationship between the building structures and the HVAC systems; and an assessment of programmatic needs for environmental control. The data gathered by these studies are providing a basis for determining redesign or replacement needs of existing HVAC systems; for development of construction cost estimates or revision of previous cost estimates; and for establishment of priorities for the repair, replacement or modification of such equipment components as air handling units, chillers, condensers, compressors, cooling towers, automatic temperature and humidity controls, pumps, pipes, fans, filters, ductwork and related electrical and plumbing systems. At the same time, energy audits are being performed to investigate all factors relating to energy use, such as power-consuming equipment and building conditions (doors, windows, insulation, floors and partitions). Current energy consumption and costs are being evaluated; energy conservation opportunities are being identified; projected savings are being calculated; and plans are being developed to carry out recommended energy conservation measures.

For FY 1987, a total of $3,095,000 is requested for utility systems repairs and improvements. A large portion of this request, $1,675,000, is designated for comprehensive projects to upgrade heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems at the American History Building ($1,500,000) and the Natural History Building ($175,000). To implement recommendations resulting from an energy conservation study, $300,000 is required to replace windows at the Cooper-Hewitt Museum. An amount of $500,000 is sought to continue installation of a network system that will facilitate computer and other communications between the buildings on The Mall. The sum of $550,000 is required to begin the replacement of electrical transformers containing the dangerous chemicals known as PCBs, as now required by the Environmental Protection Agency. A further amount of $70,000 is required for two utility improvement projects: $30,000 is needed to replace the cooling tower at the Renwick Gallery Building, and $40,000 is needed to upgrade the sewer system at the Galeta site of the Tropical Research Institute.

At the American History Building, a comprehensive HVAC study initiated with $100,000 appropriated in FY 1981 was completed in 1982. Difficulty in maintaining the desired environmental conditions is due, in part, to the age and construction of the

Building and to the deteriorating condition of the heating, ventilating, air conditioning and refrigerating equipment and controls. The study findings indicate that upgrading the mechanical system is necessary to bring the system up to acceptable museum standards of operating efficiency and reliability. Other related projects recommended in the study include caulking and weather stripping windows and doors ; shading and sunscreening windows ; ceiling and wall improvements; window replacements; and installation of a central control and monitoring system. Funds of $1,285,000 appropriated between FY 1981 and FY 1984 were used to replace 12 deteriorated air handling units and a cooling tower. An amount of $1.8 million appropriated in FY 1985 is being used to prepare drawings and specifications and to begin implementation of the first phase of HVAC renovation based on the study findings and an amount of $1,000,000 requested for FY 1986 will be used to continue renovating the HVAC system and replacing windows. The amount of $1,500,000 is sought in FY 1987 to continue this work. It is anticipated that an additional $7.1 million will be required to complete the project.

The Natural History Building houses 90 million specimens in reference collections and also has a wide array of public exhibits that attract millions of visitors annually. The physical limitations of the Building, and the age, type and deteriorating conditions of the HVAC systems, refrigeration equipment and controls make it impossible to maintain the environment required for the preservation of the Museum's collections. In April 1983, an environmental control and energy conservation study was completed. The study findings suggest that air cooling units and central return air and exhaust fan systems be replaced with a centralized air system to be located in new penthouses over the east and west wings for energy efficiency, cost effectiveness and system reliability. Other improvements recommended include wall vapor barriers; roof insulation; replacement of single-glazed windows with double-glazed windows; entrance and exit door modifications; air locks on loading docks; centralization of laboratories with new exhaust systems; new air conditioning units for the Rotunda and attics; cabinet shop dust collection systems; West Court utility systems improvements; automatic temperature control system improvements; replacement of chillers; and a central control and monitoring system. The total cost of these recommendations is estimated to be $54.5 million. These recommendations are being evaluated and reconciled to ensure consistency with program objectives, and an amount of $235,000 requested for FY 1986 will be used to begin preparation of design and specifications for this work. The sura of $175,000 is requested in FY 1987 to continue this design and evaluation process. Additional funding in the amount of $16,755,000 is expected to be required through FY 1991 to continue this project.

