This book made available by the Internet Archive.

Wednesday, January 29, 1964. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

WITNESSES

DR. LEONARD CARMICHAEL, SECRETARY

JAMES BRADLEY, ASSISTANT SECRETARY

DR. T. DALE STEWART, ASSISTANT SECRETARY (ACTING)

MARIA M. HOEMANN, BUDGET OFFICER

Salaries and Expenses

Object classification

[In thousands of dollars]

1963 actual

1964 estimate

1966 estimate

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

11 Personnel compensation:

Permanent positions

Positions other than permanent

Other personnel compensation...

Total, personnel compensation. 12 Personnel benefits

21 Travel and transportation of persons

22 Transportation of things.

23 Rent, communications, and utilities

24 Printing and reproduction

25 Other services

26 Supplies and materials

31 Equipment

Total, Smithsonian Institution.

ALLOCATION TO GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION

24 Printing and reproduction.

25 Other services

31 Equipment

32 Lands and structures

Total, General Services Administration.

Total costs

Change in selected resources.

Total obligations.

6,791 100 75

6,966 499 110 83 430 272 431 494 823

10,108

2 182

10,587 292

10,879

7,829 104 140

8,073 582 141 110 650 282

1,264 560

1,104

12,766

3

229 200 150

582

13,348

-224

13,124

9,408 104 122

9,634 711 153 103 779 282 619 613

1,790

14,684

14,854 -60

14,794

Personnel summary

1965 estimate

Total number of permanent positions

Full-time equivalent of other positions

Average number of all employees

Employees in permanent positions, end of year

Employees in other positions, end of year

Average OS grade

Average OS salary

Average salary of ungraded positions

1,292

18

1,129

1,235

75

7.5

$6,883

$5,032

1,348

18

1,249

1,351

14

7.6

$7,355

$5,049

1,582

18

1,455

1,566

33

7.4

$7,308

$5,021

Mr. Kirwan. The committee will come to order.

SERVICES OF DR. LEONARD CARMICHAEL

We have with us this morning Dr. Carmichael, who is the head of the Smithsonian, a great institution, one of the finest in the world. It is mostly due to a gentleman who is soon going to retire. He has done his job very, very well.

Doctor, I think in my humble belief you are, as the writers say, "the last of the Mohicans." I mean that with sincerity. You have been a gentleman in every turn of the road, not just with the Smithsonian but all during your life. You couldn't be any other way than you have proved since you were head of that Institution. The members on this committee regret your leaving. You have been an asset to your country. You have been an asset to us. You have paved the way and made everything down there right, so that when you leave, you leave a heritage that was not there when you came. The people will never forget Dr. Carmichael as head of the Smithsonian. I know I for one will always cherish you in my memories as one of the finest men I ever met in my life.

Dr. Carmichael. Thank you very much, indeed, Mr. Kirwan and members of the committee. I am overwhelmed by your wonderful words, sir. I cannot begin my statement without saying that I am afraid you have been too kind to me, that what has happened at the Smithsonian has been due to the fact that the Congress of the United States, the Regents of the Smithsonian, and others in authority have seen the vision of the Institution and have been willing in recent years to make it possible for the forward steps to be taken, and so on my part I wish to express the deepest gratitude to you as chairman of this committee and to the other members of the committee.

Mr. Kirwan. You wouldn't have received such support, Doctor, if you did not know how to present the needs and know what you are talking about. That is why you got it. We knew who you were and the type American you are. You would not present it if it was not necessary and needy. You may proceed with your statement.

General Statement

Dr. Carmichael. Thank you, sir.

Thank you very much for the opportunity to appear before you.

May I briefly review the functions of the Smithsonian. The Smithsonian Institution was founded in 1846 through a bequest from James Smithson for "the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men." Under the terms of its broad charter, as granted by the Congress, the Institution conducts well-defined scholarly research. For example, through its Astrophysical Observatory the Smithsonian carries on very special research in many phases of quantitative astronomy. Because of the expertness of our staff and the importance of this area of study in the space age the scientific world looks to the Institution for exact findings in this field. The extensive collections of the U.S. National Museum are used by our scientists and historians, as well as by many hundreds of visitors, often experts, scientists from universities all over this country and indeed from all over the world, in

research biology, geology, and anthropology. Each year the staff of the Smithsonian Institution publishes the results of scientific investigations and also answers thousands of questions in the fields of science, technology, history, and art by letter, telephone, and consultation, as well as by personal examination of collections. During the past year approximately 485,000 such requests for information were answered. This is an increase of 90,000 over the previous year.

I am sure that this increase is in part due to the increased popularity of the Institution, the fact that the people realize it is a center in which they can get information.

In addition to our research functions, the Smithsonian administers what is probably the world's largest museum complex, comprising three museums of science, technology, and history; three art galleries; and the National Zoological Park. It preserves and protects for our citizens many of the irreplaceable treasures of the American people. Public interest in our museums continues to grow as shown by the large increase in the number of visitors in recent years.

In fiscal year 1963 more than 10,309,000 persons visited the Smithsonian buildings on the Mall (exclusive of the National Gallery of Art which is technically a part of the Institution) and it does not include the zoo, an increase of more than 1,386,000 over the previous year.

REQUEST FOR CONSTRUCTION PROGRAMS

Before discussing the "Salaries and expenses" request in detail, I should like to discuss our request for planning and construction funds.

A request for $1,364,000 is included to complete the planning for the construction of a National Air and Space Museum building. You will recall that in fiscal year 1964 the Smithsonian Institution was appropriated the sum of $511,000 to begin this planning. The building will provide suitable areas to display the national collection of historic air and space craft, and will provide parking facilities for 1,400 cars and a fallout shelter. There is a great public interest in air and space exhibitions as demonstrated by the large crowds visiting the existing small inadequate temporary hangar building located behind the Smithsonian Building. During the past fiscal year 2,673,-618 persons visited this little building.

I may say, Mr. Chairman, these figures are not estimates. They are clicker counts by the guard who stands at the door. We urgently hope this request for completion of planning will be granted.

Funds amounting to $1 million are requested to complete the remodeling of the old Civil Service Co "amission Building. This amount covers that portion of the work which could be deferred until fiscal year 1965 without slowing down the project. The 1964 appropriation was reduced by $1 million by the Congress in anticipation, I believe, that this amount would be requested for fiscal year 1965. The contract for the remodeling will be awarded in the spring of this year.

We are requesting $1,776,000 to continue the third year of the 10-year program of constructing, remodeling, and equipping the buildings and other exhibit facilities at the National Zoological Park. You will recall that the 1963 and 1964 appropriations each were for $1,275,000, amounts well below the vearlv average if we are to com-

plete the program in 10 years. Approximately 30 percent of the increase requested for fiscal year 1965 is to install a modern sewer system in the National Zoological Park in order to eliminate pollution of Rock Creek, as urged by health authorities and urgently urged by the House Committee on Public Works.

As you know, the new Museum of History and Technology was dedicated by the President on January 22, 1964. Ten of a total of fifty halls were opened to the public immediately. We estimate that almost as many visitors will come to the building when it is partially open as when all halls are completed. Five million visitors from every State in the Union will want to see this magnificant new building with its outstanding exhibits every year. New halls will be opened as soon as the installation of exhibits is completed. It is interesting that on last Sunday 54,000 visitors were counted as they entered the doors of this new building.

Mr. Kirwan. That is tremendous.

Dr. Carmichael. It filled up Constitution Avenue. Traffic backed back to the 14th Street Bridge, the newspapers said. It shows the interest of America in their own history, it seems to me.

The construction of the west wing to the Natural History Building is now underway and is expected to be completed in the fall of 1965.

INCREASES REQUESTED FOR "SALARIES AND EXPENSES"

Now I should like to speak, if I may, of some of the significant features of the salaries and expenses part of our request.

Our appropriation request for 1965 represents an increase of $1,670,000 over the amount appropriated for 1964. The principal increases are for the following purposes:

(1) The operation, maintenance, and protection of the newly dedicated Museum of History and Technology Building;

(2) Advancing certain scientific research programs for which enlarged and improved quarters in the additions to the Museum of Natural History have recently been completed or are now under construction;

(3) Contributing to basic scientific research in the national space program and oceanography;

(4) Providing limited additional staff for the recently authorized National Portrait Gallery and the National Collection of Fine Arts and to prepare collections for exhibition in the old Civil Service Commission Building; and

(5) Required salary and wage increases.

Over 63 percent of the net increase ($1,060,500) is required by the Buildings Management Department, principally for the protection, guarding, maintenance, and operation of the new Museum of History and Technology and the east and west wings of the Natural History Building. I might say that we have had an independent survey by a competent team from the General Services Administration of the staffing and other requirements for the operation of this building. Because of the urgency of holding both manpower and other costs to an absolute minimum, reductions have been made by us below the levels generally agreed upon as needed by these experts.

Included in the above increase is $80,000 to air condition the National Air and Space Building. We believe that air conditioning is essential to the comfort of the great crowds of visitors who tour this building each year. In addition, air conditioning will undoubtedly assist in our efforts to preserve valuable specimens and objects which are placed on exhibition. At present in the summer, when thousands of visitors crowd into this building every day, the temperature and the unpleasant odors resulting from the presence of so many warm human beings makes visiting this true shrine of American inventive genius much less pleasant than it should be.

