-DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND RELATEDAGENCIES APPROPRIATIONS FOR 1972HEARINGS ^-^^SBEFORE ASUBCOMMITTEE OF THECOMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONSHOUSE. OF REPRESENTATIVESNINETY-SECOND CONGRESSFIRST SESSIONSUBCOMMITTEE ON DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ANDRELATED "AGENCIESJULIA BUTLER HANSEN, Washington, ChairmanJOHN J. FLYNT, Jr., Georgia JOSEPH M. McDADE, PennsylvaniaDAVID R. OBEY, Wisconsin WENDELL WYATT, Oreg6nSIDNEY R. YATES, Illinois DEL CLAWSON, CaliforniaNICK GALIFIANAKIS, North CarolinaGeorge E. Evans and Byron S. Nielson, Assistants to the Subcommittee
I518Mr. Galiftanakis. I was wondering what is encompassed in thefuture that you would house in the gallery. You mentioned sculptureand of course portrait work. What else? Is it a mixed artistic mediatype of thing ?Mr. Brown. I think there will be, increasingly. In our new build-ing, we are trying to design as much flexibility into it as possible. Wecannot pretend to be able to foresee what the artists will come upwith. Already they are operating in various technological media in-volving light and mixed media and we want to have the maximumflexibility for them.Mr. Galifianakis. Thank you.Mrs. Hansen. Thank you, very much, Mr. Brown.As usual, you have given the committee a very stimulating andeducational morning. Monday, April 5. 1971.SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONWITNESSES
S. DILLON RIPLEY, SECRETARYJAMES BRADLEY, UNDER SECRETARYCHARLES BLITZER, ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR HISTORY AND ARTDAVID CHALLINOR, ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR SCIENCEWILLIAM W. WARNER, ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR PUBLICSERVICET. AMES WHEELER, TREASURERJOHN F. JAMESON, DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF PROGRAMING ANDBUDGETRICHARD S. COWAN, DIRECTOR, NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURALHISTORYDANIEL J. BOORSTIN, DIRECTOR, NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORYAND TECHNOLOGYFRED L. WHIPPLE, DIRECTOR, SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICALOBSERVATORYTHEODORE H. REED, DIRECTOR, NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARKABRAM LERNER, DIRECTOR, JOSEPH H. HIRSHHORN MUSEUM ANDSCULPTURE GARDENINTRODUCTION OF WITNESSESMrs. Hansen. This morning we have the Smithsonian Institutionand our principal witness is Dr. S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary.Dr. Riplev, do you want to introduce vour colleagues who are heretoday?Dr. Ripley. I am sorry to produce such a groaning board for youtoday, but it is, in effect, a group that includes some of the bureaudirectors who will be testifying during the hearing. It seems to methat it would be an opportunity for the committee to see some of ourpeople.Mr. Bradley, who you know very well, is the Under Secretary ; JohnJameson, our Budget Officer ; Mr. Challinor, the Acting Assistant Sec-
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retary for Science; Mr. Blitzer, the Assistant Secretary for Historyand Art; Mr. Warner, the Assistant Secretary for Public Service;Dr. Whipple, Director of the Astrophysical Observatory; and Dr.Boorstin, Director of the Museum of History and Technology.We also have Dr. Cowan, head of the Museum of Natural History,Mr. Lerner, Director of the Hirshhorn Museum ; Mr. Michael Collins,former astronaut, who will be coming in as head of the National Airand Space Museum; Dr. Reed, Director of the National ZoologicalPark ; and Mr. Wheeler, our Treasurer.I want to say it is a great pleasure to be here and to be able tospeak again to this committee which has been so friendly to ourobjectives in the past. INCREASE IN VISITORSWe had difficulty getting here having to walk through the throngsthat crowd the Capitol. Right now is also a peak of our holidayvisitors and our attendance has come back this year to the level of1967, the year prior to the riots, when we had over 13 million visitors.Well, this year we anticipate we will have over 14 million, theway things are going now. How hard it is to get in and out of ourbuildings. We have another 5 million visitors at the Zoo and about50,000 a year at Anacostia, our little neighborhood museum.We are doing very well with the public and the public has moreon their minds. They have more demands.Mrs. Hansen. I see the press has made some favorable commentsabout your activities.Dr. Ripley. Yes; I think this is the sort of thing that happenswhen you become a little bit of an underdog and even the press triesto change their pace a little bit.GENERAL STATEMENTMrs. Hansen. Great. I am sure you have a general statement, Dr.Ripley ; and if you will insert it in the record at this point and sum-marize it for us.(The prepared statement of Dr. S. Dillon Ripley follows:)Madam Chairman and members of the committee, it is a pleasure to appearagain before this committee to review the Smithsonian Institution's accomplish-ments over the past year and to enlist your continued interest in and support ofour programs. This coming August will mark the 125th birthday of the Institution.We are enthusiastic about the future and confident that our continued efforts atincreasing and diffusing knowledge will result in contributions to the Nation assignificant as those in the past.NOTABLE EVENTS OF THE PAST YEARThere have been many notable events and achievements during the past yearwhich I would like to summarize briefly for the record.Visitor attendance to the buildings on and in the vicinity of the Mall increasedby approximately 3,200,000 persons in fiscal year L970 over the previous year.from 10,400.000 to 1.",.t;o0,000. Through February of ibis fiscal year we have had8,024,000 visitors, slightly ahead of last year's pace. An additional 50,000 personsvisit the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum and approximately 5 million come tothe National Zoological Park each year. This use testifies to the growing interestin all public institutions as educational and cultural resources.Construction of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden beganin March 1970. As of now, the ground floor slab is 75 percent complete, the foun-
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elation walls are complete, and the Mall level slab is 30 percent finished. We pro-ject that the building will be ready for occupancy in the fall of 1972, with a publicopening to follow within 6 to 9 months.Also in April 1970, the first issue of the Smithsonian magazine appeared. Wenow have some 230,000 associate members and are very pleased by this new capa-bility to diffuse knowledge. As Joseph Henry, the first Secretary of the Smith-sonian, stated in 1852, "The worth and importance of the Institution are not tobe estimated by what it accumulates within the walls of its building(s), but bywhat it sends forth to the world."A special word should be said about the coming to the Smithsonian of theArchives of American Art in May 1970. This extraordinarily important archivalresource will strengthen our position as a leading national center for the studyof American art and civilization.More than 750,000 persons were drawn to the Mall during the 5-day periodincluding the Fourth of July to participate in the annual Festival of AmericanFolklife. At the Festival 350 craftsmen and musicians demonstrated the survivalof America's cultural heritage. Although drawing participants from many States,each year we highlight one or more regions?Pennsylvania in 1969, Arkansas in1970. and Ohio and the Indians of the Pacific Northwest this coming summer.With funds appropriated to the Institution we have initiated a special inter-bureau program pointing toward the celebration of the American RevolutionBicentennial in 1976 and a reappraisal of our national experiences. We have asimilar Institution-wide effort underway to develop long-range ecological as-sessments critical to improving man's understanding of the physical and bio-logical environment upon which human society depends.The current and growing concern for the safety of the food we eat has, asin so many cases in the past, led scientists to the collections in the NationalMuseum of Natural History for clues to the answers which are being sought.The determination of the levels of mercury found in seafood products is a goodexample of the service which our staff is able to render. Analysis of specimensin our collections shows that as far back as 1878 tuna contained levels of mer-cury similar to those discovered recently in canned fish which were subsequentlywithdrawn from the market. Specimens of tuna from the Gulf of Mexico andthe Atlantic and Pacific Oceans taken as far back as 80 to 90 years ago showconcentrations of methylmercury ranging from 0.04 to 0.64 parts per million.As you are aware, the present safety guideline established by the FDA is 0.5p.p.m. and seafood containing a higher concentration is deemed unsafe for humanconsumption.DDT had long been suspected as exerting a harmful effect on the reproduc-tion of birds. Recent studies on specimens in the National Museum of NaturalHistory have confirmed this suspicion. A comparison of pre-pesticide birds'eggs with eggs of the same species of birds today shows a dramatic reductionin shell thickness. This increased fragility results in breakage of eggs duringincubation and, of course, a lower reproduction rate. One species thus seriouslyaffected of great concern to biologists is the fish eating hawk, the Osprey. Speci-men Osprey eggs in the Museum's collections, some of which date back as faras 100 years, demonstrate convincingly this change in shell thickness.We are proud of the initiation during the past year of the first programs forthe Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. The opening in October1970 of fellowship and guest scholar programs is a further realization of theSmithsonian's traditional international role. President Nixon and SenatorHumphrey, the Chairman of the Center's Board of Trustees, honored us bydedicating the Center on February 18, 1971.The Encyclopedia of North American Indians is well along toward develop-ment. Planning has been completed, writing assignments have been partiallymade, and we are very optimistic that this comprehensive set of standard ref-erence works will be published by July 1976 as part of the Institution's contri-bution to the American Revolution Bicentennial.Public Law 91-629, approved December 31, 1970, reauthorized appropriationsfor the National Museum Act in the amount of $1 million each year, a portionof which would be made available by the Smithsonian to the National Endow-ment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities. Thisfunding for training, conservation, and exhibits techniques is essential if theNation's museums, now being visited by perhaps as many as 700 million personsa year, are to continue to offer educational and cultural opportunities.
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Recently, we were pleased to announce the selection of a Director for ourNational Air and Space Museum after a long and intensive search. AstronautMichael Collins will join our staff on about April 12 and immediately beginto help us develop our plans for the future.Radio astronomers at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, coordi-nating research in the laboratory and at the telescope, have recently observedin space such surprising substances as methanol (wood alcohol) and formicacid (the agent that makes an ant bite painful) and are searching for stillmore complex molecules such as amino acids which are the building blocksof life.On April 6, 1971, we will open a major exhibition in the National Museum ofHistory and Technology featuring the music-making machines that have revo-lutionized the performance, reproduction, and dissemination of music in America.This will be an additional attraction for the more than 5 million persons whovisit this museum each year.These are but a few of the highlights of our activities during the past 12months. Many more have been described in the recently issued SmithsonianYear, copies of which have been given wide distribution. We might add thatthis annual report has been revised and streamlined to make it a more usefuldocument and to reduce the very substantial printing costs of previous editions.PLANS FOR THE FUTUREI would now like to identify in a summary way our 10 major objectives andguiding principles for the next several years. Additional details on our plansand requirements that will help us realize these objectives have been statedin our budget estimates and will be discussed during the course of the hearing.(1) The central concerns of the Smithsonian represent national needs forthe kind of sustained commitment that can be made only by an institutionwith a strong sense of continuity, tradition, and concentrated purpose. We be-lieve that our first responsibility is to continue the general lines of endeavor thathave marked the past 125 years : basic research in selected areas of nationalinterest; development and maintenance of the national collections in science,history, and in the arts ; and education of the public through exhibitions, publi-cations, and lectures.(2) An overriding concern must continue to be the quality of the professionalstaff effort within the Smithsonian in order to sustain the basic scholary pro-gram. We cannot too strongly emphasize the achievement of an adequate levelof technical and financial support for this effort.(3) There are a number of courses we should avoid. We must decline requeststo assume responsibilities which we believe to be too extensive. For instance,while cooperating with universities we should not seek to assume their distinc-tive functions. And, while cooperating with and assisting museums elsewhere,as, for instance, through the National Museum Act, we should provide guidanceand expert training, not assume a policy or directional role.(4) Without infringing upon the autonomy of our bureaus and their distinc-tive objectives, we shall try to emphasize the advantages of existence as a com-munity of scholars. Our desire to maintain unity of outlook and professionalendeavor suggests that the Smithsonian should select program developments thatreinforce its existing activities.(5) The museum as an institution for communicating with the public at largeis one focus for Smithsonian concern. The other focus is on the vigorous prosecu-tion of lines of laboratory studies which, if it were not for the Smithsonian andcompanion institutions, would not receive the attention that the national interestrequires. Whenever we constitute a museum it is with due emphasis upon itsscholarly responsibilities in adding to the store of man's knowledge. These twofoci of concern should continue to determine the Smithsonian's course.(6) Begining this year, the observance of the Bicentennial of the AmericanRevolution will become a predominant factor in the development of Smithsonianprograms. Within the settings of our museums, members of the public may seeka reappraisal of our national experience with due reference to its internationalsetting. Fresh insights of historians should be interwoven with superb offeringsof objects and art works that portray our Nation's course over the past two cen-turies and suggest paths for our continued development.(7) From the studies of the sources of energy and means for its use by livingsystems to the explanation of biological diversity, the Smithsonian represents an
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unexcelled multi-disciplinary array of information resources and professionalscientists. This puts the Institution in a unique position to improve our under-standing of the physical environment upon which human society depends. Weanticipate increasing demands upon our efforts in systematic biology, anthro-pology, astrophysics, and environmental studies as important resources in thenational effort in environmental improvement.(8) One of the most important unfulfilled hopes for the Smithsonian is that agreat national museum might be developed on the Mall to recreate the experi-ence of man's great adventure: flight and space exploration. We also aspire topresent insights into significance of the space age for everyday life and to com-municate an understanding of the scientific discoveries originating from spaceexploration.Thus, we are coming to appreciate that it is not only machines, or relics of thepast, or evidences of the skills of craftsmen that concern us, but man himself.Thus, we propose also to continue to study the idea of a museum of man whichwould convey additional knowledge about man and society.(9) The birthright of today's citizen is an understanding of the forces shapinghimself and his world. It is to museums that many people look for access to theworks of artists, an appreciation of the past, an awareness of the scientific viewof nature, and for portents of the future. All museums must experiment with newtechniques of exhibition and embark upon research aimed at improving theireffectiveness in popular education. The quality of our response to this democraticvista will continue to be a matter of overriding concern to the Smithsonian inyears to come. We are hopeful that the programs under the National MuseumAct can be implemented fully.(10) From the amassing of great national collections have arisen difficultquestions about how to guarantee access to the information they contain. Thiswill call for innovative designs of indices, catalogs, and ways to manage thesecollections as information resources. Perhaps some of the techniques developedfor the management of voluminous flows of data from satellite observations oroceanographic stations may be adapted to the needs of the future. If man isnot to be engulfed by a rising tide of reports, paper, data, computer printouts.and memorabilia, organizations such as the Smithsonian must pioneer in winnow-ing and selecting from the spate of messages that now fill the communicationschannels of our advanced technological civilization. In our role as custodian ofthe Nation's collections we must try to serve the public interest in improvedmanagement of scientific and scholarly information. The Science InformationExchange is functioning in a related capacity.BUDGET REQUIREMENTS FOR FISCAL YEAR 1972Turning now to our budget requirements for fiscal year 1972, these are pre-sented in four categories : "Salaries and Expenses" for the regular operating pro-grams in our bureaus and offices and for special programs of an institutionwidenature ; "Salaries and Expenses" for the operation of the Science Information Ex-change ; the special foreign currency program; and restoration and constructionof buildings. In total, we are requesting fiscal year 1972 appropriations of $58,-751,000, an increase of $12,794,000 over the estimated base of $45,957,000 forfiscal year 1971 as shown in the President's budget. I would like to discuss eachof our appropriation requests in some greater detail with appropriate referenceto our planning guidelines and objectives.SALARIES AND EXPENSES FOR REGULAR AND SPECIAL PROGRAMSFor regular and special programs, the Institution is requesting a "Salaries andExpenses" increase of $8,672,000 on our estimated fiscal year 1971 base of $36,332.-000 for a total of $45,004,000. The estimated 1971 base includes $1,630,000 of essen-tial pay supplemental funds to cover three pay raises affecting Smithsonian gen-eral schedule and wage employees in fiscal year 1971. It does not include a pro-posed pay supplemental of $563,000 to fund the general schedule pay raise effec-tive on January 10, 1971, which occurred too late to be reflected in the President'sbudget. These pay supplemental appropriations are an absolute necessity inorder to avoid worsening a situation of already short support funds. We haveabsorbed this year approximately $68,000 of higher costs of the health benefitsprogram resulting from Public Law 91-418 which became effective on January
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1, 1971. Absorption of this cost in fiscal year 1972 will amount to about $140,000.Included in the requested increase of $8,672,000 is an amount of $1,154,000for necessary pay costs of current authorized staff, a portion of which is aimedat meeting the full-year costs of the pay raises. The balance of the requested in-crease, $7,518,000, is for two broad purposes. The first is a phased elimination ofshortages in technicians, very necessary library materials and services, instru-ments and other equipment for research, electronic data processing, and othersupport requirements. The second is for the continued development of programsentrusted to us by the Congress.The increase of $8,672,000 is distributed as follows :An additional amount of $3,791,000 is requested for the operations of thescience bureaus and offices. This program increase will permit improved basicresearch, documentation, and education related to the Institution's traditionalresponsibilities in anthropology, astrophysics, biology, geology, and the air andspace sciences. Activities will range from investigations that contribute to ourunderstanding of the origin and mechanics of the universe, through investigationson microscopic organisms in the ocean depths, to the development of man as shownby artifacts and productivity, including his air and space achievements.An amount of $1,245,000 is sought as an increase for the Smithsonian's historyand art activities to permit an understanding, illumination, and appreciation ofour country's history through its material culture, its technology, and its art.No other institution has a greater opportunity to demonstrate what Americanshave accomplished.A funding increase of $183,000 is requested for the United States National Mu-seum activities, primarily for museum registration and conservation purposes.Additional funding of $118,000 is required for the Smithsonian's public serv-ice activities that enable it to expand its public reach beyond the walls of itscentrally located museums and art galleries.An increase of $1,926,000 is sought in the special programs category of theSmithsonian's budget request primarily for the environmental science programof environmental assessment, monitoring, and prediction ; for the National Mu-seum Act ; and for a major exhibition on the World of Living Things. Continuedfunding of our American Revolution bicentennial program also is being requested.And, finally, $1,409,000 are required to allow the administrative and centralsupport services to give adequate technical and management assistance to themuseums, galleries, and research laboratories and the Buildings ManagementDepartment to provide an acceptable level of maintenance, operation, and pro-tection services to the physical plant and program activities.SALARIES AND EXPENSES FOB THE SCIENCE INFORMATION EXCHANGETraditionally, the Smithsonian has been involved with the production andmanagement of data required for research. Much of this effort, of course, hasbeen directed at the information associated with our collections, but we havebeen involved in significant other ways. The Science Information Exchange wasestablished in 1949 by a number of Federal agencies for the purpose of coordina-tion and communication in: research programing. Since 1953 the Exchange hasbeen operated by the Smithsonian, first with funds provided by approximately adozen agencies and since 1964 by contract from the National Science Foundation.This has been at the level of $1,600,000 for the past 2 years primarily to meet thecosts of data acquisition and storage. The cost of output services is now met byuser charges. The Science Information Exchange provides the national researchcommunity with a comprehensive, computerized source of prepublication in-formation about research programs that are planned or actually in progress inthe biomedical, social, behavioral, physical, and engineering sciences. About100,000 records of currently active research are received annually and thousandsof inquiries are being answered to assist research investigators and administra-tors in the planning and management of projects and programs.Over the past year, discussions with the National Science Foundation, theOffice of Management and Budget, and with user agencies have concluded thatcentralized responsibility for funding and management makes sense. For fiscalyear 1972, the Smithsonian is requesting an appropriation of $1,400,000 for datainput. We will make every effort to increase the income from users of the Ex-change services in order to meet some portion of the trimmed budget requirementsfor data bank costs. This income amounted to $211,000 in 1970 and is estimated op-
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timistically at $375,000 in the current year. If this effort is unsuccessful, the Ex-change would be terminated in the latter part of fiscal year 1972.SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAMThe requested increase for fiscal year 1972 for the special foreign currencyprogram is $3 million for a total appropriation of $5,500,000. The increase isessential to support urgent field studies in the Smithsonian's traditional disci-plines of astrophysics, systematic and environmental biology, and anthropologywhich today are recognized as basic to an understanding of man's environmentand cultural change. The increase is important also to insure support for on-going and new research which contributes to U.S. national programsunder, for example, the International Biological Program under Public Law 91-438, the International Decade of Ocean Exploration, and the cooperative pro-grams abroad under the Endangered Species Conservation Act.Additional funds are needed to support pending and new research projectsfrom some 22 U.S. institutions. Despite the slight increase provided in the fiscalyear 1971 appropriation, this year's funding is sufficient only to support on-going projects and these only at a reduced level. There will be no money for newresearch, And, finally, the increase is essential to permit multiyear obligation offunds for research in those "excess" currency countries, like Tunisia and Morocco,where the excess designation by the Treasury Department is subject to termina-tion at any time because the excess accounts are small. Failure to obligate fundsfor a reasonable number of years for projects in such countries could prematurelyterminate worthy studies by U.S. institutions without receiving full value fromfunds already expanded.This program has had many accomplishments. It has benefited more than 200institutions in 25 States. More than 107 research publications, 214 postdoctoralresearch opportunities for Americans, and 220 training opportunities for Ameri-can doctors of philosophy candidates have resulted.The General Accounting Office has recently concluded that "considerablegreater amounts (of U.S.-owned Indian rupees) than are now being spent couldbe beneficially used." India is one of the most important areas for the conductof comparative ecological studies. Our request for Public Law 480 moneys infiscal year 1972 reflects this and includes vital proposals to conduct studies inIndia comparable to those initiated in the United States under the InternationalBiological Program and under the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute.CONSTRUCTION AND RESTORATION AND RENOVATION OF BUILDINGS, NATIONALZOOLOGICAL PARKWe have recently entered into contract with the architectural firm of Faulkner,Fryer, and Vanderpool, for a comprehensive revision and updating of the masterplan for the physical development of the zoo including schematic drawingsof all facilities. This will give us the most complete plan we have ever hadwith reliable cost estimates at today's construction cost levels. We will apply thevery latest techniques in animal habitat design and construction as well as thosefor the accommodation of visitors to the zoo. This redesign will require 1 to 2years. In the interim, an appropriation of $200,000 is requested for fiscal year1972 for repairs and continued maintenance on existing facilities in order tokeep them in usable condition. This is the same level of appropriation as in thecurrent year. Included in the necessary projects are repair and replacement ofportions of the perimeter fence, the addition of water main lines, and repairs tobuildings, cages, and sidewalks.RESTORATION AND RENOVATION OF BUILDINGSOur total request for restoration, renovation, and improvements to existingbuildings amounts to $1,050,000. Included in this request are four projects.An amount of $400,000 is required to complete the program of restoration ofthe Renwick Gallery. This gallery will serve the Nation as an exhibit center forAmerican creative achievements in crafts, design, and the decorative arts. Inaddition to staging temporary exhibitions originating from outside the Institu-tion, the Renwick will include presentations based on the Smithsonian's exten-sive collections. We hope to make this gallery an important national force inpromoting the encouragement and understanding of American design. The re-
525quested funds will be used to replace the sidewalk, install exterior lighting fix-tures, restore the cast-iron grillwork on the roof and windows, replace damagedmarble, install an essential bird-proofing system, and provide storage facilitiesand public gallery furnishings. This will complete our requests for the restora-tion of this building. With this requested funding, the total appropriations fortbe Renwick Gallery will amount to $2,770,000. I might add that this is wellunder the 1965 estimate of restoration costs if that estimate is adjusted to reflectthe very substantial inflation in construction costs over the past 6 years.Funding of $125,000 is requested to correct a serious sewer system problem inthe Smithsonian Building, the Arts and Industries Building, and the Freer Galleryof Art by separating sanitary wastes and rainwater runoff. We have had seriousflooding in the basements of these buildings during heavy rains.We are also requesting $25,000 to modify space at the Smithsonian's LamontStreet building to house essential library materials, space for which does notexist in the mall buildings.And, as a very important request, we are seeking an appropriation of $500,000to prepare plans and specifications for Bicentennial facilities to be added to theHistory and Technology Building and to design exhibits for these facilities. Theprovision of these facilities, to be located on the terraces of the building, iscentral to this Museum's carrying out its planned twin themes of the Bicen-tennial celebration : what the nations of the world gave to the United Statesand what our Nation has given to other nations.CONSTRUCTIONJOSEPH H. HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDENAn appropriation of $3,697,000 is requested for fiscal year 1972 to liquidatethe remaining contract authority. This appropriation, with the $1,000,000 legallycommitted by Mr. Hirshhorn, will complete funding of construction contractsand supervision of construction.PLANNING AND REDESIGNNATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUMWe are asking for an appropriation of $1,900,000 for planning and redesignof a building for the National Air and Space Museum. The object of this redesignfrom the authorized design of 1966 would be to apply the latest design, con-struction, and exhibit techniques to lower the cost of the building to some pru-dent ratio in today's expanding construction market between design and expec-tations and real dollars while still providing outstanding facilities to display themany unique aeronautical and astronautical items in the collections. We havethe objective of opening this new museum building in July 1976 as a major ele-ment of our contribution to the commemoration of the Bicentennial of theAmerican Revolution.This completes an overview of the Smithsonian's budget requests for nextyear. For almost 125 years, the Institution has provided the American peoplewith greater knowledge and appreciation of their common environmental, cul-tural, and technological heritage. This has only been possible by the support ofthe Congress. This support is deeply appreciated and with your continued in-volvement in our programs, we are confident of our ability to serve in the future.Dr. Ripley. I do have a statement, Madam Chairman, and I wouldlike to summarize it.SIGNIFICANT GIFTS AND ACCESSIONSIn connection with our statement, I would like, if I may, to placein the record a list of some of the significant contributions that havebeen made to the Institution this year, on the private side, as a resultof our own efforts.It is only with the support of the <>eneral public on the one handand donors on the other, that we are able to live up to our commitment
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as an institution responsible for acquiring and caring for great collec-tions.This effort is largely subsidized, in effect, by the private sector, bydonors who give us things for which we have never expected to ask
I he money from the Congress.I think you would be greatly impressed and at an appropriate time,Madam Chairman, I have some objects which I would like to bringout which are rather striking and which will signalize the kinds ofthings that we have been receiving or acquiring during the year.Mrs. Hansen. Please insert in the record the significant accessionsand c;ifts to the Smithsonian during the year.(The information follows :)Significant Accessions and Gifts to the Smithsoniannational museum of history and technologySix hundred pieces of English yellow-glazed earthenware dating from 1780-1830 (gift valued at $400,000)
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Political memorabilia including an equestrian statue of Washington exhibitedat the Centennial Exposition of 1876, a life-size bust of Lincoln by LeonardYolk, and other objects (gift valued at $5,500).Ramsden telescope, ca 1775 (gift valued at $7,000)
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Collection of 9,000 classic and rare 16th-18th century philatelic library andliterature items (gift valued at $55,000)
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Collection of 50 rare gold and platinum coins including items from ancientRome, Western Europe, colonial Mexico, as well as the Far East (gift valuedat $67,000).Memorabilia of the Honorable John W. McCormack, Speaker of the House ofRepresentatives (gift by the Speaker) and memorabilia of the HonorableEverett M. Dirksen, Senator from Illinois (gift by family)
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NATIONAL COLLECTION OF FINE ARTSWatercolor "Off York Island Maine'" by John Marin (gift appraised at $20,000).Painting "Blessing of the Fleet" by Helen Frankenthaler (gift valued at$18,000).Sculpture Victory Torso by William Zorach (gift valued at $50,000).NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERYSelf portrait Thomas Sully (gift appraised at $20,000).Portrait Harry Truman by Greta Kempton (gift).Portrait John Randolph of Roanoke by John Wesley Jarvis (gift appraised at$7,500). NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUMTelegraph key used to send message of successful flight of Wright Brothersat Kitty Hawk.Two lunar sample boxes used to carry Apollo 11 lunar rocks to earth (trans-ferred from NASA).Twelve varieties of Soviet Cosmonaut space food. Only examples known to bein United States (gift).Apollo 11 Command Module to be transferred to NASM upon completion ofU.S. tour. ARCHIVES OF AMERICAN ARTArchival collection of some 5 million items ; 3,000 rolls of microfilm compris-ing some 3' million documents ; 30,000 photographs ; 20,000 printed catalogues,pamplets, etc. ; all valued at approximately $2,500,000. Plus about $200,000 incash and securities.
527NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORYA completely restored fossil skeleton of the dwarf mammoth, Elephas fal-coneri. This Pelistocene mammal from Sicily is one of the smallest elephantsknown (gift from the donor who also presented the largest known Africanelephant to the museum in 1959).Several hundred ethnological specimens with photographic documentation ofdisappearing crafts and arts collected for the museum under foreign cur-rency programs in Ceylon and Pakistan as part of the Department of Anthro-pology's ancient technology and ethnotechnology program of studying disap-pearing technologies as a result of industrialization in South Asia. Cooperativeresearch between National Museum of Natural History and University of NewSouth Wales, Sydney, Australia.The general collections of the cruises of the Anton Bruun and Te Vega, con-sisting of 60,000 specimens of marine mollusks from the Indian Ocean. Theseacquisitions form the data on which much mollusk research is based ; as such,it is extremely valuable to countless scientists.A collection of 2,000 specimen lots of "sea fans" (gorgonians) from the east-ern Caribbean. A gift from the Rosenthal School of Marine and AtmosphericSciences, University of Miami, Miami, Fla. The scientific value of this col-lection is beyond estimation.More than 1,000 specimens of fossil ostracodes from several dozen cores wereobtained from drilling into the deep ocean floor. (Deep-sea drilling project
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NSF). These tiny animals which lived on the bottom during the time of oceanformation provide evidence supporting the theory of "continental drift" whichpostulates that North America, Europe and Africa were at one time during theCenozoic a single land mass.A 77 carat cut topaz gem of high quality (gift valued at $20,000).The gift of the personal herbarium of Dr. E. Lucy Braun, consisting of 13,000plant specimens from the Eastern United States. The collection contains manyrare flora species and represents an extremely valuable addition to the MuseumHerbarium.Land and freshwater mollusks collections of 1,200 specimens from Thailand.This acquisition will aid in making the collection from this earth region amongthe finest in the world. A gift from SEATO through Dr. Rolf Brandt.SMITHSONIAN MAGAZINEDr. Ripley. Now, during this year, another private enterprise whichhas been initiated has been of great importance, we feel, to the develop-ment of understanding by the public of what the Institution is allabout.This is the National Associates magazine which appeared just a yearago this month in its first issue.At the present time, we have some 230,000 associate members outsideof the Washington area from all of the States of the Union. These arepeople who, first of all, receive the magazine as a token of our respon-sibility for the "increase and diffusion of knowledge" and who willeventually receive, we hope, additional educational materials as partof the Associates organization.AKCHIVES OF AMERICAN ARTI should mention particularly the coming to the Smithsonian of theArchives of American Art this past year. This is an extraordinary im-portant archival resource in American art. Its acquisition is implicitin the legislation which required us to set up the National Collectionof Fine Arts, on the one hand, to study the history of American art
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528and the National Portrait Gallery, on the other, to study the develop-ment of American history through iconography.FESTIVAL OF AMERICAN FOLKLIFEThe folklife festival was an even greater success this year. Thisseems to be an area in which we can bring the museums to life on theMall.We had some 750,000 visitors for the 4 days of the festival whichwas dedicated this past year to the crafts and arts of America's culturalheritage in Arkansas.Many Members of the Congress from Arkansas came. The Governorfrom Arkansas came. We had an extraordinarily good turnout becauseArkansas happens to be a place which has done a great deal for folkliferevival and perpetuation.This coming summer, Ohio is our featured State, and Indians of thePacific Northwest also are coming.Mrs. Hansen. Isn't this the Makah Tribe ?Dr. Ripley. I am going to mention the Makah Tribe in a moment,Madam Chairman.We have been in touch with them and, in connection with ourNational Museum Act budget request this year, we have had somevery positive responses from the Makah who want us to help themtrain technicians to build their own museum for their own art arti-facts. I will be mentioning that in due course.We are particularly interested and particularly delighted thatthey have initiated requests to us for training under the provisionsof this act.BICENTENNIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES PROGRAMSWith funds especially appropriated to us this year by the Con-gress, we have initiated a special interbureau program in the institu-tion toward the celebration of the American Revolution Bicentennialin 1976 and a reappraisal of our national experiences. In the sameway, with another special appropriation this year, we have startedlong-range research activities in the realm of ecological assessmentfor which we feel we have a special capability.(Discussion off the record.)Dr. Ripley. The word "ecology" is being used so much by thepublic or newspapers as either a panacea or a threat.In connection with our environmental concern, we have been quitefascinated to find something that I have been feeling for a long time
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and that is that in so-called basic research it is almost impossible topreserve any demarcations or lines.MERCURY LEVELS IN SEAFOOD PRODUCTSWe have always had the reputation of being the great center of theGovernment for basic research. For instance, here are our collections,which tend now to prove one way or the other whether a certain mer-cury level is found in fish.
529Mrs. Hansen. I am interested in your comment in your generalstatement on mercury pollution. At the time mercury pollution intuna became evident I called several Federal agencies and they saidthey were not aware of how much the level of mercury was in tuna,years ago.I notice in your statement that an analysis of specimens in yourcollection shows that as far back as 1878, tuna contained levels of mer-cury similar to those discovered recently in canned fish.Dr. Ripley. Unless we maintained these collections to work with,no one would have them for reference purposes today such as tunacomparison.Mrs. Hansen. Have you collected canned tuna specimens throughthe years ? For example, there was a cannery in my own district in the1880's that used to win the national prize at Copenhagen and at Lon-don. Did you make collections at that time of the canned product ?Dr. Ripley. Madam Chairman, I do not think we specifically madecollections of canned tuna, but we were collecting fish in the field atthat time because the second Secretary of the Smithsonian started theU.S. Fishery Commission and in addition to being Secretary was theU.S. Fisheries Commissioner for something like 6 years. His namewas Spencer F. Baird.We were collecting first along the Atlantic Coast because it was moreaccessible to us. The vessel we had was called the Albatross. We col-lected later on the west coast.Right up through to the Alaskan Coast. It is these very specimensthat we have been using to determine the real facts in contrast to, youknow, the scare or the publicity.Madam Chairman, I, too, find that a very interesting statement.SOURCE OF THE MERCURYMrs. Hansen. Can your scientists tell what the origin of that mer-cury or methymercury was at that time ?Dr. Ripley. Assumedly, this is run off from nearby land masses andis not necessarily due at all to the use of agricultural chemicals, butresults from the presence of mercury in various kinds of soil at thattime.Mrs. Hansen. There were relatively few chemicals in use in thoseyears.Dr. Ripley. Yes ; there is a natural runoff in contrast to the artificialrunoff.Mr. Clawson. Would it be a safe conclusion to say this is natureat work?Dr. Ripley. Yes ; but again it is very local, you see. You get differentconditions.Mrs. Hansen. Doesn't this depend on the soil conditions ?Dr. Ripley. Depending on the geographical areas.Mrs. Hansen. Are you still collecting samples?Dr. Ripley. We are still collecting for various reasons, but we donot have enough jars to go around and enough alcohol in cases tohold the specimens.
530As Joseph Henry, the first Secretary of the Institution, pointed out,the important thing is to make collections and continue to maintainthem. The sad thing is when you have not made the collections orwhen you have lost them before you have studied the gaps in know-ledge. For example, the Lake Champlain fish collection was lost atthe time of World War I. Now they have no way of checking againstpresent rates of pollution or the occurrence or lack of occurrence ofparticular species of aquatic life in that huge inland lake.Mr. Clawson. What I wanted to get to was, your statement indi-cates that you have a barometer measuring device for the presenceof this metal in fish as far back as 1878.Dr. Ripley. Yes.Mr. Clawson. Are you currently with your samplings examiningdata for mercury back to 1878 ?Dr. Ripley. In a random way, yes, as for instance at our Chesa-peake Bay Center where we might attempt to determine the presenceof metals or minerals in fish specimens. Generally, we would not un-dertake this task unless we were specifically asked to by the Bureauof Fisheries or some other organization. We would not do itautomatically.Mr. Clawson. Did your sampling commence back as far back as1878? Did it delineate any geographical areas where there was moreof an acuteness than in other areas ?Dr. Ripley. By having the collection, we are able to go back andin effect, sample for the first time.In 1878, no one was checking on the presence of mercury unless itwas for some specific experiment.Having the collection is the important thing.Once you have it, you can go back in time like going to the dictionaryor to the encyclopedia for reference.Mr. Clawson. My question is are you able to tell from those samplesthat were taken where there is a geographic area where the complex-ion of the soil or whatever causes this to occur ?Dr. Ripley. We have not followed that through yet. We would not,unless we were specifically asked to.examinations for other substancesMr. Clawson. We had testimony here from the Bureau of SportFisheries that they are examining for some 11 metals.Has the Smithsonian, using its old collection, examined for any ofthose others mentioned?Dr. Ripley. Dr. Cowan, would you know anything about that?Dr. Cowan. We were asked recently by that agency, I believe, tocheck our collection of eastern, coastal lobsters, for specimens collectedin the late 1800's that could be assayed to determine the levels of notonly mercury, but some of the others as well.We responded to these requests from a sister agency for assistanceby trying to find what we had in the collection.In this particular case, you will be interested to know that of theeastern lobster we only had 20 lots and when we got through sort-ing these specimens, we had about three that were really useful.
531This shows why these specimens have to be continually added to thenational collections. Here is an example of a shortage of a local speciesthat we could not provide.Mr. Clawsox. So you were not able to advise them.Dr. Cowax. In only a limited way, because there were not enoughspecimens of this lobster to be statistically significant.You need more than one or two examples to be able to help themvery materially.Dr. Eipley. For some specimens, like lobsters and shrimp, you haveto be very determined with a very strong conscience to collect, es-pecially nowadays. EFFECTS OF DDT OX BIRDS EGGSWell, this kind of thing is terribly useful and important. I have anexhibit also of the DDT problem.Mrs. Haxsex. I notice you have specimens of the ospreys and I as-sumed that you have checked your collection of shells against today'sshells.Dr. Ripley. If you would like to look at them, I have two samples ofeggs right here.Thank you, Dick. This is a good, old-fashioned brown pelican eggfrom the west coast.This is the specific pelican which is in very much trouble now. Thisset of three eggs was collected in 1894.This is a nice kind of pelican egg that I should like to lay myselfif I could do so. That is a proper pelican egg that you see.Now, let me show you a 1969 specimen. It has to be encased in thisbox because it is so fragile. That is what the poor creatures are layingnow. This thin-shelled egg is not capable of being sat on or incubated.It crushes under the weight of the bird.Mr. Clawsox. It was not that form when it was laid, was it ?Dr. Ripley. No, no; it is like tissue paper and no self-respectingpelican can produce a viable egg.Mr. Yates. What is that attributable to ?Dr. Ripley. To the presence of DDT in the atmosphere which, as aresult of its metabolite function, when it gets into its system, the birdhas a chemical reaction in the egg duct and as the forming egg passesdown the forming duct where it is encased with calcium, there is virtu-ally no calcium left and as the egg is finally laid, it is the unviablething you see here.As a result, there is a terrific crisis. If you go to Monterey where thepelicans used to be nesting, you will see just a few old birds sittingaround like an old geriatric rest home because there are no young tobe born.Mr. Clawsox. Has this had any effect on other birdlife or peculiarto the pelican ?Dr. Ripley. This has had a particular effect on a species of birdsat the end of a food chain. The DDT begins to concentrate with plank-ton and unicellular life and peaks in predators like sea birds which arepart of the economy of nature?hawks, some owls, falcons, and so on,all now are laying unviable eggs in relative degrees.
532Some species like our national bald eagle are becoming virtually ex-tinct in the Southeast, although there is still a good population inAlaska.The osprey, one of the most beautiful of the coastal fishing birds,is almost vanished, although we do have a colony in the ChesapeakeRay that for some reason or another continues to lay fairly good eggs.We have been robbing Peter to pay Paul.We have been taking an egg or two out of their nests and puttingthem in colonies in Connecticut where for years they had been layingnothing but infertile eggs to see if the young retain the same effector whether they will be able to lay a viable egg.On pelicans, the State of Louisiana is in a terrible flap about this.They have a similar crisis.Mr. Clawson. You are completely convinced this is the DDT ?Dr. Ripley. It has been proved over and over again. One of mygraduate students when I was at Yale started working on this andfound these metabolites. This was in the early 1950's and it is directlycorrelated with the massive use of DDT and pesticides beginning inthose years.Mrs. Hansen. The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife testi-fied a few years ago that there are very few birds that are not af-fected in some way. One, interestingly enough, which was not affectedwas the pheasant. Nothing seems to disturb the pheasant.Dr. Ripley. Well, it varies in certain areas. The kind of substancesused in the South, for instance in the rice fields, are very hard onducks and so on.The advantage of having a collection of these eggs is that we canactually measure by a cross section of the thickness when the pesticidehas begun to hit that population. For years, we were collecting eggsthinking that they were pleasant to have around, they did not take uptoo much room, and they were interesting as a kind of auxiliary togeneral studies or classifications of birds. Now, they have suddenlyturned out to be very significant, because you have all kinds of his-torical chronologies and dates from them.Some of these dangerous materials travel in the air and get dis-pursed all around the world.DDT was brought from Africa to the Caribbean because of the useof chemicals. The blowoff with the constant winds caused many prob-lems there.Mrs. Hansen. And DDT was also used in the malaria controlprogram.Dr. Ripley. Yes. Although the DDT may have to be used for ma-laria, it can be used locally in the house or just around the human habi-tations.Mosquitos do not travel more than 100 feet. I am thinking of thetropics where you do not need to use blanket applications.Mrs. Hansen. Yet, Federal technicians did go out and show themhow to use it in mass application.Dr. Ripley. I could not agree more, and I am very sorry about that.
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533NATIONAL MUSEUM ACTMrs. Hansen. The National Museum Act was just recently amendedto allow additional appropriations annually of $1 million. A portionof this total would be made available to the Endowments for the Artsand the Humanities.What proportion is that %Dr. Kipley. $100,000 in the first year.Mrs. Hansen. Is this $100,000 to each of the Endowments ?Dr. Kipley. Yes, $100,000 to each Endowment for a total of $200,000.This act embodies a sort of effectuation of what the Smithsonian hasactually been doing for many years, and that is responding to inquiriesacross the country from other museums or burgeoning museums, grow-ing museums. These museums ask us, how do you train a technician
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how do you develop an exhibit case ; what kind of techniques should beused in the preparation of the open part of the exhibit which the pub-lic comes to.We are always being sought out as the father and mother of thiskind of expertise, how to make exhibits, how to do them, how to de-velop technical reports.Mrs. Hansen. You remember this committee criticized you becauseyou did not do more in this area.Mr. Ripley. Yes, Madam Chairman; we find that we get it bothways. If we do not have the money, we cannot do it. We cannot do itwithout the support people and we get criticized because we do nothave the money to do it with.I thought it was interesting that the Makahs came to us this yearin connection with the discussions being held by the Center for theStudy of Man. The people had been having tribal councils as to thepreservation of the cultural and archeological heritage of the Indiansand asked us if we would support the concept of their building theirown museum and said they wanted help from us on the technicalfacilitation of this.This is just the kind of thing we want to hear. If an Indian tribe,tribal group, actually wants to do this, what could be better, whatcould be more self-respecting ?Mrs. Hansen. I think the Makahs are extremely fortunate that theyhave more artifacts left than probably any of the other northwestIndian tribes. This is because they have been up on Cape Flattery bythemselves and they were far more interested than the other tribes inpreserving their own culture.Dr. Ripley. We have been astonished at the depth and richness oftheir archeological sites. There, is a vein several feet deep whereWashington University has been working. They have promised theIndians that they will bring back the materials and help them arrangethem chronologically if somebody else will help them train thetechnicians.This is the kind of cooperation that we seek and we are just de-lighted when an opportunity comes along. Anything that we can do
534to help the Indian tribes believe that it is important to be an Indianis, I think, part of our original mandate, going back to John WesleyPowell. NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM REDESIGNI mention the fact that Mr. Collins is here; and we are delightedthat he has accepted the position of Director of the National Air andSpace Museum. As you will note, Madam Chairman and members ofthe committee, we are asking for redesign funds this year.Mrs. Hansen. I am sure Senator Goldwater will be pleased to hearthat.Dr. Ripley. We have responded to Senator Goldwater very posi-tively and cooperatively. We are delighted with his interest. I maypoint out that we reminded him that the report of the Senate Commit-tee on Rules and Administration is what has been holding us backeach year.Mrs. Hansen. I reminded the Senator when he wrote me that fundswould have been appropriated if Senate Report No. 1344 dated June28, 1966, hadn't contained the following language: ""Appropriationsshould not be requested pursuant to H.R. 6125 unless and until thereis a substantial reduction in our military expenditures in Vietnam."Dr. Ripley. As long as we have had this holdup on the building, Iam delighted with the idea of redesign, because I feel that it is prudentand appropriate.If you are building a museum for the public which involves a greatdeal of expertise in design and installation, it is far better to redesignand keep up to date than just simply to take something that was theplan 4 or 5 years ago and try to build it in the presence of today'sescalation of cost. We want to take advantage of the changing tech-nologies involved. I am delighted that Dr. Whipple and his colleaguesat the Astrophysical Observatory are also interested in this prospectbecause I think that with the conquest of space, we have a specialehallenge in this Air and Space Museum to develop various tech-niques for exhibiting space exploration and its history.We have a chance based on a sophisticated instrument like theplanetarium to develop also a spacearium so that people can visualizeour presence and experience in space.Now, we have been working recently with some very interestingbreakthroughs in research at the Astrophysical Observatory and Dr.Whipple is here and will be able to answer further questions aboutthat, but they are mentioned in our opening statement.PLANS FOR THE FUTUREI have summarized in the opening statement. Madam Chairman,our plans for the future. These will be efforts by the Central Admin-istration of the Institution to develop consolidated goals; for example,to attempt to continue to develop the quality of our professional staffand the attempt, as a corrolary of that, to develop the technical andfinancial support we need. There are many problems that we have toface as we go along this path. We have to decline certain responsibili-ties. We have to assess every opportunity that comes along the way, interms of our overall goals and objectives. We continue to do this ascarefully as we can.
535One of our emphases is that our scientists and scholars will act as acommunity, as a group together, in broad, programmatic ways. Inorder to do this we must develop appropriate support from the Gov-ernment and from private sources.We find that a public institution such as the Smithsonian is onewhich depends on support of its basic research.As I mentioned earlier, basic research so often has direct, applied,payoffs that it is difficult to assess whether it is basic or applied,research.In any case, even though the characterization of our research isbasic, we must at the same time show how important it is for the publicgood. AMERICAN REVOLUTION BICENTENNIALThe bicentennial is coming up in 1976, and we find more and morethat the Smithsonian is expected to participate and exercise a leadcharacteristic in Washington for the bicentennial.Mrs. Hansen. I notice that Dr. Boorstin is no longer a member ofthe American Revolution Bicentennial Commission. I am sorry to hearthat.Dr. Ripley. He is right here and I am sure he would be happy toanswer that in case it is phrased as a question.Mrs. Hansen. My impression was that he resigned because he wasso heavily involved with the bicentennial right here in Washington.Dr. Ripley. I am still on the Commission and I hope he will pushme.Mrs. Hansen. Wasn't Dr. Boorstin on the Advisory Commission ?Dr. Ripley. He was Presidentially appointed.What do you say, Dr. Boorstin ?Dr. Boorstin. I am touched that the Congresswoman, Mrs. Hansen,should think it would be desirable for me to be there.I was on that Commission for over 4 years and thought it was per-haps time for someone else to have a voice in it. I felt reassured by thepresence of Secretary Ripley on the Commission and also by the factI will have an opportunity right here in Washington to extend my en-ergies in the celebrations of the bicentennial, I hope in an appropriateway.Mrs. Hansen. I may say I hope they appoint another historian totake your place.Dr. Boorstin. I agree with you. In my letter to the President askingfor release from the Commission, T did suggest that I hoped he wouldappoint a historian.Mrs. Hansen. I think it would be wise to have several historians onthe Advisory Committee.Dr. Ripley. We are very much concerned that we can, with the co-ordination of the Library of Congress and the other galleries and theNational Archives, develop a very strong posture for Washington. Weknow that the city inevitably is going to be visited by an increasedvisitation over the period of the bicentennial. We are going to findourselves holding the bag unless we develop a phased program, veryconclusive!}' directed toward the celebration with a dephasing after-
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ward, as we explained last year in our request for the first appropria-tion toward this celebration.This is not a permanent program.Mrs. Hansen. Your program should be a continuing effort after1976 until at least 1987. Is this correct, Dr. Boorstin?Dr. Boorstix. Well, it depends on how you conceive the celebration.Mrs. Hansen. Well, a revolution concluded with the successful es-tablishment of a democracy has a meaning.Dr. Boorstin. It would be our hope to make the occasion to cele-brate the two centuries of American achievement. I would hope thatwould be our focus, not just the anniversary of the Revolution itself.That is our mission.Dr. Ripley. We have sort of visualized building up to a height ofobservance in 1976, and then continuing it until 1983, 1984, and 1987,I forget the termination date, and then winding down.Mrs. Hansen. I think the celebration should continue until theanniversary of when the Constitution was adopted and ratified and theGovernment became operational. There should be some kind of com-mitment with the ideals, goals, and the problems of this Nation.Dr. Ripley. That is right.(Discussion off the record.
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MUSEUMS AS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONSDr. Ripley. We, as you know, Madam Chairman, have been at-tempting to pioneer various ways of interesting the public in the learn-ing processes.We feel that the museums are the largest single source of study andexperiment in the problems of how to make anybody interested in any-thing at all aside from self-preservation ; how to make them interestedin culture; how to make them behave in ways that we aspire humanbeings to behave.The museum exhibit is open and unstructured. It does not have ateacher saying, "Now hear this, I am going to give you a 10-minutequiz next week on this subject." The museum environment is one of thebest ways for sociologists and psychologists to learn what makespeople interested in anything at all. We are continuing our studies onthis, and we hope that eventually our museum activities will form anappropriate focus for this.information retrieval and the science information exchangeAt the same time, within our own vast aggregation of collections, wecontinue the work on the problem of how to retrieve information. Weneed to develop automated systems so that information associated withour collections can be immediately accessible.We want to develop ways by which we can find out what we reallyhave and make this information useful and meaningful. We also needto develop additional and auxiliary systems which will tie into ouroceanographic, biological, geological, astrophysical, and historicalstudies.In this connection, we are making a separate appeal to you and yourcommittee for the Science Information Exchange, which functions in
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a related capacity as a part of the Smithsonian and which is criticallyfaced with a year of decision in fiscal year 1972. We will be speakingabout that during the course of these hearings.As you know, the Budget Bureau has asked us to request this as aseparate item, but has not approved funds for funding the exchangefor what we estimate to be more than 10 months of the year. If wecannot make up the difference in user charges and user fees, then wewill have to come to a likely termination of the Science InformationExchange.I can summarize very briefly, if you care, Madam Chairman, ourbudget requirements for the year. We have an extraordinary numberof line items.Mrs. Hansen. You always do.Dr. Ripley. I might point out that over the past 10 years, the Con-gress itself has authorized and charged us with the execution of some20 new obligations to those that we had prior to 10 years ago.These additional responsibilities are one explanation of why we arehere today with such a large group and why we are prepared to gointo such detail on our line items.Unless you have more questions, Madam Chairman, that concludesmy opening statement.SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION POLICYMAKING PROCESSMrs. Hansen. Thank you very much, Dr. Ripley.Please review for the committee the general overall policymakingprocess currently in effect in the Smithsonian Institution.Dr. Ripley. I would be very happy to do so, Madam Chairman.We have, during the past year, had a thorough-going informal studyof an experimental kind with the Civil Service Commission to assesshow we conduct our policymaking processes, vis-a-vis, governmentagencies of various sorts and established groups.We have prepared a report, informal in nature, Avhich is acceptedby the Civil Service Commission group and ourselves. As a result, wehave once again reaffirmed our main administrative structure, consist-ing of the Secretary, the Under Secretary, and a group of AssistantSecretaries responsible in two ways for administration. In one waythey are responsible for disciplines ranging from history through sci-ence, in other words, particular disciplines of expertise. They are re-sponsible in another way, horizontally as it were, for services, person-nel, management, fiscal affairs, and so on.In this Avay, we have both the interwoven or interlocking mecha-nism of having immediate support for me in the form of a personlike the Under Secretary who has direct authority over administra-tion, supply management, personnel matters, and at the same time, As-sistant Secretaries who are responsible for particular disciplines ingroups of bureaus such as particular museums, galleries, researchlaboratories, and so on.With this, we have an equivalent responsibility in the form of theTreasurer for direct oversight of our fiscal services. The Treasurer'sOffice has been of inestimable use to me in the Institution over thepast 3 years in fitting together for the first time and creating areal understanding of what happens to every dollar. We have a unique
538mix of dollars including federally-appropriated funds, grant funds,and private gifts and endowments.As you know, we are uniquely chartered to administer this com-plex application of dollars of which the Smithson bequest was a kindof precursor, 125 years ago. This is our 125th anniversary year.Under these offices on my immediate staff is the direct line authorityof the bureau and office directors, of which a number are here presentthis afternoon. We interact constantly at several levels of liaison.First, I and my principal staff officers meet once a week in the execu-tive committee and lay out or discuss matters of policy as theymay develop or matters of long-range programs and planning.Second, we meet at frequent intervals, about every 2 weeks, withroughly the same group, plus the budget officer, to discuss exactlyhow we are meeting our obligations month by month during thefiscal year and living within our budgets, both private and Federal.And, third, our Assistant Secretaries meet about every 2 weeks withall their bureau directors ; that is, the Assistant Secretaries meet withintheir own realm. I meet with them about monthly to discuss policymatters that affect the bureaus.In this way, we have attempted to refine and sharpen our directliaison function.Now, each bureau director on his own behalf is urged by the Assist-ant Secretary or myself to have equivalent meetings with the chairmenof the science or history departments of the bureau for the same kindof filtering of information both upwards and downwards.At all times, we attempt to be appropriately coordinated.Mrs. Hansen. Thank you.The committee will adjourn until 1 p.m.AFTERNOOX SESSIOXADMINISTRATION OF PRIVATE FUNDSMrs. Hansen. The committee will come to order. Your operationsare funded both by direct appropriation and private funds. Describefully for the committee how the private funds are administered.Dr. Ripley. Mr. Wheeler is our treasurer. Would you like to answerthat?Mr. Wheeler. We have endowment funds of some $40 million.Most of those are for restricted purposes like oceanography and soforth.Mrs. Hansen. When an endowment is given is it usually for aspecific purpose?Mr. Wheeler. Yes; they specify exactly what the purpose is. Thereare some unrestricted funds from which we may use the income forany institutional purposes. The total we receive overall in incomefrom endowment funds is around $1.5 million.Mrs. Hansen. Is this per year ?Mr. Wheeler. Per year, yes. Only about $400,000 of that from theendowments is unrestricted which is not very much in relation to ourtotal budget, We are trying to increase these endowment funds througha fund-raising campaign.
539Now, as to how they are administered, we have each year a budgetwhich is drawn up in advance specifying how much each of ouradministrative offices or activities will receive throughout the yearhopefully achieving at least a balance of income and expenditures.Mrs. Hansen. Who approves this budget ?Mr. Wheeler. Secretary Eipley approves it.Mrs. Hansen. Does it also have to be approved by the Board ofRegents ?Mr. Wheeler. Yes, it is then submitted to the Board of Regentsfor approval. I am wondering what other phases of the private fundsyou are especially interested in.Mrs. Hansen. There have been various accusations, some by yourown employees, that some of your private funds are being misused.May we have your comments ?Mr. Wheeler. I think this refers to the use of certain of our re-stricted funds. At least I assume that because we had a meeting re-cently with some of the scientists who inquired very closely aboutthose restricted funds.About 3 years ago we stopped publishing in our Smithsonian Yearthe balances of each of these restricted funds and the annual incomefrom each fund as we had done previously. I believe we are nowgoing to resume this practice. There is no particular reason not topublish this information except the annual report had gotten solong that it seemed like information which could be omitted withoutharm. However, if this means a great deal both to the scientists andto people who leave bequests to the Institution, we certainly are goingto put it back in. I have been talking to Secretary Ripley about put-ting it in the next year's edition.In addition to that, we intend to furnish to our scientists this weekthe status of these restricted funds through the end of last fiscal year,and we will bring them up to date within the next couple of weekson the current status of all of these restricted funds.So I might say that as far as the funds being misused, that is abso-lutely not correct. Before we make any expenditures from these fundson which there is the slightest doubt as to propriety of use, we checkthe legality, and also of course the permission to use the funds ischecked with Secretary Ripley.Mrs. Hansen. Before you expend funds do you also verify thatthe funds are being spent according to the deed of the gift?Mr. Wheeler. Yes, the deed of gift. It is all spelled out and we haveto adhere to that very closely.ACTIVITIES FUNDED BY PRIVATE FUNDSMrs. Hansen. Please give us your comments on how you determinewhat activities are funded by private contributions and what activitiesare funded by direct appropriations.Dr. Ripley. Would you like to answer that, Mr. Bradley ?Mr. Bradley. Madam Chairman, the largest single item of privatefunding is the Freer Gallery of Art. In that case, the fund was givento the Smithsonian for the specific purposes of the Freer.Traditionally, and this is more a matter of tradition than it is of law,the Secretary and I are on the private payroll. The Treasurer also tra-
540ditionally has been a privately-funded position. So we find that there isa mix of Federally-financed activities and privately-financed activitiesBut it is much more a matter of tradition than it is a matter that youcan define precisely.I think it makes sense that the Secretary should be privately-funded.In the absence of full control by the Board of Eegents, the Smithsonianwith over $30 million of endowment might assume a Federal characterthat would not be in keeping with the real roots of the Institution. Itis that small cadre of privately-funded positions that is directly orthrough the Secretary responsive to the Board of Regents that recog-nizes its non-Federal character.PERSONS DIRECTLY RESPONSIBLE TO REGENTSMrs. Hansen. Please insert in the record a list of the people who aredirectly responsible to the Board of Regents.Mr. Bradley. I would be very glad to.Dr. Ripley. The legislation going back to 1846 says that the Secre-tary is the officer for the Board of Regents and that the Secretary withthe consent of the Regents may appoint such assistants as he needs tocarry out the business of the institution. That is the original phrasingof it.The National Gallery's charter was modeled directly on this whenthe gallery was completed. The non-Federal officers of the gallerypaid from the trust funds of the gallery are paid the same way andto the same effect as the principal officers of the institution.(The information follows :)Persons Responsible to the Board of RegentsWhile all employees are responsible to the Regents through the Secretary, thefollowing employees are those who are paid from the endowment
:
The Secretary ; Under Secretary ; special assistant to the Secretary ; treas-urer; assistant treasurer; Director and Assistant Director of the Freer Galleryof Art ; curators, research assistants, and administrative officers of the FreerGallery of Art ; Director and several administrative clerks of the SmithsonianPress ; and the Director of the Museum of History and Technology.AUDITS OF PRIVATE FUNDSMrs. Hansen. How often and by whom is the administration of yourprivate fund contributions audited %Dr. Ripley. The auditing process is done by privately employedauditors, and under the original rules of the Institution the audit maybe performed by Vm Executive Committee of the Board of Regents.The Executive Committee then appoints or approves of the appoint-ment of an auditor just as a corporation appoints or approves the set-ting up of an auditor. We have an auditing firm. Also, as of the last2 years we have instituted an internal audit apparatus so that we notonly have our funds externally audited by a formal auditing firmbut we also have a unit of internal audit.Mrs. Hansen. So you have two audits performed ?Dr. Ripley. Yes; we have. So, now we have consulted with theComptroller General's Office about the propriety of having auditsfrom time to time or to a greater or lesser extent performed by the
541 ,.GAO. It appears from the statutory authority of the GAO as well asthe authority of the Smithsonian this is not appropriate. The GAO isrequired by the Congress to audit Federal funds. These funds whichare private funds are not Federal funds in that sense, and, therefore,they have stated their opinion that they are not legally entitled toaudit. But we have volunteered that we would like to have them sug-gest ways of having our private audits conducted or presented in amore informative manner. They are currently conducting a samplestudy to see whether they would be able to do this. But this is underactive discussion at the present time. Our audit is done, of course, an-nually, Madam Chairman.BALANCE SHEET OF PKIVATE FUNDSMrs. Hansen. Please insert in the record a balance sheet as of thelast reporting date of private funds available for use by the Smith-sonian Institution.Dr. Ripley. We would be happy to do so, and point out that ofcourse this appears in our "Smithsonian Year" which you, as well asall interested persons, receive.Mrs. Hansen. But some of the interested persons do not alwaysread the "Smithsonian Year."Dr. Ripley. One of our problems is that people do not read and donot communicate.(The information follows:)Smithsonian Institution Private Funds?Balance Sheet, June 30, 1910ASSETSCurrent funds
:
Cash:In U.S. Treasury $49,599In banks and on hand 168, 225Total cash 217,824Receivables
:
Accounts 349, 484Advances, travel and other 146, 269Reimbursements, grants and contracts 1, 536, 516Total receivables : 2, 032, 269Inventories at net realizable value 544, 413Investments, stocks and bonds at cost (market value $2, 900, 264) 3, 409, 426Prepaid expense 39, 541Deferred magazine subsecription expenses (note 2) 267,300Equipment, museum shops (less accumulated depreciationof $49,932) 64, 115Total current funds 6, 574, 888Endowment and similar funds :Cash 77, 533Note receivable 96, 934Investments, stocks and bonds at cost(market value $29,456,568) 30,213,145Loan to U.S. Treasury in perpetuity 1, 000, 000Real estate (at cost or appraised value at date of gift)(note 3) 1, 760, 448Total endowment and similar funds 33, 148, 060
542LIABILITIES AND FUND BALANCESCurrent funds
:
Accounts payable 968, 933Accrued liabilities 63, 986Deferred magazine subscription income 1, 030, 115Unrestricted fund balance 1,869,941Restricted fund balances
:
Gifts 1, 566, 028Grants 108, 330Contracts 177, 814Total restricted fund balances 1, 852, 172Unexpended income
:
Freer 434, 873Otber 354. 868Total unexpended income 789, 741Total current funds 6, 5i4, 888Endowment and similar funds :Mortgage note payable (note 3) 310,697Fund balances
:
Endowment funds, income restricted :Freer 13.188,994Other 13, 214, 651Total endowment, income restricted 26,403,645Current funds reserved as an endowment,income unrestricted 6, 433, 718Commitment (note 4)Total endowment and similar funds 33, 148, 060Notes to Financial Statement?June 30, 1970
1. Baste of accounting.?The accounts for unrestricted funds are maintained onthe accrual basis of accounting. Accounts for other funds are maintained on thebasis of cash receipts and disbursements, except that reimbursements for workperformed pursuant to a grant or contract are accrued and certain real estate iscarried at cost or appraised value as explained below.Except for certain real estate acquired by gift or purchased from proceeds ofgifts which are valued at cost or appraised value at date of gift, land, buildings,furniture, equipment, works of art, living and other specimens, and certain othersimilar property, are not included in the accounts of the Institution ; the amountsof investments in such properties are not readily determinable. Current expendi-tures for such properties are included among expenses. The accompanying state-ments do not include the National Gallery of Art, the John F. Kennedy Centerfor the Performing Arts, nor other departments, bureaus, and operations ad-ministered by the Institution under Federal appropriations.2. Deferred magazine subscription expenses.?This amount represents pro-motional and other expenses incurred in connection with the introduction of theSmithsonian magazine. Amortization is over a period of 12 months which com-menced in March 1970, the month of the first issue.3. Mortgage notes payable.?The mortgage notes payable are secured by firstdeeds of trust on property acquired in connection with the Chesapeake BayCenter. Funds for the curtailment of these notes will be transferred from re-stricted funds?gifts, designated for the development of the Chesapeake BayCenter. The details of the mortgage notes payable are as follows :a, A $266,000 note on property acquired for $376,000. The note is payable intwenty consecutive semiannual installments of $13,300. plus interest at the pre-vailing prime rate on the due date of payment but not less than 8 percent.b. A. $44,697 note on property acquired for $118,533. The note is payable inmonthly installments of $451.02, including interest at the rate of 6 percent, withthe final payment due on November 1, 1989.4. Commitment.?Pursuant to an agreement dated October 9. 1067. betweenthe Institution and the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art,the Institution acquired, on July 1, 1968, all funds belonging to the Cooper Union
543for use exclusively for museum purposes, and certain articles of tangible per-sonal property as defined in the agreement.The agreement provides, among other covenants, that the Institution willmaintain a museum in New York City and has pledges in excess of $800,000 forthe support of such a museum. Pledges in the amount of $500,000 have been col-lected to date. CONCESSIONLIKE ARRANGEMENTSMrs. Hansen. The Smithsonian operates various concessionlike ar-rangements. Please describe your operations in this connection.Dr. Ripley. I would like to ask Mr. Wheeler and Mr. Bradley toanswer that.Mr. Wheeler. Madam Chairman, these deal with what we call ourprivate activities for the most part. One Smithsonian concession is therestaurant in the National Museum of History and Technology whichis operated by the Hot Shoppes organization. They pay us a percent-age of the gross revenues of this restaurant so that is a concession fromwhich we derive some income.Mrs. Hansen. Is the percentage you receive of the gross revenuesreviewed from time to time ?Dr. Kipley. Yes. It is a contractual arrangement.Mrs. Hansen. Do you have the authority to audit their operations ?Mr. Wheeler. Yes, we do, to the extent that we are involved, namelywith sales because our revenues are derived strictly from sales whichis a better arrangement for us since we don't have to go into theiraccounting operations.Mr. Bradley. We also have gift shops in most of our museums. Wehave a carrousel on the Mall from which income is derived. We havea press operation in which we publish learned publications, and wehave a puppet theater in the Museum of History and Technology. An-nually, when we have the Folk Life Festival on the Mall we are ableto sell food and gain some income from that. On the whole I am forcedto disclose that it is not a very profitable business that we find ourselvesin. Usually we have to subsidize through private funds these variouspublic service activities all of which in one way or another are relatedto what we are trying to do for the public.Mrs. Hansen. Do you have to subsidize your restaurants ?Mr. Bradley. No, that is a profitmaking affair.Mrs. Hansen. But your gift shops are subsidized ?Dr. Ripley. The press, the gift shops, and the associates activitieswhich are partially supported by associates fees and their corollariesare all things in which we run a slight deficit. We do not actuallymake money out of these things with the exception of the restaurantand perhaps the carrousel where we make a few thousand dollars orso net at the end of the year, but it is very minimal. In fact, as wewere able to point out in consideration of these private concessionlikeactivities with the GAO, we are running an overall deficit of about$200,000 as I recall. That is money made up from our privateresources.Mrs. Hansen. Are federally appropriated funds used for any ofthese activities ?
58-287 O?71?pt. 4-
544Dr. Eirr.F.Y. No.Mrs. Hansen. Explain for the committee the disposition of pro-ceeds from these various concessionaire activities.Dr. Ripley. The proceeds help to underwrite the loss. MadamChairman. PRICES OF ITEMS FOR SAI.F.Mrs. Hansen. I have a letter sent to Congressman Mahon froma gentleman in Arlington, Va.
:
I am in receipt of your December 29 missive.I have just spent some fascinating hours in the new Smithsonian Museumof History and Technology. It's well kept up ami many of the displays areinteresting. This, however, is not what I am writing to you about.I live on a practically totally disabling U.S. pension. When I spend whatmoney I have for recreation. I have to count my pennies. The coffee in thatplace is 19 cents a cup. I also noted a "bedspread (in the "gift" shop) fromAppalaehia for $250.Would you please ask Secretary Dillon to look into this price structure.Dr. Ripley. Madam Chairman. I am sure that the lady who madethe bredspread and sent it up from Appalaehia essentially determinedthe price.Mrs. Hansen. When you have crafts that are for sale isn't theprice usually determined by the person who made them '.Dr. Ripley. As far as I know, there is a minimal inventory or in-stitutional overhead fee that must he added to the price. So I think onecould say that that price was very definitely negotiated by the sellerrather than by the purchaser or by the stores.Mrs. Hansen. Why is the price of a cup of coffee so high \Dr. Ripley. The cup of coffee is. of course, under the contract whichprovides to the Hot Shoppes the right to determine their own over-head and inventory costs.Mrs. Hansen. Does the Hot Shoppes have to pay rent for thefacility '.Dr. Ripley. Xo.Mr. Wheeler. They pay a percentage of their gross revenues inlieu of rent.Mrs. Hansen. Do they provide the utilities themselves?Dr. Ripley. They install the utilities themselves as part of thecontract.Mr. Wheeler. I believe they carry their share of the utilities costin the limited quarters which they occupy, and the same would applyto cleaning too.Mrs. Hansen. Why is a cup of coffee 19 cents in your cafeteria \Dr. Ripley. Well. Madam Chairman. I doirt know. I will have togo out and try pricing some cups of coffee in a cafeteria. It seems tome the prices of all these things have gone up. and the question is theveteran's pension rather than the comparable price of a cup of coffee.Mrs. Hansen. You are not going to sell many bedspreads at ?250.Dr. Ripley. I don't think we would either. I notice that some ofthose bedspreads are a great deal more than that, and I am sure theyrepresent many thousands of hours of work.
545Mrs. Hansen. Are the bedspreads crocheted and handwoven ?Dr. Ripley. Yes. The bare fact that anybody is willing to, makesit a matter of such pride to us to be able to exhibit it and help themto sell it. This is the most important factor I think as far as ourhandling those articles is concerned.MEMBERSHIP OF BOARD OF REGENTSMrs. Hansen. Please insert in the record a listing of the currentmembership of your Board of Regents.Dr. Ripley. We will do so, Madam Chairman.(The information follows :)Smithsonian Institution?Board of RegentsThe Chief Justice?Hon. Warren E. BurgerThe Vice President?Hon. Spiro T. AgnewDr. John Nicholas Brown?Citizen RegentDr. William A. M. Burden?Citizen RegentDr. Crawford H. Greenewalt?Citizen RegentDr. Caryl P. Haskins?Citizen RegentMr. Thomas J. Watson, Jr.?Citizen RegentMr. James E. Webb?Citizen RegentVacant?Citizen RegentVacant?Citizen RegentVacant?Citizen RegentHon. Clinton P. Anderson?Congressional RegentHon. J. W. Fulbright?Congressional RegentHon. Hugh Scott?Congressional RegentHon. Frank T. Bow?Congressional RegentHon. George H. Mahon?Congressional RegentHon. John H. Rooney?Congressional RegentSMITHSONIAN MEMBERSHIP ON GOVERNMENT ADVISORY BOARDSMrs. Hansen. Because of its varied activities the Smithsonian In-stitution is represented on several advisory boards and other panelsof the Federal Government either by the Secretary or his designate.Please insert in the record all of these agencies or activities on whichyou are so represented in the capacity whereby the Smithsonian Insti-tution could be said to have a "supervisory or policy making influence."Dr. Ripley. We will do so, Madam Chairman.(The information follows:)Representation on Federal. Advisory Boards and CommissionsSecretary or DesignateAmerican Revolution Bicentennial Commission.Federal Council on the Arts and Humanities.Federal Council for Science and Technology.National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development.National Visitor Center Study Commission.President's Temporary Commission on Pennsylvania Avenue.SMITHSONIAN INSTALLATIONSMrs. Hansen. The activities of the Smithsonian Institution are di-versified and to some extent are becoming quite widespread. For ready
546
reference in the record I think it would be well for you to insert at thispoint a listing of all your installations, indicating the location and thetype of activity administered in each instance.Dr. Ripley. We will be happy to do so, and if I may say so we willsupplement that by pointing out the particular items of legislationwhich are involved in the creation of these things.Mrs. Hansen. Please do. I think that is very important.Dr. Ripley. Essentially what we are doing here is following thewill of the Congress in having voted through such legislation.(The information follows:)
547
LOCATION, PURPOSE, AND AUTHORIZATION
Building or FacilityAir and Space Building
Anacostia Neighborhood'Museum
Archives of AmericanArt
Arts and IndustriesBuilding
OF SMITHSONIAN ACTIVITIESLocation and Purpose
Washington, D.C.Located behind the Smithsonianbuilding, this temporary structuredisplays various objects related toair and space flight. Other exhibitsare in the Arts & Industries Building,while collections are stored at theSilver Hill facility in Silver Hill, Md.
The Museum is located in an oldtheatre building in Anacostia, D.C.It develops exhibits and pursueseducational programs as an inner-city community cultural center.
Headquartered in Washington, D.C.in the Fine Arts and Portrait GalleriesBuilding with branch offices in Detroit,New York City and Bostcn, the Archivesis the largest single collection of arthistory related materials in the U.S.,numbering several million items, andis used by students and scholars forbasic research and documentationpurposes.
Washington, D.C.Exhibits objects related to air and spaceflight, and special temporary exhibitions.Also houses portions of central adminis-trative services such as the PersonnelOffice, Office of Museum Programs, andBuildings Management Department.
LegislativeAuthorization
20 U.S.C. 77
20 U.S.C. 41
20 U.S.C. 76
20 U.S.C. 41
548
Barney House Washington, D.C.Situated off Sheridan Circle, thishouse is administered by theNational Collection of Fine Artsfor traveling exhibits purposes.
20 U.S.C. 76
Belmont ConferenceCenter Howard County, Maryland.The facilities are utilized by avariety of government and privateorganizations for meetings andconferences.
20 U.S.C. 41
Chesapeake Bay Centerfor EnvironmentalStudies Edgewater, Maryland.Located on 1,344 acres of forest andmarshland, the Bay Center maintainslaboratory space and facilities forbasic estuarine and terrestrialresearch conducted by Smithsonianand university- based scientistsinterested in ecological change.
20 U.S.C. 41
Cooper-Hewitt Museum New York, New York.This Museum serves as a museumand study center of arts, crafts, anddesign, and will be located in theCarnegie Mansion. Supported bynonappropriated funds.
20 U.S.C. 41
Fine Arts and PortraitGalleries Building
Freer Gallery of Art
Washington, D.C.This contains the exhibit and researchactivities of the National PortraitGallery (American Portraiture), andthe National Collection of Fine Arts(American Art). The National Collec-tion is also responsible for developingthe Renwick Gallery.
Washington, D.C.The Freer Gallery exhibits, curates,and performs research on orientalart and special collections.
20 U.S.C. 7520 U.S.C. 76
20 U.S.C. 41
549
Hillwood Washington, D.C.A gift to the Smithsonian subjectto a life estate, Hillwood willbecome a public art museumdevoted to major collections ofImperial Russian and Frenchart works
.
20 U.S.C. 41
History andTechnology Building Washington, D.C.This is the principal location forthe National Museum of History andTechnology, which exhibits andcurates collections relating toAmerica's heritage and technologicaldevelopment. It also houses the Officeof Exhibits offices, the ConservationAnalytical Laboratory, and a portionof the Smithsonian Libraries.
20 U.S.C. 41, 60
Joseph H. HirshhornMuseum and SculptureGarden Currently in New York City.Collections and administrativeoffices will be located in Washington,D.C. after building is completed.The museum exhibits and conductsresearch on contemporary paintingand sculpture.
20 U.S.C. 76 aa-ee
National Gallery of Art Washington, D.C.Administered by a separate Board ofTrustees, the Gallery houses theMellon collections, and is recognizedas one of the -world's great art museums.
20 U.S.C. 71-75
Natural HistoryBuilding Washington, D.C. 20 UThe National Museum of Natural History 59is located in this building. This is theFederal repository for natural historycollections, and conducts broad researchinvestigations utilizing the collections,principally in taxonomies and systematicbiology. The building also houses portionsof the Smithsonian Libraries, ExhibitsOffice, Supply Division, as well as unitsof other agencies collaborating with theMuseum.
S.C. 41, 50,
550
National Zoological Park Washington, D.C.The Zoo's basic purposes are toprovide for the advancement ofzoological science and therecreation of the citizenry.
20 U.S.C. 81-85
Radiation BiologyLaboratory The Laboratory's headquartersare in Rockville, Maryland. Itstudies the responses of livingorganisms to various qualitiesand intersites of radiant energy.Solar radiation and atmosphericmonitoring stations are locatedin Jerusalem, Israel and PointBarrow, Alaska.
20 U.S.C. 41
Renwick Gallery Washington, D.C.The Renwick will be located in theoriginal Corcoran Gallery of Artbuilding (currently being restored)and will exhibit American designand decorative arts. It is currentlybeing administered by the NationalCollection of Fine Arts.
20 U.S.C. 76
Silver Hill Facility Silver Hill, Maryland. 20 U.S.C.This area contains several temporarybuildings for storing artifacts andcollections related primarily to theactivities of the National Air andSpace Museum.
77
Smithsonian AstrophysicalObservatory Cambridge, Massachusetts. 20 U.S.C. 41The Astrophysical Observatorypursues a broad program of researchin astrophysics and related earth andspace sciences. In addition to scientistsand supporting staff employed in Cambridge,the Observatory maintains scientific
551
facilities elsewhere in the UnitedStates and overseas. Fieldinstallations include: Mt. HopkinsObservatory (Tucson, Arizona);meteorite recovery stations (lo-cated in six midwestern states);satellite tracking stations (in nineforeign countries) and a meteorradar /high altitude wind installa-tion ( Havana, Illinois).Smithsonian Oceano-graphic Sorting Center Washington, D.C.Located in the Washington Navy Yard,the Sorting Center is operated as partof the Smithsonian's Office of Environ-mental Sciences. It is responsible forcoordinating collections of marinespecimens gathered by governmentaland nongovernmental scientists, andinsuring that collections are processedfor the benefit of science.
20 U.S.C. 41, 51
Smithsonian TropicalResearch Institute Canal Zone, Panama.The Institute conducts and supportsbasic research on tropical marine andterrestrial environments; maintainsBarro Colorado Island as a naturalpreserve; and operates laboratoryfacilities for national and foreignscientists.
20 U.S.C. 41, 79
Smithsonian InstitutionBuilding Washington, D.C.This original building houses theInstitution's administrative officesand is the current headquarters forthe Woodrow Wilson InternationalCenter for Scholars.
20 U.S.C. 41
552DECLINING PRIVATE FUND INCOMEMrs. Hansen. Several months ago it was reported in severalinstances that available cash for Smithsonian activities was severelylimited. I understand the situation was attributable partly to the fall-off of income from your private funds. What is your current situationin this respect ?Dr. Ripley. Any institution which has any endowment at all, justas an individual who holds any securities, is certainly aware over thepassage of the last 2 years since the fall of 1969 of the condition ofsuspended or diminishing dividends. That is true. Madam Chairman.Mrs. Hansen. Appropriations for the Smithsonian Institution haveaccelerated at what some consider a rapid rate. For fiscal year 1965,your total appropriations were $25,950,000. The budget you are pre-senting today would provide $58,751,000. Considering the increasedcost of doing business the past several years, this is still a relativelysizable increase in your appropriated funds. For example, the 1972budget estimates you are presenting today reflects an increase of$14,424,000 over funds appropriated to date to your agency for fiscalyear 1971. This is an increase of about 33 percent over your currentappropriation. Please discuss for the committee the general thrust ofyour activities budgeted for 1972 giving special consideration to thoseareas where your activities are budgeted for the greatest expansion.Dr. Ripley. I would like to give first of all if I may, Madam Chair-man, in response to that very comprehensive question, some pertinentstatistics. The "salaries and expenses" operations of the Institutionhave increased since 1968 by approximately $8,800,000 or at a rate ofabout 11 percent per year. This excludes the Zoo and the ScienceInformation Exchange for comparative purposes which have beenfunded under other arrangements during part of that time. Thesefigures assume also that the requested pay supplemental this year isapproved. We estimate that about 70 percent of this increase whichI have just described has been eroded by inflationary price increasesand the necessity of improving the competitive salary situation in theFederal Government.Mrs. Hansen. What has been your inflation rate ?Dr. Ripley. The inflation rate has been running throughout theNation at 12 to 15 percent a year in construction alone and 5 percenta year or better in other costs. If you take about 70 percent of thatincrease, which is essentially our estimate of our inflationary rateincluding wage increases plus about 6 percent devoted to costs associ-ated with working into new building space already approved givesa total of 76 percent. That leaves us with a real increase out of that$8,800,000 that I mentioned of $2 million to $2,300,000, or an averageamount usable for program development each year of well under $1million. We estimate we have had between $700,000 and $800,000 forprogram development in each one of these years in which our overallnet "Salaries and Expenses" appropriation increased by 11 percent.Thus the apparent appropriation increases received since 1968 re-duce to real annual growth of about 3 percent. In other words, the 11percent apparent whittles down to 3 percent actually or 8 percent isswallowed up by inflation.
553GROWTH OF VISITORS AND INFORMATION INQUIRIESMrs. Hansen. Since 1965, what has your visitor load been ?Dr. Ripley. I have those figures right here, Madam Chairman. Ourvisitor load went up very high and peaked in 1967. In 1965, it was13,154,000; in 1966, it was 12,151,000; in 1967, again high, 13,313,000.Then after the riots it suffered a very significant decrease, in 1968 to11,524,000, and in 1969, to 10,431,000. In 1970, it was 13,584,000 andour estimate for 1971 is about 14 million.Mrs. Hansen. So your visitations are now over your crest of 1967 ?Dr. Ripley. We are back up and over our crest of 1967.Mrs. Hansen. What has been the increase of requests for informa-tion to the Institution ? As you know, you have many people who cometo you for advice on your museum operations. You have people whocome to you on advice about art.Dr. Ripley. This shows a very marked increase and I would haveto produce the figures for the record.(Information follows:)
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Professional and PublicInquiries Directed to SmithsonianBureaus and Offices
The Institution has recorded a marked increase in inquiriesdirected to its various bureaus and offices from the general publicand scientific community. Scientific visits to the Smithsonian,including all museums, galleries, and field stations, for research andscholarly purposes (ranging from a few hours to several weeks)numbered about 10,000 in fiscal year 1970. This represents aboutan 8 percent increase over the previous year. Mail inquiries from boththe general public and the scientific or museum community is, ofcourse, much higher and is estimated at about 122, 000 in 1970; andrepresents an increase of around 20 percent over the previous year.Selected information from bureaus and offices follows:General Inquiries andAssistance (including technicaland scientific visits) FY 1970Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum 2,000National Collection of Fine Arts 3,000National Museum of History and Technology 3,000National Museum of Natural History 15,000National Portrait Gallery 3,000Office of Museum Programs 5, 000Office of the Registrar* 70, 000*Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 4, 000Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute 9, 000Miscellaneous 18, 000Total 132,000
^Receives and distributes most of the mail inquiries directed to theInstitution in general. To the extent possible to separate, these donot include inquiries going directly to the individual Bureau or Office.
J
555ASSISTANCE TO OTHER MUSEUMS AND INSTITUTIONSMr. Galifianakis. Madam Chairman, if I may ask this question,do you have a program where you help other state institutions to buildup comparable exhibitions that you have ?Dr. Ripley. We have it in two ways. We have it with the TravellingExhibition Service which we maintain, and which is again essentiallyon our private side. This consists of a series of anywhere up to 120exhibitions circulating at all times throughout the nation, and whichcan be booked or subscribed to and so on. And we have it also underour National Museum Act with exchanges of information or offers toconduct seminars in technical museum presentation techniques.Mrs. Hansen. Do you conduct seminars in Washington, D.C. and inregional areas of the country ?Dr. Ripley. Here in Washington or in a regional area. For example,the musuem conferences in the southeast, in the northeast, in thenorthern states, central states and so on. We have been providingvisiting teams of technical experts to go to these conferences and giveseminars on various aspects of exhibition and presentation and restora-tion of objects. The field of conservation of objects is becoming ofenormous importance as we discover how few objects we have left andwe become more concerned about conservation of the objects that wedo have.Mrs. Hansen. Does the same exhibition service policy apply to theNational Zoo ?Dr. Ripley. The zoo has the same kind of relationship with otherzoos although they don't have an exhibition service. They are cur-rently considering some exchanges of animals which would be an ex-tension perhaps of that, but they do have the same policy of trying togive counsel and advice to people in other zoos.Of course, this we feel is part of our mandate. Since we are charteredhere in Washington in the Federal District it has become an assump-tion on the part of the rest of the states in the nation that somehow orother we are supposed to be doing these things. We are supposed to beoffering advice and technical counsel in the same way as a personmight write to the Department of Agriculture or the Department ofCommerce for a pamphlet on how to grow apples or how to make somecarpentry device.We get the same kinds of questions because we are known to be inthe musuem field and thought to be able to provide a similar kind ofexpertise. The only thing is no one pays us for it. So our problem isthat we simply lack the resources for these consultation services thatthe Agricultural Department and the Interior Department and othershave. It is these resources that we are trying to obtain under the Na-tional Museum Act so that we too could fund the answers to the kindsof questions that we receive automatically because we are here inWashington. JUSTIFICATION MATERIALMrs. Hansen. Please insert justification pages i through vi in therecord at this point.(The pages follow :)
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONFISCAL YEAR 1972 ESTIMATES OF APPROPRIATIONSGENERAL STATEMENT
This past year has been one of measured progress for the SmithsonianInstitution. Where many of the prospects of the nation seem fraught withdissent and division, where the path of education has become obscured by thedivisiveness which has beset the academies, the smaller private institutions oflearning seem to have survived so far relatively unscathed. Like otherinstitutions concerned with research and study, however, the Smithsoniansuffered in the past year from the general decline in support for science aswell as to related areas of study. Our problem with the declining governmentbudgets for the support of basic science has been compounded by the taxreform act which produced a serious paralysis of will on the part of thefoundations. In addition, the steadily worsening effects of inflation on the costsof personnel, research equipment, objects for the collections, as well as onthe everyday supplies and materials for general museum and laboratoryoperations further threaten the Smithsonian's ability to carry out itstraditional responsibilities.One encouraging development has been a widening awareness that theSmithsonian's activities represent a kind of unity. In spite of the manybureaus, some of them incorporated in large buildings on the Mall and otherslocated in laboratories in Washington and elsewhere, there are a series ofunifying themes which run through the Institution's activities. Our concernsremain united around the general subject of history: history of art, science,and technology including the history of air and space flight, and thedelineation of these histories through public exhibition. In addition, our scienceactivities revolve generally around the compilation of statistics, information,and research about the biosphere and space. Our classical concerns in naturalhistory and in astrophysics have come full circle so that today we can proudlyclaim our work to be of vital importance in the new sciences of the study of theenvironment on the one hand and of outer space on the other.Within these common themes there are overriding considerations for thepublic good. Education and public exhibition are of paramount concern ibr allour main buildings and for the curators and the research staff who inhabitthem. Education through research and publication remains paramount in theother bureaus whose activities are not contained in the large public buildings.In addition, Joseph Henry's initial concern with bringing scholars together withcolleagues in foreign countries continues to be developed and encouragedthrough our foreign currency program as well as research activities both hereand abroad.In Joseph Henry's view the Smithsonian existed to stimulate research inpursuit of new truths and to make these available to both the public and toprofessionals, in the arts, sciences, and cultural history. His favorite phraseto describe the Institution's ultimate aim was a "College of Discoverers. " Thisis still the unifying force, the common factor in all the diverse bureaus andmuseums of the Smithsonian- -the Institution as a "College of Discoverers"which:
--First, keeps records of knowledge through its collections;
--Second, serves as a stimulus to research largely through itscollections;
--Third, and perhaps most important, uses the collections andthe results of research for public education.
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These three elements may be found to a greater or lesser degree in allthe bureaus of the Smithsonian, as they are today.Increasingly, the Institution's bureaus and offices are engaged in commonefforts. Notable among these are the contributions that will be made in thenational celebration of the American Revolution Bicentennial and in studies ofthe environment. We have begun to lay-out long range plans for ecologicalassessments in both the New World temperate and tropical zones and in theOld World. We are uniquely equipped through processing and working with theNational Collections to contribute to solutions, but we are pitifully undersupport-ed financially to make our contributions effective.In spite of appropriation increases each year, which have averagedsomewhere between 6 and 8 percent, costs have continued to escalate so muchthat our scientists' work and our research and exhibits potential have beenseriously undermined. Little has been allowed for growth expansion and change,so necessary for a healthy concern, be it a corporation, university, or aresearch and museum complex. Examples of such needs are continuingadditions to art, histor y, and science collections, modern inventorycomputerization for these collections, and development of new experimentalideas and fields of study.While vigorously seeking additional federal fund support for these purposes,we are at the same time carrying out a program of self-examination of the useof our total resources with the objective of reducing or eliminating outmodedor low-priority activities.Planning is of the utmost importance in all Smithsonian activities.Growth must be brought into effective relation to the availability of resources,especially for an establishment such as ours with more than forty line items inour federal budget, each of which could very readily be expanded to meet someexternal or internal need. We are strengthening the planning function within theInstitution to maintain a balance between our pattern of commitments and theresources we may expect. It has been our judgement, however, that theInstitution would have to inaugurate some new programs and achieve order-of-magnitude increases in some support activities in order to function successfullyfor the 1970s. With inflation, the requirements for new tools and techniques,and the ever-increasing demands placed on our staff, our budget meets no morethan one-half of our requirements. The elimination of remaining shortages isa priority objective in our planning, for the next several years.The central concerns of the Smithsonian represent national needs for thekind of sustained commitment that can be made only by an institution with astrong sense of continuity, tradition, and concentrated purpose. We believethat our first responsibility is to continue the general lines of endeavor whichare traditional with the Institution: basic research in selected areas of nationalinterest; development and maintenance of the national collections in biology,anthropology, history, and the arts; and enlightenment of the public throughexhibitions and related activities.In order to meet this responsibility, an overriding concern must be thequality of the professional staff effort within the Smithsonian. We cannot toostrongly emphasize the achievement of an adequate level of support of thateffort. We have repeatedly appealed for the remedy of deficiencies in supportof research and scholarly programs. Virtually half of the growth in appropri-ations since 1964 has been devoted to staffing and operating new facilitiesauthorized by the Congress. Much of the rest has been negated by inflation.A strong effort must now be made to sustain the basic scholarly program:support for fieldwork, instruments, libraries, conservation, automatic data
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processing, technician support, related higher and elementary and secondaryeducation activities, better access to colleagues through scholarly publishing,and unremitting emphasis on the professional character of staff appointments,all against a background of increasing costs. Our budget henceforth willproceed on two tracks, the first a phased elimination of these shortages andthe second to provide for the continued development of programs entrusted to usby the Administration and the Congress. Several of these are identified in thefollowing paragraphs.Beginning this year the observance of the Bicentennial of the AmericanRevolution will become a predominant factor in the development of Smithsonianprograms. Within the settings of our history and art museums members of thepublic may seek a reappraisal of our national experience with due reference toits international setting. Fresh insights of historians should be interwoven withsuperb offerings of objects and art works that portray our nation's course overthe past two centuries and suggest paths for our continued development.From the studies of the sources of energy and means for its use by livingsystems to the explanation of biological diversity, the Smithsonian representsan unexcelled multidisciplinary array of information resources and professionalscientists which bear upon critical needs to improve our understanding of thephysical environment upon which human society depends. We anticipateincreasing demands upon our efforts in systematic biology, anthropology,astrophysics, and environmental studies as important resources for the nationaleffort in environmental improvement.One of the most important unfulfulled hopes for the Smithsonian is that agreat national museum might be developed on the authorized space on the Mallto recreate the experience of man's greatest adventure: flight and spaceexploration. We also aspire to present insights about the significance of thespace agefor everyday life and to communicate an understanding of thescientific discoveries originating from space exploration.The birthright of today's citizen is an understanding of the forces shapinghimself and his world. It is to museums that many people look for access tothe works of artists, an appreciation of the past, an awareness of the scientificview of nature, and for portents of the future. All museums must experimentwith new techniques of exhibition and embark upon training and research aimedat improving their effectiveness in popular education. The quality of ourresponse to this democratic vista will continue to be a matter of overridingconcern to the Smithsonian in years to come. Implementation of the NationalMuseum Act through adequate funding will greatly strengthen the capability ofall museums.From the amassing of great national collections will arise difficultquestions about how to guarantee access to the information they contain. Thiswill call for innovative designs of indexes, catalogs, and ways to manage vastresources of information. Perhaps some of the techniques developed for themanagement of voluminous flows of data from satellite observations oroceanographic stations may be adapted to the needs of the future. In our roleas custodian of the nation's collections we must try to serve the public interestin improved management of scientific and scholarly information.The fiscal year 1972 appropriation estimates are designed to help correctmany of the problems identified and to improve the Institution's capabilitiesin other areas. We are convinced that only by obtaining the requestedadditional resources canthe Smithsonian meet the future of the decade.
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The estimates are presented in four sections:A. "Salaries and Expenses"for regular operating programs in the museums,galleries, research laboratories, and programsupport units $41, 529, 000for special programs of an Institution- wide natureand of unusual importance for national research andpublic education needs 3, 4 75, 000B. "Salaries and Expenses" for Science InformationExchange as a separate appropriation account inrecognition of the unique service nature of thisorganization 1 , 400, 000C. Special Foreign Currency Program in archeology andrelated disciplines, systematic and environmental biology,astrophysics, and museum programs. 5, 500, 000D. Restoration and construction of Smithsonian buildings andfacilities 6, 847, 000Each of these requests is summarized below. The estimates of theWoodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars are separately presented byits Board of Trustees. A. "Salaries and Expenses"Regular Operating Programs1970 Actual 1971 Estimate 1972 Estimate$28,993,000 $34,783,000 $41,529,000The total increase requested for "Salaries and Expenses" for regularoperations is $6,746,000. Included in this amount is $1,154,000 for mandatorypay and related benefits commitments, largely for current staff, that will falldue in fiscal year 1972 and are relatively uncontrollable. This increase isdistributed as followed: (In thousands of dollars)1971 Requested 1972Base Increase EstimateScience $12,306 $3,791 $16,097To correct serious deficiencies in the avail-ability of technicians and other supporting staff,scientific equipment, laboratory supplies andmaterials, and key professional research staffin order that the Institution can continue itstraditional basic investigations and educationalservices in anthropology, biology, geology, andthe space sciences which are fundamental to abetter understanding of the environment. Includesrequests for the National Museum of NaturalHistory, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, RadiationBiology Laboratory, Office of EnvironmentalSciences, National Air and Space Museum, Centerfor the Study of Man, Center for Short-LivedPhenomena, and the National Zoological Park.
58-287 O?71?pt. 4 36
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1971 Requested 1972Base Increase Estimate(In thousands of dollars)History and Art $4,801 $1,245 $6,046To provide essential support staff and theroutine services, supplies, and equipmentrequired for basic operations in order thatthe established and developing museums andart galleries of the Smithsonian can effectivelytell the story of American civilization tomillions of visitors annually. Includes thebudgetary requirements of the National Museumof History and Technology, National Collectionof Fine Arts, National Portrait Gallery, JosephH. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden,Freer Gallery of Art, Archives of AmericanArt, and the National Armed Forces MuseumAdvisory Board.United States National Museum 3,120 183 3,303To improve the documentation and conservationof the National Collections. Includes requestsfor the Office of Museum Programs, Office ofExhibits, Conservation Analytical Laboratory,and the Office of the Registrar.
Public Service 807 118 925To furnish additional capabilities to certain ofthose Smithsonian's activities which reach outto serve a wide public. Requests are includedfor the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum, theOffice of International Activities, InternationalExchange Service, Division of Performing Arts,and the Office of Public Affairs.Program Administration and Support 4,478 602 5,080To allow the central services to give adequateadministrative and technical support to themuseums, galleries, and laboratories. Includesrequests for the Offices of the Secretary, GeneralCounsel, Treasurer, and Personnel, and for theSmithsonian Press, Libraries, InformationSystems Division, and other important supportunits
.
Buildings Management 9,271 807 10,078To provide adequate maintenance, operation, andprotection services in support of the Institution'sresearch, collections' management, and publiceducation services. Totals $34.783 $6,746 $41, 529
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Special Programs1970 Actual 1971 Estimate 1972 Estimate$972,000 $1,549,000 $3,475,000This request is aimed at strengthening the Smithsonian's abilities toperform ecological research of national significance, present important andtimely exhibitions, and extend its public education services. Included arerequests for program funding for the Environmental Sciences, the AmericanRevolution Bicentennial, the National Museum Act, a Major Exhibition on theWorld of Living Things, Academic and Educational Programs, and the ResearchAwards Program.
B. Science Information Exchange1970 Appropriation 1971 Appropriation 1972 Estimate$ 1/ 1/ $1,400,000A separate appropriation account is requested to enable the Institution toboth manage and fund the Science Information Exchange as a nationalinformation service to the federal and nonfederal research community.1/ Funded under contract with the National Science Foundation at anannual rate of $1,600,000C. Special Foreign Currency Program1970 Appropriation 1971 Appropriation 1972 Estimate$2,316,000 $2,500,000 $5,500,000The need is to provide adequate support, without any dollar drain to thenation, for overseas archeological work, systematic and environmental biology,astrophysical studies, and museum programs of benefit to American institutionsof higher learning. Ongoing research, based on a broadened authority toemploy these excess foreign currency funds, now consumes the entire approp-riation (funding for many ongoing projects has had to be reduced). Newdemand, however, spurred by diminishing dollar support of basic research andby greater research opportunities abroad is steadily climbing.D. Restoration and Construction1970 Appropriation 1971 Appropriation 1972 Estimate$4,625,000 $7,125,000 $6,847,000Included in this request are $200, 000 to continue to make essential repairsto existing buildings and facilities at the National Zoological Park; $1,050,000for the restoration and renovation of Smithsonian buildings, including completingthe Renwick Gallery of Art, 'providing Bicentennial facilities on the NationalMuseum of History and Technology, and other projects; $3,697,000 to liquidatethe balance of the Hirshhorn construction authority; and $1,900,000 for theredesign of the National Air and Space Museum.
Total 1972 Appropriations Requested $58,751,000
562Salaries and ExpensesMrs. Hansen. Salaries and expenses. Please insert pages Al throughA142 of the justifications in the record.(Pages follow:)
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
"Salaries and Expenses"Summary StatementAppropriation Act, Fiscal Year 1971 $34, 702, 000Anticipated Supplemental 1, 630, 000 i.'Total Available, Fiscal Year 1971 36, 332, 000Budget Estimate, Fiscal Year 1972 45, 004, 000Increase, Fiscal Year 1972 $8,672,000
1_/ This supplemental covers the costs of the general schedule raise effectiveDecember 27, 1969, the wage board raise effective November 1, 1970,and the guard raise effective November 15, 1970, but does not cover anypart of the general schedule pay raise effective January 10, 1971.
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONNECESSARY PAY INCREASES, FISCAL YEAR 1972An increase of $1, 154, 000 is required for personnel compensation andpersonnel benefits. The operations of the Smithsonian Institution have beencarefully reviewed and the following have been absorbed in our existing base forsalaries and benefits. Recent legislation increased the agency's contribution to thaemployees' health benefits. The agency's share was increased, on the average,from 24 percent to 40 percent of the cost of each employee's health insurance.This Public Law 91-418 became effective January 1, 1971. The Smithsonian isabsorbing the cost of this increase which is estimated to cost $120,000 in fiscalyear 1972.The Smithsonian Institution is also absorbing part of the cost of the WageBoard increase effective November 1, 1970. The amount of the absorption in1972 is estimated to be $87, 000 and affects the Buildings Management Departmentand the National Zoological Park. No further absorption is possible withoutadversely affecting the operations of the Smithsonian.The above increase will be used to finance the following items:
a. Periodic step increases in accordance with GovernmentEmployees Salary Reform Act of 1964 and with prevailingpractices in the wage scales $623, 000b. To finance the cost of promotions 185, 000
c. To finance an extra work day in fiscal year 1972 100, 000d. Guard raise 163,000
e. To finance the cost of housing allowance for United Statescitizen employees of the Smithsonian Tropical ResearchInstitute 21,000
f. Full-year costs of wage adjustments for wage employees atthe Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute 13, 000g. To finance a new holiday-Columbus Day--as authorized inPublic Law 90-363 10,000h. Full-year costs of the wage board increase granted onNovember 1, 1970 39, 000$1, 154, 0001In fiscal year 1966, the Smithsonian Institution account obligated 68.9 per-cent of the total "Salaries and Expenses" budget for personnel compensation andbenefits. In fiscal year 1971, we anticipate obligating 74.5 percent of our fundsfor personnel compensation and benefits. We are striving to achieve a betterbalance in our funds between those for salaries and benefits and those for otherobjects of expense. Much of this imbalance has been caused by absorbing portionsof legislated salary and wage increases. In order not to have to reduce otherobjects further, this requested increase is of high priority. People are theSmithsonian Institution's most important asset provided by the budget process, butas modern techniques and equipment are coming into use, we must also be in aposition to provide the professional research staff as well as the administrativeand technical support staff with such tools as advanced equipment and computer
This amount is distributed in the fiscal year 1972 column of the individualbudget requests.
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services. This can only be done if we have some flexibility in other objects.Currently this is not the situation. After we have provided for the other essentialcosts in other objects, i.e., electricity, steam, gas, air conditioning, rent, andcommunications, there are extremely limited amounts of funds left.Periodic step increases are made in accordance with the GovernmentEmployees Salary Reform Act of 1964 and prevailing practices in the wage system.This amount includes the additional portion of the fiscal year 1971 step increasesto be paid in fiscal year 1972 and the new amount to be paid to employees in fiscalyear 1972. The apparent cost was determined through a position-by-position studyand has been reduced to real cost by offsets resulting from employees beingseparated or promoted before receiving step increases and from filling somepositions at a lower grade step than the former incumbents held. Experience in1970 showed that we paid $191, 000 in new costs which on an annual basis wouldhave cost $388,000. We are requesting $623,000 for these costs in 1972. This isbased on our higher employment in 1971 over 1970 and on the fact that 50 percentof 1970's experience was based on lower pay scales, and the wage system'sexperience was based on pay that will have been increased twice and will probablybe increased again in early 1972.In order to hold its eminent professional research and curatorial staff, theSmithsonian Institution must be in a position to offer promotions as these men gainexperience and professional competence. Within the Smithsonian Institution, thehistorians and scientists are rated by their peers. Certain criteria have beenestablished by these two groups in order to assess rates of professional advance-ment in order to obtain promotions. There are two groups known as ProfessionalAccomplishments Evaluation Committees. One group is composed of curators andhistorians in history and the arts. The other group is made up of scientists andcurators in the natural sciences. These groups have to recommend a scientist'spromotion to the bureau directors before any action can be taken. Even then thebureau directors and the personnel staff have to apply the standard regulationsbefore these promotions are accomplished. In order to keep this program goingand to maintain the staff of qualified researchers that have been gathered, theSmithsonian Institution is requesting $65, 000 to pay for the additional part-yearcost of fiscal year 1971's promotions in fiscal year 1972 and the additional costsin that year for new promotions. We are also requesting $120, 000 to help financethe upgrading of the rest of our staff.In fiscal year 1972, there will be an extra workday since February will have29 days in that year. This will cost $100,000 in additional salaries and benefits.The Civil Service Commission was requested and granted authority under5 U.S. C. 5303 and Executive Order 11073 to establish the special new highersalary rates for all guards GS-085 which is the category of the SmithsonianInstitution's special policemen. These guards possess full police power withintheir jurisdiction including the power of arrest, and are qualified to bear armsunder the authorizing statute. The increased salaries were deemed necessary togive them parity with other similar protective forces in the District of Columbiaand enhance the ability to recruit suitable personnel and to retain those already onthe force who possess the required training and experience. These factorsbecame all the more important in light of the government's security crackdownbecause of the many recent bomb threats, and the alarming increase in demon-strations, protests, and crimes. The special guard raise gave the guards inGS-3, 4, and 5 an average increase of $1, 500 per year. This increase becameeffective November 12, 1970. We are seeking $163,000 to annualize this raisein fiscal year 1972 for our Buildings Management Department.The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute is the only U.S. federal activityin the Canal Zone or in Panama whose employees are not offered low-cost CanalZone housing, Government-leased quarters in Panama, or quarters allowances.
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All STRI families must reside in Panama where high costs in comparison withDistrict of Columbia costs provide the basis for State Department surveyedForeign Quarters Allowances. STRI's U.S. staff members, however, now receiveonly a 15 percent pay differential as do all other U.S. employees working in theCanal Zone. This differential is approximately three-fifths the value of theForeign Quarters Allowances received by all U.S. employees working in Panama.The requested funding of $21, 000 would make up the difference by enabling theagency to lease quarters in Panama and sublease these to staff members on apartially subsidized basis. This will rectify a hardship on the STRI's employees.Authorization for a longer-term solution will be sought whereby full ForeignQuarters Allowances may replace the differential.The Smithsonian Institution's Tropical Research Institute has manualemployees who are maintained on a separate pay system from other employeeswithin the Smithsonian. We are requesting $13, 000 to finance the wage adjustmentsfor these employees. This covers $9,000 for adjustments effective July 12, 1970,and an increase effective October 1, 1970, at $4,000 to raise the minimumwage paid in the Canal Zone from $1.45 to $1.60 per hour.
Public Law 90-363 provided a new holiday- -Columbus Day--which will occurfor the first time in fiscal year 1972. We are requesting $10, 000 for this holidaysince our museums and zoo are open every day of the year except Christmas.This is the holiday pay for the guards, policemen, animal keepers, custodians,and certain mechanics needed to keep the buildings open.The Smithsonian Institution employs over 700 wage board employees. Theseemployees received a pay increase on November 1, 1970. We are requesting$39, 000 to finance the additional cost of this increase in fiscal year 1972. Whilemost government agencies depend upon the General Services Administration toprovide maintenance, operation, and protection services, the SmithsonianInstitution because of the uncommon feature of our buildings being not only officespace, but museums, galleries, and laboratories, maintains its own BuildingsManagement Department. At the National Zoological Park, we have the additionalfeature of having live exhibits. Animal keepers are required to maintain theselive exhibits. It is not possible to further absorb pay increases in these twogroups of employees by abolishing positions in order to finance wage increasesfrom base resources. Additional building spaces and exhibits are creating needsfor more, not fewer, such positions.