A major requirement identified in an energy conservation study for the Cooper-Hewitt Museum is to replace the Carnegie Mansion's deteriorated windows and frames. The wood sashes and frames will be replaced and the windows glazed with insulating glass incorporating factory-bonded ultraviolet film to protect the collections from harmful light. The Mansion is a landmark site and the new windows will duplicate the existing design. The amount of $300,000 appropriated in FY 1985 is being used to begin this project with replacement of windows on the third and fourth floors, and $100,000 requested for FY 1986 will be used to continue replacement of windows on the ground floor and basement. The sum of $300,000 is requested in FY 1987 to begin replacement of the windows on the second floor and it is expected that $450,000 will be required in FY 1988 to complete the first and second floors.

The Institution has established a coordinated program to apply office automation advances in all of its facilities and to provide access to data base management systems. The number of users of terminals and office automation equipment is expected to grow at the rate of 100-200 users per year. (Funding for office automation equipment is sought in the Salaries and Expenses portion of this budget request.) Presently, a large number of devices are in use which would benefit from interconnection, thereby increasing efficiency and effectiveness. These include word and data processing terminals, personal computers and telecommunications equipment. A computer-based research system is

operating which has over 50 connections and a computer-based security and fire protection system is being installed in Washington, D. C. area facilities.

In the next ten years, additional computer systems and electronic services will be needed including sensing systems for energy management; an expanded telephone system; telexes and facsimile devices; cabling for computer automation terminals and printers; and video systems for exhibits and education. The cost and management problems associated with separately installing these electronic services in each building, coupled with the requirement that most services link buildings on The Mall, led to coordinated planning efforts among the various offices responsible for each system. The result of this planning was a decision to install a common communications pathway system or master raceway system in the Mall area. Plans call for installation to begin in FY 1986 of a raceway system within and between eight buildings in the Mall area which will accommodate future electronic requirements. It will be a single, in-ground, multipurpose conduit system capable of housing wires and cables for all electronic services within and between the Smithsonian, Arts and Industries, Freer Gallery, Hirshhorn, Air and Space, Natural History, American History, and American Art and Portrait Gallery Buildings. Funds of $250,000 requested for FY 1986 will be used to initiate the first construction phase which consists of interconnecting the Mall buildings using four-inch conduits encased in concrete. The amount of $500,000 requested in FY 1987 is required to complete the interconnection and to begin the second phase, with the design and installation of the interior raceway system in the east side of the American History Building, in coordination with HVAC work to be done in that area. An additional amount of $6.0 million is expected to be sought through FY 1991 to continue extension of the raceway into each building and branching the system through floors, walls and ceilings to work stations, offices or exhibit areas.

A July 1985 regulation issued by the Environmental Protection Agency requires the replacement of all high-voltage electrical transformers which contain cancer-causing chemicals known as PCBs by the year 1990. Polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs , are particularly dangerous if they volatize and are converted into dioxin and other highly toxic compounds, which could occur in an electrical fire in a high-voltage vault; both long-term contamination of museum objects as well as extreme harm to humans could result. PCBs have been shown to cause cancer from contact with the liquid form as well. The Institution has 57 of these transformers in various buildings, and is evaluating each transformer to determine the fastest and most cost effective method for eliminating this hazard to visitors, staff and collections. Options that will be considered include replacement of each PCB transformer or draining and flushing of the PCB liquid from existing transformers and substituting a liquid that is not harmful. In FY 1987, $550,000 is requested to begin implementation of this project. It is expected that an additional $3.0 million may be required through FY 1991 to complete this work.

The amount of $70,000 is requested for two utility improvement projects. The sum of $30,000 is required to replace the cooling tower at the Renwick Gallery, which has deteriorated beyond reasonable repair. An amount of $40,000 is needed for construction of a sewer system at the Tropical Research Institute Galeta Point site. This research station, located on grounds controlled by the United States Navy, currently does not have a sewer or septic system. Sanitary waste is dumped directly into the ocean, presenting a health hazard for the scientists working on Galeta reef, as well as causing damage to the ecology they are studying.