You will note that there is a net decrease of $479,000 in the program costs for the Museum of History and Technology. This decrease is for nonrecurring costs of initial services, furnishings, and equipment provided in fiscal year 1964 in the amount of $514,000, offset by an increase of $35,000 in fiscal year 1965 for the curatorial departments.

The Smithsonian is also requesting additional funds for its research programs. The Museum of Natural History requires a total of $329,400, including $247,700 for the oceanography program in accordance with the plan of the Interagency Committee on Oceanography, which is a nationally approved program, and $81,700 to further research in those fields of science in which for years we have not had sufficient specialists to perform research that can only be accomplished here at the Smithsonian where our unique collections are housed. The Astrophysical Observatory requires $200,900 for its scientific program of now widely recognized importance in the space age.

The National Portrait Gallery and the National Collection of Fine Arts will require $70,600 to permit additions to their small staffs to continue a program of planning for the exhibition of works of art valued at many, many millions and portraits of great significance to America in the remodeled building.

An increase of $492,000 is also requested for within-grade salary increases and other required personnel costs.

All operations of the Smithsonian Institution have been carefully reviewed to determine whether any absorption of the above amount is possible in fiscal year 1965. We believe no savings can be effected without seriously curtailing the daily operations of the Institution and imparing such authorized programs as staffing and servicing the new Museum of History and Technology and the new east and west wings of the Natural History Building.

It is unfortunately true we have these new buildings at just the time when we realize we should be reducing our staff and so, sir, we just cannot do it.

In conclusion may I point out that the total appropriation to the Smithsonian Institution for the present year (including an anticipated supplemental of $67,000) is $20,442,000. That is the appropriation under which we are now working.

Mr. Dextox. You are asking for less than last year'.'

Dr. Carmichael. Yes; in total. If vou compare our total of $20,442,000 for 1964 with our request of $18,934,000 before you, there is a reduction of $1,508,000 in the total request.

Mr. Reifel. Last year's request includes the nonrecurring item of $5 million for the F Street building.

Dr. Carmichael. Yes, sir. Only $1 million is included in this request, to complete the building.

Summary Explanatory Material

Mr. Kirwan. We will insert pages 1 through 16 of the justifications. (The justification pages follow:)

Genenal Statement

The Smithsonian Institution was created by act of Congress, approved August 10, 1846, "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men." Under the terms of its broad charter, the Institution conducts well-defined scholarly research activities in various areas. For example, through its Astrophysical Observatory, the Smithsonian conducts very special research in many phases of astrophysics. Because of the expertness of our staff and the current importance of this area of study, the scientific world looks to the Institution for basic research in this field. The extensive collections of the U.S. National Museum are used by our scientists and historians as well as by visitors to further research in the fields of biology, geology, anthropology, American histroy, aeronautics, and technology. Each year the Smithsonian publishes the results of scientific investigations here and elsewhere and also answers thousands of questions in the fields of science, technology, history, and art by letter, telephone, and consultation, or by personal examination of the collections. In fiscal year 1963 approximately 485,000 such requests for information were answered, an increase of 90,000 over the previous year.

In addition to its research functions, the Smithsonian administers what is probably the world's largest museum complex, comprising three museums of science, techDology, and history; three art galleries; and the National Zoological Park. It preserves and protects for our citizens many of the irreplaceable treasures of the American people. Public interest in our museums continues to grow as evidenced by the large increase in the number of visitors. During fiscal year 1963 more than 10,309,000 persons visited the Smithsonian buildings on the Mall (exclusive of the National Gallery of Art). This was over 1,386,000 more than the previous year.

The appropriation request for 1965 for "Salaries and expenses" represents an increase of $1,670,000 over the amoimt appropriated for 1964. The principal increases are for the operation, maintenance, and protection of the new Museum of History and Technology Building; advancing certain scientific research programs for which enlarged and improved quarters in the additions to the Natural History Building have recently been completed and more are now under construction; contributing to scientific research in the national space program and oceanography; providing a limited additional staff for the recently authorized National Portrait Gallery and the National Collection of Fine Arts to prepare their collections for exhibition in the old Civil Service Commission Building now in process of renovation; and for mandatory salary and wage increases.

During fiscal year 1963 the east wing of the Natural History Building was occupied, and construction of the west wing is in progress. These much-needed additions will give the staff of the Museum of Natural History additional improved quarters for the conduct of scientific research. The Museum of History and Technology is being dedicated this month. Ten of a total of fifty halls will be opened immediately. The remaining halls will be ready for the public as installation of exhibits is completed.

The 1965 request reflects an increase of $1,364,000 to complete the planning for the construction of a National Air and Space Building. Planning was started with funds amounting to $511,000 appropriated in fiscal year 1964. This building will provide suitable areas to display the national collection of historic air and spacecraft as well as parking facilities for 1,400 cars and fallout shelter.

The justifications which follow also include $1 million to complete the remodeling Of the old Civil Service Commission Building for art gallery purposes.

The Smithsonian Institution is requesting $1,776,000 to continue the 10-year program of constructing, remodeling, and equipping the buildings and other exhibit facilities at the National Zoological Park.

Salaries and expenses

Amount

Appropriation act, 1964 $13,124,000

Budget estimate, 1965 14, 794, 000

Increase, 1965 1, 670, 000

Salaries and Expenses

Summary of increases, 1965

1. To provide for step increases and other personnel costs: Amount

Employees Compensation Fund payments $10, 000

Step increases 279, 000

Pay increases effective Jan. 5, 1964 155, 000

Wage board increases effective Dec. 9, 1962, for which funds

are not now provided 73, 000

Less reduction of 1 day's pay above 52-week base —25, 000

Total 492, 000

2. To provide for the protection, operation, and maintenance of the

Museum of History and Technology Building 753, 000

Less nonrecurring cost for transportation, other services, and

equipment -207, 000

Total 546, 000

3. To provide more adequately for documentation and preservation

of museum collections and related activities 35, 000

Less nonrecurring cost of other services and equipment —514, 000

Total -479,000

4. 1965 rehabilitation of buildings and modernization of exhibits

programs 530, 000

Less 1964 programs —655, 000

Total -125, 000

5. Planning and preparation of art objects prior to move into the F

St. galleries 70, 600

6. To provide more adequately for the Smithsonian's Astrophysical

Observatory's research program 200, 900

7. For increased responsibilities of scientific research activities in

Canal Zone Biological Area, and International Exchange Service 11,000

8. Strengthening efforts in oceanography 247, 700

9. Expansion into new areas of research in natural history 81, 700

10. Protection, operation, and maintenance of additions to the Na-

tural History Building 214, 500

11. Protection, operation, and maintenance of all other Smithsonian

buildings 220,000

12. Air conditioning the National Air and Space Building 80, 000

13. Increased administrative services costs 109, 600

Net increase, 1965 1, 670, 000

Smithsonian Institution

Salaries and expenses — Comparative summary of the 1964 appropriation with the

1965 estimates

'Footnote references refer to the following numbered paragraphs under "Justifications," below, flncludes $80,000 for air conditioning the National Air and Space Building.

JUSTIFICATIONS

(1) A net increase of $492,000 is requested for step increases and other personnel costs. Consideration was given to a nonrecurring amount of $25,000 for the cost of 1 day's regular pay above the 52-week base.

Need for increase. —This increase would be used (1) to pay the fiscal year 1965 costs of salary increases granted the general schedule employees on January 5, 1964, compensation schedule II of the Federal Salary Reform Act of 1962, Public Law 87-793, approved October 11, 1962 ($155,000); (2) to pay the full-year cost of the salary increases granted to wage board employees on December 9, 1962, as determined through analysis of all wage board positions with consideration being given to representative lapse factors ($73,000); (3) for reimbursement for total benefits and other payments made from the Employees Compensation Fund during fiscal year 1963 ($10,000); and (4) to pay for step increases in accordance with the Classification Act Amendments of 1962 (76 Stat. 844) ($279,000). The latter sum includ.es the portion of the fiscal year 1965 step increases to be paid in that year, the carryover cost from fiscal year 1964, and the total amount of step increases which the Institution will absorb in fiscal year 1964, but does not have in the fiscal year 1965 base. The absorption of these costs in fiscal year 1964 is possible because of savings which will occur as a result of the delayed opening

of the Museum of History and Technology Building. The apparent cost was determined through a position-by-position study, and has been reduced to real cost by offsets due to 15 percent of the employees being separated before they receive their step increase, and the salaries of those employees averaging $270 above the base of the grade.

All operations of the Smithsonian Institution have been carefully reviewed to determine whether any absorption of the above amount is possible in fiscal year 1965. No savings can be effected without seriously curtailing the daily operations of the Institution and impairing such authorized programs as staffing and servicing the new east wing of the Natural History Building and the new Museum of History and Technology.

The net decrease of $479,000 for the Museum of History and Technology reflects a decrease of nonrecurring initial services, furnishings, and equipment provided in fiscal j'ear 196-1 in the amount of $514,000, offset by an increase of $35,000 for the curatorial departments.