570
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SCIENCEDiscovering the history and development of natural phenomena and thecharacterization of natural events, especially as they relate to the evolution ofman in response to his physical and sociological environment, represents themajor scientific goal of the Smithsonian. If there is a single scholarly bond ofinterest among all the activities of the Institution, it is a common concern withhistory, the history of art, the history of technology, the history of science, andindeed natural history. Our staff of scientists is concerned with elucidating theinterrelationships between organisms (including man), communities, and popula-tions with the physical, chemical, and geological factors which play a role informing the ecology of the earth now and in past ages. More than seventyspecialties are represented by the Smithsonian's community of scientists.Activities range from astrophysical investigations that contribute to our under-standing of the origin and mechanics of the universe, through investigations onmicroscopic organisms in the ocean depths, to the development of man as shownby his artifacts and productivity.There is a major change occuring now in the nation's general scientificeffort. This change regards the type of input information more and more investi-gators view as necessary to further research on problems which are biological orphysical in nature. While the change is a contemporary one, it is related in animportant way to the basic and long-term activities of the Smithsonian and similarresearch institutes across the nation, and indeed the world. The change, simplystated, involves the following.Ecological investigations concerned with identifying long-term factorsaffecting environmental balance increasingly are becoming dependent on analysisand information constructed around collections of objects. Systematic collectionsof biological and geological specimens contain standards for describing andmeasuring ecological changes. Unfortunately, as of now, not enough historicalinformation has been extracted to create "bench-marks" of change which wouldgive scientists accurate indices for speculating about ecological trends, and aboutman-made solutions to problems which would be in keeping with the naturalevolutionary process.This, however, is the type of work which the various scientific laboratoriesand museums of the Institution have been involved in for a century and a quarter.In recent times, systematics has not been considered one of the more fashionableof sciences. Even during the hey-day of federal support for scientific research,systematics did not receive the measure of support needed to maintain a level ofinvolvement adequate to the nation's best environmental interests. But now thedemands for taxonomic information are increasing rapidly as our nationalprograms of science and technology are redirected to cope with environmentaldeterioration.The requests contained in this budget are pointed to rectifying certainsupport shortages in Smithsonian scientific endeavors in biology and tostrengthening certain areas of the physical and anthropological sciences. Theincreases requested for this Science program amount to $3, 791, 000 or 44 percentof the total Institutional requested increase. It will permit improved technicalassistance for our scientists to permit them to produce at their optimum level ofprofessional competence.
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses, " Fiscal Year 1972NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORYIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions . . 27 1 78 34911 Personnel Compensation $3,806,000 $ 654,000 $4,460,00012 Personnel Benefits 286,000 51,000 337,00021 Travel & Transp. of Persons 13,000 86,000 99,00022 Transportation of Things ... . 3,000 3,00023 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ... . 17,000 4,000 21,00024 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services 44,000 150,000 194,00026 Supplies & Materials 24,000 90,000 114,0003! Equipment 15,000 433,000 448,00041 Grants TOTAL $ 4, 205, 000 $ 1, 471, 000 $ 5, 676, 000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $221,000 $163,000 $384,000Program $3, 984, 000 $1, 308, 000 $5, 292, 000
Specification of Increase (Program):Correct Museum Support Deficiencies (34 positions, $576, 000)A serious imbalance exists between the professional research and curatorialefforts and the technical support available for these efforts (museum technicians,assistants, equipment, supplies, etc.). This needs to be corrected over the nextfew years. The increase requested will more nearly reflect the support ratiosas recommended by the President's Science Advisory Committee and the Panel onSystematic s and Taxonomy, and allow a shift of professional attention toimportant contemporary environmental problems.Environmental Studies ( 28 positions, $532,000)The Museum has a major national role to play in producing baseline informa-tion and research related to environmental problems. This increase isdirected at strengthening the Museum's ability to fill this role and will involvestudies of deteriorating freshwater habitats, sea animal populations, the originof oceanic ecological systems and terrestrial change.Collections Information and Electronic Data Processing (16 positions, $200,000)
If this Museum is to serve as a base for important environmental research,it must make its collections and accompanying data more accessible toresearchers and scholars. Data processing provides the only means by whichthis can be done. This request would expand current efforts to include fishes,marine mammals, and mineral sciences.
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NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY1970 Actual $3,912,0001971 Estimate $4,205,0001972 Estimate $5,676,000This Museum serves as a national and international center for the naturalsciences. It maintains the largest reference collections in the Nation andconducts a broad program of basic research on man, plants, animals, fossilorganisms, rocks, minerals, and materials from outer space. Its research isconcerned with classification, distribution, analysis, and environmental andecological relationships. Its fundamental studies in systematics and biology areproviding new information required for the solution of major national problems ofconservation and pollution, food production, improvement of medical knowledge,and for planning national and international programs leading to predictive ecologyand environmental management. It engages in joint educational programs withuniversities by teaching courses, training graduate students, conducting scienceseminars, and providing leadership in the improvement of museum techniques,collections management, and the training of technical assistants for cooperatinginstitutions.The NMNH has the legal responsibility (20 U. S.C. 59) to serve as theultimate Federal repository of all collections and objects of natural history,archeology, and ethnology made by agencies of the Government when no longerneeded for investigations in progress. Additionally, the NMNH has become therepository for numerous extremely valuable collections obtained from othersources, such as the scientific community, academic institutions, as well asmany private individuals. Because the Museum is the national repository, it hasresponsibilities far beyond the research of its own staff. It assists both thelayman and the scientist with identification, lends specimens for research, andsafeguards the tangible results of research. As the National Museum, it hasinherent responsibility to provide leadership for other museums and institutions.In this latter role through use of its collections, NMNH is a vigorous scientificorganization devoting an increasing share of its resources of professional staffand unrivaled collections to research which is "locked into" understanding,explaining, and coping with the multitude of environmental problems which besethumanity.For fiscal year 1972, the Museum is requesting an additional $1, 308, 000 tohelp correct imbalances that exist between the levels of professional scientificeffort and support effort necessary for proper curation of the collections($576, 000), and to strengthen the Museum's ability to respond to nationalproblems by expanding and intensifying its research efforts, which are directlyassociated with its collections interests in ecological and biological areas($532,000). An additional $200,000 is being requested to strengthen theMuseum's capability to extract and automate collections information related to theenvironmental research effort. An increase of $163, 000 is needed to covernecessary pay increases.Need for Increase
1
.
Museum Support Deficiencies (34 positions, $576,000)With the enlarged emphasis on research on the collections, which is basic toexplaining the many mysteries of how man must manage his environment, manyinternal imbalances have resulted. Within the limited resources available toNMNH in the past, it is impossible to perform adequately both the identificationand care of the collections and undertake research. In this regard the efforts ofthe limited subprofessional staff are almost entirely devoted to performing
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curation and collection maintenance in the face of ever increasing numbers ofspecimens which seriously tax the ability of the staff to keep abreast of theworkload.The scientific staff is deeply involved in research, but lacks the necessarysupport required to provide for daily routine functions. This is clearly mostundesirable from both the scientific and the economic standpoints.Several typical examples will serve to illustrate the nature of this problem:
a. The lack of sufficient technicians requires that highly skilledand compensated professionals must routinely perform such menialtasks as preparing thin sections for microscopic analysis. Thistask could be performed competently by subprofessional personnel,freeing the scientist to apply his expertise to meaningful research.b. The shortage of technicians precludes the timely and properprovision of routine identification services to numerous requesters.Presently all departments have sizable backlogs of requests whichcannot be processed -without redirecting personnel efforts fromother activities. Frequently, when these services are providedthe scientists must do the work so that the curation responsibilitiescan continue uninterrupted. The professional staff does not do thisbecause of preference, but rather in an attempt to continue thecooperative atmosphere which such consultant work promotes. Thisroutine work can also be effectively performed by technicians.
c. The shortages of such subprofessionals as illustrators oftenforces scientists to prepare their own art work in order thatresearch publications can go to press. This is a gross misdirec-tion of scientific expertise. This work could more properly bedone by lower-graded employees.d. The lending of specimens to other museums and researchlaboratories is a time-consuming but essential process whichrequires the selection, withdrawal, packing, and processing ofcollection material both in the sending and receiving operations.Often this service is provided only by redeploying personnel fromother more essential tasks. This is done to discharge theresponsibility of the National Museum and to maintain closeworking relations with the requesters who are engaged in comple-mentary research and who cooperate with SI in the solution ofscientific problems. These services could be rendered effectivelyby technicians if adequate staff were available.
e. Clerical personnel are also inadequate in numbers to keeppace with the workload. This frequently forces the scientist totype answers to public inquiries, his own reports, memoranda,manuscripts, and do other routine office work.As far back as 1953 a conference sponsored by the National ResearchCouncil called attention to the fact that "the active taxonomists are overwhelmedby the ever-increasing flood of collections crying for attention, to say nothing ofthe great accumulations of unworked, undetermined materials piled up in yearspast" and stated that the greatest needs to meet this problem were "increasedmanpower--more trained and experienced personnel?greater productivity on thepart of active systematists and taxonomists."In May 1969 the President's Science Advisory Committee and the Panel onSystematics and Taxonomy recommended a ratio of three support personnel(technical and clerical) to each professional employee as the optimum level for
58-287 O?71?pt. 4 37
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research endeavors. As shown in Table 1, the NMNH is able to provide far lessthan this level of support. Support deficiencies other than those which involvepersonnel also result in less than truly effective utilization of Museum staff andfacilities
.
The Smithsonian Council, an Institutional advisory body composed of twentyof the Nation's leaders in art, science, and history, at its spring 1970 meetingadopted the following resolution:
"In view of the present need to protect and appreciate thediversity of the environment, the Council is deeply concernedwith the present trend relating to systematic biology as itaffects the Museum of Natural History and strongly urges theallocation of additional resources to the Museum to promotethis field. "These men, in their present capacities as research scientists, foundationdirectors, and university scholars, are used as a sounding board by theInstitution to help integrate national needs with Institution activities.Recently many special support services which had been provided by theInstitution at no cost to the Museum have been discontinued by the support unitsbecause of budgetary constraints. This has required the Museum to redirectfunds from other higher priority areas to provide these essential services. Someexamples of this follow.
a. The SI Library now finds it necessary to require NMNH tofund many of its purchases of reference books for the variousdepartments as it is unable to sustain former levels of thissupport.b. The Administrative Systems Division, which formerlyprovided cataloging forms, labels, and other items essentialto systematic and logical curation, is no longer able to furnishthis service. The departments must finance their own needswhich in some cases represent sizable dollar amounts.
c. The Supply Division, which in the past stocked most itemsnormally required for departmental operation, has discontinuedsome 400 items with the result that the various Smithsonianoperating units must now purchase these from their own alreadyreduced funds.d. The Buildings Management Department now requires theMuseum to purchase supplies and materials used in performingmany special projects requested. In the past, these materialswere routinely supplied.Other financial problems are present in support areas. For instance, theshortage of specimen storage cases and specimen bottles is acute. In past yearsit was possible to maintain adequate inventories of bottles for specimens but thefinancial constraints in the last several years have prevented the replenishment ofthese stock levels. Specimen storage cases and drawers which in some casesrepresent the largest single expenditure of a department are no longer purchasedon a routine annual basis but rather whenever and to whatever extent funds can beassembled from all available sources. This is neither efficient nor economicalsince these are not available commercially and must be constructed to exactspecifications. Larger volume purchases, such as were possible in the past,would result in lower unit costs. Further, despite selectivity in acquiringspecimens, accessions have grown at a rate which outstrips the availability ofcases in which to house them. This often means that valuable additions to the
577
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collections are subjected to improper storage, possible damage, and, mostimportantly, the inability to locate specimens readily when required for study byMuseum and other scientists. Immediate relief is essential to curate incomingspecimens in a timely manner, to facilitate proper collection management andprovide the research information when needed.The foregoing are but a very few of the examples of conditions which wouldbe eliminated by additional funding for support shortages. There are many areasin need of increased financial support which individually constitute problems ofgreat magnitude and which when taken collectively represent major deficienciespreventing the Museum from carrying out effectively both its curation andresearch activities. (See accompanying photograph for deficiency example.)In order to correct these support shortage imbalances, an additional$576, 000 is being requested. Shortages of museum technicians and museum aidsconstitute the greatest need and are largely concentrated in the areas of botany,zoology, and paleobiology (34 museum subprofessionals and $205,000).The current Museum ratio of support personnel to scientific professionals isonly slightly better than 1:1. The requested increases, while fallirjg short of thestandards selected by the President's Science Advisory Committee and the Panelon Systematics and Taxonomy, would serve to improve this ratio to approximately1.6:1. In addition, $371,000 arerequested to provide needed support for equip-ment, supplies and materials, and travel. In this latter amount, $200, 000 are innonrecurring costs involved in major equipment and storage items. The balanceof $171, 000 is urgently needed to raise the current annual amount available forexpenditures per professional from an average of $900 to an amount approaching$2, 000, a figure which would permit efficient utilization of the Museum'sprofessional expertise.2. Environmental Sciences (28 positions, $532, 000)A total of $532, 000 is requested to initiate or expand present exploratoryresearch projects related to our environment. These projects include studies ofthe interactions of organisms with each other and with their surroundings--soilstructure, temperatures, water supply, day length, available nutrients, andmany others. A plant grows where it does, just as an animal feeds on it, becauseof a complex interrelationship between the non-living and the living parts of thetotal environment. The development of basic information on these interactions iscritically important to establishing environmental standards and to the intelligentmanagement of natural resources in a world increasingly threatened by man'sactivities. Table 2 presents a program breakdown of the Museum's request.Concern for environmental matters and the research it engenders currentlypervades all of national life, but the National Museum of Natural History has aunique role that has been poorly recognized and supported. The NationalCollections of natural history objects, now more than 50 million, are the largestdata base in the Nation for information on the chemical makeup, structure,geography, and ecology of the world's plants and animals.Much of this material was collected prior to the first atomic explosion andbefore pollution from pesticides, heavy metals, and other sources reachedanywhere near their present levels. Consequently, it constitutes an irreplaceablebase line resource available for analysis which cannot be duplicated. There is noother more reliable, documented source for determining what lived where andwhen and how . Therefore, the identification and protection of the specimens inthe National Collections and the increased availability of information concerningthem must be of the highest priority in the development of our Nation's efforts inthis vital area. The research based on these collections which is conducted bythe Museum's scientific staff is likewise a unique resource available to the entire
579
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scientific community. The Nation's research in the environmental sciences, tobe successful, must depend increasingly on the collections, data, and intellectualresources of the Museum.Two Science Advisors to the President have emphasized the significance ofthese relationships. Dr. Donald Hornig, testifying before a Congressionalcommittee on environmental quality, pointed out
"the increasing attention being given ecological effects ofman's activities calls for additional scientists capable ofidentifying the multiplicity of biological constituents of anecosystem as a prerequisite to assessing changes."More recently, Dr. Lee DuBridge stated in a letter
"Certainly the Smithsonian Institution can play a unique role inmeeting our future environmental needs, particularly in theareas of systematics and basic ecology. . . . Undoubtedly thetaxonomic and systematics capability of the Smithsonian willhave to be utilized if we are to know the character of changesoccurring in the natural environment."The new research projects for which increased funds are requested in fiscalyear 1972 are designed to permit the Museum to play its "unique role" andprovide the services and information needed by all those who are or who will beengaged in these scientific investigations.The destruction of natural ecological communities all over the world isproceeding at an accelerating rate as technology improves, as populationpressure increases needs for space, food, shelter, etc. The effects of clearinglarge, previously undisturbed areas for housing, industry, and agriculture, andthe building of dams and highways, canals and other large public works all poseurgent problems of proportions never before faced by man. It is necessary nowto develop a better understanding of what constitutes the "communities" ofinterdependent plants and animals before disturbances alter them forever.Similarly, such studies permit the protection of organisms against destruction,so that their chemistry, behavior, genetic constitution, and other aspects of theirbiology, which may be important to man's survival, can be studied. The followingprojects are those which are most urgently needed.Study of Deteriorating Freshwater Habitats (3 positions, $50,000)Ongoing research on aquatic insects and crayfish will be expanded in orderto meet growing needs for basic information by Federal agencies and researchorganizations investigating environmental quality problems. Both groups oforganisms which are abundant naturally in freshwater habitats are quite sensitiveto water pollution. Their presence or absence in a particular stream or lake canbe an indicator of water quality. In addition, both larvae and adults of aquaticflies, the specific group to be studied in this project, are vital elements in thefreshwater food chain.Animals of the Sea (7 positions, $12 1,000)Information on the identity, distribution, environmental requirements, andbehavior of marine animals is fundamental to an understanding of the world-oceanecological system. A very important international effort was made towardclosing this information gap in the International Indian Ocean Expeditions duringwhich large numbers of invertebrate animals were collected. This projectincludes studies of these materials, the results of which will permit fisheries,biologists, and others to frame rational plans for exploitation of the sea.
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The coastal areas and estuaries are particularly critical ecologicallybecause they are the breeding grounds of so many forms of inarine life and theyare among those most threatened by discharge of industrial/urban wastes. Datawhich would be developed in this research on bottom -dwelling, microscopicworms and small crustaceans, important food for fishes, will aid scientists inmany fields to develop and increase the economic value of foods from the sea.Marine mammals (seals, dolphins, and whales), in spite of over exploita-tion, still constitute a valuable natural resource for furs, oil, and food. Inaddition, the study of their physiological mechanisms (such as their deep-divingadaptations, highly discriminant sonar, and underwater communication) wouldprovide clues to new techniques for ocean exploration and exploitation. TheNMNH has the world's largest collection of both fossil and living marine animalsand the finest library pertaining to them. The scientist who would be hired onthis project would strengthen the Museum's research competence in the field ofmarine mammals and provide leadership in planning the projected new NationalMarine Mammal Research Center which will provide facilities to government anduniversity scientists and will be capable of housing the collections, thuspermitting adequate study of these outsized specimens.One has only to have read recent newspaper accounts of pollution of fishesby mercury, pesticides, and petroleum residues to realize that these animalsare highly useful indicators of environmental contamination. It is essential thatnatural populations of fishes be studied now while relatively undisturbed marinehabitats are still available. Fishes are an important source of human food, andtheir number and diversity provide a wide variety of indicators for monitoringlocal contaminants. The National Museum of Natural History houses one of theworld's largest collections of Indo-Pacific reef fishes; however, much of thismaterial remains unsorted and unidentified. As part of this project, thesecollections will be put into order and provide a starting point for a basic inventoryof the species. These specimens will also provide material for chemicalanalyses to establish the base line information on the amounts of heavy metalsand other possible pollutants which they contain. Subsequent analysis of recentlycaught individuals will permit comparisons with a standard from an environmentrelatively unaffected by man.Origins of Oceanic Ecological Systems (9 positions, $104, ZOO)Analyses of the rocks and fossils will provide data on the kinds, rates, andcauses of natural environmental changes so critical to interpreting the modernsituation. With such information, planners will be in a better position to predictthe effects of environmental disturbances, whether natural or man-made.The Atlantic Coastal Shelf is one of the most threatened areas of NorthAmerica. As a model of the role that geology and paleobiology can play in theinterpretation and prediction of environmental changes, the origin and develop-ment of the natural environments of the Shelf will be studied in detail. A complete,well-exposed physical record and rich fossil strata are available along theAtlantic Coast. These biological studies will be concentrated on mollusks, oneof the most dominant and environmentally sensitive of the marine shelf organisms.Coral reefs which contain communities of plants and animals which are soeasily destroyed by changed environments would also be studied. An evaluationof the origin of the changes which are occurring cannot be made without athorough understanding of reef ecology. Basic to this knowledge is the origin,structure, and history of the rock framework of the reef. This project isdesigned to provide these fundamental data.
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Studies in Terrestrial Biology (6 positions, $74, 400)Environmental change affects organisms wherever they occur, from theupper layers of soil to thousands of feet above sea level. Rich soils may containmore than ten million insects and their relatives per acre. These tiny animalsare critical links in the total ecological chain of the interrelationships of the soilbecause many break down plant and animal remains so that the nutrients can berecycled to the living plants. Many insects and plants are sensitive toinsecticides and herbicides, and thus can be used as indicators of soil pollution;but in spite of their abundance, little is known of their identity and behavior.This project will develop such information for application to existing problems ofland productivity and soil pollution.The proposed study of birds and mammals would provide clues necessaryfor solutions to environmental and health problems. Because birds and mammalsare closely tied to their habitats, they also are good indicators of environmentalchange.Most of what we know about migrations, breeding cycles, populationstructure, and ecological interrelationships has been derived from investigationson birds and mammals of the Temperate Zone. However, many tropical species,which still live in relatively undisturbed situations and from which the temperatespecies have evolved, remain poorly known. Many of these species eithermigrate into the Temperate Zone themselves or come into contact with temperatezone migrants in the tropics and may therefore act as long-distance carriers ofdisease. Consequently, research in this project will concentrate on the identity,distribution, and ecology of these animals in tropical Asia and Africa.Changing Climates and Man's Adaptations (3 positions, $124, 400)By constantly adapting himself, man has survived severe environmentalchanges throughout his history. Today, and in the forseeable future, he faceschallenges to his survival of a magnitude not dreamed of earlier. But the basicproblems are not new, and the more we learn of the adaptations that weresuccessful in earlier periods, the better guidelines we have for current decision-making.One of the most useful techniques for assessing past conditions in aparticular site is the study of the pollens in the various soil layers. Pollen grainsof wet-land plants at one soil-horizon followed by grains of desert plants provideimportant clues to man's life and activities in those periods. Similarly, theorigin of cultivated plants in various cultures can be studied by pollen researchcoupled with archeology. Throughout history, man has had a profound effect onhis surroundings, and it is essential that these interdisciplinary studies beinitiated now to provide a better understanding of his relationships with theenvironment and its impact on his cultures, civilization, and ability to survive.Crystallography Laboratory ($58,000)Included in the amount for new program activities is the sum of $58, 000needed to begin equipping a much-needed crystallography laboratory, through thepurchase of a single-crystal diffTactometer . The extremely capable crystallo-grapher in the Department of Mineral Sciences could then greatly extend theSmithsonian's research capabilities. The diffractometer is a highly versatileinstrument, and yields valuable structural data on virtually any crystallinematerial. Minerals, meteorites, deep-sea basalts, lunar rocks, and even man-made materials can be studied in minute detail, thus greatly strengthening theanalytical power of existing Museum facilities, and adding new dimensions tocurrent and proposed investigations. This sum is a substantial fraction of thetotal that would be required for a complete laboratory, yet would secure the bestinstrumentation currently available.
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3. Improvement in Collection Management and Availability of Data ThroughElectronic Data Processing (16 positions, $200,000 )Improved access for the scientific and museum communities to the data inthe National Collections is urgently needed, and is a project of the highest priorityof the National Museum of Natural History. Funds appropriated by Congress infiscal year 1971 for the initial application of electronic data processing to naturalhistory collections are being used in four projects. These projects will makeavailable information on important collections in the Departments of Paleobiology,Botany, Invertebrate Zoology, and Vertebrate Zoology. Each data preparator canprepare for computer entry 8, 000 to 12, 000 records per year. Computerprocessing of these records, and the production of listings for internal use andpublication, costs approximately fifty cents per record. It is estimated thatduring fiscal year 1971 a total of approximately 30, 000 specimen records will beprepared and computerized for all four projects. The results already achieved inthis program include three cross-referenced catalogs, containing information onover 4, 000 specimens, -which are soon to be published. Two more catalogscovering an additional 10, 000 specimens will be completed in the current fiscalyear. The increase of $200, 000 being requested for fiscal year 1972 would be usedto expand current efforts to cover new groups of organisms and to initiate newprograms in two departments. These projects would make information associatedwith specimens of animals, plants, and minerals in the National Museum ofNatural History collections more readily available to all who need these data. Inaddition, the volcanic activity file will provide historical perspective and currentawareness data on behavior of the world's volcanoes. Users of informationproduced in these programs include personnel connected with research andacademic institutions, industry, and government, as well as other scientists,students, and the staff of the Museum itself. It is estimated that the increaserequested would permit the preparation and computer input, manipulation, andoutput of information on approximately 150,000 specimens per year. Of thisnumber, about 75, 000 will be new specimens comprising about one-tenth of theyearly inflow of specimens to the Museum. A major goal for the future is tocapture data on the 300, 000 to 500, 000 most important yearly additions to thecollections while continuing work on the major collections already on hand.Introduction of modern data management methods and computer technologyinto the control of specimen holdings at the National Museum of Natural Historyhas the immediate benefit of assuring more accurate and permanent capture ofinformation, while at the same time improving the efficiency of highly skilledpersonnel. However, it is already apparent that a more important benefit is theability to obtain, through the computer, any of the stored items of data in anydesired combination rather than in only the very few catagories possible throughtraditional indexing procedures. Thus, the limiting factor becomes the ingenuityand interest of the researcher rather than the restrictions presently placed on himby conventional paper filing systems. This flexibility is becoming increasinglyimportant for investigation of the complex interrelationships of variablesaffecting the distribution, genesis, and evolution of minerals, animals, and plants.Two environmental research proposals, for which funding is also requested,offer examples of the integration of computer data storage and the broader aimsof scientific study. Data collected in both the Comparative Faunistic Inventory ofIndo-Pacific Coral Reef Fishes and the Development of National Marine MammalResearch Center will be entered into the computer. Study of migration patterns,habitat preferences, population densities, and other important environmentalparameters will be made much easier through computerization of the data fromthese programs.
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The tremendous volume of information already in hand in the Museum, butlargely in undigested form, and the increasing mass of information currentlybeing collected, poses a staggering challenge. The proposed projects wouldattack discrete, select segments of this information mass to provide scientificresults of the greatest immediate value, and would serve as a base for analysesand future investigations. Over the next several decades this progressiveapproach would result in the preparation of information about a significantproportion of specimens in the collections, largely as a by-product of other short-term studies which have scientific merit in their own right. The insights whichcan be gained by the use of the computer for such highly organized data cannot allbe predicted, but it is clear from man's growing awareness of environmentalinteractions that such insights are already very badly needed. Because of thevolume of data which must be organized, we must begin now the task of puttinginto order our knowledge about organisms, environmental phenomena, and thechanges which have been and are now taking place.To summarize, the National Museum of Natural History is requesting$576, 000 (34 positions with $205, 000 for associated personnel costs, plus$371,000 for equipment, supplies and materials) to correct operating supportdeficiencies; $532, 000 (28 positions with $241, 000 for associated personnel costs,plus $291,000 for equipment, supplies and materials, and information processing)for program development in the environmental sciences; $200, 000 (16 positions,with $96, 000 for associated personnel costs) for improving its ability to automati-cally handle environmental information associated with the collections; and$163, 000 for necessary pay increases in the fiscal year.
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SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY1970 Actual $2,086,0001971 Estimate $2,076,0001972 Estimate $2,630,000The Smithsonian A strophysical Observatory (SAO) pursues a broad programof research in astrophysics and related earth and space sciences. Establishedin 1890, the SAO was reorganized in 1955 and moved to Cambridge,Massachusetts. In addition to some 50 scientists and supporting staff currentlyemployed in Cambridge, SAO maintains scientific facilities elsewhere in theUnited States and overseas. Included in these facilities are a multipurpose iobservatory on Mt. Hopkins, Arizona; a worldwide network of Baker-Nunncamera and laser tracking stations; camera and radar networks in the mid-western United States for meteor studies and meteorite recovery; and jointuse with Harvard College Observatory of an 84- foot radio telescope inMassachusetts. IAn appropriation increase of $533,000 is requested to continue thedevelopment of a large telescope to provide the kind of instrumentation essentialto further scientific achievement and to correct research support shortages.An additional $21 , 000 are requested to cover necessary pay increases.Need for Increase- -The professional staff working at SAO has been unableto achieve its full potential because of severe budgetary restrictions. Theresults of the Observatory's research have established standards for otherscientists engaged in similar investigations. Included in these accomplishmentsare the publication of the 1969 Smithsonian Standard Earth (II) , the mostaccurate representation of the earth's size, shape, and gravitational field everproduced; a determination, through observations, of limits on the frequency andnumber of micrometeroids as hazards to space flight; the production of theSmithsonian A strophysical Observatory Star Catalog and Star Atlas as standardreferences; and studies of the maser process to help measure the motions ofthe earth, to test the theory of relativity, and to investigate those areas of theuniverse where vast natural hydrogen masers operate.The Observatory has always emphasized pioneering research. Forexample, SAO recognized even before the first Sputnik was launched thatartificial satellites would provide a means for studying the earth and itsatmosphere in more detail than ever before possible. The continuing role ofSAO as a scientific pioneer depends upon timely, systematic acquisition of newinstrumentation. Scientific inquiry is dynamic, and yesterday's tools areseldom sufficient for tomorrow's problems.From year to year, the Observatory has applied a significant fraction ofits funds to acquiring new research capability. The eminent scientific positionof the Observatory is closely associated with the capabilities represented byits instrumentation. This necessary policy of instrumentation advancement wasunfortunately broken in fiscal year 1971. Inflation and a relatively staticbudget have made any major equipment purchases impossible. This unhealthysituation must be remedied in 1972 if SAO is to survive as a productiveresearch organization.In an effort to select the most useful new instrumentation for SAO, thescientific staff evaluated the existing national instrumentation capabilities, therequirements of the world astronomical community, and the goals of SAO'sown research program. It was clear that an appropriate step forward would bethe construction of a large optical telescope designed for a broad range ofapplications from infrared astronomy and spectral photometry to observationscomplementing the capabilities of instruments detecting high-energy radiation.
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORYIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 57 5711 Personnel Compensation $1,157,000 $ 19,000 $1,176,00012 Personnel Benefits 92,000 2,000 94,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 50,000 50,00022 Transportation of Things ... . 12,000 12,00023 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ... . 152,000 10,000 162,00024 Printing & Reproduction 30, 000 30, 00025 Other Services ... 274,000 160,000 434,00026 Supplies & Materials 85,000 85,00031 Equipment 224,000 363,000 587,00041 Grants TOTAL $ 2, 076, 000 $ 554, 000 $2, 630, 000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 68,000 $ 21,000 $ 89,000Program $2,008,000 $533,000 $2,541,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Phased Development of Large, Low Cost Telescope ($ 533, 000)Since its establishment, the Observatory has been one of the leadingorganizations in the field of astrophysics. The Observatory's eminentscientific position is closely associated with its instrumentation capabilities.Recent years' budgeting constraints have jeopardized these capabilities. Inconjunction with the University of Arizona and the Department of Defense,the Observatory has a unique opportunity to develop a large astronomicaltelescope for the nation with new techniques at very low cost. A scientificevaluation of existing national instrumentation capabilities, the requirementsof the world astronomical community, and the goals of SAO's own researchprogram, makes it clear that this opportunity should not be neglected. Thetelescope represents a break-through in instrumentation. A three- yearphased plan for development requires $1,500,000 for engineering design,construction of facilities, and installation. To implement the first year'sactivity, $533, 000 are requested.
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To overcome the immense difficulties and expense inherent in themanufacture of a single mirror, studies at SAO and elsewhere indicate thatdesign advances lie in the direction of multielement mirror arrays. Atelescope of this new design can be relatively lightweight, inexpensive, andextremely accurate- -incorporating provisions for small adjustments of themirrors so that all the images fall upon each other with sufficient precision.Less than a decade ago, such a technique would have been impossible. Changesin temperature and flexure caused by repointing the telescope to observe adifferent sky section would have caused the delicate alignment of the individualmirrors to go awry. Modern electronics, however, now make it possible toreadjust continuously and automatically the alignment of the mirrors to ensurea single image.SAO has a unique opportunity to undertake a cooperative project with theUniversity of Arizona to build such a large multielement telescope. Thispioneering effort will not only produce an instrument with resolving powerequal to a 240" conventional telescope but will pave the way for the scientificcommunity to build even larger, more powerful telescopes at remarkablymodest costs. A photograph of the planned telescope follows; additionaldetail related to its development is being separately transmitted in the supple-ment A Large Astronomical Telescope at Low Cost . The Optical SciencesCenter of the University of Arizona has acquired six 72" mirrors. Withassistance from the Department of Defense (DOD), they plan to build sixsystems that will be tied together optically and electronically to function as asingle but stationary optical system. The technology developed through thisphase of the program will satisfy DOD's requirements. The Smithsonian, acooperating agency with complementary objectives, plans to work with theUniversity to design and construct a control system, mounting, and shelter sothat the instrument can then be used as an astronomical telescope. If this isnot done, the nation may lose an opportunity to convert an experiment intechnology into a powerful operational scientific instrument at modest cost.An amount of $1,500,000 spread over three fiscal years will be required forengineering design, construction of facilities, and installation of the telescope.For the first phase of the project, $533, 000 is requested for fiscal year 1972.SAO RESEARCH PROGRAMSAO's activities for 1972 will be grouped under three major programheadings: 1) THE EARTH AS A PLANET, 2) THE SOLAR SYSTEM, 3)ENERGETIC PHENOMENA in the universe.The Earth as a PlanetSAO's investigations of THE EARTH AS A PLANET are centered on thedynamics of the earth and its atmosphere. The Observatory applies the mostprecise laser and electronic techniques now available to monitor geophysicalchanges by observing the motions of artificial satellites in the earth'sgravitational field. This can lead toward better understanding of processeswithin the earth and may eventually result in practical benefits such as theprediction of earthquakes. Employing techniques developed for measuringsatellite orbits, SAO uses its worldwide observing stations to monitortemperature and density variations in the upper atmosphere caused by solaractivity.Man lives in a small and extremely fragile environment close to thesurface of the earth; SAO scientists are making major contributions to anunderstanding of the physical processes that have such a important effect onman's environment.
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The Solar SystemStudies of THE SOLAR SYSTEM include the near-space neighbors of theearth--the moon, planets, comets, asteroids, and meteoroids--as well as thesun itself and its relationship to other members of this complex system. SAO'sresearch program incorporates theoretical, laboratory, and observationalstudies of extraterrestrial bodies, their history since the formation of the solarsystem, and the sea of radiation to which they have been exposed.Energetic PhenomenaENERGETIC PHENOMENA studies are concerned with the sources ofradiation, including the nature of newly discovered and largely unexplainedsources of radiation far outside the solar system. For many scientists, thesenew astronomical sources present some of the most intellectually challengingproblems in science today. More energy is being emitted from the centers ofgalaxies and from quasars than can be explained by any processes now under-stood. Most likely, the answers to these newest mysteries will be provided bythe newest astronomical tools--radio, infrared, ultraviolet, gamma-ray, andadvanced optical instrumentation.
Increase 19721971 Base Requested Estimate45 12 $ 57f 409,000 $147, 000 556,00025, 000 9, 000 34, 00020, 000 9, 000 29,0004, 000 6,000 10, 00026, 000 6, 000 32, 00032, 000 24,000 56, 00032, 000 16, 000 48, 00012,000 19,000
$
31,000
i 560,000 $ 236,000 796, 000
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Object ClassNumber of Permanent Positions
1 1 Personnel Compensation $ ,12 Personnel Benefits2 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things . . .23 Rent, Comm. &t Utilities . . .24 Printing & Reproduction ....25 Other Services ....26 Supplies & Materials ......3 1 Equipment ,41 Grants
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $16,000 $60,000 $76,000Program $544,000 $176,000 $720,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Support to Professional Research Efforts (3 positions, $34, 000)The environmental research programs have suffered because of a lack ofback-up support activity. The greatest shortages are two field aids and alaunch operator ($17, 000) and additional direct support for the scientificoperations ($17,000).Support to Facilities Operations (5 positions, $64, 000)A large portion of the Institute's annual budget is used to keep the facilities inreasonably good shape; this is a difficult task because of the tropical climate,the growing use of facilities, and condition of some buildings and equipment.A manager and a janitor are needed for the marine station's facilities, amaintenance laborer for Barro Colorado Island, and an electrician and amessenger for all facilities ($25,000). Additional funding for facilitiesmaintenance and equipment is also requested ($39,000).Environment and Behavior Research (2 positions, $44, 000)A marine ecologist and a forest ecologist are needed to allow a measuredstep of progress in the research program ($33, 000). Direct support funding isrequested for laboratory and office needs, travel and household transportation,and supplies ($11, 000).Administrative Support and Interagency Research (2 positions, $34, 000)With the growing utilization of STRI's facilities, administrative support isurgently needed; one office administrator and one technical typist are requested($21, 000), along with support funding for central administrative functions($13, 000).
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SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE1970 Actual $522, 0001971 Estimate $560,0001972 Estimate $796, 000Established 25 years ago to foster understanding of the tropical environmentas preserved on Barro Colorado Island, the Smithsonian Tropical ResearchInstitute has become a center of excellence for advanced studies by staff,advanced students, associates, and visiting scientists on the processes ofsurvival and their relationship to the environment--ever more essential questionsfor which the tropics are uniquely suited. In the tropics, diversities are greater,competitive processes and interactions more complex, new lines of adaptiveradiation more pronounced, and year-round field study and experimental oppor-tunities richer by far than in other climes.Panama, easily accessible, offers an array of terrestrial and marine studyhabitats within immediate reach. The Isthmus is a land bridge for the bioticinterchange of two continents and, at the same time, a continuing barrier to thebiota of two oceans--separated by several millions of years, but only 50 milesapart. This affords an observational and experimental potential which cannot bematched elsewhere. The interdependence of ocean and continent is beginning tobe publically recognized. STRI has one of the few teams of scientists in theworld organized jointly to pursue the biology of both realms.Questions on survival, importance of diversity, the critical role of commu-nications, mapping and influence of environmental change, invasions by newpopulations, partitioning of environmental resources on land and in the oceans--on these and many other fronts STRI progress is recognized by leaders in biologyfrom around the world. Last year, ten STRI staff biologists gave 25 seminars atleading universities and prepared 53 contributions in research for publication.More than 100 other contributions were made by visiting scientists based onwork at STRI.The great growth in visitor demand from across the United States istestimony to the key value of STRI's role. In the last twelve months alone, 624men and women from sixty-two universities and 33 agencies and institutions in 28states and 22 countries spent 8, 757 work days mining the combined intellectualand environmental resources at STRI. STRI harbors five laboratories for studyingtropical marine and terrestrial ecology from forest and lake to seashore andmountain. Work is underway in forty different habitats on interactions betweenhundreds of different organisms and their environment. STRI provides a base ofoperations for pursuing fundamental questions in biology and for understanding thetropics--habitat for one-half of mankind. Concurrently, comparative studieselsewhere in the New and Old World tropics are magnifying the value of efforts atany one locale.Other recent sources of testimony include the following comments by aprominent scientist and past president of the National Academy of Sciences:
"It is terribly impressive to me and most encouraging that inrecent years STRI has expanded into such a first rate and significantinstitution. Most of the scientists whom I met and talked to at somelength are from good to excellent. The program of bringing youngpeople in for substantial working periods is really justifying itselfaccording to my first-hand impressions. The whole organization isgaining immensely from the effect of having a critical mass withgenuine group interaction and intellectual intercourse on a highplane.
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"In addition to my congratulations on the existence of such ascientifically significant group as that represented by your staffand invited fellows, I must also speak to the value and importancefor the total biological community of the excellent facilities youmaintain for transient visitors like ourselves."An increase of $176, 000 is requested to provide a balanced program ofresearch and research support, facilities management, and administrationadequate to keep pace with the accelerating demands on the activity. Anadditional $60, 000 are requested for necessary pay increases, compulsorybenefits' cost hikes, and to rectify a housing benefit inequity.Need for Increase
1
.
Research Support (3 positions, $34, 000)During the past year 43 long-term research projects have been conductedby STRI's ten staff biologists, 18 projects ranging between one and two years byvisiting postdoctoral and predoctoral fellows, and 40 projects of shorter term byvisiting scientists.Typical staff highlights included:
--the first explorations of Eastern Pacific shores of Western Panamadiscovering previously unknown large constructional coral reefs, ninespecies of fishes new to science and eleven new to the region, hydrocoralsnew to the Eastern Pacific and the first reported stable populations of thecoral predator, the Crown of Thorns starfish. The STRI expeditions laidthe basis for a new dimension of comparative Atlantic and Pacific analysis,as well as for uncovering natural controls for the predatory starfish thathas been highly destructive elsewhere.
--behavior among animals is often critically affected by the success oftheir communication systems. Major advances were made at STRI inunderstanding the ways in which "messages, " whether simple or highlyspecialized, mediate among organisms, and with the environment.
--survival patterns were charted of a highly venomous sea snake wide-spread in the Pacific but nonexistent in the Western Atlantic in order topredict the colonization and distribution success of the animal should itgain access to the Atlantic through construction of a sea-level canal.
--on Barro Colorado Island, which has housed hundreds of separate studiesfor four decades, an accelerating recent effort including 16 long-termstudies is laying the basis for the development of new methods, withpossible broad applicability, for predicting the effects of environmentalchange on the survival of organisms.The common denominator on these and nearly all promising efforts is thattheir productivity has been hampered greatly by the lack of reasonable support.Levels of support are far below national standards. Scientists and staff oftenwork around-the-clock to substitute for support. Immediate needs include twofield aides (marine, Barro Colorado) and one marine research launch operator,for $17, 000 in salaries; partial make-up of travel shortages ($3, 000); rectifyinga practically zero consulting and computations funding capacity ($4,000); supplyfunding deficit of $400 per scientist ($4, 000); essential equipment needs forbalances, drying ovens, freezer, and one four-wheel drive research vehicle($6, 000); for a total of three positions and $34, 000.
58-287 O?71?pt. 4 38
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2. Facilities Operation Support (5 positions, $64,000)World-wide biology is being enriched importantly by a belated but increasingfocus on the tropics. STRI provides a base of operations for tropical researchunique in this hemisphere and is acting increasingly as a work-ground and inter-change point for collaborators from around the world (e.g. , over the last twelvemonths, 23 leading biologists from the U.S. and Europe conducted advancedseminars at STRI). The following table shows the increased demands on STRIoperations.
WORK VISITS TO SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCHtoo
o 300
2 -
100
&J57
,000
.6,000 ?
Moo "
2,000
1966 1967 1968 1969 1970(INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY FROM LONGER WORK STAYS)This demand is greatly welcome and offers promise of concerted advanceson urgent biological problems of the Seventies. The effect is that STRI iscrammed literally to the rafters with staff, fellows, and visiting scientists.Immediate needs include a marine station chief (the burden for planning andcoordinating the greatly increasing number of complex marine laboratory andfield visits must fall on the scientists?an inefficient and very costly solution.The marine stations have immediate need for a counterpart to BCI's stationmanager), one marine station janitor (none now), one general maintenancelaborer for BCI, one electrician (none now) for all facilities, one messenger (onlyone on board now), for $25,000 in salaries; make-up of shortages in utilities,supplies and fuel ($7, 000); work bench construction, and equipment maintenance
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contract support ($3, 000); partial replacement (20% of that needed) of ancientfurnishings (e.g., main hall chairs on BCI were surplus 15 years ago),messenger vehicle, new and replacement air conditioners, mechanical mainte-nance tools ($4, 000); for a subtotal of five positions and $39, 000.In addition, essential building repairs previously shown under the Restora-tion and Renovation appropriation must now be grouped here. Thirty-sixstructures with 69, 760 square feet of space must be maintained. Repair budgetsof $25, 000 over each of the past two years have let STRI narrowly keep pace withsome of the most rudimentary of building needs, i.e. , replacements of heavilyused and rotting floors, completely depreciated air conditioners, etc. Althoughthis level of funding will not permit any substantial projects of renovation, i. e. ,dock replacement, electrical wiring replacement on BCI, tramway replacement,it is absolutely essential to safeguard present housing space, laboratories, andthe people using them. The $25, 000 requested includes $14, 000 in contractservices, $8, 000 in supplies and materials, and $3, 000 in equipment. The totalincrease required for proper facilities operation support is, therefore, fivepositions and $64, 000.3. Environment and Behavior (2 positions, $44,000)Additions to the STRI staff of a marine ecologist and a forest ecologist willpermit progress in comprehending the relationships between ecology and behaviorin these two realms. Current studies will incorporate research of wide eco-system scope including analysis of processes such as energy flow, productivity,nutrient cycling, and food webs. The increase would enable group attacks on keyquestions and would contribute to the foundation of fundamental research on whichto build productive collaboration with others on determining the biological costsof climatic and other physical environmental changes. In addition to fittingprecisely within STRI's overall research plan, both scientists would assist inhelping STRI to meet the increased calls for advanced training guidance in thesubject fields. At the heart of STRI's success has been the slow but steady anddeliberate assembly of an outstanding corps of young scientists. The addition ofthese two positions would allow a measured step of progress in servicing an areaof growing need in biology. Salary needs are $33, 000; travel, households trans-portation, supplies, lab and office needs ($11, 000); for a total of two positionsand $44, 000.4. Administrative Support and Interagency Research (2 positions, $34, 000)An example of interagency joint research interest is STRI's present contractwith the Federal Water Ouality Administration. FWOA is concerned over theeffects of oil pollution on shoreline habitats. STRI, with its Galeta Point Atlanticfield station and professional resources, is interested in analysis of the shorelineecology and in changes upon it. The concerns merge under the contract to permita study of the effects of oil pollution on a tropical shore, and natural correctivefactors. Many other areas of STRI capability could be brought into mutuallybeneficial contract relationships with the needs of other agencies (e.g., naturalcontrols of mosquitoes, models for crises resolution, special advanced trainingprograms, etc.).Proposal drafting, contracts negotiation and administration, however,require capabilities that the small hard-pressed administrative staff at STRI doesnot possess. The same sized work staff has handled a two-fold increase in work-load only because of its devotion, energy, and efficiency. In addition to theseveral hundreds of research visitors per year, the administrative section nowservices a total of 72 full-time persons, including, on the permanent staff, tenscientists, three research aides, two librarians, three wildlife aides, and 21facilities support personnel (game wardens, launch operators, kitchen crew, etc.),in addition to eight contract scientists, eight contract support staff, and eleven
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full-year fellows. In many cases, clerical employees substitute as well as theyare able for the present lack of middle management. Relief is urgently needed.Investment in an office chief and one technical typist (technical typing for theentire staff and fellows is in the hands of one person only) would be repaid manytimes over, and would permit STRI's small management corps to pursue agreatly increased opening of STRI's resources to cooperating agencies.The two positions would cost $21,000 in salaries. Administrative travelincreases are necessary to permit continued progress in tying in STRI programswith those centered in Washington ($3, 000); transportation, utility and communi-cations, rental, supply and office equipment shortages must be met ($7, 000);duplicating machinery rental contracts and administrative equipment servicecontract needs require increased funding ($3, 000); for a total of two positions and$34, 000.
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RADIATION BIOLOGY LABORATORYIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 40 6 4611 Personnel Compensation $443,000 $ 72,000 $ 515,00012 Personnel Benefits 34,000 6,000 40,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 8,000 2,000 10,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities .... 306,000 2,000 308,00024 Printing & Reproduction 3,000 1,000 4,00025 Other Services 25,000 6,000 31,00026 Supplies & Materials 39,000 4,000 43,0003 1 Equipment . 58, 000 276, 000 334, 00041 Grants TOTAL $ 916,000 $ 369,000 $ 1,285, 000Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 20,000 $ 17,000 $ 37,000Program $896,000 $352,000 $1,248,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Environmental Biology and Solar Radiation Monitoring (6 positions, $352, 000 )The requested increase will permit the restablishment of Laboratoryactivity in the highest priority area of its qperations- Environmental Biology.Facilities and controlled growing areas at the Mall location are being phasedout; $275, 000 are requested for the completion and equipping of fiveenvironmentally controlled rooms at the new Rockville location. This amountwill cover the shell installation, controls for light quality, intensity, duration,the relative humidity, gas content, and temperature equipment. Six positionsare requested ($61,000 personnel costs) cogent to the Environmental BiologyProgram, a radiation physicist, environmental physiologist, a laboratorytechnician, two aides, and a refrigeration mechanic. In addition, directsupport funding ($16,000) is sought to cover related program costs.
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RADIATION BIOLOGY LABORATORY1970 Actual $ 676, 0001971 Estimate $ 916,0001972 Estimate $1,285,000From the initial charge that it be concerned with the effects on the sun'senergy on earth's life, the program of the Radiation Biology Laboratory hasbeen devoted to the study of the responses of living organisms to variousqualities and intensities of radiant energy. The research of the Laboratoryconsists of three principal areas: 1) Regulatory Biology, 2) EnvironmentalBiology and, 3) Carbon-14 Dating.Light has been recognized as the key controlling envirenmental factor forthe development and growth of biological systems. The storage of solarradiation as chemical energy in photosynthesis is basic for all life on earth.However, the utilization of radiant energy and stored chemical energy isregulated by subtle changing signals of light quality, duration, and intensity.A primary objective of the Laboratory's efforts has always been to explain theinfluences of the various factors in the environment? light, temperature,humidity, and atmospheric content--on the growth and development cycles ofplants and to characterize the mechanisms through which environmental signalseventually manifest their effects on the developmental processes in livingorganisms. This is accomplished by studying the problems in the Laboratoryunder controlled conditions using biochemical, biophysical, and physiologicaltechniques and then verifying the importance of these processes in nature bymonitoring the natural, dynamic environment. Such programs of research bytheir very nature are long-term and require the concerted team efforts ofmany scientific disciplines. (See the following newspaper extract).From shortly after its inception in 1928 the Laboratory has occupied aposition at or near the forefront of research on the effect of the spectralquality of visible light on plant growth and development. The existingexperimental programs encompass a greater number of projects under studythan in any other single laboratory in the country and perhaps in the world.The complexity of the problems studied is demonstrated by the number ofdisciplines encompassed within the program, which has a range throughphysiology, cytology, biochemistry, biophysics, physics, engineering, electronmicroscopy, and morphology. The Laboratory has been credited with majorcontributions in the field of photobiology.
The Laboratory has a phased plan of research development and for fiscalyear 1972, an increase of $352, 000 is requested to correct shortages in thecurrent Environmental Biology Research Program. The appended chart shows thepast and current distribution of resources and indicates that the research pro-gram has remained relatively static in funding except for increases for legislatedpay increases. An additional $17, OOOaire requested for necessary pay increases.Need for IncreaseShortages in Research ProgramsIn the area of Regulatory Biology , the research is primarily concernedwith the photoregulatory mechanisms through which small and large changes inradiant energy trigger biochemical, physiological, and morphological changes
597
in living organisms. A major effort has been devoted to the isolation andphysiochemical characterization of the photoreceptor "phytochrome", thepigment system responsible for regulating such diverse responses as seedgermination, gross morphological development, and flowering.Also under the program of the Radiation Biology Laboratory is a Carbon- 14Dating Unit that has a research function in addition to its operation as a servicefacility. The unit plays a significant role in the Institution's program of datinggeological and archeological artifacts of cultural and scientific importance. Itsresearch program includes efforts toward refineinent of techniques and newinstrumentation.Although there are serious shortages in staffing for carrying on theseprograms, for maintenance of the building, for acquisition of sufficient laboratoryfurniture and adequate equipment to make the new laboratories functional at areasonable level, and for the refrigeration capacity for providing controlledtemperatures in laboratory areas, there is a critical and basic need forEnvironmental Biology staffing, and for establishment and equipping of environ-mentally controlled areas for growing plant material.
Environmental Biology andSolar Radiation MonitoringThis area of Radiation Biology Laboratory's activities is concerned withthe development of instrumentation and data acquisition systems for continuouslymonitoring the visible solar spectrum at various sta'tions at different latitudes.At present, two monitoring centers are operating in the Washington area, andone in Israel. Other stations are in the planning stage. Significant data havealready been acquired demonstrating the presence and effects of pollutants inthe atmosphere.In conjunction with measuring the spectral quality and duration of sun andsky radiation incident to the earth's surface, studies are being carried on tocorrelate biological responses (such as flowering, fruiting, and othermorphological characteristics) with daily and seasonal fluctuations in the colorcomposition of sunlight. Greenhouse facilities and environmentally controlledgrowth rooms (until recently, located behind the Smithsonian Building) are usedin the studies in determination of correlation between measured solar radiationchanges and responses in plant development. A new greenhouse and environmentchambers, interference filter monochromators, and other instruments have beendesigned and developed by the Laboratory.When the Laboratory was relocated from the basement of the originalSmithsonian Building to the facility in Rockville, there were no funds forcompleting the research facilities. The Environmental Biology program of theLaboratory is dependent upon controlling the major physical factors of theenvironment, maintaining some at constant levels and varying others todetermine the comparative influence of each on plant growth. The influence ofatmospheric pollutants can be analyzed under these controlled conditions, as wellas influences of varying combinations of temperature, humidity, differentwavelengths of light, and nutrition. Installation and equipping of the fiveenvironmental control rooms at the new Rockville location could not be under-taken. Facilities now at the Mall location are now being phased out to makeroom for other Smithsonian purposes. Each of the rooms projected,approximately 100 square feet of floor space, requires precision control oflight quality, intensity, duration, relative htrridity, gas content; and temperature.Current estimates come to approximately $35,000 each for the shell of eachroom, including temperature control, humidity and gas exchange equipment,for a minimum total of $175,000. The lighting units, capable of simulatingsubtle changes in spectral quality, as well as the natural photoperiod of daylight,
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are presently estimated at $20,000 each, for a total of $100,000. Therequested amount for the five environmental control rooms, with provision forthe required lighting equipment, is $275, 000.In addition, the most critically understaffed area in the Laboratory'sresearch program is Environmental Biology, which consists of about one-thirdof the total program in work projected and in emphasis. The correlation ofsolar energy measurement data with biological growth and development isdependent upon the study of plant material grown under controlled conditionsthat are identical to those produced by the daily and seasonal fluctuations ofthe sun's light. The six major staff shortages in Environmental Biologyresearch are a radiation physicist, an environmental physiologist, a laboratorytechnician, two laboratory aides, and a refrigeration mechanic. The total sumrequested for these positions is $61,000. At the present time, the Directorof the Laboratory is the only PhD.-level scientist engaged in research in thisprogram facet, and it can well be realized that administrative and other dutiespreclude a major part of his time being spent in directing and carrying on aresearch function. In five object categories (travel, rent and utilities,publication costs, contractual services, and supplies) a total of $16,000 isrequested to offset rising costs.
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EXTRACTED FROM WASHINGTON POST, JUNE 5, 1970
AIR POLLUTION DIMS SUNLIGHT HERE BY 16 PERCENTBy Thomas O 1 TooleAir pollution has reduced the amount of sunlight reaching Washington by 16percent in the past half century."
"This dramatic change probably took place fairly recently. It wasdiscovered when the Smithsonian Institution compared findings from the last twoyears with two similar studies of sunlight conducted 50 and 60 years ago."
"The decline could have some far-reaching effects, since it is the "quality"of sunlight that regulates the growth of plants and crops, controls the mannerin which birds migrate and even dictates such things as the sex lives of someanimals, like rodents and fowl."
'The Smithsonian has no direct evidence that air pollution has caused thedecline in sunlight, but it has eliminated the weather as a possible cause andby doing so has concluded that it must be air pollution."
" 'The weathers not a factor since we've carefully compared sunlightreadings on clear days, " said Dr. William Klein, head of the SmithsonianRadiation Biology Laboratory, which directed the study. "The only thing thatcan change the amount of sunlight is the air, so it's got to be aerosols, dustparticles, water vapor and hydrocarbons in the air that's doing it. ' "
"The Smithsonian has taken readings of the sunlight reaching Washingtonfrom sunrise to sunset on almost every day since September, 1968. It missedabout 20 days, either because its instruments needed maintenance or becausethe building where the instruments were housed needed renovating."The experiment has been conducted from the tower of the Smithsonian'sadministration building on the Mall, where instruments recorded the amount ofsunlight striking the tower every three minutes. Instruments also measuredthe amount of light filling the sky from horizon to horizon. "
"These readings were compared with readings from similar instrumentsput in the tower in 1909 by Dr. Charles Abbott, a Smithsonian physicist wholater became the institution's fifth secretary."
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Radiation Biology Laboratory:Funding Distribution, Fiscal Years 1965 through 1971
($000's)
1, 000
800
600
400
200
1970 costs for six temporary employees;1971 costs for two temporary and sixpermanent employees)
66 67Fiscal Year
1H|5D Salaries and benefits [ # I No. scientific,
^__t_^ technical staff
1 ,-':-,'
1
Equipment, supplies, etc.
I Building operations I 1 Salaries and benefits(building operationstaff)
Using the numbers of scientific and technical staff, and monies availablefor equipment, supplies and other support, the figure demonstrates that therehas been no major increase in operational funds for the research programsince 1965. The small annual increases from that date represent primarilysalary adjustments and inflation. Although the total appropriation for 1970 and1971 appears to have doubled over previous years, more than half representscosts associated with the operation of the new building. It should be notedthat space, utilities and services were previously supplied from BMD budget.The increase in scientific staff for 1971 is primarily in non-professionaltechnical and non-technical support.
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCESIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 34 8 4211 Personnel Compensation $503,000 $ 79,000 $582,00012 Personnel Benefits 38,000 4,000 42,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 6,000 6,000 12,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities .... 4,000 4,000 8,00024 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services 22,000 40,000 62,00026 Supplies & Materials 5, 000 60, 000 65, 0003
1
Equipment . 6, 000 50, 000 56, 00041 Grants TOTAL $ 584, 000 $243,000 $827,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 28,000 $ 18,000 $ 46,000Program $556,000 $225,000 $781,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center (6 positions, $81,000)Emphasis in fiscal year 1972 will be on achieving urgently needed capabilitiesin Smithsonian Sorting Services. Several thousand samples of fresh-waterorganisms have been sent for sorting in connection with water quality standards.The International Decade of Ocean Exploration, the Cooperative Investigations ofthe Mediterranean , the International Studies of the Caribbean have regularrequirements for marine sorting. The Sorting Center urgently needs foursorters, an assistant supervisor, and a registrar ($45,000), and funds foroperational support ($36,000).Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies (2 positions, $144,000)The establishment and utilization of natural areas has become very importantto public and private interests in the United States and in the world. Thedevelopment of principles for the evaluation of alternative land uses lags farbehind the requirement for use of such concepts in decision-making. Throughthe Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies, the Smithsonian isdeveloping a model watershed study of the Rhode River estuary. Togetherwith the University of Maryland, Johns Hopkins University, GeorgetownUniversity, and several Maryland and U.S. agencies, we expect to establishrates and processes of environmental change which will be incorporated in landuse management and contribute fundamental data important to the developmentof urban and suburban areas. To strengthen the services of the ChesapeakeBay Center, a botanist and a security officer are requested ($20, 000), andadditional support funds for supplies, materials, and equipment ($124,000).
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OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES1970 Actual $565, 0001971 Estimate $584, 0001972 Estimate $827, 000The Office of Environmental Sciences was established in order to integratethe Smithsonian programs in ecology and oceanography and limnology, and tostrengthen the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies. In thisestablishment, it was recognized that there must be increased concern with theinterface between land and water. Knowledge of land use practices as they affectwaters, and of the water cycle as a vital contribution to land, becomes of firstimportance in environmental studies, especially of pollution.During fiscal year 1971, a study was initiated of the environmental relation-ships of the Chesapeake Bay Center. Aimed at providing baseline informationwhich could be used in planning, predicting, and evaluating the results ofdevelopment of the megalopolis, this study will involve many public and privateagencies and individuals in sociological, economic, and scientific investigations.The ecology program has embarked on a series of studies designed to gaininsights regarding the management of development projects. Guidelines are beingdeveloped to identify the ecological consequences of river basin development,highway construction, growth of cities, and establishment of large biologicalpreserves. The oceanography and limnology program, working especially withoffices of the U.S. Antarctic Research Program, the International CooperativeInvestigations of the Mediterranean, the International Decade ofOcean Exploration,and other national and international programs, coordinates the participation ofscientists of several Smithsonian bureaus and of scientists associated with theSmithsonian in exploration of the oceans. The Office also provides impartialsounding boards for public and agency examination of such issues as pollution inNew York Harbor, underwater archeology, Chesapeake Bay research, ;ind marinenatural preserves. Through its sorting centers in Washington, D. C. ."ind inTunisia (the latter principally supported by the foreign currency program), theOffice supplies marine biological and geological specimens and related data toscientists around the world.A program increase of $225,000 is requested for fiscal year 1972 primarilyfor the support of the Oceanographic Sorting Center and the Chesapeake BayCenter as national resources. An additional $18,000 are requested for necessarypay increases.Need for Increase
1
.
Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center (6 positions, $81,000)The Sorting Center processes marine specimens from United States andinternational expeditions for use by more than 300 scientists from 27 countries inspecimen-related research. The Center provides marine biological andgeological identification services and operates as a national referral service forall kinds of specimen-based activities, from field collecting to the disposition ofidentified species in permanent repositories.The Center has made concerted efforts to improve its productivity. Anautomatic data processing system for specimen records has been started. Manyinstruments and scientific devices have been acquired or fabricated to improveefficiency. When possible, items have been procured through government surplussources to save funds.
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Despite improved proc activity, the Center is unable to meet the increasingdemand from colleges, universities, and federal agencies for specimens. Back-logs of unsorted samples now exist for specimens gathered from the Great Lakesand several important oceanic expeditions. The backlog results primarily fromthe inability of the present staff to process and sort the more than 10, 000 samplesbeing received annually. Unless these samples are sorted soon, many willdeteriorate to the point of being useless for research.In order to alleviate this backlog, $45, 000 are requested for four sorter-technicians, an assistant supervisor, and a registrar. Support funds in the amountof $36,000 also are requested for contract services, supplies, and equipmentneeded to sort, package, and distribute specimens, and for travel and rental ofequipment.2. Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies (2 positions, $144, 000)The Chesapeake Bay Center is a 2, 000 acre natural and semi-natural arealocated seven miles south of Annapolis, Maryland, about equidistant fromBaltimore and Washington. It was established in 1966 and a formal open-endedconsortium with Johns Hopkins University and the University of Maryland wascreated to promote a program of research and education designed to developecological knowledge with emphasis on populations, communities, and ecosystems.This program demands the preservation of the land in a natural state, the develop-ment of a model watershed research and management program, and the use of theCenter as a focal point for educational activities.A major difficulty that impedes the study of natural systems is the shortageof adequate field stations and research facilities. Ecology is an outdoor s< ience.Although important studies have been done in the laboratory, with few exceptionsthese have been inspired by observations made in the field. The most effectivestarting point for the development of ecosystem science is the establishment ofnatural areas to be used for research and education, with a guarantee of admini-strative continuity so that long-range research programs can be initiatedconfidently. The fundamental importance of the Center is the fact that itconstitutes the primary mechanism for both teaching and research on complexliving systems.Together with collaborating universities, federal and state agencies, theCenter can be used for a model watershed program for the Rhode River. TheCenter has 12 miles of shoreline and occupies nearly one-half of the shoreline ofthe Rhode River estuary. Yet the Center has no resident capability for the studyof this estuary. It is proposed that such a capability be established. A scientistwould be employed and support provided for studies of the estuary. The monitoringof rates and processes of change in this environment is especially vital as thedevelopment of suburbs begins to encroach on the Rhode River watershed.Data on land use history, ecosystem function, and socioeconomic trends andattitudes will be used in a way that will result in optimal wise use of the land andwater resources of this small watershed and its adjacent estuary. This modelcommunity action program is being developed in conjunction with the Anne ArundelCounty Office of Planning and Zoning, the Maryland Department of NaturalResources, the Soil Conservation Service, the U.S. Geological Survey, theDepartment of Housing and Urban Development, and other agencies. A construc-tive interaction wiii be established with the people of the area. Such interactionwill demonstrate land use planning that offers tangible environmental benefits whileavoiding the undesirable elements of a rapidly urbanizing complex. The movementof fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides, and the effects of soil erosion andestuarine sedimentation, as well as the role of marshes as filter mechanisms, andthe influences of these phenomena on the land, living systems, and estuary arestudies that may result in suitable control measures applicable to other areas.
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The maintenance of the Center as large natural area serves educationalpurposes and contributes to the esthetic quality of the region. As the area betweenWashington and Baltimore becomes increasingly populous, the Center increasesin importance as a training ground for pre and postdoctoral students, under-graduates, visiting scientists, and others. The use of the Center as a majorinterpretive facility for young people is rapidly increasing in volume andimportance. A museum and nature trail, visual aids, lectures, and "in the field"presentations assist in instilling the individual ecological perspective necessaryfor our future existence.For fiscal year 1972, funds are requested for a botanist to survey thevegetation of the watershed, and a security officer to protect the land and waterareas ($20,000). An additional amount of $124,000 is requested for travel,utilities, services, supplies, and equipment in support of the watershed programand other community- related services of the Center.
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUMObject Class 1971 BaseNumber of Permanent Positions . . 41
1 1 Personnel Compensation $462, 00012 Personnel Benefits 37,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 13,00022 Transportation of Things .... 22, 00023 Rent, Comm. & Utilities .... 3, 00024 Printing & Reproduction 7, 00025 Other Services ... 43, 00026 Supplies & Materials 19, 0003 1 Equipment 20, 00041 Grants TOTAL $626, 000
Increase 1972Requested Estimate3 44$ 47, 000 $509,0004, 000 41, 0002, 000 15, 0005, 000 27, 0003, 0007, 00020, 000 63, 00012, 000 31, 00015, 000 35, 000$ 105, 000 $ 731, 000Analysis of TotalPay Increase $22,000 $15,000 $37,000Program $604,000 $?0, 000 $694,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Preservation and Restoration of Collections and Exhibits Planning (3 positions$90, 000)The target year of 1976 has been selected for the opening of the newNational Air and Space Museum building as an important contribution to thenational celebration of the American Revolution Bicentennial. A request forplanning and redesign funds for this building appears in the constructionsection of the Smithsonian's budget estimates. This lends impetus to whatis already a major institutional need; that is, preserving and restoring ourair and space collections. Most of these items are located at the SilverHill, Maryland, storage facility. About 60 aircraft require conservation andrestoration to prevent deterioration. An amount of $81,000 is requested forthree curatorial assistants, contractual restoration services, replacementparts and equipment, and related needs. Also requested are $9, 000 toinitiate planning of new exhibits for the building.
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NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM1970 Actual $486,0001971 Estimate $626,0001972 Estimate $731,000By Act of August 12, 1946, the Congress established the National AirMuseum as part of the Smithsonian Institution and later by Act of July 19, 1966,added the memorialization of space flight to its responsibility and changed itsname to the National Air and Space Museum. The functions of the Museum arcto memorialize the national development of aviation and space flight; collect,preserve, and display aeronautical and space flight equipment of historicalinterest and significance; and serve as a repository for documents pertaining tothe development of aviation and space flight. The same Act of July 19, 1966,authorized and directed the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution to prepareplans and to construct a suitable building for the National Air and SpaceMuseum. The target year of 1976 has been selected for the opening of thisnew building as an important part of the Smithsonian Institution's program forcelebration of the American Revolution Bicentennial. A request for planning andredesign funds for this building appears in the construction section of theSmithsonian's budget estimates.An additional $90, 000 are requested for the preservation and restoration ofthe Museum's collections and the initiation of exhibits planning. Funding of$15,000 for necessary pay also is requested.Need for Increase--The staff of the National Air and Space Museum incarrying out the Museum's functions has selectively acquired the world's mostcomprehensive collection of historically significant aircraft, spacecraft, engines,instruments, components, and accessories. At the same time there has beenassembled a large and valuable collection of documents, photographs, drawings,and publications recording experimentation, research, and development ofaircraft and spacecraft together with the history of the aerospace industry.The museum exhibits a small quantity of historical aircraft, spacecraft,and memorabilia in a 1917 steel shed called the Air and Space Building and inthe Arts and Industries Building which was built in 1879-81 for the UnitedStates National Museum. These temporary quarters are both inadequate andinappropriate for exhibit of the history and development of this country'saviation and spaceflight. Nevertheless these temporary displays are among themost popular at the Smithsonian museums. In fiscal year 1970 over two andone-half million visitors were counted entering the Arts and Industries Building.The Museum currently has on loan to other museums some 25 aircraftand 30 engines and propellers. Spacecraft and spacesuits are loaned to the U.S.Information Agency and U.S. Department of Commerce for display in U.S.overseas exhibitions, but the majority of most significant spacecraft aredisplayed in Washington and many locations throughout the United States.Most of the aircraft, engines, and spacecraft are located at the Smithsonianstorage facility at Silver Hill, Maryland. About 60 of the aircraft areunassembled and inadequately protected from deterioration. A program ofconservation and restoration of these historic aircraft is being conducted. Onfollowing pages, are photographs showing the U.S. Navy NC-4, first transatlanticairplane, undergoing restoration and restored. The restoration of aircraft isslow and costly, however, and it is necessary to accelerate this program toarrest deterioration and prepare the collections to memorialize the nation's
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flight accomplishments in an effective and dignified manner. Among the firstaircraft scheduled for restoration are the XC-35 (the first pressurized, highaltitude airplane), the Douglas World Cruiser, and the Neiuport 83. In thecase of spacecraft, as received from the National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration, refurbishment by replacement of missing instruments andsheathing with protective plastic is necessary prior to placing on exhibition.For the essential program of preservation and restoration of aircraft andspacecraft collections an increase of $81,000 is required. This will providefor three curatorial assistants for research supporting restoration of collections,the planning and production of new exhibits, and increased requirements forpublic services. L?st year a series of new educational programs wereinitiated in cooperation with local high schools and limited tours at the SilverHill facility commenced. It is desired to increase these and other services tothe American public. This funding will also provide specialized maintenance andrepair, replacement parts and equipment, contractual restoration services, andrelated travel and transportation.For the research and planning of details for the new museum building,and development of new exhibit techniques which will be utilized in the newstructure, an increase of $9, 000 is required.
58-287 O?71?pt. 4 39
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTTON--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF MANIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 7 3 1011 Personnel Compensation $ 71,000 $22,000 $ 93,00012 Personnel Benefits 5,000 2,000 7,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 10,000 5,000 15,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services 63,000 37,000 100,00026 Supplies & Materials 1,000 1,0003 1 Equipment 2, 000 2, 000 4, 00041 Grants TOTAL $ 152, 000 $ 68, 000 $220,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 4,000 $ 3,000 $ 7,000Program $148, 000 $65, 000 $213, 000
Specification of Increase (Program):Encyclopaedia of North American Indians (3 positions, $48, 000)Planning and initial development of the 17 volume Encyclopaedia areproceeding smoothly. A distinguished group of anthropologists and historianshave been chosen as volume editors. By May 1971, it is anticipated thatwriting assignments will be established with about 850 contributors. Thefirst return of manuscripts is expected by August 1971 with all manuscriptsreceived and revised by May 1974. A July 1976 publication date is plannedas part of the American Revolution Bicentennial celebration. To meet afirmly identified growing workload, three additional personnel are requested( a copy editor, a research assistant, and a typist) and other funds forthe expenses of volume editors and contributors- -$48, 000 in total.Anthropological Communications and Research Programs ($17,000)An additional $17, 000 are requested to fund additional small grants forurgent anthropology research in geographical areas that are undergoing rapidenvironmental change as a result of urbanization, improved communication,better transportation, or other factors. These funds would also be usedto support a task force study of world population growth.
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CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF MAN1970 Actual $ 83, 0001971 Estimate $152,0001972 Estimate $220, 000The Center for the Study of Man is presently concentrating its efforts inthree general areas of program development: American Indian Program;International Anthropological Communications Program; and the Coordination ofResearch on Major World Problems. Under the American Indian Program, threeinterrelated activities can be identified:
--Development of the 17 volume Encyclopaedia of North AmericanIndians (successor to the original Handbook ) including appropriateAmerican Indian scholarly input and involvement.
--Development of a system for providing scholarly educationalmaterials concerning Indians to individuals, schools, andIndian communities; and helping to coordinate educationalintercommunication among Indians themselves, and withscholars and appropriate governmental and private agencies.
--Development of a legal-historical research program on theNorth American Indian land base.For fiscal year 1972, an increase of $65, 000 is requested for continueddevelopment of the Encyclopaedia of North American Indians and for theanthropological communications and research programs. An additional $3, 000are requested for necessary pay for current staff.Need for Increase
1. Encyclopaedia of North American Indians (3 positions, $48, 000)The purpose of the Encyclopaedia, consisting of 17 volumes, is tosummarize all that is known of the prehistory, history, and traditional andmodern cultures of all the Indian groups north of Mexico, to bring up to date andreplace the previous standard encyclopaedic work on this topic which was issuedby the Smithsonian inl907-1910. This will become the standard reference workon all aspects of North American Indian history and anthropology for students,teachers, authors, researchers, and administrators, both non-Indian and Indian,both U.S. and foreign. A list of the volume titles is shown on a following page.Ever since its founding, the Smithsonian has conducted important researchon American Indian history and cultures, and has been looked to as an important(often the most important) source of information on these topics. As a result,the resources of the Institution- -scientific staff, manuscript and picture archives,library, and museum collections--are unexcelled anywhere as a basis for thisproject.Planning for the Encyclopaedia of North American Indians has now beencompleted. A series of meetings have been held, first by an Advisory Committeeto choose volume editors, and then by each volume editor to select authors for hisparticular volume. A distinguished group of anthropologists and historians,including two American Indians, have been chosen as volume editors. Thesevolume editors come from a number of distinguished institutions including theUniversity of Nevada (Dr. Warren D'Azevedo), University of Iowa (Dr. June Helm),Portland State University (Dr. Wayne Suttles), University of Oklahoma(Dr. William Bittle), University of Arizona (Dr. Frederick Hulse), HarvardUniversity (Dr. Ives Goddard), University of Chicago (Dr. Raymond Fogelson),
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University of California (Dr. Mary Haas and Dr. Robert Heizer), McMasterUniversity (Dr. David Damas), Princeton University (Dr. Alfonso Ortiz),McGill University (Dr. Bruce Trigger), and the University of Saskatchewan(Professor D'Arcy McNickle). The Encyclopaedia office is functioning smoothlyand everyone connected with the project has been cooperative and enthusiastic.The timetable for this project is as follows:May 197 l--writing assignments given to approximately 850 contributors;May 1972--completed manuscripts received;May 1973--revised and reassigned manuscripts completed;May 1974 --submission of manuscripts for the 17 volumes to the printer;July 1976--issuance of the Encyclopaedia as part of the AmericanRevolution Bicentennial celebration.The requested additional funds will be used to hire three new personnel (acopy editor, a research assistant, and a secretary-typist) and to pay for theexpenses of volume editors and contributors. It is anticipated that the firstmanuscripts will be arriving by August 1971 and that they will increase in numberas the year progresses.2. Anthropological Communications and Research Programs ($17,000)The remainder of the requested increase would go to support the InternationalAnthropological Communications Program and the research program on topicsrelevant to the understanding of major world problems. For the former, $5, 000are requested to be used mainly in support of the Urgent Anthropology SmallGrants Program. The remaining funds ($12, 000) would be used to assemble atask force of human science specialists to begin a five-year research program onhow different cultures manage their environment.The Urgent Anthropology Small Grants Program has been meeting the needsof the scientific community by identifying, publicizing, and financing small grantsfor research in geographical areas that are undergoing rapid environmentalchange as a result of urbanization, improved communications, better transporta-tion, and other factors. During fiscal year 1970, in collaboration with 40 scholarsand nine institutions, nine grants with a value of $7, 600 were made. As anexample of this program, during the past summer, a small grant of $1, 000resulted in a study of the Ahashamen Indians of San Juan Capistrano. Twenty-fivereels of taped materials were collected on the language and oral history of thesepeople. In addition, a number of pictures were taken and a large number of fieldnotes were recorded. Another small grant of $1, 000 has resulted in an unusualstudy of a Tibetan monastery which was recently built in Switzerland. For thefirst time, we have been able to record the actual construction of a Tibetanmonastery, together with the accompanying ritual. It may never be possible to dothis again.The research program on management of the environment is a continuationof efforts to assemble "task forces" of human scisntists from appropriateinstitutions throughout the world to work together on major world problems. Thisyear the Center is studying and inventorying present knowledge about problems ofworld population growth with emphasis on discovering what an anthropologicalapproach to this problem will reveal. Included in this effort are scientists,scholars, and persons involved in administration of programs (governmental andotherwise) concerned with this problem. Educational means (including museumexhibits, mass media communication, etc.) to provide information to the public,including governments and other appropriate organizations, are being established.It is anticipated that members of the "task force" will work together for a five-year period before publishing their final results.
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Volumes of the Encyclopaedia of North American Indians
I. Introduction
II. Contemporary Affairs
III. Environment, Origins, and PopulationIV- History of Indian-White RelationsArea Volumes:V. ArcticVI. SubarcticVII. Northwest CoastVIII. CaliforniaIX. SouthwestX. Basin-PlateauXI. PlainsXII. NortheastXIII. SoutheastXIV. Comparative CultureXV. LanguagesXVI. Biographical DictionaryXVII. General Index
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972CENTER FOR SHORT-LIVED PHENOMENAIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 1 3 411 Personnel Compensation $14,000 $26,000 $40,00012 Personnel Benefits 1,000 2,000 3,00021 Travel & Transp. of Persons 1,000 2,000 3,00022 Transportation of Things ... . P 1,000 1,00023 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ... . 9,000 26,000 35,00024 Printing & Reproduction 5,000 14,000 19,00025 Other Services 4,000 15,000 19,0002b Supplies & Materials ...... 3,000 3,000 6,0003 1 Equipment 1,000 1,00041 Grants . .TOTAL.... $37,000 $90,000 $127,000
Analysis uf TotalPay Increase $2,000 $1,000 $3,000Program $35,000 $89,000 $124,000
Specification of Increase (Program):World-Wide Natural Event Monitoring and Reporting (3 positions, $89, 000)Over the past three years, the Center has reported over 320 ecological,geophysical, and astrophysical events occurring in 78 countries and all theworld's oceans. Its reporting network has grown to 2,600 scientists andscientific field stations in 148 countries and territories. Despite anenthusiastic response from federal agencies and the international scientificcommunity, outside financial support for regular, on-going operations isdifficult to obtain. Special reporting projects are so funded and the Centerhas a subscription program which produces about $25, 000 a year. Aprogram increase of $89, 000 is requested to find three additional positions(event research specialist in biology; an event information specialist, and anoperations specialist for $27,000) and to provide for communications,printing, computer services, and other operational costs ($62, 000).
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CENTER FOR SHORT-LIVED PHENOMENA1970 Actual $11, 0001971 Estimate $37,0001972 Estimate $127, 000The Center for Short-Lived Phenomena is an early alert system andclearinghouse for the reception and dissemination of information on short-livednatural events. The Center alerts scientists, agencies, and researchinstitutions to major short-lived ecological, geophysical, and astrophysicalevents occurring anywhere in the world. It quickly communicates data anddescriptive information on events such as large oil spills, major atmosphericand water pollution events, high biocide residue discoveries, massive fauna andflora mortalities, volcanic eruptions and major earthquakes, the birth of newislands, the fall of large fireballs and meteorites, sudden changes in biologicaland ecological systems such as animal migrations and colonizations, and anyother natural or man-made phenomena that require rapid response fromscientists in order that they may take advantage of research opportunities whileenvironmental changes are occurring.During the past three years the Center has reported over 320 short-livedevents that occurred in 78 countries and all the world's oceans, including 143earth science events, 102 biological and ecological events, 49 astrophysicalevents, and 8 urgent anthropological and archaeological events that led to 237scientific field expeditions. The Center has issued over 1,000 eventnotification and information reports to thousands of research scientists andinstitutions, published 52 event reports, handled a communications volume ofover half a million cable words and mail volume of 690, 000 event notificationand information cards. Charts on a following page show growth of the Center'sactivities.An increase of $90, 000 is requested for the Center's basic operations.Need for Increase--The Center has had an overwhelming response fromfederal agencies and the international scientific community. At the urging ofa number of agencies and international organizations, it has become involvedincreasingly in reporting significant environmental pollution events. Becauseof its comprehensive global communications system and its reporting networkthat has now grown to 2,600 scientists and scientific field stations in 148countries and territories, the Center was able to report every majorenvironmental pollution event, volcanic eruption, earthquake, oil spill, andmeteorite fall that occurred on earth in 1970, usually within hours after theevents occurred.The Center has instituted many labor and cost-saving measures such asthe development of automatic computer printouts of event notifications, butcurrent staff and resources are severely limited. Its ability to cope with thedemand for its services, particularly requests from federal agencies andinternational organizations for fast, qualitative information on environmentalpollution events, is very inadequate. The Center has been successful inobtaining outside financial support from the Ford Foundation, from UNESCO,from NASA, and from the AEC for special projects dealing with globalenvironmental monitoring and the transient < lunar phenomena program. It hasalso instituted an event notification subscription program that now has over600 subscribers and produces income of over $25, 000 per year, but thesuccess of the Center's regular operations will depend heavily on the level ofcore federal funding that will be received.
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The Center will begin no new activities in fiscal year 1971 and plans nonefor fiscal year 1972 that will use federal funds but requests that fiscal year1972 federal support be provided for two types of current shortages: thoseresulting from the Center's increased commitments in environmental pollutionevent information communication, and those resulting from the loss of grantand contract support from NASA and NSF due to agency budget cuts.An increase of three federal positions is requested: an event researchspecialist (biology) to handle a burgeoning volume of event research onecological and environmental pollution events; an event information specialistto assist in the collection and dissemination of event information to 160 federalagencies and scientific research centers throughout the world; and an operationsspecialist to handle a continuously increasing communications and computationsworkload ($28, 000). In order to continue to operate the Center at its currentlevel, the following increases in basic federal support for the Center also arerequested: travel ($2,000); transportation of things ($1,000); rent, communica-tions, and utilities ($26,000); printing and reproduction ($14,000); other services(computations and information systems support) ($15,000); supplies andmaterials ($3,000); and equipment ($1,000). The total increase requested,$90, 000, will permit the Center to continue to operate at its current level ofactivity in fiscal year 1972.
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GROWTH OF ACTIVITIES OF THESMITHSONIAN CENTER FOR SHORT-LIVED PHENOMENA
CURRENT'TOTAL 2590
H
, i SCIENTISTS/ A I I I- L.NUMBER OFPARTICIPATINGSCIENTISTS
CURRENTTOTAL148 COUNTRIES/ I / I I L?NUMBER OFPARTICIPATINGCOUNTRIES NUMBER OF EVENTS
125 1968 | 1969 | 1970100
.
//75 //50 7 / / ////25 -/by /I02 /84 -'11 // //
250,000200,000150,000100,00050,000
1968 | 1969 | 1970
; 1245,000WORDS////194,000WORDS-// .64,000' WORDS 500400300-200100 1968 1969 1970//77/523// -// '- 317?/ 7/FIELD INVESTIGATIONS COMMUNICATIONSVOLUME (words) NUMBER OF EVENTCARDS ISSUED
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARKIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions . . 249 48 29711 Personnel Compensation $2,384,000 $357,000 $2,741,00012 Personnel Benefits 208,000 43,000 251,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 8,000 10,000 18,00022 Transportation of Things ... . 3,000 3,00023 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ... . 114,000 30,000 144,00024 Printing & Reproduction 1,000 1,00025 Other Services 42,000 23,000 65,0002b Supplies & Materials ....... 319,000 97,000 416,00031 Equipment 71,000 95,000 166,00041 Grants TOTAL $ 3, 150, 00 $ 655, 000 $ 3, 805, 00
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 155,000 $ 70,000 $ 225,000Program $2., 995, 000 $585,000 $3,580,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Office of Director (8 positions, $135, 000)Improve public services; staffing the Hospital-Research Building; increasedcosts of operating items.Operations and Maintenance Department (30 positions, $293, 000)Accomplishment maintenance workload; increased costs of operating items;equipment replacement.Department of Living Vertebrates (5 positions, $72, 000)Accomplish research workload; acquisition of animals; animal food; increasedcosts of operating items.Department of Scientific Research (1 position, $31,000)Accomplish research workload; temporary employees.Animal Health Department (4 positions, $54, 000)Improve medical treatment.
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NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK1970 Actual $2,847,000 1_/1971 Estimate $3,150,0001972 Estimate $3,805,000The National Zoological Park was founded by Congress in 1889 for the"advancement of science and the instruction and recreation of the people. " Toaccomplish this mission, the Zoo exhibits a broad zoological collection of animalsfrom all parts of the world in natural surroundings; maintains an information andeducation program for the benefit of the visiting public from all over the UnitedStates; and promotes scientific research, including biomedical programs, forincreased scientific knowledge and for the benefit of the animals so that visitorscan enjoy them in prime health. To accomplish this mission, the Zoo isorganized in five departments: Office of the Director; Operations andMaintenance; Living Vertebrates; Scientific Research; and Animal Health.For fiscal year 1972, a program increase of $585,000 is requested to staffand operate the new Hospital-Research Building and other facilities; to operatethe new heating plant; to replace ground equipment items; to augment the travel,animal acquisition, and food funds; and to install a new communication system.An additional $70, 000 are required for necessary pay increases.These increases are distributed in the following table. Specific details oforganization, functions, and budget requirements are presented on the followingpages. 1970 1971 1972(In thousands of dollars) Pos . Amount Pos . Amount Pos . AmountOffice of Director 60 $814 61 $909 69 $1,088Operation and Maintenance 99 975 100 1,114 130 1,420Living Vertebrates 77 874 77 962 82 1,043Scientific Research 5 72 6 84 7 118Animal Health
_Jp_ 67 5 81 9 136Total 246 $2,802 249 $3,150 297 $3,805The number of zoo visitors increases annually. In calendar year 1970,approximately 5,200,000 visited the Zoo. A significant number of these visitorsare in organized school groups from the metropolitan area and more distantpoints. The Zoo is increasingly used as a teaching site by teachers of biologyand other natural sciences. The increased visitor load increases requirementsfor patrols, trash clean-up, washroom sanitation, first aid, and other services.Continued improvements have been made in the collection of animals, whichis one of the world's largest. As the collection evolves, the zoo will presentexhibits of greater visitor interest and, at the same time, give greater emphasisto species and groups which effectively demonstrate significant points of animals &adaptations and behavior. Greater emphasis will be given also to increasing zoobirths by pairing unmated animals and maintaining breeding groups. Not only isthis good conservation practice; it is essential in view of the increasing scarcityof many species and the high prices that must be paid to acquire them.Construction and improvement programs have progressed with the followingresults. The east-west perimeter road, eliminating through traffic in the mainsection of the Park, was completed in June 1964. The incinerator for the
1/ Included in the District of Columbia budget.
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sanitary disposal of trash and waste materials was completed in June 1964.In February 196 5, the remodeling and renovation of the Bird House wasaccomplished. In June 196 5, the new Great Flight Cage and two parking lotsfor 245 visitor cars were completed. A parking lot which accommodates 260visitor cars and 24 buses was completed in October 1965. Construction of atrunk sewer to eliminate most of the pollution discharged into Rock Creek wascompleted in June 1967. The remaining discharge, chiefly from waterfowlponds, was eliminated by construction funds appropriated in fiscal year 1968.The Deer Area was completed in November 1965. The Hardy Hoofed-Stock Areawas completed in August 1966, and Delicate Hoofed-Stock buildings No. 1 and 2were completed in January 1967. The construction of the new Hospital-ResearchBuilding, started in June 1968, was completed in January 1970. The old coalfired boilers were replaced with new gas fired units during the summer of1970.
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses, " Fiscal Year 1972NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARKOffice of the DirectorIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 61 8 6911 Personnel Compensation $657,000 $ 72,000 $ 729,00012 Personnel Benefits 56,000 21,000 77,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 8,000 4,000 12,00022 Transportation of Things .... 1,000 1,00023 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ... . 114,000 30,000 144,00024 Printing & Reproduction 1,000 F, 00025 Other Services 28,000 18,000 46,00026 Supplies & Materials 33,000 18,000 51,00031 Equipment 11,000 16,000 27,00041 Grants ,TOTAL $ 909, 000 $ 179, 000 $ 1, 088,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 45,000 $ 44,000 $ 89,000Program $864,000 $135,000 $ 999,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Improve the Services of the Director's Office (2 positions, $38, 000)As the Zoo increases in popularity as a source of scientific information, thevolume of correspondence has increased. Two secretarial positions and suppliesand equipment are requested ($16, 000). Additional travel funds ($4, 000) areneeded largely in connection with the animal acquisition program. Funds arealso required to meet the rising costs of routine services, supplies, and equip-ment associated with Director's Office operations ($18, 000).Staffing the Hospital-Research Building (3 positions, $34, 000)The Hospital-Research Building was completed and occupied in January 1970;the'Pathology Office was transferred to this building in September 1970. Ahistopathology technician and a secretary are needed for specific researchprojects ($16, 000). One police position is requested to enlarge the night shiftfor the protection of drugs and expensive medical equipment ($9, 000). Suppliesand equipment, including books, are required for hospital operations ($9, 000).Administrative Services (3 positions, $63, 000)As Zoo programs develop, the Supply Section workload has expanded.Request is for two positions, supplies, and equipment to augment the staff ofthis section ($14, 000). One clerk-typist position and supplies and equipment arerequired for the protective service program to perform administrative tasks nowdone by officers who should be on patrol duties ($8, 000). An increase inutilities funding ($30, 000) is requested to operate the new heating plant and tomeet the increased cost of operating the Hospital-Research Building. Funds($11,000) are requested to replace and expand the communications system on arental basis.
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National Zoological ParkOffice of DirectorThe Office of the Director plans and directs all Zoo programs. It alsocoordinates the activities and functions of the Pathology Office and the Planningand Design Office; directs the protective service program; develops and maintainsthe Zoo's educational program; and furnishes general administrative services.The animal acquisition program is under the direction of this office. TheOffice of Pathology performs histopathologic and gross pathologic diagnosi s ofdisease in the animal collection and education of biomedically aligned studentsand trainees. The Planning and Design Office coordinates all constructionprojects and prepare criteria and architectual design of major structures.The protective services program enforces laws and regulations for the protectionand safety of visitors, animals, and Government property. The educationalprogram is being implemented through informative labels, exhibits, lectures,guided tours, and cooperative programs with local school systems. Administra-tive services include personnel, budget, fiscal, supply, and procurementfunctions.An increase of $135,000 is requested to provide eight positions to meetthe increases in workload in the Director's Office, Pathology Office, protectiveservices program, and administrative services; to cover increased costs oftravel, utilities, supplies, and equipment; and to install a new communicationsystem. An additional funding of $44,000 is sought for necessary pay purposes.Need for Increase1. Directors Office (2 positions $38,000)As the Zoo increases in popularity as a source of scientific information,the volume of correspondence (local, national, and international) has increased,causing a backlog of administrative requirements. To meet the increasedvolume of work in the Director's Office and the Assistant Director's Office, twosecretarial positions are requested ($16,000).Additional funds are sought for travel, largely in connection with theanimal acquisition program, and for services, supplies, and equipment associatedwith Director's Office operations. For the most part, these funds are requiredto meet rising costs ($22,000).2. Staffing the Hospital-Research Building (3 positions $34,000)The Hospital-Research Building was completed and occupied in January1970. The Pathology Office was transferred to this building in September 1970.The plans for the coming year are to continue to improve the service to theZoo and to undertake specific research projects by means of conventionalpathologic techniques. The Zoo has the opportunity to offer outstanding researchand training services. Space will be available for visiting scientists, under-graduate fellows, and trainees interested in the research potentialities of thepathology laboratory. The degree to which specific research can beaccomplished will depend largely upon the availability of technical and clericalhelp. To expand this service, two positions, a secretary and a histopathologytechnician, are requested ($16,000).One police position is requested to enlarge the night shift for the protectionof drugs and expensive medical equipment and for park security around theHospital-Research complex, located in the wooded area of the Park ($9, 000).Travel, supplies, and equipment, including books, are required to provideprogram support to the operations of the Hospital-Research Center ($9, 000).
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3. Administrative Services (3 positions $63, 000)As the number of personnel in the Zoo increases and programs expand,the workload in the supply section of the Administrative Service Divisionincreases. For instance, the availability of funds for capital renovation andrepairs to existing surroundings and buildings has increased the workload. Anadditional purchasing agent and a clerk typist are required ($14, 000).One clerk typist position is needed for the protective service program toperform the administrative duties now accomplished by officers who should beon patrol duties. Forms that are required to be typed cover police activities,personnel manning, park safety, and requisitions for supplies and equipment($8, 000).During the summer of 1969, the first phase of conversion of the heatingplant from coal to gas was accomplished. The complete conversion wasaccomplished in the summer of 1970. The cost for operating the Hospital-Research Building has exceeded estimates. Additional funds are required forutilities ($30,000).There are remote areas of the Park in which tradesmen, police, andprofessional staff must work. It is frequently important to communicatequickly with these people and telephones are not readily available. Funds arerequested to replace and expand the Zoo's radio communication system on arental basis ($11,000).
622SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARKOperations and MaintenanceIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions . . 100 30 13011 Personnel Compensation $ 870,000 $ 185,000 $ 1,055,00012 Personnel Benefits 84,000 15,000 99,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 1,000 1,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services 14, 000 5, 000 19, 00026 Supplies & Materials 122,000 49,000 171,00031 Equipment 24,000 51,000 75,00041 Grants TOTAL $ 1, 114, 00 $ 306, 000 $ 1, 420, 00
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 52,000 $ 13,000 $ 65,000Program $1,062,000 $293,000 $1,355,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Maintenance and Operations of the Physical Plant (30 positions, $293, 000)General workload demands for maintenance and operations require staff andfunding increases in several areas. For supervision and general operations ofthis department, an assistant buildings manager and a production control clerkand funds for work uniforms and safety supplies are needed ($33, 000). Delayin zoo reconstruction makes it necessary to prolong the life of existingfacilities. Five crafts workers and maintenance supplies and equipment areneeded ($65,000). Tree and grounds maintenance over 156 acres, includingnewly developed areas, requires six additional grounds workers and replace-ment supplies ($63, 000). The installation of new technical control boilersand other heating and air-conditioning machinery requires six additionalboiler plant operators for adequate maintenance of this expensive equipment($45, 000). The requirement for personnel to operate auto equipment hasincreased beyond a workable schedule for pick-up and delivery services. Twoadditional auto equipment operator positions are requested. One juniormechanic position is requested to augment the present staff assigned to main-taining zoo vehicles ($22, 000).As the visitors increase, the demand for laborer and custodial service alsorises. Taking into consideration annual and sick leave and the 40-hour work-week requirement, the 17 available laborer positions and four custodial workersare not sufficient to maintain a seven-daya-per-week schedule requirement. Anincrease of five laborer and three custodial positions and custodial supplies isrequested ($50, 000). An increase is also requested in the equipment allotmentto permit scheduled replacement of vehicles and scooters ($15,000).
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National Zoological ParkOperations and Maintenance DepartmentThe Operations and Maintenance Department has responsibility for all plantmaintenance and supporting services. These include:
--Operational services: automotive maintenance; operation of trucks andheavy equipment; trash collection; sweeping of streets and walks; snowremoval; and janitorial services.
--Maintenance and construction: maintaining and repairing 15 majorbuildings and wide range of cages and other facilities. This unitalso performs renovation and minor construction, and builds nestboxes, shipping crates, exhibits, and other needed items.
--Grounds: maintaining and improving the 156 acres of trees, lawns,shrubs, flower beds, and indoor plantings.
--Air-heating: maintaining all heating plants and air conditioning inthe buildings throughout the Park.An increase of $293,000 is requested to provide thirty positions forworkload increases in maintenance and operational services. An additional$13,000 are requested for necessary pay increases.Need for Increase1. Operations and Maintenance Management (2 positions $33,000)A maintenance work order system to provide useful information on workbadand maintenance costs has been in operation for three years. This consists ofa monthly summary report and a cumulative fiscal year report. Since there isno position available to perform the daily duties required to maintain theseaccounts and manpower statistics, the monthly report frequently falls 30 to 45days behind reporting dates. This system provides manpower and materialutilization reports and cost data necessary for developing systematic maintenancethroughout the entire Zoo. It also provides vital information for budgetrequirements and projections. One production control clerk position isrequested ($7, 000).Funds are required to provide all wage-board employees in this departmentwith work uniforms and safety supplies. There are 90 regular wage-boardemployees in need of instant recognition by other employees and the visitingpublic for security reasons. Also requested are travel funds for the O & Mmanager and for Zoo employees transporting animals ($15,000).One assistant building manager position is requested to assist the buildingand ground manager by performing routine estimating, inspections, and obtainingplans, bids, prices, etc., and to act in the absence of the manager ($11,000).2. Maintenance and Construction (5 positions $65,000 )With the completion of the Great Flight Cage; Delecate and Hardy- Hoofedstock buildings, shelters, and areas; new roadways and parking lots; and theHospital-Research building, the following workload has been added to themaintenance program since 1963: -
5S-287 O?71?pt. 4 40
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--24 drains, 30 water outlets for hoses, 15 basins, 2 rest rooms,and 16 water troughs. The Hospital-Research building will have27, 000 feet of sanitation sewer, water, and vent pipes to main-tain, 116 floor drains and sink waste, 8 rest rooms, 64 hot andcold water outlets, 3 disposals, 1 sterilizer, and 27 valves andcontrols.
--49,640 feet of fencing to be maintained.
--236 locks and 348 doors which require the repair of various typemechanisms.
--293,972 square feel of asphalt roadways and parking lots to bemaintained.The wear and deterioration of the old facilities from the action of time,elements, visitors, and animals creates a normal workload. New facilities,added to the preventive maintenance demands on the present maintenance staff,leaves many of the facilities in a state of disrepair and deterioration causinga backlog in the various trades. Only one additional electrician, one carpenter,and one steamfitter positions have been authorized for this program since 1963.For instance, at present, there are one lead foreman, three pipefitters,and one junior pipefitter (including plumber conversions in the past 12 months)to maintain the pipes and equipment of the Zoo's heating, water, sewage, anddrainage systems. These systems are located in and around 20 buildings in anarea of approximately 100 acres. Due to the condition of 75 percent of thesesystems, emergency repairs seem to be the order of each day, creating abacklog of preventive maintenance. A backlog of 16,700 man-hours jeopardizesthe safety and well being of the animals.Two pipefitters, a carpenter, one asphalt worker, and one maintenancehelper are requested with funds for building and maintenance supplies andequipment purchases on a planned replacement cycle ($65,000).3. Tree and Garden Maintenance (6positions $63, 000)There are approximately 12,000 trees in the Park. Using the InternationalShade Tree Evaluation Scale, the value of these trees is estimated to be $6. 5million. There are five (including the supervisor) tree maintenance worker(climbers) positions available to prune and treat diseased trees, remove deador hazardous trees, plant or replace trees, and feed and water trees located inpublic areas. There is only one grounds worker position available to assistin this work, which requires climbers to be used as ground workers. Thetree section has a backlog of 24,000 man-hours of climbing work or 8-years ofwork with the present available positions. An addition of two grounds workerpositions will increase the actual climbing hours per year and reduce this timeto six years, permitting the tree section to start another cycle of preventivemaintenance and insure the safety of visitors, employees, and animals ($12,000).Three additional grounds worker positions also are required to assist theGarden Section in maintaining the horticultural features in new areas created bythe construction and improvement of the Zoo. The areas to be maintained are:Hoofed Stock area 2.5 acres Horticultural features tobe pruned and sprayed.Harvard Street Bridge area. . . 5 acres Lawn to be mowed, sodded,seeded, and fertilized.Hospital-Research area 2.5 acres Horticultural features andlawn to be maintained.
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New areas and dry seasons have tripled the watering activity, adding2,300 additional man-hours; an increase of 1,000 man-hours in pruningactivities; and a minimum increase of 1,500 man-hours must be added to theweed spraying activity. Some flower beds will have to be eliminated in orderto give proper maintenance to the remaining ones and to the turf and ornamentalfeeding ($18, 000).One clerk-typist also is requested to perform the administrative duties ofthis division. At the present time, maintaining time cards, filing records,ordering supplies and equipment, typing reports and correspondence and main -taining a horticulture library consumes 75 percent of the chief of the division'stime. Many of these duties fall days behind and correspondence goes unansweredbecause of lack of clerical personnel. A clerk would also allow the divisionchief to spend his time inspecting construction sites for damage to existingplants and trees; designing detailed landscape plans; estimating costs; andsetting up work orders and training programs for the division ($7, 000).Funds are sought for supplies and to replace the 40 foot skyworker. Thispiece of equipment is ten years old. A climber's life depends on the safety ofthis machine when operating the bucket 40-feet off the ground. The machine ischecked by special mechanics of the District Highway Department every sixmonths for efficiency and safety. Because of the lack of housing, the skyworkermust be subjected to the elements, causing wear and deterioration. The newskyworker will reach 6 to 70 feet from the ground which will enable theclimbers to eliminate a hazardous climb of 20 to 30 feet above the 40-footbucket ($26,000).4. Air-heating (6 positions $45, 000 )The change from prior years of air-pollution and coal scoop engineering toa sophisticated anti- pollution and climate control system for the health andwell-being of the animals involves equipment requiring constant surveillance andplanned preventive maintenance. From simple operating boilers and equipmentplus emergency maintenance, with preventive maintenance being performed duringa few summer months, progress has been made to a system of weeklyinspections with spot inspections when manpower is available. With emergencytype maintenance a high factor, frequent and necessary inspections are some-times omitted because of manpower shortages. A tight surveillance of operatingconditions in buildings during all seasons is necessary to prevent over heatingor extreme chilling that might cause the loss of valuable and/or irreplaceableanimals. The workload is further increased by the addition of a boiler plantto operate the year around and the addition of large tonnage air conditioning forthe summer months.A comparison of manpower requirements of the present and proposedBoiler Plant operation is as follows: Man-years Man-yearsPresent ProposedSupervisoryMain heating plant (three complete shifts)...Roving watch, steam tunnel and buildings. . .Hospital-Research Building (three shifts). . . .Refrigeration and air conditioning mechanic.Incinerator operator and traineeTotal
2. 2.4. 5 4. 54.4. 5 4. 5I. 2.01.13. 2.19.Due to the increased workload and the backlog of preventive maintenance,four boiler plant operators, one junior engineer, and a helper are requested tobring the manpower up to standards for the safety of the personnel and animaland maximum operating efficiency of the boiler plants and buildings ($45, OOOh
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5. Operational Services (11 positions $87,000)The motor pool is responsible for furnishing transportation and pickup anddelivery service to all departments. It hauls ashes and debris to the MountVernon Boulevard Dump twice daily. Out of town trips (average one weekly)and trips to the three local airports (average four weekly) to pickup anddeliver animals, require the services of an auto equipment operator. Whenthese and other requests have first priority, the pickup and delivery services forthe departments fall behind schedule. Two additional auto equipment operatorpositions are requested to aid in carrying out the work that is assigned to themotor pool ($14,000).At present there are one lead foreman, two auto mechanics, and onejunior mechanic to maintain a fleet of 26 trucks, 3 station wagons, 4 jeep-typevehicles, 13 scooters, and 9 pieces of equipment. Some trucks are on the roadseven days a week and others have been in service for ten years or more. Oneadditional junior mechanic position is requested to augment the present staffassigned to maintaining all zoo vehicles ($8,000).An amount of $11,000 is required to increase the vehicle replacementallotment. The cost of a truck or station wagon has increased 18 percent inthe past two years. There are thirty vehicles in the Zoo fleet with an averageage of 6 years. There are nine vehicles in the fleet that are ten years old orolder. Replacement standards for trucks are 6 years or 50,000 miles for 1-tonor less; 7 years or 60,000 for 1 1/2 through 2 1/2 tons. Passenger cars maybe replaced when they have been operated for 6 years or 60, 000 miles whicheveroccurs first. The police vehicle must operate on a 24-hour, seven days a weekbasis and must remain mechanically safe for operators and passengers. Thisvehicle should be replaced every two to three years. This request willpermit the replacement of 4 or 5 vehicles each year over the period of sixyears.An amount of $4, 000 also is requested to replace three scooters used inpolice duties. Scooters have been invaluable in reducing the response time ofpatrolling officers to reach troubled or critical areas. Officers patrolling theparking areas in these vehicles appears to have a deterrent effect on the typeof offenses generally committed (especially larcenies from autos).The labor force is responsible for assisting mechanics, maintaining thefifteen major buildings, twelve public rest rooms, and sixteen employees' restrooms in a clean, presentable, and sanitary condition, and removing trash leftby visitors over the 156 acres of Park grounds. The walkways in the eightpublic buildings are scrubbed with detergents and disinfectant once a week andswept once a day. The assigned duties of the available four custodial workersare those of maintaining the public rest rooms in a clean and sanitary condition.Employees' rest rooms are cleaned only once a week. As the visitorsincrease, the demand for laborer and custodial services increases. Takinginto consideration annual and sick leave and the 40-hour work-week require-ment, the 17 available laborer positions and four custodial workers are notsufficient to maintain a seven-days-per-week schedule requirement. Anincrease of five laborer and three custodial positions and custodial suppliesis requested to meet this schedule and to maintain efficiency in operations($50, 000).
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION- -"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARKDepartment of Living VertebratesIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 77 5 8211 Personnel Compensation $720,000 $45,000 $ 765,00012 Personnel Benefits 57,000 3,000 60,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 2,000 2,00022 Transportation of Things ... . 2,000 2,00023 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services26 Supplies & Materials 155,000 20,000 175,00031 Equipment. 28,000 11,000 39,00041 Grants TOTAL $ 962,000 $ 81,000 $ 1,043,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 49,000 $ 9,000 $ 58,000Program $913,000 $72,000 $ 985,000Specification of Increase (Program):Improve Divisional Supervision and Assist in Research (5 positions, $43, 000)With the expanded activities in research and conservation, it is apparent thata professional approach must be followed to apply the animal managementtechniques that are fast becoming available to the conservation-orientedzoological world. This will require the services of a trained biologist to supplythe exotic animal management expertise, a secretary to assist the fourzoologists, and three special keepers to accomplish the research and breedingefforts ($43, 000).Acquisition of Animals and Increased Costs of Food and Sundry Supplies^cq ioi($29,600)An increase in the animal acquisition fund ($5, 000) is needed to provide anadequate number of interesting and unusual specimens for a well-balanced andeducational zoological collection. The present allotment for the acquisition ofanimals, which includes purchase prices and/or shipping charges, is $25, 000.An increase in the food allotment, sundry supplies, uniforms and equipmentis requested to cover increased costs. Funds also are requested to providefor travel of five zoologists to attend annual meetings of their professionalsocieties, visit other zoos, and collect native species of birds, mammals, andreptiles for exhibit.