OTHER PROJECTS ($5,990,000) : Projects in this category support the maintenance and development of the Institution's outlying facilities and other projects designed to meet programmatic objectives in the areas of research, collections management and exhibitions. For FY 1987, a total of $5,990,000 is sought for the following projects:

($000s)

FACILITY

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

AMOUNT

American History Building American History Building Natural History Building Arts and Industries Building Arts and Industries Building Arts and Industries Building Freer Gallery Building Hirshhorn Building Whipple Observatory Miscellaneous Miscellaneous

TOTAL

Relocation of space/functions

Mezzanines/exhibit halls

Libraries space modifications

Relocation of space/functions

Space improvements

Computer relocation

Courtyard excavation/construction

Master plan

Ridge dormitory design/construction

Combined master plan for SI facilities

Advanced planning and design

$ 400 300 215 300 500 600 2,500 125 450 250 350

$5,990

— American History Building - ($700,000)

Beginning in FY 1985, a major renovation of the HVAC systems will be under way at the American History Building, along with extensive work on fire protection, asbestos removal and master raceway system projects. As much as possible, construction will be coordinated so that all work required in a specific segment of the Building is done concurrently, to minimize disruption to Museum programs and activities and to achieve cost savings by combining similar requirements into larger contracts. In order to accomplish this work, however, major relocations of staff and collections will be required to other locations in the Building. The first phase of a master implementation study by an architectural/engineering firm will be completed by the end of 1985. This study will determine the sequence of areas to be addressed within the Building to accomplish multiple projects and will outline implementation of the first segment of work. An amount of $400,000 is requested in FY 1987 to make modifications necessary to accommodate dislocated staff and collections in temporary staging areas. It is anticipated that an additional $400,000 will be required through FY 1991 to support this project.

The long-range exhibit reorganization plan for the National Museum of American History calls for construction of a mezzanine system in various galleries on the first through third floors of the Building. The mezzanine will create space for study galleries in key exhibitions, which will permit greater individual interaction by the public with museum artifacts not normally on exhibit because of lack of space. For FY 1987, the amount of $300,000 is requested to begin design, fabrication and construction of the basic steel and concrete galleries, necessary stairs and railings which will be incorporated into specific exhibit areas currently being designed by the Museum. The first exhibition to include the gallery concept is planned to celebrate the Bicentennial of the Constitution opening in 1987 on the east side of the third floor. This exhibition is being designed with a permanent core to occupy present space with mezzanine added, with shorter term interpretive and study exhibits in the surrounding areas. The amount of $1.2 million is expected to be required through FY 1991 to continue installation of mezzanines in concert with the long-range Exhibit Hall renovation program.

— Natural History Building - Libraries - Space Modifications - ($215,000)

With funds of $200,000 appropriated in FY 1980, the first renovation phase was completed for space modifications of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries located in the Natural History Building. Reader services areas are being renovated with funds of $165,000 appropriated in FY 1984, and $230,000 appropriated in FY 1985 is being used to modify the central library processing areas including central reference, binding, gifts and exchange, and shipping and receiving. Funds of $200,000 requested for FY 1986 will be used to complete the renovation of the Natural History library branch, including the purchase and installation of a compact library shelving system, and space modifications for the administrative, cataloguing and program office areas in the northeast section of the library. The amount of $215,000 is sought in FY 1987 to complete the final phase of this project which includes renovation of the library's administrative office and public access areas, including upgrading of HVAC and electrical systems and reorganization of space for more efficient utilization.

— Arts and Industries Building - ($1,400,000)

At the Arts and Industries Building, a major renovation of the facade and roof has been under way since 1982. An amount of $300,000 is requested in FY 1987 to construct temporary work areas to accommodate functions and activities presently located in the Building which must be relocated within the building or to other buildings during the final phase of the roof and facade work. Major activities expected to be relocated in FY 1987 include the Smithsonian Magazine offices, administrative staff of the Office of Information Resource Management, the Associates classrooms and Smithsonian training areas.