Need for increase. —The increase would be used to employ additional staff to meet the heavy demands in the new building by the public for service in subjects presented in the building such as manufactures, heavy industries, and electricity; and to facilitate the use of the collections through restoration, documentation, and preservation of specim<sns.

Plan of work. —To employ one curator, one associate curator, two museum technicians, and two clerical employees and to provide for personnel benefits.

(3) The decrease of $125,000 for the Museum of Natural History is the result of rescheduling the number of exhibit halls to be under construction in the modernization of exhibits program so that fewer exhibit areas will be closed to the public.

(4) An increase of $37,100 for the National Collection of Fine Arts is requested to continue the expanded program of planning and preparing its valuable works of art for exhibition in the remodeled building.

Need for increase. —This increase would be used for additional specialists in art to inventory the permanent collections, prepare working catalogs, undertake restoration programs, plan continuing exhibits, and set up schedules of temporary shows.

Plan of work. —To employ one head curator (sculptures, 1 , one associate curator, and two clerical assistants; and to provide funds for personnel benefits; travel; contractual services; supplies and materials; and equipment.

(5) An increase of $33,500 is requested for the National Portrait Gallery for planning and preparing for the exhibition of portraits and other objects in the new F Street building.

Need for increase. —This increase would be used for additional staffing and related expenses for extensive research, location, and acquisition of portraits and sculptures; restoration and care of portraits and other art objects which are acquired; the establishment of records of materials available immediately for transfer to the gallery or which may be available for loan or later acquisition; the preparation of a detailed script for each exhibit hall of the Gallery, and the acquisition of related reference works.

Plan of work. —To provide for one curator, one research assistant, and two clerical employee-;, personnel benefits, travel, transportation of things, supplies and materials, and equipment.

(6) The Astrophysical Observatory requires $200,900 to further its unique scientific program involving specialized functions of widely acclaimed importance in this space age. This increase includes $94,000 for equipment which is a nonrecurring expense in the next fiscal year.

Need for increase. —Additional staff and related costs would be used to improve the Astrophysical Observatory's research in meteoritic science, cometry, X and gamma radiation, upper atmospheric phenomena, geodesy and celestial mechanics, properties of extraterrestrial material collected by the earth, solar and stellar astrophysics, the role of radiant energy, in the maintenance of life processes, and in the spectral quality of solar radiation pertaining to specific biological processes.

Plan of work. —To provide for one astronomer, one electrical engineer, one mathematician, and one technician; full-year cost of scientific positions (2 man-years) financed on a part-year basis in fiscal year 1964; personnel benefits; travel; rent, communications, and utilities; other services; supplies and materials; and equipment.

(7) An increase of $6,000 is requested for the Canal Zone Biological Area for expenses related to the maintenance and operation of this research facility uniquely suited for bilogical research on the tropics.

Need for increase. —The increase would be used for rental of more space for the enlarged staff and for the storage, packing, and unpacking of scientific equipment

handled for visiting scientists; and supplies and materials to conduct research activities.

Plan of work. —To provide for travel, transportation of things, rent, supplies and materials, and equipment.

(8) An increase of $5,000 is requested for the accelerated program of the International Exchange Service which is the official U.S. agency for the exchange of governmental, scientific, and literary publications.

Need for increase. —This increase would be used to employ an additional clerk to perform the extra duties which will be required because of the increase in specialized scientific documents received at the Smithsonian for transmission throughout the world.

Plan of work. —To provide for one clerical assistant.

(9) The U.S. National Museum will require a total of $329,400 for its Museum of Natural History, including $247,700 for the oceanography program as part of the plan of the Federal Council on Oceanography, and $81,700 to further research in those fields of science explained below in which the museum conspicuously lacks an adequate number of specialists to cover all critical areas. This increase includes $120,000 which is nonrecurring in the next fiscal year.

Need for increase. —(a) Additional professional, subprofessional. and clerical staff are needed to help the Smithsonian Institution keep pace with its ever-increasing responsibilities to supply information on the nature and identity of the organisms received from federally financed marine expeditions. Scientists working in this program provide identifications of marine organisms and prepare monographs to keep colleagues in Federal agencies and universities advised of findings. A part of the increase for the oceanography program is for equipment to be used aboard ship during oceanographic research expeditions.

(6) The Museum of Natural History has excellent facilities, at long last, to house in a more adequate manner its great collections and to conduct its research. This reemphasizes the importance of being able to use these scientific tools in a way that will be suitable to the needs of the scientific community. Specialists and supporting staff are needed to further research in botany, paleontology, paleobotany, and entomology. This natural history research includes inventorying, identifying, and classifying specimens and answering a large volume of information requests. A modest increase in travel funds is needed to permit the regular Museum of Natural History staff to undertake field investigations, study comparative materials at other museums and universities, consult with colleagues on special problems, and inspect and evaluate proposed donations to the collections. Additional funds for contractual services, supplies, and equipment are also required for the regular research programs of the Museum of Natural History.

Plan of work. —(a) To provide for five zoologists, three geologists, one botanist, and three museum specialists for the oceanography program; full-year cost of scientific positions (4 man-years) financed on a part-year basis in fiscal year 1964; personnel benefits; travel; other services; and equipment.

(b) To provide for one chemist, one botanist, one technician, and five clerks; personnel benefits; travel; other services; supplies and materials; and equipment.

(10) A net increase of $1,060,500 is requested for the Buildings Management Department to continue to provide protection, operation, and maintenance services for the several Smithsonian buildings, and to air-condition the National Air and Space Building.

Need for increase. —The major portion of this increase would be used for additional staff and related expenses to provide adequate buildings services for the Museum of History and Technology and the Natural History Buildings; for enlarging the research facilities of the Division of Radiation and Organisms; and making necessary repairs and alterations in the Arts and Industries Building to provide office space for staff now housed in temporary Government quarters and to alleviate crowded conditions in other Smithsonian buildings. • Funds will also be used to air-condition the National Air and Space Building. Installation of air conditioning in this building will contribute in a very substantial way to the comfort of the great crowds of visitors who tour it each year. It will also assist in the preservation of valuable specimens and objects which are placed on exhibition.

Plan of work. —To provide for the full-year cost of 17 guards, laborers, and mechanics (9 man-years) financed on a part-year basis in fiscal year 1964 and 182 positions (164 man-years in fiscal year 1965) to employ guards, laborers, and mechanics; provide benefits; electricity (including air conditioning), gas and steam, and communications; contractual services for maintenance, repair, and inspection of elevators and escalators; and for fire, smoke, and intrusion systems; and clean-

ing supplies, uniforms, lamps, hardware, plumbing materials, paints, lumber; and equipment such as desks, chairs, tables, file cases, steel storage shelving, lockers, projection equipment, pistols and holsters, wheelchairs, fire extinguishers, electrical fixtures, and new flooring.

(11) An increase of $109,600 is requested for general administration to handle the increased workload in the administrative and service units of the Institution because of the step-up in museum activities and the accelerated art gallery and scientific research programs.

Need for increase. —The major portion of the increase would be used for additional staff to meet the increased demands for library, photographic, editorial, and fiscal services. Additional funds are also required for office supplies and equipment.

Plan of work. —To provide for one special assistant, one editor, two library assistants, five clerical assistants, one management analyst, and three photographers; personnel benefits; other services; supplies and materials; and equipment.

Increases Requested for Fiscal Year 1965 astrophysical observatory research program

Mr. Kirwan. An increase of $200,900 is requested for the Smithsonian's Astrophysical Observatory research program. What are you spending this year for this program, and what will the increase be used for?

Dr. Carmichael. Mr. Chairman, this activity has a total of $979,000 for 1964. The staff of 68 individuals conduct research at this part of the Institution. This is one of the oldest parts of the Smithsonian Institution. It has been performing essential services for over 80 years. Its research is in fields of quantitative astronomy, study of meteors, study of the dust in space—all topics important in the operation of satellites—the study of all of the forms of radiation that come to our earth from the sun and from the stars.

This is a highly technical field and when this space age dawned, various agencies came to us because we had a staff that was competent to deal with this science.

Mr. Kirwan. May I interrupt you there?

Dr. Carmichael. Yes.

Mr. Kirwan. It is located at Harvard, I believe.

Dr. Carmichael. Yes, sir. This is our base for work. It is immediately associated with the great Harvard College Observatory and the great advantage of having it located there is that our experts, when they have some consultation that they need, can turn to the staff of Harvard and of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology— it is only 2 miles away.

We also, under the Astrophysical Observatory, are concerned with the study of radiation in connection with the biology of life on this planet.

The increase that we are requesting is for $201,000. This includes the request for employing an additional astronomer, an electrical engineer, a mathematician, and a technician; small amounts for additional travel and some funds for the rental of more research space; necessary supplies and equipment; and includes the nonrecurring sum of $82,000 required for necessary equipment and facilities for the part of this Observatory that is concerned with the study of the effect of radiation on living organisms.

You asked what other funds we receive. They are considerable. We received in 1964, $6,567,000 from other Government agencies to conduct research of particular interest to the programs of those

agencies. For example, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA, has made available $4 million for continuation of the satellite tracking program.