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National Zoological ParkDepartment of Living VertebratesThe Department of Living Vertebrates is responsible for approximately3,200 animals of over 1,100 species, representing one of the largest and mostvaried collections of exotic animals in existence. To support this collection,the Department conducts an animal care program involving feeding, cleaning ofcages, and exhibition. Included in the animal care program are pest controlefforts to eliminate insects and rodents and a commissary program for ordering,receiving, storing, preparing, and delivering animal food, as well as raisingspecial food items. In addition to these major activities, the staff collaborateswith the Animal Health Department, the Scientific Research Department, andthe Pathology Office to improve the medical treatment of animals, collectmedical data, evaluate medical programs, and develop, investigate, and supportvarious research programs.An increase of $72,000 is requested to provide five positions to accomplishthe research workload and to cover the rapidly rising costs of animals, animalfood, sundry and uniform supplies, and equipment as well as to provide fortravel of five professional staff members in this department to attend annualmeetings of their professional societies. An additional increase of $9,000 issought for necessary pay increases.Need for Increase--There are four zoologists who require secretarialassistance. The various headkeepers also are in need of clerical aid atvarious times. The services of other secretaries within the Park have beenutilized when time permitted. This situation is often difficult and far fromsatisfactory for efficiency in over-all operations. One secretary position isrequested ($7, 000).One wildlife biologist position is requested to aid in divisional supervisionof animal care. With the expanded activities in research and conservation, itis apparent that a professional approach must be followed to apply the animalmanagement techniques that are fast becoming available to the conservationoriented zoological world. Trained biologists would supply the exotic animalmanagement expertise not before available to this Zoo. In zoos, as in thecattle or poultry industry, there is a need for professionals trained in animalhusbandry to apply scientific knowledge rather than tradition to such specializedareas as nutrition, propagation, and sanitation. The biologist would alsoserve important functions in keeper training, improved exhibition, and collectionplanning ($12, 000).Three special keeper positions and funds for equipment are requested toassist the zoologists in research and breeding efforts. These consist ofextensive incubation, hatching, and rearing programs and the collection ofbehavioral and natural history data on special animal groups. The efforts tobreed rare and endangered species demand close supervision by a keeperspecialist. The collection of data is accomplished through observations,instrumentation, weighing, measuring, and animal care. Due to the compellingduties for the routine care and protection of the animals by the animal keepers,there is no position available that can be assigned to this phase of theoperations ($24, 000).The animal acquisition program is aimed at providing an adequate numberof interesting and unusual specimens for a well-balanced and educationalzoological collection. The present allotment for the acquisition of animals,which includes purchase prices and/or shipping charges, is $25,000. Anincrease of $5,000 is requested. There has been no increase in these fundssince 1965. Animal prices have risen rapidly in the past six years. In the
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past, the Zoo has relied heavily on gifts and exchanges. It is rarely possible,however, to stipulate the species, ages, sex, and condition of gifts; andexchanges are dependent on what other zoos have in surplus. These twomethods tend to yield an unbalanced collection. The Zoo's collection objectivescan be fulfilled only by purchasing animals of selected species.Additional funds are requested for the food allotment to meet steadily risingprices. Approximately $138, 000 are now available to purchase animal food. TheCommissary makes every effort to obtain surplus food at reduced prices, butthis is frequently of low quality. The replacement prices for sundry suppliesand uniforms and equipment also have risen sharply. Funds are requested tocover the increased cost and usage of these items ($23,000).Funds also are needed to provide for travel of five zoologists to attendannual meetings of their professional societies, visit other zoos to becomefamiliar with their operations and collections, and collect native species ofbirds, mammals, and reptiles for exhibit ($1,000).
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK"Scientific Research !Jepartme"nTIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions . . 6 1 7
> 94, 0008, 0001, 0001 1 Personnel Compensation $ 73, 000 $ 21, 00012 Personnel Benefits 6,000 2,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 1,0002.Z Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services26 Supplies & Materials 2,000 5,000 7,00031 Equipment 3,000 5,000 8,00041 Grants TOTAL $ 84, 000 $ 34, 000 $118, 000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 5, 000 $ 3, 000 $ 8, 000Program $79,000 $31,000 $110,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Improve Scientific Research Efforts and Care of Research Animals(1 position, $31,000)The Hospital-Research Building was completed and occupied in January 1970.Request is for one reproduction physiologist position ($17, 000) to collectbehavioral data, and treat the data in such a way that it will generate fruitfulhypotheses for analyzing the physiological mechanisms underlying certainexpressed behavior. Funds are requested to provide for three temporaryemployees ($7, 000) during the summer months to permit the regular employeesto take leave. An increase in the supplies and equipment allotments isrequested to cover increased costs ($6, 000). Funds also are requested toprovide for travel of three scientists to attend annual meetings and seminars($1,000).
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National Zoological ParkScientific Research DepartmentThe Scientific Research Department undertakes studies of animal behavior,reproduction, and nutrition. The Zoo collection is a major scientific resource.For this reason, facilities and assistance are often provided to scientists fromfederal agencies such as the National Institutes of Health as well as fromuniversities. The Zoo's own scientific studies add to man's understanding ofthe living world. Investigations undertaken in the Zoo and in the field haveyielded numerous scientific publications. The work of the Scientific ResearchDepartment results in improved care of animals in the collection, as reflectedin their well-being and reproduction. This work is also of benefit to other zoosand animal collections. In addition, the Scientific Research Department is ofassistance to other organizations, including foreign governments concerned withwildlife management and conservation. The Department provides training andresearch opportunities for graduate students.An increase of $31,000 is requested to provide one position to improveresearch efforts; provide for temporary employees; cover the increased costs ofsupplies and equipment; and to establish a travel allowance for three scientists.An additional $3,000 are requested for necessary pay increases.Need for Increase- -The new Hospital-Research Building provides faciltiesfor extensive research necessary for caring and rearing of animals in captivity.One reproduction physiologist position is requested to collect behavioral data,and treat the data in such a way that it will generate fruitful hypotheses foranalyzing the physiological mechanisms underlying certain expressed behavior;to develop studies that are required to determine growth and the ontogenesis ofbehavior, especially with respect to sexual behavior; and to gain knowledge ofhormonal treatments and their effects on animal behavior ($17,000).There are two animal keeper positions available to care for the animalsunder study seven-da ys-per-week. Funds are requested to provide for threetemporary employees during the summer months to permit the regularemployees to take leave. This is to assure that the best care is given to theseanimals ($7, 000).Funds also are requested to provide for the increased cost and usage ofresearch supplies and equipment and to establish a travel allowance for the threescientists to attend annual meetings and seminars ($7, 000).
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses, " Fiscal Year 1972NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARKAnimal Health DepartmentIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 5 4 911 Personnel Compensation $ 64,000 $ 34,000 $ 98,00012 Personnel Benefits. 5,000 2,000 7,00021 Travel & Transp. of Persons 2,000 2,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services ...26 Supplies & Materials 7, 000 5, 000 12, 00031 Equipment 5,000 12,000 17,00041 Grants TOTAL $ 81,000 $ 55, 000 $ 136,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 4, 000 $ 1, 000 $ 5, 000Program $77,000 $54,000 $131,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Improve the Medical Treatment (4 poaitions, $54, 000)In order that basic biomedical research devoted toward improvement of thecare of collection animals, development of physiological norms, and more in-depth study of therapeutic regimes be broadened, three positions are requested(associate veterinarian, medical technologist, secretary for $34, 000^ to carefor hospitalized animals, one keeper position and supplies and equipment arerequested ($16, 000). Additional funds are needed to meet the increased costof medical supplies ($2, 000) and funds to establish a travel allowance ($2, 000)for the three professional staff members to attend annual veterinarianconferences and educational seminars.
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National Zoological ParkAnimal Health DepartmentThe Animal Health Department is responsible for the maintenance of thehealth of the animal collection of 3,200 living specimens of 1,100 species.This requires: clinical treatment of illnesses and injuries; prophylacticprocedures; using clinical pathological data to assist in diagnosis of diseasesand formulation of effective treatment regimens; and collaboration in biomedicalresearch directed toward a broader knowledge of disease processes in exoticanimals and their treatment. The staff of the Animal Health Departmentconsults and collaborates with investigators from governmental agencies andacademic institutions in the solution of problems of mutual interest.An increase of $54, 000 is requested to provide four positions to improvemedical treatment and care for the hopsitalized animals; to cover the increasedcosts of supplies; and to establish a travel allowance for three professional staffmembers. An additional $1,000 are requested for necessary pay increases.Need for increase--In order that basic biomedical research devoted towardimprovement of the care of collection animals, development of physiologicalnorms, and more in-depth study of theraputic regimens be broadened, threepositions are requested associate veterinarian, medical technologist, and asecretary ($34, 000).There is one veterinarian position available to maintain an around theclock call schedule. An associate veterinarian will alleviate the necessity ofone person being on duty 24-hours when there are emergencies. Other majorproblems encountered are a lack of time for study, literature search, orattendance at continuing education seminars. This is the area in which -newadvances in treatment regimens and medical techniques are disseminated andattendance is of inestimable value. The medical technologist will develop thephysiological norms in all quarantined" animals as well as studying thephysiological changes in those animals that come into the Hospital as medical orsurgical patients. There is also a necessity for extensive bacteriologicalculture examination of the necropsied animals. This will provide a broaderknowledge of bacterial disease agents present in the National Zoological Park,and, through sensitivity testing, permit the more rapid establishment ofprophylactic measures to protect the cagemates that have been exposed to thedisease. Secretarial assistance is necessary to maintain the increased clericalworkload on a current status as a direct result of changes being made inHospital operations and medical record keeping.
The increase in animal holding space will permit the hospitalization of illpatients presently impossible in the existing quarters. By hospitalization andimproved observation of these animals, it is reasonable to expect a higherpercentage of cure. It will assure that proper medication at regular intervalswill be administered and a much closer evaluation of the patients' progress willbe made. Provision of adequate, centralized quarantine facilities will insurecontinuing observation of quarantined subjects and permit the use of laboratorystudies not presently possible with the subjects scattered throughout the Zoo insubstandard quarters and with sometimes very limited observation. Thisfacility will also protect against the possibility of the introduction of diseasesinto the static animal collection. The institution of a nursery facility willcentralize the handrearing of baby animals under stricter observation andsupervision of nursery techniques. The present program of "farming out" babyanimals to keepers, secretaries, and friends obviously must be stopped. Withthis centralized facility, particularly in the same physical location as theScientific Research Department, a continuing study of behavioral traits of the
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specimen during infancy, growth and growth- rate statistics will be provided.The one keeper position is not sufficient for a 7-day- per-week operation andcare of hospitalized animals. An addition of one keeper position and suppliesand equipment is requested ($16,000).An amount of $2, 000 is s required to meet the increased cost of medicalsupplies and $2, 000 to establish a travel allowance for the three professionalstaff members to attend annual veterinarian conferences and educationalseminars.
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HISTORY AND ARTThe Smithsonian possesses an unequaled array of resources, both materialand human, for the understanding and illumination of our country's history throughits material culture, its technology, and its art. No other Institution has agreater and more exciting opportunity to demonstrate and celebrate whatAmericans--all Americans --have accomplished.As the custodian of national collections comprising literally millions ofhistoric objects and works of art, it is our responsibility to make sure that thesecollections are used as effectively as possible for the benefit of all. We mustcare for these collections, we must make them available to scholars both fromour own staff and from the broader academic community, and we must use themintelligently and imaginatively to help tell the story of American civilization toour millions of visitors and, through publications and traveling exhibitions, to aneven wider audience. It is also our responsibility to seek the continued growth ofthese national collections; as we are the beneficiaries of the foresight of pastgenerations, so must we be the benefactors of future generations, passing on tothem the fruits of our stewardship.With one essential exception, the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum andSculpture Garden, the budget requests in the area of history and art are modest,reflecting our determination to fulfill our obligations and to realize our opportuni-ties as economically as possible. The increases requested for the History andArt activities amount to $1, 245, 000, or 14 percent of the total Institutionalrequested increase.Although many history and art bureaus of the Smithsonian have received noincreases in operating funds during the past two or three years, and althoughinflation has caused many of them to suffer in effect a decrease in funds, we havesought insofar as possible, to meet our needs out of existing resources. To thisend, we have undertaken to terminate some activities and to reduce othersdrastically--for example, the International Art Program, the SmithsonianJournal of History , and temporary exhibition programs in all our museums. Weshall continue to scrutinize all our activities with a view to maintaining a strongsense of priorities. At the same time, with the enthusiastic cooperation of ourmuseum and bureau directors, we have encouraged cooperative efforts among ourhistory and art bureaus in the name of efficiency and economy; shared libraryand conservation facilities, for example, serve the National Collection of FineArts and the National Portrait Gallery better and more cheaply than would
" separate ones.Despite these efforts, which will continue, certain real needs hamper theeffective operation of many of our history and art bureaus and prevent us fromderiving the full benefits from the investment that has been made in them. Therequested increases that follow represent, in our judgment, the minimumamounts needed to partially correct the most pressing of these shortages.
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGYObject Class 1971 BaseNumber of Permanent Positions . . 158
1 1 Personnel Compensation $ 1, 943, 00012 Personnel Benefits. 154,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 43,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ... . 4,00024 Printing & Reproduction 3, 00025 Other Services 21, 00026 Supplies & Materials 10, 00031 Equipment 31,00041 Grants
Increase 1972Requested Estimate
-1 157
; 63, 000 $2,006,0005,000 159,00043,00010,000 14,0005,000 8,00045, 000 66,00022, 000 32, 000148, 000 179, 000TOTAL $2,209,000 $298,000 $2,507,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 88,000 $68,000 $ 156,000Program $2,121,000 $230,000 $2,351,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Support for Planned Museum Programs ($230, 000)The National Museum of History and Technology, a systematic general museumdevoted to the historical and technological achievements of the Nation, now hasattendance approaching 6, 000, 000 visitors a year. It has developed an explicitset of purposes and principles to guide its planning and its current activities.Specifically, these are:
--to widen, deepen, and enlarge the exhibits and the visitors' museumexperience;
--to become a more important, more attractive, more lively, and moreseminal center for scholarly study, interpretation, and reinterpretation ofAmerican civilization and the history of technology;
--to widen its reach to all ages and conditions, both in Washington andthroughout the nation and the world;
--to make the Museum a place for emphasizing the positive, discovering theextent and the limits of our national achievements and the achievementsof man; and
--to emphasize, dramatize, and interpret the relevance of past to present.These purposes can be achieved with no immediate increase in personnel ifcertain urgent non-personnel shortages can be corrected. An increase of$230, 000 is requested for a wide range of essential supplies, services, andequipment needs.
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NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY1970 Actual $2, 149, 0001971 Estimate $2,209,0001972 Estimate $2,507,000The National Museum of History and Technology, a systematic generalmuseum devoted to the historical and technological achievements of the Nation,is the most successful and important institution of its kind in the United States.Since its opening in January 1964, it has been visited by more than 30,000,000people. Attendance is approaching an annual rate of 6, 000, 000- -the greatestin the world. Under its distinguished new director, Daniel J. Boorstin, theNMHT has developed an explicit set of purposes and principles to guide itsplanning and its current activities:
I. To widen, deepen, and enlarge the exhibits and the visitors' museumexperience.A. Toward a more total and more vivid, a more personal, a moreparticipatory and a more communal recapturing of man's experience.1. By including parts of man's experience until now neglected orignored: food, shelter, and clothing; heating and cooling; modesof educating, self-educating, and informing.2. By employing new techniques and the most effective forms of oldertechniques: by making our exhibits more selective, our interpretationmore widely intelligible, and drawing more freely on all techniquesof photography, sound, and sensory stimulation to reinforce andvivify the impressions of objects; by directing visitors movementin parts of the museum (e.g., by corridors).B. Toward a more total and more vivid and more personal and morecommunal recapturing of the kinds of men and women who have madeAmerica, and their relation to all men.1. By explicit demonstration of the origins, original experiences, waysof arriving and experiences after arrival, of the diverse strainsof the American people.2. By explicit demonstration of the impact of American civilizationon the world, the backwash of American peoples to their places oforigin.
II. To become a more important, more attractive, more lively, and moreseminal center for scholarly study, interpretation, and reinterpretation ofAmerican civilization and the history of technology.A. Toward attracting visiting scholars, immersing them in the concernsof the museum and drawing on their knowledge, imagination, and ideasfor museum activities.1. By attracting the ablest and most imaginative, established scholars,and the most promising younger scholars: as consultants, part-time or visiting curators, or advisers on particular exhibits andprojects; as research scholars: offering them improved andattractive facilities in library, research collections, offices, andsecretarial assistance.2. By numerous, current, and monumental contributions to thescholarship of American civilization: as in the SmithsonianEncyclopaedia of American Life, pamphlets, and books with thewidest reach.
III. To widen our reach to all ages and conditions both in Washington andthroughout the nation and the world.
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A. Toward a more effective, more widespread, more inclusive, and morecontinuous reach to press, radio, television: a stream of stories ofthe events in the Museum; planning of more and more newsworthyand widely- interesting interpretations of our activities.B. Toward reaching all age groups and interest groups: preparation ofinteresting and understandable exhibits and programs for youngerchildren, for visitors from abroad, and for the undereducated at home;interpretations of American history and technology more intelligibleto nonexpert adults (special dramatic and other programs and a specialarea for younger children).C. Toward a more effective connecting with holiday and festive occasions:celebration of national anniversaries, the birthdays of history-makingAmericans, and anniversaries in the history of the American standardof living and epochs in science and technology.D. Toward a more effective tying of all events occurring in our museumto the large and explicit purposes of the National Museum of Historyand Technology.E. Toward a more effective orientation and guiding of all visitors: bybrochures, publications, orientation center at entrances, motionpictures, live guide services, informing of guards, etc.
IV. To make the National Museum of History and Technology a place foremphasizing the positive, discovering the extent (as well as the limits) ofour national achievements, and the achievements of man.A. To emphasize the greatness of individual man: by interpreting,dramatizing, and explaining the careers of history- making Americans:the discovery and rediscovery of American heroes.B. To explore the epochs of great achievement, and the circumstanceswhich helped make them possible: by exhibits on creative periods ofAmerican History and of the history of technology, and the socialconditions which helped make these possible, e.g., in the exhibits,"What Makes a Creative Moment?"C. To explore and remind Americsis of their institutions--how they cameinto being and how they have changed: by a fuller exhibit of ourpolitical and social institutions, and institutions which have helped makethe American standard of living (e.g., the businessman, newspapers,advertising, labor unions, public schools, universities, museums,etc. ).D. To help give meaning and content to national holidays (e.g.,Thanksgiving, Fourth of July, Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day,etc. ).V. To emphasize and dramatize and interpret the relevance of past to present.A. By current and changing programs of orientation.B. By new programs of publication in print, on radio, television, etc.C. By conferences and new exhibits and new kinds of museum experiences.The director and staff of the Museum believe that these purposes can beachieved with no immediate increase in personnel, if certain urgent non-personnelshortages can be corrected. At present, the Museum has available only aboutfive percent (some $100,000) of its appropriation for support activities. Anadditional $298,000 are requested for the following purposes:Shortages by Category of Expense11 & 12Mandatory increases in pay $68, 000
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23Rent high-speed photocopying unit to replace outmoded machine $10,00024Purchase photographs for research. Print exhibit catalogs . . . , 5, 00025Contract for lactures by visiting scholars 5, 000Training for existing professional and nonprofessional staff toincrease competence and efficiency 3,000Purchase service contracts for maintenance of typewriters anddictating machines 2, 000Contract with expert consultants for long-range planning of majorprograms and exhibits 15, 000Contract with architectural restoration experts for reconstructionand restoration of period rooms now owned, but in storage 20,00026Purchase office supplies 5, 000Purchase photographic supplies--film, flashbulbs, and chemicals 2,000Purchase exhibits maintenance supplies 15, 00031Purchase office furniture and furnishings 10, 000Purchase urgently needed storage cases for visible storage ofcollections in maximum security areas 20, 000Purchase storage units for offices 4, 000Replace worn-out typewriters (10 at $700 each)=$7, 000Purchase 10 two-machine dictating units to increaseefficiency in understaffed offices, totalling $10, 000 17, 000Replace worn out photographic equipment and purchase additionallaboratory cameras and apparatus 5, 000Purchase specimens and objects for collections necessary tocomplete already constructed halls and period rooms whichcannot be opened for lack of specimens 20, 000Purchase specimens for completion of certain collections nowon display and for research 25, 000Purchase books and other reference materials for curatorsand technical manuals for specialists and technicians 15, 000Purchase exhibits maintenance tools 5, 000Purchase laboratory equipment 7, 000Remodel certain offices and laboratories to alleviate crowdedand unacceptable working conditions 20, 000Total $298, 000
58-287 O?71?pt. 4-
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972NATIONAL COLLECTION OF FINE ARTSIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 70 2 7211 Personnel Compensation $ 643,000 $ 51,000 $ 694,00012 Personnel Benefits 50,000 5,000 55,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 31,000 31,00022 Transportation of Things ... . 30,000 30,00023 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ... . 14,000 14,00024 Printing & Reproduction .... . 1,000 1,00025 Other Services ... 146,000 6,000 152,00026 Supplies & Materials 25,000 7,000 32,00031 Equipment 189,000 24,000 213,00041 Grants 8,000 15,000 23,000TOTAL $ 1,137,000 $ 108,000 $ 1,245,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 30,000 $46,000 $ 68,000Program $1,107,000 $62,000 $1,177,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Research, Exhibit, and Collections Management Support (2 positions, $62,000 )In current and future years, the National Collection of Fine Arts expects toachieve most of its goals in research and public education in the field ofAmerican art by the judicious use of its professional staff talents and byredirecting the current level of operating funds. If this effort is to besuccessful, however, certain basic functions must be strengthened in order toprovide a strong foundation for public service. For the budget year, theserequirements fall into four areas. An amount of $15,000 is required to fundadditional research scholar grants in the study and interpretation of Americanart. A small increase in staff (a museum aid and a musaum technician) andfunds for services, supplies and equipment are needed to open and continue thenew activities of the Renwick Gallery ($25, 000). In addition, the NCFA mustbuild its funds (now about $38, 000) for the purchase of works of art in the faceof rising costs and prospective donors increasing reluctance to donate.Fifteen thousand dollars additional are requested. And, lastly, $7, 000 areneeded to reorganize the Museum's collections to protect them and make themmore accessible to scholars and the public.
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NATIONAL COLLECTION OF FINE ARTS1970 Actual $1,015,0001971 Estimate $1,137,0001972 Estimate $1, 245, 000The National Collection of Fine Arts is the custodian of an ever increasingnational heritage of valuable acquisitions and deposits of American A rt both ofthe past and the present. Some 13,000 paintings, sculptures, and decorativeobjects are included in its exhibits and reference collections. To meetresponsibilites assigned by law (20 U. S.C.76c), the museum provide arepository for Government art; carries on an active program of conservationand conservation research; lends art to the White House and cabinet offices;promotes the public appreciation of art through publications and by permanentand special exhibits in its gallery, and by sponsoring traveling exhibits withinthe United States and abroad through the Smithsonian Institution TravelingExhibition Service which circulates exhibitions to small and large institutionsthroughout the country.The museum's expanding education program is being developed in closeassociation with school curricula to provide material and study programs bothin Washington and throughout the country. In addition, with its variedcollections, library, photographs, and archives, the NCFA provides a researchcenter for students and scholars devoted to the study of American art. Therecent addition by the Smithsonian of the Archives of American Art, a richrepository of source information for research purposes, greatly enhances itsoverall capabilities in this area. The NCFA is responsible for the developingactivities of the Renwick Gallery to be devoted to American arts and craftsdesign and shares photographic and conservation laboratories and libraryfacilities with the National Portrait Gallery.The requested program increase of $62, 000 will be directed at strengtheningeducational, scholarly, and curatorial support activities and preparing for theopening of the Renwick Gallery. An additional $46,000 are requested fornecessary pay for existing staff.Need for Increase--The objective of the National Collection of Fine Arts'education program is to discover the way in which schools and museums canbest work together to make real to children and adolescents the creativefreedom and expressive satisfaction which comes from the serious study ofworks of art. The gallery's activities in this regard will be exportable. Aseries of traveling exhibitions that can be done inexpensively will be presented,and classroom materials will be made available throughout the country.Attention is being paid to practical exhibiting procedures (such as the Children'sGallery and new "Discover" gallery in NCFA) and school materials to be usedin conjunction with the changing needs of area and national art curricula. In1970, it is estimated that NCFA was able to accommodate about $14, 000 of thisactivity within its appropriation. In current and future years, the museumadministration expects to achieve most of the new goals in education andresearch by the judicious use of NCFA professional staff talents and byredirecting the current level of operating funds. If success is to be realized,however, the collections and curatorial support functions, i.e., the basichousekeeping operations of the gallery which are currently underfunded, needreinforcement.An amount of $62,000 in new funds is needed for the following purposes:to supplement research scholar grants $15,000; for two positions in theRenwick Gallery $10,000; $15,000, toward increased Renwick operations costs
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related to the opening of the museum to the public; a $15,000 increase in NCFAfunds for purchases of art; and $7, 000 for the reorganization of the museum'sarchives and collection, making them available for research activities.To provide for the continuation of the program of research scholars on asignificant scale, $15,000 should be directed toward the research scholarsprogram in American art, for both graduate and post-doctoral scholars toencourage sound scholarship in this much neglected field. This will provideopportunities for scholars throughout the country to work on the rich collectionof materials in Washington and allow the National Collection of Fine Arts toserve as a center for the study and reinterpretation of American art. Closelyallied to the exhibition and publication programs, this activity has a significantimpact on both the scholarly community and the general public.The opening of the Renwick Gallery is to take place in fall 1971, and thedevelopment of a permanent museum staff to accommodate the new activities ofthis Gallery is of high priority. Since both the semi-permanent exhibit galleriesand the large public opening will then be inaugurated, a museum technicianand a museum aid along with materials and equipment needed in advance of theopening are requested ($25,000). About $6 5, 000 are available for Renwickdevelopment in the NCFA appropriation for fiscal year 1971.Within NCFA itself, the acquisition of works of art to supply some of theembarrassing gaps in the museum's collection has become increasingly difficultowing to rising prices and a growing reluctance on the part of donors topresent significant works of art. If the collection is to be other than simplya fortuitous conglomerate, the museum's acquisition program must be mademore active and selective. A $15,000 addition to the present level ofacquisition funds would be a modest start in this direction. Only about $38, 000are available for art acquisitions in fiscal year 1971.Seven thousand dollars is needed to facilitate the systematic managementof the National Collection of Fine Art's extensive holdings, inherited from manysources over the past years. The rehabilitation of many important works, andthe proper organization of the Collection's archives must move forward quicklyif the Collection is to be properly safeguarded and available to scholars andthe public.
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERYIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 37 1 38
1 1 Personnel Compensation $ 403, 000 $ 54, 000 $ 457, 00012 Personnel Benefits. 32,000 3,000 35,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 15,000 1,000 16,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction .... 4, 000 3, 000 7, 00025 Other Services ... , ... 177,000 7,000 184,00026 Supplies & Materials 25,000 1,000 26,00031 Equipment 175,000 2,000 177,00041 Grants TOTAL $ 831,000 $ 71,000 $ 902,000Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 20,000 $21,000 $ 41,000Program $811,000 $50,000 $861,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Public Education (1 position, $50,000)The National Portrait Gallery is a unique national museum of Americanhistory responsible for collecting, exhibiting, and studying portraiture of menand women who have contributed significantly to the formation and developmentof the United States. It has a responsibility to use its collections of paintings,sculptures, and other resources for public education. To do this, two areas ofthe Gallery's basic operations need strengthening in fiscal year 1972. TheHistory Department has had a long existing need for a chief historian to takecharge of biographical and other research on the collections to assure impec-cable historical accuracy in exhibits labels and related materials for the public.This will cost $25, 000 including associated reference materials. Second, theEducation Department needs $12, 000 to fund part-time temporary personnel toconduct teaching tours of the exhibits and to prepare teaching materials.Some 300 children each month receive tours, but the program is growing. Anadditional amount of $13,000 is requested to prepare three special teachingexhibits of special interest to school groups and to prepare related printedmaterials for classroom use.
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NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY1970 Actual $768, 0001971 Estimate $831, 0001972 Estimate $902, 000The National Portrait Gallery is a unique national museum of Americanhistory responsible for collecting, exhibiting, and studying portraiture in paintingand sculpture of the men and women who have contributed significantly to theformation and development of the United States. Open to the public for only twoyears (since October 1968), the Gallery is still developing its staff and programs,particularly in the History and Education Departments, to meet public demandsfor its services.The Gallery's current activities can be grouped into four major categories:(1) the care and expansion of the collection; (2) public education through programswith schools and through exhibition of the permanent collection and special loanexhibitions illustrating particular subject areas of American history and portrai-ture; (3) the research, publication, and national distribution of catalogues of theseexhibitions, as well as other studies, both scholarly and popular in nature, relatedto the subject of American historical portraiture; and (4) the compilation of adefinitive Catalogue of American Portraits to be a comprehensive data bank andnational information service on American history and biography comprised ofentries on all portraits of historically significant Americans.An increase of $50, 000 in program funds is needed to support the activitiesof the History and Education Departments. An additional $2 1, 000 are requestedfor necessary pay for current staff.Need for Increase
1 . History Department (1 position, $25,000)The History Department requires a chief historian to be hired early in fiscalyear 1972, culminating a two-year search for a prominent historian qualified inAmerican history and art history ($19, 000). Basic operating support funds areneeded for the chief historian's office to provide for travel, material services foroffice operations and personnel services by specialists in various aspects ofAmerican history and the public use of history collections, and for supplies,equipment, reference books, and materials for this new department ($6, 000).Total funding requested for this activity is $2 5, 000.
It is essential that a history museum have as its core a well researchedcollection. Initial activities of the chief historian will, therefore, involve upgradingand expanding the biographical research files on the portraits so that the historiccontents of materials and exhibits for the public based on these individuals andtheir relations to historic events are of impeccable accuracy. At this point, only1/10 of the Gallery's holdings of 500 portraits is thoroughly researched, and theone staff member assigned to biographical research pending arrival of the chiefhistorian cannot keep current with new acquisitions, let alone cope with the bulk ofthe permanent collection.Other major activities will be to study the permanent collection in terms ofhistorical interpretation in its display arrangement, its labeling, and the contentof printed materials distributed in the galleries, and to evaluate continually the .historic content of future exhibitions being planned and researched by othermembers of the staff.
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The History Department's efforts in both of these areas will immediatelybenefit the activities of the other major program to be strengthened in fiscalyear 1972, the Education Department. This department is in more immediatecontact with the public than any other, and it is upon its activities that theGallery'seducational services to schools, organized public groups, and individual visitorsof all ages depend.2. Education Department ($25, 000)Most of the $25, 000 required to support a broad educational programbeginning in fiscal yearl972 will provide part-time, temporary personnel toconduct teaching tours of the exhibits, to contact schools and other interestedorganizations, and to help research and write teaching materials based on thevisual and historical content of special teaching exhibitions.An average of 300 area school children each month are now receiving toursoften tailored to their classroom needs. Many inner city teachers are discoveringfor the first time how the educational programs of this Gallery can make the studyof American history more meaningful to their students. This use is expected toincrease considerably next year, and the Gallery must provide a teaching staff tomeet those demands.The number of school and other public groups the Gallery can serve throughtours is directly proportional to the numbers of trained volunteers and part-timepaid teaching staff available to supplement the small permanent administrative andresearch staff of the education department (curator, secretary, and temporaryresearcher). These non-permanent staff visit schools to meet classes and discussprospective visits with teachers, provide teaching materials based on the exhibits,conduct tours in the Museum tailored to the teacher's needs, and provide anydesirable follow-up contact with the teacher and the class.The core of this part-time teaching staff--comprised of persons with teachingexperience, and graduate and undergraduate students--must be paid to assurethat they will reliably meet the rigorous study requirements and demandingschedules of the educational program on a regular basis. Based on a projectionof this year's experience using only available volunteers, the Gallery needs fundsfor the equivalent of two man-years of work ($12, 000). This will guarantee 80hours of trained teaching staff each week. These paid staff will work with and besupplemented by approximately two dozen volunteers who give a few hours eachweek to the Gallery as their time allows.In addition to educational activities based on portraits in the permanentcollection and on major loan shows arranged twice yearly, one-room teachingexhibitions are produced by the Museum to focus in depth on one individual ortopic of particular interest to school groups. These exhibits contain portraits,audio-visual materials, personal objects, and other historical informationespecially designed and labeled in a compact gallery area to provide an environ-ment offering teachers or Gallery staff several possible directions for leadingdiscussions and stimulating student learning. To provide two of these exhibitsduring the school year, at least one of which will study persons involved in thehistory of the District of Columbia, and another during this summer, funding of$6, 000 is requested.Based on research and visual information gathered for the exhibits, theGallery plans to produce classroom naterials containing much more visualinformation than is normally found in available literature on the subjects. Thewriting and content will be aimed at the various student reading and comprehensionlevels. Teachers can use these materials to prepare students for the visit, toreinforce the visit afterward, and as a permanent resource after the exhibit isdisassembled. For coordinating the curriculum research and writing of these
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brochures and pamphlets for the teaching exhibits, the Gallery needs $4, 000 fortemporary personnel to help the regular staff. For printing and reproducing theseteaching materials to supplement the exhibit in the Gallery and to extend its usein the classroom $3, 000 are required.Fiscal Year 1971 Activities of the National Portrait GalleryWithin the major program categories identified at the beginning of thisjustification, there are a number of recent developments and accomplishments.The NPG is expanding and upgrading its small permanent collection through acqui-sitions from commercial galleries and private individuals, as well as by gifts. Inthe past two years 106 portraits were added at a total cost $391, 640. Thecuratorial staff is preparing catalogs and planning exhibitions to be held this spring(portraits by American Revolutionary War period painter Henry Benbridge) andfall (portraits illustrating the history of the performing arts in America to coincidewith the opening of the Kennedy Center). The Gallery's Fall 1970 show presentedthe life portraits of John Quincy Adams together with personal objects related tohis life. Portraits for these shows are located and borrowed by the Gallery frommuseums and individuals in this country and abroad, a process often requiringtwo or more years advance research and planning by the Gallery staff.Where no formal education program existed one year ago, the Gallery istraining two dozen volunteer docents to conduct educational tours. Contacts arebeing made with metropolitan area schools and with organizations serving schoolsand teachers locally and nationally. To the extent limited resources can betemporarily borrowed from other programs, the Gallery has funded the researchand production of experimental aids and one-room exhibits designed for use bytour leaders and teachers.The Catalogue of American Portraits has standardized its computer entryforms and processes in cooperation with the Smithsonian's Information SystemsDivision and is entering information regularly obtained from correspondence andstaff visits to nearby collections such as Mt. Vernon. The CAP handlescontinuing requests for portrait information from both scholars and the generalpublic. Forty thousand portrait prints in the collection are being sorted andinventoried. Finally, 18,000 partial portrait entries gathered by researcherscontracted between 1964 and 1967 are being definitively researched and processedinto the data bank. In addition, the CAP is forming a roster of possible fieldresearchers in various locales and gathering information on the logistics ofcollecting widely scattered portrait data.Research is being performed on subjects related to American portraiture bytwo members of the staff. Two contract scholars are researching an exhibitioncatalog and exhibit on portraits of the American Negro to be held in spring 1972,and a separate publication on the same subject to be distributed nationally. Theassembled papers and archival materials will remain with the research resourcesof the NPG.The exhibits staff has continued to upgrade the appearance of the galleriesand to provide for the display of the growing collection. A suite of first floorgalleries was prepared for the John Quincy Adams exhibition designed as aversatile exhibit area which will be the location of all major temporary loanexhibitions in the future. Other projects are the formation of a new acquisitiongallery area, the improvement of graphics to direct and inform visitors, theinstallation of a first-floor lounge area, and a redesign of the vestibule and foyerto be a more welcoming and informative entrance to the Gallery, including anorientation exhibit and film about the history of portraiture and how to look atportraits in the Gallery. The production shop and silk screen facilities have beenimproved to provide in-house capabilities for constructing cases, pedestals,posters, labels to reduce some of the costs of exhibition production and a relianceon contracted exhibit production services.
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Summary and Future GoalsThe additional $50, 000 requested here will enable the Gallery to take thenext logical step in fulfilling the goals set forth by Congress when establishing theGallery in 1962.Prior to fiscal year 1971, the primary goal was establishment and manage-ment of the collection . With stress on developing an exhibits staff during the pastyear and plans for the History and Education Departments next year, the Galleryis focusing now on relating and exhibiting the collections to the public. It is in thepublic education category that the new program funds will enable expansion.Continued basic staffing and program support in the coming years isnecessary for the National Portrait Gallery to reach maturity as a fully operativenational history museum and reference center. By the mid- 1970' s, when interestin American history will be heightened by activities commemorating the Bicen-tennial, it should be prepared to serve the public broadly through relevantexhibitions, scholarly and popular materials and programs, and through dissemi-nation of information on historical portraiture from the computerized Catalogue ofAmerican Portraits.
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972OFFICE OF THE GENERAL COUNSELIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 8 1 S11 Personnel Compensation $121,000 $21,000 $ 142,00012 Personnel Benefits 10,000 1,000 11,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 1,000 1,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ...24 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services ... 1,000 1,0002b Supplies & Materials ....... 1,000 1,000 2,00031 Equipment 1,000 1,00041 Grants TOTAL $ 135, 000 $23,000 $ 158,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $8,000 $ 5,000 $13,000Program $127,000 $18,000 $146,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Legal Counsel Requirements of the Institution (1 position, $18,000)The Institution has grown considerably since 1964. There have beenadded to its already numerous responsibilities the Renwick Gallery, theHirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, theArchives of American Art, the Chesapeake Bay Center for EnvironmentalStudies, and the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. It hastaken on such program as the National Museum Act and the Foreign CurrencyProgram. Each of these required OGC staff participation in its establishmentand each places demands on the staff for its continued development andoperation within the framework of applicable laws. There is a growing backlogof matters requiring legal attention. An additional $18,000 is requested:$17,000 for an additional part-time attorney and a secretary and $1,000 forother expenses of the office.
Increase 19721971 Base Requested Estimate18 3 $ 21i 174, 000 $ 72, 000 246, 00011, 000 6, 000 17, 0006,000 3, 000 9,0003, 000 3, 00040, 000 5, 000 45,0002, 000 2, 000 4, 000162, 000 97, 000 259, 0009, 000 16, 000 25, 0009, 000 400, 000 $
409,000
; 416,000 $ 601, 000 1,017, 000
649SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972JOSEPH H. HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN
Object ClassNumber of Permanent Positions . .
1 1 Personnel Compensation $12 Personnel Benefits2 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things ...23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ...24 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services . .26 Supplies & Materials3
1
Equipment .41 Grants
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 8,000 $ 14,000 $ 22,000Program $408,000 $587,000 $ 995,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Meeting Target Date for Building Opening (3 positions, $587,000)The operating staff of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and SculptureGarden will continue to be expanded. Three additional members are beingsought in the budget year, a registrar, administrative assistant, and clerktypist ($23,000) plus additional funds in other objects ($33,000) and funds toannualize part-time positions authorized in 1971 ($41,000). These funds willbe added to the current budget and form the nucleus of the continuing budgetfor the Museum.Additional funds ($50,000) are requested to continue with the program ofconservation and framing of the collection for its initial opening in the newgallery.Funds for the design and production of storage screens ($400, 000) arebeing requested. Since this is a sizeable job it will be considerably cheaperto let the bid for the entire job at one time instead of doing the work inincrements. These screens need to be placed on the top floor of the museumas soon as possible in order for the physical move of the collection toWashington to take place.Funds are needed for the equipment necessary to set up three workrooms. ($40, 000). The carpentry, frame and paint shops have been chosento be equipped first because they seem the most essential to the immediateoperations of the building as construction work is completed. These shopswill be useful as the collection is moved and uncrated and hung in storage.Immediate attention to small repairs will save wear and tear of having torepack and reship the works that might be in need of modest work.
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JOSEPH H. HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN1970 Appropriation $ 308,0001971 Estimate $ 416,0001972 Estimate $1,017,000The Hirshhorn Museum, now under construction on the Mall, will housethe magnificent gift to the nation of more than 7, 000 paintings and sculptures.The Act of November 7, 1966, authorized construction of the Museum anddesignated the Mall site. Building construction began in March, 1970, and theestimated completion is October, 1972. All phases of work are presentlygeared to prepare for the opening of the Museum and to place it in operation.An increase of $587,000 for fiscal year 1972 will be used for acquiringequipment and furnishings to facilitate an early transfer of the collection toWashington as portions of the building become ready for outfitting and occupancyand for expanding the basic and continuing operations. The former item forequipment and furnishings consisfcsof one-time, non-recurring costs, which arephased over two years. The attached table provides a detailed flow of projectedoperations for fiscal years 1972, 1973, and 1974, as related to the expectedgrowth prior to and immediately following an anticipated public opening six tonine months following the completion of the building. An additional $14,000 issought for necessary pay purposes.Need for Increase- -In order to bring this major new Museum intoexistence, a dramatic acceleration in operating program activity must takeplace during the two and one-half year building construction period. This willrequire a very substantial increase in program funds over this period in orderto meet the projected public opening date. Major additional funding require-
.ments are in two categories: ongoing preparation of the collection, and theRequisition of furnishings and special equipment for the building.Approximately twelve hundred choice paintings and pieces of sculpture arebeing selected from the more than 7, 000 items in the collection for exhibitwhen the Museum opens. These paintings and pieces of sculpture must beexamined, photographed, mounted, cleaned, and in some cases restored prior toexhibition. The total cost of this effort in fiscal year 1972, is estimated at$200,000 for such contractual services.Of these 1,200 items, 600 are paintings and 600 are sculptures. Based ona survey of the restoration and framing requirements of these items thefollowing funding needs have been projected which total $565,000. Some objectsare included in two categories.
--100 large paintings (5 to 15 feet) will need restoration at an averagecost of $1,000 ($100,000) and 50 will require work at $300 each($15, 000).
--350 small paintings will require restoration at prices ranging from $250to $500 ($150, 000).
--500 paintings must be framed at prices averaging $200 for a total costcost of $100, 000.
--400 sculpture pieces, including about 150 which are classed asmonumental, will require restoration at prices averaging $500.Estimated total cost of the job is $200, 000.
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Approximately 350 paintings have been restored, conserved, and framedduring fiscal years 1969 and 1970, and are now completed for initial exhibitiondisplay. These include items that required both conservation and framing.In fiscal year 1971 it is estimated that an additional 300 items will becompleted, so that by the end of the fiscal year about 50 percent of the workfor the opening will be completed.The additional funds requested for conservation and framing in fiscal year1972 ($50,000) will allow for completion of nearly 90 percent of the totalnumber of items planned for use in the opening exhibition. Fiscal year 1973will be devoted to completing the remainder of the initial showing.An increase in technical and support staff is required to prepare for theMuseum's opening and subsequent exhibition and research programs. Thisstaff must: negotiate with conservators and other contractors, and follow upon work in progress; conduct research and documentation for the openingexhibition as well as continue with the cataloging of the entire collection; andcontinue the Museum's present public services such as loans, photographicrequests, and research queries. Three additional staff members are requested:registrar, administrative assistant, and clerk-typist ($23,000), plus funds toannualize new positions authorized only part year in fiscal year 1971 ($41,000).An additional $33,000 are requested for other contractual service costsrelated to the collections, the rental of working space and services(moving items in and out of storage for inspection, conservation, framing, etc),photography to document the collections for exhibits planning and researchpurposes. Professional visits to art museums and galleries for research willbe necessary as well as other field trips.Non-recurring CostsConstruction costs of $16,000,000 ($15,000,000 appropriated by Congressand a $1,000,000 gift by Mr. Hirshhorn) will provide the Institution with thebasic Museum building, including necessary utility equipment and connections.This amount does not permit the Museum to be completed to the point necessaryfor public opening or for conducting basic educational functions. It does notprepare the galleries or public areas, or furnish the administrative office space.To insure an opening to the public as soon as possible after completion ofconstruction, it is essential that procurement and installation of furniture,furnishings, moveable equipment, and other items be provided as soon aspossible. Approximately $1,466,000 of furnishings and equipment not includedin the original construction contracts (for furnishings and equipment) andnecessary to prepare and make effective use of the laboratory, gallery andadministrative space, have been identified as needed over the next two years.Funding for these items is being requested over two years, $440, 000 in fiscalyear 1972, and $1,026,000 in fiscal year 1973. Operating costs and non-recurring costs are identified in the following table.
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Operating CostsPositionsStaff Costs (Including benefits)Conservation and restorationSupplies & Materials & EquipmentOther (Exhibits, planning, travel,rent, etc. )
FY 1971 FY 197218$185, 000150, 00018, 00063, 000
21$263, 000200, 00040, 000
FY 197345$494, 000100, 00032, 000
FY 197460$688, 00040, 00015, 00074, 000 193, 000 135, 000Subtotal, regular operations $416,000 $577,000 $819,000 $878,000
Non-recurring costsCarpentry, frame, paint shopsStorage screensCoatroom furnishings & area lightsGallery furnishingsLamps and partitionsFourth floor furnishingsPhotography labLibrary shelvingRegistrars office and stafflunchroomStone pedestalsSecurity systemsExterior lightingExamination labConservation labAuditorium furnishingsTour guidesSales roomSubtotal, non-recurring costs
40, 000400, 000 8, 000210, 00032, 000205, 00027,00050, 00019, 00095, 00050, 00050, 00038, 00065, 00067, 00060, 00050, 000$440, 000 $1,026, 000TOTAL $416, 000 $1, 017, 000 $1,845,000 $878,000
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SMITHSONIAN INSTTTUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972FREER GALLERY OF ARTObject Class 1971 BaseNumber of Permanent Positions . . 7
1 1 Personnel Compensation $ 49, 00012 Personnel Benefits 4,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services26 Supplies & Materials 3,000 15,000 18,0003 1 Equipment41 Grants ?
IncreaseRequested
1
1972Estimate8
; 8,0001,000 $ 57, 0005, 000
TOTAL $ 56, 000 $ 24, 000 $ 80, 000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $2,000 $3,000 $5,000Program $54,000 $21,000 $75,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Support of Research and Care of the Collections (1 position, $21,000 )Freer endowment funds provide for the purchase of objects and forthe development and study of the collections. Federal funds, in accordancewith the Deed of Gift, are to be used for general support purposes.Funds are requested for a clerical position to assist research in NearEastern Art ($6,000) and for the purchase of storage equipment and relatedsupplies ($15,000).
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FREER GALLERY OF ART1/1970 Actual $45,000 i1971 Estimate $56, 000 IV1972 Estimate $80, 000 IVThe Freer Gallery of Art houses one of the world's most distinguishedcollections of Oriental Art of over 10,000 objects. Including works of art fromChina, Japan, Korea, India, and the Near East, the collection covers paintings,sculptures, and other objects in stone, wood, lacquer, jade, pottery, porcelain,bronze, gold, and silver. Items not currently on exhibition and the library of40, 000 volumes are available and used extensively by the Gallery's staff andnumerous visiting scholars and students from throughout the world. The two-fold program envisaged by the founder involves the continuing search for worksof the highest quality that may be added to the collections and the continuingstudy of these works of art as keys to understanding the civilizations thatproduced them.An appropriation increase of $21,000 is requested to provide basic supportto research, collections maintenance, and exhibition programs of the Gallery.Funds in the amount of $3,000 are also requested for necessary pay for staff.Need for Increase? Endowment funds provide for purchase of objects andfor the development and study of the Freer collections. In accordance with theacceptance of the Deed of Gift, federal funds are to be provided and used forthe upkeep, repair, guarding, heat, light, cleaning of building; repair andcleaning of collection; and recording, labeling, and moving of specimens andrelated services. Current federal employees are support staff. There hasbeen a great increase in use made of Freer resources by the general public,scholars, and students; and inflation in the costs of supplies and equipmentmakes the current level of federal support chronically inadequate. It is ourresponsibility to correct this condition.For fiscal year 1972, funds are requested to provide a clerical positionfor the newly-filled curator of Near Eastern Art to assist with a large backlogof accumulated work ($6,000). An additional $15, 000 are requested for cabinetsfor the storage of Chinese and Japanese handscrolls and albums, and formiscellaneous office and other supplies.
\_l Excludes approximately $300, 000 in maintenance, operations, and protectionsupport from the Buildings Management Department.
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972ARCHIVES OF AMERICAN ARTObject ClassNumber of Permanent Positions 1971 Ease
1 1 Personnel Compensation $12 Personnel Benefits2 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ...24 Printing & Reproduction ....25 Other Services26 Supplies & Materials3 1 Equipment .41 Grants TOTAL $
Analysis of TotalPay IncreaseProgram
IncreaseRequested11_
f 145,00011, 0004,000
1972Estimate11_
5 145, 0D011, 000
4, 00010,3,2, 000000000
5 175, 000
10,3,2, 000000000
; 175, 000
$175,000 $175,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Maintenance of Archives Holding (11 positions, $175,000)The Archives of American Art came to the Smithsonian Institution inMay 1970. The several million documents in its collection constitute aninvaluabk aid to research and scholarship in the history of American visualarts from prior to the American Revolution to the present time. Withtheother resources of the National Collection of Fine Arts and the NationalPortrait Gallery, the Archives makes the Fine Arts and Portrait GalleriesBuilding a major center for the study of American art. During the past year,several hundred researchers have used the Archives and a number ofrecent publications depended heavily on Archives documents. The $175,000requested for fiscal year 1972 will provide for personnel, space rental,contractual services (including microfilming), office supplies and equipment.
58-287 O?71?pt. 4- -42
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ARCHIVES OF AMERICAN ART1970 Actual $ 55, 000-^1971 Estimate $175,0001'1972 Estimate $175, 000The Archives of American Art, founded in Detroit in 1954 and a bureau ofthe Smithsonian Institution since May 1970, is committed to aiding research andscholarship in the history of the visual arts in this country from prior to therevolutionary war period to the present time. It acts to achieve this goal byacquiring, organizing, and preserving the primary documentation needed byhistorians --the correspondence, diaries, business papers, and photographs ofpainters, sculptors, critics, dealers, and collectors, and the formal records ofgalleries, museums, and art societies. These collections of paper are cataloged,microfilmed, and made available to scholars. A photograph of an item in theArchives holdings is shown on a following page.The processing and chief reference center of the Archives is now located inspace provided by the National Collection of Fine Arts and the National PortraitGallery library. Added to the library, and to the archival material alreadypossessed by these two museums, the Archives will make the old Patent Officebuilding a major center for the study of American Art.The organization expects to raise private funds amounting to about $200, 000in fiscal year 1971. This income is used primarily to support Archives'activities outside Washington. It is hoped that this level will be maintained. TheNational Portrait Gallery and the National Collection of Fine Arts have helped tooffset initial costs by providing facilities and earmarking some of their funds tosupplement the Archives own resources. Because the Archives came to theSmithsonian after the fiscal year 1971 budget had been submitted, it was notpossible to include in that budget a request for separate funds to enable theInstitution to make full use of this great collection of materials. This year,$175,000 are being requested to be appropriated for the AAA, an amount whichreflects no increase over the estimated fiscal year 1971 level of funding sharedby the National Collection of Fine Arts and the National Portrait Gallery.During the past year the Archives has acquired over 100,000 individualitems. Among the more important collections received were the papers ofWilliam Baziotes, Cecila Beaux, Karl Bitter, Herbert Ferber, Palmer Hayden,Ibram Lassaw, Guy Pene du Bois, and Ben Shahn. Of particular interest is alarge collectibn of records accumulated by Charles Henry Hart, an authority on18th and early 19th century portraiture.The Archives' oral history program continued its activities with a series oftape recorded interviews with administrators and other figures in the New Yorkart world. Among those people interviewed were Harvard Arnason, Ralph Colin,Lawrence Fleischman, Henry Geldzahler, Huntington Hartford, and GordonWashburn.Since the objective of the Archives is to serve scholarship by providingdocumentation to researchers, its achievement is measured by the effective useof Archives resources in the writing of exhibition catalogues, catalog raisonnes,articles, biographies, monographs. The Archives further approacnesits goal byoffering grants in aid, by publishing a quarterly Journal , and by disseminatinginformation on its holdings to universities and museums.
These amounts reflect shared costs by NCFA and NPG, and are includedin the amounts shown for those galleries.
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Research on the painter Stuart Davis, the Sculptor David Smith, the BlackMountain College Art Department, and the federal art programs of the 1930'sare a few of the more important projects now under way. Among otherrecent publications which depended heavily on Archives documents are BarbaraNovak, American Painting of the Nineteenth Century , N. Y. , 1969; Marcia M.Mathews, Henry Ossawa Tanner , Chicago, 1969; William I. Homer, RobertHenri and his Circle , Ithaca, N. Y. , 1969; and Sheldon Reich, John Marin; AStylistic Analysis and Catalogue Raissone, Tucson, 1970.
With the establishment of its office in Washington, D. C. , the volume of useof Archives holdings has risen sharply owing to the need for documentation by thestaffs of the National Collection of Fine Arts, the National Portrait Gallery, theNational Gallery of Art, and student and faculty researchers at the University ofMaryland and George Washington University. Since the Archives is still a recentarrival here, it anticipates a further increase in the use of its resources in thecoming year.Funding requested in the fiscal year 1972 budget will provide foradministrative and curatorial personnel ($156,000) and for space rental,contractual services (including microfilming), office supplies, and equipment($19, 000).
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972NATIONAL ARMED FORCES MUSEUM ADVISORY BOARDIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 8 -2 611 Personnel Compensation $111,000 $ -8,000 $103,00012 Personnel Benefits 9,000 -1,000 8,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 2,000 -1,000 1,00012. Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction ....25 Other Services 29,000 -22,000 7,00026 Supplies & Materials 1,000 1,0003 1 Equipment41 Grains TOTAL $ 152, 000 $ -32, 000 $ 120, 000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 8,000 $ 5,000 $ 13,000Program $144,000 $-37,000 $107,000
Specification of Increase (Program):
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NATIONAL ARMED FORCES MUSEUM ADVISORY BOARD1970 Actual $182,0001971 Estimate $152, 0001972 Estimate $120, 000The National Armed Forces Museum Advisory Board advises and assiststhe Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution on matters related to theestablishment of anational historical museum park to be known as BicentennialPark and a study center to be known as the Dwight D. Eisenhower Institute forHistorical Research. Preliminary approval has been obtained for two sites on thePotomac River, both already under federal ownership and within a short distanceof downtown Washington: Fort Foote Park, in Prince George's County, Maryland,and Jones Point Park, on the southern edge of Alexandria, Virginia.
660
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUMThis group of activities includes a major segment of the conservation andpreservation efforts of the Institution, the collections documentation function, theexhibits effort, and the leadership role of the Smithsonian in diffusing knowledgeand training in these areas to the national museum community.For fiscal year 1972, only necessary pay increases are being requested forthe Office of Museum Programs, the Office of Exhibits, and small programamounts for important needs in the Conservation Analytical Laboratory and theRegistrar's Office. A separate request for a major exhibition project is beingrequested in the special program's section, but these funds are nonrecurring innature and are necessary to develop and improve the permanent educationaldisplays. The increase requested for United States National Museum activities is$183, 000, or two percent of the total Institutional requested increase.
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972OFFICE OF MUSEUM PROGRAMSIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 9 9
Specification of Increase (Program):Museum Services
11 Personnel Compensation $143,000 $4,000 $147,00012 Personnel Benefits 11,000 11,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 8,000 8,00022 Transportation of Things .... 2, 000 2, 00023 Rent, Comm. & Utilities .... 1,000 1,00024 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services 120,000 120,00026 Supplies & Materials ....... 1,000 1,00031 Equipment 18,000 18,00041 Grants TOTAL $ 304, 000 $ 4, 000 $ 308, 000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 4,000 $4,000 $ 8,000Program $300,000 $300,000
This Office provides program planning for museum and exhibition activities,surveys visitor reactions to the Smithsonian's exhibits, and works with othermuseums and organizations on matters of mutual concern. No program fundincrease for the operations of this Office is requested for fiscal year 197?..
662
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUMOFFICE OF MUSEUM PROGRAMS1970 Actual $233,0001971 Estimate $304, 0001972 Estimate $308,000The Office of Museum Programs provides program planningand review of the Smithsonian Institution's museum and exhibition activities withspecial emphasis on developing experimental and educational exhibits, surveyingvisitor reaction to the Institution's services, and providing advice and technicalassistance to other museums. It works cooperatively with museum professionalsand their associations and organizations to increase the effectiveness of museumsin the performance of their scholarly and public education functions. The Officeof the Registrar, the Conservation Analytical Laboratory, and the Office ofExhibits are under the general administration of this Office.No program fund increase is sought for fiscal year 1972 for the operationsof this Office. An amount of $4, 000 is requested for necessary pay purposes.
663
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972OFFICE OF EXHIBITS Increase 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions . . 167 -3 16411 Personnel Compensation $1,936,000 $62,000 $1,998,00012 Personnel Benefits 143,000 5,000 148,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 10,000 10,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ... . 1,000 1,00024 Printing & Reproduction ..... 40, 000 40, 00025 Other Services 64,000 64,0002b Supplies & Materials 127,000 127,0003
1
Equipment 40, 000 40, 00041 Grants TOTAL $ 2, 361, 000 $ 67, 000 $2, 428, 000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 98,000 $67,000 $ 175,000Program $2, 263, 000 $2, 263, 000
Specification of Increase (Program):Maintenance of Current Exhibits ProgramNo program increase is sought for fiscal year 1972 for the Office ofExhibits as such. Its base resources are largely absorbed by the maintenanceand upgrading of existing exhibits, the design of new permanent exhibits, anda program of changing special exhibits. A request for ne* nonrecurringfunds for the construction and installation of a major permanent exhibitionon the World of Living Things in the National Museum of Natural History ispresented in the special programs section of this budget request.
664
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUMOFFICE.OF EXHIBITS1970 Actual $2,354,0001971 Estimate $2, 361, 0001972 Estimate $2,428,000The Office of Exhibits, in collaboration with museum scientists andhistorians, designs, prepares, and installs exhibitions in Smithsonian museums,and occasionally for the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service.Since its establishment in 1955, the Office has prepared over 3, 500 permanentexhibit units primarily in the National Museum of Natural History and the NationalMuseum of History and Technology, and has produced hundreds of special exhibitsin art, history, and science. New techniques such as freeze-drying of animal andplant specimens and new methods of presentation, including audio-visual andvisitor participation devices, are developed to enhance the visitor's learningexperience. Many staff innovations have been copied around the world. Bycounseling visiting professionals and by training museum technicians from allpoints of the world, the Office has had a significant effect on museum installationsin many countries.No program fund increase is sought for fiscal year 1972 for the Office ofExhibits. The base appropriation is largely absorbed by maintenance andupgrading of existing exhibits, design of new exhibits, and a modest program ofchanging special exhibits. New permanent exhibits, space for which exists inpresent Smithsonian museums, will require new nonrecurring funds for construc-tion and installation. A request for these funds is included in the specialprograms section of this budget request. An increase of $67, 000 is requested fornecessary pay for the Office of Exhibits staff.
665
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972CONSERVATION ANALYTICAL LABORATORYIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions . . 11 3 14
!'] Personnel Compensation $113,000 $26,000 $139,00012 Personnel Benefits 9,000 2,000 11,00021 Travel & Transp. of Persons 5,000 5,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Util-liu.s . . . . 1,000 1,00024 Printing & Reproduction 1,000 1,00025 Other Services 7, 000 7, 00026 Supplies & Materials ....... 6, 000 3, 000 9, 00031 Equipment 12,000 24,000 36,00041 Grants TOTAL $ 154, 000 $ 55, 000 $209,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 6,000 $ 5,000 $ 11,000Program $148,000 $50,000 $198,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Protection, Conservation, and Analysis of the Collections (3 positions, $50,000)Activities of the Laboratory fall into two broad areas: conservation,including preventive and remedial measures, and analysis of the compositionof objects in support of research. Increased funding is required for a smallfumatorium chamber and a technician to cope with serious insect infestationsin the History and Technology collections ($24, 000). Two additionalconservators at a cost of $14, 0Q0 are required to care for some 13 millionnon-biological objects (for instance, coins) in the collections. An Ebertspectrograph ($12,000) for analysis purposes will double current output ofexisting staff.
666
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUMCONSERVATION ANALYTICAL LABORATORY1970 Actual $134,0001971 Estimate $154,0001972 Estimate $209, 000
The Conservation Analytical Laboratory was established in 1963 to serve themuseums of the Smithsonian Institution. It ascertains and advises on thesuitability of environmental conditions found in the buildings for objects displayedor in storage, and suggests remedial action if necessary. Advice is given to thecuratorial units on conservation procedures for specific objects. Objects whichpresent special problems or require more specialized equipment than is availablein these units are treated in the laboratory.Analysis of objects or their materials (e.g., pigments, fibers, alloys, orcorrosion products) is done by advanced instrumentation to determine appropriateconservation procedures or to provide museum archaeologists and historians withbasic research data concerned with dates, attribution, and ancient productionmethods.Current program shortages include the following for which a programincrease of $50,000 is requested. An additional $5, 000 are requested fornecessary pay for current staff members.Need for Increase- -The lack of a fumatorium to sterilize all objects onentry into the History and Technology Building allows development of insectcolonies within storage areas with consequent risk of serious and wide-spreadloss of the collections. Over 30 reports of insect finds have been made in thisone building in one year. Emergency actions taken on site to counter this riskare expensive in manpower, less than wholly effective, and inevitably add to thelevel of poison in the human environment. Funds are requested for a smallfumatorium chamber ($12,000) plus one technician to operate it ($9,000) and toassist in sampling for analysis and supplies and materials ($3,000).Conservation activity falls ludicrously short of the need. With thirteenmillion non-biological objects in the Smithsonian collections, if only one percentof these is in need of attention, then it would require 32 man- years in order todevote 30 minutes to each. Thirty minutes is barely sufficient time to carry anobject to and from this laboratory, without allowing time for any useful treat-ment. CA L at present has only three positions for conservators. Two additionalconservators are requested ($14, 000).Conservation activity requires supporting specialized analytical facilities.Some increase in output without increase in analytical staff or floor space canbe achieved by introducing newly-available instrumentation. An Ebertspectrograph to supersede the laboratory's present instrumentation (obtained onsurplus) will literally double output and will help to remove a bottleneck that isslowing conservation activity by existing staff ($12,000).The resources available to CA L in the fiscal year 1970 were used as shownin the accompanying diagram. This division of effort reflects needs expressedby curators that were satisfied to the maximum permitted by the availableapparatus, funds, staff abilities, and space. In that year 148 requisitions (395objects or samples) were accepted from 28 sources within the Smithsonianbureaus, and 140 requisitions (144 samples or objects) were completed, thebalance being in progress at the end of the year (60 percent requisitionedtreatment or advice, 40 percent analysis). In addition, training of CA L and otherSmithsonian Institution personnel proceeded, national and international professionalcontacts were maintained, research papers published, and practical assistancegiven to other museums and local archaeological societies.
667
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668
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972OFFICE OF THE REGISTRARIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions . . 29 1__ 3011 Personnel Compensation $223,000 $12,000 $235,00012 Personnel Benefits 17,000 1,000 18,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things ... . 59,000 26,000 85,00023 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services ... 16,000 16,00026 Supplies & Materials 1,000 1,000 2,00031 Equipment 1,000 1,000 2,00041 Grants TOTAL $ 301, 000 $ 57, 000 $ 358, 000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 8, 000 $ 7, 000 $ 15, 000Program $293,000 $50,000 $343,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Protection of Accession Records and Shipping and Mail Room Requirements(1 position, $50, 000)Additional funding is requested for three important areas of the Registrar'soperations. A records technician and funds for contractual microfilmingservices ($22, 000) are required to begin the job of duplicating and protectingsome 1, 800, 000 documents dating from 1842 which record accessions to theNational Museum of Natural History and the National Museum of History andTechnology. An additional $26, 000 are required to bring the level of shippingfunds closer to identified requirements for the transportation of exhibits,specimens, and field equipment. An amount of $2, 000 is needed for mail roomsupplies and equipment to meet a growing volume of mail.
669
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUMOFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR1970 Actual $327, 0001971 Estimate $301, 0001972 Estimate $358, 000The Office of the Registrar was established officially in 1881. It hasresponsibility for recording and safeguarding the documents pertaining to thereceipt and legal ownership of the objects accessioned into the NationalCollections of the National Museum of Natural History and the National Museumof History and Technology. In addition, the office provides essential serviceto support all units of the Smithsonian through the management of the centralmail and messenger service, the Smithsonian shipping office, U. S. Customsclearances, public inquiries for the museums, and official foreign traveldocuments such as passports, visas, and work permits.Current program shortages occur in the preservation of records, shipping,and mail service for which an additional $50,000are requested. Also requestedare $7, 000 for necessary pay purposes.Need for Increase- -A critical area requiring prompt attention is themicrofilming of the valuable accession records which consist of original papersthat basically document objects in the National Collections. These uniquepapers date from before the establishment of the Smithsonian, the earliestdated 1842, and have never been duplicated. Their loss by fire or otherdisaster would seriously affect the research value of the collections. A long-term project is proposed: first, to place the estimated 1,800,000 pieces onmicrofilm as a precautionary measure against loss, and second, to deacidifyand restore selected early papers that are brittle, torn, and badly faded. Arecords technician is required to separate, coordinate, and safeguard thepapers during microfilming and to reassemble them for refiling ($6,000).Support in contractual services to commence the microfilming and completeone-fourth to one-third of the filming is estimated at $16,000.A primary responsibility of the Registrar's Office is the transportation ofexhibits, specimens, and related research items for the museums, galleries,and laboratories. The requests for this service have been growing rapidly inlight of expanding activities of program units. A recent analysis indicatesthat approximately $102,000 are necessary to meet expected transportationcosts, but only about $59, 000 are currently available. This deficit situationhas been brought about over a period of years by continued growth in requestsfor services, the necessity of absorbing part of salary increases, andinflationary cost increases in other areas. An increase of $26,000 is requestedto meet a higher portion of identified requirements and offset inflationarypressures in the budget year.Mail volume continues to grow as the public becomes more aware of theInstitution's activities and services. An increase of $2,000 for mail roomsupplies and equipment is requested.
670
PUBLIC SERVICEThe Institution has not allowed itself to rest with static presentations andexhibits of collections directed at only those persons with sufficient motivation,time, or money to visit its centrally located galleries and museums. In order tobe successful in conveying the richness of the nation's heritage to a wider public,and to offer additional opportunities for appreciation of its growth and develop-ment, the Institution has sought to expand its public reach. It has achieved this ina variety of ways over the last several years.The experimental development of a neighborhood museum in Anacostia hasshown that museum operations may be carried out in the crucible of the innercity, that children may learn with delight and advantage, and that the residents ofthe area will treat with respect what they regard as their own center for learningand recreation. The story of the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum and its useful-ness stands as one of the outstanding achievements of the Institution in recentyears.The activities of some of the other public service units have been no lessimportant. There is the popular Folklife Festival on the Mall, sponsored annuallyby the Division of Performing Arts. The services of the Office of Public Affairs,which range through activities in the fields of information and public education,such as radio, television, documentary films, news releases, and guide pamphletsare especially valuable. The world-wide character of the programs of the Officeof International Activities and the International Exchange Service serve to bringthis nation closer to the ideal of a world community through research and thedissemination of knowledge.The increase requested for the Public Service Activities amounts to$118,000, or one percent of the total Institutional requested increase.
671
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses, " Fiscal Year 1972ANACOSTIA NEIGHBORHOOD MUSEUMObject Class 1971 BaseNumber of Permanent Positions . . 11
1 1 Personnel Compensation $ 106, 00012 Personnel Benefits 8,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 3,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction2 5 Other Services 4, 00026 Supplies & Materials 4, 0003
1
Equipment41 Grants TOTAL $ 125, 000
Analysib of TotalPay Increase $ 6, 000Program $119, 000
IncreaseRequested
$ 36,0003,0001, 000
6, 0006,000$ 52, 000
$ 7,000$45, 000
1972Estimate1_5_$ 142, 00011,0004, 000
4,00010, 0006, 000$ 177, 000
$ 13, 000$164, 000
Specification of Increase (Program):Classroom and Workshop Activity and General Operations (4 positions, $45, 000)In the three years of its operations the Anacostia Neighborhood Museumhas entertained and instructed over 150,000 visitors and has offered a widearray of exhibits, classes, and youth programs. Although private gifts,donations, and grants for special programs and projects are coming to theMuseum, such support for regular, ongoing operations and administrationhas virtually dried- up. Yet community demands for museum- related educationservices are increasing steadily. Although part-time and volunteer help fromthe community is used, two full-time instructors ($13,000) are required toput class and workshop activities on a more regular basis. An assistant tothe director ($ 14, 000 ) is needed to work with the community and other groupsinterested in setting up similar museums. A custodian ($5,000 ) also isneeded to help maintain the public and work areas of the Museum. Funds inthe amount of $13,000 are required for custodial, exhibit, and workshopsupplies and equipment and for program related travel.
58-287 O?71?pt 4- Hl3
672
ANACOSTIA NEIGHBORHOOD MUSEUM1970 Actual $124,0001971 Estimate $125, 0001972 Estimate $177, 000The Anacostia Neighborhood Museum was established to reach out to newaudiences who are unaware of museum resources, physically too far from them,or as inhabitants of low-income population density centers do not see the interestor relevance of museums. Starting in 1966, the Smithsonian sought out communityreaction to the concept of a permanent neighborhood museum in the inner city.Reaction was most favorable and the desire for community involvement appearedstrongest in Anacostia. The Museum was founded entirely by private donationsand was opened in September 1967. Exhibits concentrated on visitor involvementand classes in sculpture, leathercraft, clay modeling, drawing, and painting havebeen held. A photograph of such a class appears on a following page. In subse-quent months, the Museum, in close collaboration with its Neighborhood AdvisoryCouncil, began to present exhibits which the community requested, primarily inthe field of Negro history. In each case, the exhibit served as a backdrop forschool programs, lectures, and concerts. Three years later, the Museum hasentertained and instructed over 150, 000 visitors and offers a widening array ofclasses and youth programs. Anacostia has linked its activities directly to theneeds of the community and has assured a fresh, nontraditional approaeh to therole of the museum.In exhibits and related education programs, Anacostia is now concentratingon urban problems. A recent substantial combined grant from the CarnegieCorporation, the Cafritz Foundation; and the Department of Housing and UrbanDevelopment will permit the Museum to identify Anacostia' s most pressing socialand economic problems through community participation and translate theseproblems into exhibits with related educational activities. This effort should havea wide impact since to a large degree the problems of Anacostia are sharedwidely by other urban centers across the nation.A program increase of $45,000 is requested for classroom and workshopactivity, overall program administration, and general costs of operation. Anadditional funding of $7, 000 is requested for necessary pay for current staff.Need for Increase - -Although private gifts, donations, and grants for specialprograms and projects continue to be made available to the Museum, no suchfunds are now being provided for regular on-going programs and administration.To illustrate this point, over $100, 000 in general purpose funds were receivedduring 1967, 1968, and 1969; virtually none the past year. The increase providedin the fiscal year 1971 appropriation ($35, 000 of $75, 000 requested) met part ofthese costs. For instance, rental of the Museum building can now be paid withfederal funds. This increase, however, could not fund the additional staffrequired for basic activities.Community demands on the Museum for classes, workshops, and othermuseum-related education services have increased steadily since the Museumopened. Part-time and volunteer help from the community has been used, buttwo full-time instructors ($13, 000) are required to put the class and workshopactivities on a more regular basis. An assistant to the director ($ 14, 000)is needed to work with the community and otuer groups interested in settingup similar museums. A custodian ($5,000 ) also is needed to help maintainthe public and work areas of the Museum. Funds in the amount of $13,000are required for custodial, exhibit, and workshop supplies and equipment andfor program related travel.
673
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES
Object ClassNumber of Permanent Positions
1 1 Personnel Compensation $ 1 12, 00012 Personnel Benefits2 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things . . .23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities . .24 Printing & Reproduction ....25 Other Services26 Supplies & Materials3 1 Equipment41 Grants
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 6, 000 $ 9, 000 . $ 15, 000Program $119,000 $16,000 $135,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Foreign Currency Program Administration (1 position, $16,000)A major role of the Office of International Activities is to administer theForeign Currency Program which awards grants for research abroad toAmerican institutions of higher learning. The program is now supporting 97grants in biology, archeology, earth and space sciences, and museum programsin ten excess currency countries. Additional clerical help is imperative tohelp administer a growing number of grants. One clerk-typist is requested($5, 000). An additional $11, 000 are requested, primarily for travel and relatedexpenses of the Foreign Currency Program Advisory Councils that meet toselect proposals for funding and review performance of work underway.
Increase 19721971 Base Requested Estimate8 1 9
6 $ 12, 000 $ 124, 0008, 000 2, 000 10, 0004, 000 9, 000 13, 0001,000 1, 000
1,000 1,000 2, 000
i 125, 000 $ 25, 000 $ 150, 000
674
OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES1970 Actual $118,0001971 Estimate $125,0001972 Estimate $150,000The Office of International Activities was established in 1965 to initiate,coordinate, and oversee Smithsonian interests abroad. In this capacity, itassists the Institution's scientific staff planning research overseas, briefsAmerican diplomats on Smithsonian activities abroad, and maintains close contactwith the foreign diplomatic missions in Washington. In addition, it briefspertinent foreign visitors and administers training programs for foreign museumtechnicians at the Institution. The Office also serves as the Executive Agent ofthe Iran-U. S. Agreement signed in 1968 to foster scientific cooperation betweenthe two countries.Recently the Office has become increasingly involved in the worldwideenvironmental and conservation interests of the Institution. It has been concernedwith conservation efforts on Dominica, Aldabra, and in Honduras as well as atthe Smithsonian's own Chesapeake Bay Center. It was instrumental in bringingabout a symposium on the endangered species of Hawaii. An environmentalsymposium to be held in India is now in the planning stage.A major role of the Office is to administer the Smithsonian ForeignCurrency Program which awards grants for research abroad to Americaninstitutions of higher learning as well as to Smithsonian scientists. Since 1965,over $10. 5 million worth of PL-480 "excess" currencies have been obligated toscientists working in the four basic fields of Smithsonian scientific competence:systematic and environmental biology, archaeology and related disciplines, earthand space sciences, and museum programs. The program is now supporting 97projects operating in Ceylon, Egypt, Guinea, India, Israel, Morocco, Pakistan,Poland, Tunisia, and Yugoslavia. A symposium on Smithsonian projects inCeylon was held there, and a follow-up meeting is planned for the present year.An increase of $16, 000 is requested primarily for Foreign CurrencyProgram administration. $9, 000 are required for necessary pay increases.Need for Increase?In fiscal year 1972 the Office of International Activitieswill face a critical shortage of clerical personnel. With the continual growth ofthe responsibilities of the OLA and an ever increasing number of grants handledby the Foreign Currency Program, additional clerical help is imperative. Sincethe Office's establishment in 1965, its administrative staff has grown, butclerical positions have not increased. At present, six persons are employed inan administrative capacity while there are only two clerical positions. Anadditional clerk-typist is requested ($5, 000).An additional $11, 000 are requested for travel and office maintenanceexpenses. Of this amount, $7, 000 are required for transportation and per diemexpenses for members of the Foreign Currency Program Advisory Councils.Composed of prominent American scientists, these councils meet twice yearly toreview proposals submitted to the Foreign Currency Program for possiblefunding. The remaining $4, 000 are needed for domestic travel and overseastravel-related expenses of the OIA staff and for office supplies and equipment.
675
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972INTERNATIONAL, EXCHANGE SERVICEIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 9 911 Personnel Compensation $ 73,000 $ 3,000 $ 76,00012 Personnel Benefits 5,000 5,00021 Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things 38,000 13,000 51,00023 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services26 Supplies & Materials ....... 4,000 2,000 6,0003 1 Equipment41 Grants TOTAL $ 120, 000 $ 18, 000 $138, 000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 2,000 $ 3,000 $ 5,000Program $118, 000 $15, 000 $133, 000
Specification of Increase (Program):Restoration of Exchange Services ($15,000)Official publications, such as the Federal Register and the CongressionalRecord , continue to be exchanged as required by law. A static appropriationand higher costs, however, have forced the Exchange Service to reducesubstantialy the exchange of library, university, and college publications.Additional funds in the amount of $15,000 for shipping and supplies arerequested to help restore the previous level of these important exchanges.
676
INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE SERVICE1970 Actual $118, 0001971 Estimate $120,0001972 Estimate $138,000Through the International Exchange Service, public and private institutionsin the United States transmit their publications to other countries and receivepublications from foreign institutions. Begun in 1849 as a exchange servicebetween the Smithsonian and learned societies in foreign countries, the programwas so successful that five years later it was expanded to other Americanlibraries, scientific societies, and educational institutions. As a result of theBrussels Convention of 1886 and some 50 bilateral treaties, the Smithsonian wasdesignated as the exchange bureaufor official United States publications. Todaymany libraries in the United States are dependent upon the exchange program fortheir foreign publications.An appropriation increaseof $15,000 is requested to help restore the levelof exchange services. Funding of $3,000 for necessary pay also is sought.Need for Increase --In fiscal year 1967 over 1.5 million packages ofpublications were received from organizations in the United States for exchangewith foreign libraries. By fiscal year 1971, as a result of a static appropriation,higher salary costs, and inflation in the costs of shipping and packaging suppliesand equipment, the volume that could be shipped had dropped by about one-third.At present, the exchange of offical publications (Federal Register, CongressionalRecord, etc.) is current as required by law. The exchange programs ofcolleges, universities, scientific societies, libraries, and medical and dentalschools however, have had to be severely limited. Much of these materials areof great benefit to foreign libraries especially in the developing countries. Fundsare requested for shipping ($13,000) and packaging supplies ($2,000).
677
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972DIVISION OF PERFORMING ARTSObject ClassNumber of Permanent Positions
1 1 Personnel Compensation $ 1 10, 00012 Personnel Benefits2 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things ...23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ...24 Printing & Reproduction ....25 Other Services26 Supplies & Materials ......3 1 Equipment ,41 Grants
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 8, 000 $6, 000 $ 14, 000Program $188,000 $188,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Programs in American Cultural HistoryThe Division of Performing Arts is responsible for programs dealingwith America's cultural heritage particularly as it shows itself in theater,music, dance, and craft skills. Notable among its programs are theannual Festival of American Folklife and its participation in the annualAmerican College Theater Festival. A program fund increase is not beingsought for fiscal year 1972.
Increase 19721971 Base Requested Estimate7 7
5 , $ 6, 000 $ 116,0009,000 9,00021,000 21,0006,000 6,0007,000 7, 0004, 000 4, 00012, 000 12, 00014,000 14,00013,000 13, 000
i 196,000 $ 6,000 $ 202, 000
678
DIVISION OF PERFORMING ARTS1970 Actual $226, 0001971 Estimate $196,0001972 Estimate $202,000The Division of Performing Arts is responsible for programs dealing withour national aesthetic expressions, particularly as they evidence themselves inoral, music, or dance forms. By staging such events as the annual Festivnl ofAmerican Folklife, which in 1970 drew more than 750, 000 persons to the Mallover a five-day period, this Division undertakes to extend and further enlivrn theSmithsonian's educational services to the public.At the Festival, more than 350 Indians, cheesemakers , barrelmakers,jellymakers, distillers, wood carvers, basketmakers, jazz musicians, folksingers, gospel groups, and musicians from many regions of the United Statesdemonstrated the survival of American folklife in performances which remindedvisitors of their still-flourishing cultural heritage.Programs in jazz and modern dance reflect contributions to world culturewhich are widely recognized as particularly American in origin and style.Programs in contemporary and period music, theatre, and dance provide under-standing of the creative view of the present and past.The Division offers a variety of Touring Performances such as theatre,musical concerts, puppet theatre, the American Folklife Company, and lectureswhich are available to other museums, universities, and cultural centersthroughout the United States. It also sponsors, with the American EducationalTheater Association and the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts,the annual American College Theater Festival.No program fund increase is sought for fiscal year 1972. An additionalamount of $6, 000 is requested for necessary pay for current staff.
679
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972OFFICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRSIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested Estimate12 12Number of Permanent Positions .11 Personnel Compensation $206,000 $16,000 $222,00012 Personnel Benefits 17,000 1,000 18,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction 10,000 10,00025 Other Services 2,000 2,00026 Supplies & Materials 6,000 6,0003 1 Equipment41 Grants TOTAL $ 241, 000 $ 17, 000 $ 258, 000
Analysis of Total 'Pay Increase $12,000 $17,000 $29,000Program $229, 000 $229, 000
Specification of Increase (Program):Orientation, Information, and Public EducationThis Office provides visitor and public orientation, information, and educationservices. No program fund increase is requested for fiscal year 1972.
680
OFFICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS1970 Actual $277, 0001971 Estimate $241, 0001972 Estimate $258, 000This Office is responsible for serving visitors to the Smithsonian and thepublic at large through a range of activities in the fields of orientation, informa-tion, and public education? radio, television, documentary films , news releases,guide pamphlets, tours, automatic telephone information services, publications,'and other programs. Included in its presentations are the Free Film Theater,the Torch newspaper, the Smithsonian Calendar of Events , and "RadioSmithsonian" now being heard over 60 stations.No program fund increase is sought for fiscal year 1972. An amount of$17, 000 for necessary pay for the current staff is requested.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SPECIAL PROGRAMSThis group of activities is considered to be of particular importance inimplementing desired growth in the Institution's activities over the nextseveral years. Some supplement program activities of the museums andgalleries. For instance, opportunities are provided for outstanding pre-andpost-doctoral investigators from across the nation to be selected for workunder the supervision of the Institution's professional staff. Education servicesare provided by means of popular museum tours for school children andother education services. Other special programs provide the basis on whichthe Institution affects dramatic changes in its exhibits and research efforts.The exhibits program request is geared to produce one major exhibit on theWorld of Living Things in the Natural History Museum, while the Bicentennialof the American Revolution request will continue the Institution's efforts tocelebrate and portray the first two-hundred years of American history andwhat they may mean for the future. The environmental science programrequest speaks to the second year of a coordinated Institutional effort to shedlight on ecological problems in the nation, and the research awards requestwill enhance the Institution's ability to fund especially meritorious work ofits professionals. The National Museum Act request is directed atstrengthening the nation's museums by means of training and improvedconservation, cataloging, and exhibits techniques. The increase beingrequested for these programs is $1,926,000 and constitutes 22 percent of thetotal Institutional requested increase.
681
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972BICENTENNIAL OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIONIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions..20 211 Personnel Compensation $ 21,000 $ $ 21,00012 Personnel Benefits 2,000 2,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction 377, 000 377, 00025 Other Services26 Supplies & Materials ........3 1 Equipment41 Grants TOTAL $ 400, 000 $ $ 400, 000
Analysis of TotalPay IncreaseProgram $400, 000 $400, 000
Specification of Increase (Program):Smithsonian Bicentennial ActivitiesThe Bicentennial of the American Revolution offers the Smithsonian Institutiona unique opportunity and an urgent duty. We must use our vast resources, andenlist the resources of others, to help rediscover and illuminate our nationalachievements. The theme of the Smithsonian's Bicentennial celebration is theAmerican Experience; its purpose will be, in President Nixon's words, ". ..anew understanding of our heritage."The Smithsonian program of Bicentennial activities is in addition to, andbeyond, the Institution's normal level of day-to-day operation. It is designed tobe complete in itself, to be terminal in nature, and to avoid permanent commit-ment of personnel and other additions to the appropriations base.During the next several years, the greater part of the Institution's Bicentennialefforts will necessarily be devoted to the research, collection, and planningwhich are called for to arrive at the Institution-wide, coordinated eventssurrounding 1976. Preliminary work will result in some visible results such asindividual exhibitions, seminars, and publications. But in general, the natureof the entire undertaking is such that the budget projection shows a steadyprogress from "behind the scenes" activities toward translation into publicexhibitions, performances, and a series of major publications, as we approach1976.No program increase is requested for fiscal year 1972.
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AMERICAN REVOLUTION BICENTENNIAL PROGRAM1970 Actual $1971 Estimate $400,0001972 Estimate $400, 000The Bicentennial of the American Revolution offers the SmithsonianInstitution a unique opportunity and an urgent duty. We must use our vastresources, and enlist the resources of others, to help rediscover and illuminateour national achievements. The theme of the Smithsonian's Bicentennialcelebration is the American Experience; its purpose will be, in President Nixon'swords, "...a new understanding of our heritage. "For this effort, the Smithsonian Institution is providentially well prepared.It is a remarkably comprehensive group of enterprises surveying every aspect ofman's life and work--his social, political, and military institutions; his fine arts,his applied arts, his performing arts; his use of natural resources; and hisadventures of exploration on this planet and into outer space. The SmithsonianInstitution has a long and rich tradition of free interchange of ideas with the worldof learning. It has been a center for the study of resources, natural and human,of the whole continent. The Smithsonian, as the repository for myriad objectssacred to our history and illustrative of the American Experience since thebeginning, is preeminent among the museums of the world and second to none inthe number of its visitors.The Smithsonian program of Bicentennial activities is in addition to, andbeyond, the Institution's normal level of day-to-day operation. It is designed tobe complete in itself, to be terminal in nature, and to avoid permanent commit-ment of personnel and other additions to the appropriations base. The requestfor fiscal year 1972, $400, 000, and projected future funding is shown in Table I.During the next several years, the greater part of the Institution'sBicentennial efforts will necessarily be devoted to the research, collecting, andplanning which are called for to arrive at the Institution-wide, coordinated eventssurrounding 1976. Preliminary work will result in some visible results such asindividual exhibitions, seminars, and publications. But in general, the nature ofthe entire undertaking is such that the budget projection shows a steady progressfrom "behind the scenes" activities toward translation into public exhibitions,performances, and a series of major publications, as we approach 1976.The Smithsonian's Bicentennial activities are designed to be interrelatedand mutually reinforcing, but for budgetary purposes they can be viewed underthree headings: Exhibitions and Performances; Research and Publications; andNational Programs.Exhibitions and PerformancesIn the Nation's Capital, the Smithsonian offers a uniquely effective andappropriate site for dramatizing and interpreting the American Experience. Nowsome 13 million people each year visit the Smithsonian museums in Washington.By 1976 this figure is likely to reach 20 million, and interest in the Bicentennialmay well bring the number to 30 million. The Smithsonian will provide thesevisitors with an appropriate and dramatic exposition. In January 1976 each ofthe Smithsonian's ten museums plans to open a major exhibiton commemoratingthe Bicentennial, the first occasion when so many of the Institution's resourceswill be devoted to a single theme. At the same time, a guide will be publishedshowing the coherence of the Smithsonian's many activities in exploring andillustrating the American Experience.
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The visitor to the Mall will have an unparalleled opportunity to participatein a sequence of varied and informative experiences. He will explore Americanhistory and see the expression of the American spirit through two centuries andacross a wide range of subject matter.At the National Museum of Natural History, he will see the look and sensethe feeling of the land and its original inhabitants at the time the first Europeansarrived, and he will see what happened to these people and the effects wroughtupon the land over the centuries.At the Arts and Industries Building, he will see the way Americans sawthemselves, their past and future, at the time of the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial.In this building, constructed originally to house materials that had been assembledand displayed at the Philadelphia Centennial, the same objects will be used torecapture the optimistic mood in which Americans celebrated this midpoint in ourhistory.In the National Air and Space Museum, the visitor will see an exhibition ofwhat is perhaps America's greatest technological achievement, the conquest ofouter space, and of the nation's future in the Space Age.Special exhibitions at the National Museum of History and Technology willpresent the cultural, industrial, and political development of the United States.Examples of these are the Corridors' of American Experience, a series of "timecorridors" designed to enable the visitor to experience daily living at specifictimes in America's past. A "time machine", to be developed in the current yearand tested on the public in fiscal year 1972, will transport the visitor by novelmeans of surveying the intervening experience.The Price of Independence will present the risks and the opportunities ofindependence for the American colonists: the risks of sea trade, of potential civilwar, the fear of defeat and the human and fiscal costs of war, supplemented bythe problems which would result from the loss of trade with England. The secondpart will depict the new opportunities --political, economic, intellectual--to befound in independence. A newly designed computerized game will allow themuseum visitor to select one of several roles (such as that of a Boston merchant,a Philadelphia laborer, or a Southern planter) and test his decisions against theactual facts of history in the period 1770-1820. In this way, he can relive therisks and opportunities of the Revolutionary Era. (A significant number ofinnovative display techniques, using new technology, will be developed. Thesetechnical advances will be made available to museums and display designersthroughout the country. )Other major activities will include an unprecedentedly comprehensiveexhibit of portraits and associated objects of Americans of the Revolutionary Era,and a year-long festival of American traditional and ethnic performing arts andhandcrafts (the "Grassroots American Culture Program").Research and PublicationsWe believe that the commemorative activities associated with theBicentennial should improve our understanding of ourselves and make a lastingcontribution to human knowledge. When the performances have ended and theexhibitions have closed, something of use to Americans during the third centuryof our national life should remain.As an important part of the Bicentennial program of the Smithsonian, wepropose to undertake a number of inventories of national cultural resources.These will range from an Inventory of American Paintings, to a Survey of Ethnicand Regional Cultural Forms. During fiscal year 1971, the scope and techniques
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of these surveys will be specified and refined, with a particular view tocoordinating the activities of the scholars, students, conservationists, andphotographers who will participate in them. Every effort will be made to enlistthe support and cooperation of regional and local groups in this enterprise. Weexpect that the actual compiling of the inventories will begin in fiscal year 1972.The first result of these inventories will be apparent in our own Bicentennialexhibits and performances, as for the first time we will be able to draw upon theentire range of America's cultural resources. The same will hold true at theregional and local level, as our efforts make people more aware of the richnessand importance of their own traditions.Equally important, however, is our plan to preserve this information inpermanent form for scholars and for the public. We intend to sponsor, or toarrange for the publication of, scholarly catalogues, documentary histories,recordings and films; other data not appropriate for such publications will beretained in archival form or in computer banks for the use of future generations.We believe that these Smithsonian Bicentennial Inventories will reveal as neverbefore the full scope of our cultural achievements during the first two centuriesof our history.During the years between now and 1976, we will also be engaged in researchof a narrower kind, focused directly upon the topics of our special Bicentennialexhibits. Projects of this sort will include research on all the portraits of GeorgeWashington, on the life of a New England seaport in the mid- 18th century, on thelife of a midwestern town in the mid- 19th century, and on the contributions ofvarious ethnic groups to American civilization. Here, too, we intend that thefruits of this research shall be made available to the public in permanent form,drawing upon our exhibits for illustrative material.National ProgramsWe share the conviction of President Nixon and the American RevolutionBicentennial Commission that "the commemoration be national in scope, seekingto involve every state, city and community. " For our part, we are determinedthat each of our Bicentennial activities, in addition to drawing upon and reflectingthe entire nation, shall also bring benefits to as many areas and people aspossible.Concretely, this means that in the conception and design of all ourBicentennial exhibits and performances, we will bear in mind the need to createcounterparts that can travel throughout the country during the Bicentennial Era.Drawing upon the experience and capabilities of our Traveling Exhibition Service,and upon the talents and imagination of our Office of Exhibits, we intend to offerto American museums, schools, historical societies, and other organizations arich selection of exhibitions and performances related to our general theme,The American Experience. Table IBicentennial Activities and Budget Forecast(in thousands of dollars)1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978Exhibitions andperformancesResearch andpublications. .Nationalprograms. ...AdministrationTotal $400 $400 $725 $1,000 $1,250 $1,450 $1,200 $225
$130 $130 $350 $ 42 5 $ 525 $ 825 $ 400 $ 50200 200 250 350 400 200 75 5050 50 100 200 300 400 700 10020 20 25 25 25 25 25 25
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses, " Fiscal Year 1972ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE PROGRAMIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions . . 3 5 811 Personnel Compensation $ 27,000 $ 69,000 $ 96,00012 Personnel Benefits 2,000 6,000 8,00021 Travel & Traiisp. of Persons 10,000 30,000 40,00022 Transportation of Things ....2 3 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction .....25 Other Services 61,000 70,000 131,00026 Supplies & Materials ...... 10,000 20,000 30,00031 Equipment .... 40,000 30,000 70,00041 Grants TOTAL $ 150,000 $ 225,000 $ 375,000Analysis of TotalPay IncreaseProgram $150,000 $225,000 $375,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Continued Development of Institutional Program (5 positions, $225,000)In fiscal year 1971, Congress authorized $150, 000 to enable the Institutionto muster its varied resources and expertise in basic ecological research towardthe objective of developing biological and physical data which will permit the Nationto evaluate and ultimately predict the consequences of changes to the environment.This approach is essential to making the best decisions possible for rationaland productive management of the environment. In the past many ecologicalchanges have been attributed to man's influence because of ignorance of fluctuationsin natural cycles; an ignorance which has often led to counterproductive measuresin dealing with environmental problems. The fiscal year 1971 amount is beingdirected toward three activities: (1) the organization of an interdisciplinary programand establishment of a continuing mechanism for its operation; (2) the selection of sitesof highest priority for study; and (3) the implementation of interrelated studies atthese sites.In fiscal year 1972 the Smithsonian Institution is requesting an additional $225, 000to carry out its environmental program. This consists of a long term study of amarine shallow-water system and that of a tropical forest. A study of these twosystems is given a high priority by the Smithsonian and is consistent with therecommendations of the International Biological Program. In so doing, the Institutionis following the intent of Congress as expressed in Public Law 91-438. A totalof five scientific specialists will be appointed on a short term basis to providespecialized expertise as required ($75, 000) and provide related support fundingof $150, 000.
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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES PROGRAM1970 Actual1971 Estimate $ 1 50, 0001972 Estimate $375, 000The Smithsonian Institution has unique capabilities including experiencedpersonnel, the largest collections of plants and animals in the world, withdetailed distribution and abundance data required, as a basis for any effectiveglobal environmental monitoring system. The Smithsonian has the capabilityto measure natural and man-induced variation in the characteristics of solarradiation reaching the earth and the causes of such variations. The Institutionis studying, as a function of time, various biological correlates. These studiesare facilitated because it has permanent and protected field-research sites inboth temperate and tropical zones. In addition the Smithsonian enjoysparticularly favorable relations with its scientific colleagues and institutionsin virtually every country of the world.Environmental Science Program activity during fiscal year 1971 islimited to such priority items as monitoring rates of biological and physicalchange and using plants and animals as benchmarks and bioindicators in theestablishment of environmental standards. The major objectives of the fiscalyear 1972 program for which a funding of $375, 000 is requested, are to studyselected tropical and temperate areas to understand all the factors contributingto the fluctuations in populations. This will be done in the following manner:
a. by monitoring and evaluating the physical and chemicalenvironments of selected study sites.b. by studying the biology and quantitative distribution of principalorganisms at these sites.
c. by studying the inter-relationships of the environment withthese organisms and man.Need for Increase - -With its commitments to: identification and assessmentof the components of man's natural surroundings and of his cultural development;monitoring of change for predictive purposes; and education at all levels ofpublic interest, the Institution will concentrate on two subprograms duringfiscal year 1972.
-- A long term comparative study of shallow water marine environmentsat those sites selected for continuing study $155,000
-- Establishment of benchmarks in terrestrial environments at theselected sites. $70,000This plan of work is given high priority by the Smithsonian and is consistentwith the recommendations of the International Biological Program and withPublic Law 91-438.
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1. Shallow Water Marine Environments (3 positions, $155,000)Drastic, ecological changes are occuring in many tropical and temperateshallow water areas throughout the world. Some scientists attribute thesechanges to man's interference with the natural environment but others cautionthat they may be wholly natural. Should the changes be natural, efforts toreverse or halt their effects may do more harm to the world's biological systemsthan permitting them to proceed without alteration. An evaluation of the originof these changes cannot be made without a thorough understanding of thefluctuations and ecology of the organisms involved.Although many scientists throughout the world are studying the animalsand plants in the near-shore, marine environment, these studies are fragmentedand are made independently of each other. A coordinated study in selected areassusceptible to detailed examination is essential for an understanding of theimmense biological complexity and structual variety involved. The informationand methodology developed from such studies will have application to moreextensive environments, leading eventually to an understanding of the problemsas broad as whole continental regions. Allresearchers will apply theirparticular expertise to the primary site(s), but some investigators will needto make complementary studies elsewhere to validate their primary-site data.The development of this baseline information and its correlation withdata already available in the National Collections, accumulated over manyyears, will enable the scientific community to identify and design solutionsfor the environmental problems that grow increasingly critical.The professional staff of the several Smithsonian science bureaus (NationalMuseum of Natural History, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, RadiationBiology Laboratory, Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies,National Zoological Park, and Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory) willperform the bulk of these studies, in collaboration with highly qualifiedscientists drawn from other institutions on short-term appointments to providespecialized expertise as required. The populations of marine species andtheir ecology will be determined and monitored for long periods.For this portion of the program, an additional $155, 000 is requested tofill on a term basis, three positions ($39,000) and to provide necessary supplies,equipment, and materials to undertake the studies ($116,000).2. Terrestrial Environments (2 positions, $70,000)The last large land area available for occupation and development by manlies in the tropical zones of the world. In the New World tropics, destructionof the land is rampant and ecological data that would permit intelligentmanagement is non-existent. It is important that these problems be attackednow, before rapidly expanding populations, industrialization, and urbanizationremove all options presently available. Therefore, the first phase in thisnecessarily long term research project will be directed to a study of the NewWorld tropics, with comparative studies being made in temperate zones andin tropical areas of the Old World to validate the conclusions drawn. Thisapproach will greatly expand the value and increase the usefulness of theenvironmental data acquired in each of the phases of the project.
5S-287 O?71?pt. 4 44
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Historically, there has been a long-standing scientific interest in theSmithsonian Institution concerning tropical plants and animals and theirinterrelationships. The millions of documented specimens in the NationalCollections, the resources of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute,and the associated scientific expertise that has been developed in the SmithsonianInstitution constitute a unique national resource. It will be used fully in thisintegrated environmental subprogram to obtain information essential to thedevelopment of plans for the most effective long-term utilization of the land.Studies of variations in physical factors such as solar radiation, rainfall,temperature, and nutrients will be correlated with fluctuation in biologicalsystems such as primary productivity (plant growth), secondary productivity(amount and rates of consumption of plants by animals), and nutrient cycling(decomposition of organic matter and soil production).Studies of soil organisms, of vertebrate animals, insects, and of plantlife will be conducted in coordination with monitoring of natural lightquantitatively and qualitatively, of rainfall, temperature, animal behavior,and seasonal fluctuations in populations of both plants and animals. Whatwill be sought is a number of reliable biological indicators that will providea maximum amount of information about the structure and function of theterrestrial environments.For this portion of the prograrn an additional $70, 000 is requested to fillon a term basis, two positions ($36, 000) and to provide necessary supplies,equipment and materials to undertake the investigations ($34,000).
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972MAJOR EXHIBITIONS PROGRAM
Object Class 1971 BaseNumber of Permanent Positions . .
1 1 Personnel Compensation $12 Personnel Benefits2 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction2 5 Other Services26 Supplies & Materials3
1
Equipment41 Grants TOTAL $
Analysis of TotalPay IncreaseProgram '
IncreaseRequested
5, 000
30, 000300, 00060, 000130, 000$ 525, 000
$525, 000
1972Estimate
5, 000
30, 000300, 00060, 000130, 000$ 525, 000
$525, 000
Specification of Increase (Program):World of Living Things ($525,000)The Smithsonian has designed a major exhibition on the interrelatedlaws of nature. The purpose of this exhibition, called the World of LivingThings, is to educate and stimulate the public on the balance of the naturalenvironment, and action that must be taken to insure a livable environmenton earth. Space for this exhibition now exists in the Natural HistoryBuilding which will have some 4 million visitors a year. Plans for thisexhibition have been completed. The Institution however, does not have thefunds for its production and installation. An amount of $775, 000 will berequired, of which $525,000are requested in fiscal year 1972. The exhibitionwill be completed in 18 months after the initial appropriation of funds.
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MAJOR EXHIBITIONS PROGRAMWORLD OF LIVING THINGS1970 Actual $01971 Estimate $01972 Estimate $525,000
A major exhibition on the interrelated "laws of nature" is designed whichwill include both an introduction to ecology and the exposition of worldwideenvironmental balances and imbalances. Issues and options will be presentedto the visitor with the opportunity for him to react to them and to see andconsider the consequences of his choices. Plans and sketches of this exhibitionare shown on following pages.Three years of development have been devoted to the planning of thisexhibition. Science writer Peter Farb, working with Smithsonian scientists andexhibition and communication specialists, has produced the specifications for asignificant educational exhibition. The objective is to stimulate the hundreds ofthousands of visitors to the Museum of Natural History to participate inconservation programs and to inform them how to express and act upon theirconcern. About 4, 000, 000 visitors a year will view this exhibition. It willcontinue with changes for years of current usefulness.The exhibit will combine modern methods of communication through exhibitsand the authority of the Museum's scholarly scientists. It will be designed forexperimentation, testing, and development of its effectiveness as its use isobserved. It will have the flexibility to be up-dated as environmental sciencesevolve. It will have both present and future values in the critical effort toinsure a livable environment on earth. It will put the most significant of theMuseum's vast collection resources in the service of ideas explaining a vitalproblem of our times.Space for this exhibition now is available in the Natural History Buildingin a central location immediately off the Rotunda and extending to theConstitution Avenue side of the building. For the production of the exhibition$525,000 will be required in fiscal year 1972 and $250,000 in fiscal year 1973.The exhibition will be completed in 18 months after the initial appropriation offunds. The $525,000 required in fiscal year 1972 will be used as follows:travel ($5, 000), printing and reproduction including descriptive labels andrelated educational materials associated with the exhibition ($30, 000), otherservices ($300,000), supplies ($60,000), and equipment ($130,000).
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972NATIONAL MUSEUM ACT PROGRAM
Object ClassNumber of Permanent Positions 1971 Base
1 1 Personnel Compensation $012 Personnel Benefits2 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services26 Supplies & Materials3 1 Equipment41 Grants TOTAL $_0_Analysis of TotalPay IncreaseProgram
IncreaseRequested
25, 0002, 00020, 00018, 00015, 00075, 000820, 00010, 00015, 000$ 1, 000, 000
$1, 000, 000
1972Estimate
25, 0002, 00020, 00018, 00015, 00075, 000820, 00010, 00015,000$ 1, 000, 000
$1, 000, 000
Specification of Increase (Program):Support of the Educational and Cultural Resources of the Nation'sMuseums (3 positions, $1,000,000 )The Nation's museums are in trouble. Thirty years ago their attend-ance totaled 50 million annual visits. Today it probably approaches 300million visitors. Their financial resources have been strained to thebreaking point. Many of these museums no longer can preserve and exhibittheir national treasurers of works of art, historic objects, and scientificcollections without substantial national aid. Yet times call for a sharpincrease in the educational and cultural opportunities which these museumsare uniquely equipped to provide. Public Law 91-629 approved December 31,1970, reauthorized appropriations for the National Museum Act through fiscalyear 1974 and funding of $1,000,000 to the Smithsonian Institution each year.This funding is requested for fiscal year 1972 which will be used approximatelyas follows: studies of museum cataloging and data access ($240,000); studiesof museum laboratory centers to provide conservation and other services($130,000); training of museum personnel ($300,000); research in museumexhibits and other communications ($150,000); preparation of manuals and othermaterials on museum techniques ($75, 000); and for program planning andadministration ($105,000).
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NATIONAL MUSEUM ACT1970 Actual $0 1/1971 Estimate $0T/1972 Estimate $1,000,000Public Law 91-629 approved December 31, 1970, reauthorized appropriationsfor the National Museum Act through fiscal year 1974 and funding of $1,000,000each year to the Smithsonian Institution of which $100,000 each would be providedto the National Endowment for the Arts and to the National Endowment for theHumanities to assist their related museum assistance activities.An appropriation of $1,000,000 is requested for the purposes of theNational Museum Act in support of the Nation's museums.Need for Increase? The justification for the programs authorized by theNational Museum Act is found ui the following extracts from America'sMuseums: The Belmont Report :This is a report on a priceless national treasure--the worksof art, the historic objects and the scientific collections inthe custody of America's museums. In scope and magnitude thistreasure is unmatched by that of any other nation, and it hasenriched the minds and lives of countless Americans. Once lost,it can never be replaced.Today the institutions which have this treasure in theircustody are in serious trouble. The totally unpredicted popularsuccess of American museums has strained their financialresources to the breaking- point, has compelled them to denyservice to much of the public and will require many of them,unless help comes, to close their doors. Museums have arrivedat the point where they can no longer preserve and exhibit thenational treasure without substantial national aid.**********Thirty years ago America's museums reported that theirattendance totaled 50 million visits a year. Today the total isknown to be in excess of 200 million and probably approaches300 million. Museum attendance has increased much faster thanhas the population of the United States. The increase has beenso rapid, and has reached such a level, that museums now have toturn down requests for service. Yet the times call for a sharpincrease in the educational and cultural opportunities whichmuseums are uniquely equipped to provide.**********Museums base their request to the Federal Government forsupport on the following grounds
:
(l) Museums provide educational and cultural services whichno other institutions in the nation either do or can provide.
_1_/ Approximately $70, 000 over the two year period was appropriated tothe Office of the Director General of Museums for activities related to theNational Museum Act.2/ America's Museums: The Belmont Report ; a report to the FederalCouncil on the Arts and Humanities by a special committee of the AmericanAssociation of Museums: published by the American Association of Museums,Washington, 1969.