A comprehensive space study of the Arts and Industries Building is currently being conducted, to evaluate existing space use and investigate future needs. In addition to recommending space improvements, the study is focusing on activities located in the Mall area that could be relocated to the Arts and Industries Building. An amount of $300,000 is required for FY 1986 to begin the design of the renovations for upgrading the HVAC system to provide a more acceptable museum environment and greater energy efficiency, as well as modifications to the administrative and exhibit spaces of the Building. The sum of $500,000 is requested in FY 1987 to continue the design requirements. It is expected that an additional $13.5 million will be required through FY 1991 for interior renovations, with a further amount of $10.5 million required for implementation of HVAC improvements during the same period.

One key to the effective utilization of the space in the Arts and Industries Building is the relocation of the central computer facility to another building. This will free space in the Building to consolidate central administrative functions now scattered in various locations. The Institution is currently studying alternate locations for the computer facility, which will require about 6,600 square feet for the technical center and office space for technical operations staff. The amount of $600,000 is requested in FY 1987 for construction and relocation of equipment to a modern, safe, secure and environmentally controlled facility.

— Freer Gallery Building - ($2,500,000)

For the past three decades, the Freer has been exploring the possibility of acquiring additional space to improve the storage conditions of the collections. Since Charles Freer gave his art collection to the Nation and built the building to house it, the collection has outgrown existing facilities. While objects have not been acquired at a rapid rate, even the acquisition of a small number of master works each year adds up over the 62 year period that has been the life span of the Gallery to reach over 26,000 pi-eces at present. Only four percent of the collection is presently exhibited at any one

time. The remaining 96 percent of the collection must be stored in a manner appropriate to preservation of the Nation's treasures. A conservative estimate of the current value of the objects to be stored in the new storage space is substantially in excess of $1.0 billion. Yet these treasures are at risk now by being stored so closely together that any movement of objects by curatorial staff, for exhibition or study, presents the threat of damage to neighboring objects, and textile objects must be folded to fit the space available, which can cause irreparable damage to the fibers over a prolonged period.

While the construction of the Sackler Gallery relieves some strains on collections storage space in the Freer Gallery building, it by no means resolves all of them. Although many of the behind-the-scenes operations of the Freer (administration, curatorial, cabinet shop, library, registration and photographic laboratory offices) will be relocated in the Sackler Gallery building, the crowded collections storage problems of the Freer collection will not be alleviated. The terms of the Freer bequest, which stipulate that the Freer collections not leave the Freer building except during renovation, prohibits long-term off-site storage. With the siting of the Freer and the present construction of the Sackler Gallery to the east, the only remaining possibility is to construct space underground. An ideal opportunity to solve this problem arises in conjunction with the already planned excavation of one-third of the Freer's courtyard for construction of the tunnel which will link the Freer Gallery with the Sackler Gallery, a project included within the Quadrangle construction budget. Excavation of the remaining two-thirds of the courtyard to a two-level depth would increase Freer space by 15,000 gross square feet, adding 8,000 square feet of collection storage space, as well as circulation space (corridors, stairs, and an elevator), space to house the mechanical equipment required to maintain climatic conditions in the new storage space, and small exhibits storage and staging areas adjacent to the galleries planned for the tunnel connecting the Freer to the Sackler Gallery in the Quadrangle Building.

The proposed excavation and construction project will provide more than simple warehouse space for the Freer Gallery's collections. A special two-story underground vault will be created beneath the present courtyard of the Freer to protect these art treasures and to maintain them under the proper environmental and security conditions. The space will function as a teaching space as well, which will make .the majority of the Freer collection visible to scholars and students in a way that is not now possible. Groups of art students from all over the world come to the Freer to examine objects in the collection to learn about the different cultures and traditions represented. For most of these groups , and for the general public as well, the degree of accessibility to such a collection of art treasures is unique. Present limitations of space, however, preclude participation by many larger groups, which diminishes the Gallery's ability to serve the public. Scholars performing important research on the Freer collections are also hampered in their work by the limitations imposed by the present space, as objects are not readily accessible without risk of damage to nearby objects.