Mr. Chairman, as I said, when this very new business of an artificial satellite came about, there was a question whether people in America were competent to deal with the extremely complicated mathematics and astronomy which would be related to the new satellites. They turned to us among others at that time. We were asked to establish the photographic program for tracking satellites. We were also asked and did develop the basic mathematics for the determination of the orbits of such satellites. I think I can say, without fear of criticism, that at first we knew more than the Russians about some of these scientific matters. We were able to predict. We predicted, for example when—I think it was an early Russian sputnik—when the satellite would come down. Those Smithsonian staff scientists, to my amazement, wrote to me that in something like 2 weeks and a certain number of hours they believed that the Russian sputnik would come down and I said, "Isn't it very dangerous to make a prediction of this sort? It is so involved." And they said, "We think we are right."

Four days before the event they called me again and said, "It will not only come down when we said, but we know it will now come down somewhere in the outer Caribbean," and it did.

This shows the sort of people we have up there. It is for this reason that we have been turned to in connection with these programs.

The photographic recording of the satellites that the Smithsonian does, I am told, is something like providing an accurate watch to set the electronic recording of the satellites. There are many satellites that photographs cannot record because we can only record them when they can be seen by telescopic camera and thus make a record on a photographic plate. But our observations of those that can be seen and do make a record on a plate, through photographic telescopes, are I think what the astronomers call an order of magnitude more accurate than typical radio records. And so the radio records can in a sense be checked and the clocks can be set by these photographs. It is for this reason I think, sir, that these additional funds have been granted to us for this program and for other related programs.

One great advantage of having the funds granted to us in this way is that these programs are staffed by people who are assembled just for this purpose. We realize these are temporary programs. The funds will not always be here. When it is over the staff will be dispersed and we will not have to come to you to continue it, but there will then be a real reduction in the total cost of the operation.

OCEANOGRAPHY

Mr. Kirwan. An increase of $247,700 is requested for oceanography. What are you now spending in this area and why is this increase essential in 1965?

Dr. Carmichael. Mr. Chairman, we are now spending $544,000 for oceanography. We have 59 employees. We are requesting this addition that will allow us 12 additional scientists, a modest travel increase, funds to make some very small contracts with specialists

28-482—64 5

in the determination of the nature of certain rare plants and animal groups that are found in the ocean, and for equipment to be used on board ship by our scientists.

I realize that the oceanography program has been criticized in some quarters; nevertheless, it is a great program and one in which the President's science advisers are extremely interested. It is recognized that the oceans occupy a very large part of the surface of the globe and organisms live in these oceans. With the increase in population, some time we are going to have to depend much more than we now depend upon food from the oceans, and the only way we can find out about this is by accurate scientific research. I think that is why the late President Kennedy and President Johnson have felt it necessary to have this stepped-up oceanographic research.

Our total part in oceanographic research that the Government is supporting is—and I say this subject to correction—I think less than 1 percent of the cost of the total research that is being authorized. If you will grant us this, and I can't help saying I think it is a pretty important 1 percent, we shall be able to identify what the other people bring out of the oceans. It is a strange thing that no one really knows in full scientific detail the makeup of the plankton and the other materials that come from the dredges that are pulled through the Indian Ocean and through the other waters where this research is going on. When it comes up, it looks like green slime, but it is actually made up of hundreds and maybe thousands of different kinds of living organisms. They have different life cycles, different chromosome makeup, different genetic patterns, and it is only by finding out what they are, classifying them, that we can tell in the long run, how to raise more, if there is a question of seafood from shellfish, for example. In Japan they now have a shrimp farm in operation. How do they feed them? Where does this material come from? What sort of organisms are involved? These are the things that at long last our country is interested in.

Sir, this is the reason that we are asking you for these additional funds. Ours is the biological part of the oceanographic program, at least the part of the biological part that is concerned with the scientific identification of these organisms. In this we have the cooperation of the universities all over the country.

Mr. Kirwan. Thank you.

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF ADDITIONS TO NATURAL HISTORY

BUILDING

Please explain the increase of $214,500 for operation and maintenance of the additions to the Natural History Building and administrative costs.

Dr. Carmichael. The Buildings Management Department requires a total of 25 additional employees and related costs of contractual services, supplies, materials, and equipment for initial expenses of operating the monumental west wing, 250,000 square feet, of the Natural History Building. This will contain scientific laboratories and curatorial workrooms.

I always hate to ask for any addition in administrative services and yet it is necessary, with our accelerated programs, with this new building, with the work in art, these scientific programs that I have

spoken to you about, with our need for an increase in the library, which is a working library—we let the public in, but our library is primarily to make it possible for our own staff to do its job. I said we had answered something over 400,000 queries. The library was important in helping in this work.

Also, photographic work, fiscal services—I am afraid that this is the minimum we can get along with. The increase of $109,600 is, I may say, substantially less percentagewise than the increase in the programs that are served.

I wish we did not have to ask for it. I always feel that administrators are a part of overhead, and yet, after all, you have to have good administration in order to carry on effective work, sir.

SUMMARY OF EMPLOYMENT AND OTHER EXPLANATORY MATERIAL

Mr. Kirwan. We will insert pages 26 through 35 covering additional information.

(Justification pages 26 through 35 follow:)

Salaries and Expenses Report on number of -permanent positions, by organizational unit

1963 actual

1964 estimate

1965 estimate

Increase (+), 1965 over 1964

Astro-physical Observatory

Buildings Management Department

Bureau of American Ethnology

Canal Zone Biological Area .

International Exchange Service ..

Management

Museum of History and Technology.

Museum of Natural History

National Air Museum

National Armed Forces Museum Advisory Board

National CoUection of Fine Arts

National Portrait Gallery

Other general services.

Total

57

509

11

13

12

23

247

266

26

2

17

5

104

64

535

13

18

10

23

239

286

28

2

16

5

109

717 13 18 11 27

244

307

28

2

20

9

118

4 182 0 0 1 4 5 21 0 0 4 4

1,292

1,348

1,582

234

Note. —In addition to the above, each year the Smithsonian employs the full-time equivalent of 18 temporary employees.

Report of obligations, by objects

Object classification

1963 actual

1964 estimate

1965 estimate

Increase (+)

or decrease

(-), 1965

over 1964

11 Personnel compensation

12 Personnel benefits.—

21 Travel and transportation of persons.

22 Transportation of things..

23 Rent, communications, and utilities..

24 Printing and reproduction

25 Other services

26 Supplies and materials

31 Equipment

$6,968,000 496,000 109,000 83,000 429,000 263,000 975,000 515,000 1,041,000

$8,179,000 588,000 141,000 110,000 650,000 263,000

1,148,000 544,000

1,613,000

$9,634,000 711,000 153,000 103,000 779,000 263,000

1,210,000 664,000

1,277,000

Total obligations

Appropriation adjustments:

Proposed supplemental for cost of wage board

salary increases

Unobligated balance lapsing

10,879,000

+121,000

13,236,000

-112,000

14,794,000

Appropriation (adjusted) or estimate.

11,000,000

13,124,000

14,794,000

$1,455,000

123,000

12,000

-7,000

129,000

62,000

120,000

-336,000

1,558,000

+112,000

1,670,000

SCHEDULE OF RENOVATION OF EXHIBITS

In 1965 the Smithsonian will continue its program of revitalizing the exhibits in the U.S. National Museum. This program, which was begun in 1954, has continued at a steady rate with an average appropriation of $474,800. The amount required for fiscal year 1965 is $330,000, or a reduction of $125,000 from the amount appropriated in fiscal year 1964. This reduction is the result of rescheduling the number of exhibit halls to be under construction so that fewer exhibit areas will be closed to the public.

A. Completed and opened to the public by end of 1963:

1. First Ladies hall 17. Fossil fishes and amphibians hall

2. The first American Indian hall 18. Textiles hall (second floor)

3. North American mammals hall 19. Medicine, dentistry, and pharmacy

4. Latin American archeology hall hall

5. Bird hall 20. Fossil plants and invertebrates hall

6. American cultural history hall 21. The first North American archeolgy

7. Power machinery hall hall

8. The second American Indian hall 22. Numismatics hall

9. Health hall 23. Petroleum hall

10. Military history hall 24. Prehistoric mammals hall

11. Printing arts hall 25. Peoples of the Pacific hall

12. Gems and minerals hall 26. The second North American arche-

13. Textiles hall (first floor) ology hall

14. Jade room 27. Ocean life hall (first floor)

15. World of mammals hall 28. Dinosaur hall

16. Agriculture hall

B. Halls to be completed and opened to the public by the end of 1964:

1. Vertebrate anatomy hall.

2. Peoples of Asia and Africa hall.

C. Construction partially completed by the end of 1964:

1. Reptiles and fishes hall.

2. Physical anthropology hall.

3. Old World archeology hall.

D. During 1964, drawings will be finished and contracts awarded for the following halls:

1. Economic geology hall.

2. Physical geology hall.

E. Projects for 1965: 1. Animals of the Ice Age.

ANIMALS OF THE ICE AGE

Varied fossil mammals and birds that lived during the Pleistocene or ice age will be displayed in this modernized hall. These now extinct animals were contemporaries of early man in the Eastern Hemisphere and in the Americas. Many museum visitors have read of these strange beasts but have never had an opportunity to see their accurately restored skeletons. Some of these skeletons have been previously displayed at the museum, while others have been discovered in the course of recent field explorations by Smithsonian paleontologists. They include three large mastodons, a bison, a European cave bear, a giant Irish elk, and the flightless mo a bird of New Zealand. There will also be mounts of fossil horses and peccaries from Idaho; a bear, wolverine, and peccary from Cumberland Cave, Maryland, and a group from the tar pits of Rancho La Brea in southern California which will include the saber-toothed cat, dire wolves, horse, and mylo-dent sloth. Among the toothless forms represented will be the Arizona glyptodont and Bolvian Scelidotherium as well as two skeletons to be mounted of the recently recovered giant sloth Eremotherium from the Pleistocene of Panama. This hall adjoins the modernized Hall of the World of Mammals which was reopened to the public in June 1961, and has proved an exceedingly effective interpretation of the fossil forms of the preceding Tertiary times. Similar display techniques will be employed in hall 6 to trace the story of fossil animals through the Pleistocene or ice age. This hall will complete the modernization of the four Paleontology Halls in the U.S. National Museum.