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(2) A number of museums provide nationwide service on fundswhich are disproportionately local in origin.(3) Though museums cooperate in anti-poverty and otherFederal programs, they have not received appropriate reimburse-ment for this service from the Federal Government.(4) Though the resources of museums are made available toschools, colleges, universities and individual scholars forresearch that is financed by the Federal Government, theGovernment has not helped museums meet the costs incidental tosuch service.(5) The collections, facilities and staffs of museumsproduce research which the Government uses and' the value ofwhich is recognized by Federal departments and agencies.Increased Federal support for such research is in the nationalinterest.(6) The Federal Government has an obligation, as yet unmet,to assist in preserving, maintaining and wisely utilizing thenational treasure in museums on behalf of all the Americanpeople. This report does not suggest that the Federal Governmentassume dominant responsibility for the financial support ofAmerica's museums, but it does suggest that the time has comefor the Government to assume' a partnership role.The report lists ten major needs of museums as deservingpriority, and divides them into two groups.The first group includes needs which bear on the ability ofmuseums to reach more people. These needs concern:Nationwide services financed largely out of local funds;Services provided by museums for the Federal Governmentwithout appropriate reimbursement;Rehabilitation, expansion, modernization of museum buildings,equipment and exhibits to meet present and future public demands;The training of professional and technical personnel requiredby museums;Research by museums on ways of improving the quality andusefulness of museum services for the educational system and forthe general public;
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Expansion of traveling exhibits to reach people who donot have ready access to museums;Increased use of mass media, including television, tomake the resources of museums available to more people.The second group of needs relates more particularly toessential internal functions of museums. These needs concern:The financing of basic research in museums and the shareof the responsibility to be borne by the museums and by theGovernment;Special research into methods of conserving for posteritythe art, history and science collections in museums, andprovision for laboratory facilities, equipment and staff forsuch research;An inquiry to determine the specifications of a computernetwork which would provide a modern method of storing andretrieving information on museum collections, which now arevast. To meet these ten priority needs, museums are alreadydevoting as much of their financial resources as they possiblycan. They cannot begin to make a dent in these needs, however,without the help of the Federal Government.While it is not possible at this time to state withprecision how large a Federal contribution is required, pre-liminary estimates put it somewhere between $35 million and$60 million for the first year. At present, Federal grantsof all kinds to museums (apart from the appropriations toThe Smithsonian Institution) total only a fraction of $35million, and most are limited to scientific research ofspecial interest to government departments and agencies.The Committee on Museum Needs believes that the existingmachinery of the Federal Government can go a considerabledistance in meeting the priority needs of museums, if fundsare appropriated and if certain amendments to statutes alreadyon the books are made. Accordingly, the Committee submitsthe following recommendations:That the National Museum Act be funded with an appropria-tion of at least $1 million for the first year;
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That grants to museums from Federal Departments andagencies already concerned with museums be sharply increased;That the Federal Government, as a matter of basicpolicy, recognize museums as educational institutions, work-ing in formal affiliation with elementary, secondary, under-graduate and graduate level institutions;That the Federal Council on the Arts and the Humanities, infurtherance of the above basic policy, be asked to study theproblems of museums further and to make recommendations withreference to existing legislation to the end that the FederalGovernment may meet its obligations to museums;That this report be published for the information anduse of all those concerned about the future of museums.**********Once the Federal Government decides as a matter ofpolicy to provide financial support for museums as it doesfor other educational institutions, what government machinerydoes it use? What agency or agencies can most logically andefficiently implement the policy?For years museums naturally have had a close workingrelationship with the Smithsonian Institution. The Smithso-nian, however, has not been a channel for massive Federalfunds. Such Federal grants as have been made have comemainly from the National Science Foundation and from certainother discipline- oriented departments or agencies. TheOffice of Education also has been involved through itssupport of schools and other educational institutions.Increasingly the National Endowments for the Arts andHumanities have become concerned with the problems and needsof museums, but they have yet to receive funds commensuratewith the needs.While it is true that museums are mentioned along withother educational institutions in some existing legislation,the mention has gone almost unnoticed. As a practicalmatter it is extraordinarily difficult for a museum to obtainany of the benefits of Federal legislation enacted in theinterests of educational institutions.**********
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For the present this report suggests that the existingmachinery of the Federal Government be employed to meetthe urgent needs of museums. There is already on the hooksa National Museum Act. There are several Federal Departmentsand agencies which can allocate funds to museums. There areother departments and agencies which could make funds avail-able to museums if existing legislation were amended.**********Consider first the Smithsonian and the National MuseumAct. Within the Smithsonian the United States NationalMuseum is the unit entirely oriented towards cooperationwith other museums and their associations. Its purpose isto work cooperatively with museum professionals in theUnited States and abroad to increase the effectiveness ofmuseums in the performance of their scholarly and publicfunctions.The Smithsonian has not, however, had massive fundsor grants to distribute to museums for facilities oracquisitions or for the support of continuing museumprograms. Whether or not it might be assigned such respon-sibilities in the future, it is clear that a number of theneeds relating to museums, as museums, can be addressedimmediately under the National Museum Act.This is said because there are other services to museumswhich the Smithsonian has long performed and which might wellbe expanded. Long before there was a National Museum Act theSmithsonian was supporting service programs responsive towide museum needs. Joseph Henry, the first Secretary, organ-ized the international exchange of information and publica-tions between institutions and museum professionals. Hegave grants for field work to non- Smithsonian anthropologistsand published the works of others. Successive administrationshave continued the Smithsonian's concern with broad museumproblems
.
**********The National Museum Act confirms the tradition of museumservices performed by the Smithsonian and names the NationalMuseum to carry them on with the cooperation of the museumsof the country. To date the Congress has not made appropria-tions to implement the Act. An appropriation of at least$1 million for the first year is essential. When an appro-priation is made available, as the authors of this report
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urge , the American Association of Museums and its memberinstitutions can make more rapid progress in establishingmuseum standards and methods of accreditation, can aidexperiments with museum consortiums and mutual assistanceprojects, and can help museums evaluate and improve theeducational value of their programs.**********In conclusion, the Committee on Museum Needs submits thefollowing recommendations:That the National Museum Act be funded with an appro-priation of at least $1 million for the first year;That grants to museums from Federal departments andagencies already concerned with museums be sharply increased,specifically the National Endowment for the Arts, the NationalEndowment for the Humanities, the U. S. Office of Education,and the National Science Foundation;That the Federal Government, as a matter of basic policy,recognize museums as educational institutions, working informal affiliation with elementary, secondary, graduate andundergraduate level institutions;That the Federal Council on the Arts and the Humanities,in furtherance of the above basic policy, be asked to studythe problems of museums further and to make recommendationswith reference to existing legislation to the end that theFederal Government may meet its obligations to museums;That this report be published for the information anduse of all those concerned about the future of museums.The funds requested for Museum Act programs are to meet the demon-strated needs of America's museums--not those of the Smithsonian Institution.The urgency of the needs is known by the Smithsonian from daily experience inresponding to requests for aid and advice. The urgency has been repeatedlyconfirmed in discussions with the Director of the American Association ofMuseums representing the museum profession. An advisory committee ofmuseum professionals selected in collaboration with the American Associationof Museums will recommend procedures and policy for carrying out the highpriority programs to which these estimates are addressed. Examples of theneeds are suggested by the following program areas.Studies have begun on the development of programs and technology tocatalog museum holdings in science, history, and art on a national level. Allrequire more funds to continue the studies and to start the cataloging incoordinated and compatible systems. Museum professionals and the scientists,historians, and other scholars who use museum collections in their research are
702
much concerned with the need to make the museum collections more accessiblethrough more comprehensive cataloging. All are concerned that the systemsdetermined upon will be adaptable to computer storage compatible with systemsused in all parts of the United States and other countries and that the computerprogram will be responsive to the needs of students, scholars, writers, andadministrators, and be equally usable for those concerned with the circulation ofcollections and the production of traveling exhibitions.To provide support for studies of computer cataloging and data accessconducted by consortiums of museums and museum associations there will berequired in fiscal year 1972, in other services $240, 000To meet a number of the described needs of museums for conservation, forexhibitions, for museum-school materials, for television and radio productionsbased on collections and activities, it has been proposed that museum laboratorycenters be established in various locations throughout the United States. Theselaboratory centers would be supervised and supported in part by groups ofmuseums or by regional conferences of museums to provide services and workon a cost-sharing basis. To determine the feasibility of such laboratory centersincluding the volume and nature of the support available and the volume andkinds of services museums would require from them, a study would be organizedand supervised by the American Association of Museums. To support the studyand to conduct pilot tests of services to museums there is required in otherservices $30,000 for the study and $100,000 for pilot tests $130,000The most frequently expressed need of America's museums is for trainedpersonnel at both the professional curatorial level and the museum techniciangrade. Three categories of training require funding. One includes the severalvarieties of combined museum-university courses for graduate students preparingto enter museum work in curatorial positions in science, art, or history.Another category of training is required for upgrading the skills of museumcareer personnel already serving in curatorial positions in smaller museums whowould be brought up-to-date on the latest doctrines and techniques of museumwork through work training in more advanced museums. The third category isfor the work training of museum technicians in science, history, or art, and inconservation, exhibition, museum education, and in the management of museumcollections and library and archival resources.Training in these categories and subjects will vary in time from 3 to 12months with an estimated average cost of $6,000 a trainee including the supportof the trainee and the expenses of the museums and universities providing thetraining. To train in fiscal year 1972, 50 trainees will require in otherservices $300, 000Systematic and imaginative research is required to improve the performanceof museums. Inquiry is needed into means to improve the public visitors'museum experience, to make exhibits more effective in communicating with theviewer, to enable museums to be of greater use to schools, colleges, anduniversities, to make museum resources available to disadvantaged people andcommunities, and to experiment, develop, test, and evaluate all of the museum'svaried functions. To support and accelerate research in museum opportunitiesand practices in cooperation with museums, and their associations, there isrequired $150,000 for other services for five research programs $150,000A great need exists for manuals of instruction on the design andpreparation of exhibits, on conservation of museum objects, on museum lighting,on museum education, on museum security, and on museum administration. Theopportunity to publish manuals will stimulate experts in the field to contributemanuscripts based on their experience and knowledge. The research and surveysproposed will produce much of value for printing and distribution. For theprinting and reproduction of manuals, photo essays, film strips, and othermaterials requires in fiscal year 1972 $75, 000
703
For the administration of the program, a program manager, a secretary-stenographer, and a clerk-typist are required, estimated to cost in salaries andbenefits $27, 000An advisory committee will be formed with the advice of museum directorsand museum associations to advise on the programs to be funded.To support the staff and the advisory committee, it is estimated that therewill be required in fiscal year 1972, for travel $20,000; for transportation ofgoods $18,000; for communications and data processing $15,000; for supplies$10, 000; and for equipment $15, 000 $78, 000
Total $1,000,000
58-287 O?71?pt. 4 45
704
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972ACADEMIC AND EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMSIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 20 3 2311 Personnel Compensation $181,000 $ 26,000 $ 207,00012 Personnel Benefits 14,000 1,000 15,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 10,000 4,000 14,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction ....25 Other Services ... 387,000 88,000 475,0002b Supplies & Materials ....... 3,000 2,000 5,0003 1 Equipment 4 ( 000 5, 000 9, 00041 Grants TOTAL $ 599, 000 $ 126, 000 $ 725,000Analysis of TotalPay Increase $12,000 $11,000 $23,000Program $587,000 $115,000 $702,000Specification of Increase (Program):Graduate Studies ($55,000)Federal facilities developed for reference and research should serve theuniversities as auxiliary resources for the advanced training of students andfaculty. To strengthen the Institution's graduate studies program, an increaseof $24, 000 is requested to support one postdoctoral appointment in environmentalsciences, and one in systematic biology; $11,000 are requested for two pre-doctoral stipends in American history and art; and $20, 000 are sought for thepurpose of creating internship appointments for graduate students to work inspecialties recommended by their faculty advisors.Elementary and Secondary Education (3 positions, $60, 000)Within the present funding levels, the Institution is able to fill only a smallfraction of the existing demand for elementary and secondary educationalservices. The Institution is currently scheduling tours for serving about100, 000 school children in grades 1-12; or one tour per child for about oneseventh of the metropolitan area enrollment. This is less than adequate. Aplanned expansion in this activity has been developed, and to achieve theprojected levels, an additional $60,000 are being requested this year. By 1974,the Institution hopes to be able to accommodate the equivalent of about 250, 000children per school year with at least one scheduled tour. The requestedincrease would allow extending the services now provided to two new areas,the American Indian, and Technology (2 positions, $17, 000), one additionaltour scheduler ($6, 000), three new museum educational traineeships ($16, 000),and additional support costs associated with this expansion ($21, 000).
705
ACADEMIC AND EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS1970 Actual $572,0001971 Estimate $599, 0001972 Estimate $725,000A major Smithsonian objective is to make its learning resources availableto the formal educational community and to the general public. At the highereducation level, the Institution develops and coordinates fellowship programsthrough a variety of cooperative agreements with the nation's universities. Theprogram promotes research opportunities and advanced study training for doctoralcandidates and postdoctoral investigators. Seminars in various curatorial anddisciplinary areas are conducted which are central to the interests of the studentsand the Smithsonian's research efforts. Formal educational activities below theuniversity level are also a responsibility of this program. These include thepopular escorted tours for schools, the preparation of teaching guides, lectures,and audio-visual materials. Public use of the educational facilities of theInstitution is growing rapidly at all levels of training. The Smithsonian isconsidered a significant supplementary educational resource by colleges anduniversities and by elementary and secondary school systems.A program increase of $126, 000 is requested, including $55, 000 for highereducation and research training in four areas, and $60, 000 for expansion of theelementary and secondary educational program. Also requested are $11,000 fornecessary pay increases.Need for Increase
1. Graduate Studies ($55, 000)The Institution's capacity to supervise visiting investigators has greatlyincreased since 1967, but the number of stipends available has remained about thesame (see Figure 1). With present funds, only 20 Ph.D. candidates can besupported each year, so that the average staff member can expect to supervise adissertation only once in 17 years. Only 19 postdoctoral appointeees can now besupported each year. Stipends for these appointments are allocated in accordancewith scholarly discipline. There are only five for 98 Institutional systematicbiologists, only two for 28 Institutional specialists in the environmental sciences,and similar shortages through nine areas of study. A list of investigatorscurrently at the Institution is shown on a following page.Since 1967 the Smithsonian has perfected the administrative proceduresnecessary for this program and demonstrated that visitors may receive worthwhiletraining as they complete research projects of high intrinsic worth. As aguarantee of cooperation between the Smithsonian and other research establish-ments and a contribution to quality training in scarce specialities, the highereducation program should be expanded to serve at least twice as many Ph.D.candidates and postdoctoral investigators for a professional staff of the presentsize (345) and be expanded proportionately with each increase in number ofprofessional staff thereafter. A survey of staff interest has established a willing-ness to accomodate many more investigators than present funding allows.Consistently more highly meritorious applications for stipends have been receivedthan could be awarded. The Institution has determined that the deficiency to becorrected is $300, 000 per year. This shortage, which has come into existenceover the past four years, should be eliminated as rapidly as possible. The firstinstallment on this shortage is sought for fiscal year 1972 in the amount of$55,000 for stipends; $24,000 are requested to support one additional postdoctoralinvestigator in environmental sciences and one in systematic biology; $11, 000 arerequested for two additional predoctoral stipends in American history and art.The sum of $20, 000 is requested for internship appointments for graduate studentsto become associated with the activities and resources of the Smithsonian in
706
Figure 1SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONGrowth in Fellowships Desired By and Available ToProfessional Research StaffFiscal Years 1969-71, and Estimated Fiscal Year 1972500
400
300
200
100
000 4
Smithsonian Professional Research Staff
Fellawships Desired by Research Staff
Fell Dwships Available (requested)
1969 1970 1971 1972
specialties recommended by faculty advisors in their home institutions. Summerappointments, once supported by private funds, have been discontinued in recentyears, and the lack of opportunities for students at earlier stages of their graduatetraining is keenly felt. The Institution receives many requests to cooperate withuniversity departments which share its interests. It is proposed to develop asystem of "cooperative fellowships" whereby each participating universitycontributes to the student's expenses while at the Smithsonian. The GeorgeWashington University has created a "Smithsonian Fellowship" in AmericanStudies, and other universities have indicated a desire to follow suit in this andother fields. The annual cost per student is estimated to be $2,000. Theintroduction of a principal of cost-sharing will be a further guarantee of thecooperative character of Smithsonian programs in higher education.
2. Elementary and Secondary Education (3 positions, $60,000)Against a background of deepening public concern about the quality of class-room experience, the Institution acknowledges a heavy obligation to draw upon itsunconventional information resources to enrich education. As a result of aconcentrated effort to increase the use of its exhibit spaces, the number of visitsby school classes and teachers escorted by volunteer docents has more thandoubled in the two years since 1968. This required the addition of a scheduling
707
staff and a three-fold increase in the number of volunteer docents. A number ofdifferent arrangements are being tried to associate intermediate-level educationstaff with curators in the bureaus to draw upon the Institution's resources ofsubject matter in the preparation of tours.In areas where educational staff and interested curators are lacking, tourscannot be offered. This is the case in technology in the National Museum ofHistory and Technology, biological topics at the National Zoological Park, andoceanography at the National Museum of Natural History. Based upon existingsubject matter competence, using tour subjects already developed, the Institutionexpects in fiscal year 1971 to accomodate a total of 100, 000 visits by schoolchildren. However, the Institution is capable of serving a much larger children'saudience, and the demand is present. The capacity of major exhibit spaces wouldbe over 400 class visits per week (330, 000 school children annually) if new subjectmatter tours could be developed. With the addition of three schedulers, and sixstaff associates in education over the next three years, the Institution could movefrom the 1970 actual level of 80 tours per week (about 65, 000 annual visits) to over300 per week (250, 000 annual visits) by 1973-74. Figures 2, 3, and 4 presentsome historical information on these tours.
Figures are based on an approximate twenty-eight week Smithsonian schooltour schedule.In terms of the Institution's current funding capability, for every child(grade 1 - 12) taking only one of the scheduled tours during the school year, thereare five or six that are not being accommodated at all. Elementary and secondaryenrollment in the metropolitan area for the current year is about 650, 000. Evenif the Institution were presently operating its school tours at the projected 1973-74level of 300 tours per week, only about 38 percent of the area's youthful audiencewould be served--with but one visit.
Figure 2 -- Growth of subject matter tours andtrained volunteers220,200
150
100
SO
Trained volunteers(docents)
Total Subjects
FY 68 FY 69 FY 70 FY 71 FY 72 projected
708
Figure 3 --Number of students serviced byelementary and secondary school tours.100
80
60
40
20
1967 1971 est.
Figure 4 --Number of elementary andsecondary school tours provided.
1971 est.
709
To implement this plan, the Institution requests an increase of $60, 000 infiscal year 1972 and an approximate like amount in each of the following two yearsin order to add one scheduler each year, and broaden the range of education staffsubject matter by two fields per year (for fiscal year 1972, the new fields wouldbe the American Indian, and Technology). This amount would also support threeadditional traineeships in museum education and provide funds for direct programcosts other than salaries.
It would be difficult to establish an accurate dollar value for the efficientparaprofessional museum teaching services rendered by a corps of some 150volunteer docents who conducted school tours for 67, 650 boys and girls in gradeskindergarten through 12 during school year 1969-1970. However, the influence ofthe professionally competent staff associate whose duties include (1) developmentof teaching curricula in pertinent subject ai-eas, (2) establishing useful relation-ships with curators for the purpose of utilizing the Institution's research andcollections resources (3) supporting pre-service and in-service training of docents,and (4) continual monitoring of these volunteers to ensure quality control isdirectly responsible for a personnel miltiplier effect which makes the programpossible over such a broad range. Each new staff associate would have responsi-bility for a projected dozen additional docents in new content areas.The additional tour scheduler will be necessary to accomodate the steadilyincreasing workload handled by the School Tours Unit as it manages the logisticsof matching requests by the nation's schools with appropriate personnel andmaterial resources in the Smithsonian's several museums. The burden of thisunit often extends well beyond requests for tours into inquiries for othereducational services to school children.Funds requested for direct program costs are necessary to provide fundsfor a total operational force of 170 professional and volunteer staff, all of whomhave duties which place them in a direct service relationship with the public.Increased demand for external educational services require additional money tosupport the program of teacher education, docent training, dissemination of infor-mation to schools and other museums, and development of audio-visual materialsand other teaching aids for enrichment of tours. The Smithsonian considers theutilization of the full range and depth of potential subjects by schools and byvisiting classes as being of even greater importance than the attainment of anumerical goal.The potential importance of museums and other community resources foreducation in the arts has long been established. The Smithsonian recentlycompleted for the National Science Foundation an assessment of a similarpotential in the sciences. Thus, the attainment of full capacity in the use of sucha major community resource is a matter of national interest. The attainment offull capacity for class visits within the Smithsonian complex would be a landmarkfor other efforts underway everywhere in the Nation to draw upon communityresources outside the schools for educational purposes. Both the NationalPortrait Gallery and the National Collection of Fine Arts have undertaken veryworthwhile experimental programs in elementary and secondary education. Othernew efforts are being planned for the National Museum of Natural History, theNational Museum of History and Technology, National Air and Space Museum, andthe National Zoological Park. If the novel subject matter of these museums andtheir non-didactic open qualities finds counterparts in the classroom, museumssuch as those of the Smithsonian will have performed a distinctive service toeducation. The Smithsonian program could serve as a benchmark for referenceby other metropolitan school systems and museums, a welcome contribution ina frontier area of educational program development where standards for measure-ment have not yet come widely into use.The requested $60, 000 would be distributed as foHows: two new staffassociate positions in anthropology and technology ($17, 000); one additionalscheduler ($6, 000); three new traineeships in museum education ($16, 000); andother program support costs ($21,000). _
710
SMITHSONIAN VISITING RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, 1970-1971Name & University Research TitlePROGRAM IN EVOLUTIONARY ANDO. Sylvester AdegokeU. of Calif. , BerkeleyArnfried AntoniusU. of Vienna, AustriaJames A. DoyleHarvard U.Miloslav KovandaCharles U. , PragueJerry A. Powell (partial support)U. of Calif. , BerkeleyKenneth A. BeemU. of CincinnatiDavid R. BudgeU. of Calif. , BerkeleyTheodore Gary GautierU. of KansasEckart HakanssonU. of CopenhagenCatherine Jane KerbyGeorge Washington U.
SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY:Tertiary paleontology of southern Nigeria andecology and distribution of living Foramini-fera in the Gulf of GuineaOccurrence and distribution of stony corals inVenezuelan watersStudies on angiosperm pollen and megafossils ofthe Potomac Group (Cretaceous) of Marylandand VirginiaPreparation of a monographic electronic databank of Campanula section HeterophyllaBiosystematic study of Neotropical Spargano-thidini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)Choctawmatchee Formation of northwesternFloridaStudy of late Ordovician and Silurian rocks andcontained coral fauna in eastern Great BasinCryptsome Bryoza from Permian (Leonardian)of the Glass Mountains, TexasThe free-living Cheilostomata from the WhiteChalk of DenmarkA life history study of the polychaetous annelid,Sabella microphthalmaPROGRAM IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES:Clarke BrooksU. of ChicagoJack H. BurkNew Mexico State U.Stephen I. RothsteinYale U.Robin DoughtyU. of Calif. , BerkeleyChristen E. WemmerU. of Maryland
Analysis of algal biliproteinsProduction and energy status of deciduous treespecies with regard to annual cycle of energyutilization and standing cropAn experimental investigation of host preferencein the brown-headed cowbirdThe feather trade; its cultural and biogeographi-cal significance in England and AmericaBehavioral concomitants of morphology and therelationship of the form-function complex tosocial organization and habitat utilizationPROGRAM IN EVOLUTIONARY AND BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY, TROPICAL ZONES:Alicia BreymeyerU. of WarsawJeffrey B. GrahamScripps Inst, of OceanographyIan H. HealeyU. of WalesJames R. KarrU. of Chicago
Ecology of grasslands environments in tropicalzonesStudies on the adaptive radiation of tropicalmarine fishesThe role of animals in decomposition processesin the tropical forestComparisons of structure of avian communitiesin selected tropical areasPostdoctoral Associates underlined
711
David L. MeyerYale U.Eugene MortonYale U.A. Ross Kiester (partial support)Harvard U.John E. McCoskerScripps Inst, of OceanographyWilliam B. RamirezU. of KansasPROGRAM IN PHYSICAL SCIENCES:
Studies in the functional morphology of livingand fossil crinoidsEcological aspects of communication in birdsStudies on the ecology and social behavior ofPanmania Gecko Gonatodes albogularisSubstrate preferences and comparative func-tional morphology of eels, family OphichthidaeEcological relationships and specificity betweenwasps (Agaonidae) and Ficus
John J. GurneyCapetown U.Douglas D. NelsonU. of South Carolina
Electron microprobe studies of kimberlite andand its associated ultrabasic xenolithsClay mineralogy and sedimentation of theOuter Banks, North CarolinaPROGRAM IN ANTHROPOLOGY:James H. RauhTulane U.Mario Jose SanojaU. Cent. VenezuelaD. Gentry SteeleU? of KansasRayna D. GreenIndiana U.Iraida Vargas (partial support)U. Cent. Venezuela
An investigation of the structure of the Borgiagroup of manuscriptsEcology and cultural areas in pre-ColumbianVenezuelaA re-evaluation of the within-group variationof the family TupaiidaeThe image of the Indian in the popularimaginationAboriginal cultural development in easternVenezuela and their relationships with theLesser AntillesPROGRAM IN HISTORY OF ART AND MUSIC:Robert E. EliasonU. of Missouri, K.Francis V. O'ConnorJohns Hopkins U.Shelley FletcherNew York U.William D. MorganU. of DelawareRichard N. MurrayU. of ChicagoPhylis North (6 mo.
6 mo. appt. )
appt. )
Early American wind instruments and theirmakersHistorical studies of American artPigment analysis of the American paintingcollection at NCFAHenry Vaughan, 1845-1917, Gothic revivalarchitectA study of figurative mural painting, public andprivate, in the U. S. 1890-1920Max Weber paintings, 1905-1920PROGRAM IN AMERICAN HISTORY:Leonard P. CurryU. of KentuckyWilliam B. Floyd (7 mo. appt. )George Washington U.Yvonne Marie LangeU. of PennsylvaniaPeter H? SmithGeorge Washington U.
Roots of American urbanism, 1800-1850An historical study of Thomas SullySantos, the household wooden saints of PuertoRicoThe Great American Wheel Conspiracy: HoopesBros, and Darlington, 1890-1920
712PROGRAM IN HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY:Sandra S. Herbert (partial support) Erasmus Darwin's materialistic physiology andBrandeis IL its importance for his grandson Charles'discovery of evolution through naturalselectionStephen Cooper History of American science and technologyPrinceton U? with emphasis on interrelationships betweenscience and governmentBarbara Ann Kaplan The relevance of alchemical and hermetic ideasU. of Maryland to 13th and 14th century medicine inwestern EuropeSally G. Kohlstedt The American Association for the Advancementof U. of Illinois of Science, 1840-1860; the formation of anational scientific communityPROGRAM IN MUSEUM STUDIES:Joan W. Mishara Conservation studies of metals, particularlyNYU Inst, of Fine Arts metallic objects of art
713
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972RESEARCH AWARDS PROGRAMIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions
1 1 Personnel Compensation $ $ $12 Personnel Benefits2 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things ....2 3 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services 400,000 50,000 450,00026 Supplies & Materials3
1
Equipment .41 Grants TOTAL $ 400, 000 $ 50,000 $ 450, 000
Analysis of TotalPay IncreaseProgram $400,000 $50,000 $450,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Funding Multiyear Awards ($50, 000)The Research Awards Program funds worthy, intramural research projectsnot funded either by the regular plans of operation of the Smithsonian's sciencebureaus or by outside agencies. Since its inception in fiscal year 1966, 234proposals have been funded and there have been more than 200 publications inthe fields of biology and anthropology directly attributable to this support. Theprogram also has enabled Smithsonian scientists to engage in productive fieldresearch with colleagues from other institutions. An additional $50, 000 isrequested to help fund multiyear awards for better stability, continuity, andplanning of research. This additional sum will also help to combat the highercosts of basic research brought about by inflation in the costs of laboratorysupplies, equipment and services.
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RESEARCH AWARDS PROGRAM1970 Actual $400,0001971 Estimate $400,0001972 Estimate $450,000The purpose of the Smithsonian Research Awards Program is to supportworthy, intramural research projects not funded either by outside agencies orthrough the regular plans of operations of the science bureaus.Prior to fiscal year 1966, the Smithsonian Institution received funds fromthe National Science Foundation for research projects of individual staffmembers. In the fiscal year 1966 appropriation, the Congress prohibited theNSF from making grants for scientific research to other Government agencies.The NSF instituted a further limitation that it would no longer make grants to anyagency or institution receiving direct federal appropriations. The ResearchAwards Program was begun in fiscal year 1966 by an appropriation of $350, 000to the Smithsonian Institution for the purpose of financing new or continuingresearch projects formerly eligible for support from the NSF. Funding for theprogram increased to $400, 000 in fiscal year 1967 where it has remained level.Proposals are submitted each year by members of the SmithsonianInstitution staff only and cover all phases of research in the scientific bureaus.All proposals have undergone a careful scientific or scholarly review in theirrespective bureaus before they are reviewed by members of the Research AwardsAdvisory Committee. The members of the Committee are selected on the basisof their broad experience in scientific research, their understanding of scholar-ship, and their ability to discern basic values in almost any field.An increase of $50, 000 is requested to help fund multiyear awards andoffset inflation in the cost of basic research.Need for Increase --From its inception in fiscal year 1966 through fiscalyear 197 1, 234 proposals were funded through the Research Awards Program.There have been more than 200 publications in the fields of biology and anthro-pology directly related to the research accomplished from this support. Also, aninitial research effort activated by a research award, in many cases has beencontinued through funding by other federal granting agencies, and research anddevelopment foundations.In fiscal year 1971, members of the Smithsonian staff were allowed for thefirst time to submit proposals for funding up to three years in order to providefor better stability, continuity, and planning of research. There were 72proposals received for fiscal year 1971 amounting to $1, 654, 771, of which 40were funded in the amount of $400, 000. Amounts of $224, 000 are committed tosecond-year funding and $71, 000 to third-year funding. Thirty-two proposals hadto be rejected for lack of funds. The salary of the principal investigator is neverincluded in the budget of the proposal; it is borne by the Smithsonian Institution.Following pages show a comparison of proposals funded for fiscal year 1970and fiscal year 1971 (Table I), a comparison of proposals by dollar volume(Table II), and a comparison of proposals by bureau (Table III).The Research Awards Program is intended to cope with a serious problemconfronting many scientists who wish to undertake non-routine fundamentalresearch of the kind normally undertaken by university research scientists butwhich cannot be supported from the federal "Salaries and Expenses" appropriation.The large number of proposals that were not funded in fiscal year 1971 and inprevious years is of grave concern to the Institution. This concern is based onthe fact that the work supported by the Research Awards Program is often the
715
best of the Institution's productivity and the reason for acquiring scientists of thehighest competence and imagination. If the Smithsonian cannot provide this kindof support, it might not attract a high caliber of scientists nor retain them there-after. Further, it serves as an important means whereby scientists of theSmithsonian Institution may engage in collaborative field research with colleagueslocated in other institutions. Many opportunities for participation in expeditionsand other field projects would be lost were it not for the Research AwardsProgram providing modest, but essential, research assistance. The problemaffects all the research bureaus, but is especially acute in the National Museumof Natural History where most of the operational funding must go to the mainten-ance of the National Collections.
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719
ADMINISTRATIVE AND CENTRAL SUPPORT
Increases being requested in this section cover primarily the centraladministrative and technical services which operate in support of the programunits. Included are the Office of the Secretary, Office of the GeneralCounsel, Office of the Treasurer, Office of Personnel Administration,Libraries, Press, Smithsonian Archives, Photographic Services Division,Supply Division, Administrative Systems Division, Travel Services Office,Duplicating Section, and the Information Systems Division. As a group, therequested increases for fiscal year 1972 amount to $602,000 or about 7percent of the total requested Institutional increases.For the last several years, actual operations indicate that the costs ofadministering and supporting the diverse program activities have amounted to15 percent to 18 percent of total obligations. The Smithsonian desires tokeep the actual costs of the support function in this range, and the requestspresented reflect what is necessary to strengthen certain areas. Theexpenditures of these units are viewed as necessary to cover generaladministrative and technical activities, in the manner of an operating overheadaccount, with the exception of the amounts requested for physical plantoperations, maintenance, and protection by the Buildings ManagementDepartment which are presented separately. These are an increase of$807,000 or 9 percent.Since the needs of the support group follow rather closely the develop-mental pattern of the program units, in future years' budget presentations aneffort will be made to consolidate' the number of organizational requests andreduce the complexity of several separate budget submissions. For fiscalyear 1972, however, in order to promote an understanding of the overalloperations, individual descriptions and requests are submitted for theadministrative support units.
58-287 O?71?pt. 4 46
720
SMITHSONIAN INSTTTUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972OFFICE OF THE SECRETARYIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 38 2 4011 Personnel Compensation $534,000 $49,000 $583,00012 Personnel Benefits. 43,000 3,000 46,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 10,000 1,000 11,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ... . 1,000 1,00024 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services 4,000 3,000 7,00026 Supplies & Materials 3,000 1,000 4,0003 1 Equipment 3,000 1,000 4,00041 Grants TOTAL $ 598, 000 $58,000 $656,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $22,000 $12,000 $34,000Program $576,000 $46,000 $622,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Operations Officer and Public Service Assistant and Program Funds (2 positions$46, 000 )An operations officer at a cost of $20, 000 is needed to assist the UnderSecretary in the planning, direction, coordination, and development of theadministrative and central support activities in order that they will be ofmaximum service to the requirements of our museums, galleries, andlaboratories. An assistant to the Assistant Secretary (Public Service) alsois required to help plan and produce a range of educational materials suchas books, kits, and recording cassettes drawing upon the Institution's resources.This position would cost $20,000. And, lastly, an additional $6,000 is requiredfor office support costs.
721
ADMINISTRATIVE AND CENTRAL SUPPORT ACTIVITIESOFFICE OF THE SECRETARY1970 Actual $462, 0001971 Estimate $598,0001972 Estimate $656,000
The Office of the Secretary is composed of the immediate offices of theSecretar y, the Under Secretary, the Assistant Secretary (Science), theAssistant Secretary (History and Art), the Assistant Secretary (Public Service),and the Office of Audits.For fiscal year 1972, a program increase of $46,000 is requested toemploy an operations officer for the Office of the Under Secretary and anassistant to the Assistant Secretary (Public Service) and to provide funds forgeneral operations. An additional $12,000 are required for necessary pay.Need for Increase--At the May 1970 meeting of the Board of Regents, theformer Assistant Secretary was named to the post of Under Secretary. Thiswas in recognition of the very substantial responsibilities of this office. Inorder to meet an increasing workload involving Regents matters, construction,legislation, and program and policy matters concerning the entire Institution,additional staff for his office is required. An operations officer is needed toserve in an advisory capacity to the Under Secretary, and be responsible forthe direction, coordination, long-range planning, and development of certain ofthe administrative and central support activities of the Institution, particularlyin their service relationships to the museums, galleries, and laboratories.These services include personnel administration, management analysis,procurement, contract administration, property management, buildings manage-ment, buildings security, photographic services, and other administrative andtechnical support units. A position far the operations officer is requested($20, 000).An assistant to the Assistant Secretary for Public Service to help plan andproduce a range of educational materials is requested also. The Smithsonianhas many opportunities to cooperate with private industry and organizations indeveloping educational materials for the public. These materials include suchitems as pamphlets and books, construction kits, television programs, record-ing cassettes for home instruction and mini exhibits. Smithsonian activitiesthat would be involved in these efforts include the Press, the Office of Exhibits,the Elementary and Secondary Education Office, and others, drawing upon thevast subject matter resources of our museums, art galleries, laboratories, andthe Zoo. This position would cost $20, 000.Although the Office of the Secretary has developed a management groupresponsive to the broad and complex nature of the Smithsonian, it currently hasa serious deficiency of funding in other objects of expense to enable it toperform in an effective way. This is a request for essential funds for travel,advisory services, supplies and materials, and basic office equipment andfurniture ($6,000).
722
ADMINISTRATIVE AND CENTRAL SUPPORT ACTIVITIESOFFICE OF THE GENERAL COUNSEL1970 Actual $110,0001971 Estimate $135, 0001972 Estimate $158,000In 1964 the Office of the General Counsel was established, some 118 yearsafter the Institution was founded. Prior to 1964, outside counsel was retainedfrom time to time to handle significant legal matters for the Institution's privateside affairs; the Department of Justice handled a few legal suits on the Federalside; and other questions were decided by Smithsonian administrative personnel.However, such a system was inadequate; it failed to provide the continuous legalcounsel necessary for consistency in the day-to-day operations of the Institution.An increase of $18, 000 is requested for staff and other support. A furtherincrease of $5, 000 is requested for necessary pay.Need for Increase --As a non-Governmental establishment which neverthe-less operates in substantial part with appropriated funds, the legal problems ofthe Institution include those arising from the operations of a private, university-like, charitable corporation, as well as those common to Governmentorganizations. Many otherwise routine matters are complicated by the pervasivenecessity to maintain a rational, effective, and legal relationship between thesetwo capacities in which the Institution functions. In addition, the OGC isresponsible for the continuous analysis of Congressional activities and legislationand their impact on the Institution, and has a major role in the furtherance of theSmithsonian's own legislative program.The Institution has grown considerably since 1964. There have been addedto its already numerous responsibilities the Renwick Gallery, the HirshhornMuseum and Sculpture Garden, the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, the Archives ofAmerican Art, the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies, and theWoodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. It has taken on such programsas the National Museum Act and the Foreign Currency Program. Each of theserequired OGC staff participation in its establishment and each places demands onthe staff for its continued development and operation within the framework ofapplicable laws.The Office of the General Counsel has grown from three attorneys in 1964 tofour full-time attorneys and two part-time in 1971. During this same period, theInstitution's appropriations for salaries and expenses have more than doubled,with a concommitant increase in the workload of this office. This limitation ofstaff has made it increasingly difficult to meet the rising needs of the Institutionand has created a growing backlog of matters on which action has had to bedeferred.At the same time, funds for other objects, which averaged about 4 1/2 per-cent of salaries in fiscal years 1966 through 1969, have been curtailed to threepercent during the last two fiscal years. This has been achieved by funding somenecessary travel from sources which will not be available in fiscal year 1972, andby deferring the replacement of essential office equipment, which can no longerbe postponed without impairing the quality and efficiency of the services providedby the office.To help overcome these deficiencies, an increase of $18,000 is requested:$17, 000 for an additional part-time attorney and a secretary, and $1, 000 forother expenses of the office.
723
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972OFFICE OF THE TREASURER1971 BaseObject ClassNumber of Permanent Positions 31
1
1
Personnel Compensation $331, 00012 Personnel Benefits 26, 0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 2,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ... . 192,00024 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services ... 37, 00026 Supplies & Materials 14, 0003 1 Equipment 2, 00041 Grants TOTAL $604, 000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase ?. $22, 000Program $582, 000
IncreaseRequested2 1972Estimate33
i 28,0003,000 $359, 00029, 0002, 00020,00010,0007, 000
$ 68,000
$13, 000$55, 000
212, 00047,00021,0002,000$672,000
$35, 000$637,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Accounting, Budgeting,(2 positions, $55, 000) Financial Reporting, and Postage RequirementsThe Office of the Treasurer provides comprehensive financial managementassistance and technical services to the Smithsonian. This includes financialplanning, budgeting, accounting, contracts administration, and reporting. Anincrease of two employees and funds to meet Institutional needs are requested.A systems accountant is required to continually review and improve theInstitution's accounting procedures and records to keep them responsive to needs.A budget technician is required to assist the three budget analysts in a widevariety of data gathering and summarizing assignments. These two positionswould cost $18, 000. An additional $17, 000 are needed for forms and computerservices used in financial reporting to the museums, galleries, researchlaboratories, and other units. Under recent postal reform legislation, a nearfuture substantial increase in postal rates is anticipated. An additional $20, 000are requested for postage indicia.
724
ADMINISTRATIVE AND CENTRAL SUPPORT ACTIVITIESOFFICE OF THE TREASURER1970 Actual $573, 0001971 Estimate $604,0001972 Estimate $6 72,000
This office provides financial management assistance and technical servicesto the Smithsonian. It is composed of the Treasurer's immediate office, theOffice of Programming and Budget, and the Accounting Division. Financialplanning, budgeting , accounting, contracts administration, and reporting are theresponsibilities of these several units.An increase of $55, 000 is requested to strengthen the budgeting andaccounting functions, to provide forms and computer services required infinancial reporting, and to meet anticipated higher postage indicia costs.Funding of $13,000 is required also for necessary pay.Need for Increase- - Selective staff increases and funds for programimprovement are required in order that the Office of the Treasurer can provideresponsive services to the Smithsonian's museums, galleries, researchlaboratories, and to the other organization units that are themselves providingsimilar technical support in the way of personnel management, buildingsmanagement, and other services. The diversity of the Smithsonian's operationsand geographic distribution, and the variety of funding sources for its programspose unusual demands of financial management services. The effectiveness andefficiency with which the program offices carry out their assigned research,curation, exhibit, and other public services depend in large measure on theaccuracy and timeliness of good financial information.Two additional employees are required: a systems accountant and a budgettechnician. The systems accountant would assist in the design, adaptation,installation, evaluation, and updating of the Institution's accounting systems,including reports, records control devices, and related procedures. There areat present three budget analysts responsible for agency-level budget planning,formulation and execution including the year-round job of review and monitoringof obligations and outlays for some 40 budget line items as well as foreigncurrency and construction accounts. A budget technician (no such position nowexists) is required to assist in a wide variety of data gathering and summarizingassignments. Funding of $18,000 is requested for these two positions.Additional funds for forms and computer services are requested forfinancial reporting to the heads of the Institution's museums, galleries, researchlaboratories, and the other administrative and central support activities includingthe Buildings Management Department ($17,000).Funding of the Institution's postage indicia requirements is providedcentrally from the Office of the Treasurer. Approximately $165,000 will bespent for this purpose in fiscal year 1971 primarily for first class mail. TheU.S. Post Office Department indicates substantially higher postage rates latethis fiscal year or early next. Under the recent postal reform legislation, theboard of govenors are empowered to make an emergency increase in postage rates.An eight-cent first class rate is likely as well as other increases. An additional$20, 000 are requested for postage indicia.
725
SMITHSONIAN INSTlTUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972OFFICE OF PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION AND HEALTH UNITSIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 28 1 29$16, 000 $ 384, 0002, 000 31, 0002, 0001 1 Personnel Compensation $ 368, 00012 Personnel Benefits 29, 0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 2,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ...24 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services 32,000 10,000 42,00026 Supplies & Materials 1,000 4,000 5,0003 1 Equipment41 Grants TOTAL $ 432, 000 $32,000 $ 464,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $20,000 $10,000 $30,000Program $412,000 $22,000 $434,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Health Services and Employee Training (1 position, $22, 000)This Office has responsibility for personnel administration and theoperation of health services for visitors and staff. On an annual basis thehealth units provide about 14,000 treatments. An additional $12, 000 arerequested to provide one more nurse position and necessary supplies andequipment to augment the health services provided in the History andTechnology Building, the Natural History Building, and the buildings onthe south side of the Mall. Similarly, the Smithsonian needs to providemore employee training especially of supervisors and of low-level, low-skill employees. The Office of Personnel Administration has only about$10,000 available to it for training expenses. An additional $10, 000 arerequested.
726
ADMINISTRATIVE AND CENTRAL SUPPORT ACTIVITIESOFFICE OF PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION AND HEALTH UNITS1970 Actual $388,0001971 Estimate $432,0001972 Estimate $464, 000
This Office has responsibility for personnel administration and theoperation of health services. It helps to formulate policy over a wide rangeof activities from manpower planning and managerial development, throughemployee training, performance evaluation, and labor relations. Theseprograms generally fall into six broad categories; the table below indicates thenature of these endeavors with estimated man- years and expenditures for fiscalyear 1970. Effort and DollarsActivity FY 1970Manpower and Organization .75 man years $ 12,000Career Development 2.75 " 40,000Management and PersonnelConsulting 9.00 " 153,000Technical and AdministrativeSupport 5.00 " 34,000Health Services 3.50 " 51,000Recruitment and Placement 2.00 29,000Admin, and Direction . 3. 50 " 69, 00026.50 man years $388,000Annual reports indicate that over the last few years the number of actionshandled on a yearly basis by the staff has grown to 72, 000. This is a sizableworkload. The ratio of staffing for carrying out personnel office functions isone personnel employee per 125 employees serviced. While no fixed standardhas been developed, this is considerably higher than comparable governmentagencies which average approximately one personnel employee per 80 employeesserviced.The requested program increase of $22, 000 will be used to correctshortages in the areas of health services and employee training. An additional$10,000are required for necessary pay purposes.Need for Increase? The health units provide services to SmithsonianInstitution employees as well as to visitors and tourists. On an annual basis,these units provide about 14,000 treatments to tourists and staff. This figurehas been steadily increasing over the years. There is a critical need toimprove and increase the availability of these services in the History andTechnology Building, the Natural History Building, and the buildings on the southside of the Mall. An amount of $12,000 is requested for an additional nursingposition plus necessary supplies and equipment.The Smithsonian has been administering an austere program of employeetraining. In fiscal year 1970, the amount spent by the Office on training wasapproximately $10,000, yet the needs for training have been steadily mounting.Additional funding is required just to meet programs of special emphasis withthe Administration. For example, the Civil Service Commission recently hasrequired specially tailored training for first-level supervisors. In the nearfuture, the CSC will issue strong recommendations that equivalent training beprovided for all supervisors. There are more than 400 supervisors currentlyin the Institution. A second area of emphasis is training for supervisors and
727
and managers in labor-management relations. A third area is "upwardmobility". The present Administration is putting much emphasis on the PublicService Careers Program and other programs to provide training for low-level,low-skill individuals who are currently Federal employees. The Institution hasat present more than 600 employees in the latter category, i.e., GS-5 andbelow and WG-5 and below. The Institution has at present no programs in thesecond and third areas, and only minimal programs in supervisory training.For these reasons an additional $10, OOOare being requested to strengthentraining programs.
728
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIESIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions . . 54 9 6311 Personnel Compensation $600,000 $ 74,000 $674,00012 Personnel Benefits 47,000 6,000 53,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 6,000 2,000 8,00011 Transportation of Things ... . 1,000 1,000 2,00023 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ... . 2,000 2,000 4,00024 Printing & Reproduction .... . 10,000 20,000 30,00025 Other Services 15,000 23,000 38,0002b Supplies & Materials ...... 51,000 33,000 84,00031 Equipment 7,000 50,000 57,00041 Grants TOTAL $739,000 $211,000 $950,000
Analysis of TotalP?iy Increase $ 24, 000 $ 21, 000 $ 45, 000Program $715,000 $190,000 $905,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Correction of Shortages and Continued Modernization (9 positions, $190, 000)Although the Smithsonian will continue to use the resources of other librariesthrough interlibrary loans and other ways, the availability of adequate in-houselibrary materials and reference services is essential to the effective perform-ance of the Institution's curation, exhibition, and research functions. Presently,the Smithsonian Libraries are not meeting several staff needs. The request forfiscal year 1972 is meant to partially offset a variety of deficiencies such as inpurchase funds ($65, 000), development of automated library techniques($20, 000), materials preservation ($22, 000), and supplies and equipment($24, 000). Nine additional positions are requested. A librarian and two clerkswill provide service to museums and galleries that are unserved by the GeneralLibrary ($20, 000). One cataloger and one technician will be used to create acore speed cataloging team to reduce the time of processing new materials($15, 000). A cataloger and a technician will also be utilized to organize andinventory the collections housed at the Lamont Street center ($14, 000). Inaddition, one technician and one aid are necessary to begin to edit the holdingsof the Institution's union catalog ($10,000).
729
ADMINISTRATIVE AND CENTRAL SUPPORT ACTIVITIESSMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES1970 Actual $659, 0001971 Estimate $739, 0001972 Estimate $950, 000The Smithsonian Institution Libraries provide reference and informationservices in support of the research and educational programs of the professionalstaff of the Institution. Basic library resources consist of about 750, 000 volumesin the working collections of the Institution. The Smithsonian Institution's libraryprogram has the following basic purposes: (a) to have at hand carefully selecteddocumentary materials containing the best and most pertinent data and resultsfrom research done elsewhere that has a direct bearing on our own investigations;(b) to arrange and index the information in ways that make it readily accessible;and (c) to provide reference and information services based on this material andrelated material in other libraries' collections, under terms and conditions thatadvance research in the Smithsonian. It is logical and prudent to have an informa-tion capability such as this as an adjunct to our research effort. In this mannerwe speed up our own research effort and make it more efficient by avoiding costlyand unnecessary duplication of research.An increase of $190, 000 is requested to correct shortages in the Libraries'basic program of support to the research efforts of the Smithsonian, and tocontinue to modernize operations and services to the scientific and curatorial staffof the various museums and galleries. In addition, $21, 000 are being sought tohelp meet necessary pay increases.Need for Increase? The Smithsonian has embarked on a program of moderni-zation of its library services. The following table contains information coveringthe requested additional amount of $190, 000 for 1972 to implement the currentphase of this program. The Libraries are being changed from a congeries of
Table 1: Indicates Needs for FY 1972
PositionsPersonnel costs, including salaries,benefits, training, and travel $647, 000Information resources (e.g., books,journals, documents, microfilm)...Communications equipment andservices (e.g., facsimile, specialmail, and transportation)Materials preservation (current input)Supplies, equipment, and maintenanceAutomation and data processing
1971 1972 RequestedBase Need Increase54 63 9i64 $727, 000a $ 80, 000a52, 000 117, 000 65, 000
5, 000 8, 000 3, 0007, 000 29,000 22, 00016, 000 37, 000 21, 00012, 000 32, 000 20,000Total $739,000 $950, 000a $211,000aIncludes $21, 000 for necessary pay increases.
widely dispersed collections in a vast array of subjects in art, the sciences, andthe social sciences, into an integrated resource. Integration will be achievedthrough improved indexing, search and retrieval mechanisms, involving bothimproved manual and new computer methods, and through consolidation of several
730
related smaller collections into more serviceable units. Information servicesare to be upgraded, based on recently developed methods of information science.Further, the collections that hitherto chiefly served discipline-based curatorialand related research are being broadened to provide a base for informationservices for research in the newer interdisciplinary aspects of science, sociology,and culture.Of the more than 385, 000 books and uncounted tens of thousands of reportsand research documents produced throughout the world each year, it is estimatedthat the Institution must purchase about 18,000 titles in order to maintain informa-tion services that are sufficiently well founded to be useful. This is a modestrate of acquisition. Currently, the Libraries are about $125,000 short of fundsfor the purchase of library materials. The effects of inflation over the last fewyears have severely eroded the ability of the Libraries to purchase new materialsparticularly in subject areas of most concern to the Institution. While selectedprice indices, using 1957-59 as base years are presented in Table 2, much of therecorded increase has occurred in the last five years.
Table 2Recent Price Indices: Periodicals in Subject Areasof Institutional Interest, and Selected Hardcover Books1970 Index(1957-59 = 100)Subject AreasChemistry and Physics 265Fine and Applied Arts 154History : 143Mathematics, Botany, Geology, andGeneral Science 267Sociology and Anthropology 156Zoology 1761969 Index(1957-59 = 100)Selected Hardcover Books 177
Source: "Price Indexes for 1970, " Library Journal(July 1970), 2427, 2428, and Publishers Weekly"(February 9, 1970), 49.
The Libraries also are $200, 000 short in funds for the application ofmodern indexing and retrieval techniques to operate this essential service.Also required are about $50, 000 per year for binding and filming of materialsfor preservation. As indicated in Table 1, the requested increase will beapplied to partially offset these and other pressing needs. The requested staffincrease of nine positions would be utilized as follows:To create a team of information service people to provide referenceand collection management services at least ten hours a week in eachof the unstaffed bureau branches that are now unserved by the GeneralLibrary (principally the National Air and Space Museum, RadiationBiology Laboratory, Museum of Natural History, Armed Forces MuseumAdvisory Board, and Museum Services); one professional librarian,two library clerks $20, 000
731
To organize a speed cataloging team for rapid processing of prioritymaterials. This is a move to reduce the average time of processing ofnew materials in cataloging, aiming at a goal of six weeks' lapsed time;one cataloger and one library technician $15, 000To organize and inventory those parts of the consolidated collectionsnow housed at the Smithsonian Institution Libraries Center at LamontStreet (estimated to be a three-year project); one cataloger and onelibrary technician 14, 000To edit the Institution's union catalog of its holdings, particularlyto rationalize conflicts in entry and to provided entries for new subjectinterests among research projects; one library technician and onelibrary aid 10, 000In 1970 the Libraries acquired 3, 974 titles (books, journals, anddocuments) by purchase, and 12,194 titles through gifts and exchanges. TheLibraries cataloged 8,158 of these for addition to the collections. This recordof accomplishment is offset by severe shortages in every category of service.One quarter of the titles ciruclated to the professional staff of the Institutionin 1969 were not in the Smithsonian's collections and had to be borrowed fromother libraries, principally the over-burdened Library of Congress. The 8,010uncataloged and unindexed items considered pertinent to the work of theSmithsonian acquired in 1969 were added to the existing backlog of 59,000uncataloged titles remaining from other years. The delays in organizing thismaterial for use have grown to several man-years. Of nineteen major bureausand offices of the Smithsonian, eight are completely without local service,except as provided by the Libraries' small Central Reference and Circulationstaff.
732
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESSIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions . . 25 25li Personnel Compensation $319,000 $10,000 $329,00012 Personnel Benefits. 24,000 1,000 25,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 3,000 3,00021 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction ... . 352,000 40,000 392,00025 Other Services 5,000 5,00026 Supplies & Mate. ials ....... 2,000 2,00031 Equipment 2,000 2,00041 Grants . .TOTAL $ 707, 000 $ 51,000 $ 758, 000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $18,000 $11,000 $29,000Program $689,000 $40,000 $729,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Research Manuscript Printing ($40, 000)An additional $40, 000 of printing funds are required to reduce agrowing backlog of research manuscripts in science and history ready forprinting. At the close of fiscal year 1970, 19 major manuscripts couldnot be printed for lack of funds. Investments in research are wastedunless the results are published on a timely basis.
733
ADMINISTRATIVE AND CENTRAL SUPPORT ACTIVITIESSMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS1970 Actual $700,0001971 Estimate $707,0001972 Estimate $758,000For a century and a quarter, the Institution has achieved the diffusion ofresearch knowledge principally through the Smithsonian Press. Most of the Presspublication activity is considered as a fundamental extension of the basic researchprograms of the Smithsonian's museums and research laboratories. TheSmithsonian Press also produces and distributes museum guides, exhibit catalogs,and information leaflets. This is an extension of another basic Smithsonianprogram, public education. Finally, the Press also furnishes the Institution witha variety of internal manuals, reports, specimen labels, and directories. Arecent analysis of Press operations reveals that about 70 percent of Press effortsare spent directly on research publications, 20 percent on public education, andthe balance on administrative support.Additional funding of $40, 000 is requested for research publication printing.Funding of $11, 000 for necessary pay also is required.Need for Increase --Currently, about one hundred research publications ayear appear in eight active series in the fields of anthropology, astrophysics,biology, geology, history, and technology. This represents the extent of thePress' current funding capacity for this portion of overall activity and not whatcould have been published. There has accumulated over the last few years asubstantial backlog of research publications generated by Smithsonian scientistsand historians. At the close of fiscal year 1970, 19 major manuscripts ready forpublication, with estimated printing costs of $32, 000, were withheld from theGovernment Printing Office because funds were not available. The situation willonly worsen in fiscal years 1971 and 1972 since it is virtually certain that theresearch output of the professional staff will exceed the ability of the Press tofund the publishable reports. The Smithsonian is basically a research institutionand support of that research is wasted unless reported on a timely basis tonational users. An additional $40, 000 are requested for research publicationprinting.
734
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION
Object ClassNumber of Permanent Positions
1 1 Personnel Compensation. . . .12 Personnel Benefits2 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ... . 10,00024 Printing & Reproduction .....25 Other Services 11, 0002d Supplies & Materials 2, 0003
1
Equipment 3, 00041 Grants TOTAL $ 219, 000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 12,000Program $207, 000
1971 Base14
IncreaseRequested2 1972Estimate16
, 175, 00014,0004,000 $ 37,0002, 0001,000 $ 212, 00016,0005, 000
18, 000
$ 58, 000
$ 8,000$50,000
10, 00029,0002, 0003,000$ 277, 000
$ 20, 000$257, 000
Specification of Increase (Program):Application of Electronic Data Processing to Smithsonian Requirements(2 positions, $50, 000)The Smithsonian, through the work of its museums and researchlaboratories, is basically an information producer and distributor.Throughout the Institution firm requirements have been identified for theapplication of electronic data processing to the task of storing, arranging,and reporting data associated with collections and other research. Thisrequirement is especially acute in the National Museum of Natural Historybut virtually all of our science, history, and art activities have such needs.An illustration in our budget request shows how data related to the collectionscan be reported for medical research use. For fiscal year 1972, twoadditional computer specialists are. required ($31,000) with funds forcomputer services and other support ($19, 000).
735
ADMINISTRATIVE AND CENTRAL SUPPORT ACTIVITIESINFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION1970 Actual $217,0001971 Estimate $219,0001972 Estimate $277,000The Information Systems Division was established in 1966 in response to agrowing awareness that the Institution had to take advantage of computertechnology not only in its management areas but to gain access to masses ofresearch data and information associated with its collections. Currently, theDivision is comprised of an information retrieval section, a mathematicalcomputation section, a software and maintenance section, and a managementsystems section. While much of the Division's efforts are currently devoted toadministrative and management support functions, in future years attention willbe concentrated increasingly on research support and the retrieval of informationfrom the National Collections. Some 3 50 specific and 50 general computerprograms have been developed and much of the time of current staff must goto maintenance and updating. An illustration of the Division's output insupport of research and collections management is shown on a following page.Current program shortages include the following, for which a program increaseof $50,000 is requested. An additional $8, 000 are required for necessary pay.Need for Increase--The Division is not yet able to meet Institution needsin the management systems area. It is utilizing its present capacity in thisarea developing and installing new systems for library acquisitions and search,fiscal accounting, personnel administration, buildings management work planningand control, and for property management. These systems are only in initialor intermediate stages of development, and a particularly large increase inactual systems implementation and programming time is required to meet theanticipated workload in fiscal year 1972.For several years (largely with grant funds which are no longer available)the Institution has been exploring and developing automated methods for capturingnatural history collection information in order to make measurements of longterm environmental change associated with artifact and specimen characteristicsuseful for controlled research purposes. The Institution is considered'thepioneer in this area by concerned scientists around the nation. One objective,for example, is to recreate environmental conditions for selected animalspecies which prevailed during specified periods in history, and then throughvarious analyses to speculate about changes which have occurred or will occurand result in contemporary population, distribution, and survival characteristics.The feasibility and usefulness of automation has been demonstrated to thescientific community by the joint efforts which have taken place to date betweenthe National Museum of Natural History and the Information Systems Division.These pilot projects have concentrated on birds, Crustacea, rocks, andminerals. The system must now be gradually extended and implemented throughthe Museum. Collection information systems are needed elsewhere in theSmithsonian. For instance, in the National Portrait Gallery, the Division ishelping to develop a program to permit retrieval of a great variety of researchdata concerning portraits of distinguished Americans. In the Museum ofHistory and Technology similar systems are needed to assist the curators incataloging, retrieving, and maintaining their collections.To accommodate these and related needs, two additional computerspecialists will be required ($31,000) along with necessary travel and computerservices to support the entire Division ($19, 000).
58-287 O?71?pt. 4 47
736
MEASUREMENT AND DATA PREPARATII
** f-.- L.U , C.l._k.v
n variance standard Deviation
(FORMATION STORAGE
standard e r"oR" variation Coeff
63.587535.890038.910033.742529.467518.792515.705016.830019.867517.605043.752563.222540.147540.367532.532553.495028.235034.547527.5475
2.36572.11436.61021.9343
.5546
.5299
.4174
.64733.47351.06662.37442.80541.3436
.6776
.69712.22512.62692.55493.7506
1.53811.45402.57101.3906
.7447
.7280
.6461
.80451.86371.03281.54091.67491.1591
.9368
.94721.49171.62081.59841.9367
.2432
.2299
.4065
.2199
.1177
.1151
.1022
.1272
.2947
.1633
.2436
.2646
.1633
.1481
.1498
.2359
.2563
.2527
.3062
2.41894.05146.60764.12182.527!3.87374.11384.27269.38095.86643.52182.64932.99442.32072.91142.76845.74034.62677.0304
SQUIRREL MONKEYS [SA|MMONKEYS FROM LETICIA, (OCCIPITAL LENGTH, AND 1NAilON-BREGMA LENITH. 'REUS} FROM IQUITOS.PERU f> BY THE ABOVE GRAPH. COFIF TUOTH RCW, COMPONENT SKULL HEIGHT AND
The above illustrateresearch more precisely,analysis and discriminates how computerization allows Shuitheonlan scientists to identify anljrals used in biomedicalRetrieved data on external morphology and skull morphology may be subjected to canonicalfunction analysis often resulting in a discrimination among groups of animals which yields abetter definition of taxonomy and geographic variation. Investigators are concerned about a variety of physiologicand biochemical differences among squirrel monkeys (Saimiri scivreus) used in medical research. An analysis of 19variables has identified those characteristics most useful in discriminating between groups and has demonstrated thatsquirrel monkeys differ according to the place obtained: Iqultos, Peru or Leticia, Columbia. This task could notreadily be accomplished without benefit of the computer system as manifold computations must be made on each of the19 variables.
737
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses, " Fiscal Year 1972SMITHSONIAN ARCHIVESIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 6 611 Personnel Compensation $50,000 $ 3,000 $ 53,00012 Personnel Benefits 4,000 4,00021 Travel & Transp. of Persons 1,000 1,00022 Transportation of Things .....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services 3,000 5,000 8,00026 Supplies & Materials 2,000 2,00031 Equipment. 1,000 1,00041 Grants TOTAL $ 61, 000 $ 8, 000 $ 69,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $3,000 $3,000 $6,000Program $58,000 $5,000 $63,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Microfilming Archival Records ($5,000)The Archives maintains records dating from the 1830's on the Smithsonian'shistory, and makes these available for administrative purposes as well as toscholars studying the history of American science. The requested increase of$5, 000 is aimed at microfilming deteriorating documents for preservation andto make them more accessible to researchers.
738
ADMINISTRATIVE AND CENTRAL SUPPORT ACTIVITIESSMITHSONIAN ARCHIVES1970 Actual $33, 0001971 Estimate $61,0001972 Estimate $69, 000The Smithsonian Archives is both the official memory of the SmithsonianInstitution and a valuable research resource for scholars in the history ofAmerican science in the 19th century. Exclusive of materials located in theresearch and curatorial areas of the Smithsonian (which also should beidentified and protected), the Archives' current holdings amount to over onemillion documents from the 1830's to the present. Within available resources,the Archives' staff identifies permanently valuable records throughout theInstitution, preserves them for administrative, legal, and fiscal value, andprovides service on these records to Smithsonian staff. This constitutes theArchives' management or service function. The Archives also makes availableand interprets its holdings to the scholarly community, an activity which makesthe greatest demands upon the professional capacity of the staff.Current resources of staff and funds are distributed approximately equallyamong the following activities: identifying, selecting, and preserving valuablerecords; preparing finding aids; and providing reference services. In fiscalyear 1970, about one-half of the reference service effort went to student,scholar, and federal agency users.An increase of $5, 000 is requested for microfilming valuable records. Anadditional amount of $3,000 is requested for necessary pay.Need for Increase--A major current program shortage is the lack ofsufficient funds for contract microfilming and supplies. Only about $3,000 iscurrently available for this purpose. This requested increase of $5,000 forfiscal year 1972 is aimed at microfilming deteriorating documents as apreservation function, and to increase the availability of these records to staffand visitors through microfilm medium.
739
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"3alaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972PHOTOGRAPHIC SERVICES DIVISIONIncrease 1972Obj t: "? "~ \ a s s 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber 3: Permanent Positions . . 20 20l! Persoi,: '1 Compensation $211,000 $ 8,000 $ 219,000I. Persomei Benefits 17,000 17,000
.' ! i" i- i vet ft Transp. ot p.- i sons
.'._ Tr ir 5 jjC. rtation of Things ....
.' 5 Ren; C imm. & Utilities ....
.< ' Prniira. ?. R^-ci odurtior: . .'. 10,000 15,000 23,000
.- CJther *b rvices .. ... 1,000 1,000n vipn'ue ? ft Materials: ' ' 13,000 4,000 17,000ij tTq.imr.-.MT- .... 3,000 3,0001 ' Grail TOTAL $252,000 $28,000 $ 280,000
An. ly : ; ,,;' Tof.l
l, c;; . , ? 12,000 8,000 20,000K rn $240,000 $20,000 $260,000
..><. tiii i:l*< n oi Increase (P: ._/y ram):
;,er.er -! 1 Photographic Support ($20, 000)As a result of a virtually level allotment and some pay cost absorption,unris available for other object classes have decreased over the past severalcars. Yet the price of films, chemicals, and outside processing has increased0- ' 5 percer.t. In addition, many pieces of equipment are 10-12 years oldnd obsolete or frequently in need of repair. An amount of $20,000 isequfested to purchase supplies, replacement equipment, and specializedrjcessii.g services.
740
ADMINISTRATIVE AND CENTRAL SUPPORT ACTIVITIESPHOTOGRAPHIC SERVICES DIVISION1970 Actual $265, 0001971 Estimate $252,0001972 Estimate $280,000The Smithsonian photographic services are unique in that the Institution'sactivities require more quality and custom work as compared to thephotographic needs of most government agencies. The photographic work isunder public scrutiny almost entirely. In view of the importance ofphotographic services to the entire Institution, the centralized PhotographicServices Division was formed to exercise a more stable and positive controlover the application of procedures and techniques. It maintains laboratories inthree museum buildings.This Division is charged with supplying all types of photographic andrelated services that the Smithsonian's museums and research activities mayrequire. This involves filling photographic requests, obtaining outside con-tractual services, and providing technical assistance and training to Smithsonianstaff members. The Division supports programs of research, documentation,and conservation of collections, exhibitions, education, training, publication,and public service.An increase of $20, 000 is requested to provide for general photographicsupport. An additional $8, 000 are required for necessary pay.In the past several years, there have been several Government- wideincreases in salaries, resulting in funds being directed from other objectclasses and used for the payment of salaries and benefits. In fact, fundsavailable for other object classes have decreased from $52,000 in fiscal year1968 to $25,000 in fiscal year 1970. This situation is further aggravated bythe fact that the prices of films, chemicals, and processing have increased10-15 percent during this period. Equipment replacement needs have had to bedeferred in order to purchase necessary supplies and materials. Many piecesof equipment are now 10 to 12 years old and obsolete or frequently in need ofrepair. Outside processing (color work) has been held below minimum needs tocompensate for the shift of funds for salaries and benefits. Additional fundsin the amount of $20,000 are urgently needed to pruchase supplies, equipment,and specialized processing services.
741
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses, " Fiscal Year 1972SUPPLY DIVISION
Object Class 1971 BaseNumber of Permanent Positions . . 21
1 1 Personnel Compensation $236, 00012 Personnel Benefits 17,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things .... :23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities .... 8, 00024 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services 6, 00026 Supplies & Materials 59, 00031 Equipment 1,00041 Grants TOTAL $ 327, 000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 10, 000Program $317, 000
IncreaseRequested 1972Estimate21
; 7, 0001,000 $243,00018, 000
3,00015, 0002, 000$28,000
$ 8, 000$20, 000
8, 0009, 00074, 0003, 000$355, 000
$ 18,000$337,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Stockroom Operations ($20, 000 )The growth in research, exhibit, and educational programs hasincreased demands for stockroom supplies. These commonly used itemsare centrally bought, stocked, and issued for economy and efficiency.Reserves of many needed items have been depleted, however, and pricescontinue to rise. An additional $20,000 are required for stockroom supplies,equipment, and office machine repair services.
742
ADMINISTRATIVE AND CENTRAL SUPPORT ACTIVITIESSUPPLY DIVISION1970 Actual $318,0001971 Estimate $327, 0001972 Estimate $355,000The Supply Division procures supplies, materials, contractual services, andequipment for research, curatorial, exhibition preparation, and other Smithsonianactivities. It stocks and issues office, laboratory, and other supplies required indaily operations. It operates a property management program, obtaining excessproperty in lieu of new procurement wherever possible. The Division maintainsproperty records and takes periodic inventories to insure adequate control andutilization of equipment items.An increase of $20,000 is required primarily for stockroom operations. Anadditional $8, 000 are requested for necessary pay.Need for Increase --The growth in research, exhibit, and educationalprograms has increased demands for stockroom supplies. For economy andefficiency of purchasing, general supply items are bought centrally and stocked bythe Division for issue. The Division has had to reduce its expenditures forsupplies in order to absorb part of higher pay costs. About $76, 000 are availablein fiscal year 1971 of which about $18, 000 will be used for duplicating supplies.Because of limited funds, the Division has been unable to conduct an orderlyplanned procurement and stocking program. It has been forced to buy often insmall lots, making for uneconomical procurement. To save funds, the inventoryhas been purged of slow-moving items and specialized items used by only one ora few units. The reserves of many necessary items, however, have been reducedto dangerous levels. Stock prices are rising. An additional $20,000 are requestedfor stockroom supplies, equipment, and office machine repair services.The Division's workload of purchase orders, contracts, imprest fund uses,and other transactions associated with operating funds, foreign currency matters,and construction projects continues to increase. This increase is the result ofgeneral expansion and the assignment of major procurements for the NationalZoological Park. Although improved methods and techniques (a new procurementmanual has been issued recently) will continue to increase productivity, it isanticipated that the procurement workload will outpace available manpower infiscal year 1972. There is also the problem of adequate control of receiving andprompt delivery services to additional building facilities (for instance, theRenwick Gallery and the new laboratory building for the Radiation Biology Labora-tory in Rockville, Maryland). Notwithstanding the foregoing, an increase inpersonnel is not being requested at this time. Further expansion will requireadditional personnel.
743
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEMS DIVISIONIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions . . 2_ p 911 Personnel Compensation $ 117,000 $ 4,000 $ 121,00012 Personnel Benefits . . 9,000 9,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction 25,000 7,000 32,00025 Other Services ....? . 1,000 1,0002t Supplies & Materials 4,000 3,000 7,0003 1 Equipment 1,000 1,00041 Grant.* TOTAL $ 157,000 $ 14, 000 $ 171,000
Analysis uf TotalPay Increase $8,000 $4,000 $12,000Program $149,000 $10,000 $159,000
Specif, cation of Increase (Program):Forms Management Program ($10,000)An additional $10,000 (on a base of approximately $25,000) is requiredto purchase a variety of forms for management purposes.
744
ADMINISTRATIVE AND CENTRAL SUPPORT ACTIVITIESADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEMS DIVISION1970 Actual $140,0001971 Estimate $157,0001972 Estimate $171,000
The Administrative Systems Division provides management analysis andsystem and procedures work in the development of sound business administrationand management improvement programs within the Institution. This unitdevelops organizational, functional, staffing and flow charts, procedural manualsand other administrative issuances, makes studies and special surveys, providesmanagement advisory services, and maintains a forms management program.A program increase of $10,000 is requested in order to provide suppliesfor the forms management program. An additional $4, 000 are required fornecessary pay.Need for Increase--As the complexity of the Institution has increased, theuse of forms has increased also. Formerly, the Institution could utilize arelatively small number of simple forms for management and reportingpurposes. However, the increase in the number of bureaus and programs of theSmithsonian requires that sophisticated reporting systems, including computerreports, be developed to insure that heads of bureaus and offices as well asother Smithsonian officials receive the information essential for effectivemanagement. These new reporting systems use many types of forms inrelatively large quantities. Unfortunately, in spite of inflationary increase inthe cost of forms, the funds available for their purchases have remained constantat about $25,000. This has now reached a point where the printing or purchaseof many required forms has been deferred due to the lack of funds. Anadditional $10, 000 are urgently needed for the purchase of forms.
745
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972DUPLICATING SECTIONObject Class 1971 Base
?7Number of Permanent Positions . .
1
1
Personnel Compensation $ 54, 00012 Personnel Benefits 4,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities .... 7,00024 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services 5,00026 Supplies & Materials3 Equipment .41 Grants ....
IncreaseRequested 1972Estimate7$ 3,000 $ 57,0004,0007,0005,00015, 000 15,000$ 18,000 $ 88,000TOTAL $ 70,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $3,000 $3,000 $6,000Program $67,000 $15,000 $82,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Replacement of Old Equipment ($15,000)The Duplicating Section produces a wide range of high quality printedmaterials for Smithsonian research, curatorial, *xhibits, and administrativeneeds. Much of its current equipment is old and, while well maintained,frequently breaks down. No funds are available for replacements. Anamount of $15,000 is requested to replace a 13-year-old offset press and aplatemaker to reproduce materials with greater fidelity.
746
ADMINISTRATIVE AND CENTRAL SUPPORT ACTIVITIESDUPLICATING SECTION1970 Actual $83, 0001971 Estimate $70, 0001972 Estimate $88, 000The Duplicating Section is responsible for producing a wide range ofprinted materials for the Smithsonian Institution. Included are administrativeissuances, news releases and reports, and informational materials produced bythe research, curatorial, and exhibits activities.A program increase of $15,000 is requested to replace old and obsoleteequipment. An additional funding of $3,000 for necessary pay is required.Need for Increase?The current budget meets the costs of essentialpersonnel (no staff reductions can be made and meet the workload ), somesupplies, and essential repairs to existing equipment. No funds are available topurchase replacement equipment. Much of the current equipment is old andwhile well maintained frequently breaks down. One of the four offset pressesis thirteen years old. When out of operation there is a loss of production aswell as costly repairs. Funds are requested for a replacement offset press andfor a new itek platemaker in order to reproduce photographs and other originalswith greater fidelity.The service furnished by this unit is essential to many of the overallprograms of the Smithsonian Institution. The personnel are well qualified tohandle this type of work and do an excellent job. Work must be kept at acurrent level to be of any value to those requiring the work.
m
747
SMITHSONIAN INSTTTUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEMS DIVISIONIncreaseObject Class 1971 Base RequestedNumber of Permanent Positions . . 2_ Q
1 1 Personnel Compensation $ 117, 000 $ 4, 000\l Personnel Benefits . . 9, 0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction 25,000 7,00025 Other Services 1,0002e Supplies & Materials 4, 000 3, 0003 1 Equipment 1,00041 Grants .
1972Estimate 9$ 121, 0009, 000
32, 0001, 0007, 0001, 000
$ 171, , 000TOTAL $ 157,000 $ 14, 000
Analysis uf TotalPay Increase $8,000 $4,000 $12,000Program $149,000 $10,000 $159,000
Spec if. cation of Increase (Program):Forms Management Program ($10,000)An additional $10,000 (on a base of approximately $25,000) is requiredto purchase a variety of forms for management purposes.
748
ADMINISTRATIVE AND CENTRAL SUPPORT ACTIVITIESADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEMS DIVISION1970 Actual $140,0001971 Estimate $157,0001972 Estimate $171,000The Administrative Systems Division provides management analysis andsystem and procedures work in the development of sound business administrationand management improvement programs within the Institution. This unitdevelops organizational, functional, staffing and flow charts, procedural manualsand other administrative issuances, makes studies and special surveys, providesmanagement advisory services, and maintains a forms management program.A program increase of $10,000 is requested in order to provide suppliesfor the forms management program. An additional $4, 000 are required fornecessary pay.Need for Increase--As the complexity of the Institution has increased, theuse of forms has increased also. Formerly, the Institution could utilize arelatively small number of simple forms for management and reportingpurposes. However, the increase in the number of bureaus and programs of theSmithsonian requires that sophisticated reporting systems, including computerreports, be developed to insure that heads of bureaus and offices as well asother Smithsonian officials receive the information essential for effectivemanagement. These new reporting systems use many types of forms inrelatively large quantities. Unfortunately, in spite of inflationary increase inthe cost of forms, the funds available for their purchases have remained constantat about $25,000. This has now reached a point where the printing or purchaseof many required forms has been deferred due to the lack of funds. Anadditional $10, 000 are urgently needed for the purchase of forms.
749
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses, " Fiscal Year 1972DUPLICATING SECTIONObject Class 1971 BaseNumber of Permanent Positions . .
1 1 Personnel Compensation $ 54, 00012 Personnel Benefits . 4,0002 1 Travel 8t Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ... . 7,00024 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services 5, 00026 Supplies & Materials3
1
Equipment .41 Grants ....TOTAL $ 70,000
IncreaseRequested 1972Estimate7
5 3,000 $ 57,0004,000
7,0005,00015,000 15,000
5 18, 000 $ 88,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $3,000 $3,000 $6,000Program $67,000 $15,000 $82,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Replacement of Old Equipment ($15,000)The Duplicating Section produces a wide range of high quality printedmaterials for Smithsonian research, curatorial, exhibits, and administrativeneeds. Much of its current equipment is old and, while well .maintained,frequently breaks down. No funds are available for replacements. Anamount of $15,000 is requested to replace a 13-year-old offset press and aplatemaker to reproduce materials with greater fidelity.
750
ADMINISTRATIVE AND CENTRAL SUPPORT ACTIVITIESDUPLICATING SECTION1970 Actual $83, 0001971 Estimate $70, 0001972 Estimate $88, 000The Duplicating Section is responsible for producing a wide range ofprinted materials for the Smithsonian Institution. Included are administrativeissuances, news releases and reports, and informational materials produced bythe research, curatorial, and exhibits activities.A program increase of $15,000 is requested to replace old and obsoleteequipment. An additional funding of $3,000 for necessary pay is required.Need for Increase--The current budget meets the costs of essentialpersonnel (no staff reductions can be made and meet the workload ), somesupplies, and essential repairs to existing equipment. No funds are available topurchase replacement equipment. Much of the current equipment is old andwhile well maintained frequently breaks down. One of the four offset pressesis thirteen years old. When out of operation there is a loss of production aswell as costly repairs. Funds are requested for a replacement offset press andfor a new itek platemaker in order to reproduce photographs and other originalswith greater fidelity.The service furnished by this unit is essential to many of the overallprograms of the Smithsonian Institution. The personnel are well qualified tohandle this type of work and do an excellent job. Work must be kept at acurrent level to be of any value to those requiring the work.
751
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses," Fiscal Year 1972OTHER CENTRAL SUPPORTIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 13 1311 Personnel Compensation $155,000 $ 5,000 $ 160,00012 Personnel Benefits 14,000 14,000Zl Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ... . 5,000 5,00024 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services 2,000 2,00026 Supplies & Materials .......3 1 Equipment 1,000 1,00041 Grants TOTAL $ 177,000 $ 5,000 $ 182,000
Anal ysis of TotalPay Increase $8,000 $5,000 $13,000Program $169,000 $16.9,000
Specification of Increase (Program):No program increase is sought for fiscal year 1972.
58-287 O?71?pt. 4 48
752
ADMINISTRATIVE AND CENTRAL SUPPORT ACTIVITIESOTHER CENTRAL SUPPORT1970 Actual $168, 0001971 Estimate $177,0001972 Estimate $182,000
Included are the activities of the Equal Employment Opportunity Office, thespecial project involving writing and research efforts associated with producingthe Joseph Henry Papers, the Travel Services Office, and the record keepingduties of the Secretary's Files. No increases are being sought for theseactivities other than necessary pay ($ 5, 000).
K^l
753
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--"Salaries and Expenses, " Fiscal Year 1972BUILDINGS MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENTIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions . . 768 25 79311 Personnel Compensation $6,032,000 $504,000 $6,536,00012 Personnel Benefits 453,000 40,000 493,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 3,000 3,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ... . 1,425,000 168,000 1,593,00024 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services 1,033,000 45,000 1,078,0002b Supplies & Materials 275,000 40,000 315,0003 1 Equipment. 50,000 10,009 60,00041 Grants TOTAL $ 9,271,000 $ 807,000 $10,078,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $606,000 $382,000 $988,000Program $8,665,000 $425,000 $9,090,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Renwick Gallery (25 positions, $195,000)The Gallery will be undergoing exhibit preparation in early fiscal year1972, and is now scheduled for public opening in the fall of 1971. Additionalsecurity and maintenance personnel are needed for the Gallery operations.Twenty-five positions (17 guards, five custodial employees, and threemechanics) and personnel funding ($162,000) are requested. Support fundingfor related maintenance expenses such as supplies, communications, materials,and equipment are also requested ($33, 000).Other Institutional Maintenance ($230, 000)Because of inflationary costs and greater utilization of facilities, anadditional $230,000 are sought for utility and related expenses in all otherbuildings of the Institution.
754
BUILDINGS MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT1970 Actual $ 8,067,0001971 Estimate $ 9,271,0001972 Estimate $10,078,000The Buildings Management Department provides essential services to theprogram units and helps them accomplish the Institution's important goals. Theseresponsibilities include the protection, operation, and maintenance of eight majorbuildings. These include the original Smithsonian Institution Building, the Historyand Technology Building, the Natural History Building, the Arts and IndustriesBuilding, the Freer Gallery of Art, the National Air and Space Building, the FineArts and Portrait Galleries Building (housing the National Portrait Gallery and theNational Collection of Fine Arts), and the Renwick Gallery. The Departmentperforms various combinations of these functions for nine other research, collection,special purpose, and support facilities, including the Chesapeake Bay Center forEnvironmental Studies, the Oceanographic Sorting Center, the Belmont ConferenceCenter, and the Silver Hill facility (which provides for the restoration and preserva-tion activities of the National Air and Space Museum, and houses referencecollections of aircraft, and other objects of science, technology, art, and naturalhistory). The total floor space of all the Smithsonian buildings is 3,300,000 squarefeet, and includes exhibition and public areas, research laboratories, referencecollection areas, libraries, offices, and supporting facilities located at 17 differentsites in the Metropolitan Area.This Department provides utilities (electricity, steam, gas, water, andcompressed air), including servicing, repairing, and operating the refrigeration,heating, temperature and humidity control systems, and related machinery andaccessories. It furnishes transportation and communications, performs repairs,improvements, and alterations to the buildings. Among the Department'sresponsibilities are the safety, physical security, and disaster programs, as wellas engineering and architectural services, construction management, spacemanagement, feasibility studies, and professional services.A program increase of 25 positions and $425, 000 are required in fiscal year1972 to provide basic services to the Renwick Gallery; and to meet increased costsof utilities, communications, contract work, supplies and materials, and equipmentfor all of the buildings. An additional $382, 000 are requested for mandatoryincreases in pay and benefits.Neeti for Increase1. The Renwick Gallery . Located at 17th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue, theRenwick was turned over to the Smithsonian Institution in February 1969, andextensive and essential restoration and renovation work remained to be done insucceeding fiscal years. The Buildings Management Department has been providingbasic protection to the building and its contents, and other services such as heating,air conditioning, and the humidity control systems. This is done on a 24-hour basis,seven days a week. Fiscal year 1971 costs will be approximately $125,000.The Gallery will be undergoing exhibit preparation beginning in early fiscal1972, and is now scheduled for opening to the public in the fall of 1971. Theadditional positions required to provide adequate staffing for -fiscal 1972 include 17guards, five custodial employees, and three mechanics (electrician, painter, andcarpenter). In addition to $162,000 for personnel costs, funds are also requestedfor related expenses such as communications, supplies, materials, and equipmentto support these necessary functions ($33,000). This is a requested total increaseof $195, 000 for building operation costs of this significant additional Institutionalfacility.
755
2. Other Institutional Maintenance . An increase of $230,000 is required to meetthe tonowing Known additional utility and related expenses:
--$138,000 to meet an approximate 11.5 percent increase in the cost ofelectricity over the last two fiscal years.
--$35, 000 for contract services ($20, 000 for contract services for the removalof trash and debris resulting from higher labor costs; $15,000 to fund theincreased cost of miscellaneous contract work for such items as laundry,cleaning and repair of uniforms, and rodent control).
--$30, 000 to meet the increasing costs of supplies and materials (this estimateis based on an average increase of 12 percent to 15 percent for essentialsupplies and materials for the maintenance, operation, and protection of allthe Smithsonian buildings).
--$20,000 to meet the increasing costs for communications (of this amount$16,000 are needed for the Federal Telecommunications System intercitytelephone services as projected by the General Services Administration).
--$7,000 to meet the increasing costs for equipment (cost increases averaged12 percent to 15 percent during the past fiscal year).The cost of electricity, steam, and communications for all Smithsonianbuildings and activities continues to increase along with an upward trend inconsumption as indicated in the following table. 1971 1972Type of Expense 1969$595, 000 1970$650,000 Est. Est.Electricity $685, 000 $823, 000Communications 235, 000 268,000 288,000 318, 000Steam 322, 000 372, 000 425,000 425, 000Gas 31,000 25, 000 29, 000 29, 0001, 183,000 1,315,000 1,427,000 1, 595, 000In a four-year period, the cost of Institutional utilities has increased byapproximately 35 percent (or an average rate of 12 percent per year) with noprospect of this trend diminishing. For example, the General ServicesAdministration has increased the price of steam about 19 percent this fiscal year.Although higher consumption and increased costs reflect some growth inbuilding areas, to a substantial degree they result from the fact that Smithsonianbuildings and museum operations are net normal office-type activities. Airconditioning, heating, and lighting must be provided for the comfort of approximately14, 000, 000 visitors during day and evening hours. Many activities are continuous,such as operating engineers being available seven days a week, 24-hours a day,for maintaining enviromental control systems. Continuous operations are absolutelyessential in many phases of the Department for the conservation and preservation ofthe National Collections. Supporting services must be provided not only during thenormal hours, but also for Institutional activities in the evenings, weekends, andholidays. Peak workload periods are during the spring and summer months whenthe museum and gallery exhibitions are open until 9:00 p.m.The mechanical services employees are also responsible for inspecting,servicing, repairing, and operating the 9, 850-ton capacity environmental controlequipment. This is a complex and intricate system of machinery used for airconditioning, refrigeration, heating, and humidity control purposes. In additionto price increases, the capacity of this machinery has increased five percent in
756
the last year. The volume and complexity of work orders for mechanical tradesassistance continue to grow and to place heavy demands on this Department asindicated below: Fiscal Year Work Orders1969 8,1801970 9,5001971 10, 500 est.1972 11, 000 est.These work orders represent a broad range of assistance and support to suchactivities as exhibitions in history, science and the arts, educational and researchprograms, and increased use of all buildings, grounds, and facilities by the visitingpublic.Building services employees give support to the many programs of theSmithsonian including moving collections and objects, and cleaning exhibit areas,research laboratories, offices, shops, and several public lounges. Employeesare also responsible for motor vehicle services, switchboard operation, checkroomservices, office moves, and operation of the Institution's 55 elevators.Over the past several years adequate protection of the visitors to our museurreand art galleries has become increasingly complex. The design of exhibit halls andconfiguration of space requires effective protection. Many more exhibits are beingdesigned to permit the public to view the objects without the intrusion of protectivedevices such as enclosures and cases. The National Collections must be givenmaximum protection against loss through arson, theft or vandalism. There hasbeen no significant decrease in the number of such incidents (Zll in fiscal 1969;205 in fiscal 1970). The recently established special salary rate for guardpositions will aid in recruiting and retaining qualified guards. The rates are morecommensurate with the responsibilities of these positions.The scope and complexity of the activities of the Buildings ManagementDepartment require continuing management improvement efforts and cost reductionprograms to ensure that a maximum quality of service is provided with availablefunds. In recognition of this need, a study by a reputable management consultantfirm has been made regarding the organizational structure, financial management,and work control systems of the Department. Several of the recommendations inthis study are in the process of implementation. For example, work standards arebeing developed and implemented, and an inventory control unit has been established.A work control unit has been initiated to plan, estimate, and schedule all majorwork requests. This will ensure that the preventive maintenance program for plantequipment and buildings is conducted effectively and at minimum cost.
757VACANCIES IN PERMANENT POSITIONSMrs. Hansen. You have 2,373 permanent positions authorized in1971. How many vacancies existed as of your last reporting date?Mr. Bradley. Under "Salaries and Expenses", Madam Chairman,we had an actual employment of 2,165 as of February 28, 1971, whichgives us a lapse of 208 positions or about 9 percent of the amountauthorized.Mrs. Hansen. What do you attribute the lapse of 208 positions to ?Attrition, part time ?Mr. Bradley. A very large amount of it is under our BuildingsManagement Department where the salaries are relatively low andthe turnover is relatively high. In our endeavors to get good guards,mechanics, laborers, and cleaners our personnel office is hard pressedto find good people who will stay with us.Mrs. Hansen. There are many charges that there isn't equal oppor-tunity for minorhVy groups in Federal agencies. Is this true in theSmithsonian Institution ?Mr. Bradley. That is not true.Dr. Ripley. We have personnel of minority groups as high as bu-reau director in the Institution. So I think we can hardly be accused ofpracticing discrimination.Mrs. Hansen. What is your average percentage rate of personnelturnover?Mr. Bradley. About 8.5 percent, Madam Chairman, annually.Mrs. Hansen. Is this relatively high ?Mr. Bradley. I would think it is comparable, let's say, to the Gen-eral Services Administration, but it would not be comparable to astable, professional organization such as the Geological Survey, forexample. It depends upon the type of employment.Mrs. Hansen. In the Smithsonian Institution you actually have awide range of positions.Mr. Ripley. That is right. The guard services and janitorial serv-ices are essential for maintaining, cleaning, and guarding our build-ings. We have a mix of more rapid turnover with these employees andthe more stable technical and professional employment.COST OF PROMOTIONSMrs. Hansen. You have budgeted $185,000 to finance the cost ofpromotions. When you replace emp^ees usually it is at a lowersalary step. To what extent have you included these savings in yourcomputations of "necessary pay increases?"Mr. Bradley. Madam Chairman, we have estimated our pay in-creases after taking into consideration savings by reason of employ-ees separating and being replaced by new employees coming in at alower rate. In other words, the so-called apparent cost is estimatedfirst. From that we deduct the savings and we ask here only for thenet difference.museum of natural history support deficienciesMrs. Hansen. Justify your requested increase of $576,000 and 34positions for museum support deficiencies.
758Dr. Cowan. Madam Chairman, this request is the beginning of aneffort to eliminate an accumulation of needs which have occurred overa number of years of less than adequate support for the Museum ofNatural History. We anticipate that this is the first of 3 years' supportdeficiencies.The 34 positions are exclusively for technical assistance by whichAve mean museum technicians, museum aides, and people of that sortwhich will permit the scientific people to do the thoroughly scientificjob they have been trained for and indeed employed for. The $171,000for all other objects includes the kinds of things that will raise the perscientist support in terms of materials, equipment, and so forth, up toa reasonable level but still well below the national average for thiskind of support for individual scientists. It will change from the pres-ent $900 per year per scientist to about $2,000. The third item is arequest for $200,000 for nonrecurring equipment. It is a nonrecurringitem which will help make up part of our deficit in equipment andsupplies.Now, there is a general outline of this first section of our budget. Ican go into more detail, if you like.Mrs. Hansen. In your justification you use the unflattering word"menial" to describe some of the work.Dr. Cowan. If it is not in a quotation, then it is my fault.Mrs. Hansen. I don't think you should describe any type of work asmenial just because it doesn't require a lot of training or skill.Dr. Cowan. May I add something ? We have for that reason in theMuseum of Natural History for several years now refused to use theterm subprofessional because it has a negative connotation. Suppor-tive staff can be very professional technicians, secretaries, and researchassistants.Mrs. Hansen. "Menial" is a very ugly word.Dr. Cowan. Yes, it is.Dr. Ripley. I was interested, Madam Chairman, in that connection,to hear that in Germany until recently maids were referred to as HausDoktor, and this activity of being a maid was considered so highlyprofessional and skilled that they were given the honorific title ofHaus Doktor, and they made many of the decisions about how peoplegot married and who they married in contrast to the parents, and theyran the house.environmental studies in the natural history museumMrs. Hansen. Justify your requested increase of $532,000 and 28positions for environmental sciences.Dr. Cowan. Here I would like to say first of all something aboutthe kind of environmental studies we do in the museum and perhapsit will be easier if I say ecological studies since ecology is the studyof environmental matters.Our people in the museum are concerned with basic ecological data.Baseline information forms the foundation for more esoteric, more ap-plied kinds of solutions to our environmental problems in the country.The people in the museum are concerned first of all with descriptivebiology, describing what is in the environment, what are the living
759and physical parts of the environment, what grows where, when, andwith what. The descriptive function, if it ended at that point, mightnot be the most satisfying result, but it goes on to what we call mono-graphic work which is the synthesis, the drawing together, of all in-formation about major groups of organisms, including ecology.In recent times, within the last 5 years our people have become in-creasingly interested in community studies, how organisms interactwith each other. In the present period we are deeply involved in whatI would call basic ecological studies. Most of these interdisciplinarystudies involve people in various museum departments. So, what wehave asked for in our budget statement is a minimum number of pro-fessionals, because in fact we are not keen on developing a greatlylarger scientific staff, certainly not until we support those that wehave in a much better fashion. We are asking for only nine profes-sional positions and 19 technicians and technical support positions.GENERAL PUBLIC ENLIGHTENMENTMrs. Hansen. You are requesting $337,000 for the education of thepublic. What is involved in this request ?Mr. Jameson. Madam Chairman, the 1972 estimate for educationof the public of $337,000 is an estimate of staff time largely of themuseum professional and supporting people in planning exhibits, pre-paring scripts for those exhibits, which set out what is going to gointo the exhibit, what kind of story should it tell, and then assistanceto our museum exhibit designer staff in the Office of Exhibits by actu-ally writing out good descriptive labels of the items that will be ondisplay. I believe this figure that we have is an estimate of the amountof staff time which goes into this and related activity.Mrs. Hansen. This is not a public relations activity ?Mr. Jameson. Not that, Madam Chairman. In addition, we do get alarge volume of public inquiries, such as, "Please tell me what this rockis I found or what kind of spider is this." This estimate also includesthe time that is spent answering these kinds of public inquiries.STUDY OF DETERIORATING FRESHWATER HABITATSMrs. Hansen. I understand. Justify your requested increase of threepositions and $50,000 for study of deteriorating fresh water habitats.Dr. Cowan. We are anticipating the employment of a single profes-sional aquatic investigator to study aquatic flies and aquatic insects.The aquatic insects are very important because they show somethingabout the quality of the water by their presence or absence. They arealso a vital part of the freshwater food-chain, leading up to fish andultimately to man. The other two positions are for research assistanceto go along with this program and to expand what we are doingalready.We are working with crayfishes now. I might point out to you thetitle of one of the publications recently released?"Water Quality In-dicative Organisms." This is by one of our senior scientists. Crayfisheslikewise are very good indicators of the quality of water.(Discussion off the record.)Mrs. Hansen. What is the justification for the other two positions?
760Dr. Cowan. The other two are research assistants. These will be high-ly-skilled, well trained people to work right in the research process.ANIMALS OF THE SEAMrs. Hansen. You are requesting an increase of $121,000 and sevenpositions for animals of the sea.Justify this request.Dr. Cowan. Right. This is a cluster of related projects and againthere is only a single professional in the whole list. That one is a cetol-ogist, a specialist on marine mammals: whales, seals, sea elephants,and walruses. The other positions are illustrators, museum technicians,and one clerk-typist. This program involves working up the IndianOcean materials, one of the richest areas of the world, and in the early1960's, the U.S. Government backed the U.S. portion of a 4-year international program, in understanding the biology of theIndian Ocean. Much of this material is still unstudied. It is still inbottles and jars unworked. So part of this program is to get the mate-rial worked up scientifically so it is useful for the many purposes thatwe need to have information these days. That is one example.BALANCE OF NATUREMrs. Hansen. In your justifications I notice you mention marinemammals. I think you know that there has been a bill introduced inCongress to prevent the killing of seals.Dr. Cowan. Yes.Mrs. Hansen. I want to ask you something as a scientist. Whathappens to a seal herd when it expands tremendously and has notenough feeding grounds ?Dr. Cowan. I will make an attempt at an answer and Mr. Ripleymay like to supplement it.I think that with any organism, including man, when the populationgrows beyond its ability to sustain itself, you begin getting psycho-logical changes and a lot of physical death, too. There was an articleabout this in the paper just last week, with mice.Mrs. Hansen. I talked to a scientist not too long ago about the Pri-bilof Islands. On one island all the vegetation is gone because it has justbeen completely used by the seal herds. Suppose that all nations agreedthat no seals would be killed. They are a rather rapidly reproducingbreed. Then you are going to have the inevitable problem of starvation,are you not, for these herds ?Dr. Cowan. Yes. The whole thing is that if you had the balanceof nature that we started out with, we wouldn't have to worry, be-cause there is an inherent balance in nature which is controlling.Mrs. Hansen. What do you consider as, "the inherent balance ofnature?"Dr. Cowan. Well the balance of nature, as nearly as we can cometo it, would require a survey, and we would have to go back to ourown National Collections as a means of establishing what was "na-tural" at a point in time. But even then man, at the time our collectionbegan to develop, had already begun to affect this balance of nature.
761So, now that we have affected it and changed it so markedly, it isinevitable that we have to talk about "management" of the environ-ment. We have to begin inserting man as a manager, as with deerfor example. I can describe it better with deer. Eight here in Virginia,if you left the deer alone and said you mustn't kill deer, there soonwould be major economic problems in the State of Virginia in thatarea. We have to manage by resorting to a hunting season.Mrs. Hansen. I do think we have to understand the basic back-ground of the sea mammals because there can be no sadder destructionthan to have starvation of a species.Dr. Cowan. Yes. If I can add a word about another danger, thefact that you can deplete the population to the point that it's nolonger reproductively sound. That is, males and females just don'tget together frequently enough, so you get reduced numbers.Dr. Challinor. Madam Chairman, I might mention that one ofthe results if you do stop killing or controlling is that the populationbuilds up and you get animals reintroduced to places where theyformerly existed. On the Channel Islands off Santa Barbara twoyears ago there were one male and about five dozen females of thePribilof herd that established a breeding colony on San Miguel Island.The first time they had been found breeding there. We can conceivablyget them to return in the same way we did the sea otter. The Guade-loupe seal herd had been declared extinct off Mexico several times,and now the Guadeloupe seals also are being found again in theChannel Islands because of protection or because of controlling thehunting. This does not mean, however, that you can't maintain asustained yield if it's carefully managed.Mrs. Hansen. I think the legislation that is pending provides thatthere shall be no killing.Dr. Eipley. I think it is subject to review, Madam Chairman. Thequestion of the balance of nature is in effect a philosophical myth.There is no such thing as a balance of nature because all natural bal-ances are continually in a state of flux, and it is impossible to say atany one date or any one moment in time that in that moment there isa stable balance between various kinds of competing organisms com-peting for food or space habitat, environmental living space. This isconstantly changing. We can say that the prairies which previouslyproduced marvelous buffalo grasses, most of which are extinct today,were in a balance, but we have no real way of knowing what theprairies in the preceding cycle were producing in the way of foods incontrast to the grasses. So it's very difficult to say at any moment thatnature is in balance.Mrs. Hansen. Nature is ever-changing.Dr. Ripley. Ever-changing, and the one thing we do know is thepresence of man with advanced technology is accelerating the rate ofchange and we do think that most of the changes are not beneficial.Mrs. Hansen. What do you suggest, rid the planet of man ?Dr. Ripley. Well certainly the easiest thing would be to work outsome kind of population control, and I was fascinated to note that oneof my assumptions of many years back is beginning to be of an indica-tion that there is something to it, and that is the presence of DDT in
762the atmosphere may have some effect on human fertility. So thereagain a new kind of balance can be imposed.Really it's a strange phenomenon. Everybody wants to cut the popu-lation, and every doctor on Earth is embarked in the program to keeppeople alive.(Discussion off the record.)CROWN OF THORNS STARFISHMrs. Hansen. How are you participating in the crown of thornsstarfish control program ?Dr. Ripley. Madam Chairman, I have spoken recently to Mr. RogersMorton, Secretary of the Interior, our new colleague, and asked himabout this, and I am told that funding for this program is not in In-terior's 1972 budget. The agreement made when the legislation waspassed was that the Smithsonian would not request the funds, butwould work with the Department of the Interior and receive the ap-propriate portion for our basic research out of the funds appropriatedto the Interior Department. There are no funds in Interior's budgetthis year, because they seem to be doing very well out there with justpaying a bounty on the starfish.Mrs. Hansen. I see. There are no scientific aspects to the controlprogram.Dr. Ripley. The legislation called for a budget and the budget hasnot been asked for by the Department of the Interior.Mrs. Hansen. Did the Department of the Interior ask the OMBfor funds for this activity ? We find a great deal of difference betweenthe two budgets.Dr. Ripley. I am afraid we do not know at this stage.Mrs. Hansen. I hope you will find out.Dr. Ripley. I asked Mr. Morton if we were going to have a com-mitment from them this year and Ave found out that we would notbecause they had not asked for the money under that legislation. Asyou know. Madam Chairman, the Smithsonian has discovered that thecrown of thorns exists off the Panama coast.Mrs. Hansen. The thing that the committee was concerned aboutwas a sudden rise in the number of the starfish.Dr. Ripley. This is basic research which we were willing to under-take and perform, but for which we agreed we would not ask for thefunds.Mrs. Hansen. You may be able, for example, to get rid of the star-fish in the trust territories by the bounty system, but you might notbe able to get rid of them in some other areas of the world where someparticular situation might arise that brings them back into existence.Dr. Ripley. Animals may reenter an area where they have beenwiped out temporarily if they continue to exist in adjacent areas.Mrs. Hansen. This is why I asked my question.Dr. Ripley. We were very much interested in this discovery in Pan-ama because, as you know, of the discussion of a sea level canal. If thestarfish are waiting on the Panama side to seed itself through thecanal into the Caribbean where it has never been known to occureven in fossil history, this would provide an interesting problem.
763Mrs. Hansen. Isn't this a matter scientists should be having dis-cussions about to see what will be introduced into the Caribbean fromthe Pacific and vice versa ?Dr. Ripley. Yes ; my own feeling has been that the rigorous condi-tions of life in the marine environment on the Pacific side are suchas to adjust the average kind of animals to overcoming competitionon the Atlantic side, and we may look for an invasion of specificspecies. This includes several species. We mentioned the crown ofthorns, sea snakes are another, which are currently unknown in warmAtlantic waters. We look for an interesting change in real estatevalues along the Florida coast.ORIGINS OF OCEANIC ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMSMrs. Hansen. Please justify your requested increase of $104,200and nine positions for origins of oceanic ecological systems.Dr. Cowan. There are three professionals requested in the budget.The whole point of this program is to look deeper than the surfaceof the floor of the sea along the Atlantic coast. This includes two fossilmollusk specialists. The mollusks were chosen for special attention,because they are very sensitive to the changes in environment. Bylooking through the fossil record, we will be able to tell a lot aboutwhat happened to the environment in the last hundreds of thousandsof years.Mrs. Hansen. Do you work or consult with the Department of Agri-culture ? I notice in your justification that insects and plants sensitiveto insecticides and herbicides can be used as indicators of soilpollution.Dr. Cowan. We have the Department of Agriculture systematic en-tomologists who work with us. In fact, they are housed in the samebuilding with us and work closely with us.We do not attempt to fill positions that they have and they do notattempt to fill positions we have. We work cooperatively so that wehave staffs which complement each other.STUDIES IN TERRESTRIAL BIOLOGYMrs. Hansen. You are requesting an increase of six positions and$74,400 for studies in terrestrial biology. What is involved in thisrequest ?Dr. Cowan. One of the major parts of this program concerns prob-ably the least known part of the animal kingdom, that which is in thesoil. There are literally millions of organisms in an acre of rich soil.These are terribly important as part of the biology of the soil be-cause of the fact they circulate dead material and break it down so itcan be reabsorbed.So we have requested positions for a soil biologist (an entomolo-gist) and three support people.The systematic ecological research on tropical birds and mammalsis an attempt to study communities less affected by man, by lookingat those in the tropics.
764
?CHANGING CLIMATES AND MAN S ADAPTATIONSMrs. Hansen. Justify your requested increase of $124,000 and threepositions for changing climates and man's adaptations.Dr. Cowan. This is another of our inter-disciplinary attempts toadd to the basic information for assaulting environmental problems.By joining paleobotany, in the form of fossil pollens, and paleo-Indian artifacts, one can learn a great deal about the changing of cli-mates and man's ways of meeting these changes in the environment.Mrs. Hansen. Who else is doing this same type of research?Dr. Cowan. The University of Arizona has some programs going,also the University of Michigan, Harvard, and Pennsylvania.Mrs. Hansen. Do you exchange information ?Dr. Cowan. Indeed, yes.crystallography laboratoryMrs. Hansen. Justify your requested increase of $58,000 for acrystallography laboratory ?Dr. Cowan. This item really should be considered a new programrather than part of the environmental program. The structure of thepresentation makes it look like an environmental project. Actually, itinitiates the development of a museum-wide facility in the form of aspecial piece of equipment, which will be a major part of a crystal-lography laboratory. It can be applied to anything from archaeologyto mineral sciences because wherever there is crystalline structure, thispiece of equipment in the laboratory can be critical.EDP APPLICATIONS TO COLLECTIONS MANAGEMENTMrs. Hansen. An increase of 16 positions and $200,000 is requestedfor improvement in collection management and availability of datathrough electronic processing. May we have your comments in thisregard ?Dr. Cowan. This is one where you may have to stop me because ofmy enthusiasm. We mentioned earlier the increasing need for scientificinformation and of scientists coming to use our collections. I might saythis in passing because I had the figure a moment ago, of all of the scien-tific visitors in all of the natural history museums in this country, 20percent of all those visitors come to the National Museum of NaturalHistory. Of all the loans sent out by museums of this sort in this coun-try, about half are made by our museum. I would like to call your at-tention to the publication which is the source of these statistics. ThisI point out was done by the museum community of the country andnot ourselves.The data processing applications that we have made this year, Ithink are very interesting in light of the funds we have had to workwith. With $55,000, we undertook four projects from which we couldanticipate a product by the end of the fiscal year.You may remember at the end of the volume of photographs weprovided to illustrate our budget requests, there are letters?one froman oil company, another from Indiana University, The AmericanMuseum of Natural History, and the Department of Interior, speak-
765ing about the value of one of these products from our data processingefforts this year.This was a file of our specimens of conodonts, which are tooth likefossils. Nobody is quite sure what animal group they belong to. Theydo help in exploration for oil and for other practical applications.That is just one example from last year. This year we would expectto go on further with some of the same applications because of theinitial success.We will be able to provide not only more scientific information butin more forms than ever before. This is a very long project. We areonly barely starting. We are approaching the threshhold, as it wTere.In this next year, we want to extend the successes of last year andpick up about five or six more areas of the National Collections tomake the information available on them as well.We are working with the museum community of this country and,to a certain extent internationally, to set up a data network that willprovide a means by which people in the university community and inother museums can link with our information and we can literallyinterchange information by means of economical data-terminals inour respective research spaces.INCREASE IN COSTS OF LIBRARY MATERIALSMrs. Hansen. I notice a very interesting paragraph in a reportyou have given me entitled, "The Systematic Biology Collections ofthe United States : and Essential Resources." With a decade rise of 46percent in the average cost of hard-cover books, (from $8.14 in 1957-1959 to $11.69 in 1969), the doubling of U.S. periodicals subscriptioncosts in biological science (176 percent in Zoology and 266 percent inBotany from 1957-1959 to 1969) , and the near sixfold boost in costs ofsubscriptions to Fecial services in science and technologv for the sameperiod, (from $13.50 in 1957-1959 to $79.05 in 1969), it is clear thatthese libraries can't function responsibly on their present essentiallystatic financial base.Doesn't this also affect your library work ?Dr. Cowan. Yes, indeed. It certainly does. All libraries are affectedby these problems of information generation and distribution to theextent that I think not only do we have to do something with thelibraries but probably figure out other ways of making the informa-tion available. Computer technology is one of these ways because com-puters can produce a lot of information in what you might call soft-cover copy that does not need to be preserved because it can be up-dated and regenerated at a moment's notice from the data bank.DEVELOPMENT OF A LARGE OPTICAL TELESCOPEMrs. Hansen. Justify your requested increase of $533,000 to con-tinue the development of a large telescope.Dr. Whipple. Madam Chairman, the astronomical advances in thelast few years have pointed to the extreme scientific value of the in-frared part of the spectrum, because of new sensing devices which areenormously more sensitive than we used to have.