Funds of $2.5 million anticipated in FY 1986 will be used for design and excavation of the site and to begin construction of a structural shell for two-thirds of the courtyard area. The work is being initiated in FY 1986 because of the strong cost incentive associated with the underpinning and excavation to be done in conjunction with construction of the tunnel link to the Sackler Gallery which will be under way in the remaining one-third of the courtyard. The complexity involved in excavating and constructing a structural shell beneath an existing building is the major contributor to the relatively high cost of the finished space. A conservatively designed underpinning system, appropriate to a National Landmark building, will be required to prevent movement of the existing foundations of the Freer Gallery. A very limited opportunity for the use of labor saving machinery within such a confined space will require manual excavation to extend the present foundations down to the required level and manual placement of substantial quantities of the concrete for the new structural components of the expanded space.

The amount of $2.5 million is requested in FY 1987 to complete construction of the two-story space. This will include mechanical, electrical, security and fire protection systems , all interior finishes, and replacement of the elements of the courtyard to the original appearance.

— Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden - ($125,000)

The Museum's collection has doubled in size as a result of the Hirshhorn bequest. Although additional space is needed to accommodate these works, a shortage of space already exists for many of the Museum's activities. Functional areas which require additional or modified space include exhibits, storage, laboratories, training, rest rooms, and the auditorium. An amount of $75,000 requested for FY 1986 will be used to initiate a space use master plan to assist the Museum in making better use of existing space and in developing new space within the boundaries of the Museum site. The amount of $125,000 is requested in FY 1987 to complete this project and to fund the design of the first phase of the required modifications.

— Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Whipple Observatory - ($450,000)

The dormitory built in 1973 on the ridge of Mt. Hopkins provides seven bedrooms and kitchen, dining, library and recreation areas for scientists and technicians engaged in around-the-clock research and maintenance on the telescopes at the Whipple Observatory. The present structure, however, is situated at the top of a natural chimney or cleft of the mountain, making it particularly vulnerable to possible brush fire. In addition, the upstairs sleeping quarters are modified officers' barracks made of highly combustible materials, and egress from this floor is limited to the area most likely to be subject to brush fire. For FY 1987, the sum of $450,000 is requested for design and construction of a new dormitory to replace this building. The design will include a study to determine the most appropriate location for the new dormitory, which will be approximately 2,500 square feet and will house six to eight persons.

— Combined Master Space Plan for Metro Area Facilities - ($450,000)

The Smithsonian Institution occupies both owned and leased space in many different locations throughout the Washington D. C. area. The types of space are varied and include exhibit space, laboratory research facilities, office space, collections storage and conservation facilities, and other support space. A number of space studies and master plans are currently under way or planned for specific buildings and facilities of the Smithsonian in the Washington area. However, a comprehensive study is urgently needed to consolidate and coordinate the Smithsonian's efforts to resolve all of its space needs in the area for the foreseeable future. Such a study is particularly important in view of the increasing costs of leased space presently used for certain operations, and would be of significant value in the planning of future solutions to prevent a piecemeal approach that could produce less effective results both in terms of costs and of meeting the Institution's needs.

For FY 1987, the amount of $250,000 is requested to initiate a combined master space plan for Washington, D. C. area facilities to include analysis of existing and projected space requirements by type and function; existing space, identifying crowded or underutilized areas; owned versus leased space alternatives; and new construction versus purchase of existing facilities. In addition, consideration will be given to current proposals to improve existing space or construct new space as well as to logistical problems such as transportation. Existing or ongoing master plans and studies will be used where available, and a multiyear implementation plan will be prepared. It is expected that an additional $200,000 will be required in FY 1988 to complete this study.

— Advanced Planning and Design Funds - ($350,000)

For FY 1987, an amount of 3350,000 is requested for both advanced planning and advanced design of projects in all subaccounts within the Restoration and Renovation of Buildings account. For the majority of the R& R projects, particularly projects which are not phased and require only one year of funding, the project request includes funds for planning, design and construction. The planning and design stages require approximately ten percent of the project's funds, but may take from one to twelve months to complete, depending upon the project's complexity. Construction costs escalate at a rate of one-half percent per month, so that six percent of a project's construction funds could be lost in one year. Advanced planning and design funding will enable the Institution to develop better cost estimates and to contract for construction as soon as the R & R appropriation is received. Funds of $200,000 appropriated in FY 1985 and $200,000 anticipated in FY 1986 are being used for these purposes. An additional amount of $800,000 is expected to be sought through FY 1991 for advanced planning and design work.

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