REHABILITATION PROJECTS, FISCAL YEAR 1965

The following are the rehabilitation projects for fiscal year 1965, except the one for air conditioning the National Air and Space Building. The justification for this project is set forth under the activity "Museum operations."

Museum of Natural History (1911) $27, 000

1. Modification of space for supply division located in Natural History Building.

Arts and Industries Building (1881) 72, 000

1. Replacement of floors in four main halls (east, north, west, south).

Smithsonian Building (1855) 20, 000

1. Alterations to the electrical systems to provide increased capacity for additional service required for improvement of space, additional staff, and expansion of research activities.

National Air and Space Building (1917) 23, 000

1. Replacement of roof and repainting exterior surfaces. Freer Gallery of Art Building (1921) 18, 000

1. Repair interior stonework, repoint joints, and clean surfaces, and repaint corridors $15, 000

2. Initial steps in modernization of controls and safety devices on 1 freight elevator 3, 000

Silver Hill Facility (1952) 40, 000

1. Installation of a sanitary sewer system and restroom facilities $15, 000

2. InstaUation of a security fence for improved control to reduce possibility of damage or loss of valuable museum objects 25, 000

Total, rehabilitation projects 200, 000

Smithsonian Institution (Work performed under grants and contracts from Federal agencies)

GRANTS

There are listed below the agencies and the amounts of grants which the Smithsonian received in 1963 as well as an estimate of the amounts to be received in 1964:

Federal agency

Actual,

fiscal year

1963

Estimate,

fiscal year

1964

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

National Institutes of Health

National Science Foundation

Department of Defense

Federal Aviation Agency

Total grants

$3, 595, 500

271, 655

427, 550

200,000

50,000

4,544,705

$4, 431, 000

10,285

1, 700,000

33, 795

6,175,080

The above grants from funds available to Federal agencies enables the Smithsonian Institution to collaborate with such agencies in scientific research including the satellite tracking program, the Science Information Exchange, Marine Mollusks of Polynesia, Lower Cretaceous Ostracoda of Israel, Shanidar IV-VI Neanderthals, Pelagic Phosphorus Metabolism, Tertiary Echinoids of the Eastern United States and the Carribean, Revision of the Genera of Paleozoic Bryozoa, Sharks of the Tropical Pacific Ocean, Cultural Patterns of Southwest Virginia, Structures of Nan Madol, Mammals and their Ectoparasites from Iran, Study of the Biochemical Effects of Ionizing and Nonionizing Radiation on Plant Metabolism during Development, and Chronic Disease in Relation to Social Efficiency.

CONTRACTS

The Smithsonian Institution also performs research for Federal agencies on reimbursable contracts. The agencies for whom this work was performed in 1963 and the amount of reimbursement, together with an estimate for 1964, follows:

Federal agency

Actual, fiscal year 1963

Estimate,

fiscal year

1964

Atomic Energy Commission...

Department of Defense

Veterans' Administration

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Total reimbursable contracts

$137, 714

251,403

65,000

1, 646, 263

2,100, 380

$15, 097 546,000

1,411,700

1,972, 797

This research was primarily in the fields of astrophysics, astronomy, psychology, aeronautics, shark repellants, plant physiology, and marine fauna of the Pacific

SQ

NEW POSITIONS REQUESTED

Mr. Kirwan. I note on page 26 that the estimate provides for an increase of 234 positions, making a total staff of 1,582 in 1965. Please comment briefly on the need for this additional personnel.

Dr. Carmichael. Yes, sir. I can break this down by describing where the people are. I think that is the best way to describe the need.

As I have already said, we are requesting four additional people in the Astrophysical Observatory, three scientists and one laboratory assistant.

The big addition is in the Buildings Management Department, where we are requesting a total of 182 positions. This comprises 70 guards, 73 laborers, and 39 mechanics, to keep the buildings in operation. I have mentioned the fact that on Sunday, January 26, 1964, there were 54,000 visitors at the new building.

You recognize the great importance of guards and of people to take care of the washrooms with these vast numbers of people visiting.

I also must point out that if we have certain points that have to be guarded around-the-clock, under the present rules for the number of hours which our guards work—-and we follow the standard rules for this, these are not Smithsonian rules—-we require 4.9 guards, 5 I think really, to guard one post full time. That is an important factor in the need for guards.

The need for laborers and mechanics is essential in connection with the maintenance of these new complex facilities.

Mr. Chairman, I can only s»ay that when you were good enough to let us have these great new buildings, we did say that we would have to come to you and ask for the staff to guard and to clean and to maintain them and here we are, although in a very inopportune year, because we know we should be decreasing rather than increasing our number of people.

We are also asking for, as I mentioned, four people in management; we are asking for five people as museum aids in the Museum of History and Technology. In the Museum of Natural History, mainly in connection with the research projects I have spoken of, 12 of these are in oceanography and the others are for these essential functions in the biological sciences.

In the case of the National Collection of Fine Arts, we are asking for four people, curatorial and clerical; in the National Portrait Gallery, which is just getting started, for one curator and for one man to assist in the program of research on portraits and for two clerks; and then, as I spoke about in my opening address, nine people for other general services—that is, library, photographic work, supply, fiscal, editorial, and museum services. This accounts for the total of 234 people requested.

Mr. Chairman, I can only say that we think we could use many more than this and when we started out with our estimates for this 3'ear, we felt that we could justify many more than 234. This number we do feel is the minimum of positions that are necessary to run this great establishment you have allowed us to have.

EXTENSION OF VISITING HOURS

Mr. Kirwan. Doctor, I read quite an article in the press, a syndicated article, expressing concern that these great museums are not open evenings so that the youths, girls and boys, would have a place to go instead of hanging around less desirable places.

Although it would mean additional costs, would it not be well worth it, if it only saved one boy or girl?

Dr. Carmichael. Mr. Chairman, unequivocally and enthusiastically, yes. I have long felt that the point that you are now making, and it comes to me as no great surprise that you are making it, has long seemed to me to be one of the very important things we should do.

I was a college professor and a college president before I came here, and therefore I have, I think, a special interest in the education of young people, and I see these tens of thousands, really millions of young people who come to this city, often for one time. The chamber of commerce or someone else back home takes up a collection. The children and youths come by aircraft from the Far West, or a bus meets them, and they come to the city. They may only have a day or two here. Of course, they go to the Capitol, they go to the White House, to the Washington Monument, to the great presidential memorials, and also to the Smithsonian, but, as I say, we are closed in the evening.

Most of these other places are also closed in the evening and so some miss a rare opportunity. Many of them will never again be in their Nation's Capital and as you say, the people who wish to try to make what I think the newspapers call a quick buck cluster around them trying to induce them to go to amusements which I am not competent to say are undesirable, because I have not been to all of them, but I cannot help feeling that it would be wonderful, particularly now that this new building of ours is open, to stay open in the evening. Maybe we could try it for just a few months, when the crowd of young visitors is at its peak.

I have come down on many Saturdays to talk to special school groups that come, but always during our normal daytime open hours. It would be a wonderful thing to have the buildings remain open for a longer period.

Mr. Kirwan. We have better parking facilities also around there at night?

Dr. Carmichael. Yes; at night there would be more ample parking space on the Mall.

Mr. Kirwan. In the nighttime you would have plenty, after the Government employees leave work.

Dr. Carmichael. Yes.

Remodeling of Civil Service Commission Building Object classification

[In thousands of dollars]

Personnel summary

1963 actual

1964 estimate

1965 estimate

Average number of all employees

Employees in permanent positions, end of year.

Employees in other positions, end of year

Average OS grade

Average OS salary

2

0

3

7.3

,094

2

0

2

9.0

$7,200

Mr. Km wan. $1 million is requested to complete the remodeling of the old Civil Service Commission Building for which we appropriated $5,465,000 in the 1964 bill.

SUMMARY EXPLANATORY MATERIAL

We will insert pages 17 through 19 of the justifications. (The justification pages follow:)

Remodeling of Civil Service Commission Building

Appropriated, fiscal year 1962 (planning) $400, 000

Appropriated, fiscal year 1964 5, 465, 000

Estimate, 1965 1, 000, 000

An appropriation of $1 million for completion of the remodeling of the old Civil Service Commission Building (hereinafter referred to as the F Street Building) is urgently sought by the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. The appropriation is needed now to complete the contract work of remodeling the building for art gallery purposes for which $5,465,000 was appropriated for fiscal year 1964. Work on this project will begin within 4 months and is expected to be completed in the spring of 1966.