766Mrs. Hansen. Give the committee some practical applications ofthis.Dr. Whipple. I will be as practical as I can be. For example, wecannot see the center of our galaxy. We get some evidence from radio.But in between us and the center there is a layer of extremely fine dust,a few millionths of an inch in diameter.In the longer wave-lengths of infrared, however, the radiation cancome through and we find very exciting things happening, which wedo not understand very well. In our galaxy and other galaxies, includ-ing the quasars, which are very distant at the "edge" of the knownuniverse, these activities represent?well, we are not sure whether theyrepresent material that is being made there or material that is fallingin and releasing enormous energy. It is a great puzzle. By infraredradiation we can see through this absorbing layer of dust. You mayhave read recently about the new galaxy that has been discovered inthe local system of galaxies.And also we find that there are regions of gas and dust where weknow that stars are forming and we believe solar systems are in theprocess of being formed. Some of these infrared objects or cool cloudsare like our idea of the solar system before the planets developed.These are the types of studies that are opened up by this greatersensitivity in infrared. But the large telescopes are not well-suited forthe infrared. We have the opportunity of working with scientists atthe University of Arizona who have had the advantage of some helpfrom the Air Force in designing a new type of mirror structure anda new svstem of mirrors. In cooporation with them we can build alarge infrared telescope at a very much reduced cost. I took the libertyof bringing along an example of what we call an egg-crate mirror.Instead of being solid, the supporting structure is mostly hollow sothat the upper surface?we are only interested in that upper millionthof an inch?is held in precise position. By using this type of designwe can reduce the weight of a large mirror by about a factor of 4 to 5.The Air Force actually had made, in an experimental program,six of these large mirrors, each six feet in diameter. They are nowavailable, belonging to the University of Arizona. We can obtaineffectively a 175-inch diameter telescope, which we now can buildfor about two and a half to three million dollars; whereas if westarted out to build a classical solid one, it would cost some five timesas much. It would have to be some three feet thick weighing some70,000 pounds whereas these mirrors only weigh say 6,000 or 7,000pounds in all.Because all the costs are now scaled down, we can build it foraround a fifth of the cost of a comparable large classical telescopeand design it so it will work at optimum in the infrared, but also beeffective in the usual optical regions of the spectrum.We are working with the University of Arizona, their OpticalService Center, their Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, and theirDepartment of Astronomy. Our hope is that we could contribute abouthalf of the cost and they would contribute the remainder. They havethe mirrors already. The cooperative effort would then give us jointlya large infrared telescope at a very low cost.
767INFORMATION RESULTING FROM SPACE MISSIONSMrs. Hansen. Does NASA contribute sizable amounts of infor-mation for your use as a result of their space missions?Dr. Whipple. This is a most interesting question. I am glad youasked it because when they go into the ultraviolet and X-ray regions,they obtain information that can only be gotten outside of the atmos-phere. At the same time, we discovered that many active regionsobserved from space are also contributing light in the infrared, whichjust recently we were able to measure from the ground. So the twoobservational programs are completely complementary in scope. Theyboth add to the solution of new problems that have developed.Mrs. Hansen. Then outer space is directly related to many aspectsof our life on earth and the understanding of it. At this particular timein our history, many people are saying, "We don't need any more sci-entific knowledge."Dr. Whipple. I know that criticism.Mrs. Hansen. So NASA is not only developing information aboutouter space, they are developing information that can in the futurebe extremely relevant to life on earth. Is that not correct ?Dr. Whipple. I am certain that that is true. And galaxies are mostexciting to us. Recently we have discovered a form of matter whichis not possible to make in a confined environment ; namely, the neutronstars. If you took all of the automobiles in the world and stuffed theminto a thimble, you would come out with just about the density of thismaterial. Now, you cannot make anything like that on earth, but herewe find stars of it. The centers of galaxies, where infrared will pene-trate, may even contain more exotic material. I have the feeling thatthere are new physical laws governing these processes which we do notunderstand.I think we can not only determine something about the evolution ofstars and the evolution of galaxies going back 10 billion or so yearsago, but also find out new laws that may play a tremendous role in ourpractical lives. I cannot prove that. It is just a confidence that I havein this type of research that
TJSE OF KNOWLEDGE FOR MAN'S PROGRESSMrs. Hansen. Is it not true the total sum of knowledge has alwaysbeen used conventionally for man's progress ?Dr. Whipple. I maintain that thesis strongly. I always have, andI am glad to see you express it.Mrs. Hansen. That is what I thought was the purpose of education,but I am somewhat dismayed that now we seem to be returning to aknow-nothing philosophy. Some people apparently have no desireto try and conquer some of our problems. I cannot believe that thatis the purpose of man, and I cannot believe that that is the purposeof education and science.Dr. Whipple. If I can reassure you a little bit. In our universities,and I have been connected with Harvard University since 1931, thestudents do not in general take this attitude. There are just a veryfew who are very vocal and negative.
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768Mrs. Hansen. The danger is not from the students. The danger isfrom vocal elements glad to grab a slogan to serve a momentarypurpose. Is this not true ?Dr. Whipple. That is the size of it,Mrs. Hansen. I think science and education are going to have abetter decade when some people realize it is important to explore,understand, and relate.Dr. Whipple. I may say, if I may express a generality, that I thinkthere has been no time in the history of the world when we neededto study science more than we do today.need to study science and the humanitiesMrs. Hansen. But you have to study science together with thehumanities. Your scientific development will not be successful unlessyour humanities are able to interpret those developments.Dr. Whipple. And to apply the scientific method to the humanities,to human relationships. This is so vital because we have a tool in thesense of a methodology that is vitally important, I think, to the world.Mrs. Hansen. What to do with science should be the province ofhumanity.Dr. Whipple. Exactly.(Discussion off the record.)SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTEMrs. Hansen. Justify your requested increase of three positionsand $34,000 for research support.Dr. Ripley. I would like to have Dr. Challinor speak to that.Dr. Challinor. Three positions and $34,000 for support of profes-sional research efforts. The pressure on the Smithsonian Tropical Re-search Institute has increased tremendously mainly because of requestsfor information we receive from all sorts of universities and agenciesof the government.Mrs. Hansen. Such as ?Dr. Challtnor. Such as, for example, the Inter-Oceanic Sea-LevelCanal Commission which has asked us for information on the biologi-cal consequences of the proposed sea-level canal. This has been partof our research that has been ongoing for many years, although wehad to reassign people and change priorities very slightly within ourown research efforts to try and furnish some of these answers. In otherwords, we sought to learn what were the dangers of fish migratingacross the sea-level canal, or how effective has been the existing freshwater lake that ultimately filled up in about 1914. For example, in thisparticular case it was found that the fresh water lake was an extremelyeffective barrier for organisms going from the Pacific to the Atlantic.Fish have transited it, Tarpon, for example, are now found in thePacific. This is not crucial unless they start to breed in the Pacific.The technical term is propagule ; in other words, enough fish comingacross the Isthmus and finding conditions ideal enough to proliferate.The only fish that has ever gotten across, we have found from ourresearch, is a small fish, the gobi, about 2 or 3 inches long that now
769inhabits the third locks, which were started during World War II.This project was abandoned toward the end of the war. It is a ratherartificial niche because the locks are connected with the Bay of Panamaby a large culvert. The culvert only allows the tide in the locks tochange 2 or 3 feet, which approximates the very low tidal range onthe Atlantic side. The Pacific side has normally about an 18 foot tidalrange; the Atlantic side has a 1 or 2 foot tidal range. This artificialniche that was created by building the third lock has been occupiednow, all the evidence shows, by a fish that has come all the way throughthe canal. This is the only case so far where we have actually foundfish that travelled through the canal and set up a breeding populationon the other side.What we are finding now in this sort of research is that the existingcanal is an effective barrier. We are requesting a launch operator,field aides, and related support to carry on our existing research ofthis nature. FACILITIES OPERATION SUPPORTMrs. Hansen. You are requesting an increase of five positions and$64,000 for facilities operation support. May we have your commentsin this regard ?Dr. Challinor. This is primarily concerned with our facilities onBarro Colorado, a 3,600 acre island in the middle of the canal whichthe Smithsonian has administered for 25 years. The pressure there hasbeen immense for research in tropical biology. To maintain these fa-cilities and the two marine stations that we now operate, we are ask-ing for a marine station manager and a janitor, an electrician, a mes-senger to get word back and forth and carry materials from thesethree research facilities, and a maintenance laborer so that we can re-spond better to requests for information and research that we arecontinually getting.Now, for example, on page A-27, the graph shows some indicationof the enormous increase in visitor use. We have many visiting scien-tists who come to the Smithsonian Tropical Kesearch Institute. Thisrequest is necessary to fulfill our share of the burden, furnishing themthe services they need.SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE AS A NATIONALFACILITYDr. Eipley. I am sure you are aware, Madam Chairman, if I mayinterject, that this is the U.S. sole-supported tropical biologicalfacility.
. . .Mrs. Hansen. I was going to ask if there were any other facilitieswith the information available to the United States in such an area.Dr. Challinor. There is one small experimental station at theLuquillo Experimental Forest in Puerto Kico, on a much smallerscale. They are there primarily concerned with some of the tasks ofthe Atomic Energy Commission on radiation biology. This is moreapplied research in this case on such questions, for example, as whetherthe tropical sea-level canal should be dug with nuclear devices, andwhat effect such activity would have on the tropical environment. This
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is quite different from the sort of basic research we do on Barro Colo-rado, where we have been keeping records now for the last 25 years.Dr. Ripley. And as a national facility our laboratories are open andaccessible to people from all over the United States. There is a greatdemand and this is what we try to supply as well as we can.USE OF STRI BY INTERNATIONAL SCIENTISTSDr. Challinor. Not only the United States, but we have had sci-entists from Poland, Madagascar and other countries from all overthe world who come to the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institutebecause of the facilities. The few other Federal tropical research sta-tions are much more restricted in their activities and accessibility.Mrs. Hansen. Can you explain to me why Poland would be inter-ested in this program ?Dr. Challinor. The Poles? Yes, we have had for about 5 years for-eign currency available in Poland where we have supported somerather small projects in biology. The people who have worked withus in Poland are now very interested in a comparison between whathappens in a fir forest in Poland, for example, where the needles falloff the trees, the mice live in the ground, the owls eat the mice, thuscreating a whole energy cycle and to see how this, in turn, compareswith what happens in a tropical forest where the whole nutrient turn-over is a great deal more rapid than it is in a temperate forest inPoland.I just mention this. We have had two scientists from Poland downthere. We have had scientists from France. We have had them fromboth sides of the Iron Curtain.Dr. Ripley. One of the principal prides that we have in this is thenumber of Latin American students who come and work with us whenwe are in this Nation so desperately short of ways of appealing toLatin America.Mrs. Hansen. The United States is short of friends, period.Dr. Challinor. We have a very good relationship with the Uni-versity of Panama, joint seminars and such things as this. We give ita high priority.environment and behavior researchMrs. Hansen. Justify your requested increase of $44,000 and twopositions for environment and behavior.Dr. Challinor. This particular request is for a marine ecologist anda forest ecologist, two scientists in total. We are now trying to under-stand the tropical environment as it relates to the whole cycle of life,and the two main areas in which the Smithsonian Tropical ResearchInstitute is concerned is the marine environment on either side of thecanal, on the one hand, and Barro Colorado and its terrestrial environ-ment on the other.We are looking now for ecologists in each discipline, terrestrial andmarine, to help us start to understand some of the enormous problemsin trying to cope with the life cycle in the tropical world.
771ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT AND INTERAGENCY RESEARCHMrs. Hansen. You are requesting an increase of two positions and$34,000 for administrative support and interagency research. Justifythis request.Dr. Challinor. Madam Chairman, we have been requested by theFederal Water Pollution Control Administration to work on marinepollution in tropical oceans. In 1969, for example, at our station atGaleta on the Atlantic end of the canal, and under a recent contractwith the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, we havebeen conducting research on how quickly the oil particles whichreached the shore from a wrecked tanker will break down in a tropicalenvironment.Mrs. Hansen. How quickly will oil particles break down in a tropi-cal environment ?Dr. Challinor. We found that they break down considerably fasterthan they do if they are in cold water off the coast of Maine.At the end of a year after the tanker acident not much was left of theoil that washed up ashore. We were, incidentally, able to get rid of agreat deal of this oil because of the fortunate circumstance of the windconcentrating the oil in a narrow cove, where the water was warmenough and shallow enough so that the oil could actually be ignitedon the surface of the water, which would be much more difficult if thewater temperature had been low. So not as much actually got on thebeach as it would have under other circumstances.Thus after a year, say between 12 and 14 months, on the surface ofthe beach you would virtually see no oil at all left. You would have todig under the sand surface to find globules of oil.We did find that at the end of 12 to 14 months the natural oil-de-composing bacteria had been extraordinarily effective in breaking thisdown.Now what we are trying to study is what effect did this spillagehave on the fish and on the coral. We have been working on this nowfor two years. We have a good idea what was there before the oil spill,and we are trying to concentrate our efforts to see what did really hap-pen with this oil on the surface of the water. It will take several moreyears.Mrs. Hansen. The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife made acomment in a report that to date no one had good answers on what thetotal results of oil spills were on fish.Dr. Challinor. This was because we have not accumulated enoughbasic data to know how many fish and how many kinds were there be-fore the oil spill.Mrs. Hansen. There were no answers available.Dr. Ripley. This is the only tropical study of its kind that I knowof, and, of course, tropical waters are going to be just as vulnerable tooil spills as the temperate are.
sea snakesMrs. Hansen. Congressman Obey had several questions about thesea snakes. If you have any further comments, I am sure he would bevery happy to have them.
772Dr. Challinor. Dr. Rubinoff at the station has published a journalarticle on the sea snakes, which I think would probably answer mostof his questions. I will be happy to send him a reprint of the journalarticle.Mrs. Hansen. Please do.Dr. Challinor. We certainly will.Mrs. Hansen. There are quite a number of people interested in thesea snakes.Dr. Ripley. This has crept into the literature; there is somethingrather fascinating about the idea of sea snakes coming into theCarribean. radiation biology laboratoryMrs. Hansen. Please justify your requested increase of $369,000 forthe Radiation Biology Laboratory.Dr. Ripley. Dr. Challinor. would you speak to this ?Dr. Challinor. Madam Chairman, the Radiation Biology Labora-tory is requesting an additional six positions and $369,000. They haveat the present time a base of 40 positions and 37 of these are filled. Theyare now negotiating for three more people and expect to have thesethree people on board shortly so that they will soon be at full author-ized strength.In this case, we are primarily interested in putting into full opera-tion our new laboratory facility at Rockville, Maryland. We are in thestatus of relocation there. It is about 65 percent fully operational,equipment is being installed in another 25 percent of the area, and itshould be completed by about now, that is around the first of April.In making this move, we had to shut down the old facilities that werebuilt in the early sixties on the Mall and we are now requesting newenvironmentally controlled growing rooms. AVhat we would primarilydo with these units is study the effect of solar radiation on plants byisolating the various wave lengths from the light of the sun, to seewhat effect these wave lengths have on the growth of plants; that is,when they blossom and how long they grow. To do this we have devel-oped controlled growing areas so we can block off different portionsof the spectrum.DECREASE IN LIGHT REACHING THE MALLNow, this is useful, for example, because we started an experimentabout 1907, I believe it was, on the Mall where we began measuringsolar radiation hitting the grass. This was started by Dr. Abbott, whois still alive and well at 98, a Smithsonian physicist who later becameits fifth secretary. We concluded this experiment in 1969, with at leastone of the same scientists still around to see that we did not have anindividual bias in the taking of the measurements.In any case, we discovered that since about 1949, there was a 16 per-cent decrease in the amount of light at the ultraviolet end of the spec-trum hitting the grass in front of the Smithsonian Building on theMall.Now, we have various theories. This result applies only here inWashington, and we attribute this decline in the ultraviolet end of the
773spectrum to various particles in the stratosphere interferring withthe solar energy coming through.The question, of course, immediately comes up, how worried shouldwe be about a 16 percent decline in the ultraviolet end of the spec-trum. The grass is still green, the tourists still walk by, and everythinglooks fine.This is what we are attempting to look into now. We know that theultraviolet end of the spectrum has a direct relation to the vitamin Asynthesis in plants. We are not growing crops on the Mall for food,so, consequently, the decline there does not yet seem to be crucial.We are setting up another facility out at Rockville, Md., tosee if there is any difference in the light quality between the suburbsand downtown Washington. We have also gone up to Alaska to findan isolated part of the globe for further comparison, where thereshould be relatively little carbon dioxide pollution from automobiles.We will help set up a similar monitoring station in Israel in co-operation with the universities there, and financed under a Public Law480 currency project. We hope to set up another one in Panama.This is in the future.In answer to your question, part of the increase we are requestingnow is needed to try to get a broader idea of what is affecting thesun's energy in the upper atmosphere.DIMINUTION IN SUN's ENERGYMrs. Hansen. Is there any diminution in the sun's energy itself?We talk about the intervening layer of pollution.Dr. Challinor. Not that we have been able to measure, MadamChairman. To the best of my knowledge, there is no measurablediminution in the sun's energy that we have been able to detect.Dr. Ripley. The question of wave lengths, of course, is crucial interms of the effect on certain kinds of plants and animals. The syn-thesis of certain vitamins, if it is lowered in a particular area becauseof smog, would increase, let us say, rickets in children without theaddition of vitamins.Mrs. Hansen. If calcium deposits decrease due to the use of DDT,I would think, a serious nutrition problem would occur. And if youhave a diminution of calcium and an increase in radiation, then youhave another problem.Dr. Ripley. The ultraviolet is very critical for plant growth es-pecially, and it may be one reason why in cities certain kinds of treesand plants do not grow well anymore.In connection with the international biological program we areinterested in monitoring around the world, as you know, using certaintender plants which are particularly susceptible to the changes inlight absorption due to smog and due to pollution.USE OF SMITHSONIAN BY OTHER AGENCIESMrs. Hansen. This committee appropriated funds to the ForestService for an urban forests project to see what effect urban tree growthcould have on decreasing pollution. Do you work with the ForestService in this connection ?
774Dr. Challinor. Yes, Madam Chairman. For example, the ESSAhas come to us to learn what we are finding. They have now beencharged with studying atmospheric pollution and the administrationhas established the Environmental Protection Agency. Some of thenewer agencies now realize that some of these monitoring efforts havebeen going on for several years. They have come to us for just exactlythis sort of information.The Forest Service and particularly the Department of Agricul-ture at Beltsville have been working on some of the very same kindsof projects. For instance, on plants, what makes them blossom, andhow this knowledge could be applied for commercial use such as howto keep sugar cane from blossoming. The longer you keep it fromblossoming, the longer it will grow vegetatively. They have foundfrom the basic research that we and other agencies are doing that bybreaking the darkness at night the cane can grow twice as tall by keep-ing it from blossoming. The sort of work we are doing may or maynot always have economic benefits, but they might be expected in thesame manner from the results of experiments using the control roomsthat we hope to install.By controlling the light, we can allow different portions of thespectrum to hit on particularly photosensitive plants to see how theyreact. We can then try to predict what might happen if this situationgets worse; for example, instead of a 16-percent decline it might getdown to 25 percent. What can we anticipate?Mrs. Hansen. The Forest Service is working with universities in theNortheast, particularly with the University of Massachusetts on ur-ban forestry. The committee had hoped they would be able to developsome answers that would be useful for planning future cities.COOPERATION WITH THE ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSIONI was going to ask you on the Radiation Biology Laboratory. Doyou work with the AEC in connection with your Radiation BiologicalLaboratory ?Dr. Challinor. Yes, we do, Madam Chairman. We have close work-ing relations with them. Probably more of our work has been done withthe Department of Agriculture in Beltsville. And they are studyingsolar radiation. When we use the term "radiation biology," is is pri-marily concerned with solar radiation as opposed to nuclear radiation.We also have in the radiation biology laboratory our Carbon-14dating apparatus, working on the dating of various artifacts dis-covered by archeologists by the breakdown of radioactive carbon inthese items. OFEICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCEMrs. Hansen. You are requesting an increase of $243,000 for Officeof Environmental Sciences. Would you give us the history of thisactivity ?Dr. Challinor. Yes; first, we are asking for six positions and$81,000 for the Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center. This nowhas 18 people working there.Mrs. Hansen. Where is this facility located ?
775Dr. Challinor. This is located now at the Washington Navy Yarddown by the South Capitol Street Bridge, where we have been oper-ating the sorting center now for at least 8 years.Here, because of the increasing demand from such internationalprograms as the cooperative investigations in the Mediterranean andthe International Decade of Ocean Exploration, the demands for sort-ing marine specimens is getting out of hand with the existing resourcesthat we have.This is rather specialized work. We have been able to train peopleto make initial sorts and we have a training program in these oper-ations. With the increasing interest in fresh water pollution, we arenow equipped, or we hope to be equipped, to start sorting fresh watersamples of indicator species so that we can judge how fresh or howgood the water is based on the animals that live in it.Mrs. Hansen. What is involved in your Chesapeake Bay Centerfor Environmental Studies?CHESAPEAKE BAY CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIESDr. Challinor. Now for the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environ-mental Studies, as you may know, we have accumulated about 1,300acres. We are in the process of negotiating for about 800 more.This is located, as you know, 7 miles below Annapolis on an estu-ary of the Rhode River.What we are primarily interested in doing is accumulating enoughcontiguous land to cover the Muddy Creek watershed, which flowsinto the Rhode River. This will then give us a base for understandinghow land-use effects the watershed and what is happening in the estu-ary, such as the condition of the fish that live there, the clams, theoysters, et cetera.Mrs. Hansen. Are you participating in the estuarine study ?Dr. Challinor. Yes, we are, Madam Chairman. Not only that, butwe are doing this through a consortium arrangement with Johns Hop-kins University and the University of Maryland. We are requestingtwo positions here. One is for a security officer, which we need verybadly. NEED FOR SECURITY OFFICERSMrs. Hansen. Security officers are needed badly in several of yourfacilities.Dr. Challinor. As you know, the farm that we initially gotin 1965 had been abandoned from 1946. This had become a verywell-known area for people to come in and use it to strip automobiles.We spent the first year trying to get rid of the junk that had accumu-lated there. Word gets around slowly and we have to be sure thatour neighbors and other people know that this area is now occupiedand used for research.Mrs. Hansen. The people in this country have to realize how im-portant their own environment is.Dr. Challinor. Indeed, Madam Chairman. This is sometimes oneof the most frustrating aspects of what we are trying to do downthere. We are really trying to protect them from themselves.
776We have run studies on the waterfowl there, or the small mice thatlive in the forest floors to see how many of them are there and whatsort of things they eat and what eats them. We have to set snap trapsout there, for example. Now, if children should start roaming aroundand a child should catch his toe in a snap trap, you can imagine theuproar. We need the guard really to protect the visitors?what is theterm ? An "attractive nuisance" I believe is the legal term. The Centerhas nice woods and normally you could say, "Let's go walking in thewoods." Well, this is all right if you do not have such hazards to thelayman as snap traps.The scientist knows where they are because he has them plotted,but the child who wants to go fishing does not. We really need badlya guard to protect the?I hesitate to use the word trespassers?butthat is in effect what they are, from themselves. And we get consider-able poaching, that is, people coming in and shooting woodchucks oreven deer and other animals. We have to keep some sort of roving pa:trol. That is one of the two positions that we need badly at the Chesa-peake Bay Center. The other is for a botanist to carry on long-termstudies. COOPERATIVE RESEARCH OX THE CHESAPEAKE BAYMrs. Hansen. You say in your justifications, "Guidelines are beingdeveloped to identify the ecological consequences of river basin de-velopment . . ." The Department of the Interior participates in manyriver basin studies. Are you working with the Department of the In-terior in this connection ?Dr. Ciialixor. Yes, we are. Madam Chairman. In fact, the Divisionof Water Resources of the U.S. Geological Survey now has stationedat the Chesapeake Bay Center two full-time scientists for the contin-uous work of water quality monitoring. These monitoring instrumentsare now being set up in the Rhode River estuary.Not only that, we have plotted out in quadrants about one-half ofthe Bay Center so that at any one time a researcher can see and knowwhere he is at the Bay Center by referring to the quadrant map. TheNASA, for instance, is very interested in infrared photography tosee if they can determine by flying over, or from a satellite even, whatthe vegetation is below.If you know exactly which tree is growing where on a given plot,and you then take an infrared photograph of it and interpret the dif-ferent shades of red or pink or blue that infrared photography pro-duces you can identify exactly what types of tress these are, at leasthere in the Temperate Zone. The experience gained would be extrem-ly valuable for vegetation mapping all over the world. As you developthis technique, one could identify trees along the Chesapeake shore, forexample, by knowing specifically that a pine tree produced a certainshade of pink in the infrared photograph. We are doing this withNASA now.Professor Seliger at the Johns Hopkins University has a grant fromthe AEG He has seven full-time people working for him at the BayCenter.His work is concerned with the siting of nuclear powerplants andwhat effect those might have on aquatic organisms if the temperature
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of the water is raised. This is the sort of research we are doing at theBay Center.Mrs. Hansen. How long has that research been going on?Dr. Challinor. That has been going on for about a year and a half.MODEL COMMUNITY ACTION PROGRAMMrs. Hansen. In your justifications you discuss a model communityaction program. What does this involve ?Dr. Challinor. We have found at the Bay Center quite unexpected-ly that adjacent to our land there was a 19-acre tract that a local groupfunded by the Office of Economic Opportunity, I believe, assembledfrom small parcels to put in low-cost public housing. There is a smallblack community there adjacent to us. This is not a very prosperouscommunity. The residents mostly work on the tobacco farms and somework in Annapolis.There is an urgent need for low-cost housing in this area.The State and the Federal Government agreed to support this, buta secondary sewer treatment plant was all this housing project couldafford. The discharge from it would empty into Muddy Creek, onwhich we have been working since 1965. We said that we must havetertiary treatment. In other words, the discharge coming into thecreek must be at least as pure as it would be if it drained off some-body's hayfield.As a result of some rather long negotiations, we have now been ableto work out, I believe it is now in the final stages, a system wherebythe extra outside money can be raised to build the tertiary treatmentplant.But what interests the Housing and Urban Development peoplehere is a perfect local example, 40 minutes from where we are sitting,of exactly what is happening as areas are developed, adjacent to acompletely undeveloped one such as we have accumulated at the Chesa-peake Bay Center.How do you resolve these conflicts that are going to come up per-petually as land is being developed ?This is certainly happening in Anne Arundel County, particularlyalong the shore.We have been extremely fortunate in assembling almost 2,000 acresof undeveloped land which is very accessible to Baltimore and Wash-ington. Such land is very scarce along the shore.This is why Housing and Urban Development and other relevantGovernment departments have come to saying that this is a perfectplace to do some of the studies about which we are all now becoming in-creasingly concerned.We are working very closely with the Federal Water Pollution Con-trol Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, andother new agencies of the Government.Mrs. Hansen. Thank you very much for a very interesting presen-tation. NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUMJustify your requested increase of $105,000 for the National Airand Space Museum.
778Dr. Ripley. Madam Chairman, Ave are concerned with trying topave the way with what we hope will be a phased program to openthis vital new link in our chain of public museums on the Mall;namely, the National Air and Space Museum, by the bicentennial year1976. In order to do that, we are requesting an increase of three per-sons and $105,000. This includes related funding in the form of pay in-creases and program increases.VISITORS TO AIR AND SPACE EXHIBITSMrs. Hansen. How many visitors do you have per year in the Na-tional Air and Space Museum ? Also, which other museum is this com-parable to ?Dr. Ripley. The only other museum which is comparable, I think, isthe Museum of History and Technology.These two museums have approximately the same visitation eachyear, with the Museum of National History a very close third.In the last year, for example, the Air and Space Building, and theArts and Industries Building which also has important air and spaceexhibits, had a total of about 4,400,000 visitors. The problem is howto segregate those people who entered both buildings.We cannot tell whether they are coming to see the moon rock or tosee other non-air and space exhibits. But the number was well over 4million people. The Museum of History and Technology had wellover 5 million.Mrs. Hansen. The public would not have been able to see the moonrock if we had not had a space program.Dr. Ripley. No ; they would not have.And the Museum of Natural History ranks third with about 3,300,-000. So it is one of the two principal activities for our visitors, Ithink I can say without any hesitation.KITTY HAWK COMMAND MODULEMrs. Hansen. Mr. Galifianakis wants to ask a question about theKitty Hawk command module.Mr. Galifianakis. I have written a letter about the Kitty Hawkcommand module. There has been much interest in North Carolina.It has gotten right much coverage. It was proposed that since KittyHawk is in the State of North Carolina, this was the perfect placefor it to be. I was trying to devise a scheme of maneuvers so as notto cause the Smithsonian any special circumstances that might createa precedent. I was trying to devise a way whereby you waived yourright to receive the Kitty Hawk, which is coming to you in July,and thereby direct it to North Carolina to remain there as a per-manent monument.I think because you have other craft of that similar type you couldwell afford to do this. I was wondering about the likelihood of spread-ing out the Smithsonian to the banks of North Carolina.Dr. Ripley. Well, we are constantly being asked to develop regionalcenters and regional branches for the Smithsonian, and we are some-
779what reserved about this by request of our Board of Regents and byour own natural inclinations because of our limited budgetaryresources.Mr. Galifianakis. This would eliminate the expense of housing.I would like to request that you give it?I take it you have not actedon it.Dr. Ripley. No, we have not. We have your letter, don't we, Dr.Challinor?Dr. Challinor. The Kitty Hawk command module has not yet cometo us from NASA.Mr. Galifianakis. Should I try to preclude it from coming to yourjurisdiction ? Would that make you happy ?Dr. Challinor. When it comes to us, then we can have a say aboutwhere it can go. At this time, in all honesty, I think I should say,"Let's get it first instead of getting it sidetracked." And then we cansend it around, perhaps to the museum in North Carolina.Mr. Galifianakis. Actually, we prefer it under the auspices of theSmithsonian. This is why I said "scheme of maneuver" the gentle-man who was head of the space program for public relations is a NorthCarolinian and I just thought of getting assistance moving in thatdirection. But I would really like the attendant prestige of getting itfrom the Smithsonian. It would give it that something extra, some-thing added. You get my point.Dr. Challinor. Under the Space Artifacts Agreement that we havewith the National Aeronautics and Space Administration all the ob-jects which we send up into space, once they have come back downagain, and NASA has debriefed them or seen whatever they want tosee, after they have come back to the laboratory in Houston, and theyhave finished working with them or gotten all the information theyneed, then they come to the Smithsonian.Mr. Galifianakis. It depends on your classification. If it is an arti-fact?you have different classifications on receiving things, and arti-facts are easier to get rid of than something else.Dr. Challinor. We do send space objects around.Mr. Galifianakis. You have got a picture in here of a lot of arti-facts that you cannot use, and they are stored somewhere because youneither have the experts nor the space to put them. That is in yourbudget justification.Dr. Challinor. Exactly, Mr. Congressman. One of our problems iswe often have to hang onto these objects long enough so that they donot get lost for later public use.Mr. Galifianakis. Well, this one would be exposed publicly with anappropriate plaque, recognizing coordination with the Nx\SA pro-gram and the Smithsonian Institution. I would earnestly urge that yougive it your serious consideration. If you need me to help you draft themethod and means by which I think we can legally accomplish it, Iwill just cease and desist from going the other route. Is that fair?Dr. Challinor. That is fair.Mr. Galifianakis. Thank you very much, Madam Chairman. YouwTere very kind to anticipate my request.
780PACIFIC SCIENCE CENTERMrs. Hansen. What is the status of the Pacific Science Center inSeattle?Dr. Ripley. Mr. Bradley has just returned from the Center.Mr. Bradley. Madam Chairman, we found a most exemplary mu-seum program going on at the Pacific Science Center in Seattle. Thephysical plant is good. The staff is small, but very good and enthusi-astic. They have something like 350,000 visitors a year. They put onprograms of learning in the sciences. They would like, I believe, toaffiliate with the Smithsonian. The Center has been in operation for9 years and they are still solvent.Mrs. Hansen. Which is remarkable considering the present eco-nomic conditions in Seattle.Mr. Bradley. Total revenues for their fiscal year 1971 operation;for example, are expected to be about $420,000. This will provide foran operating budget of about $330,000 and about $90,000 for variousrestricted uses. About 45 percent of these revenues arise from admis-sion charges and memberships. The remainder comes from donations,business support, and from State, county, and district school support.School support amounts to about 30 percent of total revenues.The Smithsonian Board of Regents has been considering this mat-ter, just as we are asked to consider other requests.Mrs. Hansen. For example the Kitty Hawk module ?Mr. Bradley. Yes, as an example. Or the San Francisco Mint.Dr. Ripley. The St. Louis Post Office is another example.Mr. Bradley. And the Mid-America project in Arkansas.The Regents, I think, wanted additional information, and, of course,it gets down to financial responsibility sooner or later.(Discussion off the record.)CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF MANMrs. Hansen. You are requesting an increase of $68,000 for theCenter for the Study of Man. What is involved in this request?Dr. Ripley. We are involved here with a major project, MadamChairman, to prepare a comprehensive updated set of encyclopediason the Indians of North America.Mrs. Hansen. When are you going to be able to complete thisproject ?Dr. Ripley. We estimate we will publish it in 1976. That is themagic date, Madam Chairman. We think publication date by 1976 isvalid provided we can get the project firmly on the road with thefunds that we are requesting.Mrs. Hansen. How much has been completed to date? I am veryinterested in this project.Dr. Ripley. I know you are.Mrs. Hansen. I am waiting for you to complete this project to dosome further research on Indians.Dr. Ripley. Over the last year we have laid out the exact timeschedule which would bring us to this date of publication of theplanned 17 volumes. Now, I happen to know something about projects
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such as this because I have worked on similar projects myself. I amdoing a 10-volume publication at the moment, on which I hope mybasic manuscript work will be finished this year.If we can get all the collaborators signed up, which we think wenow have, about 850 of them across the Nation, and if we can furtherdevelop a small working staff, clerical, editing, and supervisory per-sonnel with those people we already have aboard, we can produce andwe can deliver this encyclopedia on American Indians. This is tre-mendously important to us too.IMPORTANCE OF THE INDIAN ENCYCLOPEDIAMrs. Hansen. It is important to the Nation because your legal andhistorical studies on North American land base are very importantespecially now.But, more than that, some of the material that should be in theencyclopedia on North American Indians is vanishing as the oldermembers of the tribes die.Dr. Kipley. We know that there are some 32 dialects which arestill not spoken by anybody outside of the small tribal entities, and insome cases, are spoken only by people over 70. So that each year wedelay documenting some of these dialects, we lose a chance of everdoing so.Mrs. Hansen. One of the reservations in my district has manytribes, all with different dialects. But these dialects are vanishing asthe older people pass away.Dr. Ripley. There is a difficulty in all of this and that is that someof these dialects which remain with people who would prefer to havethe language go out.Mrs. Hansen. There was one woman I happened to talk to on thisreservation who was trying to teach her great grandson the language.She was giving him directions in a particular dialect on how to makebaskets, and he was not particularly enthused about learning thelanguage nor making the baskets. She wanted someone to have thelanguage and to understand the language.Dr. Ripley. This is a vital part of this project. This spring we willhave the writing assignments parcelled out. The main contributorswill be expanded by over 800 ancillary contributors. There is going tobe a tremendous job of coordinating these people's contributions.We expect to start getting in manuscripts in August of this year.We believe that all manuscripts will be received and revised by May,1974. This gives us a publication date of mid-1976.Mrs. Hansen. I understand. I have five shorthand books filled withlegends told to me, for instance by one Indian woman who passed awayover 25 years ago. I am waiting for the day when I can have time totranscribe them. Their legends, customs, medicines, burial places areall very fascinating.Dr. Ripley. Have you got any of that transcribed ?Mrs. Hansen. I will eventually.Dr. Ripley. Well, we are optimistic at the moment. We have had agreat deal of progress in the basic organization during the past year.We are optimistic that we can hit this target date.
782CENTER FOR SHORT-LIVED PHENOMENAMrs. Hansen. Justify your requested increase of $90,000 for theCenter for Short-Lived Phenomena.Dr. Kipley. Dr. Challinor, would you like to speak on that?Dr. Challinor. Madam Chairman, we now have one person fromfederally appropriated funds and we are asking for three more peopleand additional support funding of $90,000. This Center has growntremendously. We now have 2,600 reporting scientists all over theworld.Mrs. Hansen. This is where you report meteorites and other naturalevents.Dr. Challinor. Yes; meteorites, oil spills, earthquakes. As yourecall, this program was initially instigated because we had a world-wide communications network connected with the activities of theSmithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, especially their satellitetracking program. As a result of this network, we realized theenormous value of being able to inform scientists of natural phe-nomena as they wTere actually occurring.We have set up this network which operates from Cambridge, Mass.Publications have resulted directly from these network reports becausescientists have actually been able to get on location while a volcano waserupting, for example, or very shortly after an earthquake was go-ing on.Mrs. Hansen. Was the earthquake in Los Angeles such an event ?Dr. Challinor. There were very many people in Los Angeles at thetime of the earthquake, including scientists. I was going to give, as anexample, a volcano in the Philippines. There were plenty of people inthe area, but there were no scientists. Notification by this network al-lowed a Smithsonian scientist to observe a phenomenon called nueesardentes, which is a glowing cloud of gases that comes down the moun-tain at a very, very rapid rate. Evidently people have known aboutthese, but very few scientists had ever seen them. This phenomenon hasoften caused large numbers of fatalities from volcanic eruptions andit is important that we understand it.For this service we have initiated a subscription fee system to var-ious governmental agencies and to scientists all over the world, or togovernment science offices, I should say. For individual scientists whocooperate by furnishing us the service of making these reports, we inturn, do not charge them a subscription fee but give them the world-wide information back for their service to us.We have been trying as hard as we can to get from such agencies asthe U.S. Geological Survey, for example, which is primarily con-cerned with earthquake reports, a stipend to help support this pro-gram.We have been successful in some cases.Mrs. Hanson. The Geological Survey is as short of funds as youare.Mr. Challinor. We have gotten some support from the AEC. Theyrealize the value of the service enough that they have been able toput up some of their hard-earned funds as well as a few others.
783GLOBAL MONITORINGThis service is now monitoring part of the global environment, atask which has been charged to new agencies of the government, suchas the Environmental Protection Agency. The Department of Com-merce has been asked to prepare a report on what the United Statesis doing to monitor the environment for the Stockholm 1972 Confer-ence on World Environment. This is a United Nation sponsoredmeeting.What they are finding is that there are already existing monitoringsystems so that we don't really have to build large numbers of newones. The Smithsonian's system is one that has been operating on arelative shoestring, whose very existence now is dependent somewhat onthe support we can get from actual Federal dollars. We have squeezedout from other agencies and from our own budget about all we can tokeep the Center going.I have here a letter which emphasizes that this is a global operation.This is a letter from Professor Silkin of the Soviet GeophysicalCommittee, which tells how he uses the information and shows anarticle he published. I do not read Russian so I am not sure what hesaid, but here is reproduced one of our event notification cards.Mrs. Hansen. Who does your Russian translations for you ?Dr. Challinor. We would have to get this done through Poland.We have lots of friends in Poland who speak Russian. I just mentionthis letter to stress the global aspect. This is not just benefitting theUnited States. We have a network now in 148 countries and territories,with about 2,600 scientists feeding information to us continually onoil spills, sudden explosions of natural populations, whether these arein Africa, or, for example, there was one report of an enormous popula-tion explosion of squirrels in eastern Tennessee and North Carolinaabout 2 years ago. Some tried to swim across reservoirs and everythingelse. This was a case of interest to scientists at the University of Mary-land. "Why was this sudden population explosion? How often does ithappen? This has happened all the way back to the time of Audubon,who reported a similar event.We have received and reported data on fish kills. And this informa-tion is now all recorded. We use a computer to mail this informationout. However, it does take money to run this system.The schools are using this information for conservation courses. Andwe think that with the money we are requesting here, an increase ofthree people, and $90,000 in new funds, a total of $127,000, we canreally get this system going since it is already in existence, rather thanspend many times that much in one of the bigger agencies for the startof a new system.Mrs. Hansen. Do you know what your problem is? You somehowdo not get this point across to the people who make these decisions.Mr. McDade and I spent an endless amount of time talking to theDepartment of Interior about doing something about mine fires. WhenI tried to get some information from the EPA on mine fires they didnot have one bit of information on these fires that have been burningfor 70 years. Two hundred seventy-nine of them are still burning
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784Mr. Galifianakis. What did you do after you got the report onmultiplying squirrels ?Dr. Challtnor. When we got the report we sent the information toProfessor Flyger of the University of Maryland, who sent down ateam of graduate students. He was interested in finding out, for exam-ple, the direction the squirrels were moving. In this case, they drovealong several roads. When squirrels migrate like this there are a greatmany that get hit by cars and the team could count the number ofsquirrels per mile of highway. Then they went on another road, per-haps 3 miles west, to see if the squirrels had gotten that far.The squirrels that were not too mangled could be dissected to seewhether this migration was due to the reproductive cycle, or were theyhungry or were they fat. Well, it turned out, as well as we can tell, thatthere was a combination of weather conditions that had produced avery low yield of acorns. Migrations generally take place in a lowacorn crop year after a very high acorn crop. The population ofsquirrels was way up. All of a sudden, the squirrels started to moveout of the hills and came down to the cornfields in a great massivemigration. This was a chance to monitor this event as it went on.Mr. Galifianakis. Where did those squirrel refugees come from?Dr. Challinor. They come from up in the hills. Now they are com-ing down to the gardens.Mr. Gaijfianakis. Do you all have a pat speech on Smithsonian?Mrs. Hansen. It's all right here in their justifications.national zoological parkYou are requesting an increase of $655,000 and 48 positions for theNational Zoological Park. This activity was formerly funded by theDistrict of Columbia.Mr. Jameson. Yes, Ma'am.Mrs. Hansen. How much was the budget of the National ZoologicalPark when it was funded by the District of Columbia ?Dr. Ripley. I would like to ask Dr. Reed to reply to this, if I may.He is right here, Madam Chairman. He has, as you know, been testify-ing for some years before the District committees.Mrs. Hansen. The District of Columbia has shifted many of theirfunctions to the Federal budgets.Dr. Reed. We have done this with the concurrence of the Office ofManagement and Budget.Mrs. Hansen. I understand.( Discussion off the record.
)
Dr. Ripley. The fiscal year 1970 budget, which was the last underthe District Subcommittee, was $2.8 million. The current year's budg-et was the first before this committee and it has $3,150,000 as a base,including pay supplemental.SIZE OF ZOO, NUMBER OF ANIMALS, AND VISITORSMrs. Hansen. How many acres of land do you have in the NationalZoological Park?Dr. Reed. We are estimating that it is 167 acres at the present time.Mrs. Hansen. How many animals do you have?
785Dr. Reed. As of our last inventory, we had 811 different species and2,527 individual animals. These figures fluctuate.Mrs. Hansen. Does that include snakes ?Dr. Reed. Absolutely, Madam Chairman.Mrs. Hansen. How many visitors per year do you have ?Dr. Reed. We estimate that we had 5,200,000 as of last year. It re-mains at about 5 million a year.Mrs. Hansen. How many of those visitors come from the metro-politan area of Washington, D.C., and how many are from outsidethe metropolitan area ?Dr. Reed. We ran a survey some years ago which showed that 20percent of the visitors are District residents, 30 percent are from themetropolitan area outside of the District, and 50 percent are from out-side the metropolitan area.Mrs. Hansen. Then visitors from the metropolitan area are about50 percent of the total visitors ?Dr. Reed. Yes.Mrs. Hansen. Of this 50 percent, about 20 percent come from theDistrict of Columbia ? Is this correct ?Dr. Ripley. Approximately. This was a surprise to us because wehad not realized prior to this that we are indeed a national zoo be-cause we have such a visitation from all other States.Mrs. Hansen. This is a national zoo. The visitors to the zoo comefrom all over the Nation.Dr. Riplet. Absolutely. This is, in fact, the only national zoo.Mrs. Hansen. Is this the only national zoo in the world ?Dr. Ripley. Well, it is the only national zoo in the United States.Mrs. Hansen. How many other nations maintain national zoos?Dr. Reed. That is a little difficult to answer. There is a nationalzoo, I believe, in Delhi. New Delhi would be a national zoo. Someof the zoos in capital cities assume the role of the national zoo.Dr. Ripley. Also in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Rome is a nationalzoo in Italy. And in Paris, the National Zoological Branch of theMuseum of Natural History. These are such examples.maintenance and protection statistics on the zooMrs. Hansen. How many miles of road do you have in the zoo ?Dr. Reed. We have 3 miles of automobile road and 8 miles of side-walks.Mrs. Hansen. How many trails do you have ?Dr. Reed. We have no trails as utilizable trails. I suppose there isa mile or so of paths, informal paths that visitors have developed,but which we do not encourage.Mrs. Hansen. How much space do you have alloted for parking?Dr. Reed. The parking lot space at the present time will accommo-date about 1,200 cars. Our parking lots at the present time have 30,000square yards. COST OF SECURITYMrs. Hansen. How much of your funds are spent for securitypersonnel? Increasing amounts of funds are having to be spent for
786law and order and in the security of the installations themselves. Ithink the public should understand what the costs are for this ac-tivity. Please insert the information in the record.(The information follows :)Cost of SecubityThe National Zoological Park has an authorized police force of 29 men. Thecost of this service is estimated for fiscal year 1971 at $307,000. This includesvehicles, radios, uniforms, supplies, and equipment as well as salaries andrelated benefits.COST OF TRASH CLEANUP AND WASHROOM CLEANUPHow much are you spending for trash clean-up per year ?Dr. Reed. It is a sizable sum. We can supply that for the record.Mrs. Hansen. Also insert in the record what you have spent forwashroom cleanup.Dr. Ripley. I will say we will get those figures. We do not haveenough people to keep the washrooms as clean as they should be.Mrs. Hansen. I understand.(The information follows:)COST OF TRASH CLEANUPThe collection and disposal of visitor trash on the public grounds will costan estimated $40,000 for the fiscal year 1971. Sweeping the streets, sidewalks,and steps, which account for 50 percent of the visitor trash, will cost approxi-mately another $40,000. Sweeping and cleaning the public spaces in the animalbuildings, much of which is visitor engendered trash, is estimated to cost anadditional $60,000 per year. This is a total of $140,000.If the public disposed of their waste in the trash baskets, these figures couldbe reduced by one third; however, the zoo would still have to empty the trashbaskets, sweep the streets, and scrub and clean the buildings. Nevertheless, itis a fact of life that picking up after visitors and trying to keep the zoo present-able is an extremely expensive and time-consuming operation.COST OF WASHROOM CLEANUPFor the care and maintenance of washrooms the zoo spends about $52,000.This includes salaries and related benefits as well as supplies. This, of course, isa 365-day operation and our heaviest demands are on weekends and holidays.The zoo is badly under-staffed in this area.COST OF FIRST AIDMrs. Hansen. How much do you spend on first aid ?Dr. Reed. First aid is part of the police function. I can break thatout.Mrs. Hansen. That is fine.(The information follows:)Cost of First AidFirst aid for zoo visitors is taken care of by the police. Each man has takenan advance first-aid course. The annual cost is estimated at $10,000. This includesservice to the general public as well as to employees.CORRELATION BETWEEN COSTS AND TAXESDr. Ripley. The correlation is very, very exact between a countrylike the United States and a country like the Iron Curtain countries
787where these objects are not wrapped up in such expensive wrappings,where in contrast with half the labor supply, the zoo looks much neateron the morning after the weekend because the whole effort of cleaningup is a project.Dr. Reed. This morning after going through the zoo after a Sun-day, I had very similar thoughts. It was terrible.Mrs. Hansen. All you have to do is go down any street in Wash-ington, D.C., to find litter.JUSTIFICATION OF ZOO BUDGET INCREASEPlease justify your requested increase of $655,000 and 48 positionsfor the National Zoological Park.Dr. Reed. The 48 positions are scattered pretty well throughout thezoo. As mentioned before, this is the first budget we have placed fromthe Smithsonian Institution. Last year's budget was started under theauspices of the District of Columbia, and was later transferred. Thepurpose of this request is to try to bring our zoo up to the level of oper-ating efficiency which we feel it should maintain.In the Office of the Director, we are asking for eight positions.These are secretaries, a technician for the pathologist, and other neces-sary staff. ANIMAL HEALTHMrs. Hansen. How many of your personnel are associated with thehealth activities of the animals ?Dr. Reed. At the present time there are five engaged in animalhealth. These are a veterinarian, a secretary, a medical technician, azookeeper, and a biological technician. We have a pathologist, a hysto-technician and his secretary; that would make eight. In addition tothese, we have a pathologist assigned to us from the George Washing-ton Medical School, and we have eight pathologists who are workingwith our pathologist from the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.So our staff is augmented by visiting scientists.POLLUTION CONTROLMrs. Hansen. In your justifications you say, "Construction of atrunk sewer to eliminate most of the pollution discharged into RockCreek." Where does the rest of the pollution go ?Dr. Reed. I would say that all pollution has been eliminated as of thepresent moment. That is, the materials that were considered pollutionsources have been corrected. The runoffs from the parking lots, etcetera, are not considered pollutants. All pollutants of animal originhave been corrected at the present time.COOPERATION IN RESEARCHMrs. Hansen. You are requesting an increase of 3 positions and$34,000 for the Hospital Research Building. What is involved in thisrequest ?Dr. Reed. The Hospital Research Building is devoted to veterinar-ian medicine. Dr. Gray, our veterinarian, and his staff are cooperating
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with many groups throughout the country and throughout the city inparticular problems of animal health as they relate to zoo animals.The pathologist is doing the same. He is involved in studies of effectsof lead poisoning. Of course, this is a human as well as an animalproblem.We told you last year about our studies on the gorilla with rheu-matoid arthritis. We are cooperating with the medical schools on thisparticular problem. We are continuing to make progress with our onepatient.There are a number of groups with which we are cooperating. I cangive you a complete rundown or breakdown if you wish.Mrs. Hansen. Please insert the information in the record.(The information follows:)Collaborative Research ProjectsInstitution
:
ProjectMarquette School of Medicine Hemoglobin study in the feline.Dartmouth Medical School Chromosome composition studies.Cornell University Neurology of the white tiger.Northern Virginia Arthritis Insti- Rheumatoid-like illness in the gorilla,tuteDuke University Camel physiology.Veterans' Administration Hospital Polar bear rearing regimen, Milk anal-Minneapolis, Minn ysis in exotic animals, Physiologi-cal norms. Reindeer reproduction.George Washington University Reindeer blood studies, SMA bloodSchool of Medicine chemistries, Protein electrophoresisblood.National Institute of Health Aging studies and bone degeneration.National Institute of Healths Blood parasite studies.National Institute of Health Urinary estrogens and gonadatropin inthe pregnant great apes.University of Minnesota Physiology and metabolism in ursidae.Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Epidemiology of avian malaria in zoo-logical parks.Johns Hopkins University Hemoglobin studies.Norden Laboratories Antibody responses to feline panleu-copenia vaccination in exotic felidae.Veterans Administration Hospital Feline blood studies.Bronx, N.YUniversity of Ceylon Elephant reproductive physiology.Mayo Clinic Tuberculosis typing.National Institute of Health Primate neurological studies.Long Island Duck Research Labo- Diet deficiency studies in waterfowlratory and other exotics.George Washington University Tuberculosis in the great apes.Medical CenterBENEFITS OF ZOO ANIMAL RESEARCHDr. Reed. In the behavorial research we are again cooperating withother universities. We have a professor from the University of Mary-land and we have graduate students who are doing work at the zoo inthe behavorial sciences. We are cooperating with other universitiesand professional groups.Mr. Galifianakis. Is this in the interest of the animals that youare doing this research ?Dr. Reed. Yes, this is an important point. The work that we do atthe zoo is based primarily on the needs and requirements of the
789
animals, the behavior and health of the animals. There is a spinoffrelationship, of course, sometimes, such as the arthritis project in rela-tion to humans. But we are concerned with the problems of theanimals.Mr. Galifianakis. Would you permit, say, a pathologist who wasnot primarily interested in animals to come in for general research,do you make the animals available for that purpose?Dr. Reed. Not unless it ties into a problem which the animal hasitself. For instance, there are very few instances of cancer in animals.In animals, cancer is not an extensive problem. It is an individualproblem.Mrs. Hansen. Why?Dr. Reed. Well, I wish I knew the answer to that. Perhaps theanimals live a little cleaner than people do; they certainly do notsmoke as I do. They do not eat the same type of foods that we do.Perhaps it is the genetic makeup that makes them more resistant.So, in general, we would not be particularly interested in a cancerproblem. This is NIH's bailiwick.However, the problem of calcium metabolism is a serious problemwith animals. In the zoo we are actively studying this particularproblem. There might be some spin-off, but we are studying it fromthe animal's standpoint.Dr. Ripley. We do, Madam Chairman, maintain a registry of tumorsin animals for the use of NTH. We have found tumors in animals likeoysters and mollusks. It is a phenomenon not just confined to humansor higher animals. ANIMALS REQUIRING MOST CAREMr. Galifianakis. Which animals require the most intensive care ?Dr. Reed. I think probably the most intense care has to be givento the reptiles. They seem to respond a little more to their environ-mental conditions that they are so close to. However, we give a lotof care to just about all animals we have.Mr. Galifianakis. Which is the most expensive operation ?Dr. Reed. That is a very hard question. At the risk of being face-tious, I would say taking care of the human beings. But I do not believewe have ever broken down which group requires the most care or is themost expensive to take care of. .Mr. Galifianakis. I was just wondering whether the giraffe is.Mrs. Hansen. Do you have to lavish more attention on the animalswho are out of their own environment ?Mr. Galifianakis. Like the polar bear ?Mrs. Hansen. Well, any animal that is moved from one zone ofextreme temperature to a zone like we have in Washington, D.C.Dr. Reed. Probably the most intense care that any zoo must givewould be to the penguins, where you have taken them from the Ant-arctic conditions which you must then duplicate in the zoo. We do nothave them, at the present time, but we will have them in the future.We have had them in the past.Dr. Ripley. There, again, you have the condition in the Antarcticwhere they are subjected to less kinds of infection. They are adapted
790to a somewhat insulated environment, without the presence of viralinfections that would produce a lot of lung diseases and so on.Mr. Galifianakis. What do you do with the animals when theyexpire ?Dr. Reed. There is a post mortem examination made of the animalsto determine the cause of death. Tissue is collected and distributedto those people who are interested in particular specimens. The skins,skulls, and skeletons frequently go to the National Museum of NaturalHistory depending on their study and exhibit needs. So the maximumutilization is made wherever it is possible.Mr. Galifianakis. Is taxidermy part of your function ?Dr. Reed. That would be a museum function for a particularmounted specimen.Mr. Galifianakis. Thank you very much.OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE OF THE ZOOMrs. Hansen. Justify your requested increase of $293,000 and 30positions for operations and maintenance.Dr. Reed. This is the unit that takes care of the physical plantthat services the entire zoo. We are trying to build up a sufficientcorps of mechanics, laborers, and skilled trades persons to meet theneeds of taking care of the zoo. Included in this request is someequipment that is needed, such as replacement of our sky-workerto take care of the trees.As you will notice, the spread of the request is through all thedepartments. In the maintenance and construction department weneed asphalt workers, pipefitters, carpenters, and general maintenancehelpers.The addition of new buildings has increased the number of sewerlines, pipes, and pumping facilities which now must be serviced. We arealso requesting additional grounds workers and a clerk-typist in theGarden and Tree Maintenance division to take care of our grounds.Some 12,000 trees are scattered all over the zoo and we must take careof them and service for appearance and public safety.LABELING OF TREESMrs. Hansen. Do you label your tree species on your grounds? Ihave found more people, particularly from other sections of the coun-try, who are interested in trees as I myself am.Dr. Reed. We have long wanted to do that, and we have looked intothis particular problem. However, our labeling problem throughout thezoo is a serious one not yet resolved. We are devoting our first effort tolabeling animals within the cages, but we have long wanted to labelall the trees also. It is our plan that in the redevelopment of the zoo wewill have more different kinds of trees, including specimen trees fromdifferent parts of the country, and we will have them labeled as anexhibit.Mrs. Hansex. When you have animals from all over the world, itwould seem to me reasonable and sensible to provide some of the sametype of environment from which they came.
791Dr. Reed. I could not agree with you more, as our master plan nowenvisions. We do intend to complement the animals wherever possible.Dr. Ripley. May I say, Madam Chairman, that in this connectionJoseph Henry in 1848 suggested that the Smithsonian label the treesin Smithsonian Park. And we still have not done it. The reason is notthat we lack motivation but we no sooner develop a new kind of label-ing then someone takes it away. It is a souvenir for a visitor.Just last year we put up a memorial tree, for example, for the wifeof one of our longest term associates, Mrs. Frank Taylor. She had beenon our Women's Committee for Smithsonian since it was founded.And overnight that label was gone.We have not been able to work out a plan by which we can success-fully label a tree and have the label remain.Mrs. Hansen. I think it is necessary to make people conscious thatwhen they destroy something they are destroying their own invest-ment.Dr. Ripley. Exactly. I could not agree with you more.Mrs. Hansen. The committee will recess until tomorrow morningat 10 o'clock.Dr. Ripley. May I say that tomorrow there is an exhibition open-ing on music machines in the National Museum of History and Tech-nology. I hope it may be possible for some of the members of the com-mittee to come and see it. It is very exciting and very well done. It istomorrow evening. Tuesday, April 6, 1971.department of living vertebratesMrs. Hansen. The committee will come to order.Please justify your requested increase of $72,000 and five positionsfor the Department of Living Vertebrates.Dr. Reed. Yes, Madam Chairman, this is for one position on theprofessional level, a wildlife biologist, to take care of the hoof stockand one stenotypist to assist the curators and head keepers.Mrs. Hansen. I'll bet that is an interesting job.Dr. Reed. The girls seem to like it, because it is a very stimulatingjob particularly when they get vicariously involved in the love life ofvarious and sundry animals. We also are asking for three keeperspecialists. These are, as Dr. Cowan was stating, technicians, specialkeepers, to assist the curators in some of their very specialized prob-lems. There is also a request for an increase in animal food, which isa cost-of-living increase, some money for sundries and travel, and anadditional $5,000 for the purchase of animals.Mrs. Hansen. What does your travel costs consist of ?Mr. Reed. The travel consists of each curator attending his profes-sional meeting, such as the Curator of Mammals should attend themeeting of the American Society of Mammalogists ; the Curator ofReptiles should attend the meeting of the American Society of Ichthyo-logists and Herpetologists ; and the Curator of Birds should attend the
792American Ornithological Union's meeting. Several of the keepersshould attend the annual regional workshops that are designed specifi-cally for training and upgrading their skills. It may be of interest toyou to know that funds for the purchase of animals at our zoo are arelatively small amount as compared to those of some other major zoosin this country.Mrs. Hansen. Is this because you receive so many gifts ?VALUABLE GIFT ANIMALSDr. Reed. We did a study that showed that the value of giftanimals and the descendants of gift animals now on exhibition amountsto about $750,000. These animals were given to the U.S. Government.Mrs. Hansen. Please insert a list of some of the gift animals youhave received and whom they were donated by.Dr. Ripley. Yes. We are in the midst of a very complicated nego-tiation through American Ambassador Kenneth Keating. We sent outto India a young male bison, because their male bison had died, andthe Indian Government was so thrilled, except for the fact that it wasa bit young and therefore when it was released in the same pen withthe lady bison it went over and nuzzled her, hoping to get a drink ofmilk. However, aside from that, it will soon grow up. They are goingto give us a lesser panda which we have wanted very, very much fora long time. This kind of thing is enormously helpful and the IndianGovernment takes a great interest in this. I may say the Prime Minis-ter herself is an animal lover and this is the kind of thing that makesfor improved international relations.(The information follows:)Gift AnimalsThe National Zoological Park has always been the repository for gifts ofanimals to the Presidents. These Presidential gifts have played a major role inbuilding the Zoo's collection to the place of pre-eminence that it enjoys today.In addition, the National Zoological Park receives many gifts of animals fromforeign governments and from private citizens just because it is the NationalZoo of the United States and a gift of an animal to the Zoo is a gift to all thecitizens.In fact, many of the prized animals in the Zoo's collection today are the re-sult of gifts and were not purchased with federally appropriated funds.The following list gives some of the important animals and their progenywhich are presently on exhibition. This does not include animals born of thesenon-federally purchased gifts and subsequently exchanged for other animals.Animals and Donors2 Komodo Dragons, Indonesian Government.2 Kiwis, New Zealand Government.3 Red Birds of Paradise, Private citizen.4 Sugar Gliders, Australian Government.3 Wallabies, Private citizen.3 Kangaroos, Australian Government.3 Tree Kangaroos, Private citizen.6 Fruit Bats, Private citizen.30 Barbary Apes, British Government (Originally 2 pairs)
.
2 Gorillas, Private citizen.2 Grizzly Bears, National Park Service.2 Black Bears, U.S. Forestry Service.3 Polar Bears, Private citizen.
7933 Sloth Bears, Private citizen.1 Fossa, Madagascan Government.2 Spotted Hyenas, South African Government.3 Leopards, Liberian Government.1 Lion, Lion's Club International.5 Tigers (White 3) , Private citizen (originally 1 white and 1 yellow)
.
2 Indian Elephants, Indian Government.1 African Elephant, Congo Government.2 Indian Rhinos, Indian Government.7 Pygmy Hippos, Liberian Government (originally 2)
.
6 Reindeer, Alaskan Government.2 Pronghorn Antelope, Private citizen.9 Dorcas Gazelle, Tunisian Government (originally 1 pair )
.
2 Big Horn Sheep, National Park Service.Combining these currently exhibited major gift animals with those of lesservalue, we estimate a total private investment in the Zoo's collection today ofnearly one-half million dollars or approximately two-thirds of the collection'stotal value. This includes the numerous specimens donated each year which con-siderably adds to the $25,000 of the appropriated funds for the purchase ofanimals. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH DEPARTMENTMrs. Hansen. Justify your requested increase of $31,000 and oneposition for scientific research.Dr. Reed. This position that we are requesting is for a reproduc-tion physiologist, who would study the whole reproductive physi-ology and processes in some of the very rare and endangered animals.This study concerns itself with the entire scope of the problem ; thatis the breeding, inbreeding, diet, the conditions of the cages, the photo-periodicity, and nutrition, particularly vitamins and minerals. Wewould be able to approach our problems of the reproductive cycle ofthese animals in a logical and scientific manner.There is no other zoo in the country that is doing this. All zoos arefaced with animals being harder and harder to get, so we cannot re-plenish our collections from the wild. We must do this breeding our-selves to replenish and maintain our zoo stock. We have some ratherinteresting problems.For instance, with the rhinoceros, we have got to get the male andthe female rhinoceroses synchronized in their cycles of breeding, be-fore we can have babies born. It is not just the female that governswhether there are going to be babies. The male is involved in this, too,and these problems have not been worked out. We know about them.We know it is a problem, but we don't know the answer. This is oneof the things we want to find out. This would not only be a service toscience, but a service to other zoos throughout the Nation.ANIMAL HEALTH DEPARTMENTMrs. Hansen. You are requesting an increase of $54,000 and fourpositions for the Animal Health Department. May we have your com-ments in this connection ?Dr. Reed. Yes, ma'am. We are requesting an associate veterinarianas an assistant to our clinical veterinarian. We have only one veteri-narian taking care of all of the animals on a 24-hour call basis 7 daysa week, 365 days of the year. The problems are getting more and moreinvolved regarding the animals in the collection. The more we know,
794the more we know that we don't know. We need an additional veteri-narian, not only for just the physical time that is required to take careof the animals, but to increase the quality of the care we now give ouranimals.We are also requesting a position for a medical technician to assistthe veterinarian in his diagnostic work.Mrs. Hansen. This is the zoo's medical program.Dr. Reed. That is right; such work as blood studies and parasite-logical studies. One of the things we are involved in is a rather detailedstudy of Asian malaria. There is a lot of this type malaria in the birds.This is not infective in human beings; but many of the birds, likesea birds, penguins, birds of the coast, the murres from out in yourcountry where they live on the rocks are highly susceptible. The windis constantly blowing. There are no mosquitoes there, but they areextremely susceptible to malaria. They are brought into captivity inSeattle, Portland, or Washington, D.C., and they are faced with thismalarian infection. We know a great deal about the mode of trans-mission, but we don't know anything about the treatment and cure.There is an indication that drugs that Avork on humans do not workon birds because you have an entirely different type of physiology.The temperature on a bird runs about 107 degrees, whereas the normalbody temperature of human and other animals is lower so thismalarian parasite responds differently to drugs that are effective onmammalian malaria.We are also requesting an animal keeper for the veterinarian. Thereare new developments in X-ray equipment. They have X-ray equip-ment now that works on ordinary household electricity, so that we cantake the X-ray machine to any place in the zoo. Formerly we had tobring the animal to a 220-volt electrical outlet. This machine gives usclearer X-rays, not only of bones, but of soft tissues to aid treatmentand diagnosis. COST OF FEEDING ANIMALSMrs. Hansen. Please insert in the record what you spend per yearon food for a representative selection of animals.Dr. Reed. The total this year is $137,000. We will put that in therecord.(The information follows:)Cost op Feeding Representative AnimalsThe cost of feeding the animals for 1970 has risen since 1969. It now costs $3.04a day on an average to feed a single leopard.The Jaguar, which receives slightly less, costs $2.66 for meat on a daily basis.The tigers vary, depending upon the amount of meat eaten. This year thecost is slightly less because there are no tigers pregnant. The average for thethree tigers is 15 pounds a day at 38tf per pound or $5.70 per day. In 1969 theyconsumed more on a daily basis.The cost for the gorillas has risen dramatically from $1.98 to $3.12.The orangutan's cost has gone from $1.77 to $2.88.The elephant's cost has risen from $3.97 to $5.54.And so on down the line with general increases bearing from slight to dra-matic, with a few instances of of decreases in the cost for the individual.
795NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGYMrs. Hansen. Justify your requested increase of $298,000 for theNational Museum of History and Technology.Dr. Ripley. I would like to introduce Professor Boorstin, Directorof the Museum of History and Technology, who I am sure would liketo speak to some of the issues involved in the museum's request.Dr. Boorstin. You will note that we are not increasing the num-ber of positions. We are decreasing the number of positions from 158to 157. The increase consists of $68,000 of pay increases required byCongress and the balance of $230,000 for program, mostly for essen-tial supplies, items which are itemized which are generally listed onthis page, and then itemized on page A-62. These are mostly ratherprosaic objects to help us keep operating.Mrs. Hansen. That is why we didn't ask you any stimulatingquestions.Dr. Boorstin. They are not very stimulating objects I am afraid,but we need them certainly, in order to keep operating.Mrs. Hansen. What type of position did you lose ?ALEXANDRIA SALVAGE ARCHEOLOGY PROJECTMr. Blitzer. The one employee was a salvage archeology techni-cian on the staff.Mrs. Hansen. Did that employee assist the city of Alexandria intheir archeology project?Mr. Blitzer. Yes. It reflected a decision by the staff of the museumthat this is essentially a local activity and it has been supportedenough at Smithsonian expense.Mrs. Hansen. Is this archeological salvage project still continuing?Mr. Blitzer. I am happy to say I went to the city manager of Alex-andria and everyone is happy with this arrangement. They recognizethe justice of what we have done. We intend to help them in otherways.Mrs. Hansen. In what way do you intend to assist them ?Mr. Blitzer. We are making equipment and space available. Weare also making available technical and professional staff to look atwhat gets dug up and to give them advice, but we are not giving thema full-time employee any longer.Dr. Ripley. And we are helping with restoration of objects.Mr. Blitzer. And we intend to publish information on what is foundthere. NATIONAL COLLECTION OF FINE ARTSMrs. Hansen. You are requesting an increase of $62,000 for the Na-tional Collection of Fine Arts. Please give the committee the currentstatus of your activities in this connection.Dr. Ripley. Mr. Blitzer, I think would like to respond to that,Madam Chairman.Mrs. Hansen. Also how many visitors per year do you have at theRenwick Gallery and the Fine Arts and Portrait Galleries?
796Dr. Ripley. The Renwick is not open but we will give you theothers.Mr. Blttzer. We have a total figure of 216,000 visitors, I believe,for the National Collection of Fine Arts and National Portrait GalleryBuilding. We discovered it is really impossible for us to keep track ofthe two museums separately especially now with the subway construc-tion. The main entrance of the National Collection of Fine Arts isblocked and people come in almost any way they can get in and wanderbetween the two museums.Dr. Ripley. The whole G Street side of the museum is blocked offso it is impossible for people to get in there. This is very debilitatingto our visitor count.Mrs. Hansen. I imagine you are distressed about this situation.EFFECTS OF THE SUBWAYDr. Ripley. We are, and we are distressed about the subway vibra-tions, which are a very serious threat to us.Mrs. Hansen. What is going to happen when the subway is in op-eration ?Dr. Ripley. I think it is fair to say that we have been given assur-ance that the rubber tires and so on will minimize the vibrations, butall of us who are concerned with the conservation of objects are se-riously worried about the continual vibrations over many years causedby the subway.We are in favor of the subway completely in terms of getting peo-ple around. We are disturbed about our own precious objects, andabout conservation techniques, because the conservation laboratorieshave to operate with special machines which require very careful em-placement, so that there is no vibration while delicate measurements arebeing made. Technology in the 20th century has many ramificationsand some of them are certainly not very helpful.Mrs. Hansen. Since this is rather unique soil for subway construc-tion, isn't it going to have an effect on other buildings also %Dr. Ripley. Yes. I am sure it will have an effect on any buildingwhich was built in the 19th century. I was able to persuade the sub-way authority to move the subway out into G Street, by pointing outto them that the Fine Arts and Portrait Galleries Building, the originalPatent Office Building, is built on rubble. The 19th century technologyof its construction, architecturally speaking, was quite different fromthe technology of the 20th century.It is difficult to conceive that they can marry these two technologiestogether, and have a successful marriage on this basis, because thevibration continually against that rubble will make the settlementrate increase, and the building itself will begin to settle.We did get a compromise from the subway people, but, on the otherhand, the blasting and the construction work lias produced minorcracks in the building. It has produced a great deal of dust, and thisis potentially damaging to the art objects.Mrs. Hansen. How much longer is the subway construction goingto continue in that area?Dr. Ripley. We believe it will be another 18 months to 2 years.
797Mr. Blitzer. To look at the brighter side of this, there is to be astation called Gallery Place which will be right at that building. Thiswill help attendance at the museums very much, but I don't recall thedate for completion of that station.Dr. Ripley. Dr. Boorstin, Madam Chairman, reminds me that thecorner of the Museum of History and Technology, his museum, isbeing invaded by the subway in the Mall area. Unless we can guar-antee that the wheels are going to be rubber, for which at the momentthere is not an absolute written certainty, this is simply their estimate,we are going to have extremely hazardous conditions for our objects.The assumption on which we accepted the invasion on G Street of thesubway next to the Patent Office Building was that the wheels wouldbe rubber tired. Now we find they are also invading our History andTechnology Building on the Mall. Unless those wheel also are rubbertired, the vibration will affect such objects as our priceless documentsof American history.Mrs. Hansen. Have you conferred with the people who are in-volved in making this decision ?Dr. Ripley. We keep in touch with General Graham, I occasionallywrite him a hortatory letter, but I think the question of proper wheelsis absolutely vital for us.Mrs. Hansen. I think you had better get this problem settled be-fore you have any damage done.Dr. Ripley. Can we do that, Mr. Bradley ?Mr. Bradley. Certainly, sir. Let me be in touch frequently.Dr. Ripley. This is an enterprise which, as I say, we are emotionallyhighly in favor of for the public and our visitors, but we are deeplyconcerned about possible physical damage to our buildings and collec-tions.Mrs. Hansen. There are a lot things in the city of Washington,D.C. that people are for emotionally until they realize what the con-sequence will be. I think it would be well to get the matter settledbefore you have to request funds for major repairs.Dr. Ripley. And major loss of objects.Mr. McDade. What kind of objects ?Dr. Ripley. Fragile papers, documents, we are talking about tex-tiles, paintings, soft paintings. We are talking about the great in-crease in dust, which is generated by vibration, and we are talkingabout the sensitivity of the conservation machines which are testingsome of our objects for things like bronze disease and other conditions.Mrs. Hansen. Is the subway route directly under one of your build-ings?Dr. Ripley. The route on G Street is next to the Patent OfficeBuilding, parallel, and then curving around at 7th Street. Under thenortheast corner of the Museum of History and Technology there is aspur of the subway which goes across the Mall.Mr. Bradley. Running north and south.Dr. Ripley. It takes a curve and goes under the corner of the build-ing. Dr. Boorstin might add a word about these objects.Dr. Boorstin. The sorts of objects would run the whole range fromobjects of art, ceramics, and glass, to objects which we preserve in orderto help us understand the history of science, such as microscopes, time
798pieces, very delicate pieces of machinery and instruments, which whenin use are protected in various ways. Our exhibiting of them would bea travesty if the building was shaking, as it is likely to do with a sub-way running under it. If it were conceivably possible at least to movethat route so it won't go right under our building, it would be a helpto us. Failing that, the use of rubber wheels is a minimum thing, butin any case our national collections will surely suffer from theproximity.Mr. McDade. Has there been a refusal to move the route from com-ing under your building?Mr. Bradley. I should say in the case of G Street the constructionis in. It is a question now of trying to clean it up, complete the job,and get out. In the case of the Museum of History and Technology,construction is only in the stage where they are laying out where thefence is going to go for the property yard or for the contractor's oper-ations, so there are some few months ahead before actual dirt begins tofly.Dr. Ripley. Couldn't we, Mr. Bradley, get in touch with GeneralGraham, and say that we are very much concerned about this.PERCENTAGE OF YOUNG PEOPLE VISITING THE MUSEUM OF HISTORY ANDTECHNOLOGYMrs. Hansen. Tell him the Appropriations Committee is also deeplyconcerned, because we have the problem of paying for the damage thatmight be done.What portion of your visitors is shared between the Museum ofHistory and Technology and the air and space exhibits? Also whatportion of this total are young people?Dr. Ripley. Of the 5,300,000 that visit your museum.Dr. Boorstin. I don't know that we have the visitor figure brokendown in that manner.Mrs. Hansen. Can you give us an estimate ?Mr. Bradley. An educated guess by our senior museum man, Mr.Frank Taylor, was that about half of our visitors are young people.It depends on the age cut off, for instance, if it is 16 or thereabouts.We did have what amounted to a sampling during one summer, andperhaps we could get from that some approximate conclusions on asampling basis.USE OF THE MUSEUM TO SHOW AMERICA'S HERITAGEMrs. Hansen. Isn't it true that through your museum you helpto make young people aware of our Nation's history. It is probablyone of the best museums to learn about our national heritage.Dr. Boorstin. I would certainly hope so. This, I think, is one ofthe missions of the National Museum and one of the things that per-suaded me to leave the university and come here. It certainly is aresponsibility that we are charged with by the Congress, and some-thing that is our duty to perform for the Nation. We can do this be-cause we have the material with which we can show people the sortsof things that this country has been able to accomplish.
799Mrs. Hansen. I notice in your justifications that some of the pur-poses of the National Museum of History and Technology are towarda more effective connecting with holiday and festive occasions; cele-bration of national anniversaries, and to emphasize the greatness of in-dividual man by interpreting, dramatizing, and explaining the careersof history-making Americans ; the discovery and rediscovery of Amer-ican heroes. I think we badly need to do this, and to explore and remindAmericans of their institutions, and how they came into being. I thinkwe tend in America in the 20th century to look only at our failures.It did take a great deal of courage to build this country, and I thinkthis museum is one place in which you can emphasize it. As you know,the committee has always been very enthusiastic about this particularactivity. NEW EXHIBITSDr. Boorstin. We are trying to find new ways to do this. We havelately opened on the foyer going in from the Mall side an area whichwe call Holiday Hall, in which we display exhibits and have musicalaccompaniment, show slides, pictures and objects, dramatizing the roleof individual Americans and relating them to holidays. For example,we have a Washington and Lincoln exhibit which goes up togetherwith the tunes of happy birthday in February. We have a Labor Dayexhibit there which celebrates leading figures in the development oflabor organizations in America. We have developed the technologyof a scheme for projecting on the outside of the building portraits ofAmerican heroes from all walks of life. That is something that wehave tested, and we hope to have that ready within the next few weeks.UNIFICATION OF ALL AMERICANSMrs. Hansen. A former colleague who worked with us so long onthis committee has asked about the amount of funds requested by theSmithsonian this year to be used in connection with the Bicentennialin 1976, and how much of this is allocated to be used for minority pro-grams such as blacks and Indians. I think you have to make all peoplein America feel that they are Americans.Dr. Kipley. We have been deeply concerned with this, MadamChairman. You may recall several years ago we got into the papers,when certain people accused us of trying to illustrate a slum in theMuseum of History and Technology complete with smells, rats and soon.This was thought to be very funny, by the people who discoveredthis and made fun of us. They poked fun at us, because somehow orother there is an American myth along with other American myths,that all of our ancestors landed here in beautiful silks, lovely laces,textiles, gentlemen in silk breeches, beautiful lace in the 18th century,and that we all stepped off onto Plymouth Rock or onto Ellis Islandjust impeccable, and that museums should show only the finest exam-ples of chivalry, courtesy and distinction.Mrs. Hansen. It was anything but that. This is what makes thiscountry so great.
58-287 O?71?pt. 4 51
800Dr. Ripley. That the Smithsonian Institution, which is knownfamiliarly as the Nation's attic, should have the temerity to attemptto tell it like it was, somehow was thought to be an object of ridiculeby these people. But we do have the Growth of America Hall, whichI hope we will continue to complete under Dr. Boorstin's able direc-tion, which will tell it like it was and is. This is pa it of our socialplanetarium. This is part of our objective as responsible keepers of theAmerican dream, to be able to tell about all the things that happen inAmerica.Mrs. Hansen. Most of the young people who I talk to make thecomment that the Smithsonian Institution is one of their favoriteplaces to visit in Washington, D.C. Going through the White Houseis kind of an adventure in logistics and space. But they like the exhibitsin the Smithsonian that they can identify with.Dr. Ripley. I think it is a sobering and inspiring experience and,of course, what we hope when they come through our buildings is thatthey think more about their heritage.need to make exhibits more totalDr. Boorstin. If I may add a word, it is the feeling that we do wantour exhibits to be more total. That really motivates the developmentof this museum now. We want to reach out in the areas in which Dr.Ripley has suggested, to emphasize the way Americans have lived inthe past, Americans of all classes, races and conditions, and also tobe a more total museum, which is the purpose of our requested Bi-centennial facilities. I don't want to anticipate that item in our request,but that project is to be our principal Bicentennial enterprise, to tryto include a more dramatic and vivid and effective presentation of therole of all kinds of Americans in the building of the country.Mrs. Hansen. I wish it were posssible for every school in Americato have one of your catalogs, for instance, or something that wouldtell the young people what they would be able to see if they visitedthe Smithsonian Institution. I think it is a rather tragic thing thatpersons travel perhaps a couple of thousand miles to see their Nation'sCapital, and in many instances they are not aware of the many thingsto see. This is no different than the children who visit State Legisla-tures for five minutes and maybe the members are all immersed inprivate conversations, and then they go away with a completely er-roneous idea of government.Dr. Ripley. I still remember coining here when I was 16, and thethrill I had when Fiorello LaGuardia stood up and made a speech.That was absolutely the most exciting moment.(Discussion off the record.)Mrs. Hansen. Many teachers are not aware of the processes of gov-ernment. I was at Mount Vernon one day and there was a teacher fromAlabama with a group of teenagers, and she said, "Don't smoke inhere. You can set the building on fire, and it belongs to somebodygreat." She was far more concerned with discipline than with whatMount Vernon meant to this Nation.
801ORIENTATION FILM AND PUBLICATIONSMr. Blitzer. I might say that we are now engaged in preparation ofan orientation film about the Smithsonian and its resources.Mrs. Hansen. I wish more people could see the film before they cometo visit Washington, D.C.Dr. Boorstin. We are also preparing publications which will go outto high school groups. These groups are organized in advance.Mrs. Hansen. I think there is nothing more important today than tomake young people aware of our history, because it isn't something tobe taken for granted. It wasn't an easy process.Dr. Boorstin. Of course our museum has a major responsibility inthat. That is one reason why we need more resources.national collection of fine artsMrs. Hansen. Please discuss for us your request of an increase of$62,000 for the National Collection of Fine Arts.Mr. Blitzer. Precisely along the lines that you have been following,the National Collection of Fine Arts is the National Museum about thehistory of American art.Mrs. Hansen. Is there any other gallery in the area that has this samegoal?Mr. Blitzer. There are certainly no other national museums that do.The Corcoran has a very fine collection of American paintings.Dr. Ripley. But they don't develop the historical studies which wehope to do. There is no other gallery of this kind.Mr. Blitzer. This is in the history of American art, really theequivalent of the Museum of History and Technology.research scholar programMrs. Hansen. You are requesting $15,000 to provide for the con-tinuation of the program for research scholars on a significant scale.You say the funds should be directed toward the research scholarsprogram in American art for both graduate and post-doctoral scholarsto encourage sound scholarship in this much neglected field. Do youwant to amplify on that statement for us please.Mr. Blitzer. If I might, Madam Chairman, just make a few generalremarks before that.The National Collection of Fine Arts in a sense has existed as longas the Smithsonian has. The Smithsonian began in 1846 with a galleryof art. The National Collection of Fine Arts has existed in a moreprecise sense for 35 years since legislation establishing the NationalGallery and redefining the National Collection of Fine Arts, but ina very real sense it is only in the last few years that the NCFA hashad a home of its own and a very clear notion of what it is there forand what it should accomplish. It is in the last year I would say,under its present director, a very distinguished American art-historianand educator, that it has begun paying primary attention to the funda-
802
mental operations of the gallery. By that I mean specifically to itsscholarly programs and to the care and use of its own permanentcollection. The request this year really goes to those two purposes andto the Renwick Gallery, which is the new responsibility that has beenadded to the National Collection.RENWICK GALLERYMrs. Hansen. What will be the purpose of the Renwick Gallery ?Mr. Blitzer. The Renwick we hope will open in the fall of 1971, inNovember. In operating terms that gallery will be a branch of theNational Collection of Fine Arts. The $15,000 about which you haveasked, as you say, is intended to bring research scholars to the NationalCollection of Fine Arts. The hope is that not only will they study thecollection and use the archival materials that now exist in that build-ing, but also that they will contribute to publications and to exhibi-tions of the gallery.EXHIBITION PROGRAM AT THE NCFAIf I may, Madam Chairman, I would like to show you this collec-tion of catalogs of recent exhibitions at the National Collection of FineArts. These, I might say, are simply the major kinds of exhibitionsthat resulted in major scholarly catalogs. There has also been a verywelcome tendency in the last year to have small, more informal, lessexpensive exhibitions of the gallery's own collection. This, I think, isexactly the direction in which the galleries will be going. In fact Ican quote one brief passage from an article in the Wall Street Journallast month
:
. . . The National Collection of Fine Arts seems to be doing things about right.There is a good sprinkling of contemporary work combined with a genuine con-cern for the permanent collection demonstrated by such modest but telling tri-umphs as the two gray-walled rooms in which such American impressionistworks as J. Alden Weir's enjoyable "Upland Pasture" are mercifully freed fromgold frames and tastefully trimmed with gray stripes lined with white.There is this combined attention, but not at the expense of largerexhibitions, which produce scholarly catalogs. The hope is that thescholars brought in with this $15,000 plus the $8,000 we already havewill be very helpful. NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERYMrs. Hansen. You are requesting an increase of $50,000 for theNational Portrait Gallery. Please give the committee a resume of thestatus of the Portrait Gallery.Mr. Blitzer. As you know, the National Portrait Gallery is anew and unique institution in this country. There has never been aNational Portrait Gallery before. In summary, I would say that inthe 8 years that the gallery has existed, and in the 2 years that it hashad a home of its own, it has made really remarkable progress. Itis gradually accumulating a collection of portraits of distinguishedAmericans. It has always been thought of as a history museum, atleast as much, perhaps more, than as an art museum". Part of therequest this year is to strengthen the history department. This, asyou can see, I think, from the justification, is part of a deliberate
803
effort by the new Director to strengthen the parts of his museumthat need strengthening. The justification states on page 68
:
Prior to fiscal year 1971 the primary goal was establishment and manage-ment of the collection. With stress on developing exhibits staff in the pastyear, and then plans for history and education departments in fiscal 1972, thegallery is now focusing on relating and exhibiting the collections to the public.STRENGTHENING THE HISTORY DEPARTMENTSpecifically, the request for the history department is primarilyto enable the gallery to employ a chief historian. They have a candi-date, a very distinguished professor from the University of Wisconsin,Lillian Miller, who hopes to come to the gallery at the beginningof the next fiscal year. This is an attempt to fund that position.These are recent catalogs from the National Portrait Gallery. Youwill notice that the top two, the ones that are thin brochures ratherthan thick catalogs, were designed explicitly for teaching purposes.They are for distribution to schools and to children who will bevisiting the museum. One about James Weldon Johnson, the Negrocomposer, and one about John Muir, the conservationist. The otherpart of the gallery's request this year is for some strengthening ofthe education department, which is responsible for putting out publi-cations like that, and for arranging school visits and educationalmaterials.Dr. Ripley. I wish you had seen that Cropsey show. It was simplybeautiful. There had never been a show to bring out this man's workin history.Mrs. Hansen. You always invite me to those white tie affairs.Dr. Ripley. We hardly ever wear a white tie anymore, MadamChairman, except for Presidential inaugurations.POLICY REGARDING PURCHASE, SALE, OR EXCHANGE OF PAINTINGS IN THEPORTRAIT GALLERYMrs. Hansen. Please define for the record, your current policieswith regard to the purchase, sale, and exchange of paintings in theNational Portrait Gallery.Mr. Ripley. We will do that for the record.(The information follows:)Resolution on Sale of Paintings by the Board of Regents of theSmithsonian InstitutionResolved, That no object of art in the permanent collection of the NationalPortrait Gallery or the National Collection of Fine Arts valued at more than$1,000 shall be exchanged or sold without prior approval of the museum Director,the museum's Commission, the Smithsonian's Office of General Counsel, and ofthe Secretary
;
That no object of art in the permanent collection of the National PortraitGallery or the National Collection of Fine Arts valued at more than $50,000shall be exchanged or sold without prior approval of the museum Director, themuseum's Commission, the Smithsonian's Office of General Counsel, the Secre-tary, and the Board of Regents ;That the exchange or sale of any object of art in the National Portrait Galleryand the National Collection of Fine Arts shall be reported to the Board of Re-gents by the Secretary ; and that the proceeds from any such sale shall be usedsolely for the acquisitions of works of art for the museum from which it came.
804Mr. Blitzer. You will recall, Madam Chairman, there was a sim-ilar question last year.Mrs. Hansen. Yes.Mr. Blitzer. It was about the National Collection of Fine Arts. Thisis a new matter that I am not quite aware of, but I may say that thepolicy in both cases is the same. I would say in the first place that thepolicy lies very much in the hands of the Director of the respectivegallery and his professional staff. We now have a very explicit pro-cedure which starts and can only start at the initiative of the Directorand the staff of the museum, if they feel that there are compellingreasons to dispose of a work in the collection. They then take theirrecommendations to their advisory commission.Mrs. Hansen. What would be a compelling reason ?Dr. Ripley. I should say, perhaps, Madam Chairman, I am unawarethat the Portrait Gallery has ever disposed of anything or has evercontemplated disposing of anything, but, for example, if the PortraitGallery acquired a fairly good portrait of a person whose portraitbelonged in the Portrait Gallery and then had an opportunity to geta really brilliant portrait of the same person, they might feel thatthe first one was superfluous and it could better be exchanged for aportrait of someone else. Just as in the case of the National Collectionof Fine Arts a year ago, the feeling was that works not of Americanart could perhaps on occasion be translated or turned into works ofAmerican art that would serve better the purposes of the gallery. Inany event, the next step would be the approval of the advisorycommission. membership or advisory commissionsMrs. Hansen. Who is on your advisory commission ?Dr. Ripley. I would have to give you a list.Mrs. Hansen. Please insert the information in the record.Dr. Ripley. They are both very distinguished groups of people.(The information follows:)National Collection of Fine Arts CommissionMr. Thomas C. Howe, ChairmanMr. H. Page Cross, Vice ChairmanMr. S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary Term expiresMr. S. Dillon Ripley, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C (')Mr. Leonard Baskin, Department of Art, Smith College, Northamp-ton, Mass 1972Mr. William A. M. Burden, New York, N.Y 1972Mr. H. Page Cross, New York, N.Y 1972Dr. David E. Finley, Washington, D.C 1972Mr. Martin Friedman, Director, Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, Minn 1972Mr. Lloyd Goodrich, Advisory Director, Whitney Museum of AmericanArt, New York, N.Y 1971Dr. Walker Hancock, Gloucester, Mass 1971Mr. Bartlett H. Hayes, Jr., American Academy, Rome, Italy 1971Mr. August Heckscher, New York, N.Y 1972Mr. Thomas C. Howe, San Francisco, Calif 1972Dr. Wilmarth S. Lewis, Farmington, Conn 1973Mr. Henry P. Mcllhenny, Philadelphia, Pa 1973Mr. Ogden M. Pleissner, New York, N.Y 1973
1 Ex officio.
805Dr. Charles H. Sawyer, Director, University of Michigan Art Museum,Ann Arbor, Mich 1972Mrs. Otto L. Spaeth, New York, N.Y 1972Mr. George B. Tatum, Department of Art History, University of Dela-ware, Newark, Del 1975Mr. Otto Wittmann, Director, Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio 1975Mr. Robert Motherwell, Marlborough-Gerson Galleries, New York, N.Y 1975National Portrait Gallery CommissionChairman, Mr. John Nicholas Brown Term expiresMrs. Catherine Drinker Bowen, Haverford, Pa 1971Mr. John Nicholas Brown, Providence, R.I 1972Mr. Lewis Deschler, Bethesda, Md 1972Mr. David E. Finley, Washington, D.C 1973Mr. Wilmarth S. Lewis, Farmington, Conn 1973Dr. E. P. Richardson, Philadelphia, Pa 1972Dr. Whitfield J. Bell, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa 1974Mr. Andrew Oliver, New York, N.Y 1974Mr. Jules D. Prown, New Haven, Conn 1974Hon. Warren Earl Burger, Chief Justice of the United States (*)Mr. J. Carter Brown, Director, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C ( )Mr. S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C__ C)*Ex officio. DISPOSAL OF ARTWORKSMr. Blitzer. If the staff, the Director, and the Commission all feltthat this was a desirable thing to do, then the recommendation wouldgo to the Secretary. Where small objects, involving small amounts ofmoney are concerned, the Secretary has the authority to say yes or noto this and then to report it to the Board of Regents. Any transactioninvolving a substantial amount of money under our rules must be ap-proved in advance also by the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian.I may say also that we look to the Commissions, if this should happen,which I doubt, to advise us about proper ways of disposing of theseworks. MARKET VALUES OF WORKS OF ARTMrs. Hansen. Doesn't the value of any piece of art differ depend-ing on which segment of the population you talk to ?Dr. Ripley. The value is essentially the value of the marketplace,and it is difficult to establish without testing the marketplace some-times. What we do is get outside witnesses who are familiar with themarketplace, who are independent, to make evaluation.Mrs. Hansen. Please insert in the record a list of the firms consultedregarding value of works of art.Dr. Ripley. Yes, we would be very glad to.(The information follows :)Firms Consulted Regarding Valtte of Works of ArtIn recent years, the National Collection of Fine Arts and the National PortraitGallery have consulted the following firms, among others, concerning the marketvalue of works of art. In almost every case, these consultations related to worksthat the museums hoped to acquire : Coe Kerr Gallery, James Graham & Sons,Hirchl & Adler, Kennedy Galleries, Parke-Bernet/Sotheby, and Victor Spark.
GAD REPORT ON SALE OF PAINTINGSMr. Blitzer. Could I add one other thing. It has occurred to me thatsince we met here last year there has been a General Accounting; Officereport on the question of the sale of paintings by the National Collec-tion of Fine Arts and we did not have a chance to tell you about that.Mrs. Hansen. What does that report consist of ?Mr. Blitzer. I can summarize very briefly.(Discussion off the record.)Mr. Blitzer. The report shows that what we had said a year agowas correct, that the National Collection of Fine Arts has disposed ofexactly four works of art.Mrs. Hansen. Please insert some excerpts from that GAO reportin the record at this point.Mr. Blitzer. Exactly four works of art have been disposed of, butall four were non-American works of art. The total proceeds of all thetransactions were used by the NCFA to acquire American works of artwhich are now in the collection. This is really what it comes down to.Dr. Ripley. I think we can satisfy that for the record.Mrs. Hansen. Please do.(The information follows :)Excerpt from General Accounting Office Observations on the Sale andExchange of Paintings by the National Collection of Fine Arts of theSmithsonian Institution?July 1970Two of the four paintings which the National Collection disposed of during thelast 6 years were sold at auction, another was sold through an art dealer, andthe fourth was given to an art dealer in exchange for an American painting.The paintings were disposed of as the result of plans by the National Collec-tion's former director to provide a means of improving its collection of Americanart works by selling and trading the European and American paintings?whosedispositions were not restricted by the terms of the gifts and bequests?which itdid not intend to exhibit and which it did not need as evidence of the NationalCollection's history. From the sales and the exchange, the National Collectionhas acquired a number of American art works and is planning to acquire others.Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture GardenMrs. Hansen. You are requesting an increase of $587,000 for theJoseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. How many em-ployees do you now have working on this activity ?Mr. Bradley. We have 18 authorized positions, Madam Chairmanin the 1971 base.Mrs. Hansen. What are their duties ?Mr. Bradley. They are running a museum in accordance with theact of 1966 that directed that the Smithsonian should create, staff,and get into operation the museum functions of the HirshhornMuseum.Mrs. Hansen. In other words, these are the activities that are neces-sary prior to the opening of any museum.Please insert in the record a list of those positions.(The information follows :)
807Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Authorized Positionsfor Fiscal Year 1971Director?responsible for overall direction of the Hirshhorn Museum.Secretary to Director?stenographer, typist, handles telephone calls, initiatescorrespondence.Administrative Officer?provides services to the director in the management ofthe museum, pertaining to personnel, budget preparation and execution, andprocurement activities.Curator?to supervise all curatorial, exhibit and educational programsAssociate and Assistant Curator?responsible for the cataloging and exhibitionof 7,000 paintings and sculpture ; responsible for preparation of the catalog forthe opening exhibit ; develop cultural and educational programs.Historian?Prepares historical documentation of works in the museum's col-lections. Answers research inquiries. Consults current auction and other artperiodicals for items pertinent to museum collections. Maintains research fileon all major modern artists.Librarian?establish and maintain up to date research, photographic andmicrofilm library.Museum assistant?to assist in researching data to document required back-ground on various works in the collection.Clerk typist?to assist in preparation of catalog for opening exhibit and otherclerical duties.Secretary to Administrative Officer?maintains control of obligations and in-voices, typing, answering correspondence.Museum assistants (6)?responsible for registration and inventory of all paint-ings and sculpture in collection. Coordinate conservation, photography, framingand other services relating to cataloging and preparing the collection for ex-hibition at the museum.Contract clerk?Assisting in the preparation of pertinent data required forissuance of requisitions and contracts covering general procurement and par-ticular items for building furnishings.Mr. Bradley. May I summarize and then I can put it fully in therecord. The duties of the staff begin, of course, with the Directorwho is responsible to the Secretary for the direction of the museum,the staff, and the funds. He has a secretary. Then we have curatorswho supervise curatorial, exhibit, and educational programs. We havea librarian who is busy with establishing and maintaining a research,photographic, and microfilm library.Mrs. Hansen. Is this so that every object is photographed or micro-filmed ?Mr. Bradley. Yes, ma'am. The historian assists in researching anddeveloping historical data and in the preparation of suitable prov-enances. Organization of reference material and displays are car-ried out. We answer research inquiries the same as the other museumsdo and we arrange loans.PUBLIC INQUIRIES ON THE HIRSHHORN MUSEUMMrs. Hansen. How many inquiries do you receive per year on theHirshhorn Museum ?Mr. Bradley. I might ask Mr. Lerner if he has a figure on that.Mr. Abram Lerner is the director, Madam Chairman, of the Hirsh-horn Museum.Mr. Lerner. In fiscal year 1970 we had 98 requests for informationon artists and/or on specific paintings and sculpture in the collection,
808from scholars, students, publishers, and museum officials which wereanswered by our curatorial staff. We also had 106 requests for photo-graphs and/or permission to reproduce specific works from the col-lections received from scholars, students, publishers, and museumofficials. Although we have cut down the program of loans, we didlend 69 paintings and sculptures to various institutions.Mrs. Hansen. Such as ?Mr. Lerner. Such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the WhitneyMuseum of Art, the Guggenheim Museum of Art, the Los AngelesCounty Museum of Art, and numerous other museums of art.NUMBER OF ITEMS IN THE COLLECTION AND TO BE EXHIBITED INITIALLYMrs. Hansen. You say in your justifications that you have approxi-mately 1,200 choice paintings and pieces of sculpture which areapparently in the process of being selected from more than 7,000 itemsin the collection for exhibit when the museum opens. Will you give usa specific estimate of how many paintings and pieces of sculpture youcould accept. Did you arbitrarily set that figure of 1,200?Dr. Ripley. The 1,200 items are for initial exhibition purposes,Madam Chairman, and not for acceptance purposes. These are withinthe total collection which were deemed especially worthy of beingprepared for the opening exhibition in the spring of 1973.Mrs. Hansen. So beyond the 1,200 items there are other paintingsor pieces of sculpture that are in the process of being prepared forfuture exhibits. Is this correct ?Dr. Ripley. Yes ; and I think he could give you the number beyondthe 1,200.Mr. Lerner. There are a total of 7,000 pieces, 5,000 paintings and2,000 sculptures. CONSERVATION AND RESTORATIONMrs. Hansen. You say in your justifications, "Of these 1,200 items,600 are paintings and 600 sculptures. Based on a survey of the restora-tion and framing requirements of these items ... 100 large paintingswill need restoration at an average cost of $1,000 and 50 will requirework at $300 each." Why were the paintings in a poor condition ? Isit because they had not been taken care of?Mr. Lerner. As you know, paintings suffer from what the insurancepeople call innate vice, that is to say, that they have a life cycle and inorder to conserve them properly they must be looked at with regu-larity. They must be examined carefully and restored from time totime. In a complex as large as this, 7,000 pieces, it was utterly impos-sible for Mr. Hirshhorn to look after the pictures the way one wouldlook after them in a museum. He lacked the staff, he lacked theexpertise.In order to prepare these pictures for this great new museum and toprepare them properly for the public, it is necessary to look at every-one of these paintings. We have discovered, on looking at them andexamining them carefully, that most of them require some sort oftreatment, whether it is a light cleaning, or a conservation treatmentwhich involves a relining, or a restoration of some sort. This is not quitethe same with sculpture, but sculpture does suffer from a variety ofillnesses, like bronze disease. They do break, they do need repatriation.
809Dr. Ripley. Might I add this is not to imply that because they needsuch work they are any the less invaluable.Mrs. Hansen. I understand. But I think the record should show thatsomething more than just routine care is required when a painting ora piece of sculpture is going to be displayed in a museum.Dr. Ripley. That is true.Mrs. Hansen. The paintings and pieces of sculpture are in vary-ing states of disrepair.Mr. Lerner. They are also in varying stages of aging.Mrs. Hansen. This preparation of works of art is known as your pre-exhibition preparation.Mr. Ripley. Absolutely.LENGTH OF EXHIBITIONSMrs. Hansen. About how long does a particular exhibition last ?Dr. Ripley. This would be a permanent collection. Then there areareas for changing exhibitions.Mrs. Hansen. That is what I mean.Dr. Ripley. There is a constant change. On the first floor of themuseum there is an area for changing exhibitions which will be drawnnot only from the collections but from other sources.Mrs. Hansen. This is the same type of thing you do in any othergallery.Dr. Ripley. Right, and there will be, of course, gifts, there will bechanging exhibitions of loan material that will tie in with the materialalready there. This will be a full-fledged gallery in its own right.NUMBER OF ADDITIONAL PERSONNEL REQUESTEDMrs. Hansen. How many additional personnel are you requestingfor 1972?Mr. Bradley. For 1972, Madam Chairman, three additionalpersonnel.Mrs. Hansen. Give me the specific locations as to where these 21 em-ployees will be working in the fiscal year 1972. Please insert the infor-mation in the record.Mr. Bradley. Yes, Madam Chairman. The essential answer is NewYork City, but we will be very precise.(The information follows:)Location of HirshhobnAll employees of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden will be basedin New York City in the fiscal year 1972. This is true also of prior years. Overthe course of the next year or so as the museum nears completion it may be de-sirable to station one or more of these employees in Washington to begin prepa-rations for facilitating the transfer to Washington. Upon completion of the mu-seum, scheduled in the fall of the calendar year 1972, the staff and the art col-lection will be transferred to Washington, D.C.All duties performed are directly related to the establishment and plannedoperation of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden.DUTIES OF THE POSITIONSMrs. Hansen. Describe in full detail the scope of the activities of thethree additional employees.
810(The information follows:)Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture GardenNEW POSITIONS REQUESTED FOR FISCAL YEAR 1972Registrar, GS-11?supervises activities at the warehouse, where there are sixmuseum assistants involved in preparing collection for exhibition in the Museum.Clerk-typist, GS-5?furnishes clerical and typing support to Registrar.Administrative assistant, GS-9?responsible for maintaining budget allotment.Analyzes status of budget, assists in budget preparation.LEGALITY OF SPENDING FEDERAL FUNDS ON PREPARINGTHE COLLECTIONSMrs. Hansen. A question has been raised as to the legality of expend-ing Federal funds in connection with properties that are not the pos-session of the U.S. Government. What is your legislative authorizationfor this work at this time ?Mr. Bradley. Madam Chairman, the 1966 act which authorized thecreation of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden directedthat we not only construct a building and a sculpture garden, but alsodirected the Board of Regents to establish a museum.The matter of the title I have gone into very carefully. The GeneralCounsel has prepared an opinion on this subject. As an administrator,let me say it would be unthinkable for us to preside over 7,000 worksof art with a $16 million museum coming in about 18 months off readyto be opened. This museum will be utilized not by the Smithsonian butby American visitors. Therefore, we are proceeding in pursuance ofthe law to get ready for business. After all, the National Collection ofFine Arts was for years without a home of its own, but it conductedan art museum function in the Natural History Building.Mrs. Hansen. Please insert in the record the details of preopeningexpenditures of funds and the General Counsel's opinion in thisconnection.Mr. Bradley. Yes, Madam Chairman.(The information follows:)Expenditures Prior to Completion of Hirshhorn MuseumComparative figures for the preopening expenditures of other Smithsonianmuseums are instructive. The attached table shows the appropriated "Salariesand expenses" funds used by the National Portrait Gallery, the National Collec-tion of Fine Arts, and the Museum of History and Technology in the fiscal yearsimmediately preceding their moving into their buildings ; in each case a periodof several months elapsed between the move and the official opening to the public.It should be noted that during the period reflected in these figures the NationalPortrait Gallery used a small exhibition area in the Arts and Industries Building,and the National Collection of Fine Arts used a small exhibition area in theNatural History Museum.
Place and fiscal year Positions Amount
National Portrait Gallery. 1967..National Collection of Fine Arts. 1967Museum of History and Technology, 1963 > (average empioyment)Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum, 1972 requested 2 19 $610, 00045 739, 000318 2, 284, 00021 1,017,000
> Includes about 160 exhibits personnel and $1,100,000 in associated "S. & E." costs.Includes $440,000 requested to cover nonrecurring costs in fiscal year 1972.