The National Collection of Fine Arts and the National Portrait Gallery will share the building. The National Collection of Fine Arts is now crowded into the Natural History Museum. Space is so limited that many works of art cannot be displayed to the interested public but must be placed in storage. The National Collection of Fine Arts collections are principally the works of American art. The National Gallery of Art is distinctly different in that its collections are principally European masterpieces of art. The Freer Gallery of Art is markedly different in that its collections are principally works of oriental art.

Included in the National Collection of Fine Arts is the John Gellatly collection, reputed to be worth over $10 million. Other notable collections are the Evans collection and the Ranger bequest which contain over 200 works of art. The National Collection of Fine Arts possesses a sufficient number of important works of art which are now on exhibition, in storage, or on temporal loan, to provide immediately a magnificent offering of American paintings, works of sculpture, and decorative art objects in the F Street Building.

The National Collection of Fine Arts serves not only Washington but also art galleries throughout the country by circulating fine exhibitions for special shows. Proper facilities are not now available to compose and prepare such exhibitions for this nationwide cultural program. The F Street Building will provide the necessary space.

The other gallery authorized to use this buildings is the National Portrait Gallery, created by the act of April 27, 1962. This gallery is authorized to exhibit portraits of men and women who have made significant contributions to the history, development, and culture of the United States. Thus, the portrait gallery will become a unique national hall of history and culture. There is no similar national gallery in this country.

Collections of portraits are being held by the National Gallery of Art and the National Collection of Fine Arts for the National Portrait Gallery. As soon as the gallery becomes a reality through the remodeling of this building, other collections and individual portraits will be offered as gifts to the National Portrait Gallery by both private and public agencies and individuals in order that the persons portrayed may be considered for a place of honor in the National Portrait Gallery.

The total amount of $6,465,000 needed for remodeling was requested of the Congress in the 1964 budget estimate. Since a portion of the work could be deferred until fiscal year 1965 without slowing down the project, the Congress reduced the 1964 estimate by $1 million with the understanding that it would be requested for fiscal year 1965.

The funds for remodeling are to be used for such items as replacement of the roof, repairs and additions to the plumbing, mechanical and electrical equipment, replacement of plaster and woodwork where necessary, and other building repairs and additions required for remodeling the building, originally constructed in the mid-1800's, for art gallery purposes. No substantial change in the exterior appearance is planned. The estimated cost of constructing a comparable new building is in the range of $25 million.

Mr. Kirwan. What is the status of the remodeling work and what will the $1 million be used for?

Dr. Carmichel. Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, the planning of this building is complete and the work will begin on this project very soon. The appropriation that you gave us last year for this purpose was $5,465,000 and we had an appropriation of $400,000 prior to that for planning.

We are requesting $1 million to complete this work in the present 1965 budget.

This is needed in order to make the building such that it can be opened as an art gallery. I think the members of the committee will remember that when they reviewed the desirability of having this building, it was recognized that it was a great architectural landmark; it had been proposed to tear it down and make it into a parking lot and yet every artistic authority said that it was one of two or three of the great old buildings of the Government. The first part of it was built in 1835.

This was decided and then the great collections of the Government in the fields of the National Collection of Fine Arts and of the National Portrait Gallery were assigned to this building. The remodeling will be held at a minimum.

May I point out there had long been a proposal to build a building for these purposes, and if that building had been built, to give the

same facilities that will be in this present building, it would have cost something like $25 million.

Mr. Bradley, do we have those figures exact?

Mr. Bradley. $25 million is the range of cost for the reproduction of this building today.

Dr. Carmichael. So what we are asking is for funds for the completion of the work of restoration. This will be done in an economical way and we are leaving out some things that we would like to have.

I urgently hope that it may be possible to have this.

Construction and Improvements, National Zoological Park

Object classification

[Iii thousands of dollars]

Mr. Kirwan. $1,776,000 is requested for the third year's capital improvement program at the national zoo.

We will insert pages 20 through 23 of the justifications. (The justification pages follow:)

Construction and improvements, National Zoological Park

Appropriated, fiscal year 1963 $1, 275, 000

Appropriated, fiscal year 1964 1, 275, 000

Estimate, 1965 1, 776, 000

An appropriation of $1,776,000 is requested for the third year's capital improvement projects at the National Zoological Park and for advance planning for future projects.

Funds totaling $1,275,000 in fiscal year 1963 and $1,275,000 in fiscal year 1964 have been appropriated for the first 2 years of a 10-year program of capital improvements at the National Zoological Park.

In fiscal year 1963, provision was made for relocation of the east-west road from Connecticut Avenue to Harvard Street, construction of the bird flight cage, and remodeling the bird exhibition building.

The fiscal year 1964 projects include improvement of the principal pedestrian entrance to the park off Connecticut Avenue, exhibits in a 10-acre area of hardy hoofed stock and deer, a property yard for open and dry storage, two paved parking areas, an incinerator, regrading and surfacing of zoo service roadways, and planning and installation of utilities.

There follows a summary of the projects to be undertaken with fiscal year 1965 funds.

Planning:

Detailed plans and designs for fiscal year 1966 projects $145, 000

Advance planning and consultation for fiscal year 1967 projects. 30, 000

Total .__ 175,000

Construction:

Exhibits—Winter house for delicate hoofed stock 825, 000

Parking area (lot C) 153, 500

Utilities 91, 500

Total 1, 070, 000

Sewerage system . 531, 000

Total 1,776, 000

Planning, $175,000

Detailed plans and designs for fiscal year 1966, $135,000. —Detailed plans will be made for the development of an aquatic mammal area for the exhibition of seals, sea lions, walruses, otters, tapirs, and other aquatic mammals. Through cooperation with the Department of the Interior, duplication will be avoided in this exhibit and the National Aquarium. These exhibits will be outside with minimum shelter for the animals. All viewing by the public will be from the outside.

Detailed plans will also be made for the animal hospital and other items in the service area based upon advance planning which was accomplished last year; and other items such as parking lots, the vehicular roadway, and picnic areas.

Smithsonian Institution expenses, $10,000. —It is estimated that the Smithsonian Institution will require $10,000 in fiscal year 1965 for travel expenses and the services of consultants in connection with this program.

Advance planning and consultation for fiscal year 1967, $80,000. —Advance plans will be made for constructing new bear and goat exhibits, remodeling the elephant house and yards, and continuing work in the service area (animal hospital and research area, gardener's area, and greenhouse). Advance planning of the service roadway and utilities assigned to this phase will continue.

Construction, $1,070,000

Exhibits, $825,000. —Exhibit facilities for one group of hoofed stock will be constructed in an area of approximately 4 acres between the hardy hoofed-stock area for which funds were provided in fiscal year 1964 and the birdhouse area constructed in fiscal year 1963. This area consists of three buildings and paddock complex. One of the buildings will be temperature-controlled for the reversal of the tropical and arctic animals. The hoofed stock from tropical areas will be exhibited in all three buildings during the winter months.

It is planned to exhibit family groups of 12 or more different kinds of tropical antelope which cannot be adapted for all-year outdoor exhibition in the Washington climate. The most conspicuous example is the giraffe.

The buildings, totaling 17,500 square feet, will have seven large, inside, viewing pens; visitor facilities; and service areas. In outside paddocks, with minimum shelter, members of the oxen, goat, and antelope families from cold areas will be exhibited during the winter. In the summer months, the tropical and the arctic animals will be reversed in these buildings. The roofs of these buildings will serve as a viewing platform, overlooking the outdoor paddocks.

Parking area (lot C), $153,500. —A parking lot and access roads will be constructed. This lot will accommodate approximately 220 visitor automobiles.

Utilities, $91,500. —The utility system will be expanded in relation to other construction. Included are electricity, water, service sewers, and heating.

Sewerage system, $531,000

' A total of $531,000 will be required in fiscal year 1965 to modernize the main sewerage system in the National Zoological Park, including main storm sewers, sanitary sewers, and animal waste sewers, by installing the necessary trunk-lines and connecting to the District of Columbia sewer system. This modernization will result in the cessation of pollution of Rock Creek by the National Zoological Park.

HIGHLIGHTS OF PROGRAM

Mr. Kirwan. Please highlight the progress which you have made under the capital improvement program in fiscal year 1963, and tell us the status of the work for the current fiscal year.

Dr. Carmichael. Mr. Chairman, we have had appropriated funds of $1,275,000 for fiscal year 1963, $1,275,000 for fiscal year 1964 and we are requesting $1,776,000 for fiscal year 1965.

The members of the committee will remember that when we came before you first for construction and improvements to the National Zoological Park it was proposed that this be considered as a 10-year program, with an average request of $1,700,000; that is, a total 10-year job of $17 million.

You will see that in the last 2 years the amount appropriated has been less than that which would have been required if we were to meet this 10-year program on schedule. This year the amount that we are asking is that which would be required if it had been appropriated each year; according to this program, which the committee reviewed when we started this work.

I may say that this year, if this is granted to us, we would be able to provide a new sewer system. Unfortunate^, through the years, drainage has gone from the zoo into Rock Creek and there has been an increasing feeling that the odors from the creek and the health menace of the creek must be stopped.