811 JUse of Federal Funds in Preparing Works of Art for the Opening of theJoseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture GardenPublic Law 89-788, 20 U.S.O. sections 76aa-ee, established the Joseph H.Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, effective November 7, 1966, under thebasic authority of the Board of Regents for "the increase and diffusion ofknowledge among men." 20 U.S.O. sections 41, 42. Appropriations! were specific-ally authorized for the operation of the Museum, and the Regents were em-powered to employ a director, an administrator, and two curators for the "ef-ficient administration" of the Museum. 20 U.S.O. sections 76dd, 76ee.Contemporaneously with the passage of Public Law 89-788, and pursuant tothis express Congressional mandate to open and operate the Museum, the Smith-sonian submitted to the Bureau of the Budget a request for the first incrementof funds for the 5-year program necessary to staff the Museum and prepare forthe opening. These funds, as well as those requested and appropriated for FiscalYears 1969 and 1970, were clearly identified in the budget submissions to theAppropriations Committees, specifying the purposes, including cataloguing, re-search, and the selection, conservation, and restoration of about one-sixth ofthe collection for the initial opening to the public.This interpretation and implementation of the requirements of Public Law89-788 has been accepted by the Smithsonian from the outset and has beenconsistently reaffirmed by the Congress in the 3 years following the pas-sage of the Act. Any other course of action would have required a finding thatCongress intended the museum building, constructed at public expense, to re-main closed to the public for as much as 5 years after its completion. Such aview is without any support whatever in the language of the act or in its legisla-tive history.On the narrower question of the legality of expending appropriated funds forpreparing for exhibit a portion of the collection before legal title thereto isfully vested in the Smithsonian, such expenditures are proper where they "rea-sonably appear to be incident to and essential in the accomplishment of theauthorized purposes of the appropriation." 42 Comp. Gen. 480 (1963) at page485; See also 46 Comp. Gen. 25 (1966). Clearly the preparation of the works ofart is essential to the opening of the Museum to the public.In summary, there is no legal bar to the appropriation and expenditure offunds for the expeditious opening and operating of the Hirshhorn Museum andSculpture Garden, including the preparation of selected works of art forexhibition. Peter G. Powers,General Counsel, Smithsonian Institution.National Collection of Fine Arts Prior HistoryThe National Collection of Fine Arts was authorized by the act of March 24,1937, and the act of May 17, 1938. It was housed for many years in the Museumof Natural History Building. The gallery was transferred to the Fine Arts andPortrait Galleries Building where it was opened on May 3, 1968.TITLE TO THE HIRSHHORN COLLECTIONMrs. Hansen. Has the title to the Hirshhorn collection passed tothe U.S. Government ?Mr. Bradley. It is in a transition state. The title is shared by theSmithsonian and Mr. Hirshhorn. The instrument was a conditional?ift -Mrs. Hansen. Is the condition, the completion of the building?Mr. Bradley. Yes, ma'am.Mrs. Hansen. Does this also include the completion of the sculpturegarden ?Mr. Bradley. The agreement was for a museum and a sculpturegarden, both.
812Mrs. Hansen. Then if for any reason prior to the opening of themuseum, Mr. Hirshhorn doesn't like some of the work, he would nothave to pass title of his collection to the U.S. Government ?Mr. Bradley. I would say, Madam Chairman, that Mr. Hirshhorndoes not have a free option of any kind. Mr. Hirshhorn is a party toa legal agreement between Hirshhorn and Smithsonian. We have todo certain things and he has to complete his actions. Upon the con-summation of those actions, which as you put it essentially means com-pletion of the building and the sculpture garden, there is no choice.Title passes to the Smithsonian.Mrs. Hansen. Please insert the pertinent details of your contractwith Mr. Hirshhorn in the record. I would like to have the details onthe record to clarify the situation as completely as possible.Mr. Bradley. We appreciate the opportunity. Madam Chairman.(The information follows:)Agreement Between Joseph H. Hirshhorn, the Joseph H. HirshhornFoundation, Inc., and the Smithsonian Institution, May 17, 1966Agreement dated the 17th day of May, 1966 by and between Joseph H. Hirsh-horn (hereinafter sometimes referred to as the "Donor") ; The Joseph H. Hirsh-horn Foundation, Inc., a membership corporation organized under the laws ofthe State of New York (hereinafter sometimes referred to as the "HirshhornFoundation") and the Smithsonian Institution, an establishment created andexisting under and by virtue of an Act of the Congress of the United States ofAmerica, approved August 10, 1846 (hereinafter referred to as the "Institution").Whereas, the Donor has for many years been acquiring important paintingsand sculpture, with particular emphasis upon the works of contemporary Amer-ican artists, and is desirous of encouraging and developing greater understand-ing and appreciation of modern art ; andWhereas, the President of the United States and the Institution believe thatthe establishment of a sculpture garden and a museum in Washington, D.C.,where modern art could be exhibited and studied, would enrich the culture ofthe Nation ; andWhereas, the Donor and the Trustees of the Hirshhorn Foundation have pro-posed to the President of the United States that the Donor and the HirshhornFoundation donate their collections of art to the Institution for the benefit ofthe people of the United States and the Donor has proposed to the President thatthe Donor contribute $1 million to the Institution for the purpose of acquiringadditional works of art of contemporary artists ; andAVhereas. the President of the United States has directed the Secretary of theInstitution to make appropriate arrangements whereby the proposed gifts bythe Donor and the Hirshhorn Foundation of their collections of works of artand the Donor's proposed gift of $1 million to the Institution, may be consum-mated ; andWhereas, agreement has now been reached between the Donor, the Institutionand the Hirshhorn Foundation with respect to the terms and conditions uponwhich said gifts will be made by the Donor and the Hirshhorn Foundation, andaccepted by the Institution ;Now, therefore, it is agreed by and between the undersigned as follows
:
First. The Donor hereby agrees to transfer and deliver the collection of worksof art listed in the inventory attached hereto and marked exhibits A and A-l,and to pay the sum of $1 million, to the Institution, and the Hirshhorn Founda-tion agrees to transfer and deliver to the Institution the collection of works ofart listed in the inventory attached hereto and marked Exhibits B and B-l. andthe Institution hereby agrees to accept said gifts from the Donor and the Hirsh-horn Foundation, in trust, however, for the uses and purposes and subject to theprovisions and conditions hereinafter expressed.Second. It is a condition of the gifts by the Donor and the HirshhornFoundation
:
A. That the Congress of the United States shall have enacted, and thePresident of the United States shall have approved, no later than 10 daysafter the close of the 90th Congress, legislation to the following effect
813(1) The area bounded by Seventh Street, Independence Avenue, NinthStreet and Madison Drive, in the District of Columbia, shall be appropri-ated to the Institution as the permanent site of a museum and sculpturegarden to be used exclusively for the exhibition of works of art.(2) The Board of Regents of the Institution shall be duly authorized toremove any existing structure, to prepare architectural and engineeringdesigns, plaus and specifications, and to construct a suitable museum andsculpture garden for the use of the Institution within the area designatedin subparagraph "(1)" hereof.(3) The museum and sculpture garden hereinbefore provided for shall bedesignated and known in perpetuity as the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum andSculpture Garden, and shall be a free public museum and sculpture gardenunder the administration of the Board of Regents of the Institution.(4) The faith of the United States shall be pledged that the United Statesshall provide such funds as may be necessary for the upkeep, operation andadministration of the Joseph II. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden.(5) The Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden shall be thepermanent home of the collections of art of Joseph H. Hirshhorn and theJoseph H. Hirshhorn Foundation, and shall be used exclusively for the stor-age, exhibition and study of works of art, and for the administration of theaffairs of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden.(6) There shall be established in the Institution a board of trustees to beknown as the Board of Trustees of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum andSculpture Garden, which shall provide advice and assistance to the Board ofRegents of the Institution on all matters re ating to the administration,operation, maintenance and preservation of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Mu-seum and Sculpture Garden ; and which shall have the sole authority (a) topurchase or otherwise acquire (whether by gift, exchange or other means)works of art for the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
;
(b) to loan, exchange, sell or otherwise dispose of said works of art; and(c) to determine policy as to the method of display of the works of art con-tained in the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden.(7) The board of trustees of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculp-ture Garden shall be composed of 10 members as follows: (a) The ChiefJustice of the United States and the Secretary of the Institution, who shallserve as ex-officio members and (b) eight general members to be initiallyappointed by the President, four of whom shall be appointed from amongnominations submitted by Joseph H. Hirshhorn and four of whom shall beappointed from among nominations submitted by the Board of Regents ofthe Institution. The general members so appointed by the President shallhave terms expiring one each on July 1, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973,1974, and 1975, as designated by the President. Successor general members(who may be elected from among members whose terms have expired) shallserve for a term of six years, except that a successor chosen to fill a vacancyoccurring prior to the expiration of the term of office of his predecessor, shallbe chosen only for the remainder of such term. Vacancies occurring amonggeneral members of the board of trustees of the Joseph H. HirshhornMuseum and Sculpture Garden shall be filled by a vote of not less thanfour-fifths of the then acting members of the board of trustees.(8) The Board of Regents of the Institution may appoint and fix thecompensation and duties of a director and, subject to his supervision, anadministrator and two curators of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum andSculpture Garden, none of whose appointment, compensation or duties shallbe subject to the civil service laws or the Classification Act of 1949, asamended. The Board of Regents may employ such other officers and em-ployees as may be necessary for the efficient administration, operation andmaintenance of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden.(9) There shall be authorized to be appropriated, and there shall be ap-propriated, such sums as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of suchlegislation, including all sums necessary for planning and constructing theJoseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden.B. That the said Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Gardenshall have been constructed and completed in accordance with the provisionsof this agreement.Third. Upon receipt of appropriate auhorization from the Congress and theappropriation of funds as provided in paragraph second hereof, the Institution
814 ^
shall, with all due dispatch, construct the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum andSculpture Garden on the site described in Subparagraph A(l) of ParagraphSecond hereof, and landscape said site, in accordance with plans to be preparedby a firm of architects jointly chosen by the Donor and the Secretary of theInstitution, which plans shall have been specifically approved by both the Donorand the Secretary of the Institution.Fourth. Immediately following the construction and completion of the saidmuseum and sculpture garden as herein provided, and the taking of such othersteps as counsel for the Donor and counsel for the Institution shall deem necessaryto give effect to the gifts contemplated hereunder, the Donor shall pay the sum of$1 million to the Institution and title to the collections of the works of artlisted in exhibits A and A-l and exhibits B and B-l shall pass to and be vestedin the Institution, and such collections shall be delivered to the Institution atthe expense of the Donor and the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Foundation, respectively,and thereafter shall remain under the exclusive control of the Institution,subject to the provisions of this agreement.
- During the period between the date of this agreement and the time when titleto said collections of art shall pass to and be vested in the Institution, or whenthis agreement shall terminate, whichever shall be earlier, the Donor and theHirshhorn Foundation shall respectively care for the said works of art and shallkeep the same insured against loss or damage by fire, theft or burglary, in suchamounts and with such parties as the Donor and the Hirshhorn Foundation intheir discretion may determine, if and to the extent that such insurance may beobtainable; it being understood, however, that in no event nor under any circum-stances, shall the Donor or the Hirshhorn Foundation be liable for any loss ordamage to any of the works of art, however caused, which is not compensatedfor by such insurance. The Donor and the Hirshhorn Foundation shall re-spectively pay all costs, premiums, and other charges incidental to such careand insurance.Fifth. The gift of $1 million by the Donor hereunder shall be used solely toacquire works of art for the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden.Pending the use of said funds for such purpose, the Institution may invest suchfunds in such manner as it may determine from time to time, provided that suchfunds and/or investments, and the income derived therefrom, shall be segregatedand maintained as a trust fund for the benefit of the said Museum and SculptureGarden, separate and apart from the other funds and investments of theInstitution.Sixth. The Institution may accept, hold and administer gifts, bequests or de-vises of money, securities, or other property for the benefit of the Joseph H. Hirsh-horn Museum and Sculpture Garden, provided that no works of art shall beaccepted for such Museum and Sculpture Garden without the prior consent andapproval of the board of trustees of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Musuem andSculpture Garden.Seventh. The Institution covenants and agrees that
:
A. It will, at all times, properly maintain the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museumand Sculpture Garden, protect and care for all works of art therein, andregularly exhibit works of art contained therein with dignity to the generalpublic free of charge.B. In no event shall any sculpture of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museumand Sculpture Garden be loaned for periods longer than 360 days.C. The funds received from the sale of works of art of the Joseph H. Hirsh-horn Museum and Sculpture Garden shall be used solely for the purpose ofacquiring works of art for said Museum and Sculpture Garden. Pending theuse of said funds for such purpose, the Institution may invest such funds insuch manner as it may determine from time to time, provided that such fundsand/or investments, and the income derived therefrom, shall be segregatedand maintained as a trust fund for the benefit of the said Museum and Sculp-ture Garden, separate and apart from the other funds and investments of theInstitution.D. The first director of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and SculptureGarden shall be designated by the Donor with the consent of the Secretaryof the Institution.E. The said sculpture garden and museum in the area bounded by SeventhStreet, Independence Avenue, Ninth Street, and Madison Drive, in the Dis-trict of Columbia, shall be known and designated in perpetuity as the JosephH. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden to which the entire public shallforever have access without charge, subject only to reasonable regulationsfrom time to time established by the Institution.
815Eighth. Anything herein contained to the contrary notwithstanding, from andafter the date of this agreement and until title to the collections of works of artshall pass to and be vested in the Institution, (a) the Donor may transfer any ofthe works of art listed in exhibits A or A-l to the Hirshhorn Foundation, and allworks of art thus transferred shall remain subject to this agreement as if origi-nally listed in exhibits B or B-l instead of exhibits A or A-l hereto ; and (b) theDonor and the Hirshhorn Foundation may loan or sell (for such consideration asthe Donor or the Hirshhorn Foundation, as the case may be, shall in his or itssole discretion deem appropriate) any of the works of art listed respectively inexhibits A, A-l, B and B-l hereto and may also exchange the same for otherworks of art. No loan of such works of art shall be made for a period in excess of180 days. The Donor and the Hirshhorn Foundation respectively may invest andreinvest the net proceeds arising from any such sale of his or its works of art byacquiring additional works of art and/or purchasing obligations of the UnitedStates Government. All works of art so acquired by purchase or exchange shallbecome subject to the terms of this agreement as if originally listed in exhibitsA, A-l, B or B-l in the place and stead of the works of art sold or exchanged asaforesaid. After title to the collections of works of art shall pass to and be vestedin the Institution, any obligations of the United States Government acquired asaforesaid and the balance, if any, of net proceeds not used for the acquisition ofworks of art or obligations of the United States Government shall be transferredand paid over to the Institution to be used solely for the purchase of acquiringworks of art for the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, andpending such use, such funds and obligations shall be administered as provided inparagraph 5 hereof. Any insurance proceeds realized under policies carried bythe Donor and the Hirshhorn Foundation in accordance with the provisions ofparagraph 4 hereof shall be treated in the same manner as net proceeds arisingfrom the sale of the works of art of the Donor and the Hirshhorn Foundation asprovided in this paragraph 8.Ninth. In the event that legislation containing provisions substantially as setforth in paragraph 2 hereof is not duly enacted by the Congress of the UnitedStates and duly approved by the President no later than ten (10) days after theclose of the 90th Congress, or in the event that said Museum and Sculpture Gar-den shall not have been constructed and completed as provided in paragraph3 hereof within 5 years after such legislation shall have been enacted and ap-proved, this agreement shall be null and void and the proposed gifts by the Donorand the Hirshhorn Foundation shall not be consummated.Tenth. This agreement shall be binding upon the heirs, executors and admin-istrators of the Donor.In witness whereof, Joseph H. Hirshhorn has caused this agreement to be execu-ted by his hand and seal ; The Smithsonian Institution, pursuant to a resolutionduly adopted by its Board of Regents, has caused this agreement to be signedand its official seal to be hereunto affixed by its Secretary ; and The Joseph H.Hirshhorn Foundation, Inc., pursuant to a resolution duly adopted by its Boardof Directors, has caused this agreement to be signed and its official seal to behereunto affixed by its Secretary, all as of the day and year first above written.(s) Joseph H. Hirshhorn.The Smithsonian Institution,[seal] By (s) S. Dillon Ripley, SecretaryThe Joseph H. HirshhornFoundation, Inc.,[sealI By (s) Sam Harris, Secretary.VALUE OF THE COLLECTIONMrs. Hansen. Mr. McDade, do you have a question ?Mr. McDade. I wanted to inquire for purposes of the record, couldwe have a short statement, a concise statement of the value of this par-ticular collection of art, what makes it unique, and if you have gottenany kind of a dollar figure, I would like to have that too.Mr. Bradley. We have such, and we would be pleased to have theopportunity to put it in.(The information follows:)58-287 O?71?pt. 4 -52
816Why the Hibshhoen Collection Is Outstandingand What Makes It UniqueThe Hirshhorn Museum collection consists of approximately 7,000 works ofart ; 5,000 paintings and 2,000 sculptures.The sculpture collection has been widely acclaimed by specialists in the fieldfor its comprehensive documentation of developments in American and Europeansculpture of the 19th and 20th centuries. In addition, it contains examples ofsculpture from the 18th century as well as works from antiquity, Africanbronzes, and pre-Columbian artifacts.The extent of the sculpture collection is seen by a listing of some of the namesof artists and numbers of pieces. The collection contains 12 pieces by ThomasEakins, 21 by Matisse, 18 by Rodin, 23 by Degas, 10 by Calder, 13 by Picasso, 43by Daumier, 22 by David Smith. These examples serve to illustrate the uniqueconcentration of quality in the collection, as well as its historical perspective.The Hirshhorn Museum collection of paintings is focused on modern art of the20th century. From the works of precursors such as Thomas Eakins and WinslowHomer to the art of our day, outstanding examples by significant contemporaryartists trace the course of 20th century painting in America. American painting,for so long derided as provincial, its accomplishhments overlooked or relegatedto a few paragraphs in books on art history, has in the past two decades pro-duced a profoundly generative art which has deeply affected the style andphilosophy of international modern art.The comprehensive collection of American paintings in the Hirshhorn Museumillustrates these recent developments by examples from every major Americanpainter of this century, many of whom are represented in the collection by sev-eral works, enabling the public an unusual opportunity to observe and study thedevelopment of individual artists against the panorama of American art history.The fact that the painting collection includes the most important group byThomas Eakins outside the Philadelphia museum, 13 paintings by William MerritChase, 24 works by Arthur B. Davies, 11 by Charles Demuth, 16 by Edwin Dick-inson, 9 by John Sloan, 5 by Edward Hopper, 12 by Childe Hassam, 194 by LouisEilshemius, 27 by Arshile Gorky, 42 by Willein De Kooning, 60 by Milton Avery,12 by Walt Kuhn, 14 by Kenneth Noland, 9 by John Marin serves to convey thecomprehensive nature of the painting collection.Contemporary European painting is represented by artists of the past threedecades, including Francis Bacon, Balthus, Salvador Dali, Nicholas De Stael,Giacometti, Miro, Max Ernst, Leger, Masson, Matta, and their youngercontemporaries.Selections from the collections have been widely reproduced and exhibited invirtually every important museum in the United States and abroad. Scholarsand authors in the fields of modern painting and sculpture constantly make use ofthe unique resources of the Hirshhorn Collection.Letter From H. Harvard ArnasonNew York, N.Y., July 18, 1970.Hon. Frank Thompson, Jr.,Chairman, Subcommittee on Library and Memorials, Committee on. Souse Ad-ministration, U.S. House of Representatives.Dear Congressman Thompson : I have been asked by Mr. Ripley's office of theSmithsonian Institution to write you an objective opinion on the Hirshhorncollection of modern and American art. I have known this collection well formore than 15 years and have exhibited large selections of the sculpture on twoseparate occasions, as well as organizing a traveling exhibition of paintings fromthe collection.May I indicate briefly some of my qualifications for expressing my opinion.I am an art historian with some 30 years of experience in the fields of modernand American art. Between 1947 and 1960 I was professor and chairman of thedepartment of art at the University of Minnesota. Between 1951 and 1960 I wasalso director of the Walker Art Center in Minneaoolis, one of the leading Ameri-can museums of modern art. Between 1960 and 1970 I was vice president for artadministration of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation which administers theGuggenheim Museum in New York. I am the author of books, monographs, ex-
817hibition catalogs, and periodical articles on modern art and artists. Recently Ipublished a comprehensive "History of Modern Art" (New York, Harry N.Abrams, 1968), which is now used as a text book in colleges and universitiesthroughout the United States.As indicated, in the mid-fifties I exhibited a large selection of the Hirshhornsculpture collection at the Walker Art Center. In 1962 I organized an even morecomprehensive exhibiion of the sculpture at the Guggenheim Museum. This ex-hibition, including over 400 items, was accompanied by a book, "Modern Sculp-ture From the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Collection," for which I wrote the text. Thistext was, in effect, a brief history of modern sculpture, written entirely in termsof works from the Hirshhorn collection. When Mr. Hirshhorn began collectionin the twenties and thirties he concentrated on American painting; and duringthe last 40 years he has built up the most comprehensive collection of Americanpainting of the 20th century in existence. This includes representation of everymajor American painter of this century, frequently with many examples of eachpainter's works. The collection also includes a great number of examples by lesserartists, or by artists such as the social realists and regional painters of thethirties and forties who are now out of fashion. These artists, nevertheless, arean important part of the history of modern American art, and without them anypicture of American art of this century would be incomplete.Mr. Hirshhorn began collecting modern sculpture principally in the periodafter the Second World War, and almost from the beginning he bought Europeanas well as American sculpture. The result, today, in my opinion and that ofmost other specialists in the field, is the most important collection of modernsculpture in existence. I think this is a fair statement, since I do not believethat any museum of modern art, including the Museum of Modern Art in NewYork, possesses as comprehensive and important a collection of modern sculp-ture as is now contained in the Hirshhorn collection.During the 1960's Mr. Hirshhorn began to expand his painting collection to in-clude examples of contemporary European painting, and some examples of theearlier masters of modern painting. AVhile he entered the field of early 20thcentury European painting too late to be able to acquire great masterpieces, hehas put together an important selection with some unique concentrations ofworks, such as those by the surrealist leader, Andre Masson. The American col-lection is also in process of expansion to include masters of the 19th-century, suchas Thomas Eakins. The Hirshhorn Eakins collection is the most important inprivate hands, probably the most important outside of the Philadelphia Museum.To recapitulate, it is difficult to evaluate the total importance of the Hirshhornbecause of its vastness. There is no question in my mind that there are enoughfirst-class works by modern American painters and by modern American andEuropean sculptors to fill the exhibition halls of a large museum. The secondaryworks?sculptures, paintings (oils and watercolors), and drawings?will con-stitute a unique study collection for teachers and students of modern art. Youare aware that major museums throughout the world have long been attemptingto acquire the Hirshhorn collection. Different countries and leading art centersthroughout the United States have offered to build and endow a major museumbuilding to house the collection. I am delighted that.it should have gone to Wash-ington, not only because it belongs there, but, more important, because it will givethe United States the foundation for a National Gallery of American and ModernArt, a modern museum such as most of the leading nations possess, and such asthe United States should have possessed before this.There are obviously gaps in the collection, particularly in the field of modernEuropean painting, but this gift should attract many other gifts to fill these gaps ;and I understand that Mrs. Hirshhorn will continue to buy and to donate furtherworks to the collection.I am pleased to be able to write this comment on the Hirshhorn collection,since I believe its donation to this Nation is a matter of such significance forthe development of American art and for international modern art. If I can beof any further assistance in answering specific questions, please do not hesitateto call on me.May I apologize for the typing of this letter. It is written at my country placewhere I do not have the services of a secretary.Sincerely yours, H. Harvard Arnason.
818Estimated Present Dollar Value of the Hirshhorn CollectionThe 1965-66 appraisal of the value of the Hirshhorn gift amounted to $25 mil-lion. In order to estimate more recent value, 10 paintings and 10 pieces of sculp-ture were appraised by Parke Bernet Galleries in 1970. The comparative resultsof thel966 and 1970 appraisals are shown below :
Artist 1966 1970
Bacon $24,000 $85,000Balthus 35,000 125,000Brancusi... 85,000 200,000Davis 30,000 90,000De Kooning. 40,000 70,000Eakins.... 125,000 200,000Giacometti 35,000 150,000Gorky 30,000 60,000Hassam. : 30,000 95,000Hopper 27,500 100,000Kokoschka 80,000 100,000
Artist 1966 1970
LouisMarsh..MooreMunch...PicassoPrendergastRodinRothkoSloan...Total . 1,352,500
$15,000 $50, 00010, 000 50, 000350, 000 400,00060, 000 90, 00045, 000 90, 00036, 000 100, 000250, 000 500, 00030, 000 60, 00015,000 45, 0002,660,000The total appraised value of these 20 works in 1970 was thus almost double thatin 1966. This suggests that the value of the entire collection in 1970 would be onthe order of $50 million. LIST OF APPRAISERSMrs. Hansen. You have also been criticized by, I think, one museumdirector in Cleveland on the value of the Hirshhorn collection. As I re-call, I asked you to have the Hirshhorn collection appraised in themarketplace, which you did. Please insert in the record a list of theappraisers and their conclusions.Dr. Ripley. Yes.(The information follows :)Sources for Appraisal of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Collection and theJoseph H. Hirshhorn FoundationSidney L. Bergen, director, ACA Gallery, 63 East 57th Street, New York, N.Y.Charles Alan, the Alan Gallery, 766 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y.Joan Ankrum, Ankrum Gallery, 910 N. La Cienega Boulevard, Los Angeles, Calif.Michael St. Clair, director, Babcock Galleries, Inc., 805 Madison Avenue, NewYork, N.Y.Mrs. William Baziotes, 90 La Salle Street, New York, N.Y.Esther Bear, Esther Bear Gallery, 1125 High Road, Santa Barbara, Calif.Claude Bernard Haim, Galerie Claude Bernard, 5-7 Rue Des Beaux-Arts, Paris,France.E. Beyeler, director, Galerie Beyeler, 4001 Basel, Baumleigasse, Switzerland.Bernard Black, Bernard Black Gallery, 1062 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y.Alfredo Bonino, Galeria Bonino Ltd., 7 West 57th Street, New York, N.Y.Richard Sisson, assistant director, Grace Borgenicht Gallery Inc., 1018 MadisonAvenue, New York, N.Y.Eli Borowski, director, Archeologie Classique et du Proche-Orient, Argensteiner-trasse 7, Basel, Switzerland.Gandy Brodie, West Townshend, Vt.Robert Lewin, director, Brook Street Gallery, Ltd., 24 Brook Street, London,England.Charles A. Byron, Byron Gallery, Inc., 1018 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y.Dorothy Cameron Moes, president and director, Dorothy Cameron Gallery Ltd..840 Yonge Street, Toronto, Canada.Leo Castelli, president, Leo Castelli, Inc., 4 East 77th Street, New York, N.Y.Mrs. Madeleine Chalette-Lejwa, director, Galerie Chalette, 9 East 88th Street,New York, N.Y.Rochelle M. Wexler, director, Cober Gallery, 14 East 69th Street, New York, N.Y.Cecil Victor Comara, director, Comara Gallerv, 8475 Melrose Place, Los Angeles,Calif.
819Karl Lunde, director, The Contemporaries, 992 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y.Arne H. Ekstrom, Cordier & Ekstrom, Inc., 978 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y.Mr. Roy Davis, director, the Davis Galleries, 231 East 60th Street, New York,N.Y.Peter Deitsch, Peter Deitsch Gallery, 24 East 81st Street, New York, N.Y.Mr. John Myers, director, Tibor De Nagy Gallery, 149 East 72d Street, NewYork, N.Y.Harold Diamond, 300 Central Park West, New York, N.Y.Terry Dintenfass, Terry Dintenfess, Inc., 18 East 67th Street, New York, N.Y.Mrs. Edith Gregor Halport, director, The Downtown Gallery, 465 Park Avenue,New York, N.Y.George E. Dix, director, Durlacher Bros., 538 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y.Mr. Charles Egan, Egan Gallery, 41 East 57th Street, New York, N.Y.Mr. Robert Elkon, Elkon Gallery, 1063 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y.Andre Emmerich, Andre Emmerich Gallery, Inc., 41 East 57th Street, NewYork, N.Y.Rex Evans, Rex Evans Gallery 748*4 North La Cienega Boulevard, Los Angeles,Calif.Irving Blum, director, Ferus Gallery, 723 North La Cienega Boulevard, LosAngeles, Calif.Richard Feigen, Richard Feigen Gallery, 24 East 81st Street, New York, N.Y.Charles Feingarten, Feingarten Galleries, Inc., 324 N. Camden Drive, BeverlyHills, Calif.Donald Droll, director, Fischbach Gallery, 799 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y.Mrs. Bella Fishko, director, Forum Gallery, Inc., 1018 Madison Avenue, NewYork, N.Y.Mr. Robert Fraser, Robert Fraser Gallery, Ltd., 69 Duke Street, London Wl,England.Mrs. Rose Fried, Rose Fried Gallery, 40 East 68th Street, New York, N.Y.M. Prevot-Douatte, director, Galerie De France, 3 Faubourg St. Honore, ParisVIII, France.Mr. Paul Haim, director, Galerie Europe, 22 Rue de Seine, Paris 6, France.Beatrice Monti, director, Gallerie delFAriete, Via S. Andrea 5, Milano, Italy.Alex Magdy, director, Galerie de L'Elysee, 69, Rue du Faulbourg St. Honore,Paris VIII, France.Madame Denise Rene, Galerie Denise Rene, 124 Rue La Boetie, Paris, France.B. Kernerman, director, Galerie Israel Ltd., 63 Ben Yehuda Road, Tel Aviv,Israel.Mr. Lawrence Rubin, Galerie Lawrence, 13 Rue de Seine, Paris VI, France.Otto Kallir, director, the Galerie St. Etienne, 24 West 57th Street, New York,N.Y.Allen Frumkin, the Frumkin Gallery, 41 East 57th Street, New York, N.Y.Mack Gilman, director, Gilman Galleries, 103 East Oak Street, Chicago, 111.Peter Gimpel, Gimpel Fils Ltd., 50 South Molton Street, London, Wl. England.Miss Anne Rotzler, director, Gimpel & Hanover Galerie, Zurich, Claridenstrasse35, Zurich 8002, Switzerland.Noah Goldowsky, 1078 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y.James Goodman, James Goodman Gallery, The Park Lane, 33 Gates Circle,Buffalo, N.Y.Robert Graham, The Graham Gallery, 1014 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y.Richard Bellamy, director, the Green Gallery, 15 West 57th Street, New York,N.Y.Miss Ann Ross, director, the Greenross Gallery, 41 East 57th Street, New York,N.Y.Joseph Grippi, Grippi & Waddell Gallery, Inc., 15 East 57th Street, New York,N.Y.Stephen Hahn, Stephen Hahn Gallery, 960 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y.Nathan Halper, Nat Halper Gallery, 90 La Salle Street, New York, N.Y.Victor J. Hammer, Hammer Galleries, 51 East 57th Street, New York, N.Y.David Hare, 34 Leroy Street, New York, N.Y.Mrs. Lily Harmon, 151 Central Park West, New York, N.Y.Norman Hirschl, Hirschl & Adler Galleries, Inc., 21 East 67th Street, New York,N.Y.Miss Erica Brausen, director, the Hanover Gallery, 32A St. George Street, Han-over Square, London, W.l, England.Miss Semiha Huber, Galerie Semiha Huber, Talstrasse 18, Zurich 1, Switzerland.
820Leonard Hutton, Leonard Hutton Galleries, 787 Madison Avenue, New York,N.Y.Brooks Jackson, director, Alexander Iolas Gallery, 15 East 55th Street, New-York, N.Y.A. Isaacs, the Isaacs Gallery, 832 Yonge Street, Toronto 5, Canada.Martha Jackson, Martha Jackson Gallery, 32 East 69th Street, New York, N.Y.Sidney Janis, Sidney Janis Gallery, 15 East 57th Street, New York, N.Y.Paula Mailman, director, Paula Johnson Gallery, 11 East 78th Street, New York,N.Y.Alan Brandt, director, Galerie Kamer, 965 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y.Paul Kantor, Paul Kantor Gallery, 348 North Camden Drive, Beverly Hills,Calif.Mrs. Tirca Karlis, Tirca Karlis Gallery, 1 Bank Street, New York, N.Y.Rudolf G. Wunderlich, director, Kennedy Galleries, Inc., 13 East 58th Street,New York, N.Y.Dong Kingman, 21 West 58th Street, New York, N.Y.Mr. J. J. Klejman, Klejman Gallery, 982 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y.Mr. E. Coe Kerr, president, Mr. W. F. Davidson, executive vice-president, M.Knoedler & Co., Inc., 14 East 57th Street, New York, N.Y.Lionel Prejer, director, M. Knoedler & Co., 85 Rue Du Fg. St. Honore, Paris8E, France.Samuel M. Kootz, Samuel M. Kootz Gallery Inc., 655 Madison Avenue, NewYork, N.Y.Jill Kornblee, Kornblee Gallery, 58 East 79th Street, New York, N.Y.Oscar Krasner, director, Krasner Gallery, Inc., 1061 Madison Avenue, NewYork, N.Y.Antoinette Krauschaar, Krauschaar Galleries, 1055 Madison Avenue, New York,N.Y.G. Blair Laing, G. Blair Laing. Ltd., 194 B'oor St. West, Toronto 5, Canada.Mr. Felix Landan, The Felix Landan Gallery, 702 North La Cienega, Los Angeles,Calif.Richard K. Larcada, Richard K. Larcada Gallery, 23 East 67th Street, New York,N.Y.Plinio De Martiis, director, La Tartaruga Galleria D'Arte, Piazza Del Popolo 3,Rome, Italy.Eva Lee, Eva Lee Gallery, Inc., 450 Great Neck Road, Great Neck, Long Island,N.Y.John Lefebre, Lefebre Gallery, 47 East 77th Street, New York, N.Y.Nicholas E. Brown, director, the Leicester Galleries, 4 Audley Square, LondonW.l, EnglandFlorence Lewison, Florence Lewison Gallery, 35 East 64th Street, New York, N.Y.Albert Loeb, Albert Loeb Gallery, 12 East 57th Street, New York, N.Y.Edward R. Lubin, Edward R. Lubin, Inc., 17 East 64th Street, New York, N.Y.Francis K. Lloyd, president, Marlborough-Gerson Gallery, Inc., 41 East 57thStreet, New York, N.Y.Mrs. Carla Panicali, director, Marlborough Galleria d'Arte, Via Gregoriana 5,Rome, Italy.Pierre Matisse, Pierre Matisse Gallery Corp., 41 East 57th Street, New York, N.Y.Alan D. Gruskin, director, Midtown Galleries, 11 East 57th Street, New York, N.Y.Harold C. Milch, the Milch Galleries, 21 East 67th Street, New York, N.Y.Boris Mirski, Boris Mirski Gallery, 166 Newbury Street, Boston, Mass.Miss Lilly T. Stern, director, Molton Galley, 44 South Molton Steet, LondonW. 1, England.Gallery Moos, 169 Avenue Road, Toronto, Canada.Jerrold Morris, Jerrold Morris International Gallery Ltd., 130 Bloor W., Toronto5, Canada.Lee Nordness, Lee Nordness Gallery, 831 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y.Federico Quadrani, director, Galleria Odyssia, 41 East 57th Street, New York,N.Y.Arnold B. Glimcher, director, the Pace Gallery, 9 West 57th Street, New York,N.Y.Betty Parsons, president Jock Truman, director, Betty Parsons Gallery, 24 West57th Street, New York, N.Y.Mr. Louis Pollack, director, Peridot Gallery, 820 Madison Avenue, New York,N.Y.Mr. Klaus Perls, Perls Gallery, 1016 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y.Mr. Frank Perls, Frank Perls Gallery, 32 Avenue Matignon, Paris 8, France.
821 v/Elinor F. Poindexter, Poindexter Gallery, 21 West 56th Street, New York, N.Y.Bernard Rabin, Rabin '& Krueger, 47 Halsey Street, Newark, N.J.Steven Radich, the Steven Radich Gallery, 818 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y.John Clancy, director, Frank Rehn Gallery, 36 East 61st Street, New York, N.Y.Graham H. Reid, the Reid Gallery, Ltd., Mousehill House, Sandy Lane, Milford,Surrey, England.L. J. Wildridge, director, Roberts Gallery, Ltd., 641 Yonge Street, Toronto 5,Canada.Esther Robles, Esther Robles Gallery, 665 North La Cienega Boulevard, LosAngeles, Calif.Madam C. Goldscheider, conservateur, Musee Rodin, 77 Rue de Varenne, ParisVII, France.Michael Leon Freilich, director, Roko Gallery, 867 Madison Avenue, New York,N.Y.Alexandre Rosenberg, director, Paul Rosenberg & Co., 20 East 79th Street, NewYork, N.Y.Mrs. Eleanore Saidenberg, Saidenberg Gallery Inc., 1037 Madison Avenue, NewYork, N.Y.Harry Salpeter, Salpeter Gallery, 42 East 57th Street, New York, N.Y.Sarah H. Kendall, director, Bertha Schaefer Gallery, 41 East 57th Street, NewYork, N.Y.Theodore Schempp, Ted Schempp Gallery, 50 East 58th Street, N.Y., 7 RueGauguet, Paris 14, France.Robert Schoelkopf, Robert Schoelkopf Gallery, 825 Madison Avenue, New York,N.Y.Dr. J. Schoneman, Schoneman Galleries, Inc., 64 East 57th Street, New York,N.Y.Jane Wade, Jane Wade Gallery, 45 East 66th Street, New York, N.Y.Maynard Walker, Maynard Walker Gallery, 117 East 57th Street, New YorkN.Y.Mrs. Gertrude Weyhe Dennis, Corporation Secretary, Weyhe Gallery, 794 Lex-ington Avenue, New York, N.Y.John Marin, Jr., director, Willard Gallery Inc., 29 East 72nd Street, New YorkN.Y.A. Robert Whyte, director, World House Galleries, 98 Madison Avenue, NewYork, N.Y.Virginia M. Zabriskie, Zabriskie Gallery, 36 East 61st Street, New York, N.Y.Miss Dorothea Denslow, director, Sculpture Center, 167 East 69th Street, NewYork, N.Y.Herbert A. Kende, director, Selected Artists Galleries, Inc., 903 Madison Avenue,New York, N.Y.Mr. Abris Silberman, E. & A. Silberman Galleries, Inc., 1014 Madison Avenue,New York, N.Y.Charles E. Slatkin, Charles E. Slatkin, Inc., Galleries, 115 East and 92nd Street,New York, N.Y.Robert S. Sloan, Robert S. Sloan Gallery, 1078 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y.Mrs. Eleanor Ward, director, Stable Gallery, 33 East 74th Street, New York,N.Y.The raw figures submitted by the appraisers totaled $22,268,240. Since over 1year had elapsed during the period of this appraisal, it was necessary on profes-sional advice to add an adjustment of 10 percent to reflect the rise in the market.In addition, art objects appraised in the amount of approximately $536,000 wereadded to the original inventory. The resulting total as used in the hearings andbudget justifications was $25 million.Mrs. Hansen. Do any of the employees involved in the HirshhornMuseum perform duties other than those directly related and inti-mately associated with official Smithsonian activities.Mr. Bradley. No, ma'am.EXPENDITURES FOR PREPARING COLLECTIONMrs. Hansen. As you are well aware, there has been considerablediscussion regarding the construction of the Hirshhorn Museum. In-
822 -
eluding the 1971 appropriation, what is the total funding you haveapplied to date in connection with the work of getting the collectionready for exhibit ?Please insert the information in the record.(The information follows:)Expenditures for Preparing Hirshhorn CollectionFor conservation, framing, and photographing the collection in preparing forexhibition, the following amounts of appropriated funds have been spent.Fiscal year
:
Fiscal year?continued1968 $0 1970 $131,8381969 24,301 1971 156,000POTENTIAL LOSS IF AGREEMENT TERMS CHANGEDMrs. Hansen. You are requesting an additional $1,017,000 for 1972.If future action, legislative or otherwise, should result in the terms ofthe agreement being materially changed, what would be your situationas far as the investment of these funds in preparing the collection isconcerned ?Mr. Bradley. Madam Chairman, I may have to go off the record inorder to protect the interests of the United States. The first thing westart with is that we have $2.5 million work in place on the site. This isa part of the $16 million total construction cost. We have $2.5 millionbuilt in. It is more than the foundation. We are above street level now.Work is going on pursuant to a number of acts of Congress : the au-thorization act, the appropriation for planning, the act that gave usthe site, and the act that gave us construction funds and contract au-thorization to enter into the entire $14,197,000 obligation for con-struction.We have had no congressional legislative directive to stop work. Thefirst thing that would be of concern to us would be the amount of workand materials on the site right now. No pun is intended, but that is aconcrete fact.The next thing that we would be concerned with would be the agree-ment between the Smithsonian and Mr. Hirshhorn which certainly
?
and I had better be cautious and not say in breach?but would cer-tainly have to be examined. We must do this pursuant to the applicableacts of Congress. I don't know the full consequences of not being ableto follow through with construction. Certainly it would have to beexamined in a legal review. We have to consider the rights of the con-tractor. We have the rights of the General Services Administration,the Smithsonian, Mr. Hirshhorn, and the Hirshhorn Foundation. Weare agents really for the United States. We are proceeding properlyand legally, and I might say with considerable caution.ALTERNATIVE PLANS FOR THE SCULPTURE GARDENKesponsive to your earlier good advice, we have been looking hardat the sculpture garden, and we have conducted studies with the archi-tect to see what are the alternatives. We have presented a study to theNational Capital Planning Commission. It is under consideration thisvery moment. There is the possibility of a sculpture garden that would
823 Jpermit the development to be revised so as not to cross the Mall witha sunken garden. At present, this is planned to occupy three panels ofthe Mall from Jefferson Drive over to Madison Drive. That is threeblocks.The one that we now have under study would go only from Jeffer-son Drive to Adams Drive which is within the limits of what is calledthe tree panel, so that the garden would not be visible along the longi-tudinal vista of the Mall. It would be a sunken garden, partiallyscreened by the tree plantings. Everyone that we have talked to so farseems to think that this is an attractive solution.Mrs. Hansen. When Mr. Walton, chairman of the Commission ofFine Arts, testified before the committee we asked him specificallyabout the sculpture garden and he gave some very interestingtestimony
:
Mrs. Hansen. I would like to have you comment on that proposal.Mr. Walton. Well, all the cards should be on the table quickly. (A) Thecommission of which I am chairman has approved this project. (B) It wasdesigned by a member of the Commission of Fine Arts. (C) I am going toexpress my frank opinion, anyway.I do like the central design of the circular building on stilts. I do hopethat maybe Congress will get up on its hind legs and prevent the creation ofthat ditch across the Mali. I don't think it is a proper way to display sculptureor use the Mall, frankly. I have just stuck a deep dagger into the back of oneof my dear colleagues by saying this. If he reads the record I hope he willforgive me.Mrs. Hansen. There have been several practical questions raised, relative tothis particular setting. Considering the sunken sculpture garden and the heat,it will not be very comfortable. This is not a city of cool summers.Mr. Walton. No.Mrs. Hansen. Mr. Walton continues.Mr. Walton. The longer I study it, the more I feel that the flat surface of theMall should be inviolate. I really do. ... A couple of people proposed othersolutions of putting something along the side that wouldn't cut across. Thereare many other ways.Mrs. Hansen. Is it possible to secure a review of the design?Mr. Walton. Congress can achieve anything it wants to. I am serious.Dr. Ripley. We are happy to say, Madam Chairman, that we haveI think, effected a very splendid compromise in this connection bythis redesign by the same architect, which will be within the treeline, and does not in any way violate the grassy vista strip. This ispleasing or appears to be pleasing to virtually everybody who haslooked at it so far, and w& are very happy to have the plan heretoday. You see in this sketch the grass where your left hand is, thatis the grassy vista strip. We see the space between IndependenceAvenue, which lies just to the south of the museum, and then the firstdrive, Jefferson Drive, which is part of the Mall. That is one of theeast-west drives which passes by the Smithsonian and the Arts andIndustries Building, as you know. Adjoining is where the Air andSpace Museum is projected.Within this area [indicating] are the tree panels bordering theopen grassy space, which are on either side of the vista panel of theMall. There is a great line of trees. This is the area in which we couldthen enclose the sculpture garden without any change in the grassyvista strip of the Mall.(The sketch follows :)
824
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825Mrs. Hansen. Do you expect approval of this plan by the NationalCapital Planning Commission relatively quickly ?Dr. Ripley. There is a May meetingMr. Bradley. May 6.Dr. Ripley. Which they have called for the complete review of thedesign, so as to get the picture. We come before the Fine Arts Com-mission also, this month.Mrs. Hansen. Is the new design agreeable to Mr. Hirshhorn?Dr. Ripley. Yes. It has even been praised editorially by the Wash-ington Post and the Evening Star, which I would like to place inthe record.(Information follows:)[From the Washington Post, March 22, 1971]Trench oe Garden?We admit to a sense of relief on reading last week that Dr. S. Dillon Ripley,the Secretary of the Smithsonian, is asking all concerned to reconsider the pro-posed and approved location of the Hirshhorn Museum Sculpture Gardens.Several members of the National Capital Planning Commission and of Congresswere never quite happy with architect Gordon Bunshaft's idea of sinking theHirshhorn sculpture collection in a sort of trench that was to cross the Mall,connecting the Hirshhorn Museum with the proposed National Sculpture Gar-den in front of the Archives Building. And we share a general uneasiness that3 years ago, in the excitement of obtaining the marvelous Hirshhorn collectionfor Washington, Bunshaft's cross-axis idea was perhaps insufficiently discussedand too hastily approved and that many concerned citizens were thus con-front with a fait accompli. What complicated the issue was that this uneasinesshas been unfairly exploited on Capitol Hill and in the community by somepeople who surely don't give a hoot for sculpture, gardens, or the Mall, butwho, for reasons of their own, indulged in imbecile attacks on Mr. Joseph Hirsh-horn and his generous gift. Mr. Hirshhorn may not be a perfect angel, but neitherwere the Medici.There is a genuine issue here. The green carpet the Macmillan Commissionrolled down from the Capitol to the Lincoln Memorial and the river may notbe sacred, but it should remain inviolate as a symbol of permanent splendor ina much too fast changing and not always splendid Capital. We want more life,more attractions, more amenities on the Mall and we are deeply appreciative ofthe prospect of seeing superb, modern works of sculpture there. But we justas soon see it displayed alongside the Hirshhorn Museum, parallel to the green-swath, rather than furrowed across it. We are grateful to Dr. Ripley for initiat-ing this "absolutely splendid alternative," as he called it. And we trust Mr. Bun-shaft to make it just as noble and imposing as he intended his trench to be.[From the Washington Star, March 30, 1971]Hirshhorn HarmonyS. Dillion Ripley, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, has come up witha solution to the controversy that has somewhat murkily swirled between theSmithsonian and the Congress over the new Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum.Representative Frank Thompson introduced a bill recently to forbid the pro-posed sunken sculpture garden, an adjunct of the museum which was designedto stretch across the Mall and struck some observers in Congress and out as a"trench" violating the sweep of the Mall from the Capitol to the LincolnMemorial.The landscape argument was unfortunately obscured by an array of irrela-vant attacks on Hirshhorn and his gift of art to the Nation, a gift actively solic-ited by the Johnson administration and accepted, with proper gratitude, byCongress.
826On February 24, The Star's Benjamin Forgey made a penetrating analysis ofthe landscape problem. He concluded that the Thompson objection had little realmerit, since the Mall is already interrupted by no fewer than six streets. Forgeywent on, however, to show that the "trench" would in fact be a very poor placeto look at sculpture, hot and airless in summer, exposed to rain and snow inwinter. Forgey then sketched out a plan whereby nothing would be lost, congres-sional opposition placated, and the circumstances of looking at the sculpturevastly improved by mo king the sunken garden parallel with Independence Ave-nue, alongside and partly under the museum.This is essentially the plan that Dr. Ripley has now announced as an "abso-lutely splendid alternative." It is indeed. We congratulate the architect, GordonBunshaft, for his openness to suggestion, and urge the adoption of the newplan by the Fine Arts Commission and the National Capital Planning Commission.PROPOSED HIRSHHORN LEGISLATIONMrs. Hansen. What is the substance of any legislation concerningthe Hirshhorn Museum that is now proposed ?Mr. Bradley. There are two bills. The one in the Senate is more farreaching than the one in the House. Senator Allen introduced a Sen-ate joint resolution that would have the effect, if enacted, of stoppingthe project and calling for redesign of the museum. It would stop boththe garden and the museum proper. It would call for redesign of themuseum. It is silent on what to do about the garden, but it would stopthe garden, and the museum.Mrs. Hansen. Then the objective of this legislation is to change thedesign of the building ?Mr. Bradley. It goes further, Mrs. Hansen, in that it would termi-nate the agreement. It would declare null and void the agreement be-tween Mr. Hirshhorn and the Smithsonian, so I must say it goes be-yond the building.LIABILITY IF PROJECT TERMINATEDMrs. Hansen. If this legislation were enacted, what becomes theliability of the U.S. Government ?Mr. Bradley. We have asked the General Services Administrationthat very difficult question. I suppose we will have quite a few con-ferences and we must make assumptions. For example, you have to puta time frame on it. Does the legislation mean to stop the project or doesit mean to defer work on the project, and if so for 1 month, 3 months,or 6 months ? I have spent long evenings trying to figure out how toanswer this very question.Mrs. Hansen. Your contractor is at work right now ?Mr. Bradley. He is 17 percent completed, with $2.5 million in place.Mrs. Hansen. What is the essence of the House bill ?Mr. Bradley. The House bill is directed to the sculpture garden.Mrs. Hansen. Who introduced that bill ?Mr. Bradley. Frank Thompson's subcommittee joined in the intro-duction of that.Dr. Ripley. Not quite the entire subcommittee.Mr. Bradley. All but one or two, I believe. Mr. Nedzi and Mr.Schwengel cosponsored, but not Mr. Gray.Dr. Ripley. Mr. Gray and Mr. Bingham didn't sign.
827Mr. Bradley. They did not join in. Anyway, this is directed at thesculpture garden, if enacted.Dr. Ripley. Only.Mr. Bradley. This would stop it. In a press release, Mr. Thompsonsaid he was entirely focusing his criticism on the crossing of the Mallwith the sculpture garden. It does not relate to anything else.Dr. Ripley. That bill has been referred to the Public Works Com-mittee and we have shown Mr. Thompson this redesign.Mrs. Hansen. What does Congressman Thompson think about thenew design ?Mr. Ripley. He thought it was splendid.Mrs. Hansen. So you have one bill that would completely stop theconstruction of the museum until it was redesigned. Do you haveenough funds to accomplish the redesign ?Mr. Bradley. No, ma'am.Mrs. Hansen. I am correct in assuming that this would absolutelyabrogate all contract obligations with Mr. Hirshhorn, unless he agreedto the redesign. What would the redesign cost ?Mr. Bradley. Madam Chairman, the record shows that escalationran as high as 20 percent in the 1968 calendar year. It is projected torise about 12 to 14 percent in the year we are now in. We face the verystrong probability of extreme escalation of costs compared to the con-tract that we got into in December of 1969.senate joint resolutionDr. Ripley. Madam Chairman, I might point out that the jointresolution introduced in the Senate has a section saying that the agree-ment between Mr. Hirshhorn and ourselves shall be declared null andvoid.Mrs. Hansen. Who introduced this legislation ?Dr. Ripley. Senator Allen from Alabama. Section 2 of the recom-mendations of the resolution recommends that the agreement enteredinto between Mr. Hirshhorn and the Smithsonian be declared null andvoid and contrary to public policy.Mrs. Hansen. Why was this legislation introduced ?Mr. Bradley. I suppose, Madam Chairman, the motive as far aswe know could only be derived from a recital of the whereas clauses,of which there are a little more than a half dozen.Dr. Ripley. This refers to the doctrine of mortmain, the dead hand.(Discussion off the record.)Dr. Ripley. All the legislation involving our archival functionswhich are authorized by the Government would be declared null andvoid under this doctrine.Mrs. Hansen. Would this also effect the archival functions of theNational Park Service ?Dr. Ripley. The Park Service would also be. The preservation ofour great monuments would also be involved.Mrs. Hansen. I will be interested in the opinion of the Justice De-partment concerning this matter.Dr. Ripley. If we can produce the letter we will be glad to send itto you.
828BUDGET REQUEST FOR NONRECURRING EQUIPMENTMrs. Hansen. In your justifications you have a list of your oper-ating costs and your nonrecurring costs. Are all of the non-recurringitems you have listed for the Hirshhorn Museum ?Mr. Bradley. Yes, Madam Chairman. If I could just briefly volun-teer a little background on that.Mrs. Hansen. Please do.Mr. Bradley. In other projects we have sought for a turn-key con-struction appropriation which included furnishings. Last summer theGeneral Accounting Office opined in their report that equipment orfurnishings or furniture not affixed, screwed down, or built in, shouldnot be included in the construction appropriation. We disputed that,and so far as we know, there has been no agreement on it. But theirendeavor was to keep such items out of the construction account. Wethought that was wrong, that the building should be complete when itis ready for occupancy, and so we contested before the Thompsoncommittee.In the meantime, however, what makes it all academic is the escala-tion of costs. The escalation of construction costs has engulfed us.Mr. Ripley. As always.Mr. Bradley. At any rate we had $13.8 million to $14 million esti-mated in September of 1966 as the total cost. Then we took anotherlook at it and we still had a half million dollars in our constructionestimate for furniture and equipment in February of 1967. However,when we came out for bids in May of 1969, we got a $17.6 million bid,$3.6 million more than we were looking for. That was when the crunchcame. We had to trim down the building, particularly underground,and we did without the cafeteria, and reduced on the finish costs. Wewere able to go back for bids in December of 1969 when it came in at$13.8 million down from $17.6 million. We took out almost $4 million,but the cost rise, of course, had taken away the amount that had beenin the original estimate for furnishings and equipment.DONATION OF $1 MILLION BY MR. HIRSHHORN FOR CONSTRUCTIONWe still have a contingency item which prudence demands that wehave in order to complete the building if we run into constructiondifficulties, claims, and anything else. But we did have an estimated$800,000 deficit. We went to Mr. Hirshhorn and asked him if he wouldplease donate $1 million. The way this was arranged was, and it hasbeen, I am afraid, rather unfairly interpreted that Mr. Hirshhornhad agreed in the 1966 agreement that he would give $1 million whenthe building was completed for the purchase of art.Dr. Ripley. For endowment for purchase.Mr. Bradley. We needed the $1 million for construction or therewouldn't be any occasion to have a collection. We needed the $1 milliondesperately. He agreed to make that $1 million available for construc-tion with the understanding that he would, from his collection whichhe continues to add to, give us at least $1 million in art works at thetime of completion of construction. This is additional to the original1966 gift. In that way we were able to go into construction with a$16 million total cost amount in lieu of a $15 million amount.
829Dr. Ripley. In effect he is adding another $1 million in terms ofworks of art to the original agreement.Mrs. Hansen. I suppose you couldn't have run into any more diffi-culties in any project. Please insert in the record the letter you re-ceived from Mr. Hirshhorn concerning the additional $1 million.(The information follows:)The Joseph H. Hirshhorn Foundation, Inc.New York, March 23, 1970.Hon. S. Dillon Ripley,Secretary, Smithsonian Institution,Washington, D.C.Dear Mr. Secretary : We refer to your letter of March 9, 1970 in which yourequest, on behalf of The Smithsonian Institution, that the Agreement betweenit, Joseph H. Hirshhorn and The Joseph H. Hirshhorn Foundation, Inc., datedMay 17, 1966, be modified so as to permit the $1,000,000 cash gift which was tobe used as an art acquisition fund to be used instead, to the extent necessary,to meet costs of completing the building.The proposal as set forth in your letter of March 9, 1970 is acceptable to theundersigned ; and the above-mentioned Agreement of May 17, 1966 shall bedeemed amended accordingly.Under the agreed amendment to the basic agreement of May 17, 1966, theJoseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden will no longer begin itsoperations with an art acquisition fund of $1 million. The purpose of that fundwas to augment the collection as described in the inventory of works of artwhich was set forth in the agreement of May 17, 1966. It is our hope that thispurpose may be served by the contribution of additional works of art and to thatend we wish to inform you of our intention to transfer to the Joseph H. Hirsh-horn Museum and Sculpture Garden, upon its construction and completion, addi-tional works of art having a total value of approximately $1 million.We appreciate that the institution has been doing its utmost to meet the letterand spirit of our agreement and we are pleased to cooperate in a kindred mannerto bring the project to fruition.Sincerely yours, Joseph H. Hirshhorn.(Discussion off the record.)CLARK MOLLENHOFF ARTICLEMrs. Hansen. Please insert in the record an article by Clark Mollen-hoff concerning the Hirshhorn Museum.Also insert in the record at this point a letter to Mr. Mollenhofffrom Mr. Kunzig.Dr. Ripley. May we have permission from Mr. Kunzig, because Ihadn't asked him.Mrs. Hansen. Would you please because I think this is importantand pertinent to the subject.Dr. Ripley. I am sure he will give it, but I would like to get hispermission.(The information follows:)Watch on Washington(By Clark Mollenhoff)Washington, D.C.?The government's dealing with the Piracci ConstructionCo. is a classic case of how far the General Service Administration (GSA) canbend the rules if it wants to do business with a firm involved in violation of thelaw.Ordinarily, a firm can be suspended from doing business with the governmentfor up to 18 months if fraud is suspected. If found guilty, the firm can be "de-barred" from dealing with the government for up to 3 years.
830The basic thesis is that firms and individuals who cheat the governmentthrough frauds and payoffs shouldn't be regarded as "responsible bidders."However, Robert Kunzig, the administrator of GSA, has made it possible forthe Piracci Co., of Baltimore, Md., to continue to do business with the govern-ment despite repeated law violations. The GSA has minimized the fact thatDominic A. Piracci, Sr., the sole owner of the construction firm, has a recordof fraud convictions and involvements in fraud.Piracci has simply stepped out of his role as president and director, and hasturned the management over to some other business men "for a period timewhich will extend 6 months beyond the completion of The Hirshhorn Museumand Sculpture Gardens."Piracci's firm holds the $15 million general contract for the controversialHirshhorn project in Washington, D.C. and is to receive more than $1 million inprofit.Looking at the law and the background of Piracci, there would have been am-ple reason to debar the Piracci firm from ever bidding on the Hirshhorn project.In fact, the counsel for the GSA Region Three office had recommended debare-ment of the Piracci firm. The law authorizes suspension of "all known affiliatesof a concern or individual" who has been convicted.The law further states :"The criminal, fraudulent or seriously improper conduct of one individual,may be imputed when the impropriety involved was performed within the courseof his official duty, or with the knowledge or approval of the business firm."Not only has Piracci been permitted to do business with the government, butin the face of a record of proven bribery, perjury, and falsification of records,Piracci has been permitted to increase his bid on the Hirshhorn project by $754,-375. The GSA accepted Piracci's explanation that a "clerical error" had resultedin a lower bid than he intended. Piracci was still the low bidder, but by a narrowmargin.The GSA informed Representative Joel Broyhill (Rep., Va.) that it has "in-sufficient justification" for debarring Piracci's firm.Here is the Piracci record.In 1954, Piracci was convicted of fraud and obstructing justice in connectionwith an off-street parking scandal in Baltimore. Piracci paid a $4,000 fine on thatconviction and was later pardoned by former Governor Theodore R. McKeldin.In 1969, Piracci was convicted in the U.S. District Court in Baltimore oncharges of having made a payoff to Guido Iozzi, Jr., president of the BaltimoreBuilding Trades Council, AFL-CIO. Piracci was sentenced to pay a $5,000 fineand to serve 183 days in Federal prison.Another indictment has been returned against Joseph P. Doherty, executiveassistant to the assistant postmaster general in charge of post office bureaufacilities. Piracci was not a defendant in this case, but the indictment chargedthat Doherty took large sums of cash from Piracci to provide influence forPiracci Construction Co. in dealing with the Post Office Department.Doherty entered a "no contest" plea to the ninth count of the indictment on
"conflicts of interest" that charged he "did knowingly act as agent" of Piracciand the firm "in connection with applications, contracts, and other particularmatters involving the leasing of various post office facilities." Action on the othercounts in the indictment against Doherty is still pending.In dealing with Piracci's record, the GSA, in its letter to Broyhill, dismissedthe 1954 conviction as being far enough back that "it cannot ordinarily be usedto support a current debarment."The GSA also noted the federal judge did not impose the maximum prisonterm and fine on the 1969 conviction and that "the 6 months sentence presumablyrecognized the fact that Piracci had cooperated with the government."But, the GSA overlooked the comments of United States District Judge Alex-ander Harvev II. who said as he sentenced Piracci
:
"You lied to the FBI, the United States attorney and the Federal grand jury
:
A man who has a prior criminal involvement and who has lied * * * can hardlyexpect leniency from the court."The GSA also told Broyhill, "Finally, to the best of our knowledge, it has notbeen legally established whether Mr. Piracci or the firm made any illegal pay-ments to a former employee of the Post Office Department."Apparently GSA did not ask the prosecutor who could have told them Piracci
831admitted making payments of at least $3,000 to Doherty and a total payoff of$20,000 was discussed.A final argument on behalf of doing business with Piracci Construction Com-pany was that Piracci had "resigned both as president and a member of thefirm's board of directors, the fact that he is divorced from all control over thefirm ; and the fact that the firm itself has satisfactorily performed several con-struction contracts for GSA."The GSA and other government agencies aren't often so tolerant of fraud,or so understanding of the lines between control of a firm and the actual owner-ship of the firm. Apparently, Piracci is receiving some unusual understandingat a high level in Washington.Piracci's penalty for his problems with the previous convictions will be thathe won't be permitted to pick up the profits on the Hirshhorn project until atleast 6 months after it is completed. United States of America,General Services Administration,Washington, D.C., March 80, 1971.Clark Mollenhoff,Chief, Washington Bureau, Des Moines Register and Tribune, National PressBuilding, Room 952, Washington, B.C.Dear Clark : I am most distressed to learn that you have written a syndicatedarticle concerning the award by the General Services Administration (GSA) ofthe contract to the Piracci Construction Company. The article, at best, is unde-servedly critical of GSA and, at worst, implies a conscious twisting of procure-ment laws and regulations to the benefit of a particular company.Clark, you are well aware of the circumstances surrounding the Piracci awardfor the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden based on various discussionsand reports which we furnished you at your request when you were at theWhite House. I find your article distressing because of its omissions?omissionswhich would present the entire story and show that the award was correct andrequired under the law.Nowhere in the article do you mention that the Federal Procurement Regula-tions, which have the force and effect of law, provide specifically for an in-crease in a low bid by virtue of a proven mistake.Nowhere in your article do you state that the increase in the bid of PiracciConstruction Company was authorized by the Comptroller General of the UnitedStates, as required by these same regulations, and of which you were wellaware.Nowhere do you state that the eligibility of the Piracci Construction Companyto receive awards of Government contracts had been upheld by the ComptrollerGeneral of the United States. Then and then only did GSA award the contract.Of this, too, you were well aware.Nowhere in your article do you state that, under the applicable law and regu-lations, GSA had no basis on which not to make an award to the Piracci Con-struction Company, and no authority to award at a price less than their bidprice as corrected. This, too, was discussed with you when you were at theWhite House.In other words, Clark, a correct award under the law was made to the PiracciConstruction Company and was approved in every facet by the ComptrollerGeneral, the watchdog of the Federal Government. The GSA could not haveacted otherwise without violating the law. An award to a higher bidder, besidesbeing illegal, would have cost the taxpayers almost 2 million dollars.I'm very disappointed, Clark.Sincerely, Robert L. Kunzig,Administrator.DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION HANDLED BY GSADr. Ripley. This is the letter of GSA, not ours.Mrs. Hansen. Does the GSA handle all details of your constructioncontracts ?Dr. Ripley. This is their contract.
58-287 O?71?pt. 4 53
832 vMr. Bradley. Yes.Mrs. Hansen. The moment that this committee recommended theappropriation for the Hirshhorn Museum and Congress appropriatedthe funds the entire details of the transaction relative to constructionwere handled by GSA.Mr. Bradley. Correct, including a review by the General Account-ing Office.(Discussion off the record.)NAMING OF THE MUSEUMMrs. Hansen. Dr. Ripley, would you state for the record the com-parability of the Hirshhorn Museum's naming in comparison withother galleries such as the Freer Gallery and the Phillips Gallery.These facilities are not memorial shrines but merely the names of thegalleries. Is this correct ?Dr. Kipley. Madam Chairman, there are two concepts involvedhere. One is a well known and worldwide concept that a building whichhouses an art collection may have the name of the donor. This is nota memorial in the sense that a memorial to a national hero is. Withinthe area of the Smithsonian Park, deeded to the Smithsonian by theCongress in 1846, there are buildings named after the donor, such asthe Smithsonian Building named for Mr. Smithson and the FreerGallery of Art named for Mr. Freer. These buildings are in no sensecomparable to national memorials for national heroes.Mrs. Hansen. The Hirshhorn Museum is not a national shrine?Dr. Kipley. It is not a shrine and such buildings are never inter-preted as being shrines. The equivalents in any large city, such asthe Corcoran Gallery of Art here, the Guggenheim and the WhitneyGallery in New York, are found all over the land. In no sense doesthe public in its wisdom deduce that these are memorials to nationalheroes. Seattle has a named gallery. There are many of these in majorcities. The anomaly appears to be in the minds of those who haveattacked this concept. That the Mall is a sacred sward and it is re-served for heroes. But the fact remains that galleries exist by actsof Congress, such as the Mellon Gallery, known as the National Gal-lery of Art.Under the legislation at the time, it was recommended by someMembers of Congress to be called the Mellon Gallery. The FreerGallery of Art and the Smithsonian Building are other examples ofthe fact that already, on the Mall, under legislation so incorpo-rated after months of debate, there are buildings which are for publicpurposes with people's names attached to them.Mrs. Hansen. Dr. Ripley have you had any other charges madeabout the inappropriateness of the Hirshhorn Museum ?Dr. Ripley. There is another statement, Madam Chairman. Thatis, that this decision was originally arrived at hastily by the Congress.It is worth pointing out, I think, the legislation which resulted fromthe request which came from the President of the time to accept thisgift. The legislation involved the declassification, as it Avere, of thatarea from the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, the taking downof that building, and appropriation of funds to relocate the ArmedForces Institute at Walter Reed Medical Center. All of this had to be
833 J
undertaken by the Smithsonian, working with the congressional com-mittees. Then, of course, hearings were held before the Public WorksCommittee and Rules Committee in the Senate, the Public WorksCommittee in the House, which consumed 5 months. The committeeswent into all of the characteristics of the agreement. Then there is thesubsequent appropriation process which is still going on every year.Mrs. Hansen. I think you will remember when the authorizationfor the Hirshhorn Museum was under consideration, a large numberof distinguished Members spoke on that occasion on behalf of theHirshhorn Museum. Mr. Bradley, please insert any relative com-ments about the Hirshhorn Museum in the record.Mr. Bradley. I appreciate the opportunity to do so.(Information follows:)[From the Congressional Record, Oct. 19, 1966]Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden(Extension of remarks of Hon. Frank Thompson, Jr., of New Jersey, in theHouse of Representatives, Monday, Oct. 17, 1966)Mr. THOMPSON of New Jersey. Mr. Speaker, I support S. 3389, to authorizethe construction of the Hirshhorn Museum, and make meaningful the greatgift of 1,500 pieces of sculpture and 4,000 paintings and drawings, valued con-servatively at $25 million, being donated by Mr. Joseph Hirshhorn.It will implement and make meaningful the dedication to culture on the partof President and Mrs. Johnson, without which this great art treasure mightvery well have gone to a government other than that of the United States.The enactment of this legislation gives to the United States, in its CapitalCity, a complex of cultural facilities and beautiful park on the Mall that willrival, if not surpass, the great Paris complex of the Louvre, the Carousel, and theTuileries.When the Hirshhorn Gallery and Sculpture Garden is built, the Mall areawill be one of the great art centers of the world, if not the very greatest. Thissplendid collection will fully complement the great collection housed in the Na-tional Gallery of Art and the equally great collection of oriental art and "Whis-tleriana" in the Freer Gallery.On a north-south axis?for the development of the Mall and the proposedlocation of this new gallery are both coordinated with the plans of the Penn-sylvania Avenue Commission?the Hirshhorn collection will fully complementthe National Portrait Gallery and the National Collection of Fine Arts, to behoused in the old Patent Office Building. I had something to do with preservingthe Patent Office Building for these purposes, and I find that the creation ofseparate facilities for the Hirshhorn collection fully complements my earlierinterest.Now envisage the plans of the Park Service for the Mall ; underground park-ing ; underground traffic ; landscaping. Add to that the other existing and futuretechnical and natural history galleries of the Smithsonian, together with anupgraded medical museum.We shall have a tremendous cultural complex, set in an area of exquisitebeauty, with unobstructed views of the Capitol to the east and the WashingtonMonument to the west.I doubt if any other world capital will have any similar complex which shallbe more complete, or located in more esthetic surroundings.This legislation stands on its own merely to provide facilities to exhibitthe Hirshhorn collection. This is a great collection. It did not just come to theU.S. Government because no one else wanted it. Britain desired it. Israel desiredit. Baltimore wanted it. Governor Rockefeller wanted it for the State of NewYork. Beverly Hills, Calif., wanted it. Zurich wanted it. Bach offered to providea building to house it.The Government of the United States is indeed fortunate to be able to acquirethis collection for all the people of the United States.
834Critics from all over the world have praised the Hirshhorn collection for itscompleteness and its quality.I am proud and pleased that S. 3389 has passed this body unanimously. It isa great step forward for the overall cultural development of our Nation.[From the Congressional Record, Oct. 14, 1966]An Art Critic Praises the Hirshhorn Collection(Extension of remarks of Hon. Thomas M. Rees of California, in the House ofRepresentatives, Friday, Oct. 14, 1966)Mr. REES. Mr. Speaker, this House now has under consideration H.R. 15121,which would establish the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in Washing-ton, D.C. This is an extremely important bill. The Hirshhorn collection is oneof the great privately owned collections in the world today?a collection whichhas been given to our country by Mr. Joseph H. Hirshhorn of New York, andGreenwich, Conn., a gentleman I have been acquainted with for several years.Recently there was some criticism of the collection, and I would like to reada letter from the very distinguished art critic of the Los Angeles Times, Mr.Henry J. Seldis, replying to this criticism.TEXT OF LETTER FROM MR. SELDISAs one who spent a great deal of time unsuccessfully persuading the powersthat be in Southern California to accommodate Mr. Hirshhorn's matchless col-lection in this area, I might be expected to let my disappointment in this cam-paign stand in the way of fully endorsing the magnificent gift to the nation thatMr. Hirshhorn has offered to the Capital on the President's invitation.On the contrary, I believe that the Hirshhorn Museum will be a major stepin having the seat of our national power become the hub of cultural activities thatdistinguish the capital cities of other great nations. Both Americans and visitorsfrom abroad will benefit from its establishment, which must not be allowed tobe undermined by delaying congressional approval of the project as outlinedin H.R. 15121 and related bills.I am particularly surprised and dismayed by the objections brought forwardby the distinguished director of the Cleveland Museum of Art, Mr. Sherman E.Lee, who seems to be the only notable figure in the American art world to opposethis much needed project.Knowing Mr. Hirshhorn and understanding the content of his collection, Iconsider it to be "a truly catholic and articulated" collection assembled by a manwho not only knows but loves art. Any collection, including that of The ClevelandMuseum, has variations in quality. But to call Mr. Hirshhorn's gift of a livingand growing collection "quixotic" smacks of ingratitude and sour grapes. Per-haps Mr. Lee is unhappy that this collection was formed by a layman ratherthan by a professional, but it is more likely that his protest was written beforethe collection's amazing inventory was published.I think that I speak for the majority of professionals in the art world, includ-ing those who lost the chance to have the Hirshhorn Museum in their own com-munity, when I respectfully urge . . . early passage of H.R. 15121.The Hirshhorn CollectionMr. Saltonstall. Mr. President, the greatness that is America today is theresult of the achievements and contributions of its citizens. Joseph H. Hirsh-horn's gift to his countrymen of his magnificent collection of paintings and sculp-ture is truly a manifestation of great achievement and great generosity. He hasmade it clear to all that he is giving away his entire collection because he felt itshould belong to all of the American people, not just to one man.Valued at $25 million, the collection of some 6,000 paintings and sculpture in-cludes a vivid cross-section of man's artistic genius. It encompasses the worksof Eakins, Hassam, Munch, Bellows, Sloan, Kuhn, Hopper, Soyer, Wyeth, Pi-casso, Beckmann, Marin, Weber, Ben Shahn, Jack Levine, Maurice Prendergast,
835
Dali, Francis Bacon, Larry Rivers, Eilshemius, Kline, de Kooning, Jackson Pol-lock, Kuniyoshi, Milton Avery, Philip Evergood, Stuart Davis, Feininger, andHans Hofmann. The unrivaled collection of sculpture includes creations of Rodin,Bourdelle, Maillol, Manzu, Degas, Daumier, Sir Henry Moore, Lipchitz, Bran-cusi, Sir Jacob Epstein, Renoir, Picasso, Calder, Giacometti, Marini, Matisse, andothers.As another expression of his benefaction, Mr. Hirshhorn is giving $1 millionfor the purchase of additions to the collection. The collection will be a worthycomplement to the complex of museums and galleries now under the administra-tion of the Smithsonian Institution, which has established itself as one of theNation's centers for learning and the arts.History will record that Joseph Hirshhorn has joined the select com-pany of James Smithson, Charles Freer, and Andrew Mellon, whose privatecontributions have enriched the cultural life of the Nation and its Capital City.James Smithson's bequest "for the increase of knowledge" led to the establish-ment of the Smithsonian in 1846. Early in this century, Charles Lang Freer do-nated to the Institution his splendid collection of oriental art that now servesas the nucleus of the Freer Gallery of Art. And in 1937 Andrew Mellon's mag-nificent gift, accepted by the Congress, established the National Gallery of Art.In accepting the Hirshhorn gift for the Nation, Congress would authorize leg-islation which will
?
Provide a site on the Mall, a gallery building, and a garden of sculpture.Designate the gallery and garden as the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum andSculpture Garden.Pledge the faith of the United States to assist in providing funds for the op-eration and administration of the museum and garden.And establish a Board of Trustees in the Smithsonian Institution to advisethe Board of Regents on matters relating to the museum and gallery, and to beresponsible for the acquisition and disposition of works of art.That the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden will serve as avivid reflection of man's artistic achievements and as an inspiration for futuregenerations is in large measure a tribute to the affection of a man for his country.To Mr. Hirshhorn the Nation owes its deepest gratitude.HIRSHHORN COLLECTION(Mr. MAHON asked for and was given permission to address the House for 1minute.
)
Mr. MAHON. Mr. Speaker, the Congress has been given the opportunity to en-hance the beauty of the city of Washington and to enrich the cultural life of themillions of our people who either visit Washington or live and work here. It isfitting and proper that the Capital City of the greatest Nation on earth reflectthe cultural interests of its people.Mr. Joseph H. Hirshhorn, of Greenwich, Conn., has offered his 5,600-piece artcollection to the United States. This collection is generally believed to be the mostvaluable of its kind in private hands, and is valued at $25 million. On Tuesday oflast week, the President informed the Congress of Mr. Hirshhorn's offer and sub-mitted legislative suggestions for the consideration of the Congress which wouldenable the Smithsonian Institution to accept the gift for the people of the UnitedStates.I hope the Congress will give sympathetic consideration to the necessary pro-visions for accepting this generous gift. In this age when much is perishable andplanned obsolescence has intruded, the timeless beauty of fine art is even moreprecious. Joseph H. Hirshhorn Art Gift(Mr. BOW asked and was given permission to address the House for 1 min-ute, and to revise and extend his remarks and to include extraneous matter).Mr. BOW. Mr. Speaker, millions of Americans and our visitors from abroadare thrilled each year by the exhibits at the Smithsonian Institution. There is no
836question it is one of the great museums of the world and has improved year afteryear.The recent gift of Joseph H. Hirshhorn will add greatly to the enjoyment ofthose who visit the Nation's Capital. It is believed to be the most valuable of itskind in private hands. The 5,600-pieee art collection is a unique recapitulation ofthe history of modern sculpture and American paintings of the 20th century.It has a value of at least $25 million.It will take its place here in Washington along with the National Gallery ofArt and the gifts and bequests of the late Charles Lang Freer, to provide us withone of the great art centers of the world.I offer a digest of the agreement between Joseph H. Hirshhorn, the HirshhornFoundation, and the Smithsonian Institution, and a fact sheet on this subject, asfollows
:
DIGEST OF THE AGREEMENT BETWEEN JOSEPH H. HIRSHHORN, THE HIRSHHORNFOUNDATION, AND THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONThe principal provisions of the Hirshhorn-Smithsonian Institution agreementare as follows
:
Mr. Hirshhorn and the Hirshhorn Foundation agree to transfer their collec-tions of works of art to the Smithsonian Institution and the Smithsonian In-stitution agrees to accept the gifts, subject to the conditions of the agreementwhich are that
:
Legislation will be obtained to designate the area between 7th Street, 9thStreet, Independence and Madison Drive, on the Mall, as the site of the museumand sculpture garden
;
The Regents will be authorized by the Congress to remove any existing struc-ture on the site, to prepare plans, and to construct a museum and sculpturegarden
;
The Museum will be designated the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculp-ture Garden
;
The United States will provide funds for upkeep, operation, and administration ;A Board of Trustees will be established in the Institution to advise the Regentsand to have sole responsibility in matters of art for the museum and garden
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The appointment and compensation of four positions in the museum will beauthorized, without regard to the Civil Service laws and the Classification ActNecessary appropriations to plan, construct, and operate the museum andgarden will be obtained
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The museum and sculpture garden will be constructed and completed in ac-cordance with the provisions of the agreement
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The Museum and garden will be built in accordance with plans prepared byarchitects jointly chosen by Mr. Hirshhorn and the Secretary ;Upon completion of the museum and garden the donor will pay one milliondollars to the Institution to acquire works of art for the museum and garden,title to the collection will pass to the Institution, and the collections will bedelivered o the Institution
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No works of art will be accepted by the Institution for the museum and gardenwithout the consent of its Trustees, the Institution shall not loan its sculpturefor periods longer than 360 days, and the first director of the museum shall bedesignated by Mr. Hirshhorn with the consent of the Secretary ;Until the Institution gets title to the collections Mr. Hirshhorn can transferworks of art to the Hirshhorn Foundation and he and the Foundation may addto the collections
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If the Congress fails to enact the necessary legislation by ten days after theclose of the 90th Congress, or if the museum and garden have not been con-structed within five years after such legislation has been passed, the agreementwill be void and the proposed gifts will not take effect ; andThat the agreement will be binding on the heirs, executors, and administratorsof Mr. Hirshhorn.LOCATION?DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONThe old red brick building at 701 Independence Avenue, Southwest, housingthe Medical Museum of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology will be re-moved to make way for a new cultural development on the Mall. The site would
837be transferred to the Smithsonian Institution under proposed legislation to besubmitted to the Congress.Public exhibits of the Medical Museum will be relocated in space provided bythe Smithsonian in its adjacent Arts and Industries Bui ding and will continueto be supervised by the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.Founded during the Civil War for the purpose of studying the effects ofwounds and diseases encountered on the battlefield, the Medical Museum grewinto the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology in 1949, whose mission todayencompasses the entire field of pathology.Th museum exhibits have long been an attraction to tourists visiting Wash-ington, as well as to the residents of the area and to many school groups. Inrecent years the number of visitors to the museum has approached one millionannually.In 1886, the Secretary of the Smithsonian, with the Secretary of War and theArchitect of the Capitol, was a member of the group which chose the site for thethen new medical museum building. Over the years there have been many in-stances of exchange of materials and ideas.The medical museum building, known as the AFIP Annex, was included in alist of historic landmarks last year by the Secretary of the Interior. In addi-tion, the Annex is occupied by scientists and technologists of the AFIP otherthan those associated with the Medical Museum. Among them are a number ofpathologists who are concerned with Geographic Pathology, the study ofdiseases on an international level. These consist of the so-called "TropicalDiseases" and many of the medical problems which face our military forcesoverseas. One of the most important and timely is the form of malaria occurringin Vietnam and affecting our troops today.Other scientists are studying the medical problems of the middle and innerear, subjects of great concern in the exploration of outer space and underseaareas. Still others are concerned with legal medicine and the effects of injuriesincluding those related to accidents as well as those associated with war wounds.In anticipation of the need to relocate these activities, the Department ofDefense is engaged in arrangements to furnish them alternate quarters adequatefor their needs. A number of potential sites have been selected for considerationas to suitability. Joseph H. Hirshhorn Art Gift(Mr. KIRWAN asked and was given permission to address the House for 1minute and to revise and extend his remarks.
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Mr. KIRWAN. Mr. Speaker, the two speakers before me. the gentleman fromTexas (Mr. Mahon) and the gentleman from Ohio (Mr. Bow), as members ofthe Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, voted with me to acceptthe wonderful gift of the Joseph Hirshhorn collection.Like many people, Mr. Hirshhorn gave his blood, and I mean his blood. Whata wonderful, unselfish act for him to contribute these priceless works of art,which he had strived most of a lifetime to collect in order that they may bepreserved and available for the enjoyment of millions in the years ahead.While I am in the well, I also want to thank the Mellon family for donatingthe National Gallery of Art and their art collection to the country. Think whatthis has meant to the enjoyment and education of millions of Americans.I also want to thank the Rockefeller family for all they have done for theparks in this country. They have contributed thousands of acres of valuable parkland and devoted much of their valuable time to the preservation and develop-ment of more adequate parks so that millions could have better recreationalopportunities. Over 125 million people visited our national parks alone lastyear.We should all join in this wonderful spirit of giving. Think what it wouldmean if all the 195 million of us, each in his own way, would contribute more tohelp this country on the home front while our men are sacrificing so much inVietnam. There is so much that could and should be done to make this an evengreater Nation to live in and the burden and cost of Government would be somuch less if each of us followed the example which has been set by the Hirsh-horns, the Mellons, the Rockefellers, and many others.
838[From the Congressional Kecord, May 16, 1966]Art Collection(Extension of remarks of Hon. John C. Kunkel of Pennsylvania, in theHouse of Representatives Monday, May lb, 19bb)Mr Kunkel. Mr. Speaker, in the Washington Post of last Thursday May 12,there appeared two articles of great signihcance for the cultural life of ourNaTh>envSwerPeltfn regard to the possibility that the extensive art collection ofMr. Joseph H. Hirshhorn, of New York City, may be brought to Washington.It will certainly be a marvelous thing if this can be done.I know that my colleagues and many other people, too, will be interested inthe articles which follow :FAMED ART COLLECTION IS PROMISED TO THE UNITED STATES(By Leroy F. Aarons)The famed art collection of uranium tycoon Joseph H. Hirshhorn has beenpromised to the Federal Government, ending one of art history's greatestcliffhangers.Letters of agreement between Hirshhorn and the White House have beendrafted and exchanged, but not signed, it was learned yesterday. PresidentJohnson expects to announce the acquisition in the presence of Hirshhorn andhis wife, probably next week.Involved are 6,300 paintings, drawings and sculptures, representing one ofthe largest private art collections in the world. The present-day value has beenestimated at $25 million to $50 million.MAY DONATE $1 MILLIONThe collection will be administered by the Smithsonian Institution and housedin a new museum and an outdoor sculpture garden to be built on the Mall,possibly across from the National Gallery. The President is expected to askCongress for funds to build the museum.In addition to the collection, Hirshhorn is understood to have agreed todonate $1 million for the purchase of works of contemporary art.Negotiations for the huge collection have been going on a year in the deepestsecrecy between Hirshhorn, who lives in New York City, officials of the Smith-sonian and the White House. Negotiators here thought they were close toobtaining the much-sought collection about a year ago, but discussions draggedon for a full year more. THOUGHT OF CREATING TOWNThe discussions were particularly deliciate for two reasons. For one, Hirsh-horn was torn between a number of competing sites for his collection, and atone point thought about creating a new town, Hirshhorn, in which to displayit. Secondly, the industrialist is extremely sensitive about publicity surroundingthe disposition of his works.The Administration is still so sensitive about the matter that officials scheduledto discuss plans for the new museum on Capitol Hill this week have beeninstructed not to leave any copies of the agreement lying around.CURATOR WORKS FULL TIMEHirshhorn, 67, amassed his art treasures during a lifetime of collecting, muchof it with money mined from uranium-rich acreage in Ontario's bush-coveredAlgoma Basin. The collection is so vast?4800 paintings and drawings and 1500pieces of sculpture?and Hirshhorn buys with such speed and volume that ittakes a full-time curator to keep up with the inventory.He has probably the world's largest single collection of American art, with ex-amples rich in depth ranging from Thomas Eakins of the mid-19th century toWillem de Kooning, the great contemporary abstractionist. The collection isespecially strong in works of the 1930s by such artists of later prominence asMilton Avery, Franz Kline, Ben Shahn, Philip Evergood and Stuart Davis.The sculpture collection is international in scope, encompassing the Hittiteculture, Greece's Golden Age and such masters of the late 19th and early 20th
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centuries as Rodin and Maillol. Most impressive, however, is the depth of thecontemporary collection, with numerous examples of such greats as JacquesLipchitz, Marino Marini, Henry Moore, Picasso and Giacometti.Hirshhorn was reared in the Jewish ghettos of Brooklyn, where his mothersettled after emigrating from Latvia in 1905 with him and his 12 brothers andsisters. Fascinated with art from an early age, he used to paste examples ofcalendar painting over his bed.At age 17, Hirshhorn went into the brokerage business with $225. He made$168,000 in the first year and by 1928 was making profits of over $2 million. Hepulled out of the stock market just before the crash with $4 million.Hirshhorn takes a businessman's approach to collecting, buying up whole lotsat a time and dickering for a bargain rate. But he is also gifted with a sensitivityfor art and an extroardinary perceptiveness that enabled him to buy works ofunknown artists who were later to become famous.His collection is scattered around the world, jamming his offices in Manhattanand Toronto, and displayed throughout his Park Avenue apartment, his Rivieravilla and his country home in Greenwich, Conn. The bulk of the trove, however,is kept in closets, storerooms and warehouses.Hirshhorn and his collection have been wooed by more than half a dozen mu-seums, including the Tate Gallery in London and others in Baltimore, BeverlyHills and in France, Israel and Canada.New York Gov. Nelson Rockefeller, himself a collector, offered to build amuseum if Hershhorn would give his works to New York State.Acquisition of the art treasure by Washington, with both the President andMrs. Johnson taking personal interest, is expected to rank as a major coup inthe art world.VAST COLLECTION WILL ADD A MAJOR DIMENSION TO ART HERE(By Andrew Hudson)Joseph H. Hirshhorn's decision to give his vast modern art collection to theFederal Government adds a major dimension to art in Washington.This collection is particularly strong in modern sculpture, both European andAmerican. Its 1.500 sculptures range from Rodin's "The Burghers of Calais"through Maillol, Degas, Lipchitz, Matisse, Picasso, Moore, Giacometti. Calder andSmith to recent works by such contemporary Americans as John Chamberlainand Jasper Johns.It also includes a couple of sculptures by the American painter Thomas Eakins.Almost every prominent name in modern sculpture is represented and the pro-posed Sculpture Garden of the new Museum will almost certainly be a richexperience.The collection's holdings in paintings and drawings (numbering 4.800 mainlyAmerican) make it the largest private collection of American painting in exist-ence. However, in this area the collection is more diffuse and not so distinguishedas it is in sculpture. The choice examples apparently lie in American work of the1930's and earlier, in paintings by Dove, Marin, Gorky, Stuart Davis, Homer,Sloane and Demuth.Hirshhorn came rather late on the scene in regard to abstract expressionism,though he did pick up a good 1943 Pollock and some Klines. The more recentwork in the collection includes Larry Rivers gigantic assemblage "The RussianRevolution," which was shown at the Jewish Museum last year.As far as the paintings are concerned, the most promising feature is whatmay be a donation of an additional $1 million for further purchases. If thiscould be used toward upgrading the collection in terms of both postwar Ameri-can painting and modern European painting, we should have a very remarkablemuseum collection indeed. OTHER COLLECTIONS CITEDWashington at present contains one of the most comprehensive collections ofWestern art in the world?up to around 1905?at the National Gallery. There areseveral fine examples of work after 1905 at the Phillips Collection but thesewere chosen not to present a comprehensive survey of modern art but accordingto personal taste?as the late Duncan Phillips was always the first to admit.Various works in the collections of the Corcoran Galley of Art and the Wash-ington Gallery of Modern Art serve to complement the Phillips Collection,
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especially in contemporary American art ; and doubtless the revitalized NationalCollection of Fine Arts, which aims, like the Corcoran, to be primarily a museumof American art, will be building a collection of modern and contemporarywork. GALLERIES SHARE TASKHowever, the task of collecting modern European art for this city and of put-ting contemporary American art in an international context has fallen on theshoulders of the National Gallery and the Washington Gallery of Modern Art.The Gallery of Modern Art has done an admirable job over the past four years,but it has to rely on gifts and bequests for acquisitions and it doesn't have spaceto put even its present collection permanently on display. It doesn't look asthough the National Gallery is about to venture into contemporary art.It's hard to foresee how this arrival in Washington of a new museum of modernart will affect our other museums. There has been no talk of any exhibitionprogram ; indeed, one of the first questions to arise will be where the money is tocome from to finance the museum's operation. As things are, the National Col-lection is having to organize benefits to raise money for its programs.A possible development might be a merger of the present Washington Galleryof Modern Art and the new museum, with the former continuing a wide-ranging,forward-looking exhibition program and the latter building up an internationalcollection of modern art. Hirshhorn Art Collection(Mr. KUNKEL asked and was given permission to address the House for oneminute and to revise and extend his remarks.)Mr. KUNKEL. Mr. Speaker, last week it was disclosed that our Governmenthas almost reached an agreement whereby one of the great private art collec-tions in the world could be secured for this city and our Nation. The collectionbelongs to Mr. Joseph H. Hirshhorn of New York.Thursday afternoon I had a conference with people from the White House andthe Smithsonian Institution about this. They assured me this collection is worthevery effort on our part to obtain it. From what they told me?and from whatI have read about it?I am greatly impressed.Mr. Hirshhorn's collection contains more than 6,000 pieces of art?many ofthem by foremost painters and sculptors of the past hundred years. Moreover, itis said to include the largest private collection of American art in existence. Inmy judgment, it would be a splendid addition to the cultural treasures of theNation's Capital.But to bring it to Washington is going to require that we provide a museum forit. In fact, this is going to have to be done right now. The element of urgencyis in the fact that many other museums in this country and elsewhere in theworld have been attempting to obtain the collection. Mr. Hirshhorn has re-ceived a number of proposals. So there is a plan to ask the Congress for thenecessary authorization and construction money to build a museum for thecollection here. The Smithsonian Institution would administer it.Now I know there have been many controversies here in the last few monthsover a number of programs. There are those of us who have argued that it wouldbe wise to postpone some of these projects for at least a year or more. But asthis matter of the Hirshhorn collection comes before us in committee, I do notsee how that argument can apply. This is a now or never proposition.If we are to secure this collection for our National Capital?and if we are toassure that it remains permanently in the United States?then action must betaken at once. Otherwise, it will be lost to us forever.I hope and trust that this body will hold that thought in mind as this mattermoves along, and will take kindly toward it.CHARGES MADE AGAINST MUSEUM AND RESPONSES THERETOMrs. Hansen. Dr. Ripley, please insert in the record a chronologicalsummary of some of the charges that have been made about the Hirsh-horn Museum and the reply the Smithsonian Institution has made tothese charges.(The information follows :)
841Statement on Hirshhorn Museum ControversyIt has become increasingly clear during the past year that a certain numberof people are determined, for whatever reasons, that the Hirshhorn Museumand Sculpture Garden should never be completed and opened to the public.Although these people were not heard from during the 5 months when the Hirsh-horn legislation was before the Congress, when hearings were held by subcom-mittees of both the Senate and the House of Representatives, when the agree-ment between Mr. Hirshhorn and the Smithsonian Institution was made amatter of public record, when plans for the museum and sculpture garden wereapproved by the National Capital Planning Commission and the Commission ofFine Arts, when the Congress granted contract authority for construction of themuseum and sculpture garden, and when funds were appropriated for construc-tion, in recent months deliberate efforts have been made to deprive the UnitedStates of the Hirshhorn collection and of the museum and sculpture garden thatare now under construction on the authorized site on the Mall.I will not speculate about the motives that lie behind these efforts. But I thinkit is instructive to look briefly at the methods that have been employed by thoseengaged in these efforts. The first strategy was to denigrate the value and im-portance of the Hirshhorn collection. We were told that the collection had beenvastly overvalued, and that it was in fact uneven and filled with inferior works.In the face of the facts?which are that the Hirshhorn gift comprises what oneexpert has called "the most comprehensive collection of American painting ofthe 20th century in existence" and "the most important collection of modernsculpture in existence"?this line of attack has been abandoned by all exceptthe most ill-informed opponents.Having failed to demonstrate that the gift is unimportant, opponents shiftedtheir attention to the donor. Like others who have offered great gifts to the Na-tion's museums. Mr. Hirshhorn was subjected to vicious attacks in the press andelsewhere.At the same time the Smithsonian was attacked for having deliberately "cir-cumvented" a subcommittee of the House of Representatives at the time of theoriginal legislation. Apart from the obvious fact that the Smithsonian does notcontrol the referral of bills to congressional committees, this accusation carrieswith it the suggestion that the committees that did consider the Hirshhorn leg-islation?the Senate Committee on Public Works, the Senate Rules Committee,and the House Committee on Public Works?were negligent or incompetent whenthey reported that legislation favorably.When these attacks on the collection, on the donor, and on the Smithsonian(and by implication on three committees of the Congress) failed to achieve theirpurpose, attention was then turned to the architect of the museum and sculpturegarden. This distinguished leader of his profession was accused of improprietyand conflict of interest because of his membership on the Commission of FineArts. This despite the fact that Mr. Bunshaft, like other members of the Com-mission under similar circumstances, did not himself present his plans and didnot participate in any of the Commission's deliberations thereon. It should benoted that this accusation against Mr. Bunshaft is at the same time a graveaccusation against the other distinguished members of the Commission of FineArts, suggesting that through friendship or favoritism they failed in the per-formance of their professional duty.More recently, the enemies of the Hirshhorn Museum have turned their at-tention to the General Services Administration, suggesting that the award ofthe construction contract was improper or even dishonest. Mr. Kunzig's replyto these charges should put them to rest, but presumably the result will besimply to shift the attack to some other front.These obvious attempts to blacken the name of anyone or everyone associatedwith the Hirshhorn project have been accompanied by two other equally dis-tasteful tactics. One, which deserves mention only in passing, has been a cam-paign of truly scurrilous innuendo of a perfectly familiar antisemitic sort. Theother has been a consistent distortion of fact about the Hirshhorn Museum andSculpture Garden. It is suggested, for example, that the location of the museumand sculpture garden somehow make them the equivalent of the WashingtonMonument and the Lincoln Memorial, and that the use of the donor's name insuch a location is an affront to the great heroes of our Nation. The facts arethat the museum and sculpture garden are to be located on that part of the Mall
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occupied by Smithsonian museums ; that there are now six Smithsonian build-ings in that area, two of which (the Smithsonian building and the FreerGallery) are named for donors; that three additional museum buildings areplanned in the same area. Again, it is suggested that some $15 million dollarsare being spent to build a museum simply to house Mr. Hirshhorn's collectionand to serve as a monument to him. The facts are that Mr. Hirshhorn, unlikemany donors, has happily accepted the principle that his gift need not bekept inviolate, and has agreed that the trustees should be free to dispose of partsof it in order to add other works of art ; and that, therefore, the museum andsculpture garden will house a changing and growing collection.Again, it has been suggested that the Smithsonian will spend some $2 mil-lion a year simply to maintain a memorial to Mr. Hirshhorn. The fact isthat this estimated annual budget is based upon a full range of museum activi-ties, including exhibitions, research, and education, befitting a national artmuseum in the Nation's capital. Instances of similar, presumably deliberate,distortions could be multiplied almost indefinitely.The sad fact seems to be that the enemies of the Hirshhorn Museum are de-termined to stop it at any cost. In pursuit of this strange enterprise they arewilling to damage the reputations of individuals and of public bodies, and theyare willing to play fast and loose with the truth.Last summer the House Subcommittee on Library and Memorials, chaired byCongressman Frank Thompson, heard testimony on the entire Hirshhorn project.As Congressman Thompson noted on January 28, 1971, "the subcommittee onLibrary and Memorials did not take issue with the construction of the museum,but directed its criticism solely at the decision to locate a sculpture garden onthe Mall." The Smithsonian recognizes that the question of the design andlocation of the sculpture garden is a serious and legitimate one, and has shownits good faith by working diligently with all concerned to achieve a satisfactoryanswer. We now believe that we are well on the way to doing so. We trust thatthe Congress, despite the vicious attacks on this project, will continue to supportthe museum and sculpture garden that it established, after due deliberation,4Vi years ago. FREER GALLERY OF ARTMrs. Hansen. What is the visitation at the Freer Gallery of Artper year ?Dr. Ripley. The Freer visitation, Madam Chairman, is 217,000.Mrs. Hansen. This is not a large visitation in the context of otherSmithsonian activities.Dr. Ripley. No ; it is not.Mrs. Hansen. Yon had a total budget in 1970 of $45,000 for theFreer Gallery of Art and this year you are requesting $80,000?Dr. Ripley. That is correct. We are asking for one position and$21,000. Under the Freer deed of gift Federal funds were to be re-quested for general support purposes. It has been our feeling thatthese have been maintained over the years at an absolute minimum.We are requesting additional support for a clerical position to as-sist our research in Near Eastern Art on which we have a major col-lection, and for the purchase of storage equipment and related sup-plies, $15,000. We believe that we have always maintained the Freerbudget essentially on the income of the Freer fund but we have beenmost prudent in any requests to the Congress for supplementary Fed-eral appropriations.Mrs. Hansen. When you compare the total budget, about $2.5 mil-lion and the number of visitors, about 6,000,000 of the National Mu-seum of History and Technology with the budget of $80,000 and a visi-tation per year of 217,000 of the Freer Gallery of Art it seems that theFreer Gallery is receiving a very large amount in comparison.
843Dr. Ripley. Well, we feel that there is scope, Madam Chairman,within the Mall area for different kinds of museums.Mrs. Hansen. This is right.Dr. Ripley. This is a different kind of museum. This is a specialistmuseum, and for that it is prized around the world. The internationalreputation of the Freer Gallery is second to none, and it is thought ofas the finest collection of Near and Far Eastern Art in the country.Mrs. Hansen. I think it is a splendid gallery to have. But I haveheard statements made that funds have not been appropriated propor-tionately to the Freer Gallery as compared with some of your other ac-tivities. I think it is in proportion to the kind of visitation and the kindof activity you have at the Freer Gallery.The committee will adjourn until 2 :00 p.m.AFTERNOON SESSIONCONSTRUCTION COST OF HIRSHHORN SCULPTURE GARDENMrs. Hansen. The committee will come to order. What portion ofyour construction costs are related to the Hirshhorn SculptureGarden ?Mr. Bradley. Madam Chairman, the only way we have of estimat-ing that, is that at the time that the sculpture garden bid was takenit was required that the bidders put in an amount just for the gardenas a potential deduct alternate. The bids varied. One was $1.2 million,by the firm that is now doing the job, Piracci. Another bidder putin a deduct alternate, as I recall, of $1.4 million and the third bidderput in a deduct alternate of $2.0 million. So we have an uncertaintythere because it was bid as a deduct alternate and the bids varied by100 percent. COST OF SCULPTURE GARDEN REDESIGNMrs. Hansen. What is the cost of redesigning the sculpture garden ?Mr. Bradley. The redesign is estimated to cost $55,000.Mrs. Hansen. Do you have funds available within your budget tomeet these costs ?Mr. Bradley. Yes, Madam Chairman.ARCHrVES OF AMERICAN ARTMrs. Hansen. You are requesting $175,000 for the Archives ofAmerican Art. This is a new activity in 1972. Please give the commit-tee the reasons this activity was established and what is involved ?Dr. Ripley. I might start, Madam Chairman, if I may, by sayingthat the reasons for our showing the Archives of American Art as anew, separate line item consists of the fact that this archival organiza-tion has its own Board of Trustees, it has a small budget of its own,and the Board of Trustees is committed to assisting us to meet itsbudget requirements.The Archives, having been started, has turned out to be a majorresource in the history of American painting and American art. Assuch, it conforms beautifully to the function of the National Collec-tion of Fine Arts, which indeed, as authorized by the Congress, wasset up to study and to conduct research on the history of American
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art, and also the National Portrait Gallery, which again in its author-ization from the Congress was requested to study the history ofAmerican Iconography, so that by bringing the Archives to Wash-ington, placing it adjacent to our Library for the National Collec-tion of Fine Arts and the National Portrait Gallery, we have as itwere placed the keystone within the arch of the total dimension of thestudy of the history of American art and American Iconography.I think that with that introductory remark, I might turn to Mr.Blitzer, who could speak to the issue involved in this budget item.SIZE OF THE ARCHIVESMr. Blitzer. Madam Chairman, let me say first briefly what theArchives consists of. It is a collection of original archival materialsabout the history of art in this country from the earliest days to thepresent. It contains approximately 5 million original items ofarchival material. In addition, it contains or possesses some 3,000 rollsof microfilm of archival material elsewhere, which would perhaps bea total of another 3 million documents on microfilm. It possessessome 30,000 related photographs and some 20,000 printed items, cata-logs and reports of institutions and so forth.I think there is no doubt that it is by far the single greatest archivalresource for the study of the history of American art that exists. It isvery difficult, I think, to put a monetary value on a collection of thissort. I have been told by people close to it that a value of $2.5 millionwould be reasonable, but I think more important than that is the factthat it would be simply impossible now to duplicate this collection.The people who started the Archives in 1954, and the people whohave been running it since 1954, have been zealous and very effectivein acquiring the papers of the leading artists in this country. They aresimply there, and one could no longer acquire these archives or thesematerials. After very long negotiation it became possible in May of1970 to bring this to the Smithsonian. The Smithsonian now owns allof the assets as it were of the Archives. All of the archival material andassociated equipment, microfilm readers, furniture, and so forth.There also came along with the Archives its own private funds whichamounted to several hundred thousand dollars.The Archives also came with the commitment that the trustees, thepeople who had founded and presided over the Archives since 1954,would continue to feel a responsibility of providing financial supportto it. Our hope, our expectation I should say, is that over the years theFederal contribution will be about equal to the private contribution.Since the Archives came to the Smithsonian only after the fiscal1971 budget process was virtually completed, this really is the firstopportunity that we have had to bring it to the attention of the Appro-priations Committees. During the past year the Archives has been sup-ported by contributions from the budgets of the National Collection ofFine Arts and the National Portrait Gallery to the extent of preciselythe same amount that we are now asking in the name of the Archivesitself, that is $175,000.I might say, if I may also, that the rather modest increases that wehave requested for the National Collection of Fine Arts and the Na-
845tional Portrait Gallery are based on the hope that the Congress willindeed give us this separate funding for the Archives of American Art.If those two galleries are required for another year to maintain theArchives, then I must say that their real needs would be larger thanwe have shown in their own individual budget requests.The positions that we are requesting are one GS-15 director; GS-13area director for the New York area; GS-12 area director for Bos-ton and New England; curator of manuscripts, GS-11, the person incharge of the archival operations here in Washington ; and an assist-ant curator for him, GS-9; three GS-6 secretaries; two GS-5 tech-nicians and one GS-11 archivist. To a large extent these are the peoplewho are responsible for creating this wonderful collection in the firstplace and we felt the best thing we could do was to bring them alongwith it. They knew it better and had done such a brilliant job in cre-ating it. CONSERVATION ANALYTICAL LABORATORYMrs. Hansen. Justify your requested increase of $50,000 for theConservation Analytical Laboratory.Dr. Ripley. We have a very strong responsibility, Madam Chair-man, for conservation work in connection with our museums, as doesthe National Gallery. We have recently made a tour of these conser-vation facilities with Senator Pell, who is interested in perhaps pro-posing some new legislation to enhance the general posture ofconservation?We were delighted to have this expression of interest, and we have,I think, an outstanding conservation laboratory complex. It is a com-plex of different laboratories, each one in different museums in thisarea of the eastern part of the States with the exception of New York,where there is the Fine Arts Institute, at New York University. Weare requesting three positions and $50,000 for a technician and a smallfumatorium chamber. There is a serious problem of insect infestationsin the Museum of History and Technology. We are also requestingtwo additional conservationists, for some 13 million non-biological ob-jects in our collections.We also are very anxious to get an Ebert Spectrograph for spectro-graphic analysis. We do lag behind some of the great museums of thecountry in conservation facilities in the way of sufficient staff andinstrumentation, although we are not behind them we believe in termsof quality of personnel.OFFICE OF THE REGISTRARMrs. Hansen. Justify your requested increase of $50,000 for theOffice of the Registrar.Dr. Ripley. We are seeking a records technician and funds that weneed very much for contractual microfilm services.Mrs. Hansen. Dr. Ripley, you don't need to continually say, "weneed very much." You have done it throughout your presentation.Dr. Ripley. It sounds redundant but it seems to be true. At that 3percent growth rate we do need many things very much I am afraid.I cited the effects of inflation yesterday.
846We have a need to begin duplicating and protecting our documents.I would say that our fire this fall in the Museum of History andTechnology reminded us once again of our vulnerability.HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY BUILDING FIREMrs. Hansen. What was the cause of that fire ?Dr. Ripley. The cause appears to have been an electrical shortage,a short-like situation in the connections to the computer, which startedburning at about 5 :00 a.m. on September 30, 1970.Mrs. Hansen. You were very fortunate that you didn't have anymore damage.Dr. Ripley. We were very fortunate that there were personnel inthe immediate area. They heard the noise and were able to react morerapidly than the smoke detection apparatus itself. This was extra-ordinarily fortunate. But these fires, both this one and the earlier onein 1865, which demolished so many of the Smithsonian's records, re-mind us constantly that the need for microfilming and copying ofimportant records is very, very great. We need a little bit more forshipping of collections and other materials, and $2,000 is required formail room supplies and equipment.HIGHER MAIL COSTSMrs. Hansen. Please insert in the record your projected increasedmail costs if postal rates are increased.Dr. Ripley. We will be glad to put this in as part of our record.(The information follows :)Projected Increased Mail CostsAn estimated $165,000 will be spent on postage in fiscal year 1971, of which ap-proximately 90 percent is for first class mail. Although official notice of rate in-creases has not been received, it is understood that on about May 16, 1971, firstclass rates will increase from 6 cents to 8 cents and airmail from 10 cents to 11cents. Other classes will also have increases. On this basis, it may be projectedthat the Smithsonian's postage costs will increase by approximately 30 percent oran amount of $50,000. To help meet a portion of the higher costs, an amount of$20,000 is requested in the budget justification for the Office of the Treasurer.FESTIVAL OF AMERICAN FOLKLIFEMrs. Hansen. What costs are inherent in the American FolklifeFestival on the Mall?Dr. Ripley. The Folklife Festival is a continuing cost. Mr. Warner,would you like to speak to that ?Mr. Warner. I would say, Madam Chairman, that most of the pro-gram costs, in fact all this year, since we have not asked for any in-crease of staff or funds for the Division of Performing Arts, are beingvery well met by outside sources.Mrs. Hansen. Such as ?Mr. Warner. The principal contribution for this year's Festivalwill be from the State of Ohio. We already have some at hand, butthey have pledged a total of $86,000, and will have a feature pavilionat the Festival. The second great source which we are working on rightnow is AFL-CIO, the different AFL-CIO unions, that is. For
847ample, the clothing workers, the shipping unions and various othersare going to give us grants which we believe will total near $70,000for program expenses of the Festival.Mrs. Hansen. If you were to bring, for example, the Makah tribeto Washington, D.C. to perform their dances, who would be assessedfor their transportation and living expenses?Mr. Warner. I believe I can answer that. We have already gottena donation from a railway.Mrs. Hansen. From a railway ?Mr. Warner. Yes, and from airlines. We are trying to get transpor-tation for some of the performers. We have gotten an offer of $1,500worth of shipping from the Burlington Northern so far, but that, ofcourse, is for snipping of objects.Mrs. Hansen. I was going to say I didn't think there was a passen-ger train that traveled the length of this country any more.Dr. Ripley. I might add, Madam Chairman, in the past, we havehad small matching grants from State arts councils to help get per-formers to the folk festival.Mrs. Hansen. The thing that I am interested in, and most of us arevery concerned about, is that you have as many people participatingin this program as you can. The Makahs have a culture that I thinkwould be of extreme interest to people in the East.Dr. Ripley. Yes.American College Theater FestivalMrs. Hansen. I don't see anyplace in your budget where you haverequested funds for the American College Theater Festival.Mr. Warner. We are making our contribution this year, MadamChairman.Mrs. Hansen. You are making a contribution only after a greatdeal of prodding by this committee.Mr. Warner. We have had a difference or two about the budget,with our partners in the Kennedy Center, but we are ironing that out.Mrs. Hansen. To what extent did you participate in this activitylast year ?Mr. Warner. We have offered $12,000.Mrs. Hansen. I thought more funds were appropriated for thisactivity last year?Dr. Ripley. No, Madam Chairman, $12,000 was the amount.Mrs. Hansen. I think this committee appropriated an increase of$50,000 last year for the division of performing arts.Mr. Warner. For both festivals I believe, Madam Chairman.We requested program money a year ago for both the Folklife Fes-tival and the Drama Festival.Mrs. Hansen. What are you requesting this year for the AmericanCollege Theater Festival ?Mr. Warner. We did not put any program money in this year.Mrs. Hansen. Why ?Mr. Warner. We thought we would wait and see what was asked ofus next year.Mrs. Hansen. At a timeVhen the American colleges are under criti-cism for many of their activities you are not providing funds for an58-287 O?71?pt. 4 54
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activity that shows the type of contribution a group of young collegepeople from all over the United States can make ? I think you shouldhave requested funds for this activity.Mr. Warner. We are supporting the festival.Mrs. Hansen. But you can't support it with words.Mr. Warner. That is true, We have always taken on the heavy roleof production, arranging for rehearsals, meeting the actors, and so on.Dr. Kipley. We do a great deal of physical support; that is, inthe personnel time and in particular facilities, trucking, arranging,carrying the materials around town. This is in-house costs.Mrs. Hansen. Please insert in the record what an appropriationof $25,000 for the College Theater Festival would accomplish.(The information follows :)Funds fob the Amercan College FestivalAn appropriation of $25,000 would cover such Washington production costsas theater equipment rentals, backstage crews, box office staff and equipment, andprogram and ticket printing (total estimated at $17,000), plus about slightlyless than half of the Washington living expenses of the festival participants,which total approximately $20,000.An appropriation of $42,000 would cover all the Washington expenses whichthe Smithsonian has assumed in past years, with $17,000 for direct productioncosts, $20,000 for living expenses, and $5,000 for the annual symposium held forcritics, faculty, and students.Mrs. Hansen. I think as long as the Smithsonian is participatingin the Folk Festival, it is no less important to participate in theCollege Drama Festival.Dr. Ripley. We agree, Madam Chairman, and we had understoodthat we were committed.Mrs. Hansen. This committee appropriated exactly what you askedfor last year, an increase of $50,000.Mr. Yates. They used it for another purpose, Madam Chairman ?Mrs. Hansen. The total appropriation for this program activitywas $210,000.Mr. Warner. I might be wrong, but I do remember last year?
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Mrs. Hansen. I know what this committee appropriated for thisactivity.Mr. "Warner. I thought Ave had it broken down in the request docu-ment, I know we asked for the Folklife Festival.Mrs. Hansen. I remember you requested an increase of $50,000 forthe Division of Performing Arts. Your base program appropriationwas $160,000 and you requested an increase of $50,000. This committeeallowed the $50,000 increase.Dr. Ripley. But I believe the $50,000 was not all for the CollegeDrama Festival.Mrs. Hansen. "What was requested for the College Theater Festival ?Dr. Ripley. $12,000 as I understood it,Mrs. Hansen. I think the College Drama Festival is just as im-portant as your Folk Festival.RELATIONSHIP WITH THE KENNEDY CENTERMr. Warner. I agree. I might say that this year when we startedtalking with the Kennedy Center it seemed like the whole project
849would be self-supporting. That was the initial budget that they gaveus. It is not, in fact, and I think perhaps you are right because it is toomuch to expect these festivals to be self-supporting.Mrs. Hansen. I don't think that you should expect the KennedyCenter, which hasn't yet had a full season, to meet the total cost of theCollege Theater Festival.Mr. Yates. Is the college festival to be performed at the KennedyCenter ?Mrs. Hansen. No. This year they have been performing at GeorgeWashington University and Ford's Theater.Mr. Warner. In the original year we had a tent on the Mall.Mr. Yates. What is the relationship of the Smithsonian to theKennedy Center?Dr. Ripley. Under the statute, the Kennedv Center is a bureau ofthe Smithsonian, but with its independent funds, independent trustees.(Discussion off the record.)Mr. Yates. May I ask a question ? I noticed in this morning's paperthat the movie industry had fallen on hard times. Does Smithsonian'sidentification with the Division of Performing Arts include any rela-tionship with the movie industry ?Dr. Ripley. Not particularly, no. We have some film archives at theSmithsonian but we have no direct relationship. The Kennedy Centerhas sponsored the American Film Institute, which is directed byGeorge Stevens, Jr., and they have attempted to raise funds for that,but we have not directly done so, although from time to time we havehad performances of some of the older archival films.Mrs. Hansen. Also the National Endowment for the Arts providessome funds.Dr. Ripley .Yes ; that is correct.Anacostia Neighborhood MuseumMrs. Hansen. You are requesting an increase of $45,000 for theAnacostia Neighborhood Museum. How many visitations did you havein fiscal year 1970 and how many visitors do you expect in fiscal year1972?Mr. Warner. We had 48,000 total visits, Madam Chairman, in fiscalyear 1970, and this year we have 60,000 so far. I should say that wealso have a mobile unit. It is sort of a tourmobile with the exhibitswhich goes out to school districts. That was only in operation for partof last year, so we are doing much better this year with the tourmobile.Mrs. Hansen. Don't you also have a craft class at the AnacostiaMuseum ?Mr. Warner. We do. and our requested increases are primarilydirected to support two full-time teachers, because try as we do withfoundations?and we continue to do very well ; we have had a total of$191,000, some of it spread over 2 years in foundation grants forspecial purposes this year?but they don't help us with general oper-ating expenses of the regular teaching activities. It is always specialprojects, you see, like this wonderful grant we got from HUD, Car-negie Corp., and the Cafritz Foundation, a three-way grant, for thecommunity to determine its own urban problems and then translatethem into exhibits. But this grant represents a sort of an overload
850task, over and above normal operating, if you see what I mean.We can't get private funds for the operating expenses that we have.Mrs. Hansen. How are you going to spend the $45,000?Mr. Warner. We are requesting two full-time teachers for furtherclasses. We presently have classes only in ceramics, photography, draw-ing, and painting. We would like to have two teachers, one for languageskills beyond what the children can get in school, and the otherteacher for graphic arts, or how to do silk screens, make exhibits, andso on. We would like one deputy director for community relations, be-cause more and more, Madam Chairman, a great number of museumsand museumlike institutions come to see the director of the AnacostiaMuseum with requests for information on how to get this kind ofmuseum started. Anacostia is having a multiplier effect, in other words.Many people are asking : "How do we make exhibits of relevance tominority groups who don't normally go to museums?" We have re-quested, as you see, an assistant to the director for this multiplierrole, which is getting heavier and heavier at the Anacostia Museum.Dr. Ripley. I might point out, Madam Chairman, for the benefit ofthe gentlemen who are newly on this committee, that the size of theAnacostia Museum is very, very small. It is an abandoned movietheater which we rent, and therefore the visitation of 60,000 is propor-tionately very great. It is an intensely visited museum as a com-munity project.Mrs. Hansen. This is really a neighborhood museum for a greatmany underprivileged blacks in an area of the city that was almostforgotten. Isn't this true ?Mr. Warner. That is true.Mrs. Hansen. Hasn't this museum done a great deal to improve theproblem of crime and the problem of discontent in this area ?Dr. Ripley. We take some credit, and I think the District CityCouncil does, too, of the fact that during the riots in 1968 this museumacted as kind of an oasis and offered an atmosphere of calm for sev-eral blocks in all directions. It was open in the evening, 9 :30 at night,even during the heavy rioting period.American Revolution Bicentennial ProCxRAMMrs. Haxsex. You are reouesting $400,000 for the Bicentennial ofthe American Revolution. Will you give the committee a summaryof what your activity will be in this connection during this fiscal year.Mr. Blitzer. I might start by saying, Madam Chairman, that wehave, with the money granted us last year, now set up internal ma-chinery representing all the parts of the Smithsonian, which hasworked out a general overall institutional program for the celebrationof the bicentennial. I think our program is a very happy combinationof ephemeral things like performances and exhibitions leading up toand following 1976, and other activities that we hope to leave as apermanent record of the bicentennial such as national inventories,catalogs, publications and so forth.Perhaps the simplest way, since it is rather complicated, would befor me to talk about this year's expenditures bureau by bureau, al-though in doing that I hope you will be aware that this obscures theinterrelationships somewhat." I think they are very important.Mrs. Hansen. Sometimes your interrelationships are obscure.
851PERFORMING ARTS CONTRIBUTIONSMr. Blitzer. I think this will be one that we will all be proud of,when it all gets together. The Division of Performing Arts is devel-oping a program which it calls Grass Koots of American Culturewhich is an attempt first to search out and document performingstyles of various kinds from various parts of the country and variousethnic groups. The hope is that among other things in 1976 we willhave a kind of super festival of American folklife continuing moreor less through the entire year.They have been given $2,5,000 out of this $400,000. This now isdevoted to preliminary surveys and setting up the machinery for find-ing the performers and talent that they want around the country.NATIONAL COLLECTION OF FINE ARTS PARTICIPATIONThe National Collection of Fine Arts has a number of projects. Thelargest I suppose over the years will be its bicentennial inventory ofAmerican painting. This is a very ambitious attempt to make a na-tional inventory of painting in America from the beginning until1914, something that has never been done. We simply don't know whatexists. The State of Vermont on its own did this on a very small scalelast year and discovered some 300 unknown works of art that wereworthy of an exhibition in a museum, for example. When I was backin my office at lunch time I just saw the proof of the brochure that theNational Collection plans to send out to 4,000 State and local historicalsocieties, art councils and museums asking for their cooperation in thecreation of this inventory. I think apart from the service that it willperform for scholars from 1976 on, it will have two other effects. Itwill help people all over the country to become aware of their own ar-tistic and cultural heritage, and all of the results will be available tothe people who participate with us in making the inventory. It willalso make it possible for the National Collection, at the time of thebicentennial in the narrow sense, to have a great exhibition of thehistory of American art, drawing largely upon works that we probablydon't even know about today.The National Collection of Fine Arts also is developing plans fortraveling exhibitions of various kinds tied to the bicentennial. Theyreceived this year $50,000 of the $400,000.BICENTENNIAL ACTrVITY AT THE PORTRAIT GALLERYThe National Portrait Gallery has in a sense a similar enterprise.That is a catalog of portraits of Americans of the Revolutionary era.This is now defined for these purposes as the years from 1770 to 1790.This would be a complete catalog with all available information aboutall portraits of all Americans painted in that era.The National Portrait Gallery also has plans for a great exhibitionof portraits of George Washington. This will be the first time that allof the known portraits of Washington will have ever been assembledany place for an exhibition. This again will come toward 1976. Anamount of $50,000 went to the National Portrait Gallery for thispurpose.
852UNITED STATES NATIONAL, MUSEUMThe U.S. National Museum as an administrative unit was given$10,000 to cooperate with the American Society for State and LocalHistory to help them prepare a kind of guidebook for State and localhistorical associations for their own use in thinking of ways to celebratethe bicentennial. And $20,000 was allocated to the U.S. NationalMuseum for a plan to transform what we now call the Arts and In-dustries Building into a kind of replica of the Philadelphia Centennialof 1876. As you know, that building was built largely to house objectsthat had come from the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition in 1876,and we feel that between the museums that will document the Ameri-can past and others like the Air and Soace Museum and the NaturalHistory Museum that will talk about the American future, we willhave in the Arts and Industries Building a midpoint with a recreationof 1876, using the objects used in 1876 so far as we can.The Archives of American Art will have $10,000 of the $400,000.Their contribution to this program is a bibliography of the historyof American art. The form that that will take will depend, frankly,upon how much money we set in the intervening years. It could befive separate volumes published one year at a time between now an'11976 or, if we don't get adequate money for that, it will be a sin.q^lrvolume that will be less useful, but still useful, published in 1976.ANACOSTIA MUSEUMThe Anacostia Neighborhood Museum received $10,000 of the$400,000. Their particular interest in this is to develop a facility forproducing imaginative, low-cost, educational exhibits to be used ininstitutions like the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum in other partsof the country : innercity museums, community houses, and so forth.With this $10,000 they have hired a consulting firm to help themfigure out how to get into the business of producing these exhibitsfor that kind of audience which they know about-?I dare say better
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than anyone else in the Smithsonian. That was $10,000.I am not sure how much I have left out of this.Mrs. Hansen. I think you should add it up.PROJECTS FOR THE INDIANSMr. Blitzer. The largest amount was $175,000 that has gone to theMuseum of History and Technology. Dr. Boorstin, I think, can talkto that.Mrs. Hansen. How much have you allotted for the Indians?Mr. Blitzer. I would say that the Indians will come in specifi-callyMrs. Hansen. A poor third.Mr. Blitzer. No, specifically under two of these headings I shouldthink. One will be the grass roots American culture program of theDivision of Performing Arts which I am sure will involve themdeeply. The other will be, I think, in the special bicentennial facilitiesat the Museum of History and Technology.(Discussion off the record.)Mrs. Hansen. You are supposed to be developing an AmericanIndian handbook.
853Mr. Blitzer. I should have put that in.Mrs. Hansen. That is what I said before, you forget about theIndians. They come in a poor third.Mr. Blitzer. It is not funded out of this money. That is the reasonI omitted it.Mrs. Hansen. I want to make sure that you are including all of theAmerican people.Dr. Boorstin. I was going to ask permission to amend your sug-gestion that they were a poor third and suggest that instead theywere a poor first. That is a more accurate description.Mrs. Hansen. That is true, but in terms of your activities they area poor third.Dr. Boorstin. Madam Chairman, I will be glad to indicate whatour hopes are for our bicentennial celebration and how we have beenspending our money, the money that you have given us in the past.Mrs. Hansen. How much has been appropriated to date for thisactivity ?Dr. Ripley. We have had $400,000.Mrs. Hansen. The funds you are requesting this year will be yoursecond allotment of $400,000 ?Dr. Ripley. Yes.bicentennial accomplishments and plansMrs. Hansen. Please insert in the record what you have specificallyaccomplished, and what you specifically hope to accomplish this year.(The information follows:)Smithsonian Institution Bicentennial ProgramThe Smithsonian Institution's preliminary plans for celebrating the bicenten-nial of the American Revolution have been approved by the American RevolutionBicentennial Commission. The following is an excerpt from the Commission'sReport to the President dated July 4, 1970
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The Commission recommends (?) the Smithsonian Institution's plan for amajor exhibition in all its museums, to be entitled "The American Experience."This exhibition will include : The Continent and its People, our land at the timeof the arrival of the Europeans ; First Encounter, the interaction of the Europeanand Indian Cultures ; Everyday Life on the Eve of Revolution ; Colonial Com-munications ; Colonial Art ; the Signers of the Declaration of Independence ; theCitizen Soldier of the Revolution ; the Portraits of George Washington ; the Priceof Independence ; the risks and opportunities faced by the American people in theRevolutionary era ; (&) a special feature, in two bicentennial pavilions, will be aNation of Nations exhibition illustrating the ideas and physical objects broughtto America from abroad, and a Nation-to-Nations exhibition displaying the im-pact of the American experience on other countries; (c) the Smithsonian Ency-clopedia which will be a one-volume encyclopedia of American history, culture,life, and civilization. The volume will present for the first time an inventory ofthe range of American achievement from presidential elections to the safety pin
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(d) a new Smithsonian undertaking on the banks of the Potomac River, a Bicen-tennial Park, where thp life of the Revolutionary citizen soMier will be recreated.Expenditures in fiscal year 1971 have necessarily been focused primarily uponlaying the groundwork for activities spanning the entire Bicentennial era.Actual Expenditures to April 1, 1971exhibitions and performancesArchitectural feasibility studies for the construction of special struc-tures to house new Bicentennial exhibits at the National Museumof History and Technology ; undertaken by Victor Lundy, and con-
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sultation services provided by Frank A. Taylor. Mr. Taylor, $4,250.M,r. Lundy, $25,000 $29, 250. 00?P History Map Project. Costs of consultation, travel for research, anddesign of a history map, exhibit incorporating innovative audio-visual techniques to be featured as a major Bicentennial project? 12, 025. 00Purchase of specimens, including related materials required for dis-play, and related research for the special exhibitions for the Bi-centennial 38, 893. 50Corridors of American Experience. A series of time corridors, asdistinguished from open exhibition halls, enabling the visitor toexperience daily living at several points in American history byinvolving each of his sensory perceptions. Preliminary planningand development 0, 100. 00American Heroes Projection. Purchase of design and equipment forthe projection of giant film slides on the exterior walls of theNational Museum of History and Technology as an ongoingBicentennial project 1, 973. 00Curatorial examination of private collections and objects locatedthroughout the country for possible acquisition and use in Bicen-tennial exhibitions 10, 767. 27Exhibit (if Music Machines?American Style?An exhibit definingand demonstrating mechanized music as an important aspect ofAmerican civilization. Production of folders and catalogs 11,095.00187G Centennial exhibition, Arts and Industries Building. Fee forresearcher, photographic services 20, 000. 00Grassroots American Culture Program. Research and consultantexpenses, investigations of traditional American expression
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American Indian and Spanish-American music and dance, worksongs, field hollers, blues, jazz 21, 525. 00RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONSFilms on Declaration of Independence. Gundelo Philadelphia, "WouldYou Believe," "Say It Again, Sam !" Scripts, film studio costs,projectors, sound equipment 25,056.74Payment to the American Association for State and Local Historyfor preparation of a handbook for Bicentennial exhibition planning 10. 000. 00The Catalog of American Portraits, cataloguing and processing team,three limited appointments, $10,000. Information and managementpilot study in Richmond. Virginia, two limited appointments.$17,950; supplies, equipment, photographic and reproduction serv-ices, $7,450; computer costs, $2,000 37,500.00Bicentennial Inventory of American Paintings Executed Before 1914.Coordinator and researcher, two limited appointments. Fiscal year1971 portion, $10,000. Supplies, materials, equipment, $3,845.96.Travel, $628.90. Printing 7,500 brochures, $400.00 14,934.86Bibliography of American Art. Stipends for part-time special staff,design of bibliographic format and sample pages 7,500.00Bicentennial Park brochure. Punch and binder machine, $2.r>0.00.Printing, $9,750 10, 000. 00NATIONAL PROGRAMSThe Image of Revolutionary America. An exhibition of Americanprint making to be circulated to schools, small historical societies,libraries and other places with less than museum facilities. Twolimited appointments, $7,170. Photographic services, consultantfees, $7,990.00 15, 160. 00Conservation project. A traveling exhibition, probably in an editionof more than one, providing an awareness of contemporary ap-proaches to preserving paintings and sculpture. Stipends for part-time temporary staff, supplies and materials, photographicservices 14,850. 00Exhibits design and production laboratory. Fee to Research and De-sign Institute to determine feasibility of a facility which would al-low the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum to design and producelow-cost, exciting exhibitions dealing with the history and contri-butions of minorities in the United States. These exhibitions would
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circulate throughout the country to other neighborhood museums,storefront operations, etc $10, 000. 00S ADMINISTRATIONSpecial assistant for bicentennial planning. Salary 22, 000. 00Total 312, 129. 511971 BICENTENNIAL ACTIVITIES AS OF APRIL 1, 1971Exhibitions and performances $151, 628. 77Research and publications 94,990.74National programs 40, 010. 00Administration 22. COO. 00Balance 91, 370. 49Total 400, 000.00Note.?Some bicentennial activities have not been funded out of this appropria-tion but contribute to the overall Smithsonian program. These include : the En-cyclopedia of North American Indians, Bicentennial Park, and the constructionof the National Air and Space Museum.1972 Bicentennial Activitiesexhibitions and performances
^The Price of Independence. An exhibit of the risks and opportunities ofindependence for the American colonists. A computerized game willbe developed to allow the museum visitor to select one of several roles(such as that of a Boston merchant, a Philadelphia laborer, or a South-ern planter) and test his decisions against the actual facts of historyin the period 1770-1820. In this way he can relive the risks and op-portunities of the revolutionary era $40, 000wci^ The Portraits of George Washington. An exhibition ( with appropria-riate catalogs) of life portraits, political cartoons and cult images dur-ing Washington's lifetime down to the present 45, 000^The Corridors of American Experience. Further development of thistechnically complex, major bicentennial exhibition. The look andsound of America in 1750, just before the American Revolution, in1850, and in 1950 40, OOfly Colonial Communications. An exhibition on the significance of the coloni-al printer; colonial, British, and foreign newspapers and their dis-semination of news. Attention will be given to the relations of problemsof communication to the organization and conduct of the Revolution? 30, 000The Signers of the Declaration of Independence. An exhibition of as^ many of their portraits as extant and available. The exhibit would aimto illustrate the great diversity of individuals involved in the writingand signing of this document in terms of their backgrounds, occupa-tions, personalities, and the fortunes of these men during and afterthe Revolution 30,000y History Map Project. Construction of this unique and innovative audio-visual presentation 20, 000
, Colonial Art. The American visage as seen by the foreign-trained sophist-icates and by the itinerant painters; New England sign painters;figureheads and scrimshaw; the topographic artists like ChristianRemick ; the naturalists like William Bartram ; historical printmakerslike Paul Revere; cartoons and caricatures 25,000Grassroots American Culture Program. Further investigations of Amer-ican traditional performing arts leading to performances in Washing-ton and around the country 25, 000The U.S.A.?A Nation of Nations. A major two-part exhibition at theNational Museum of History and Technology which will show bymeans of artifacts and the latest techniques of audiovisual communica-tions : (a) The role of other nations in the development of the UnitedStates, and (b) America's contribution to the world 45, 000
8561876 Centennial exhibition, Arts and Industries Building. Design, loca-tion of needed materials, consultant fee $20. 000The Continent and Its People. An exhibition depicting the Americancontinent at the time of the coming of the Europeans?early settlers,Indian tribes, animals, birds and aquatic life, forests and prairie land,rivers and bays and life of the oceans 40, 000RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONSThe Smithsonian Encyclopedia. A bicentennial project designed to pro-vide an authoritative illustrated one-volume encyclopedia of Americanhistory, culture, life, and civilization. It will offer the American peoplefor the first time an inventory of the remarkable range of Americanachievement. It will include all the usual topics (Presidents, treaties,battles, legislation) in addition to thousands of others (Coca Cola,comic strips, corporate lawyers, safety pin, typewriter, et cetera) forwhich there is no other accessible authoritative source 50,0003 The Catalog of American Portraits. Building upon the experience gainedin a successful information collection and management study com-pleted in 1971, researchers will expand efforts to a nationwide scale.Skilled personnel are required to make local contacts, interpret rec-ords of collections, make informed decisions on authenticity, andmaintain a high standard of quality. The teams will begin the moredetailed work of fleshing out art historical and biographical data foreach entry into the data bank 100, 000Bicentennial Inventory of American Paintings Executed Before 1914.In 1972 work will be intensified on this massive undertaking to searchfor and record the whole range of American painting from the earliestyears of our history to the present century. Data will begin to arrivefrom organizations, institutions, and individuals throughout thecountry. A computer system is used for record storage and display. Anannotated directory will be published in 1976 65,000Bibliography of American Art. Further work on an important and badlyneeded resource for writers, students, and scholars 20, 000NATIONAL PROGRAMSExhibits design and production laboratory. Funds will be required bythe Anacostia Neighborhood Museum to establish the new facility andproduce prototype exhibitions 40, 000Conservation project. Design and production of a traveling exhibition il-lustrating various types and causes of the deterioration of works ofart, stages and techniques of examination, and remedial approaches tobe used in conservation treatment 20, 000The Image of Revolutionary America. Completion of design and produc-tion of a circulating exhibition of American print making for non-museum settings 15, 000ADMINISTRATIONSpecial assistant for bicentennial planning. Salary 24, 000Total ? 694, 0001 The bureaus involved in these activities have calculated the difference between this re-quired amount and the $400,000 requested in the fiscal year 1972 budget and will meet thedifference from their regular operating funds.197 2 BICENTENNIAL ACTIVITIESExhibitions and performances $360, 000Research and publications 235,000National programs 75' qooAdministration 24 000Total 694 000Note.?Some bicentennial activities have not been funded out of this ap-propriation but contribute to the overall Smithsonian program These includethe Encyclopedia of North American Indians, Bicentennial Park, and the con-struction of the National Air and Space Museum.
857Mr. Blitzer. If I may say so, we have tried to be as scrupulous aspossible to avoid subsidizing normal activities. If anything I wouldsay that these bureaus have in fact been subsidizing bicentennialactivities.Mrs. Hansen. That is not inappropriate.Mr. Blitzer. No, not at all.BICENTENNIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF THE MUSEUM OF HISTORY ANDTECHNOLOGYDr. Boorstin. Madam Chairman, may I make a statement at leastfor purpose of clarification, indicating what the scope of the bicen-tennial celebration is and of our responsibility in it as we have seen it,which has been guiding our expenditures and our plans.We have conceived that our role is at least threefold. First, to helppeople become better informed about the era of the American Revolu-tion defined in a very general way from about the middle of the 18thcentury at least until the framing of the Constitution. We have beenaiming to collect objects and to devise new means for interpretingthat era.But we have also thought, and it has been our understanding that itwas the intention of the Congress, that we should conceive, and I alsoknow that it has been the intention of the President's BicentennialCommission, that we should also conceive our role to be the interpre-tation of the American experience, an attempt to make more total ourunderstanding of the contributions of all sorts of Americans, Indians,Negroes, and all other racial and religious groups, and that we shouldalso make an effort to sum up and interpret the American achievementduring the two centuries of the Nation.Mrs. Hansen. I think if the celebration in 1976 does just one thingit should exemplify the unity of the American people.Dr. Boorstin. We hope to use our resources to dramatize that unityand pluralism of the American people.Mrs. Hansen. If you can tell me what the American RevolutionBicentennial Commission has in mind, I would really appreciate it.They didn't make what I would call a good presentation before thecommittee when they testified this year.Dr. Boorstin. Is that a question, Madam Chairman?Mrs. Hansen. No, it is a statement.(Discussion off the record.)Dr. Boorstin. It is our purpose to use this as an occasion to under-line and explore the role of all Americans in the Revolution and in themaking of the Nation. This means we should not accentuate the evilsof segregation by undertaking exhibits of a segregated character.Mrs. Hansen. That is the point I am trying to make that the Ameri-ican Revolution was not fought by a group of minorities. It Avas foughtby Americans. Of course minority groups did contribute a large partto the American Revolution.However, the thing that has concerned me through the last 50 years,is that we are making; minorities out of Americans, which we shouldnot be doing. I hope that the goal of the bicentennial is to unite allof us together as Americans.
858Mr. Yates. In looking at pages 88-A-90, without denigrating theothers who have prepared this justification, I want to congratulatethe person who prepared these two pages because I found themfascinating.Mrs. Hansen. They have some of the best rhetoric in their justifica-tions as any agency in the Federal Government.Dr. Boorstin. May I just add that the combining of all people andthe opportunity of people to affiliate, people from remote parts of theworld of different races and religions is something that we should alsocommemorate in the American achievement, not only in the events ofthe Revolution but in interpreting what has been accomplished.Mrs. Hansen. You find not one word in the Constitution of theUnited States about minorities. It is a country of all the people.Dr. Boorstin. Exactly.Environmental Sciences ProgramMrs. Hansen. Justify your requested increase of $225,000 for theenvironmental sciences program.Dr. Ripley. Dr. Challinor, would you like to speak to that ?Dr. Challinor. Madam Chairman, this is one of the more interest-ing programs that we have attempted at the Smithsonian. Followingyour suggestion that we curtail the drawing of lines, this is exactlywhat this particular program is trying to accomplish. As you know,the science bureaus of the Smithsonian consist of the Radiation Bi-ology Laboratory, Tropical Research Institute, the Zoo, the Museumof Natural History, and the Astrophvsical Observatory. Here is anopportunity that has already been underway for 1 year to bring thesevarious and rather diverse science bureaus into one major programdealing with the environment.In this past year we have set up our specific programs, and twoareas in which we plan to concentrate. To carry this program out, weare asking for five new positions and a $225,000 increase.Mrs. Hansen. I don't think you would find these types of peopleif unemployment wasn't as it is today.Dr. Challinor. The sort of people we are looking for are indeedrather difficult to find, with the qualities that we really require. We arenow going to concentrate on what we call the shallow water marineenvironment. This is an area in which a great deal of the productivityof the earth takes place. You have the solar enegy coming right downon the water reaching the bottom. When we are talking about shal-low water we are talking about probably less than 3 or 4 meters.These waters are replenished by the nutrients that run off from theadjacent land, and we have at the Smithsonian, under Institution con-trol, two very suitable areas to carry out the long-term research thatwe intend to do, one in Panama at our two marine facilities there, andthe other at the Chesapeake Bay Center, which has about 12 miles ofshore frontage on the Rhode River estuary.cooperative researchMrs. Hansen. Did you notice in the paper this morning that, I be-lieve, the State of Maryland is trying to acquire some land for researchin almost the identical area that you plan to acquire land?
859Dr. Challinor. Madam Chairman, that may be referring to an areathat the State is attempting to acquire for the University of Marylandfor long-term ecological research. I believe that is on the opposite sideof the Chesapeake Bay from us on the Eastern Shore, near Cambridge.Mrs. Hansen. It is in the Chesapeake Bay area ?Dr. Challinor. Yes ; the last report was that it was some months orperhaps even a year to realization, to the actual acquisition of thisland. They have been negotiating for this for several months now. Atthe Smithsonian facility on the Chesapeake we have scientists fromthe University of Maryland working there. This effort of the Smith-sonian involving all our bureaus is an attempt to gather the expertiseof the astrophysicists, of the radiation biologists, and of the biologiststo combine, to get a really clear, global understanding of what ishappening to the environment. This is an exciting situation, becausethere is no other institution that I am aware of in the whole world thathas radiation biologists and astrophysicists as well as the systematicbiologists that we have in the Natural History Museum.As you pointed out so clearly, the necessity for curtailing the draw-ing of lines, we know have astrophysicists sitting down with taxonomicbiologists to see how they together can combine their research to under-stand what is happening to our entire globe. This is what we are en-deavoring to do, initially concentrating on two areas where the Smith-sonian has facilities. The research will not necessarily be confined tothese two areas, but this is where we initially plan to start because wehave these available to us and they are particularly suitable for thework which we plan to carry out.Major Exhibitions ProgramMrs. Hansen. You are requesting $525,000 for Major Exhibitionsprogram which is a new activity. Please give the committee a detailedsummary of what is involved in this request.Dr. Eipley. Madam Chairman, in preceding years, ending in theearly 1960's, the Museum of Natural History embarked on a largescale reexamination of its halls of exhibition. Subsequent to thatdate, no particular funds have been requested for renovation or re-doing of exhibits. We have an exhibit area, a hall, which has beenemptied bv the move of the National Collection of Fine Arts to thePatent Office Building. In this hall in connection with our primaryinterest in environmental studies and environmental education throughexhibits, we would like to prepare an exhibit which would be finishedin about 18 months. Its subject would be the "World of LivingThings". This exhibition would be the first attempt to present ideaswith objects used as illustrations rather than the object orientationof many current exhibit halls. It would also be the first truly inter-disciplinary exhibit to be planned for the National Museum of NaturalHistory which, as you know, has well over 3 million visitors a year.We refer to this hall as our first environmental exhibit, becausethe principal objective is to help visitors develop a new level ofawareness of their surroundings. Having generated better informedvisitors, the exhibit concludes with the presentation of options foraction by the individual visitor. In other words, the exhibit gives avisitor the chance to visualize how they, themselves, would like to
860behave as an individual in regard to their environmental surround-ings. This is a novel and a distinct kind of presentation. The onlycomparable one is an exhibit done in New York a couple of years agoat the Museum of Natural History, at I may say considerably greatercost than this, which we believe we can surpass with new technologyand with the advantage of having had a kind of pioneer exhibit doneby them.It will contain hundreds of specimens, illustrations, and models,each identified and related to each other by the presentation of sci-entific knowledge. The relationship of planet earth, for example, tothe sun as a source of energy will be related to energy flow in a com-munity of cave insects. The insects, some almost microscopic, will beshown 25 times life size to demonstrate highly specialized adaptationsfor life in a community of darkness, and also to give the visitor a con-cept of what it is like to be an insect in a cave adapted to cave life.These techniques will be very dramatic and very helpful for youngpeople, for students, and for people who are concerned with teachingecology courses.In a large area of the exhibit, structural and behavorial adaptationsof living things?man, of course, is included?will be presented, usingall types of communication techniques. Another area, "The Precious-ness of Life" as it is sub-titled, will provide an introduction to ge-netics and show man as the supersurvivor of other forms of life thathave become extinct through natural causes. This will be followed byan extensive exhibit presentation illustrating man's ability to upsetnatural balances, and, most importantly, man's ability to recognizewhat is happening, and, perhaps, to correct it.We will end the exhibit with the best available information on cur-rent ecological problems and suggest how each individual can helpthrough action or conservation groups, support of pending legislation,and local educational projects.I believe that this kind of core exhibition is one that will utilize theresources of our collections in a new and very novel way, and the ex-pert knowledge which is possessed by our curators. This exhibition willhave a long term educational impact for schools, for the public, andwould be one of the really fruitful things that the Institution could do.National Museum ActMrs. Hansen. You are requesting $1 million for the National Mu-seum Act which is also a new activity. We discussed this program earl-ier, but I would like to know why is it necessarv to give $100,000 tothe National Endowment for the Arts and to the National Endowmentfor the Humanities for this work when they receive their own appro-priations for this activity ?Dr. RirLEY. This provision was introduced. Madam Chairman, onthe Senate side as an amendment to the act as sent in for reauthoriza-tion. As you know, the act was reauthorized in December 1970. A sug-gested budget of $1 million for this activity was included whichfollowed the recommendation of the Belmont report, the report onAmerican museum needs. The Belmont report was closely correlatedwith similar reports on activities of museum support given for thearts and humanities endowment as a whole.
861We were happy to comply with this amendment, knowing thatthrough the Federal Council on the Arts and Humanities, on which Isit along with directors of the arts and humanities endowments andother agency heads, we would be able to coordinate the use of any suchfunds for the strict purposes of the act, that is for the training andsupplementing of experience of museum technicians for courses inmuseum exhibit preparation and for other purposes as encompassedin the act.Both the arts and humanities endowments do have supplementaryprograms in support of museums, and we would hope that throughthe correlative activities of the Federal Council this support for thearts and humanities endowments, which is rather small, would tiemore closely together the work of the three institutions.CURRENT MUSEUM ACT ACTIVITYMrs. Hansen. It is a small amount, but the point is I think wewanted to know how the programs will be integrated. What directgrants if any would be made to museums throughout the Nation, howwill they qualify, how will priorities be drawn, and what supervisionwill the Smithsonian exert to make certain that the funds are beingused properly?Dr. Kipley. In fiscal year 1970 Congress appropriated about $40,000,and in fiscal year 1971 an additional $35,000 for purposes related toNational Museum Act activity. These funds have been provided fromour general salaries and expenses appropriation to the Smithsonianas part of the funds requested for the Office of the Director Generalof Museums, now the Office of Museum programs.In fiscal year 1971, the Smithsonian will spend an estimated $82,000on programs in support of the act. Briefly these programs and theirlevel of funding are as follows : $20,000 for a documentation and sta-tistical study of museum problems through the American Associationof Mnspums; $15,000 through the American Association for State andLocal History for research in museum techniques and administration
;
$42,000 for support of regional conferences of the American Associ-ation of Museums, to which I referred yesterday in connection withtraining grants, studies, and visits by teams of specialists to these con-ferences, and the International Council of Museums; and $5,000 forpublication and training in conservation.USE OF FUNDS IN FISCAL YEAR 1972If such funds as are requested for fiscal 1972 are appropriated,specifically the Smithsonian would apply the $75,000 already in itsbase to such important needs as surveys of its visitors, research anddevelopment of improved exhibits techniques, and other projects de-signed to improve our own public education programs.Then we would begin the development of museum support pro-grams including studies on technology to catalog museum holdingsin science, history, and art on a national level. Museum professioiialsscientists, historians, and other scholars, who use museum collectionsin their research are much concerned with the need to make thesecollections more accessible through more comprehensive cataloging.
862We estimate that this kind of study on the development of suchcatalogs would account for about $240,000 of the $1,000,000 requested.In addition, there is the need for conservation of museum collec-tions which has already been documented in other connections. Wethink that museum laboratory centers should be established in variouslocations throughout the United States.Mrs. Hansen. Do you plan this in the regional areas of the country ?Dr. Ripley. Only through other museums, not through ourselves.All of this work. I might add, would be supervised by a board ofoutside museum directors and authorities to be appointed by us inconjunction with the American Association of Museums. Such a re-view board would be similar in purpose and nature to boards that wealready have for foreign currency appropriation uses, or that theNational Science Foundation has for their granting activities. Forsuch laboratory centers, we are requesting $130,000.I think that the most urgent need that is constantly expressed to usis for the development of training courses for museum technician"For this, an amount of $100,000 in the first year would allow us tofund some 20 trainees.We also need to work on the general problem of communicationsin museums for the viewer, to make museums of greater use to schools,colleges, and universities; to make these resources available to dis-advantaged people in communities ; and to experiment with and eval-uate these functions. For this we are requesting $150,000.I think that manuals of instruction on design and preparationof exhibits, which I have already mentioned, are greatly needed, andthat in this area funding of $75,000 would take care of a first effortto print and reproduce manuals, photo essays, film strips, and similarmaterials for such purposes.For the administration of this program, we would need about$27,000 and three positions. Out of the whole amount, this seems tous to be the minimum amount required. For this small staff and ad-visory committee of museum experts coming from outside Washing-ton, we would need travel funds, $20,000; for transportation of goodsto museums about $18,000; for communications and data processingequipment, $15,000; for supplies, $10,000; and for other equipment,$15,000 for a total of $78,000.Then, finally, we are, under the Act, requesting $100,000 each forthe two endowments for their planned programs of museum support.We have their justifications and if you Avish, Madam Chairman, wewould put them in the record.(The information follows:)National Endowment for the ArtsProposal for utilization of $100,000 in fiscal year 1972, if appropriated underNational Museum Act.In the proposed appropriation for the National Museum Act, the transfer of$100,000 to the National Endowment for the Arts would greatly strengthen theEndowment's program for museum aid. The proposed purposes for the use ofthe funds are fully in accord with the policies for museum aid adopted bythe National Council on the Arts at its meeting last November. The NationalEndowment for the Arts would utilize the proposed funds for the followingtwo projects.
863
1. MUSEUM CAEEEB TRAININGThe need for better trained museum personnel is becoming urgent. The Bel-mont Report documented this need and placed museum training among the toppriorities of museum assistance programs. Demands on Museums have continuedto grow dramatically, and the situation is critical.In response to this need, new facilties for museum training are becomingavailable all over the country as universities expand their museums (e.g.,Berkeley, University of Wisconsin, Cornell University) and cooperative effortsbetween universities and museums are initiated (e.g., University of Delawareand Winterthur Museum, U.C.L.A. and the Los Angeles County Museum, N.Y.U.and the Metropolitan Museum). Never before has there been such an opportunityto build valuable programs of museum training through Federal support.Several Federal agencies have seen this opportunity and the National En-dowment for the Arts has already allocated $200,000 in fiscal year 1971 formuseum training programs which will complement those of the National En-downment for the Humanities and the Smithsonian Institution. These funds willbe used to assist leading training programs already in existence and to explorenew methods of providing trained personnel on various professional and teach-ing levels by providing pilot grants for new programs of high potential value.Funds from the National Museum Act could be used to enlarge the scale ofthe Endownment's museum training support and to encourage the establishmentof new museum training centers through the cooperative efforts of universitiesand museums. (Proposed : $40,000 Museum Act Funds)2. MUSEUM PUBLICATIONSMany important collections of art, science and history museums are virtuallyunknown to the public because they have never been properly catalogued andpublished. Many exhibitions of international significance have had only localimpact because funds were not avaiable for publishing and distributing scholarlycatalogues. Two of the principal museum programs of the Endowment for theArts relate to scholarly publication in both of these areas. Its Aid to SpecialExhibitions Program assists museums to organize substantial exhibitions withappropriate catalogues, and its Traveling Scholars Program provides funds formuseums to catalogue and publish unresearch collections. Funds made availablethrough the National Museum Act could enhance both of these programs. (Pro-posed : $60,000 Museum Act Funds)National Endowment fob the HumanitiesProposal for utilization of $100,000 in fiscal year 1972, if appropriated underNational Museum Act.CONSULTANT SEEVICE FOB EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF SMALLEE HISTOBICALMUSEUMSIt is clear that a central need of historical museums, particularly smallerones, is for better trained personnel. In the past 4 years the National Endowmentfor the Humanities has contributed to improvement of the situation throughtwo types of programs : a university fellowship program to attract and preparestudents for entering into professional careers with museums; seminars toupgrade the capacities of personnel who are already employed with museumsand historical associations.A third type of program would be very useful, as a complement to tfie twodescribed?a program to bring highly competent consultants, for brief butintensive periods, directly to the smaller museums which most need guidance.The central purpose of the consultants would be to improve the abilities of themuseum personnel in interpreting and presenting their own collections for publiceducation. . . , ,The consultants should be qualified to give instruction and advice on now topresent exhibits in a way that is meaningful and relevant for the public. Presen-tations should permit the public to view objects not just as isolated curiosities,but as sources for a broader historical perspective. Before this can be effectivelyaccomplished however, museum personnel themselves need to have deeper under-standing of how to relate their collections to wider historical developments, and58-287 O?71?pt. 4 55
864how to utilize those collections as a springboard for fruitful discussion andreading.An institution or association with capacity to organize and administer thisconsultant program would be selected as a grantee. It in turn would be requiredto seek the advice of other scholarly and professional groups, in establishingprogram guidelines, and selecting well-qualified consultants.The choice of consultants would of course be crucial. They would need to havesubstantial backgrounds in history, particularly American history, and at thesame time they would have to have knowledge and interest in the educationalroles of museums. Furthermore, they would need to be willing to assume thiskind of activity on a full-time basis for a period of G months to 1 year.An. amount of .$100,000 would permit one 1-week consultant visit to each of120 small museums during a period of 1 year (or if preferable, an initial 1-weeksession, and a followup 1-week session some months later, for each of 60museums). This calculation is based on the assumption of a full year's employ-ment of three consultants, each spending about weeks in preparation, andeach making 40 1-week visits. The home bases of the three consultants would begeographically spread, and each would work in an assigned region. (For each thecost is estimated at $29,000: $15,000 salary; $8,000 travel: $6,000 per diem.)An amount of $13,000 would remain available to meet the costs of the administer-ing organization?the costs of consultant selection and orientation, preparationof descriptive materials for museums, scheduling of visits, evaluation ofmuseums' and consultants' reports, etc.Mrs. Hansen. How many organized museums are there in theUnited States?Dr. Eipley. We estimate at the moment that there are approxi-mately 6,000 museums.Mrs. Hansen. How many States are they distributed in?Dr. Ripley. Through the entire Nation. These are visited by almost600 million people annually.Academic and Educational ProgramsMrs. Hansen. Under your academic and educational programs youare requesting a $55,000 increase for graduate studies. What does thisadditional funding involve?Dr. Ripley. I would like to ask Mr. Warner to speak to that.Mr. Warner. The $55,000 additional funding for graduate studieswould provide next fiscal year two postdoctoral fellows in environ-mental sciences and systematic biology and two predoctoral appoint-ments in American history and art, and 10 short-term graduate stu-dent summer appointments. That is it in essence. Tn other words, itis a graduated increase for the predoctoral and postdoctoral fellow-ships, and for the summer appointments we used to do with our privatemonev. These are graduate studen f s for summer l'ob experience withthe scientists at the Smithsonian. We haven't been able to carry out thisprogram for 2 years. We would like to resuscitate it. Built into the$55,000 increase are 10 summer appointments at $2,000 each.Mrs. Hansen. This is $2,000 per summer for each person ?Mr. Warner. Yes.Mrs. Hansen. How long is the summer program?Mr. Warner. Roughly from when they get out of college to aboutLabor Day.Elementary and Secondary Education ProgramMrs. Hansen. Justify your requested increase of $60,000 for ele-mentary and secondary education.
865Mr. Warner. Essentially, Madam Chairman, I think the graph inour budget that shows the growth of subject matter tours and traineddocents tells the story. That is to say, we have a great many volun-teer teachers from our associates membership organization, and others,but we do need more professional teachers or staff associates. We needteachers to instruct these volunteer teachers in new subject areas. Wehave more and more volunteers who say they would like to conductthese museum tours, but as you see from the graph, the number of sub-jects areas on which we are prepared to give guided tours has remainedrather static. We are requesting two new staff associates so we can givea greater variety to our offering. We also require an additional tourscheduler because some days schools complain to us that they try totelephone us for 3 days in a row before they can finally get through toour scheduling office at the peak seasons. The tours that we give arevery popular with the schools.Research Awards ProgramMrs. Hansen. You are requesting an increase of $50,000 for yourresearch awards program. Please explain what is involved in thisrequest.Dr. Challinor. Madam Chairman, we have asked for $50,000 extrafor this year. The amount of $400,000 has remained static since 1967.In 1966, the National Science Foundation instituted a limitation onthe amount of awards they could make to scientists who are supportedby the Federal Government. The Smithsonian research awards pro-gram was established in that year to allow Smithsonian scientists tocompete for research money that would normally have been fundeddirectly from the National Science Foundation.Mrs. Hansen. How much does each of the scientists receive ?Dr. Challinor. Madam Chairman. Each year we fund about 40proposals, figuring roughly on an average of $10,000 each.Mrs. Hansen. How long do these projects last and what are someof the typical proposals?Dr. Challinor. These projects are normally funded on a year-to-year basis. In the current year, for the first time, we permitted researchproposals to be submitted that would be on a more continuing basis.In other words, we found that when we awarded simply on a 1-yeargrant, the scientists often required as much as a year to get the equip-ment together and to get the project underway. So we are allowingmultiyear proposals now. Among the awards that we have made are,for example, for research in tropical snakes and lizards. I have the listof publications that resulted from this program which I will be happyto put in the record.(The information follows:)Research Awards Program?List of Publicationsnmnh/invertebrate zoologyGrant No. Sg 0682008?Bowman, Thomas and McCain, John C. : Paracaprellatarnardi, a new species of caprellid (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from the WestCoast of Panama. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol 80, pp. 219-223, 1967.Grant No. Sg 0682009?Cressey, Roger F. : Caligoid copeoda parasitic on Isurusoxyrinchus with an example of habitat shift. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 125,No. 3653, pp. 1-26, 1968.
866Grant No. Sg 0683026?Hope, W. Duane : Free-living nematodes of the generalPseudocella Filipjev, 1927, Thoracostoma Marion, 1870, and Deontostoma Filip-jev, 1916 (Nematoda : Leptosomatidea) from the west cost of North America.Tran. Amer. Microscop. Sec, Vol. 86, No. 3, pp. 307-334, 1967.Grant No. Sg 0682010, Sg 0682012?Manning, Raymond B. : NannosquiUaanomala, a new stomatopod crustacean from California. Proe. Biol. Soc. Wash-ington, Vol. 80, pp. 147-150, 1967. Review of the genus Odentodactylus (Crus-tacea : Stompoda). Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 123, No. 3606, pp. 1-35, 1967. Noteson the demanll section of genus Gonodactylus Berthold with descriptions ofthree new (Crustacea: Stomatopoda). Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 123, No. 3618,pp. 1-27, 1967. Stomotopod Crustacea from Madagascar. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,Vol. 124, No. 3641, pp. 1-61, 1968. A version of the family squillide (Crustacea,Stomatopoda) with the description of eight new genera. Bull. Mar. Sci., Vol. 18,No. 1, pp. 105-142.Grant No. Sg 0681027, Sg 0681027/C1?Pawson, David L. and Downey, Mau-reen E. : Catalog of Recent Ophivroid Type Specimens in major collections ofthe United States, (in press?should be published in FY 1970). Catalog of theAsteroids, (in preparation and should be ready for press early 1970).Grant No. Sg 0684025, Sg 0684025/C1?Rosewater, J.: Reinstatement ofMelarhaphe Menke, 1828. The Nautilus, Vol. 80, No. 2, pp. 37-38, September, 1966.Indo-West Pacific Littorinidae. American Malacological Union Annual Reportsfor 1966. Bull. 33, p. 27, January, 1967. Itinerary of the Voyage of H.M.S. Blos-som. The Veliger, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 350-352, April, 1968.Principal Research Papers to be Submitted for publication 1969-1970
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Parts 1 and 2 of a monograph of the Family Littorinidae in the Indo-Pacific(scheduled for publication in the Journal Indo-Pacific Mollusca).Grant No. Sg 0684033, Sg 0684033/C1, Sg 0684033/C2?Waller, Thomas R.
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Two Fortran II Programs for the Univariate and Bivaviate Analysis of Morpho-metry Data. USNM Bull. 285, 1968.Waller, Thomas R. : The Evolution of the Argopecten Gibbus Stock (Mollusca.Bivalvia), with emphasis on the Tertiary and Quaternary Species of EasternNorth America. The Paleontological Society, Memoir 3, 125 pgs. V. 43, Supp. toNo. 5, Sept. 1969. NMNH/PALFOBIOLOGYGrant No. Sg 0651034?Buzas, Martin A. : On the spatial Distribution ofForminifera. Contributions from the Cushman P^oundation for ForminiferalResearch. Volume XIX, Part 1, Jan. 1968, 11 p. Forminiferal Species Densitiesand Environmental variables in an Estuary. Limnology & Oceanography, Vol.14, No. 3, May 1969, pp. 411-422.Grant No. Sg 0651036?Cheetham, Alan H. : Morphology and Systematica ofthe Bryozoa Genus Metrarhahootos. Smith. Misc. Coll., V. 153, No. 1, pp. 1-121,18 pis., 24 figs.Grant No. Sg 0651035 :Cifelli, Richard, Blow, Walter H., and Melson, William G. : Paleogene Sedi-ment from a Fracture Zone of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Journal of Marine Re-search, Volume 26, 2, 1968, p. 105-109.Cifelli, Richard, Melson, W. G., Thompson, G., and Bowen, V. T. : Lithifiedcarbonates from the Deep-Sea of the Equatorial Atlantic. Journal of SedimentaryPetrology, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 1305-1312, Figs. 1-2, December, 1968.Cifelli, Richard : Distributional Analysis of North Atlantic Foraminiferacollected in 1961 during Cruises 17 and 21 of the R/V Chain. Contr. Cush.Found. Foram. Res., pp. 118-127?1967.Cifelli, Richard and Sacks, K. N. : Abundance Relationships of PlanktonicForaminifera and Radiolaric. Deep Sea Research, pp. 751-53, 1966.Cifelli, Richard, Bowen, V. T., and Siever, R. : Cemented Foraminiferal oozesfrom the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Nature, pp. 32-34, 1966.Cifelli, Richard : Late Tertiary Planktonic Foriminifera Associates with aBasaltic Boulder from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Jour. Marine Res., pp. 78-87,1965.Grant No. Sg 0653051
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Hueber, Francis M. and Banks, H. P.: Psilophyton Princcps: The search forOrganic Connection. Taxon, Utrecht, Netherlands 16(2): 81:85, 1967.Hueber, F. M. : Psilophyton : The Genus and the Concept. InternationalSymposium on the Devonia System, pp. 815-822, 1967.
867Hueber, F. M. and Grierson, J. D. : Devonian Lycopods from Northern NewBrunswick. International Symposium on the Devonian Svstem. pp. 823-836, 1967.Grant No. Sg 0651032 :Kauffman, E. G., Dane, C. H., and Cobban, W. A. : Stratigraphy and regionalrelationships of a reference section for the Juana Lopez Member, Mancos Shale,in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull., 1224-H, 15 pp.3 figs. 1966.Kauffman, E. G. : Evolution and ecology of Cretaceous Thyasira (Bivalvia,Lucinacea) from the Western Interior. Abstract, Prog. Ann. Meeting, Geol.Soc. America, 1966, San Francisco, p. 105. Cretaceous Thyasira from the WesternInterior of North America. Smithsonian Misc. Coll. Vol. 152, No. 1, 159 p.,5 pis., 18 figs. 7 tabl. Notes on the Cretaceous Inoceramidge of Jamaica.Geonotes, Jam. Geol. Surv., 15 p. 1 tab., June, 1967. Coloradoan macroinverte-brate assemblages. Central Western Interior, United States. Abstr. Geol. Soc.America, Program and Bull., Sect. Meetings, May 10-13, 1967, 1 p. Coloradoanmacroinvertebrate assemblages, Central Western Interior, United States ; inPaleoneviromnents of the Cretaceous Seawav in the Western Interiors; aSymposium. Ed., E. G. Kauffman, H. E. Kent, Colo. Sch. Mines Pub., p. 67-143,12 figs. 1967.Kauffman, E. G., Dane, C. H., and Cobban, E. G., and W. A. : Semilla Sandstone,a new member of the Mancos Shale in the Southeastern part of the S?n JuanBasin, New Mexico, U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 1254-F. Contrib. to Stratigraphy 21pp., 4 figs 1968.Kauffman, E. G. and Kent, H. C. : Cretaceous biostratigraphy of Western In-terior United States ; Abstr. 1968 Ann. Mtng. Geol. Soc, Soc. America, MexicoCity, p. 156. 1968.Kauffman, E. G. : Biostratigraphy and assemblages of Antillean CretaceousBivalvia; Abst. 5th Carib. Geol. Conf., St. Thomas, 2 pp. 1968. Form, functionand evolution ; in Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Ed.. R. C. Moore : Bi-valvia, 147 pp., 17 figs, 1969. The Cretaceous Inoceramus of Puerto Rico; Proc.4th Caribbean Geol. Conf., Trinidad, 1965, 40 ins. p. ; 6 figs., 2 pis. 1969. Systemat-ics and evolutionary position of a new Tertiary Thyasira from Alaska. Jour.Paleont., 33 ms. pp. ; 5 figs., 1 pi. Population Systematics, radiometrics andzonation. a new biostratigraphy. Abstr. N. American Paleontological Convention.Sept., Chicago, 2 ms. pp. 1969. Biostratigraphy and assemblages of Antill^^nCretaceous Bivalvia, Proc. Vol. 5th Carib. Geol. Conf. 10 ms. pp., 3 figs., 1969.Manuscripts in progress, completion expected by May 1970 (all fully sup-ported?in order of expected completion) :(1) Systematics, evolution and ecology of North American Inoceramid genera.(2) Morphology, anafomy and habitat of Recent Isognomon idae (with K. J.Boss)(3) Cretaceous Inoceramidae of the Caribbean.(4) Lower Cretaceous Inoceramidae of Texas.(5) Systematics and evolution of Paleogene Astarte from the Middle AtlanticCoast (with C. H. Buddenhagen )
.
(6) Jurassic Inoceramidae of Alaska.(1) Systematics, evolution and ecology of North American Inoceramidgenera.(2) Morphology, anafomy and habitat of Recent Isognomon idae (withK. J. Boss)Cretaceous Inoceramidae of te Caribbean.(4) Lower Cretaceous Inoceramidae of Texas.(5) Systematics and evolution of Paleogene Astarte from the Middle At-lantic Coast (with C. H. Buddenhagen)
.
(6) Jurassic Inoceramidae of Alaska.(7) Lower Cretaceous Inoceramidae of Western Interior North Amer-ica and Alaska.(8) Cenomanian-Turonian Inoceramidae of North America.(9) Systematics and evolution of Paleocene Crassatella from Maryland(withR. Sikora).(10) Coniacian Inoceramidae of Western Interior North America.Partiallv supported
:
(1) Cretaceous biostratigraphy of the Western United States (with sev-eral coauthors).(2) Cenomanian-Turonian Stratigraphy of Cimarron County, Oklahoma(with J. D. Powell, D. C. Hattin)
.
868(3) Revision of Coloradian stratigraphy in the central Western InteriorUnited States (with D. C. Hattin).(4) Stratigraphy of the Dakota Group in central and eastern Colorado(withK. M. Waage).Grant No. Sg 0654019, Sg 0654019/C1
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Pierce, J. W. and Roberts, W. P. : Outcrop of the Yorktown Formation (UpperMiocene) in Onslow Bay, North Carolina. Southeastern Geol. V. 8, pp. 131-138,1967.Pierce, J. W., Siegel, Brien, C. M., and Stone, I. C. Jr. : Clay Mineralogy in theestauary of the Rio de la Plata, South America. 23d Int. Geol. Congress, V. 8, 9.Grant No. Sg 0652002?Ray, Clayton B., Cooper, B. N., and Benninghoff : Fos-sil Mammals and pollen in a late Pleistocene deposit at Saltville, Virginia. Jour.Paleont, V. 41, No. 3, pp. 608-622, 2 pis., 4 tigs 1967.Grant No. Sg 0654062, Sg 0654002/C1Stanley, Daniel J. : Comparing Patterns of sedimentation in some Modern andAncient Submarine Canyons. Earth and Planetary Sci. Letters, V. 3, pp. 371-380, 196 1. (Some NAS and Nat. Res. Council Canada Funds).Stanley, Daniel J. and Cok, Anthony E. : Sediment Transport by Ice on theNova Scotia Shelf. Trans, at. Symp., Marine Tech. Soc, pp. 109-125, Mar. 1967.( USGS and Narocean Off. in joint support with SRF ) .
.
Cifelli, Richard : Radiation of Cenozoic Planktonic Foraminifera. Syst. Zool.,v. 18, pp. 154-168?1969.Age relationships of Mid-Atlantic Ridge sediments, pp. 47-70 ; in Randy, O. L.,ed., Radiometric Dating and Paleontologic Zonation, Geol. Soc. Amer. Spec. Pap.124, 260 pp.Cifelli, Richard, Sachs, K. N., Jr., and Bowen, V. T. : Ignition to concentrateshelled organisms in plankton sample. Deep-Sea Res., v. 11, pp. 621-622 1964.Cifelli, Richard and Smith, R. K. : Problems in the distribution of North At-lantic Foraminifera and their relationships to water masses, pp. 68-81 ; in Bron-nimann, P., and Renz, H. H. eds. Proc. First International Conference on Plank-tonic Microfossils, Geneva, 1967, v. 2, 745 pp.Cifelli, Richard, Thompson, G., Bowen, V. T., and Melson, W. G. : Lithified car-bonates from the Deep-Sea. Jour. Sed. Petrol., v. 38, pp. 1305-1312. 1968. Dis-tribution of Planktonic Foraminifera in the vicinity of the North Atlantic Cur-rent. Smithsonian Contribs. to Paleobiol. no. 4, pp. 1-52. 1970,Grant No. 0651036?Cheetham, Alan H., Rucker, James B. and Carver, Rob-ert E. : Wall structure and Mineralogy of the Cheilostome Bryozoan Metrarab-dotos. Journal of Paleontologv, Vol. 43, No. 1, Jan. 1969, pp. 129-135.Grant No. 0654062
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Stanley, Daniel J. and Silverberg, Norman : Recent Slumping on the Conti-nental Slope off Sable Island Bank, Southeast Canada. Earth and PlanetaryScience Letters 6 (1969) 123-133. North-Holland Publishing Comp., Amsterdam.Armored Mud Balls in an Intertidal Environment, Minas Basin, Southeast Can-ada. Journal of Geology, 1969, Vol. 77, pp. 683-693. The ten-fathom terrace onBermuda : its significance as a datum for measuring crustal mobility and eustaticsea-level changes in the Atlantic.Stanley, Daniel J., and Kelling, Gilbert : Sedimentation Patterns in the Wil-mington Submarine Canyon Area. Ibed., pp 127-142, 1967 (Inst, of Ocean.,Dalhousie University in joint support with SRF)
.
nmnh/mineral sciencesGrant No. Sg 0643048, Sg 0643059, Sg 0643106
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Melson, W. G., Bowen, V. T., Van Andel, T. H., Siever, R. : Greenstones fromthe central valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Nature, 1966.Melson, W. G. : Geologic significance of St. Paul's Rocks. Oceanus, 1966.Melson, W. G.. Van Andel, T. H., and Jarosewich, E. : Metamorphism in theMH-Atlantic Ridge, 22? N. latitude. Marine Geology, 1966.Melson, W. G., Jarosewich, E., Bowen, V. T., and Thompson, G. : St. Peter andSt. Paul's Rocks : high temperature mantle-derived intrusion. Science, 1967.Melson. W. G. : Petrolosric model of the Earth's crust across the Mid-AtlanticRidge. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 1968.Melson, W. G., Jarosewich, E., and Henderson, E. P.: Metallic phases in ter-restrial basalta : implications on eonilibria between basic magmas and ironcarbon melts .Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 1968.
869nmnh/entomologyGrant No. Sg 0633100?Spangler, Paul J. : A new Brazilian "Berosus and adescription of the female of B. spectatus. D'orchyment "Coleoptera : Hydro-philidae." nmnh/botanyGrant No. Sg 0625055?Ayensu, E. S. : Leaf-anatomy and systematics of OldWorld VELLOZIACEAF. Kew Bulletin, Royal Botanic Gardens, London. Vol 23,No. 2, 1969, pp. 315-335.Grant No. Sg 0625005
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Eyde, Richard H., Bartlett, Alexandria, and Barghoorn, Elso S. : Bulletin ofthe Torrey Botanical Club. "Fossil Record of Alangium : Vol. 96, No. 3, pp.288-314, May, June, 1969.Eyde, Richard H. : The Peculiar Gynoecial Vasculature of Cornaceae and itsSystematic Significance, Phytomorphology. Vol. 17, Nos. 1-4. March-December1967. Flowers, Fruits and Phylogeny of Alangiaceae. Journal of the ArnoldArboretum, Vol. 49, No. 2, April, 1968, pp. 167-192.Grant No. Sg 0627016, Sg 0627016/C1, Sg 0627016/C2
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Fosberg, F. R. and Sachet, M. H. : Plants of Southeastern Polynesia. U.S.Nat. Mus. Vol. 2, p. 153-159, June, 1966.Fosberg, F. R. : Critical Notes on Pacific Island Plants. 1. U.S. Nat. Mus.Vol. 2, p. 144-152, June, 1966. Some Ecological Effects of Wild and Semi-WildExotic Species of Vascular Plants. Proceedings and Papers of the IUCN 10thTech. Meet. (Lucerne June 1966) Part III, IUCN Publications New SeriesNo. 9 (1967) pp. 98-109.Fosberg, F. R. and Sachet, M. H. : LEBRONNECIA, gen. Nov. (MALVACEAE)des lies Marguises. Muse'um National D'Histoire Naturelle, Adansonia, Nou-velle Se'rie, Tome-Vl, Fascicule 3, pp. 507-510, 1966.Fosberg, F. R. : Observations on Vegetation Patterns and Dynamics onHawaiian and Galapageian Voleanoes. Micronesica 3 : 129-34, 1967. UniqueAldabra. Atlantic Naturalist, Vol. 22, No. 3. July-Sept. 1967, p. 160-165. TheCult of the Expert and Numerical Taxonomy. Taxon, Vol. 16, pp. 369-370,October, 1967. A Classification of Vegetation for General Pvirposes. Guide tothe check sheet of IBP Areas, pp. 73-120, 1967. Systematic Notes on MicronesianPlants. 3. Phytologia. Vol. 15, No. 7, pp. 496-502, January, 1968. Opening Re-marks, Island Ecosystem Symposium. 11th Pacific Science Congress, Tokyo,August, 1966. Presidential Address. The Smithsonian Tropical Biology Programpp. 7-12.(Grant No. Sg 0621054, Sg 0621054/C1) :Shetler, Stanwyn G. and Olive, John R. : Research Proposal to the NationalScience Foundation for the Flora North America Project. Submitted by theAmerican Institute of Biological Sciences. 91 p. & Appendices I-V. 1967 (Nov).Shetler, S. G., Ahumada, S. and Crockett, J. J. : An automated bibliographyfor Flora North America. Presented at Symposium on Information Problems inBiological Sciences. Mexico City. Dublicated for distribution. (Now being revisedfor publication ) . 1967 ( Dec. )
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Morse, L. E., Beaman, J. H., and Shetler, S. R. : A computer system for editingdiagnostic keys for Flora North America. Taxon 17 : 479-483. 1968.Shetler, S. G. : The Computer in the Flora North America Project. ASB Bul-letin 15: 54. (Abstract) Duplicated in full for distribution; originally presentedat annual meetings of Association of Southeastern Biologists, Atlanta, Georgia,April, 1968.Shetler, S. G., Crockett, J. J., Rakosi, S. I.. Shetler, E. R., and Howard, N. L.
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Computer-generated multiple index to 5th edition (1964) of index Herbariorum,Part I, compiled by J. Lanjouw and F. A. Stafleu. Computer printed at Smith-sonian Institution, Washington, D.C., for Flora North America Project 360 p.1968 (September).Shetler, S. G., Morisset, P., Crockett, J. J., and Rakosi, S. Automated bibliog-raphy for Flora North America : Data collection specifications. 16 p. (Dupli-cated for Distribution) 1968.Shetler, S. G. (editor), Morse, L. E., Crockett, J. J., Rakosi, S. L., and Shetler,E. R. : Preliminary generae taxon catalog of vascular plant for Flora NorthAmerica. (Photocopied for distribution from computer print-out) 69 p. 1968.
870Shetler, S. G. : The Crisis of herbaria. ASB Bulletin 16: 67 (Abstract) (Pre-sented at annual meeting of Association of Southeastern Biologists, Memphis,Tenn. April 1969). Florida North America Project. Annals of Missouri BotanicalGardens 55: 176-178. (Originally presented at annual symposium on systematicaat Missouri Botanical Gardens, Oct. 1968.) The herbarium: past, present andfuture. Proc. Biol. Soc. (In press, 87 manuscript pages) 1969.NMNH/VEKTEBRATE ZOOLOGYGrant No. Sg 0661039, Sg 0661039/C1
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Gibbs, R. H. Jr. and Barnett, M. A. : Validity of the Stomiatoid Fish SpeciesBathophilus Fleming, and B. indicus. Copeia 1968 (1) p. 197-198. Four NewSpecies of the Genus Bathophilus with a revised key to the species of Bathophilus.Copeia (4) : 826-832. 1968.Gibbs, R. H. Jr. : Photonecrcs Munificus, a new melanostomiatid fish from theSouth Pacific Subtropical Convergence, with remarks on the Convergence fauna.Los Angeles Co. Mus. Contrib. Sci. (149) : 1-6, 1968. (In Press) TaxonomyZoogeography and sexual dimorphism of the bathypelagic fish genus Stomias(Family Stomiatidae) Smithsonian Contr. Zool.Aron, W., and Goodyear, R. H. : (In Press) Fishes collected during a midwatertrawling survey of the Gulf of Flat and Red Sea in 1968. Israel J. Zool.Gibbs, R. H. and Hurwitz, B. A. : Systematics and Zoogeography of the Stomi-atoid fishes Chauliodus pammelas and C. sloani of the Indian Ocean. Copeia 1967(4) : 798-805.Goodyear, R. H. : Records of the alepocephalid fish Photostijlus Pyenoptcrusin the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Copeia, 1969, (2) : 398-400.Greenwood, R. H., Rosen, D. E., Weitzman, S. H., and Myers, G. S. : Phyleticstudies of teleostean fishes with a provisional classification of living forms. 1966,Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 131 (4) : 341-455.Krueger, W. H. : Systematics and zoogeography of the stomiatoid fish familyTdiacanthidae. 1967, Ph. D. Thesis. Boston IT.Krueger, W. H. and Gibbs, R. H. Jr. ; Growth changes and sexual dimorphismin the Stomiatoid fish Echiostoma barbatum, Copeia 1966 (1) : 43-49.Weitzman, S. H. : The ostoleology and relationships of the Astronesthidae, afamily of oceanic fishes. 1967, Dana Rep. No. 71 : 1-54. The origin of Stomiatoidfishes with comments on the classification of salmoniform fishes. Copeia, 1967 (3) :507-540.Goodyear, R. H. and Gibbs, R. H. Jr. : (In Press) Svstematics and Zoogeographyof stomiatoid fishes of the Astronesthrs Cyaneus species group (family Astro-nesthidae) with descriptions of three new species. Arch. Fischereiwiss.Grant No. Sg 0661040?Lachner. Ernest A. and Jenkins. Robert E. : Svstematics,Distribution and Evolution of the CAUB GENUS NOCOMIS (Cyprinidae) in theSouthwestern Ohio River Basin, with the description of a new species. Copeia,1967. No 3. Sent. k. no. 55^-580.Grant No. Sg 0661004. Sg 0661084?Springer. Victor G. : Revision of the circum-tropieal shorefish senns Entomaerodus (family Blenniidae). Proc. U.S. Nat.Mus. Vol. 122 No. 3582, 150 pp. 1967.nmnh/dept of anthropologyGrant No. Sg 0611007. Sg 11007/01. Ssr 0611007 /C2 :Ev^ns. Clifford and Meggers. Bettv J. : Guia Para Prospeccao Aroueologiea NoBrazil. Gma No. 2 Con^el^o Nacional de Pesquisas e Museu Paraense EmilioGoeldi. Bel?m. 1905. VIII. 57 P. 3 plates.Evans. CMfford : Meters. Betty J. and the Brazilian : Areheolo<rists in the pro-cram. Miller. Piazza, Raiuh, Chmvz, Silvia. Dias. Calderon. Nasser, and Simoes.Programs Nacional de Pesonisas Aroueologicas.?1: ResuHados Preiiminaresdo Primeiro Amo 1965, 1966. Publicacoes Arulsas No. 6, Belem, 1967, 158 p., 37plates.Chmyz, I^or (editor) : Terminologi Arqueoineioa Bra?ileira Para A Caramica.Centro de Ensino e Pesonisas Aroueologicas Manuals de Arnueologia No. 1 Con-selho de Pesquisas de Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, 166. 22 p. 12plates.Evans. Clifford, Mergers, Brochado. Miller, Piazzo, Rauth, Chmyz, Dias,and Calderon : Programa Nacional de Pesquisas Arqueologicas,?2 : Resultados
871Preliminares do Segundo Ano 1966-1967 Publicacoes Avulsas No. 10, Belem,1969, Museu Garanese Emilio Goeldi, 147 p, 35 plates.Evans, Clifford, Meggers, and various authors : Brazilian Archeology in 1968
:
An Interim Report on the National Program of Archeological Research. Ameri-can Antiquity, Vol. 35, No. 1, January 1970. Programa Nacional de PesquisasArqueologicas?3: Resultados Preliminares do Terceiro Ano 1967-196S. Publi-cacoes Avulsas No., Museu Paracnse Emilio Goeldi, Belem. 1970. Portuguesetranslation of "Brazilian Archeology in 1938 : An Interim Report on the NationalArqueologia. Musuc Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Publicacoes Arulsas No., Belem.in one of their series, 1969.Evans, Clifford, Meggers, and Betty J. : Multilihed Edition : Potsherd Langu-age and How to Read It : A Manual for Archeologist. 74 pp., 24 figs. MultilithedEdition : A Linguagem dos Cacos e Como A Interpretar : O Manual paraArqueologia. Musuc Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Publicacoes Arulsas No. ( ) , Belem.Grant No. Sg 0611013, Sg 0611013/C1?Laughlin, Robert M. : Tzotzil-Eng-lish/English, Tzotzil Field Dictionary, June 1968'Grant No. Sg 0614001?Wedel, Waldo R. : Some Thoughts on Central Plains-Southern Plains, Archaeological Relationships. Great Plains Historical Associa-tion. Spring 7/2, 1968. After Coronado in Quivira. The Kansas Historical Quar-terly Winter, 1968. (In Press) Some Environmmental and Historical Factors ofthe Great Bend Aspect. University of Kansas, 1969.(Not completed) Antler-Time Scraper Handles from the Central Plains.RADIATION BIOLOGY LABORATORYGrant No. Sg 0400002, Sg 0400002/C1?Correll, D. L. : Rhapidosomes?2' -0-methylated ribonueleoproteins. Science, 1968.Grant No. Sg 0400003?Long, Austin, and Hatlersley, Smith G. : Postglacialuplift at Tanguar Fiord, Northwestern Ellesmere Island, Northwest Territories.Arctic 20 : 255-260. 1967.Long, A., Keys, J., and Johannessen, O. M. : On the oceanography of Distael,Fjord on Northern Ellesmere Island. McGill University Marine Sciences Report.6 :l-7. 1968.Grant No. Sg 0400004, Sg 0400004/C1?Margulies, M. and Parenti, F. : Syn-thesis of ribulos diphosphate carboxylase by chloroplasis in vitro. American so-ciety of plant physiologists, Amherst, 1968.Grant No. Sg 0400001, Sg 0400001/C1?Shropshire, W. Jr., Bergman, K., (Divi-sion of Biology, California Institute of Technology) : Light induced concentrationchanges of ATP from Phycomyces sporangiophores : A re-examination. PlantPhysical. October, 1968.Shropshire, W. Jr., Delbruck, M., et al. : High intensity responses and actionspectra of Phyeomyces Section 21 in Monograph on Phycomyces to appear inAnn. Rev. Microbiol. March 1969.Shropshire, W. Jr., and Dennison, D. : Bibliography of Phyocmyces Research1957. 30 pp. distributed to all workers in the field (100) in preprint mimeo-graphed form. nmnh/dept. of anthropologyGrant No. Sg. 0611011?Evans, Clifford and Meggers, Betty J.: Como In-terpretar A. Linguagem Da, Ceramica, Manual para Arqueologos, Traducao deAlroino B. Eble, Desenhos Humoristicos de George Robert Lewis, 1970.GRANTS LIMITED TO SMITHSONIAN SCIENTISTSMr. Yates. May I ask a question, Madam Chairman, of the gentle-man who just testified? Are you in a better position to make grantsin the field of science than the National Science Foundation?Dr. Challinor. To our own people, Mr. Congressman. These areresearch grants that are confined to Smithsonian scientists. In otherwords, these are not made to outside scientists. However, we have hadrequests this past year from our scientists for about $1.7 million worthof which we had only $400,000 to award.
872Mr. Yates. What is a Smithsonian scientist?Dr. Challinor. These are scientists who are working at the Smith-sonian's facilities at the Ph. D. level who are members of the perma-nent Smithsonian staff.Mr. Yates. They are all on the staff ?Dr. Challinor. Yes, Mr. Congressman. These proposals are re-viewed by an outside panel of six scientists, and the Smithsonianscientists compete among themselves for these grants.Mr. Yates. T am looking at the various research grants and I mustsay I sigh with relief when T look at the program for Americanhistory, art and music. I can understand those but I am afraid I don'tunderstand the program on evolutionary and systematic biology. Iam glad somebody does. I assume that the people at the Smithsoniando.Dr. Ripley. We eat it up.Mr. Yates. Like the starfish.IMPORTANCE of the humanities and the artsMrs. Hansen. I would say that the Smithsonian Institution hasbeen moving away from its arts and history orientation into theAvorld of science. I think this is due to Dr. Ripley.Mr. Yates. Ever since Sputnik went up we have been emphasizingscience and math to the derogation of the humanities and the arts.I don't say this in criticism of Dr. Ripley, but I think this has been anational trend and I would hope not that there is a lack of activityin the field of the physical sciences and mathematics, but rather thatthere is a growth and fostering of the humanities, of the sociologicalstudies and of the arts.Dr. Ripley. Thank you, Mr. Yates. We will do our best.Mrs. Hansen. Dr. Ripley has heard this lecture from me before.The humanities are very important because science cannot be prop-erlv applied without an understanding of the humanities.Dr. Ripley. We welcome the support of the Congress for the Na-tional Museum of History and Technology, for the National Collec-tion of Fine Arts, the National Portrait Gallery, the Renwick Gallery,the Archives of American Art, the Hirshhorn Museum, and our otherart and humanity programs.HIRSHHORN MUSEUM COLLECTIONMr. Yates. I looked at the Hirshhorn Museum justification. I wassort of appalled by the amount of renovation that they are asking.Dr. Ripley. This we can explain, Mr. Yates. The point is that whenan individual collects pictures or sculpture, it is very difficult forsuch a person to maintain them at museum quality for exhibition atall times. When you have some 7,000 objects, the level of preservationand conservation required of an individual becomes insuperable. Thefact is that that individual has acquired them at a cost which nogovernment would probably ever consider putting up for the acquisi-tion of such objects. Once acquired then we have to undertake the
873
responsibility for preparing them for the opening of the museum.This problem of preparation of even the 1.200 items, which we decidedwould be put by selection in the opening exhibition, is very substantial.Mr. Yates. I was just going to say. Madam Chairman, I thoughtin reading the justifications in previous years for the Hirshhorn col-lection, I noted that they were of museum quality, and I assumed thatthey were in museum condition.Dr. Ripley. No; museum quality as distinct from museum condition.Mrs. Hansen. As a matter of fact, our hearings in the past yearshave indicated this was not true.Dr. Ripley. Museum quality means any museum in the countrywould be fighting to get them. That museum, once having acquiredthem, might have to undertake in some cases, not in all, and this varieswith the ?ge, condition, and quality of each object, their own programof preparing them for public exhibition.Mr. Yates. Where are these now, Mr. Ripley, in your possessionor in the possession of Mr. Hirshhorn ?Dr. Ripley. Under the agreement they are coming to the buildingwhen it is completed. That is the way it is, and we are charged withpreparing them for that time. It is a binding contract. They are mostlyin New York, where we maintain a staff especially for preparingthem, and on his own property in Greenwich, Conn.Mr. Yates. Have you seen them ?Dr. Ripley. Yes, I started looking at them in 1964.Mr. Yates. And you just finished now ?Dr. Ripley. I will probably never be finished, because he goes onbuying them at an extraordinary rate.Office of the SecretaryMrs. Hansen. Justify your requested increase of $46,000 for theOffice of the Secretary.Mr. Bradley. Madam Chairman, an operations officer is needed inmy office in order to provide adequate direction and coordination ofwhat we call the administrative and central support activities, includ-ing personnel, procurement, buildings management, and the rest ofthe administrative activities. This operations officer will be a goodinvestment. He is right there with me, and I can't do it all. An assist-ant to the Assistant Secretary for Public Service also is needed to helpplan and produce a range of educational materials such as books, kits,recording cassettes, drawing upon the Institution's resources. Lastly,an additional $6,000 are required for office support expenses.Buildings Management DepartmentMrs. Hansen. Justify your requested increase of 25 positions and$425,000 for buildings management.Dr. Ripley. Mr. Bradley, would you like to speak to that, please?Mr. Bradley. At the Renwick Gallery, which will be undergoingexhibit preparation in early fiscal year 1972, and is now scheduledfor a public opening in the fall of 1971. we would like to obtain per-mission for an additional 25 positions. This is a combination of cus-todial personnel, semiskilled and skilled mechanics, and guards to
874take care of the building and to handle the crowds that will come there.This is $195,000 of the requested increase.In addition, Madam Chairman, other institutional maintenance willcost an additional amount of $230,000, because utilities and other ex-penses, such as supplies, materials and equipment have gone up. I amafraid you have been hearing this from every witness. This is a verysubstantial part of our $45 million salaries and expenses appropria-tion. Over $10 million of our requested operating funds goes to build-ings management, This is where we really feel the serious effects ofinflation. This is inflation not only on salaries but also on basic house-keeping and protection expenses.Mrs. Hansen. Which are ?Mr. Bradley. Supplies, utilities, material, equipment, repairs andcontracts.Mrs. Hansen. Please insert in the record a statement on how infla-tion affects building management costs.Mr. Bradley. If we may we will supply that.(The information follows :)Buildings Management Department Inflationary CostsDuring the past several years, mandatory inflationary costs have added verysubstantially to the cost of protection, operation, and maintenance of all theSmithsonian Institution buildings. There are indicated below several items ofexpense and the annualized increase over the 1969 costs. In some cases, writtennotice was received prior to the increase, but these notices are seldom receivedin time to coordinate with the budget cycle. This means frequent partial absorp-tion in the current year. No prior notice is received on the cost of supplies, ma-terials, and equipment.
Percentagerate DollarItem of expense increase effect
Salaries and benefits '36 $1,800,000(For example: A GS-4 guard's salary increased from $5,531 in 1969 to $8,077 in1971, or 46 percent; a Wage Board 9's salary increased from $7,759 in 1969 to $9,117in 1971 or 17.5 percent.)Steam 2 55 177,000Electricity 2 12 77,000Federal Telecommunications System (intercity telephone services FTS/GSA 119 32, 000Protection systems. . .. . _ 10 11,000Repairs and maintenance of elevators and escalators 24 21, 000Contract work for removal of trash and debris 148 20,000Supplies, materals, and equipment (such as paint, lumber, public, and employee wash-room supplies) 12-15 135,000Total .__ 2,273,000
Overall average.2 Approximately.Mrs. Hansen. I think this is one thing that should be understood bythe public, the increased costs related to inflation.Science Information ExchangeMrs. Hansen. Please insert justification pages B-l through B-10in the record at this point.(The pages follow:)
875
SCIENCE INFORMATION EXCHANGE1970 Actual 0-i./1971 Estimate oA/1972 Estimate $1,400,000The Science Information Exchange, which has been in operation for 20 years,has been conducted by the Smithsonian since 1953 at the request of, and on thebehalf of, the federal agencies. Funding is currently provided by the NationalScience Foundation.The SIE data bank receives and processes about 100, 000 one-page records(2.5 to 3 million data elements) of research planned or in progress annually.About 80 percent of the input comes from federal agencies and 20 percent comesfrom private foundations, universities, state and local governments, industry,and some foreign sources. From this data bank, SIE answers questions fromresearch investigators, directors and program administrators throughout thenational science community about who is currently working on what project,where, when , and with whose support. The purpose of this national service is tohelp investigators and administrators avoid unwarranted duplication andunnecessary overlap of complex programs and to assist in more efficient planningand management of research projects and programs. It is one to three yearsfrom the time a project is planned and started until the time it is completed andreported. Efficient planningand management requires the earliest informationabout what others are doing.For fiscal year 1972, the Exchange is requesting an appropriation of$1, 400, 000. The Exchange has been funded at a level of $1, 600, 000 by theNational Science Foundation in fiscal years 1970 and 1971 (1971 at the monthly rateof $1, 600, 000 for ten months because of the difference in SIE's fiscal year). Thefiscal year 1972 budget request of $1, 400, 000 is contingent upon the realization ofadditional income generated through the recently established user charge system.Federal appropriations are used for the collection, processing, and storage of thedata as a national repository and a national service. Since December 1968, non-federal users have paid for retrieving, synthesizing, and packaging the requestedinformation. All users have paid for such services since July 1969.About 80 percent of the output service goes to the federal agencies theirgrantees, and contractors. Their requests range from the retrieval of records(at one dollar each) to the preparation of printed annual catalogues of 1, 500 pages(at $25, 000) describing the current national research effort, for example in waterresources, marine sciences, and environmental quality. The total cost of alloutput products in fiscal year 1970 was $211, 000. SIE experienced an averageincrease of 200 percent in the demand for services over fiscal year 1969. Thisdemand for services is illustrated on the following pages. In fiscal year 1968,before any service fees were imposed, the output services totaled $650, 000. Thisis the approximate income target that must be achieved in fiscal year 1972 for theExchange to operate without a financial loss. The large drop in usage resultedfrom the imposition of user service fees without prior notice and an almostconstant federal R&D budget in the face of rising research costs. It is quiteobvious that early and adequate information is more essential than ever to efficientplanning and management, in research as well as in any other enterprise. At thepresent, the increasing demand for services is expected to result in a userincome of over $400, 000 by fiscal year 1972. (Summary information in containedin Table 1.)
?' Funded by contract with the National Science Foundation.
876
The SIE data bank is the only one of its scope and size in the world that dealswith information about current research activities applicable to planning andmanagement purposes. It is the only source of coherent and comprehensiveinformation that can quickly define and describe the broad multidisciplinary andmultiagency (government and private) programs of immediate national importance.In mid-September 1970, an ad hoc committee was convened to reviewthe current effectiveness of SIE and to identify what it should and could be doing toincrease its value. This group wascomposed of distinguished users representingboth government and private organizations in the biological and physical sciences.Recommendations from the Committee are:
1. The SIE has been an effective information exchange organizationin spite of many difficulties from an administrative and fiscal pointof view.Z. There is both the need and the opportunity for the SIE to providenew kinds of services in response to changing requirements forinformation.3. The SIE should continue under a single management organiza-tion with an adequate budget, and an advisory committee that wouldguide the SIE in relation to user requirements.4. The Smithsonian Institution should become the manager of theSIE.5. The Smithsonian Institution should take the initiative inrecommending to the Office of Management and Budget and theappropriate Congressional committees that the Institution receivean adequate federal appropriation in the form of a special accountfor the support and continued improvement of the SIE as a nationalinformation exchange service for both the federal and non-federalcommunity.6. The SIE staff, working with the Smithsonian staff, shoulddraft a charter expressing the recommendations of the UsersCommittee.7. Ways and means must be considered to strengthen theresearch record received by SIE. This was considered by allmembers to be the weakest link in the whole program.8. More complete coverage of all research grants or contractsawarded by the various Federal agencies should be obtained.9. Reports of non-Federal supported research on a nationalscale as well as foreign research reports should also beobtained.
877
TABLE 1SCIENCE INFORMATION EXCHANGEPROPOSED BUDGET FY 1972
TOTAL COST PARTIAL mTABANKOGSri./ SUPPLEMENTAL INPUTAND OUTPUT COST U(Federally AppropriatedFunds) (User Charges andOther Income)PersonnelSalariesBenefits $1,366,6541,242,413124,241 $ 956,000869,09086,910 $410,654373,32237,332Contract ServicesTravel 10,000 3,000 7,000Transportation of thingsRents 3,000 3,000TelephoneIBMXerox 9,000285,00012,000 9,000197,50012,000 87,500BuildingOther 96,5007,000 96,5007,000PrintingOther Services 5,000Equipment maintenanceOther 4,00035,000 4,00015,000Supplies 20,000 15,000Acquisition of CapitalEquipment TOTAL $1,853,154 $1,315,000SI Services 171,846 85,000GRAND TOTAL $2,025,000 |L,400,000
5,000
20,0005,000
$538,15486,846$625,000
\_l Partial cost of receiving, processing, and computer storing of researchinformation as requested in appropriation. Total cost of input is estimated at$1,600,000. This difference must be made up if possible by user charges orother sources of income.2/ Includes additional money needed for input and to cover cost of out put services.In light of a fiscal year 1970 income of only $211,000 and a projected incomeof only $375,000 in fiscal year 1971 it seems unlikely that user charges andother income will exceed $425,000 leaving a potential deficit of some $200,000 infiscal year 1972. Such a deficit could require the Exchange to cease itsexistence around the middle of fiscal year 1972 if an additional source of incomeis not available.
878
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880
Output Services - During SIE IT 19701 September 1969 - 31 August 1970
Total $ Total Total No. of RequestsCategory of Service Income No. Requests % Fed. % Non-FedT"
P2 Routine Inverted Subject & $ 64,348 2,030 37* &3%Administrative Searches
P3 Standard Report 4, 21 6 23 83* 17*
P4 Negotiated Requests
P5 Investigator Searches
P6 Accession # Retrieval
P? Quarterly Mailings(Selective Dissemination)
P8 Automatic Distribution
P9 Historical Searches
Contracts
Total $211,523
56,399 34 65%
7,693 2,687 95%
726 664 69%
3,113 81 41*
3,655 36,55^ 100*
2,313 16 19*
69,060 10 100*
881
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882
LIST OP CATALOGS PREPARED BY THE SCIENCE INFORMATION EXCHANGE
Volume 1. "Water Resources Research Catalog 1965"
a. Part I. Federally Supported Research in Progressb. Part II. Non-Federally Supported Research ir. Progress . (Preparedfor Office of Water Resources Research, U.S. Departmentof the Interior, Washington, D. C.) Superintendent ofDocuments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,D. C. 20402, Part I. $2.50; Part II $1.00Volume 2. "Water Resources Research Catalog" 1966 . (Prepared for Office ofWater Resources Research, U.S. Department of Interior, Washington,D. C. (Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,Washington, D. C. 20402)Volume 3. "Water Resources Research Catalog." 1967 (Prepared for Office ofWater Resources Research, U.S. Department of Interior, Washington,D. C.) Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing .Office,Washington, D. C. 20402 $6.?5.Volume 4. "Water Resources Research Catalog" 1968 . (Prepared for Office ofWater Resources Research, U.S. Department of Interior, Washington, D.C.)Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,D. C. 20402 $8.50Volume 5. "Water Resources Research Catalog" I969 . (Prepared for Office ofWater Resources Research, U.S. Department of Interior, Washington, D.C.)Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,D.C. 20402 (In Printing Process)
"Marine Research" - FY 1968 (Prepared for Executive Office of President.National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development)Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,D. C. 20402 $5.50
"Air Force Research Resumes 1966 " (Prepared for Office of Aerospace Research,U.S. Air Force) Clearinghouse, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield,Virginia 22151
"Air Force Research Resumes 1968 "(Prepared for Office of Aerospace Research,U.S. Air Force) Clearinghouse, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield,Virginia 22151
"National 3ureau of Standards - Research and Development Projects - FY 1965"(Prepared for National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce,Washington, D.C. )
883
"Water Resources Thesaurus 1966" (Prepared for Office of Water Resources Re-search, U.S. Department of Interior, Washington, D.C. ) Superintendentof Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402$2.00
"Outdoor Recreation Research I966" (Prepared for Bureau of Outdoor Recreation,U.S. Department of Interior, Washington, D.C.) Supt. Documents,Wash. , D.C. 196?
"Outdoor Recreation Research 1967 " (Prepared for Bureau of Outdoor Recreation,U.S. Department of Interior, Washington, D.C.) Supt. Documents, Wash. ,D.C. 1968
"Outdoor Recreation Research 1968" (Prepared for Bureau of Outdoor RecreationU.S. Department of Interior, Washington, D.C.) Supt. Documents, Wash. , D.C. l?f//
"Abstracts of Research and Demonstration Projects in Social Welfare andRelated Fields 1964 " (Prepared for Bureau of Family Services, WelfareAdministration, HEW, V/ashington, D.C.) Superintendent of Documents,U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 70 cents.
"Viral Tumorlgenesls Re-port" (Published semi-annually by National CancerInstitute, National Institutes of Health, HEW, Bethesda, Maryland 20014
"Medical Research in the Veterans Administration, FY 1965"
"Current Population Research 1966" . (Prepared for National Institutes of ChildHealth and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, HEW,Bethesda, Maryland 20014)
"Current Population Research 1967" (Prepared for National Institutes of ChildHealth and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, HEW,Bethesda, Maryland 20014)
"Current Population Research 1968" . (Prepared for National Institutes of ChildHealth and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, HEW,Bethesda, Maryland 20014) In Printing Process
"Recent Research in Public Administration - A Reference I969" (Prepared forOffice of Metropolitan Development, U.S. Department of Housing and UrbanDevelopment, V/ashington, D.C. 20410) Superintendent of Documents,U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 $1.25
"Recent Research in Intergovernmental Relations 1968" . (Prepared for Officeof Metropolitan Development, U.S. Department of Housing and UrbanDevelopment, Washington, D.C. 20410)
"Recent Research in Planning I968" . (Prepared for Office of GovernmentalRelations and Planning Assistance, U.S. Department of Housing and UrbanDevelopment, Washington, D.C. 20410)
"International Trade Research" (Prepared for Export Strategy Staff, U.S.Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.) Department of CommerceJanuary 1970
884
"Neurological Disease and Blindness Catalog 1969" (Prepared for NationalInstitute of Neurological Disease and Blindness, National Institutesof Health, HEW, Bethesda, Maryland 20014) Published by NIH April 1970
"Sustaining University Program, NASA, 1969 " (Prepared for Office of UniversityAffairs, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington,D. C. 20546) Published by NASA April 1970
"Housing and Residential Building Research and Technology Catalog" (Preparedfor Office of Urban Technology and Research, U. S. Department of Housingand Urban Development, Washington, D. C. 20410) In Printing Process
"Food Distribution Research Projects in Progress 1969 " Food DistributionResearch Society, Hyattsville, Maryland February 1970
Note: New catalogs on Water Resources Research, Outdoor Recreation, andPopulation Research are currently in progress.
885TERMINATION OF NSF FUNDINGMrs. Hansen. You are requesting $1,400,000 for the Science In-formation Exchange. Why did the National Science Foundation ter-minate its funding of this activity ?Dr. Ripley. The National Science Foundation decided this year thatwe should determine to take the responsibility for funding on our-selves. I may say that this is the result, Madam Chairman, of about3 years of negotiation with the Office of Management and Budget. Eachyear we have asked the OMB how can we defend the fact that theNational Science Foundation's support in the form of a contract tothe Institution is decreasing below the funding level that is essential.We have had to release about 80 specially trained technicians over thepast several years, spent years learning the techniques of summarizing,taping, computing, and preparing for the computer this digestedscience material.This year, the Office of Management and Budget agreed that theSmithsonian should take over the funding responsibility for the Sci-ence Information Exchange. We were permitted to put it before theAppropriations Committee as a separate line item and request supportfor it, but only at the level of $1,400,000. We estimated that the fund-ing in the current year at the monthly rate equivalent to $1,600,000 onan annualized basis, was barely enough to keep it alive. At the levelof funding of $1,400,000 we can operate for about 10 months.\ Mrs. Hansen. This activity has been funded at a level of $1.6 mil-lion by NSF in fiscal 1970 and 1971.Dr. Ripley. Yes.Mrs. Hansen. Yet with increasing costs you are now only request-ing $1.4 million?Dr. Ripley. An amount of $1.4 million is all we are allowed to askfor, and we believe this might result in 10 month's operation, unlesswe can increase the income from user charges or other fees paid by out-side users, including essentially Government agencies, to make up thedifference and allow us to operate on a 12-month basis.Mrs. Hansen. You say in your justifications "The large drop
_
inusage resulted from the imposition of user service fees without priornotice and an almost constant Federal R. & D. budget in the face ofrising research costs."Dr. Ripley. Yes. This is one of those activities which everybodywants, but no one is willing to pay for, and it may be very difficult
1 for us to make up our projected funding deficit.
' Mrs. Hansen. Give us one example of what you supply to an agency.Dr. Challinor. For example, Senator Bible was interested whenthis item came up and said, "How much research is being undertakenon social, physical, and medical problems of the American Indians?"His question was in the morning. By 3 o'clock that same afternoon wehad a print-out from the SIE's computer files for the Senator on theon-going research supported by the Federal Government on this topic.HISTORY OF THE SIEMr. Yates. Madam Chairman, as I recall our hearings before theIndependent Offices Subcommittee of which I used to be a member at
886the time the National Science Foundation was created, and in subse-quent years, one of its principal activities was supposed to be the clear-inghouse, for scientific information. I assume this is what that was.Dr. Ripley. This is our Science Information Exchange, which wascommenced not long after World War II as a clearinghouse for in-formation about research in progress. It initially was supported by aconsortium of Government agencies, each of whom put in a smallamount of money to make up the budget.In 1965 the NSF took over full funding, because like all these sortof activities, there comes a moment when someone says, "Let oneagency pay for this activity in the name of defense, NIH so on and soforth," Then with the subsequent difficulties of the NSF budget, therehas been this gradual tail off and decline in the face of rising need andrising costs of operation, so that, for example, over a 2-year period,we have had to RIF some 80 personnel. This has become increasinglydifficult for us. Finally the Office of Management and Budget said,"You go and make it a separate line item and ask for the fundsyourself." RELATIONSHIP OF THE SIE TO THE SMITHSONIANMr. Yates. Is it better that you should handle something like this,this collection and culling of data than the Library of Congress?Dr. Ripley. This has been a historic activity of the Smithsonianfrom its beginning. The "increase and diffusion of knowledge" was setdown by James Smithsonian in his will. The first Secretary began theidea of keeping scientists in touch with each other all around the worldabout what they were all doing, through a series of correspondenceand then publications, so the SIE fits into one of the jobs that weare thought to have a responsibility for. It is within our mandate. Overthe years, the Smithsonian has innovated many techniques for infor-mation gathering, retrieval, and correlation of scientific research re-sults. We have conducted the SIE since 1953.SIMILAR SERVICES IN OTHER COUNTRIESMr. Yates. Does any other country have such a service that youknow of ?Dr. Challinor. To the best of our knowledge no other country hasquite the equivalent of what we do. This service is primarily con-cerned with finding out what other people are doing now in a particu-lar research field. Suppose a scientist is proposing to study beetles thatattack alfalfa, for example. What other scientists in various State re-search facilities or Federal research facilities are studying the beetlesthat attack alfalfa?We can get this information to the requesting government or agencyin a day or so. We are now trying to see how we can widen supportfor the Science Information Exchange. One way is to furnish thisinformation on an increasingly global basis. AVe are negotiating witha Japanese and German organization to furnish this service abroad.
887SIES WIDE RANGE OF COVERAGEMr. Yates. How is this related to knowing what appears in scien-tific journals ? Is there a relationship or is that another kind of subject ?Dr. Eipley. No, this is related to that, although there are such thingsas biological abstracts and chemical abstracts.Mr. Yates. Periodical digests ?Dr. Ripley. Yes, but in any one year it is possible for the SIE tohave a question on such subjects as drugs and drug addiction, solidwaste management, nuclear magnetic resonance, urban and regionalplanning, water resources, oral contraconception, continental drift,airport noise and sonic boom studies, so the SIE provides broadcoverage.Mrs. Hansen. That is the type of things we need a report on.Mr. Yates. That is the wrong thing to mention.Dr. Eipley. Also, such topics as pesticide residues in the food chainfor man, radiation induced effects of various sorts, thermal pollution.Mr. Yates. This sounds like the legislative reference service.Dr. Ripley. These subjects are digested and banked in our computerand are available to inquiries. For example, an agency might call upany say, "I don't believe you can do it but I need information on allstudies being undertaken on water resources by tomorrow morning."By the next morning the Exchange might have a 40-page report.Mr. Yates. It sounds like a valuable service to me.Dr. Challinor. If I could make one point further to Dr. Ripley'sstatement, the difference that you raise concerning information con-tained in the journals. As you know research usually goes on for 2or 3 years and is then written up, submitted to a journal and often hasto wait another 6 or 8 months for publication.This service reports on research that is on-going before it has beenpublished, and that is the crucial distinction of the Science Informa-tion Exchange. Before somebody starts to look for money to begina research project, he can find out who is already working in thisfield, and thereby hopefully save money, time, and energy by avoid-ing the duplication of the work. That is the main advantage of thisservice. PLANS FOR USER INCOMEMrs. Hansen. Do you have any plans for revising the fee structurefor services performed by the Science Information Exchange, andwould it be a practical approach to put this activity on a self-sustain-ing basis as far as fee schedules are concerned ?Mr. Ripley. I can answer that, but I would like Mr. Wheeler, ourtreasurer, to answer it, because he has the figures.Mr. Wheeler. Madam Chairman, we started on a fee basis inDecember of 1968 for private users, and in July of 1969 for Federalusers as well. The income from these fees is now supporting the costsof output. There are two phases of this program : the cost of input,putting the details of the projects into the computer data bank, andthe costs of output, that is of giving service to the customers.The fees now just about cover the cost of the output, and there isno chance, at the current level of output, of recovering input costs.
It won't be until the user fees rise substantially above $400,000 a year,compared to the present estimate of around $325,000 for the currentyear, that there will be any beginning; of absorption of the input costs.We are doing the maximum possible in the way of getting outside in-come from the people who benefit from this, but to bridge the$200,000 gap between $1.4 and $1.6 million will require a considerableeffort in fiscal year 1972.Museum Programs and Related Research (Special ForeignCurrency Program)Mrs. Hansen. Please insert justification pages C-l through C-27in the record at this point.(The pages follow :)
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONMUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH(SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)1970 Appropriation $2,316,0001971 Appropriation 2,500,0001972 Estimate 5,500,000An appropriation of $5, 500, 000 in foreign currencies which are determined bythe Treasury Department to be excess to the needs of the United States isrequested for a program of grants to United States institutions for essential fieldresearch in archeology and related disciplines, systematic and environmentalbiology and astrophysics, as well as for museum programs and for other Smith-sonian interests.The requested increase of $3, 000, 000 in foreign currencies is to be devoted tostrengthening the research programs of United States universities, museumsand other institutions of higher learning in those countries where the United Statesholds excess currencies.The increase is essential to support urgent field studies in the Smithsonian'straditional disciplines of systematic and environmental biology and anthropologywhich today are recognized as basic to an understanding of the problems ofenvironmental quality and cultural change.The increase is essential also to ensure support for on-going and new researchwhich contributes to United States national programs under, for example, theInternational Biological Program under Public Law 91-438, the InternationalDecade of Ocean Exploration, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration,the National Academy of Sciences, the United States National Museum and theDepartment of Interior's cooperative programs abroad under the EndangeredSpecies Conservation Act.Above all, the increase is essential to provide funds for pending and new researchprojects from some 22 United States institutions. Funds available during fiscalyear 1970, including all previous appropriations, were sufficient only to coverthe cost of on-going research. The fiscal year 1971 appropriation is sufficientonly to support on-going research and that only at a reduced level. There willbe no money for new research.Finally, the increase is essential to permit multi-year obligation of funds forresearch in those "excess" currency countries, like Tunisia and Morocco,where the excess designation by the Treasury Department is subject to termina-tion at any time because "excess" accounts are small. Failure to obligate fundsfor a reasonable number of years for projects in such countries could prematurelyterminate worthy studies by United States institutions without receiving full valuefrom funds already expended. The Smithsonian appropriation has never beenadequate to permit obligation of funds for more than one year of research at atime. Ceylon, where multi-year research has been underway, was removedfrom the "excess" currency country list at the end of fiscal year 1970. The
890
Institution was only able to provide for orderly completion of this research,by making multi-year obligations against monies originally committed forobligation for research in other countries during fiscal year 1971. The Programwill, of course, continue to require annual Advisory Council review to determinesatisfactory research progress of these and other multi-year studies prior toauthorizing disbursement of each successive year's funds.Funds are requested for the following programs:FY 1966-70 FY 1971 FY 1972Cumulative Estimated AppropriationCommitments Commitments RequestArcheology and RelatedDisciplinesSystematic and Environ-mental BiologyMuseum Programs ....AstrophysicsGrants Administration .
$5,689,550
4, 143,417146,986519, 12451, 568$10, 550,645
$ 1, 300,000
1, 000, 00080,000106,00014,000$ 2, 500, 000
$ 1, 750, 000
3, 000, 000220, 000500, 00030, 000$ 5, 500, 000PROGRAM GROWTHThe Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program has grown from one that supportednine projects in its first year, fiscal year 1966, to one that will support anestimated 97 projects in fiscal year 1971. A total of 168 projects had receivedProgram support by the end of fiscal year 1970. At the end of fiscal year 1970also, a total of $10, 550, 645 had been committed out of the five year appropria-tion total of $10, 564, 000. A total of $2, 923, 000 was obligated in fiscal year1970 alone for grants to on-going research including that approved in earlieryears but postponed while host country clearances were obtained. New inquiriesabout foreign currency uses continue to average about one a day.This rising demand for foreign currency grants reflects both the scientists'search for alternatives to declining federal research dollars and an expandingSmithsonian Special Foreign Currency Program authority. Program authoritywhich was limited to archeology and related disciplines in the first year,fiscal year 1966, was broadened in fiscal year 1967 to include systematic andenvironmental biology, in fiscal year 1969 to include astrophysics and infiscal year 1970 to include museum programs. During the same period, theappropriation increased from $1,300, 000 in fiscal year 1966 to $2, 316, 000 infiscal year 1967, where it remained until fiscal year 1971 when it was increasedto $2, 500, 000.NO FUNDS FOR NEW RESEARCHThis limit on appropriations has meant that worthy projects which have sometimesrequired months or years to prepare and then to win approval for from the Smith-sonian and from host country governments, cannot be supported and may beabandoned. Participating scholars, always under pressure to publish, must seekother research opportunities. A waiting list of such unfunded projects has beenestablished. As funds become available, projects with the highest scientific
891
ratings will be funded first. To avoid postponement of worthy research and toprovide for rising demand, an appropriation level of $6, 000, 000 annually isconsidered realistic for future years.USE OF FOREIGN CURRENCIES SAVES HARD DOLLARSSpecial Foreign Currency Program appropriations are an advantageous source ofresearch monies. This is so because they are not new appropriations of taxdollars and because delay in the use of the "excess" accounts means continuinglosses to the United States Treasury as these accounts lose value through inflationand devaluation. Moreover, these appropriations do not add significantly to thePresident's budget total because the Commodity Credit Corporation reduces itsappropriation request by an amount equal to the amount of foreign currenciesexpended.At the same time, Special Foreign Currency Program appropriations contributeto essential national research objectives abroad without contributing to a balanceof payments deficit. Moreover, Smithsonian Foreign Currency grants frequentlyserve as dollar-saving supplements to the dollar grants of both public and privateagencies like the National Endowment for the Humanities, the National ScienceFoundation, the National Institutes of Health, the National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration, the World Wildlife Fund, the John D. Rockefeller III Fund andthe Wenner-Gren Foundation. In such cases, the foreign currency grants covercosts in the host country; the dollar grants are expended in the United States forequipment not available in "excess" currency countries, for American salaries,laboratory fees and the like.FOREIGN CURRENCIES SERVE NATIONAL PROGRAMS ONENVIRONMENTAL QUALITYNow is the time to use foreign currencies for urgent field studies of the pro-cesses of change in man's natural environment and in his culture. The impact oftechnology on rural and urban communities, the poisoning of man's environmentand the destruction of nature's productive mechanisms in the face of explodinghuman populations, are all problems of direct interest to the Smithsonian.Unrest in urban centers and among young people the world over attest to ourpoor understanding of these processes. Although the Smithsonian adheres to itstraditional role as an institution for basic, not applied, research, its traditionalbiological and anthropological interests are basic to an understanding of theseimmediate national and world problems.