I think I mentioned that the House Committee on Public Works is especially anxious for us to have enough money to put in the required sewers. Also, if these funds are granted to us, we will be able to house our delicate-hooved stock. This is the main cost. By delicate-hooved stock, I mean particularly the African ungulates, to use the technical term. We all know that in the changing picture of Africa the antelopes and the other hooved animals, of which there are a great many kinds, are facing new dangers because of the spreading population in the new developing countries and the changing of enforcement of games laws. It may be that before long some of the very animals that will be protected, if this appropriation is made, would otherwise be extinct.

If I may take just a moment this reminds me of the very beginning of our zoo. My great predecessor, the third Secretary of the Smithsonian, Dr. Langley, felt that the hooved animals of America were going to be extinct—the bison, the buffalo and others—and he built pens around the original Smithsonian Building to try to breed and maintain them. Then it seemed better to have a zoo. You know, that is how the zoo got started. It was started by the Regents of the Smithsonian petitioning the Congress to provide for the protection of hooved and other animals. It seemed to me rather interesting, that it is really the same thing we are now asking for in this new crisis that is facing these delicate-hooved animals in Africa. That is the basis for the request of this year.

An additional amount for planning for the next year's program is also included. This is the basis of the request for construction and improvements to the National Zoological Park in our estimate that is before you, sir.

National Air Museum

Object classification

[In thousands of dollars]

Personnel summary

1963 actual

1964 estimate

1965 estimate

Average number of all employees

Employees in permanent positions, end of year.

Employees in other positions, end of year

Average GS grade

Average GS salary

1

0

2

9.0

,216

3

0

3

9.0

$8,007

Mr. Kirwan. $1,364,000 is requested to complete the plans and specifications for the National Air Museum.

We will insert pages 24 and 25 of the justifications in the record at this point.

(The justification pages follow:)

National Air Museum, planning

Appropriated, fiscal year 1964 $511, 000

Estimate, 1965 1, 364, 000

An appropriation of $1,364,000 is requested for fiscal year 1965 to complete the plans and specifications for the National Air Museum Building. This amount is needed in order that the preparation of plans and specifications, begun with the appropriation of $511,000 in fiscal year 1964, can be continued without delay or interruption. This constitutes a first step in providing a suitable exhibition building to display the outstanding national collection of historic and modern air and space craft. The initial design work has been started.

Planning was authorized by the act of September 6, 1958. The Mall site for the building was designated by that same act, after extensive congressional hearings. The fiscal year 1964 appropriation is for financing the first year of 2 years' planning.

- The tremendous public interest in air and space exhibitions is demonstrated by the great crowds visiting the existing small hangar building (1917 vintage) located behind the Smithsonian Building. This small exhibit, representing less than 5 percent of the air and space collections, was visited during fiscal year 1963 by 2,673,618 visitors from every State in the Union. On a single day, more than 36,000 visitors crowded through the building.

The new air museum building will make possible for the first time a comprehensive presentation to the public of notable air and space exhibits. It will also present the mathematics, physics, fuel chemistry, metallurgy, and broad engineering bases of aeronautics and space exploration. The educational and inspirational character of these exhibits will find a response in the interest and enthusiasm of

American youth in air and space science. Only by the display of original aircraft and space craft from the national collections can the millions of visitors each year relive notable events in our national history, and gain an understanding of the underlying principles of science and technology which have made possible our achievements in this field. Included in the air museum's historic collections are the original Wright Brothers' Kitty Hawk Flyer, original Goddard rockets, the spirit of St. Louis, Freedom 7, and Friendship 7.

The requested appropriation is the amount necessary to complete the preparation of plans, including drawings and specifications, only. The Institution will employ expert consultants to assist the planning and museum staffs in matters of historical and technical interpretation of flight history, technological and scientific developments, and museum practices. Completion of the planning will be the first step in providing ultimately a suitable exhibition building to display the national collection of historic air and space craft. Construction funds will be requested in fiscal year 1966.

Mr. Kirwan. What will be accomplished this year with the $511,000 available to initiate planning of the air museum?

Dr. Carmichael. The $511,000 appropriated for fiscal year 1964 will finance preliminary drawings which will define the scope of the National Air Museum, the principal elements of interior floor plan, and the exterior appearance. The balance of the planning funds, $1,364,000, is being requested for fiscal year 1965 for the preparation of working drawings and specifications needed for construction bidding and contracting. Mr. Chairman, again I am sorry to have this increase in the amount to complete planning, but we necessarily went before the authorities who consider the matters of building here in this city and everywhere we were told that we must provide a garage. I do think that that is the correct decision. We are now planning to ask for a garage that will house 1,400 cars.

I may say that this will cost a good deal of additional money but, of course, it will have to be planned. I may also say that because of this cost we have looked again at our building and we have reduced its total size in an effort to absorb at least some of the ultimate costs of this great structure. The increased cost, therefore, is almost exclusively for the planning of the substructure, the place where the garage will be.

The National Capital Planning Commission and the Fine Arts Commission have both said that parking facilities are essential in their opinion for this great building. I am sure the members of the committee know that the Congress has for a long time set apart the land for this building on the Mall opposite the National Gallery of Art. Here, from the great Capitol Building, you will look down the Mall and you will see on one side the National Gallery of Art and on the other side this building, which will memorialize our accomplishments in air and space, the fields in which American inventive genius and scientists have probablv been more outstanding than in anv other field.

We have, of course, the world's greatest collections in this area. I have already mentioned how many people come to the small and inadequate old World War I testing hangar that we use as a museum, and so we feel that this building is important. We feel that it will not be adequate for its purpose without this garage.

Mr. Kirwan. Anybody who has passed that building, as I have many times, and has seen visitors trying to get into that quonset hut by the thousands, with their children in their arms, cannot help but be impressed with the urgent need for a new building:.

I have been in Congress 27 years. The hardest thing I have found in Congress is to try to do something for America. You will be battered at every turn in the road. I mean that with sincerity. That is why it is costing us so much today to do those things that should have been done a long time ago,

COST OF AIR MUSEUM AND PARKING GARAGE

I note that the present estimate for construction costs of the National Air Museum is about $40 million. This cost seems high. The new Museum of History and Technology has been constructed for less than $36 million. Would you please comment on this?

Dr. Carmichael. We estimate that the cost of this new building— and this is a plus or minus estimate—-will be $34.2 million, exclusive of the garage.

In other words, even though time has passed and presumably things are a little more expensive, it will not cost any more and probably a little less than the new Museum of History and Technology. The additional cost is for the garage.

COST OF NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY

Mr. Kirwan. Are any funds still available from the construction appropriation for the Museum of History and Technology?

Dr. Carmichael. Mr. Chairman, the final accounting has not been made in regard to these expenditures. The building has just been completed and there are adjustments to be made in contract costs and so on, but I do think I can say that when we appeared before you to request this appropriation, I think we did say, sir, that we would live within the amount appropriated and cut our suit, if we needed to, to meet the cloth, if you were good enough to grant the appropriation.

I think I can say that, subject to factors that I do not now or cannot now know about, that there may be a total unobligated balance of $1,400,000 plus.

In other words, we did not come back and ask for any additional money while building this building and I believe that we will return to the Treasury something approaching $1,400,000. The building is now complete and I think, sir, it is a great credit to the country and to the museum world.

Mr. Kirwan. Thank you, Doctor.

Are there any questions? Mr. Denton?

COST OF PARKING GARAGE

Mr. Denton. I notice that you propose to have a garage under this new Air Museum?

Dr. Carmichael. Yes, sir.

Mr. Denton. You did not build one under the History and Technology Building.

Dr. Carmichael. That is true.

Mr. Denton. Why do you need one under the Air Museum if you didn't have one under that?

Dr. Carmichael. There are several answers to this, I think. The city has become much more conscious of garage needs than it was at that time. We thought about it but it was expensive and we decided

28-482—64 6

that the people could park on the Mall. It was one of those things that we would like to have had. It did seem very expensive, however, and therefore the request was not made. Of course, this new Air Museum could be built without the garage but three things have happened. One, there are many more cars than there were; second, the very presence of the Museum of History and Technology makes for added congestion of the available parking spaces; and three, the authorities of the National Capital Planning Commission and the Fine Arts Commission are, if I may say so, more garage-conscious than they were when we presented this other building for their consideration. It is, therefore, our urgent request that you allow us to plan the garage. Whether you allow the appropriation, I, of course, do not know.

Mr. Denton. It is not yet authorized for construction. It will have to go back for authorization, after the planning is completed.

Dr. Carmichael. That is correct, sir.

Mr. Denton. Do you plan to rent space out of the garage?

Dr. Carmichael. Mr. Bradley, would there be a charge for parking?

Mr. Bradley. We anticipate that there would be a charge made for two reasons. One is to help to defray somewhat the cost of parking. The museums have traditionally been free entry museums, but since so many of us are accustomed to putting a coin out for parking, there could readily be an offset to the cost if we charge only for parking. Secondly, some sort of parking charge would probably be essential to help us monitor who is going to park in the garage. The garage is being put up for the visitors from all over the country, primarily those visiting the National Air Museum, and we would not want people running in there just to park their cars as if it were a commercial garage. This is a garage for the visitors to the Air Museum and possibly to other Smithsonian museums,

AIR RAID SHELTER

Mr. Denton. I noticed under these plans that you are making provision for an air raid shelter.

Dr. Carmichael. That is true.

Mr. Denton. How much will that cost?

Dr. Carmichael. When the garage is built the amount additional for the air raid shelter is relatively small; about $100,000.

Mr. Denton. And without the garage how much is it?

Dr. Carmichael. You mean an air raid shelter without the garage?

Mr. Denton. Yes.

Dr. Carmichael. It would be more than that because of excavation.

Mr. Denton. How much would that be?

Dr. Carmichael. I do not think we have those figures.

Mr. Denton. Congress adopted a policy not to build air raid shelters in these buildings. Is there any reason why this is different?

Dr. Carmichael. No, sir. If you tell us to delete the air raid shelter planning we will do so.

Mr. Denton. How essential is it?

Dr. Carmichael. This is a question I cannot answer. There is a policy. I do not mean the policy is contrary to congressional policy but I mean there are certain administrative policies which

have been brought to bear which suggest that there should be an air raid shelter provided when a great facility of this sort is being constructed. Sir, I do not wish to venture a personal opinion in regard to this matter. We felt that this was the appropriate thing for us to request at this time in the planning of this facility, but if we are told that we are incorrect, we can reduce slightly the cost of planning and there will not be any possibility of considering an air raid shelter.

I just feel that we did what we were supposed to do in making this request, but I cannot give any judgment as to whether it is appropriate to have an air raid shelter at this place.

Mr. Denton. Is there one in the History and Technology Building?

Dr. Carmichael. Not as such. The building is built so that I would rather be in the lowest part of it than in most buildings if there was the kind of air raid from which any shelter would protect you. That is a rather qualified statement, sir.

Mr. Denton. The main thing you want to be protected from anyhow is the fallout or the radiation.

Dr. Carmichael. That is right.

Mr. Denton. The building itself would do that, wouldn't it?

Dr. Carmichael. Yes, it would, particularly in the lower area.

Mr. Denton. The only protection you would get would be from fragments falling if a bomb exploded.

Dr. Carmichael. That is as I understand it.

Mr. Denton. If a bomb were to hit that building any kind of shelter wouldn't do much good.

Dr. Carmichael. That is right.

Mr. Denton. When you get right down to it the only protection you would get would be from fragments.

Dr. Carmichael. That is right.

Mr. Denton. The building itself would be great protection, then?

Dr. Carmichael. That is right.

Mr. Denton. When you get right down to it an air raid shelter is not all important in that building.

Dr. Carmichael. Yes, sir. I value your statement.

ponape ruins

Mr. Denton. I was in the island of Ponape in the Carolines last week and there were some ruins of some ancient civilization. They said nobody knew what it was. The Smithsonian was trying to find out what it was. Do you know anything about that?

Dr. Carmichael. May I ask Dr. Stewart, who is an authority on this? We have had through the years at the Smithsonian many thousands of expeditions to study just such matters as this. May I add that almost all of those expeditions have been paid for by someone other than the American taxpayer. When we go on an expedition of the kind that would be necessary for a study, such as you mention, we first see if we can get one of the foundations or an interested person in archeology to foot the bill. In the appropriation before you there is no money as such for any expeditions. Nevertheless, we do participate, send along a scientist—I do not want to talk too long about this—but you know when the transcontinental railroads were put across this Nation a Smithsonian scientist went with almost every survey party. As long as we have been at this, when we come

to this particular expedition it may be the Smithsonian is participating.

Mr. Denton. Is that the case?

Dr. Stewart. The Ponape ruins are very interesting. We learned about them through our ethnologist, who had been out in the Trust Territories and studied the natives on this island. He had gotten from then legends an account of these ruins, off Ponape, and we wanted to make a display in one of our new halls, a diorama, showing a reconstruction of these ruins. We could not do it without going out and examining them, so this ethnologist teamed up with archeologists and went out. The ethnologist continued to study the oral records and the archeologists excavated. They are manmade islands off the coast, it was found, built up with coral and rock. The people had brought in great basaltic prisms that occur naturally on the island. They weigh tons. These prisms had to be carried by hand and by raft over to the islands. The structures are built up like our log cabins; that is, by placing these long basaltic columns horizontally. The walls in some places are, if I recall rightly, 10 or 15 feet thick. They were temples. The modern people showed our scientists their version of the ceremonies that were carried out there. We have photographic records of these.

Mr. Denton. Do you have a record of how long ago they were built? What kind of a civilization was it?

Dr. Stewart. We are getting at the latter through studies of the culture. We can only estimate the age.

Mr. Denton. I realize that.

Dr. Stewart. We have some carbon which we are trying to date.

Mr. Denton. If you can get trees, you can get the age.

Dr. Stewart. The trees on Ponape are quick growing trees and may not go back that far; palm trees, et cetera. We have to have old and slow growing trees for this purpose.

Mr. Denton. Are you paying for that or the National Science Foundation?

Dr. Stewart. The National Science Foundation gave us the money.

Mr. Kirwan. Mrs. Hansen?

Mrs. Hansen. I just want to join the chairman's tribute to Dr. Carmichael and also to join the chairman in his interest in opening the Smithsonian during evening hours, for I believe even the young people in Washington, D.C., do not always have the opportunity to see the Institute. If we can take these young people off of the street and put them in a place like the Smithsonian, we have done something not only for the city, but for the Nation, and eventually can reduce juvenile delinquency and crime. I am deeply interested in that part of the program and wish to compliment the chairman heartily for his interest and thought. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. Kirwan. Mr. Harrison?

Mr. Harrison. No questions. I have enjoyed the presentation. I have no questions.

Mr. Kirwan. Mr. Keifel?

Mr. Reifel. I just want to express to Dr. Carmichael my regret at your retirement. You have made a great contribution to our American life and its history, and also Dr. Dale Stewart, who has been a longtime friend of mine. I am glad to see him with the Institution. When

you mentioned someone from the Institution going with people across the country, I think were it not for the Smithsonian Institution and its Bureau of American Ethnology, recording the history of the language of my own tribe, if you go back there, you can find the language recorded

Dr. Carmichael. That is right.

Mr. Reifel. The time will come, Mr. Chairman, when this will be an extinct group, as far as its culture is concerned and its language and yet here it is documented. For that I know my people are grateful and I personally am. This is just an indication of the attempt, successfully, of recording some of the early history of our country, important to us and to our children in the future.

COST OF EXTENSION OF VISITING HOURS

I just wanted to ask with respect to the opening of the Museum in the evenings, which I heartily concur, how much additional will this cost in the way of overtime and so on? I am willing to go along and support this, with whatever it takes, but I think we should have something on it.

Dr. Carmichael. If it is done completely, something over $800,000 a year. That would be the cost of keeping all of the buildings open in the evening. If you wanted to begin just with the new Museum of History and Technology, but I would strongly advocate that it be also the Natural History Building because that is of very great educational significance, if we could open those two buildings and if we could open them for a trial period, let's say during the months of April, May, June, July, and August, it would be less than that figure. I do not have that figure here.

Mr. Reifel. This would be an addition?

Dr. Carmichael. Yes, sir. An addition to what we have requested.

Mr. Reifel. About how much?

Dr. Carmichael. For those buildings and for a brief period, I am not able to make an estimate, but we can submit this to the committee very quickly.

Mr. Reifel. I think it would be helpful. It seems to me there is common agreement.

Mr. Kirwan. Please estimate the cost and submit it to the committee.

Mr. Reifel. Does that seem like a good way to start, to limit it during the months of the highest attendance of young people and to just those two buildings? I would hate to leave out the Air Building, because that is the place where they see the space capsules.

Mr. Kirwan. We should include the three buildings.

Dr. Carmichael. Yes.

"Mr. Reifel. Thank you, Doctor.

Mr. Denton. I am the only one who hasn't congratulated you. I certainly want to join and make it unanimous.

Dr. Carmichael. Thank you.

(The information requested on the cost of keeping the Smithsonian Museum buildings open in the evening is as follows:)

Estimated additional cost of maintaining museum buildings open from 4'-30 -p.m. to 10 p.m. during 5 months, April through August

Museum of History and Technology $202, 000

Museum of Natural History 91, 000

Arts and Industries 54, 000

Air and Space 16, 000

Total 363, 000

Mr. Kirwan. Again, it has always been a pleasure for the committee to have you come before us. We are sorry to see you leave the Smithsonian. There is a vast difference down there and in the country since you took hold of the Smithsonian many years ago. As a member of the Board of Regents, I am doubly sorry to see you go.

Dr. Carmichael. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman. It has been a very great honor to appear before you and the members of this committee.

I am naturally extremely grateful for your very kind statement.

Mr. Kirwan. Thank you, Doctor.

Wednesday, January 29, 1964. NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART

WITNESSES

JOHN WALKER, DIRECTOR

ERNEST R. FEIDLER, ADMINISTRATOR

L. D. HAYES, ASSISTANT ADMINISTRATOR

e. james adams, assistant secretary-treasurer

Salaries and Expenses

Object classification [In thousands of dollars]