"Excess" foreign currencies represent a substantial national resource whichshould be fully utilized to support studies of environmental quality like thefollowing projects:
...The United States' Desert Biome program under the International BiologicalProgram proposes studies in Tunisia of the continuing encroachment of the Saharain spite of concerted conservation efforts. Utah State University is the head-quarters for this broad study.
...Yale University and the Smithsonian are conducting ecological studies in theGir Forest in Northwest India where agricultural pressures threaten destruction
892
of the forest which is the last habitat of the Asiatic lion, which once roamed theregion from the Mediterranean to the South China Sea.
...The Smithsonian is studying, together with Israeli scientists, the movementof marine organisms through the man-made, sea-level Suez Canal. Results showthat the majority of commercially valuable fish taken in the Eastern Mediterreanoriginated in the Red Sea. These studies have saved the United States thousandsof hard research dollars because they provide a tested model for studies beingprepared by the National Academy of Sciences in connection with a possible sea-level canal at Panama.
. ..The United States Tropical Forest Biome program under the InternationalBiological Program proposes studies of the tropical forests, grasslands, andcultivated lands in the Ganges river valley in India. The University of Georgiais the sponsor of this research.
...The Smithsonian is studying migrating birds and the parasites associatedwith them in Northeast Africa. Results show that these birds carry viruses andantibodies and thus can be considered potential carriers of human diseases.Studies of cultural change supported by the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Pro-gram include:
...San Jose State College, San Jose, California studies of responses to un-usually rapid modernization in a traditional Hindu temple village in India.
. . . University of Washington studies of the modern history of a caste in Indiathrough analysis of its experience of urbanization.
...Kansas State University studies of the nature of changes in values, attitudes,relationships in the Tamil speaking world in India under pressure of moderncommunications and technological developments.Such studies by American scholars of man's behavior are best conducted abroadbecause, as a rule, the best observers of a living culture are those drawn froma different culture.RESEARCH WHICH MUST BE POSTPONEDNew research into the nature of the environment long in preparation which mustbe postponed because of insufficient funds in the Smithsonian fiscal year 1971appropriation include:
. . . International Decade of Oceanography studies conducted aboard the Smith-sonian research vessel PHYKOS by scientists from major American oceano-graphic research institutions as a part of the approved United States nationalcontribution to the Cooperative Investigations of the Mediterranean of the Inter-governmental Oceanographic Commission .
...Oak Ridge National Laboratory studies of deciduous forest and grasslandecosystems in Poland which will supplement similar studies under Oak Ridge'sdirection under the United States national plan for the International BiologicalProgram.
893
...Utah State University ecological studies in the Kaziranga Wildlife Sanctuaryin India as related to wildlife management.
. ..University of Nevada comparative ecological studies of the arid zones ofMorocco.ACCOMPLISHMENTSSmithsonian Foreign Currency Program grants have benefited more than200 United States institutions in over 25 states. Accomplishments include:
... More than 107 research publications. Recent publications include thefirst systematic study of marine organisms sorted and distributed by the Smith-sonian's Mediterranean Marine Sorting Center in Tunisia and an ecologicalanalysis of the climate and vegetation of Ceylon growing out of the studies of theCeylonese elephant undertaken by the National Zoological Park.
... More than 214 post-doctoral research opportunities for Americans.
. . . More than 220 training opportunities for American Ph. D candidates, whoobtained essential field experience, frequently obtaining course credit, andmore often accomplishing the independent research for doctoral dissertations.Especially noteworthy for the training of students have been Hebrew UnionCollege, Cincinnati, Ohio in its summer seminar at the excavation of the biblicalcity of Gezer in Israel; and the American Institute of Indian Studies (a consortiumof 23 American universities), whose junior fellows conduct research in Indiatoward their doctor's degrees with Smithsonian support. Most research projectsinclude at least one American and one host country senior research scholar andone American and one host-country graduate student.
. . . Additions to research collections of the National Museum of Natural Historyand of other grantee institutions in the form of archaeological, ethnographic andbiological specimens collected and shared with the collaborating institutions inthe "excess" foreign currency country. The National Museum of Natural Historyis receiving specimens of handcrafts from India and Ceylon which are still beingmanufactured today employing methods handed down from father to son forcenturies. They represent a unique source of information on the archaeology ofthese countries. Yale University's Peabody Museum and the Museum of theUniversity of Colorado have benefited from additions to their paleontologicalcollections growing out of expeditions in Egypt and Tunisia respectively. TheYale expedition is making substantial contributions to our understanding of man'sevolution; the Colorado expedition has uncovered important information about theenvironment of early man and the geological history of northwest Africa.
894
GROWING RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIESOpportunities continue to grow to employ foreign currencies. In June 1969an amendment was signed to the principles of cooperation between the Smithsonianand the Government of Yugoslavia permitting collaboration in ecological researchthere. Research proposals promoted by this amendment are just beginning toarrive at the Smithsonian. The recent exchange of visits of Dr. Lee DuBridge,when he was the President's Science Adviser, and Yugoslavia's MinisterMarco Bulc has provided added impetus and particularly to a Smithsonian-Yugoslav program to study man's impact on his environment. Moreover, thechange in government in Pakistan brought increased interest in collaboration inbasic research under the Smithsonian program. A University of Washingtonproposal to study the wild boar of Pakistan has just been approved--the first forthe Smithsonian in Pakistan. A Smithsonian proposal to study the marine faunaof the continental shelf of West Pakistan is currently under consideration by theGovernment of Pakistan. In India, the Smithsonian is sponsoring an ecologicalresearch planning symposium which will provide agreed ecological researchobjectives with the Government of India and open the door to a substantial pro-gram of joint research.Direct dollar costs to the Smithsonian for its Foreign Currency Program arelimited to those for administrative personnel in Washington. During fiscal year1971, six people were employed by the Office of International Activities for thispurpose at a total cost of about $88, 000. The administrative burden has grownby some 79 grants during the past year and by some 40 grants the previous twoyears without any increase in personnel. The increase in activity has been madepossible by the simplification of procedures and the introduction of labor-savingequipment.This Special Foreign Currency Program request, as in the past, is based onbudget projections for on-going research and on pending and new research pro-posals which include firm research proposals, those postponed by lack ofsufficient funds, and other sample or illustrative proposals based on firm indica-tions of interest both within and without the Smithsonian. They represent theInstitution's selection of possible projects which appear most promising forsuccessful development and implementation during fiscal year 1972. It should benoted, however, that actual implementation of these projects, and the distributionamong disciplines and countries, of "excess" currencies appropriated will becontingent upon three factors: review by the Smithsonian's national scientificadvisory councils, review and approval by American embassies overseas, andappropriate cooperative arrangements with host-country institutions or Govern-mental authorities.
895MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH(SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)
1 . Archeology and Related DisciplinesA. On-going ProjectsRecipient Project Grant Expressedin U. S. DollarsAmerican Institute ofIndian Studies (a non-profit organization of24 American collegesand universities)
2. American ResearchCenter in Egypt (anonprofit study centersupported by ten Amer-ican universities)
Jerusalem School ofArcheology of theHebrew Union College
University Museum,University ofPennsylvania
5. University of Missouri
To continue support of the Center 1972est.for Art and Archeology a research 1971center for South Asian archeology 1970and art history. 1969196819671966To continue support of the Center's 1972est.research and excavation program 1971in the archeology of Egypt, which 1970includes Pharaonic, Hellenistic, 1969Roman, and early Christian sites. 196819671966To continue the survey and ex-ploration of archeological sitesin the Negev and the excavationat Tel Gezer.
To terminate the study of theTemple of Akhnaten at Luxor,Egypt and to prepare the publi-cation on this study.
To continue to excavate at TellAnafa, Israel, to understandbetter the nature of Greek tradewith Palestine and Egypt in theperiod after 800 B. C.
1972est.1971est.197019691968196719661972est.197119701969196819671972est.197019691968
12115013914413076100164251092021762598585248682163001503028676096545354060
000012000230500750850000315955415071777200000000340500200000000000000000000730070000500000500
University ofMinnesota To continue a program of research 1972est. 40, 000in Yugoslavia with excavations of 197 lest. 55, 000the unique Roman Palace of 1970 60, 288Diocletian at Split, Yugoslavia. 1969 78,1841968 32,505
58-287 O?71?pt. 4- -57
896
Recipient
7. Smithsonian InstitutionOffice of Anthropology
8. Dumbarton Oaks(Harvard) Center ofByzantine Studies;American Academyin Rome
9. University of Illinois
ProjectTo study disappearing metal-working crafts of Pakistan andCeylon as part of a worldwidestudy of ancient technologiesand their development.
Grant Expressedin U. S. Dollars1972est.19711970196919681967To continue studies of the unique 1972est.but rapidly disintegrating Roman 1971and Byzantine mosaics at historic 1970Utica and extend them to Thurburbol 969Majus, Tunisia.To continue comparative studies of 197 2est.the effects of cultural change on 1971folk music in Israel and Tunisia. 1970
30, 00051, 03076, 13343, 74225, 1286, 7391/150, 00758, 11258, 69128, 628
22, 00030, 00031, 575
10. American Institute ofIndian Studies To continue support for post-doctoral research in social andcultural anthropology and lin-guistics of India and to supportthe Institute's center in Poona,India as an American researchcenter abroad serving Americanscholars in all fields.
1972est.197119701968
100, 000239, 654133, 920147, 930
11. American Schools ofOriental Research,Boston, Mass. (aconsortium of 5United States institu-tions of higherlearning)12. State University ofNew York at Buffalo(formely under Univer-sity of Michigan)
13. Denison University
To continue support for twoarcheological excavations at Tellel Hesi and Kirbet Shema embrac-ing biblical, Greek, Roman andByzantine periods.
To continue excavations of theearliest Neolithic settlements inPoland.
To continue excavations atSirmium, a Roman provincialcapital along the fortificationserected against the "barbarians.
1972est. 140, 0001971 1 17, 4921970 166, 7131969 50, 0001968 80, 000
1972est. 26, 0001971 36, 2201969 37, 2511968 36, 1071967 21, 6841972est. 40, 0001971est. 61, 0001970 61, 5991969 65, 2231968 34, 285
?J Multi-year obligation to ensure orderly completion of research in countrieswhere "excess" accounts are small.
897
Recipient14. Office of Anthropology-Smithsonian Institution
Project Trant Expressedin U. S. DollarsTo continue to study the impact 1972est.on the culture of Palestine of the 1971Phoenician, Cypriot, Egyptian and 1970Arabian cultures from the MiddleBronze age through the Persianperiod through excavations at TellJemmeh in Southern Israel.
85, 00063, 53663, 272
15. University MuseumUniversity ofPennsylvania To continue study of Dra Abu ElNaga tomb inscriptions, Egypt.
16. University of California To continue excavations of anLos Angeles early neolithic settlement atAnzibegovo Macedonia, Yugoslavia 1970considered a cross road for formative cultures of westerncivilization.
1972est. 20, 0001970 17, 0001969 17, 3001968 9, 7501972est. 20, 0001971est 20, 00050, 4871969 30, 900
17. University of Michigan
18. University of Michigan
To continue research and excava-tions into the Middle Paleolithicof Northern Bosnia, YugoslaviaTo document photographically thearchitecture, sculpture and paint-ings of the Bhuddists, Hindus andJains during India's "Golden Age"from the fifth to the eight centuryA. D.
1972est. 20, 0001971est. 25, 0001969 15, 2201972est. 5, 0001971est. 5, 000
19. University of Texas To excavate the classical site of 1972est.Stobi in Macedonia, Yugoslaviawhich lies at the confluence ofGreek, Roman and ancientBalkan cultures. 1971est.1970
35, 00035, 00040, 000
20. Dumbarton Oaks(Harvard) Center forByzantine Studies To excavate the Byzantine pro- 1972est.vincial capital of Bargala in 1970Macedonia which lies at the con-fluence of Greek, Roman andancient Balkan cultures in a studysupplementary to excavations atStobi and at Azibegovo which coversthe earlier classical and pre-historicperiods respectively.
35, 00035, 275
1972 Subtotal Estimate for On-going Research 1, 108, 000
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B. Pending Research Proposals
Recipient Project Estimated Requestin U. S. Dollars
1. Smithsonian Institution To study the rapidly disappearing 1972est. 25, 000Office of Anthropology crafts at village level in India
2. American Museumof Natural History To initiate archeological excava- 1972est. 30, 000tions together with the ArcheologicalSurvey of India with special pro-vision for the training of Americansin the archeology of South Asia,today an area largely neglected byU.S. scholarship.
3. University of California To excavate Islamic archeological 1972est. 30, 000Los Angeles sites in West Pakistan.
4. Brandeis University To survey and excavate a western 1972est. 100, OOOJPhoenician archeological sitein Morocco. 1/
5. Smithsonian Astro-physical Observatory,Cambridge, Mass. ,Dickinson College,Carlysle, Pennsylvania
6. University of Hawaii
To explore the significance to 1972est. 7,000ancient Egyptian societies of thestars through study of the align-ment of the temples at Luxorthrough application of newtechniques of aerial photographyand compiles calculation of thepositions of stars in ancient times.To initate prehistoric archeolog- 1972est. 30, 000ical excavations in north-eastern India.
7. Washington StateUniversity To excavate a prehistoric flintmining complex work of theKanienm River in Poland. 1972est. 25, 000
8. Washington StateUniversity To study pre-mesolithic fossilsin Poland. 1972est. 10, 000
9. University of Nevada To excavate the prehistoric siteof Kausambi in northern India. 1972est. 30, 00010. University ofWashington To study the relations of fishing 1972est.boat crew members and how theyrelate to conflict groups in apeasant fishing town in Yugoslavia. 15, 000
899
Recipient11. University ofWashington; theAmerican Museumof Natural History,New York12. Southern IllinoisUniversity
ProjectTo study the historical andreligious documents of Tibetbrought to India by the exiledDalai Lama.
To study the impact of ruralroad construction on social,cultural and economic changein Yugoslavia.Subtotal for Pending Research
Estimated Requestin U. S. Dollars1972est. 30,000
1972est. 28, ooo_e2/
360, 000
C. New Projects
1. Colgate University,New York
2. University of Michigan
3. University of Kansas
4. Association for AsianStudies, Ann Arbor,Michigan
5. University of Michigan
To document in film, taperecordings and through anthro-pological survey techniques, thedisappearing performing arts ofIndia.To study in Egypt the art and 1972est.technology of Graeco-Romanlamps as one method of linkingthe chronology of ancient citiesof Egypt with those of the rest ofthe Graeco-Roman world of antiquity.To study the pre-history of Lake 1972est.Ludas in Yugoslavia through studiesof fossil remains of plants and animalsand the computer analysis of thedistribution of prehistoric artifacts.To support linguistic research in 1972est.India of the Committee on SouthAsian Languages.To study the genetic effects of 1972est.inbreeding on Indian children.
1972est. 35,000_2/
2, 000?2/
2/20, 000.1
50, 000
25, 000
Jf Fiscal year 1971 grant postponed for lack of funds.
900
Recipient Project
6. Smithsonian Institution To excavate the MoroccanDepartment of Anthro- Islamic city of Sijilmassa.pology Subtotal Estimate for New Research
Estimated Requestin U. S. Dollars 1/1972est. 150,000"
282, 000
Total Archeology and Related Disciplines 1, 750, 000
II. Systematic and Environmental BiologyA. On-going Projects
Recipient
1 . University ofGeorgia
ProjectTo study the flow of energythrough small rodent popu-lations in different habitatsin conjunction with theEcological Institute of Poland.Smithsonian Institution To study marine organismsOffice of Environmental of the Red Sea and EasternStudies, Oceanography Mediterranean in order toand Limnology determine what biologicalProgram interchange of species hasoccurred through the Suez Canal.
Grant Expressedin U. S. Dollars1972est.1969
1972est.1971est.197019691967
Smithsonian Institution To accelerate the processing of 1972est.Office of Environmental marine organisms from the 1970Studies, Oceanography Mediterranean through the sorting 1969and Limnology facility known as the Mediterranean 1 967Program Marine Sorting Center operatedin cooperation with the TunisianInstitute of Oceanography andFisheries.
40, 00073, 468
75, 00075, 000119, 462133, 473122, 000
1/600, 007J478, 736^216, 962150, 000
4. Smithsonian Institution To continue investigations on theDivision of Birds ecology of Palearctic birds mi-grating through northeasternAfrica, including cooperative re-search on serology with theRockefeller Virus Laboratory andectoparasites with the NavalMedical Research Unit III in Egypt.
1972est. 25, 0001971 26, 6801970 24, 6801969 33, 7801967 34, 593
901
Recipient
5. University of Michigan Project Grant Expressedin U. S. DollarsTo continue taxonomic studies of 1972est. 25, 000Indian mollusks through caryotype 1971est. 25, 000analysis and the cytogenetics of 1970 25, 562closely related species which will 1969 25,414contribute to medical, public health,and veterinary programs.State University ofNew York at StonyBrook To continue theoretical ecological 1972est. 20, 000studies of a living coral reef and 1971est. 20, 000the organisms related to it in 1970 7, 122Israel. 1968 12,036Smithsonian InstitutionDepartment ofVertebrate Zoology To continue studies of South Asianbirds and their migration andthe preparation of a handbook. 1972est.197119701969 20, 00020, 13317, 8003,417
8. University of Missouri To continue studies of the behavior 1972est. 30, 000and ecology of gazelles in Israel. 1971est. 30, 0001970 45,070Library, SmithsonianInstitution To continue accelerated trans- 1972est. 50, 000lation and publication of reference 1971est. 25, 000works and monographs through 1970 25,000the National Science Foundation'stranslations program.10. Office of VertebrateZoology, NationalMuseum of NaturalHistory, SmithsonianInstitution
To continue to study the geo- 1972est. 45,000graphic distribution and the 1971 43, 650ecology of the mammals of 1970 66, 840Morocco.
11. University of Michigan To study productivity of tropicallakes in Southern India. 1972est.1971est. 30, 00030, 00012. University ofWashington To study the ecology and behavior 1972est.of the wild boar in West Pakistan, 1971est.a little studied animal which isnevertheless a significant agri-cultural pest.
50, 00047, 000
13. Duke University,Durham, NorthCarolina To conduct studies for the classi- 1972est.fication of Moroccan lichen with 1971 est.special emphasis on their chemicalcharacteristics. 3, 0003, 000
902
Recipient Project
14. International Biological To continue direct support toProgram, U.S.National Committee,National Academy ofSciences the U. S. National Committeefor planning symposia, trainingU. S. scientists, developingresearch programs and coordi-nating U. S. and foreign researchin each of the "excess" currencycountries.
Grant Exp:ressedin U. S. Dfillars1972est. 75, 0001971 30, 0001970 50, 0001968 10, 000
15. International Biological To continue to study habitat re-Program, Yale Univer- lationships, numbers and distri-sity New Haven, Conn. bution of wild antelope, deerand boar in the Gir Forest inIndia as a part of a broad studyof this tropical forest has includedthe Asiatic lion.
1972est.1971est.1970 25, 00026, 00035, 055
16. Office of Environmental International Decade of OceanStudies, Oceanographyand LimnologyProgram, SmithsonianInstitution Exploration (IDOE), cooperativeinvestigations of the Mediter-ranean aboard the Smithsonianresearch vessel PHYKOS asfollows:
1972est. 220,00019711969
?University ofSouthern California Dredging, coring and bottom grabsampling in studies of microscopicsea life and fossils of such life.
-National Museumof Natural History,SmithsonianInstitution Deep sea dredging to study recentchanges in the geography of bio-logical regions through study of thechanging conformation of the highlyadaptable animal, the ostracod.Duke University Bi-monthly cruises to collectDurham, North samples for the study of the devel-Carolina oment, distribution and biology ofcrab larvae.
-Washington State Biological sampling for studies ofUniversity the paleontology of Pteropods
-University ofNorth Carolina Isolation and study of pure culturesof marine fungi.
-National Museum Plankton tows for studies of plank-of Natural History tonic foraminifera.Smithsonian Institution
-Florida StateUniversity Sampling for studies of deep seabiology and geology.
903
Recipient
? -University ofDelaware
ProjectTowing multiple plankton samplersto study the verticle distributionof the cosomatous pteropods inrelation to water masses.
Grant Expressedin U. S. Dollars
University ofCalifornia Sampling deeper than 200 metersto study the systematic s anddistribution of marine mites.
-Division of FishesNational Museum ofNatural HistorySmithsonianInstitution
Long line fishing for severalhundred specimens for a study ofthe distribution of the commonsharksucker.
University of NorthCarolina Trawling, gill net, and long linecollection of samples for syste-matic and distribution studies ofsharks and their relatives.
-Department ofinvertebrate Zoo-logy, SmithsonianInstitution
Mid-water trawling for studies ofthe systematics, distribution andecology of pelagic Cephalopods.
-Department ofPaleobiologySmithsonianInstitution
Dredging, coring and bottomphotography to study the morpho-logy of sediments and sub-bottom.
-MassachusettsInstitute ofTechnology Deep lowerings of coring andgrab sampling equipment forstudy of the deepest Mediter-ranean geological structures.Woods HoleOceano graphicInstitution,Massachusetts Submergible dives to explorethe water transport over theScarpanta sill in the EasternMediterranean.University of NewHampshire Ecology of deep sea animals.
- Lamont- DohertyGeologicalObservatory,Columbia Ecology of skeletal plankton(foraminifera and pteropods)
? University of Georgia Distribution of organic chemicalsand trace elements.FY 1972 Subtotal Estimate for On-going Research 1,3 3 3,000
904
B. Pending Projects
Recipient
1. Smithsonian InstitutionDepartment of Botany
P r oj e c tTo initiate flora and vegetationstudies of a district of MysoreState in the Ghat Mountains ofSouthwest India and to preparecollections for the Smithsonian'sNational Herbarium.
Estimated Requestin U. S. Dollars1972est. 20, 000
2. University of Georgia
Smithsonian InstitutionOffice of Environ-mental Studies
4. Union College,Schenectady, N. Y.
To initiate studies of the inter- 1972est. 25,000action of human and small rodentpopulations in a variety of temperatezone environments in conjunctionwith the Ecological Institute of thePolish Academy of Sciences.To initiate studies of the behavior 1972est. 50, 000of elephants and primates in Indiacoordinated with base line studiesalready conducted in Ceylon.To collect and study the plankton 1972est. 50, 000communities of the Nile River Deltawith special reference to the changesin salinity and circulation caused byinterruption of seasonal riverfluctuation by the ^swan Dam.
5. Smithsonian Institution, To collect and conduct taxonomicProgram of Ocean- studies of the marine fauna ofography and Limnology West Pakistan's continental shelf. 1972est. 50, 000Gulf Coast MarineLab. , Mississippi,and Division ofFishes, NationalMuseum of NaturalHistory,Smithsonian Institution
To conduct systematic andbehavioral studies of flatfishesand gobioid fishes in collaborationwith the Zoological Survey of India,
1972est. 25, 000
7. Smithsonian Institution To study in Tunisia the broadlyDivision of Invertebrate distributed fossil ostracod whichPaleontology reveals through its varied physicalappearance much about the climateand geography of the geologic erain which it lived.
1972est. 75, 000 1/
905
RecipientSmithsonian InstitutionOffice of Environ-mental Sciences
ProjectTo conduct in Egypt a symposiumon the Biological control of thesnail, carrier of the disease,bilharzia, in the newly formedreservoirs and canals associ-ated with the Aswan dam in Egypt.
Estimated Requestin U. S. Dollars1972est. 20, 000
Smithsonian InstitutionOffice of Environ-mental Studies To collect for the U.S. NationalMuseum and study the flora of thelong neglected areas of Indiaparticularly the Malabar and theKaromandel Coasts, and theNilghiri and Khasis Hills--areaswhich served as sources ofmaterials for classic botanicalstudies made as long ago as the17th Century and badly in needof revision.
1972est. 20, 000
10. University of Georgia
11. Missouri BotanicalGardens
12. Ohio University
13. Queens College,University of theCity of New York
14. Office of Environ-mental Studies,Oceanography andLimnology ProgramSmithsonian Institution
To study organic productivity andnutrient cycling in tropical eco-sytems in collaboration with theHindu University of Benares,India. This study has been pro-posed to the National Committeesfor the International BiologicalProgram of both the United Statesand India.To initiate a comprehensive pro-gram of the study of the floraof Morocco with bio- systematicstudies of flowering plants.To study the pollution conditionof Lake Tunis in Tunisia.To conduct museum studies ofunique specimens of fossilmammals in Poland in connectionwith studies of evolution.To initiate study of the existingecosystem of the Eastern ArabianSea through oceanographic cruisesundertaken in cooperation with theIndian National Institute ofOceanography.
1972est. 42,000
1/1972est. 100,000
1/1972est. 100,000
1972est. 000
1972est. 40,000
906
Recipient15. Office of Environ-mental Studies,Oceanography andLimnology ProgramSmithsonian Institution
Projec tTo initiate a multi-year pro-gram of study of the ecology ofcoral reefs in India.
Estimated Requestin U. S. Dollars1972est. 56,000
16. Oak Ridge NationalLaboratoryOak Ridge, Tenn. As a part of United States re-search under the InternationalBiological Program, to conductcooperative research in Polandon temperate zone forest andgrassland ecosystems supple-menting studies conducted in theUnited States.
1972est. 25, 000
17. Pennsylvania StateUniversity As a part of United States re-search under the InternationalBiological Program, to conductcomparative studies of humanadaptability at high altitudesin India.
1972est. 50, 000
University ofMinnesota As a part of United States re-search under the InternationalBiological Program, to studybiological rhythms in the catfishin India.
1972est. 25, 000
19. Pennsylvania StateUniversity and theUniversity ofMinnesota
20. University of Utah
21. University of Colorado
As a part of United States re-search under the InternationalBiological Program, to studyin South Asia the internationalspread of plant disease by meansof airborne organisms.As a part of United States re-search under the InternationalBiological Program, to conductcomparative studies in the aridclimates of Tunisia and Indiasupplementing studies conductedin the United States.To initiate systematic studies ofthe flora of Yugoslavia.
1972est. 50, 000
1972est. 175 J./000
1972est. 49 y000
Subtotal Pending Biological Research 1, 049, 000
907
C. New Projects
Recipient
1. Utah State University
2. University of Texas
University of NevadaDesert ResearchInstitute
ProjectTo study in India, the ecologyand behavior of the one-hornedrinocerous, an endangeredspecies, surviving in theKaziranga Wildlife Sancturay.To conduct studies of theecology of Indian ungulatesin the wildlife sanctuaries ofRajas than.To conduct in Morocco studies 1972est.in desert ecology parallel to thoseconducted in Nevada.
Estimated Requestin U. S. Dollars1972est. 69, 000 2/
1972est. 30, 000
200, 000 V
4. University ofCalifornia, Davis
National Museum ofNatural History,Smithsonian InstitutionDartmouth CollegeHanover, NewHampshire
To conduct in East Pakistan studies 1972est.related to man's evolution throughresearch in the ecology and be-havior of the Hoolock Gibbonwhich seasonally changes its single-family territorial behavior tomulti-family foraging grouporganization.To initiate ecological and be- 1972est.havioral studies of rhesus monkeysand langurs in India.
25, 000
To conduct studies of the ecologyof Lake Ohrid and its drainagebasin in Yugoslavia. 1972est.
30, 000
50, 000
Office of Environ-mental Sciences,Smithsonian Institution
Department ofInvertebrate Zoo-logy, NationalMuseum of NaturalHistory
To develop a cooperative pro- 1972est.gram in environmental managementemploying Lake Skadar in Yugo-slavia and the Smithsonian'sChesapeake Bay Center for Environ-mental studies as the study areas.Such studies will provide the foun-dation for sound economic planningand development limiting man'sdegradation of his environment.
100, 000
To initiate studies of the syste-matica and zoogeography of thestomatopod crustaceans on theeastern coast of India.
1972est. 20, 000
908
Recipient
9. Chico State College,Californai
ProjectTo collect for systematicstudies, ants and parasitesassociated with man in Tunisiaand Guinea.
Estimated Requestin U. S. Dollars1972est. 15, 000
10. University ofWashington, Collegeof Forest Resources To study geographic variation of 1972est.the forest tree species Shorearobusta and the ecological basisfor the variations, and to detectseed sources best for reforestation.
14, 000
11. University of Illinoisat Chicago Circle
12. Office of Envir on-mental Sciences,Smithsonian Institution
To trace the evolutionary relation- 1972est. 10,000ships among Upper Cretaceousteleostean fishes through collectionand study of those found in theYugoslav Dalmatian Cretaceousoutcroppings.To initiate a survey of the rapidly 1972est.disappearing India tiger and tostudy its ecology preliminaryto development of conservation plans.
15, 000
13. Smithsonian TropicalResearch Institute,Panama To initiate a program for com-parative studies in evolutionaryecology in India including environ-mental monitoring.
1972est. 40,000
Subtotal New Biological Research Proposals 618, 000
Total Biological Research 3, 000, 000
909
IV. Museum ProgramsA. On- going Projects
Recipient
1. U.S. NationalMuseum ProjectTo assist, under the U. S. National 1972estMuseum Act, with museum ex-pertise and support the programof the International Council ofMuseums (ICOM), a UNESCOaffilliate, to develop teachingmuseums of science and technologyin Asia and Africa. For example,the Smithsonian contributed in FY1969 to studies resulting in recom-mendations to ICOM that there beestablished in India a laboratory forbasic exhibits in science and technologywhere teaching exhibits will be builtfor circulation in industrializingcountries. The experiment will pro-vide opportunities to AmericanMuseum Specialists to observe theeffectiveness of exhibits in teachingbasic science and technology to peopleof all cultural backgrounds.
Estimated Requestin U. S. Dollarst. 80, 0001971est. 55, 0001970 19, 0561969 20, 000
Subtotal On- going Museum Programs 80, 000
B. Pending ProjectsNational Collectionof Fine Arts andSmithsonian TravelingExhibition Service To prepare an exhibit catalogue, 1972est.to be the first scholarly publi-cation on a unique collection atBenares Hindu University, ofminiature paintings of the Moghulperiod of Indian art for distri-bution through American museumsexhibiting such art treasures, for thefirst time, in the United States.
5, 000
American Associationof Museums and theUnited StatesNational Museum To initiate a program of professio- 1972est.nal training for museum curators andtechnicians in collaboration with museumsof India, Pakistan, Tunisia and Egyptthrough two-way exchanges of personnel foron-the-job training. Participants would beexpected to serve at least six months in amuseum housing collections of direct im-portance to their professional development.Subtotal Pending Museum Programs
85, 000
90, 000
910
C. New Projects
Recipient
1. SmithsonianTraveling ExhibitionService
ProjectTo prepare an exhibition ofPakistani ethnographic materialsand accompanying scholarlycatalogue for circulation toUnited States Museums anduniversities.
Estimated Requestin U. S. Dollars1972est. 20, 000
Division of Ethnicand Western CulturalHistory, NationalMuseum of Historyand Technology
To study and collect in Polandethnographic materials tosupplement national collectionsfor circulation to United Stateseducational and cultural organizations.
1972est. 20,000
National Museum of To study in Poland and Yugoslavia 1972est.History and Technology the cultures of origin of im-migrant Americans and makeethnographic collections to beused in preparing U. S. Bicen-tennial Exhibits.
10, 000
Subtotal New Museum Programs
Estimated Total Museum Programs
V. AstrophysicsA. On-going Projects
RecipientHunter College ofthe City Universityof New York andSmithsonian Astro-physical Observatory
2. Smithsonian Astro-physical Observatory
ProjectTo continue computer analysisin Israel of the application ofprinciples of plasma physicsconcerning the movement ofparticles at extremely highspeeds to the movement ofcelestial bodies in galaxies--a study of the collective be-havior of self-gravitating systems.To continue studies in Israelcomparing theories developedseparately of the nature of theinterior and of the exterior ofevolving stars.
50, 000
220, 000
Grant Exp:ressedin U. S. D< illars1972est. 15, 0001971est. 15, 0001970 13, 4501969 5, 4001968 41, 810
1972est. 15, 0001971est. 15, 0001970 11. 2001969 27, 270
911
Recipient Project Grant Expressedin U. S. DollarsSmithsonian InstitutionOffice of the Secretary
4. Smithsonian Astro-physical Observatory
American Universityin Cairo and Smith-sonian AstrophysicalObservatory
To assist in studies sponsored by 1972est. 10, 000newly created Center for Short- 1969 9,540Lived Phenomena, a clearinghouse for the receipt and dissemi-nation of information concerningrare or infrequent natural eventsthat might otherwise go unobservedor univestigated, such as remotevolcanic eruptions, the birth of newislands the fall of meteorites andlarge fire balls and sudden changesin biological and ecological systems.To record and analyze, together 1972est. 12, 000with data from around the world, 1970 11, 440at the Uttar Pradesh StateObservatory, India, film ex-posures of suspected flare stars,a relatively newly discovered classof variable stars, with radio andoptical energies several orders ofmagnitude higher than emissionsfrom the largest solar flares.To conduct research in theories 1972est. 20, 000of planetary motion in Egypt. 1971 23,634
Harvard Universityand SmithsonianAstrophysicalObservatory To conduct studies of thermal 1972est. 20, 000emission and absorption of 1971est. 20, 000diatomic molecules in India.Smithsonian Astro-physical Observatoryand consortium ofUnited States Astro-nomical ResearchInstitutions
To conduct coordinated 24 hourobservation of astronomicalphenomena in collaboration withIsraeli institutions employingtelescopes in the western UnitedStates, Chile and Israel.
1972est. 70,0001971est. 142,0001970 275,200
-U.S. Naval Research To conduct optical and photo-Laboratory,Washington, D. C.and MassachusettsInstitute of Tech-nology
electric monitoring of X-raysources.
58-287 O?71?pt. 4- -58
912
Recipient
--California Instituteof Technology
ProjectTo conduct photoelectricmonitoring of the continuum andline emission from quasi- stellarobjects (QSO) and the nuclei ofN-type galaxies.
Grant Expressedin U. S. Dollars
--Smithsonian Astro- To conduct a high-dispersionphysical Observatory abundance analysis of stars inthe Pleiades.
-State Universityof New York atStony Brook To determine the rate of starformation in young clusters.Harvard CollegeObservatory,Cambridge, Mass To conduct photometric obser-vations of the High Balmer Lines(near the Balmer Limit) and theBalmer Continuum in PlanetaryNebulas.
8. Harvard University To conduct laboratory studiesin India of the excitation pro-cesses in stellar, planetaryand cometary atmospheres.Subtotal Estimate for On-going ResearchB. Pending Projects
Recipient
1. Smithsonian Astro-physical ObservatoryCambridge, Mass.
ProjectTo investigate solar radiationpressure purturbations upon thePassive Geodetic Earth-OrbittingSatellite (PAGEOS) in collabo-ration with the University ofWarsaw and the Polish Academyof Sciences.
1972est.1971est. 30, 00041, 700
192, 000
Estimated Requestin U. S. Dollars1972est. 72,000
2. Smithsonian Astro-physical Observatory To measure air glow and iono-spheric characteristics at themagnetic equator in studies con-tributing to the understanding ofthe nature of the upper atmosphereand of some of its effects onsatellites.
1972est. 18, 000
913
RecipientSmithsonian Astro-physical Observatory
ProjectTo initiate support for studiesin geodesy, geophysics andcelestial mechanics based onthe tracking of man-madesatellites at the Naini Talastrophysical observing stationin India.To study the variations in theearths gravity in India for abetter understanding of its geo-logical diversity and tectonichistory particularly as it con-tributes to an understanding ofcontinental drift.
5. University of California To study in India the effects ofSan Diego cosmic rays on terrestrial andextra-terrestrial materials.
University of Hawaii
Estimated Requestin U. S. Dollars1972est. 10, 000 2/
2/1972est. 20,000
1972est. 8,000
C. New Projects
1. Duke UniversityDurham, NorthCarolina
Subtotal Pending Research
To study sedimentation atBahiret el Bibane on theshores of Tunisia. 1972est.
128, 000
1>32, 000
2. Smithsonian Astro-physical Observatory
3. Smithsonian Astro-physical Observatory
To initiate in India a program 1972est. 12, 000in indirect atmosphericmeasurements using radiotropospheric scatter techniques.To initiate in Poland geophysical 1972est. 76, 000studies employing very long base-line interferometry techniquesparticularly studies of continentaldrift, polar wandering and satellitetracking.
4. Smithsonian Astro-physical Observatory To study in Poland the nature ofstellar atmospheres. 1972est. 30, 000
914
Recipient
5. Smithsonian Astro-physical Observatory
ProjectTo supplement in Poland, UnitedStates contributions to the Inter-national Satellite GeodesyExperiment, a world-wide pro-gram sponsored primarily by theCommittee on Space Research ofthe International Council ofScientific Unions.
Estimated Requestin U. S. Dollars1972est. 30, 000
Subtotal Estimate for New Research 180, 000
Total Astrophysical Research
VI. Program Development and AdministrationSmithsonian InstitutionOffice of InternationalActivities To defray costs of inspectionand audit of field research sitesand costs of negotiation withhost governments on programoperations- -costs which increasein step with the increasing numbersof active grants.Total Program Development and Administration
500, 000
1972est. 30 0001971 20, 0001970 20, 0001969 15, 0001968 10 000
30, 000GRAND TOTAL $5, 500, 000
915
MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH
(SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM )Commitment of Funds by CountryFiscal Years 1970, 1971 and 1972
Country 1970Actual 1971Estimate 1972EstimateBurma $ -- $ 1,000Ceylon 661, 242Egypt 154,411 250,000Guinea -- 5, 000India ? 475,348 600,000Israel 946, 659 750, 000Morocco.. 72,947 150,000Pakistan.... 27,048 140,000Poland 71,938 64,000Tunisia 623, 883 200, 000Yugoslavia.. 532, 773 340, 000
300, 00010, 0001, 500, 000600, 000600, 000250, 000420, 0001, 200, 000620, 000$3, 566, 249 $2, 500, 000 $5, 500, 000
916UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON STUDYMrs. Hansen. You are requesting $5.5 million for Museum Pro-grams and Related Research (Special Foreign Currency Program). Isit your policy in any instance to make grants under this program toindividuals ?Dr. Challinor. Madam Chairman, these grants are made to theinstitution at which the individual works.Mrs. Hansen. Reading through your justifications I find there aresome rather strange items in this program.For example, the University of Washington is studying the rela-tions of fishing boat crewmembers and how they relate to conflictgroups in a peasant fishing town in Yugoslavia.What is involved in this study ?Dr. Challinor. I would have to refer back to that specific grantapplication, Madam Chairman.Mrs. Hansen. Please insert the information in the record.(The information follows:)Details of Certain Reseaech Proposals Appearing in the SpecialForeign Currency Program JustificationPage C-10, No. 10, University of Washington : To study the relations of fishingboat crewmembers and how they relate to conflict groups in a peasant fishingtown in Yugoslavia.This study is designed to test the hypothesis that access to the necessities oflife is the primary factor in determining how men draw together when theyare faced with a fight. The study will compare the strength of this motivationwith the strength of family ties and other motivations for choosing up sides.This study is proposed for the town of Komiza, Yugoslavia, which supports anumber of small fishing boats, family owned for the most part, with crews ofthree to six. The questions to be asked in the study include: (1) Do boatcrewmembers always aline themselves together in conflict situations not directlyrelated to fishing? (2) Does consideration of boat crew ties supersede con-siderations of kinship ties when disagreements arise?WEST PAKISTAN PROJECTMrs. Hansen. You are requesting $50,000 for the University ofWashington, to study the ecology and behavior of the wild boar inWest Pakistan. What is involved in this request?Dr. Challinor. This is a particularly important project because asyou know, Pakistanis are predominantly Moslems. They, therefore,do not eat pork. There is no major predator on the wild boar. One ofthe particularly interesting aspects here is that the wild boar, as youmay know, goes all the way from India and Pakistan across Asia intoEurope, so there is a wide diversity of habitat, This is the sort of re-search work, the unpopular or unappealing research wrork, that isdone by many Smithsonian-supported scientists but which is oftenvery, very important in these countries.FOREIGN CURRENCY COUNTRIESMrs. Hansen. Isn't what you are attempting to do, is to add to thetotal sum of human knowledge in a wide variety of fields? Pleaseinsert in the record the excess currency countries which participatein your program.
917Dr. Challinor. Those are listed, Madam Chairman. I will be happyto see that they are in the record.(The information follows :)Museum Programs and Related Research(Special Foreign Currency Program)excess currency countries as of april 107 1Burma PolandGuinea TunisiaIndia United Arab Republic ( P^gvpt
)
Morocco YugoslaviaPakistan DETAILS OX OTHER PROJECTSMrs. Hansen. For the information of the committee please insertin the record the details of some of the other projects you are funding.Dr. Challinor. Yes. These all I assure you have been passed byeminent scientists in competition with other grants.Mrs. Hansen. For example you are funding a project to collectfor systematic studies, ants and parasites associated with man inTunisia and Guinea. Also a project to study in South Asia the inter-national spread of plant disease by means of airborne organism.Mr. Yates. I think you ought to get an explanation of No. 5 onpage 13, because I am sure somebody is going to ask about that one.Mrs. Hansen. Yes.Dr. Challinor. We will be happy to fill these in for the record.Mrs. Hansen. Please do.Dr. Challinor. Project No. 5 actually has to do with snails.Dr. Ripley. It has a highly applied medical value. By calling themmollusks instead of snails we have confused the issue.Mr. McDade. That doesn't clear it up very much for me, changingthat one word.(The information follows :)Page C-13, No. 12, University of Washington: To study the ecology and be-havior of the wild boar in West Pakistan, a little-studied animal which is never-theless a significant agricultural pest.The wild boar causes crop damage in Pakistan alone estimated at $35 millionannually. Its control has been of concern to the Pakistani Government, as it is tothe other countries stretching from India to Europe. In muslim countries theboar is considered, like the pig, an unclean animal and its numbers are not,therefore, controlled through regular cropping. The proposed study will providebasic information on the biology, behavior and feeding habits of the boar uponwhich a program of control can be based. One result might be greater agricul-tural self-sufficiency in West Pakistan.Page C-16, No. 7. Smithsonian Institution, Division of Invertebrate Paleon-tology : To study in Tunisia the broadly distributed fossil Ostracod which revealsthrough its varied physical appearance much about the climate and geographyof the geologic era in which it lived.Ostracods, which have existed on the earth throughout most geological eras,are indicators of major geological change. Finding fossils of these small animals,which are small shelled marine animals belonging to the same general type aslobsters, shrimp, crabs, and the like, will indicate definite climatic and envi-ronmental conditions in a given part of the ocean where they are found ; throughthe study of the distribution of these small animals the major changes in thearea now covered by the Mediterranean over the last 40 to 60 million years canbe charted. Ostracods are of particular importance in the study of possible min-eral-bearing strata, since fossils of ostracods are brought up more readily by oildrills, for example, than would be the case with larger animals.
918Page C-20, No. 9, Chico State College, California: To collect for systematicstudies, ants and parasites associated with man in Tunisia and Guinea.Eighty percent of the animals on the earth are insects. Two of the mostimportant groups of these from the point of view of their affect on man-kind are ants and termites. If we are to understand how to reduce the damagebrought about by these insects, we have to know their precise nature and theirrole in the economies of other animals. This particular study proposes the col-lection of ants and termites in Tunisia and Guinea and particularly of the beatles(Staphylinidae) associated with them. This study is an extension of others bythe same investigators covering the tropics in both this hemisphere and inAfrica and Asia.Page C-18, No. 19, Pennsylvania State University, and the University ofMinnesota : As a part of United States research under the International Bio-logical Program, to study in South Asia the international spread of plant diseaseby means of airborne organisms.The air carries much biologically significant material such as the pollen whichfertilizes plants and causes hay fever or the exhaust fumes of automobiles andindustries which block out the sun's rays over our cities, affecting plants, animalsand man. Other living organisms are carried in the atmosphere, such as thespores of fungus, disease microbes, and even minute animals called aphids. Thisproposal would extend to India studies initiated in the United States under theInternational Biological Program designed particularly to study plant diseaseswhich are transmitted through the air without respect for international bound-aries. The purpose is to understand the evolution of the diseases as well as torecord the losses in plant life resulting the diseases. Such studies are but oneelement in a detailed program which seeks to promote and coordinate inter-nationally oriented research on critical problems in this field of aerobiologyand to ensure the application of standardized techniques and the exchange ofcomparable data between disciplines and nations.Page C-13, No. 5, University of Michigan : To continue taxonomic studies ofIndian mollusks through caryotype analysis and the cytogenetics of closely re-lated species which will contribute to medical, public health, and veterinaryprograms.Snails (mollusks) carry diseases which attack man and his domesticatedanimals. The diseases include schistosomiasis, liver fluke, and other worm para-sites. These diseases are widespread in the tropics and they have a way of spread-ing dramatically in an area where hydroelectric dams and irrigation canals arcbeing built. This happens as a result of the disturbance of the ecological bal-ance apparently through a change in water usage. Precise identification of thesnail which is carrying the disease is the first step toward controlling it. More-over, by knowing the snails habits, man can learn to avoid contact with it.Snails have been little studied in South Asia. These studies are, therefore, ofgreat importance from the standpoint of human and animal health in that region.The studies employ the most modern techniques to understand the basic geneticmaterials of cells of the snails and thus to tell one family of snails from anotherwhen they are from all outward appearances identical.Construction and Improvement of National Zoological ParkMrs. Hansen. Pleasrough D-7.(The pages follow :) e insert in the record justification pages D-lth
919
CONSTRUCTION AND IMPROVEMENTSNATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK1970 Appropriation .... $600, 0001971 Appropriation .... $200, 0001972 Estimate $200, 000In 1963, Congress approved the concept of a 10-year master developmentplan for the National Zoological Park. Funds, averaging $1.8 million ayear, were appropriated from 1963 to 1968 in support of the master plan.The Bird House, Great Flight cage, deer area, hoofed-stock area, Hospitaland Research building, roads and parking lots, utilities, sewerage, heatingplant, and improvements in the electrical distribution system were allcompleted using the original master plan and the funds appropriated by CongressIn fiscal year 1968, Congress appropriated only $400, 000 and work was scaleddown to only those improvements required to extend the useful life of thefacilities not yet replaced and some minor repair projects. Improvementsto the Zoo's facilities were further slowed in 1970 because the Zoo wasrequired to reimburse the District of Columbia $168,000 for contractorclaims resulting from fiscal years 1964 and 1965 work. In addition, inFebruary 1970 a portion of the master plan was rejected by the Commissionof Fine Arts. This rejection means that the plans for the future physicaldevelopment of the Zoo must be revised embodying a different philosophyof design. We have just entered into a contract with the architectural firmof Faulkner, Fryer & Vanderpool for a revision and updating of the MasterPlan, including schematic drawings for all facilities. This will give us themost complete overall plan we have ever had. We will have more reliablecost estimates at today's construction cost levels. We plan to take a hardlook at the construction and rehabilitation of the entire Zoo at this time. Wewill have an opportunity to take advantage of the very latest techniques inanimal habitat as well as the accommodation of the visitor. This will requirea minimum of one to two years' design effort. In the interim, an appropriationof $200, 000 is requested to continue to work on the large backlog of deferredrenovation and repair projects such as the following.
-- The perimeter fence is in a bad state of repair and presently, dueto vandalism, floods in Rock Creek, as well as deterioration fromage, does not affordthe security that the Zoo requires. In August1970, the Zoo lost four waterbucks as the result of an attack bytwo stray dogs that entered through openings in the fence. The lengthof the present fence is 3. 7 miles. It crosses Rock Creek twice.Probably 70 percent of the fence will have to be replaced and anengineering design will be required at the points where the enclosurecrosses Rock Creek in order to prevent future washouts by the creekwhen at flood stage.
-- The addition of a new water main loop at the south end of the Zoo isneeded in order to correct water pressure deficiencies in the areaof the Lion House and to insure an adequate supply of water for theboiler plant, which has been rehabilited.
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Many of the existing buildings are in need of attention beyond theroutine maintenance accorded them. The Commissary in thebasement of the Reptile House that handles food for the entireanimal population of the Zoo requires new equipment along withreplacement and remodeling of much of the present equipment.The old Hospital, which hasbeenvacated by the Animal HealthDepartment, requires remodeling to accommodate the Departmentof Living Vertebrates. The Bird House area requires replacementof the existing crane, pheasant, and owl cages which are badlydeteriorated and require repair.The sidewalks are in need of repair and some need to be replaced.
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RESTORATION AND RENOVATION OF BUILDINGS1970 Appropriation $425,0001971 Appropriation $1, 725, 0001972 Estimate $1, 050, 000An appropriation of $1,050,000 is requested for the following projects:Renwick Gallery $400,000National Museum of History and Technology 500, 000Sewer System Improvement-South Buildings 125, 000Lamont Street Library Improvements 25, 000Total estimate 1972 1,050,000Less amount appropriated in 1971 1 , 725, 000Decrease in 1972 $-675,000Renwick GalleryAn appropriation of $400, 000 is requested to complete the program ofexterior and interior restoration of the Renwick Gallery.Using funds previously appropriated, the Smithsonian has directed itsefforts at the restoration of the Renwick Gallery's basic structure. An aircooling plant was installed in the Gallery. The need for t his system was notanticipated in the FY 1971 budget request. As part of the restoration process,an air conditioning system was installed in the building which could use coldwater supplied by the General Services Administration. The Smithsonian wasinformed late last year by the GSA that cooling water could only be supplied ona 5-day week, 8-hour, basis. In order to meet the needs of the museum whichmust maintain a constant temperature and humidity to safeguard the collections;it was necessary to install a revised cooling plant. The exterior stonework,entranceways, and the interior corridors, lobbies and galleries have beenrenovated to the point where the final or finishing work can be started. Thisfinishing work, the full extent of which could not be determined until the basicstructural work was completed, includes the replacement of the sidewalk aroundthe building, exterior lighting fixtures, the cast iron grillwork on the roof andwindows, the finishing, painting and gilding of arches and columns, marbleizingof woodwork in the central halls and stairways, and the replacement ofdamaged marble in the floor of the building. This work will be designed torestore the exterior and certain areas of the interior of the building to theiroriginal appearance, as designed by James Renwick in 1859.In addition, it is necessary to complete storage facilities, to providegallery furnishings for use by the public in the restored interior areas of thebuilding, and to recast exterior sculpture for the facade as well as to installan essential bird-proofing system.National Museum of History and TechnologyBicentennial FacilitiesAn appropriation of $500, 000 is requested for the preparation of plans andspecifications for the Bicentennial facilities to be added to the National Museumof History and Technology, and to design exhibits for these facilities.As part of the Smithsonian's contribution to the American RevolutionBicentennial celebrations, the National Museum of History and Technology plansto convert the terraces of its building into usable space by the construction ofstructures on the sides of the building. The purpose of these structures willbe to house certain national treasures and exhibits relating to the twin themes
922
of the Museum's Bicentennial participation- -what the nations of the world gaveto make the United States of America, and in turn what the United States hasgiven to the nations of the world.The National Museum of History and Technology will conclude a feasibilitystudy for the Bicentennial structure project in fiscal year 1971. Thecompletion of the study will permit the Museum to proceed on July 1, 1971,with developing final architectural plans. Construction would begin in fiscalyear 1973 and be completed no later than January 1, 1975, to allow one yearfor installation of exhibitions. Total structural costs are estimated to be$4, 500, 000, while the exhibits will cost an additional $1, 000, 000.Sewer Systems Improvements -South BuildingsAn appropriation of $125,000 is requested to correct a serious sewerproblem for the buildings on the south side of the mall.The three Smithsonian buildings on the south side of the Mall, SmithsonianBuilding, Arts and Industries Building, and the Freer Gallery of Art, emptyboth their sanitary wastes and rainwater runoff into the District of Columbiasewage system through single pipe systems. This type of system has twoserious drawbacks--overloading the treatment plants and a tendency to backflowduring heavy rains. Because the rainwater runoff and the sanitary systemwastes are mixed, large quantities of polluted water are discharged into theriver. The District of Columbia is in the process of converting to a separatesystem to reduce the load upon the already overloaded sewage treatment plants.The Smithsonian must be able to tie into this system. In addition, flooding ofthe buildings during heavy rains, because of the limited ability of the pipes tocarry off rain water, occurs frequently. By replacing the single pipe systemwith separate and larger sanitary and drain pipes, flooding can be eliminated.Lamont Street Library ModificationsAn appropriation of $25,000 is requested to modify space at theSmithsonian's Lamont Street facility to house library materials.At the present time, the library is extremely short of shelf space forlibrary materials. A study of available space at the Smithsonian showed thatthe space formerly occupied by the Department of Entomology at Lamont Street,which recently moved back to the Natural History Building, could be modifiedby the addition of flooring, partitions, shelving and lighting to serve as anoverflow facility for library materials. The library is temporarily storingabout 40, 000 books in cartons and boxes at the Lamont Street facility becauseof lack of space in the Mall buildings. With the modifications about 50,000volumes could be handled at this facility, all of which would be accessible foruse by researchers.
923CONSTRUCTION1970 Appropriation $3,5 00, 000 i./1971 Appropriation $5, 200, 000 V1972 Estimate $5, 597, 000 i/CONSTRUCTIONJoseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture GardenBy the Act of November 7, 1966, the Congress provided a site on theMall for the construction of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and SculptureGarden, and provided statutory authority for the appropriation of constructionand operating funds. Within this appropriation authority, $803, 000 wereappropriated in fiscal year 1968 for the preparation of plans and specifications.In fiscal year 1969, $2,000,000 were appropriated for plans and to startconstruction. Contract authorization was granted by language in that appropri-ation bill in an amount not to exceed $14,197,000. An additional $3,300,000was appropriated in 1970 and $5,200,000 in 1971 toward liquidation of thecontract authority.Construction was started in March 1970 and the excavation and foundationconstruction is in progress. Construction is proceeding on schedule with nomajor delays being anticipated at this time. An appropriation of $3,697,000is requested for fiscal year 1972 in order to liquidate the remaining contractauthority. This appropriation, with the $1,000,000 legally committed by Mr.Hirshhorn, will complete funding of construction contracts and financesupervision and related construction management costs. This will allow forthe completion of the construction in time for the planned opening of theMuseum in late fiscal year 1973.CONSTRUCTIONNational Air and Space Museum PlanningThe Act of August 12, 1946, established the National Air Museum as abureau of the Smithsonian Institution. The Congress included provisions forselecting a site for a National Air Museum building to be located in theNation's Capital. By the Act of September 6, 1958, the Congress designateda site for a building to be on the Mall from Fourth Street to Seventh Street,Independence Avenue to Jefferson Drive. Planning appropriations in the amountof $511,000 and $1,364,000 were made available to the Smithsonian by theCongress for the fiscal year 1964 and 1965 respectively. In 1966, theCongress enacted legislation authorizing the construction of the National Airand Space Museum but deferred appropriations for construction untilexpenditures for the Vietnam conflict had shown a substantial reduction.Construction plans and specifications for the proposed museum building werecompleted and were accepted by the Commission of Fine Arts and the NationalCapital Planning Commission. The cost of the buildings, built to those plansand specifications, was estimated to be $40 million dollars in 1965.Unfortunately due to the rising costs of labor and materials, this same buildingwould cost between $60 million and $70 million, to construct depending on theincrease in costs and the date of the beginning of construction.The space program, with its Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo flights, hascaused a considerable increase in the public's interest in aeronautical andaerospace matters. During 1970, almost 4.5 million visitors were counted inthe Arts and Industries Building and the Air and Space Building, both of which
_1/ Fiscal year 1970 and fiscal year 1971 liquidation of Contract Authority.Fiscal year 1972 $3,697,000 liquidation of Contract Authority. $200,000in 1970 was appropriated to move the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.
924
are used to house temporarily a very small portion of the collections andexhibits of the National Air and Space Museum. With the additional spaceavailable in the new building, the National Air and Space Museum will be ableto use a wide range of the more than 200 aircraft and thousands of aerospaceobjects in the collections to interpret the historical and technological progressof aviation and aerospace science to the millions of visitors that will come tothe Museum annually. The Air and Space Museum already has in itscollections such historically significant aircraft as the original Wright BrothersFlyer, Lindburgh's "Spirit of St. Louis," the NC-4 (the first to fly theAtlantic), the Bell X-l (first to exceed the speed of sound) as well asMercury, Gemini, and Apollo spacecrafts. To demonstrate and exhibittechnological progress, the Museum can choose from literally hundreds ofengines, power plants, and ancilliary equipment ranging from simple rotary enginesbuilt at the turn of the century to the huge Saturn F-l engine which producesmillions of pounds of thrust. This collection of aeronautical and aerospace itemswhich many consider the finest in the world, needs only the additional spaceprovided by a new Museum to be displayed properly to the public.During a Symposium on the National Air and Space Museum which washeld on January 18, 1971, Senator Barry Goldwater, Dr. Wernher von Braun,Congressman Frank T. Bow, and Congressman James G. Fulton jointlyproposed the following resolution be presented to the Board of Regents of theSmithsonian Institution.
--That the Smithsonian Institution should press for constructionof the authorized National Air and Space Museum building;
--That a study of changes in the original approved designshould be undertaken immediately in order to determine thefeasibility of lowering construction costs;
--That a firm date of July 4, 1976, should be established forthe opening of the new museum building as a major element ofthe Smithsonian Institution's contribution to the commemorationof the Bicentennial of the American Revolution;
--That consideration be given to constructing a major under-ground parking facility beneath the Mall in order to alleviate theincreasing problem of automobile parking in the vicinity of theMall;
--That consideration of the joint venture by the NationalPark Service and private capital be explored. This action wouldcomplement the requirement for parking facilities as a significantfactor in construction of the National Air and Space Museum.In consideration of the rising costs of the building and the increased publicinterest in air and space activities, an appropriation of $1,900,000 for planningand redesign, and for the specifying of programs, facilities, and installations isrequested. The object of this redesign would be to utilize the latest design,construction, and exhibit techniques to lower the cost of the building toapproximately $40 million, which still providing outstanding facilities todisplay properly the many unique aeronautical and astronautical items in thecollections.The Senate Committee on Rules and Administration has advised that arequest by the Smithsonian for redesign funds would be consistent with theCommittee's 1966 recommendation regarding construction funding.
925
Smithsonian Institution Current Building Program
Est. Total Appropriated Fiscal Year 1972Project Cost to Date Request
1/Construction andImprovements
,
National Zoological $20,000,000 $8,703,000 200,000Park (depending on redesign)Restoration andRenovation of .Buildings Continuing Program 8,323,000 1,050, 000i'Construction, Joseph H.Hirshhorn Museum and o/ .,Sculpture Garden 15,000,000- 11,303,000 3,697,000i7Construction, National 44,775,000 1,875,000 1,900,000-Air and Space Museum (depending on redesign)
1. Buildings and facilities repair and maintenance.2. Renwick Gallery completion ($400, 000) planning and design of Bicentennial facilitiesand exhibits on the History and Technology Building ($500, 000), sewer systemimprovements ($125, 000), and library improvements at Lamont Street ($25, 000).Total estimated cost of Bicentennial facilities is $4, 500, 000.3. Excludes $200,000 for relocation of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and$1,000,000 legally committed by Mr. Joseph H. Hirshhorn for construction.4. Liquidation of contract authority of $14, 197, 000 provided in fiscal year 1969appropriation act.5. Building planning and redesign.
926Mrs. Haxsex. On September 2, Dr. Ripley, you wrote to me about aproposed reprograming of $1,419,000 for construction in the NationalZoological Park. On October 7, I replied that this matter should betaken up in the hearing at which time all master planning in connec-tion with these projects should be completed as well as required ap-provals. Dr. Ripley will you please discuss this for the committee. AsI recall, the construction program involved an otter pool, $215,000;a monkey island, $376,000; support facilities, $320,000; and majorrepairs and renovation, $508,000.Dr. Ripley. Mr. Bradley, would you speak to this.Mr. Bradley. Of course Dr. Reed lives with all of this, but I get intoit with him also. The admonition that we get all of our planning linedup was in your letter, and we have reviewed the situation this morningat the very last moment. We have not had sufficient time yet to obtainall of the clearances, such as that of the Planning Commission and theCommission of Fine Arts."We are in contract relations now with a good firm of architects. Wehave an excellent landscape architect as part of the design team.Landscaping has been part of the problem, trying to subordinate thebuildings and make the best of the beautiful park, but we have not yetequipped ourselves to come back to you and discuss the reprograming.Mrs. Haxsex. Aren't you glad I wrote and told you this?Mr. Bradley. Yes.XEEO FOR GOOD PLANNING AND DESIGNMrs. Haxsex. I really am tremendously interested in bettering thehabitat of the zoo and making it a more beautiful place.Mr. Yates. That birdhouse is marvelous.Mrs. Haxsex. But considering the habitat of some of the animalsand comparing it with others in the country, the Washington Zooleaves much to be desired. Part of it has been in the planning anddesign of the facilities.For example, and you have heard me mention this before, the Port-hind Park Zoo is just lovely. The Salt Lake City Zoo and the SeattleWoodland Park area are also well designed.The items you want to construct will help create a tremendousexperience, but they do take planning and design.Dr. Reed. If I may, somewhat in defense, you have mentioned zoosthat were all built since the National Zoological Park. Please re-member that our lion house is an 1890 creation. We are going to re-place it with an exhibit of beauty and a thing of joy. You mentionedthe birdhouse. We hope to do, and I am sure that we will do, as wellby the other animals as we have done by the birds, but it does takeplanning and we are making an extensive study right now.Mrs. Hansen. This past fall I was called by the Washingtonianand I said that you wouldn't have a much better zoo until you hadsome better planning, better design, and more funds. These are theingredients of good zoos. You have the animals and you have thepersonnel, who are doing a good job. but now what you need isadequate facilities.Dr. Reed. I may say that I appreciate very much your kind words inthe Washingtonian article. We needed them in that article.
927Mrs. Hansen. A zoo should be an exciting experience. It is like aportrait gallery. To a child of 5 this is perhaps his first contact withmonkeys or what have you.Dr. Reed. "We consider that the time and effort spent in this design-ing, and it may take us as long as a year, probably will be the bestmoney that we can possibly spend.Mrs. Hansen. I couldn't agree with you more, because you willprobably waste less in the end if you have a well planned program.BUDGET REQUEST FOR REPAIRSJustify your request of $200,000 for construction and improvementsat the National Zoological Park.Dr. Reed. This $200,000 that we have in this present budgetpresentation is for repairs. These are the necessary repairs that wemust make to keep the zoo going, including the perimeter fence. Thisis iust renovation and repair of what we have to keep the zoo in oper-ation until such time that the major improvement program can bereinitiated.Mrs. Hansen. Under what activity are you requesting your planningand design funds ?Dr. Reed. The planning and design money was in funds appropri-ated in previous years so we have enough money to accomplish ourmaster plan.Mrs. Hansen. This is the first agency that has ever admitted that.Dr. Reed. It is the truth.Mrs. Hansen. You also are requesting funds for the addition ofa new water m,ain loop at the south end of the zoo.Dr. Ripley. And some commissary repair.Dr. Reed. And there are many other small items involved in thisrequest for $200,000.Restoration and Renovation or Buildingsrenwick galleryMrs. Hansen. Justify your request of $400,000 for the RenwickGallery.Mr. Bradley. Madam Chairman, this amount is for the completionof the construction of what has been a very difficult reconstructionand restoration program. The antiquity of the structure I think isprobably the reason for this difficulty.Mrs. Hansen. When was the facility built ?Mr. Bradley. In 1857, and the restoration project required muchexploratory work and considerable research to determine the originaland authentic nature of both the exterior and interior designs andthe various original construction features. We now see the end, andwe think by the end of this calendar year and with these funds, wewill be able to complete construction.bicentennial facilityMrs. Hansen. Justify your request of $500,000 for the NationalMuseum of History and Technology bicentennial facility.58-287 O?71?pt. 4 59
928Mr. Bradley. This represents the combination of both an oppor-tunity to add some additional space that is needed and to give the Bi-centennial exhibits an identity and a recognition in their own right.We have had two designs so far. One design sought to employ theterraces that extend around the building and the other design consid-ered going out on the east lawn, and there putting up several pavilions.At any rate, the budget amount that we have submitted here wouldpermit us to do two things: to plan and design additional floor areaunder a suitable structure, and, also, to design the specialized exhibitsthat would be housed there.Mrs. Hansen. How large is this going to be ?Mr. Bradley. It would approximate 50,000 square feet, MadamChairman.Mrs. Hansen. Are these permanent structures ?Mr. Bradley. This would be permanent.Mrs. Hansen. The committee will be interested in the plans.Mr. Bradley. As soon as we have plans, Ave will be delighted togo over them with you.SEWER SYSTEM IMPROVEMENTSMrs. Hansen. You are requesting $125,000 for sewer systems im-provement in the south buildings. This as I understand is to correcta serious sewer problem.Mr. Bradley. Yes, Madam Chairman. This essentially is to separatestorm water from sanitary sewage.LAMONT STREET LIBRARY MODIFICATIONSMrs. Hansen. Justify your request of $25,000 for the Lamont StreetLibrary modifications.Mr. Bradley. A study of what we can do at the Smithsonian'sbuilding on Lamont Street showed that the space formerly occupiedby Entomology could be modified by the addition of flooring andshelving to be very useful for library purposes. This is needed becauseof the lack of space which is rather chronic in the building on the Mall,the Natural History Building, where our principal library facilityis located.Mrs. Hansen. Will this complete the modifications ?Mr. Bradley. Yes; this will do the 1072 part of the work.Mrs. Hansen. You will be able to house 50,000 volumes. Is thiscorrect ?A Ir. Bradley. That is the figure.unobligated and unexpended balancesMrs. Hansen. Please insert in the record a tabulation of your un-expended and unobligated construction fund balances as of March 31,1971. This tabulation should list each individual project for whichthere is a balance and should indicate the year in which the funds wereappropriated.(The information follows:)
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931FUNDo IN RESERVEMrs. Hansen. Do you have any funds in reserve ?Mr. Bradley. Practically none.Mrs. Hansen. That isn't the answer.Mr. Bradley. Let us be precise.Mr. Jameson. There are two identical sums in reserve. The first isan amount of $130,000 from the $775,000 that was appropriated thisyear for the repair of the fire damage to the Museum of History andTechnology.Mrs. Hansen. Why is that in reserve ? I thought that was an urgentitem.Mr. Jameson. When we came to the Congress to ask for the moneyto repair the damage, it was yet unknown whether there would be anymajor structural damage. All we could look at, at that point, was thedamaged finishes. We knew that there was damaged electrical wiring,damaged elevators, and so forth, but we were not sure that once wepulled down the ceilings, looked behind the walls, whether we wouldfind major structural damage to the building. With that understand-ing, the Office of Management and Budget said, "Fine, let us hold the$130,000 and if you need it, we will release it from reserve."Mrs. Hansen. Has the OMB released those funds ?Mr. Bradley. We haven't asked them yet to release it.Mrs. Hansen. Why ?Mr. Bradley. We haven't run into the difficulty.Mrs. Hansen. So it wasn't such an urgent request ?Mr. Bradley. It was an urgent request, Madam Chairman, but wehad to build a large contingency into our request because of the ex-ploratory nature of that job. When we were asked about it, we said itis more contingency than we would normally have. They said, "Fine,we will put that into the reserve until you need it," with the under-standing if we needed it, we would come and get it.Mrs. Hansen. What else is in reserve?Mr. Jameson. It is not precisely in our camp, but the Office of Man-agement and Budget does have $130,000 in reserve for the WoodrowWilson Center.Dr. Ripley. That is not in our appropriation account.Mrs. Hansen. No ; but I am very glad to hear about it, because youknow I can have as good a reserve as the OMB.bicentennial facilitiesDr. Ripley. Would you like to hear any supplementary words,Madam Chairman, if I may ask, about these proposed bicentennialfacilities ?Mrs. Hansen. Yes.Dr. Ripley. Dr. Boorstin has a short statement he would like tomake.Dr. Boorstin. This is an effort to provide additional space whichis necessary in order to produce the dramatic and significant bicenten-nial exhibit of the "Nation of nations," which will emphasize the unityand diversity of the American peoples ; that is, the diversity of originsand the way in which Americans have all worked together to build
932American civilization. We do not have appropriate available space inthe existing building at the present time to provide these exhibits.It is our hope to acquire such space by making these additions,either on one side of the building or the other, or perhaps attached onthe verandas of the building. This will depend on plans which we willbe developing and on the reaction of the National Capital PlanningCommission, and others.Mrs. Haxsex. Is this just for plans and specifications ?Mr. Bradley. Yes.Mrs. Haxsex*. As I said, the committee would like to see the plansbefore you go further into the Mall or some other place.Mr. Bradley. We have no intention of going further.Dr. Ripley. AVc would be happy to show them to you.OTHER FUNDS IX* RESERVEMrs. Haxsex*. Are there any other funds in reserve ?Mr. Jameson. No, Madam Chairman.I should say that the Woodrow Wilson Center is a separate appro-priation account.Mr. Bradley. We don't handle that and honestly don't know whyit is in the reserve.Mrs. Haxsex*. I do.Mr. Ripley. I have a suspicion.Construction, Joseph H. Hirsiihorx' Museum axd Sculpture
,. GardexMrs. Hansen. $3,697,000 is requested for construction of the JosephH. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in FY 1972. Please insertin the record the total amounts of funds that have been expended onplanning and design and construction.(The information follows:)Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture GardexConstruction fundingPlanning (appropriated in fiscal year 1968) $803,000Construction (contract authority in fiscal year 1969) 14,197,000Moving AFIP (appropriated in fiscal year 1970) 200,000Pledge from Mr. Hirshhorn (non-Federal funds) 1,000,000The planning and design have been completed and the funds expended. Theconstruction contract has been obligated and work is underway on the building.The General Services Administration expects to expend $6,677,738 in fiscal year1971 and $6,660,000 in fiscal year 1972. Against the contract authority, the follow-ing amounts have been appropriated : $2 million in fiscal year 1969 ; $3,300,000in fiscal year 1970; and $5,200,000 in fiscal year 1971. The balance of $3,697,000is requested in the fiscal year 1972 budget appropriation.current status of constructionMrs. Hansen. What is the current status of construction on thisproject? We discussed this earlier, do you have any details to add?Mr. Bradley. I think not, Madam Chairman.
933Mrs. Hansen. For fiscal year 1969, contract authorization in theamount not to exceed $14,197,000 was granted for the construction ofthis museum. What have been your expenditures to date in this con-nection ?Mr. Bradley. Approximately $2,435,000 have been earned and ex-pended to date to the contractor as of March 29, 1971.Mrs. Hansen. If there are any additional comments that you wouldlike to insert in the record concerning the Hirshhorn Museum andSculpture Garden please insert them at this point in the record.Mr. Bradley. We shall do so.(The information follows:)Hirshhorn Charges and Answers1. The Smithsonian "circumvented" a committee of Congress at the time ofthe original legislation.The Smithsonian Institution has absolutely no control over the referral ofbills to Congressional committees. The Hirshhorn bill was sent to the Speak-er of the House and the President of the Senate by President Johnson onMay 17, 1966. In the Senate, the bill was referred to both the Committee onPublic Works and the Committee on Rules and Administration, both ofwhich reported it favorably. In the House, the Speaker referred the legisla-tion to the Committee on Public Works, which, after public hearings, alsoreported it favorably. The Committee on Public Works is concerned withthe authorization of public buildings and grounds of the United States.2. The Agreement between the Smithsonian and Mr. Hirshhorn presented theCongress with a fait accompli.In his letter of May 17, 1966 to the Speaker and the President of the Sen-ate, President Johnson explicitly stated : "I commend to the consideration ofthe Congress legislation enabling the Smithsonian Institution to accept thisgift on behalf of all our people." In a statement to the Subcommittee onPublic Buildings and Grounds, Committee on Public Works, it was pointedout by the Smithsonian representative that the proposed legislation "willmake possible the acceptance" of the Hirshhorn collection and "will makepossible the consummation of an agreement by Mr. Hirshhorn. . . ." It isexplicitly provided in the Agreement between Mr. Hirshhorn and the Smith-sonian, dated May 17, 1966, that immediately following the completion ofthe museum and sculpture garden, title to the collection of works of artshall pass to the Institution and such collection shall be delivered to theInstitution at the expense of the donor.3. The agreement was negotiated without prior Congressional approval.The full agreement between the Smithsonian Institution and Mr. Hirsh-horn was made part of the record of hearings before both Senate and Housecommittees. That agreement was clearly contingent upon congressional action.4. Opponents were not given an adequate chance to be heard in 1966.The 1966 hearings before committees of the Senate and the House pro-vided a full opportunity for anyone opposed to the Hirshhorn Museum toexpress his views.5. The architect, as a member of the Commission of Fine Arts, was involvedin a conflict of interest.Mr. Gordon Bunshaft, the architect selected and member of the firm ofSkidmore, Owings, and Merrill, enjoys the highest professional reputation.He has designed other museums, libraries, and public buildings. In orderto avoid any possible suggestion of conflict of interest at the time the Hirsh-horn plans were before the Fine Arts Commission, Mr. Bunshaft, like otherMembers of the Commission under similar circumstances, did not himselfpresent his plans nor did he participate in any of the Commission's delibera-tions thereon. For our part, we are sure that the other six members of theFine Arts Commission, all distinguished professionals in their own right,gave this matter independent judgment and approved it on its merits alone.6. Mr. Hirshhorn is not living up to his agreement to care for the collectionpending completion of the museum. Federal funds are being improperly used forthis purpose.
934Mr. Hirshhorn and the Hirshhorn Foundation are spending approximately$81,000 each year for the care, storage, and insurance of the collection, inaccordance with the agreement. Federal funds are being used not to care forthe collection, but rather to prepare selected pieces for exhibition in the mu-seum and sculpture garden scheduled for completion in the fall of 1972.7. Mr. Hirshhorn has rescinded his pledge of $1,000,000.This is one more statement that is not true. The $1 million gift providedin paragraph 4 of the agreement has not been rescinded. Mr. Hirshhorn hasagreed that the $1 million gift could be applied to construction of the mu-seum if needed to make possible its completion. He agreed also to add to theoriginal gift at least $1 million worth of additional works of art. If thetrustees of the museum should prefer a cash endowment, they will be freeto sell these additional works for that purpose.8. Use of $1,000,000 of private funds for construction is improper.One million dollars contributed by Mr. Hirshhorn was added to the amountappropriated for construction of the museum with the prior knowledge of thechairmen of the Smithsonian's Senate and House Appropriations Sub-committees, and the chairmen of the Senate and House Subcommittee onPublic Buildings and Grounds.It should be noted that the Smithsonian has been authorized to acceptgifts since 1846, when the Congress accepted the original bequest of itsfirst donor, James Smithson.9. That the sculpture garden as originally planned is esthetically unwise.The plan for a sunken garden of sculpture across three panels of the Mallwas approved by the National Capital Planning Commission and the FineArts Commission in 1967. Currently, the Smithsonian and the GSA, with theagreement of Mr. Hirshhorn and the cooperation of Mr. Bunshaft, areexploring possible alternative arrangements for the sculpture garden.10. That the museum was created "hastily."The Smithsonian does not consider that the authorization of the museumwas hasty. Five and a half months elapsed between submission of Hirsh-horn legislation (May 17, 1966) and its passage (November 7, 1966). Thearchitectural plans were subsequently approved by the Fine Arts Commissionon July 13, 1967, and the National Capital Planning Commission on Decem-ber 22, 1967, in accordance with law.[From the Arts Reporting Service, March 22, lf)71]Hirshhorn News Articles?What Constitutes Government Interference(The first of two articles)A quiet controversy has been bobbing up and disappearing in AVashington fora year about the arts and Federal opinions. The implications of this running battleare so far-reaching that it is of enormous importance to anyone interested in thefuture of the arts in the United States that the principles involved be aired. TheCongress and the President pledged the faith of the United States to Joseph H.Hirshhorn and now some Members of the Congress wish to revise that pledge. Mostsurprising is the fact that none of the national news media has seen the necessityof a public exposure of the facts.In 1966, Mr. Hirshhorn was the most sought after art collector in the world.He had made it known that he wished to give his collection in perpetuity to somejurisdiction which would value it and preserve his name as donor. New York Stateoffered to provide land and buildings, Los Angeles, Baltimore and Zurich madegenerous offers and England offered to set aside ten acres of Regent's Park for amuseum and sculpture garden. Mr. Hirshhorn was in England, in fact, to con-summate an agreement when Roger L. Stevens managed to persuade him to waituntil the United States Government could make an offer. President Johnson per-sonally took an active role in negotiating an agreement. Mr. Hirshhorn was satis-fied and honored to offer his collection.Although the central point here is the principle involved, the size and scopeof the collection is an important consideration. Paging through the complete in-ventory of the works held by Mr. Hirshhorn and the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Foun-dation is a breathtaking experience in itself. More than 4,000 paintings and draw-ings by a staggering number of 19th and 20th century artists, primarily Amer-icans, are included. Virtually every artist of note is represented, not by one or twoworks, but by six, or a dozen. The sculpture collection is even more astounding in
935
its riches. Over 1500 pieces of sculpture, from American and Classical antiquity,to the most recent concepts of the most respected artists. The total value placedon the collection at the time was a conservative $25 million. Mr. Hirshhorn alsooffered an additional $1 million for additional purchases to fill out the holes inthe collection and stated he intended to personally buy paintings for it until hedied. Most experts agreed at the time that the United States was being offered themost valuable private collection in the world from every point of view.What happened? President Johnson sent a bill to the House and Senate on May17, 1966. In the Senate, the bill was referred to the Committee on Public Worksand to the Committee on Rules and Administration. In the House, the Speakersent the proposed legislation to the Committee on Public Works. Note both thedate of transmittal and the committees receiving the bill ; both of these factswere later challenged as improper.In the House, hearings were held on June 15, 1966, at which administrationofficials, Smithsonian staff, and others testified. Since the location designatedfor the Hirshhorn Museum on the Mall required the demolition of the ArmedForces Medical Museum presently on the site, the Departments of Interior andDefense were asked to clear the bill. They did without objection, and subse-quently funds were voted. (The collection will move to a new $8 million build-ing this summer.) The House committee report took note of the value of thecollection, at one point listing in part some of the sculptors included: "(Artistand number of his works) Daumier, 43; Rodin, 17; Degas, 22; Giacometti, 23:Sir Henry Moore, 53 ; Matisse, 21 ; David Smith, 22 ; Brancusi, 3 ; Lipshitz, 13
;
and Manzu, 27." On October 11, 1966, the committee recommended the bill forpassage saying the committee found it "an outstanding piece of legislation andone that in future years will be looked back on as the groundwork from whichsprung into full being the establishment of one of the great art collections inthe world . . ."However, the elaborate hearings were held in the Senate Committee on PublicWorks which at the time claimed jurisdiction of the project. Some objectionwas offered at the time concerning the piercing of the Mall, but largely thiswas a matter of misunderstanding the plan for a sunken garden. In the end, theSenate was ready for floor action on August 31, 1966, and the House by October11. Reading the more than 200 pasres of reports and testimony, eliminatingsome of the duplication of the two Houses, one is struck by the gratitude of theCongress for the gift, and the appreciation of the work done by President John-son and all those involved in bringing about the opportunity for the UnitedStates Capital to capture such a magnificent collection.On the floor of both Houses, the bill met no opposition even from the tradi-tional naysayers to art and culture. It was pointed out that no appropriationwas attached at the time and that 2 years would pass before funds were needed.Several Congressmen from both parties spoke in gratitude, and the bill passedboth Houses without a roll call vote. The President signed the bill making itinto Public Law 89-788 on November 7, 1966. In the subsequent Congress, fundswere appropriated for the construction of the museum and sculpture garden.In July, 1970, the whole matter of the Hirshhorn gift was brought into ques-tion suddenly by a subcommittee of the House of Representative's Committeeon House Administration. The Subcommittee on Library and Memorials, chairedby Rep. Frank Thompson of New Jersey, claimed it was strangely bypassedwhen the whole issue came up 4 years ago and now claimed jurisdiction. Theroots of this sudden new interest rest in obscurity. Some people claim the re-opening was triggered by a vicious attack on Mr. Hirshhorn by columnist JackAnderson, others believe Smithsonian Secretary Dillon Ripley was unpopularwith members of Congress and they wanted to embarrass him publicly. At anyrate, 2 weeks of hearings were held, inquiring into all the operations of theSmithsonian, resulting in a report issued December 30, 1970. Though this reportrecommended several minor and one or two major changes in Smithsonianpolicy, by far the most shaking recommendation concerned the Hirshhorn agree-ment : "the subcommittee recommends that no further action to carry out theproposed plans for the sculpture garden transversing the Mall be taken until acomplete review has been made by appropriate committees of Congress includingthe Subcommittee on Library and Memorials, the Subcommittee on Public Build-ings and Grounds, and the relevant appropriations subcommittees."In reviewing the report and the hearings held last July, several obvious ques-tions rise to haunt an objective observer. Answers, however, don't pop up readilyto belie suspicions and there lies the seeds of jeopardy for all the arts programs
936in the Federal Government. For instance, why was the transcript of the hearingsnever published as almost all hearing transcripts are? Why did CongressmanCrane, a member of the subcommittee, include a disclaimer in the report, ques-tioning the staff research connected with the hea.rings and insisting he held noopinion concerning the Hirshhorn gift? How can the Smithsonian value therecommendation of the subcommittee with construction contracts already let andwork in progress without suffering severe financial penalties for which the sub-committee does not assume responsibility? Of course, the overriding question iswhy are these particular Members of Congress except Congressman Crane, nowre-considering the gift when they were present and apparently supportive ofthe plan on three previous floor appearances over a 4-year period? The answersare not apparent, but the implications are serious.(Continued in the next issue of ARS.)[From the Arts Reporting Service, Apr. o, 1971]What Constitutes Government Interference?(The second of two articles)Joseph H. Hirshhorn offered the most important private collection of modernAmerican art to the U.S. Government and it was accepted with enthusiasm in1966. From May until November of that year two subcommittees of Congress, theNational Capitol Planning Commission, the Fine Arts Commission, the entireHouse and Senate examined the gift and the agreement and passed it withoutdissent. AVithin the next 2 years, the subcommittees on appropriations, the fullappropriations committees in both Houses, and the full Congress again reviewedthe agreement and the cost and voted for the construction of the HirshhornMuseum and Sculpture Garden. At the present moment, a large hole exists ex-actly where all these deliberative bodies have insisted that one be dug in orderto fulfill the pledge of faith to Mr. Joseph Hirshhorn.In July 1970, the Subcommittee on Library and Memorials held hearings in-quiring into the operation of the Smithsonian for the first time since 1855.Based on a report by the Government Accounting Office which charged that theSmithsonian wasn't dotting all its i's and was crossing its t's from left to rightinstead of from right to left in the administrative area, the subcommittee spentmost of its energies talking about the Hirshhorn agreement. By December 1970.when the subcommittee issued its recommendations, all the contracts had beenlet and construction was well underway. The report is a masterpiece of pre-judicial writing. It begins by implying the subcommittee was improperly by-passed in the original legislative process, but avoids ever stating a definite claimto jurisdiction. Studying the House Rules which spell out jurisdiction onlyconvinces the reader of the need for congressional refo.rm. Both the slightedcommittee and the one which actually conducted the hearings can legitimatelyclaim jurisdiction under the vague and overlapping wording found in the rules.The report shrewdly avoids making a case for jurisdictional challenge becauseit has no substantial case.The findings of financial and administrative inefficiency were in some casesjustified, in others exaggerated, and in other cases understandable errors onboth sides, but most of the justified and some of the unjustified findings werecorrected by the Smithsonian before the report was published.Without doubt, the most, unjustified recommendations of the report, probablythe one which prompted three members of the subcommittee to file a minorityview, referred to the reputation and character of Mr. Hirshhorn : "Also withrespect to the future, the subcommittee recommends that no federally financedstructure be named for any individual without public examination and disclosureof that person's background and character before final action is taken." Theminority report said : "The minority members recommend that new hearings beheld next year which would deal solely with the Hirshhorn project. Mr. Hirshhornshould be invited to clear his name and reputation of the charges and allegationswhich have been made." Clear his name and reputation? From what? Fromcharges that were made without substantiation and remain unpublished? FromJack Anderson's column?Information made available privately to ARS indicates that much of the in-nuendo surrounding Mr. Hirshhorn's character stems from the fact that he was
937
once fined by the Canadian Government for illegally taking Canadian currencyacross the border. The facts of the case are that in the course of building hisfortune Mr. Hirshhorn crossed back and forth into Canada, literally hundredsof times. On one such trip he did not declare a considerable but not unusualamount of currency in his wallet. After passing through customs, he remem-bered the money and informed the authorities. Immediately, he went to theproper official and paid the technical fine and continued on his journey. Thiscompletely minor incident was known to those who were responsible for nego-tiating the original agreement, so thorough was the investigation of Mr. Hirsh-horn's reputation. However, this same technical offense was exaggerated by hisenemies into hinted accusations of money fraud, smuggling, etc.The report also talks about the manner in which the agreement was rushedthrough Congress without "meticulous and deliberate study," and the fact thatthe Committee on Public Works did not "inquire into the wisdom of accepting theHirshhorn gift." The implication clearly given is that the Congress can be in-timidated and that the committees aren't clear as to their role. Anyone who hasever tried to influence the Congress will find this surprising news, including Pres-ident Nixon after the SST defeat. And finally, the report refers to the "allegedexcessive tax benefits" Mr. Hirshhorn received as a result of his gift. The sub-committee has the power and ability to investigate such allegations and comeout with a clear and concise statement saying the benefits are right or wrong.If there are excessive benefits, so say, otherwise such statement is, to say theleast, beneath the dignity of a congressional committee.No one in Washington seems to know what is really behind this investigationwhich almost borders on a witch hunting expedition. Some knowledgeable peoplebelieve it is simply a vendetta between Congressman Frank Thompson, who hadalways been a steadfast champion of the arts?the single legislator most respon-sible for the establishment of the National Endowment, and Smithsonian Secre-retary S. Dillon Ripley. If this is so, then Frank Thompson seems be using con-gressional clout inadvisedly, since the situation he has created gives support tothe timid folk who are afraid of Government interference in the arts. Others be-lieve the controversy is the result of a coalition of anti-Ripleyites, antisemites,anti-Smithsonianites and Mall purists.Whatever prompted these four Congressmen (the subcommittee has sevenmembers, but three filed a minority report disagreeing on the Hirshhorn phases),Congressmen Thompson of New Jersey, Gray of Illinois, Brademas of Indiana,and Bingham of New York, whatever prompted these men to throw mud on oneof the most generous gifts of art ever offered to our Government remains amystery. However, the causes of controversy are often not as important as theprecedent which it established as a result. After the last issue of ARS went topress, Dillon Ripley surrendered to Frank Thompson and announced he wasproposing an alternate site for the sculpture garden to counter criticism against
"splitting the Mall." The new location parallels the Mall. Ripley said : "We haveno objection to an alternate design. We never have had. Our sole desire is to getthe Hirshhorn collection in Washington, D.C. and to get it open to the public."He said the alternate proposal was being made "not because someone was level-ing a gun at our heads. We did this because we were asked to do so by a con-gressional committee" he curator of the Hirshhorn collection. Abram Lerner,said: "If they give me a place to put the sculpture, I'll be satisfied, but thecritics have succeeded in wrecking a very noble plan." The new plan must nowbe re-approved by the planning commission and Fine Arts Commission. Thechanges will take time and energy, and the result will be a considerable increasein construction costs.Do the Mall purists have an argument? Would it be a sin to have a 3 foot highconcrete wall cutting across its width? It's hard to judge because of the unsightlyparked automobiles and buses which now transverse the Mall daily.What is the aftermath of this tangled web of ego clashes, verbal and literarystiletto wielding, and shadow debate? A beautiful and proud example of Federalappreciation of the arts and the generosity of one man has been made sleezy.The taxpayers are paying for unnecessary costs at a time when money is scarce.The reputation of a benefactor to the Nation is slandered without proof. Federalagencies are reminded that no action of Congress is ever final and that capri-ciousness is acceptable behavior. The suspicious are reinforced in their feelingsabout Government interference in the arts. The business community can use thisevent as an example of a reason why business should not become involved withGovernment or the arts. More important, philanthropists will now be hesitant
938
about contributing to the Federal Government because they risk harassment,and Federal agencies authorized to receive gifts (viz National Endowment forthe Arts, the American Revolution Bi-Centennial Commission) might well be-come over-cautious about the source of gifts.Most disappointing of course is the complete lack of support for the Smith-sonian by individuals and organizations which have a vested interest in theFederal attitude toward the arts. Organizations interested in private giving tothe arts, the museum profession, artists, individuals with philanthropic ties tothe Federal establishment, have all been "good Germans" about the issue thoughthey have followed its course with avid interest. All these, and the news media,especially the local press, have been silent or wishy-washy while a generousman has been severely criticized for giving his lifetime collection of art to hisGovernment, while a vigorous Federal agency has been harassed into succumb-ing to the will of an extremely small minority of Congressmen, and while a Fed-eral promise has been unconscionably modified, bent, and perhaps broken.
[From the Washington Star, Feb. 24, 1971]Hirshhorn Museum Design Has an Ironic Defect(By Benjamin Forgey)In spite of all the recent criticism aimed at practically everything about theproject, Washington almost certainly will get its new Joseph II. HirshhornMuseum, and get it with architect Gordon Bunshaft's circular museum buildingon Independence Avenue and his elongated sculpture garden across the Mall.This is both a stupendously good thing for the city and something of a shame.It is good because the Hirshhorn bequest will add in countless ways to thecity's art life.It is unfortunate because Bunshaft's design, particularly for the sculpturegarden, leaves much to be desired.All of this may be beside the point, a futile exercise in ex post facto criticism,because the contracts have been signed and workers right now are putting thefinishing touches on the substructure of the four-story building. Only minor workhas been done so far on the sculpture garden, but one Smithsonian source saidmajor digging is slated to start "late this spring."It would take an act of Congress to change this schedule, and such an eventis unlikely in spite of the fact that Representative Frank Thompson, Democrat,of New Jersey, has introduced a bill to forbid construction of the sculpturegarden.The bill does not seem to have generated widespread support in Congress, infact it has been assigned to the same subcommittee which reported out favorablythe original Hirshhorn measure 4 years ago.And even if it were to pass, it would be a mixed blessing indeed, because itwould seem to justify much of the ill-mannered and ill-conceived criticism ofboth the man and his gift. One cannot simply ignore the fact that such a lawwould in effect amount to breaking the contract signed by Hirshhorn and the U.S.Government. It would be an act of awesome petulance, but in such a case Hirsh-horn could, legally, pick up his fabulous marbles and take them elsewhere.In yesterday's Star I indicated just how good I believe the Hirshhorn dona-tion to be. My conclusions, briefly restated, are that as is generally acknowledgedthe sculpture gift is one of the finest collections of modern sculpture in the world,and that the painting bequest is good enough to make the museum one of thegreatest repositories of modern American art.But what about the house for this treasure?The site for the building and garden could not be better, situated on the southside of the Mall at 7th Street and Independence Avenue, diagonally across fromthe National Gallery of Art.The building itself has been too much maligned. If it is not monumental ar-chitecture at its highest expression, and if it is not an inventive new solution tothe architectural issues presented by a museum?and, to make myself perfectlyclear, I think it neither of these things?it still is miles above the utter debase-ment of scale and taste of the Rayburn Building and the banal mediocrity of theSmithsonian's most recent museum structure, the Museum of History andTechnology.
939Bunshaft's circular design will offer a certain relief to the planar facade ofFederal office buildings lining Independence Avenue, and it will, I believe, bea rather elegant and handsome addition to the row of museums on the Mall.The top three floors of the building?two for exhibitions and one for offices
?
will be supported at ground level by massive and elegantly curved stilts. Theopen interior court with its circular fountain pool, the space around the 14-foot-high columns, and the paved rectangular plaza surrounding the buildingwill make a lovely display area for some of the sculpture.ALTERATIONS ALREADYOf course, much of the final effect, the "livability*' of the building, willdepend on details, what stones are used, and in what pattern to pave thecourtyard, how trees and benches and sculpture are placed, how surface texturesare matched, et cetera. There already have been cost-induced alterations in thedesign, most prominent among them being the substitution of exposed rein-forced concrete for marble as the material for the facade. One hopes that inthis all-important matter of design details the architect has managed to findviable solutions in spite of the cost inflation.On the inside the design represents a sort of grand galerie going in a circle,and this is an improvement over the endless stretch of paintings one gets inthe conventional elongated exhibition hall, the kind that so often induces adreary sense of sameness in the viewer's imagination no matter what master-pieces line the walls.Still, the Hirshhorn design shares many of the drawbacks of the grandgalerie concept?the lack of flexibility, the difficulty in displaying smaller pic-tures?and one or two drawbacks unique to the circular concept. The convexwall on the inside of the circle, for example, will limit the size of paintings thatcan be hung there.All this, however, is something that Abram Lerner the Hirshhorn curator whowill become director of the museum, can deal with by the imaginative use ofpartitions and a feeling for what is visually proper. The paintings will lookgood there, and that, after all, is the primary thing.The architectural excitement of the Hirshhorn will have to come from ex-ternals, from the play between the sculpture, the building, the fountain and thesurrounding space. This surrounding space. This brings us to the principal archi-tectural issue, the sculpture garden.
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Map shows the location for the proposed newHirshhorn Museum.
941Congressional critics of the garden's design stress that it will interrupt thegrand sweep of the Mall from the Capitol to the Washington Monument.Actually this is a relatively minor complaint ; the fact is that it won't interfereall that much. Bunshaft designed a clean, sharp, rectilinear space 142 feet wideand 586 feet long. It will sink a total of 10 feet, with walls extending 3 feet aboveground level, leaving 7 feet below ground level. A reflecting pool, 60 feet wideand 506 feet long, will punctuate this space like a long, emphatic dash right downthe middle.This cross axis no doubt will interfere with the grassy center slice of theMall, especially since it cuts off both Washington and Adams Drives, but oneought to keep things in perspective of the truly grand distances involved. TheMall is also "interfered" with at present by Third Street, Fourth Street, SeventhStreet, an unnamed drive, 14th Street and 15th Street. The visual "sweep" ofthe Mall is strong enough to accommodate the streets and the sculpture garden.A TRICKY PROBLEMThe real design defect of the garden, ironically, probably was caused by theMall itself. Bunshaft apparently was worrying so much about that grand vistaand its rigidly rational, symetrical patterns (and, perhaps, looking over hisshoulder at congressional protectors of the hallowed ground) that he did notthink too carefully about the true function of the space : to make a good back-ground for the display of modern sculpture.This is a tricky problem, especially when one is dealing with as many piecesof sculpture as in the Hirshhorn collection. A stone-walled courtyard two foot-ball fields long, unrelieved by any visual accents except the sculpture itself, isthe least imaginative solution I can think of.Not incidentally, whereby is this sunken stone mini-Mall a "garden"? Whereis the grass, where are the trees, where are the visual and physical accents thatwould make the space inviting to walk through and, perchance, to stop anddream a bit?The architect?or whoever is responsible for the original idea of the transversesculpture court?might have taken valuable lessons from almost any source, notthe least of which could have been the Joseph H. Hirshhorn home in Greenwich,Conn. There, surrounding the Greenwich Tudor mansion on that tree-scapedlittle hill, is one of the loveliest, most comfortable and most impressive sculpturegardens in the entire world.For a more urban-oriented solution, one could have looked carefully at thesculpture court of the Museum of Modern Art in Manhattan, which, with itstrees, wandering stream, steps, tiers, enclosures, etc., is a remarkable urbanpark. In both places the setting vastly enhances one's enjoyment and understand-ing of the art.The real shame of it all is that there is indeed?or at least there was?analternative solution right at hand, one that would silence the protectors of theMall and provided a better place to enjoy the sculpture.OUTSIDE PANELSThe Mall in cross section is divided into five panels. All of the museumbuildings, Hirshhorn included, sit on the outside panels. These are succeededby two "tree" panels, and the Versailles sweep of which our solons are so jeal-ous is primarily defined by one panel?the grassy one in the middle.The Hirshhorn sculpture court now forms the stem of a "T" to which thebuilding site is the cross member. What would happen if one were to swing thatstem 90 degrees to the south, thus placing it in the tree panel immediately to thenorth of the building?The answer is it would change the shape some, but it would fit. As designed,the sculpture court measures 83,200 square feet, 30,300 square feet of which aretaken up by the reflecting pool. This leaves 52,900 square feet of dry exhibitionspace.The tree panel defined by Jefferson and Adams Drives measures a total of100,700 square feet. This high figure is somewhat misleading, because any use ofthe plot as a sculpture court would no doubt involve a cutback to the width ofthe plot on which the building stands. The building site, as indicated on ourmap, is set in quite a bit from Seventh Street to accommodate a service roadway.Even allowing for this, the tree panel would measure 67,450 square feet?notso much of a cutback, considering the benefits that would encrue.
942In this position the design no longer would be inhibited by the need to keepthe Mall's center strip free of vertical interruptions such as sculpture, walls,partitions or trees. The design potential of such a solution would be enormous:Trees, pools echoing the circular design of the building and its central fountain,benches, walk-up plateaus, etc.?all the intimate touches so remarkably lackingin the Bunshaft design.Such a desirable new design could become a reality in 2 or 3 years if allparties to the compact were agreeable. But that would mean a voluntary turn-about on the part of the architect, the Smithsonian, and Hirshhorn himself. Thisseems highly unlikely, and that's a shame.[From the Washington Evening Star, April 1, 1971]Hirshhorn Garden Plan is Vastly Improved(By Benjamin Forgey)Architect Gordon Bunshaft said a lot of good things yesterday but perhapsthe best was his remarks that a lovely giant oak tree on the Mall is "the bestpiece of sculpture here."Bunshaft was talking about one of the world's finest collections of modernsculpture the Joseph H. Hirshhorn gift to the Nation?but he may be forgiventhe hyperbole of the comparison.The tree in question stands majestically in the southwest corner of the plotof ground in which the architect chose to locate his new design for the Hirshhornsculpture garden. TREE PRESERVEDBunshaft went to the trouble to preserve that tree in his new version of thesunken sculpture court, and that simple gesture speaks volumes about the su-periority of the new design to the original one.The architect unveiled a cardboard model and scale drawings of the revisedconcept for four members of a committee of the National Capital Planning Com-mission, which must approve the design before the garden can be built. Neitherthe Commission Members nor the staff appeared to be overly impressed, butthey should have been.Referring to his original inspiration of a severely elegant sunken rectangleslicing across the Mall, on a north-south axis, Bunshaft remarked that it wouldhave been appropriate for the display of sculpted "Roman gladiators and sen-ators" but not for the exhibition of modern sculpture.Hence the significance of that grand oak tree. The new design is fit for habita-tion by people, nature and sculpture in a way that the first design was not. Itwill be visually more interesting, artistically more satisfying, and altogether amore pleasant place to visit.In addition, it has the advantage of responding to the objections of congress-men strongly opposed to the original proposal on the grounds that it would haveinterrupted the visual sweep of the Mall from the Capitol to the WashingtonMonument.These objections, which reached such a point in January that RepresentativeFrank Thompson, Democrat-New Jersey, introduced a bill to forbid constructionof the sculpture garden, were sufficient to overturn the commission's approvalof the first plan and send the architect back to the drawing board.The new sculpture garden will be confined entirely within the tree plot ofthe Mall immediately to the north of the Hirshhorn museum site. It, like thefirst version, is sunken some 10 feet below ground level, is rectangular in out-line, and contains a long, narrow reflecting pool.But in his revised design Bunshaft has managed to combine a rather severelyelegant setting with an intriguingly asymmetrical push-pull of visual variety.The oak tree, for example, will be on ground level and nicely serves theaesthetic function of anchoring the court at one corner. It is counterbalancedvisually on the opposite side of the courtyard with another large tree. (Thisone presumably will have to be planted, so we'll have to give it time to provideits welcome shade). The oak tree also will serve as a backdrop for a secondpool, this one to be equipped with water-spraying jets, that is tucked into anenclosed corner.The court as presently proposed will offer visitors any number of places to sitdown and gaze at the sculpture : Under either of the big trees, on the edge of the
943
reflecting pool, at any point along the two 15-inch-high "steps" with which Bun-shaft has defined the largest rectangular area in the design.Visitors can descend into the sculpture court from three entrances : From a pas-sageway that starts in the plaza surrounding Bunshaft's doughnut-shaped museumbuilding and burrows under Jefferson Drive, or from two neatly counterpointed"stairways" made of 6-foot granite slabs, one at the west and the other at theeast end of the rectangle.Bunshaft added a further element of variety by shielding the view from theentrance tunnel with a massive stone pier, flat on one side and gracefully concaveon the other.The ground surface will be a somewhat disappointing blend of sand and gravelwhere a lovely pattern of stone would have been more appropriate, but this is amoney-saving solution that is absolutely necessary if the project is to be builtwithin the budget limitations already set by Congress.In view of all this it is difficult to understand most of the objections raisedyesterday by members of the planning commission and its staff.One member, Conrad L. Wirth, appeared to want to take advantage of thisrevision of an already approved design to reopen the whole issue of whether themuseum should have a separate sculpture garden at all. His rationale was disap-pointingly familiar : The hallowed sanctity of the Mall's "gamboling greensward,"as he called it.Even the staff, which endorsed the idea of removing the scultpure court fromthe center strip of the Mall, asked that the Smithsonian Institution "study thefeasibility of developing a sculpture garden within the surface plaza level aroundthe museum building." Translated, this means "no sculpture garden."It is late in the day to be asking for such "studies." One of the most pleasingaspects of Bunshaft's design for the museum building is the plaza, and the build-ing is raised 14 feet above the plaza level by four sculptural piers. It has beenpart of the plan all along to display some of the Hirshhorn sculpture collection onthis plaza and even under the building.As Bunshaft said yesterday, "If this museum is to fulfill its uniqueness it musthave space for sculpture. ... A sculpture garden is as essential to this museumas a surgical section is to a hospital."The sculpture garden is not negotiable. It is part of the agreement betweenHirshhorn and the Government and of the authorizing legislation.EFFECTS OF WITHHOLDING CONSTRUCTION APPROPRIATIONMrs. Hansen. What would be the situation if the committee wereto decide to withhold further appropriations to liquidate contractauthorization until all the matters in controversy regarding this mu-seum were resolved?Mr. Bradley. Madam Chairman, the construction job would haveto be slowed down and eventually stopped.Mrs. Hansen. How would this affect your contract with Mr.Hirshhorn ?Mr. Bradley. We would have to ask Mr. Kunzig about that, theAdministrator of General Services. We look to him for these tech-nical services.Mrs. Hansen. Would you have him give the committee an opinion ?(The information follows :)GSA Opinion on Effects on Construction and Government ObligationsThe following request has been made to the General Services Administration.Their response will be made available to the committee. April 8, 1971.Hon. A. F. Sampson,Commissioner, Public Buildings Service,General Services Administration,Washington, B.C.Dear Mr. Sampson : The chairman of the Subcommittee on the Departmentof Interior and Related Agencies of the House Committee on Appropriations hasraised the following questions regarding the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and58-287 O?71?pt. 4 60
944Sculpture Garden and has requested that this information be submitted for therecord
:
If further appropriations to liquidate contract authorization were with-held until the resolution of the controversy in proposed legislation, whatwould happen? Would the project be slowed down or halted?What obligations would be incurred by the Federal Government shouldconstruction of the present contract be terminated?Our report has been requested to be supplied to the subcommittee early duringthe week of April 12. Your prompt reply would be deeply appreciated.Sincerely yours, S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary.General Services Administration,Public Buildings Service,Washington, D.C.Mr. James Bradley,Under Secretary, Smithsonian Institution,Washington, D.C.Dear Mr. Bradley : Your letter of March 29, 1971, requested a statement ofthe consequences of stopping work on the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Gar-den. Contractually, there are two alternatives for accomplishing this, specifically,suspension or termination of the work. The most appropriate procedure dependsentirely on the time element involved. In this case, we feel that the entire con-struction of the Museum and Garden should not be suspended for more than 30days. If the work is to be delayed beyond the 30-day period, the contract shouldbe terminated.The nature and number of variables implicit in this sort of action will notpermit precise analysis of costs involved. Some of the costs would be the subjectof extensive negotiation and possible litigation. However, we estimate that thecontractor has incurred commitments of more than six million dollars to date.Less than one third of this amount is recoverable which gives some perspectiveto the financial consequences of this action. Further, if the contract is suspendedor terminated, the project cannot be completed within the available funds. If thecontract is terminated, the structure could never be erected at the current con-tract amount.As you know, construction of the original sculpture garden transversing theMall is currently suspended. Here again, time is of the essence and determina-tions must be made within a two-month period. With appropriate accommoda-tions in the design and strict adherence to the two-month schedule, a sculpturegarden can be developed within the tree panel of the Mall at no increase in thecontract price. However, if suspension of work extends beyond a two-monthperiod, this part of the contract should be terminated. The cost of terminatingthe sculpture garden would be approximately $700,000, with possible additionalcosts resulting from litigation.Sincerely, A. F. Sampson,Commissioner, Public Buildings Service.Smithsonian Institution,Washington, D.C, April 28, 1971.Hon. Julia Butler Hansen,Chairman, Subcommittee on Interior and Related Agencies, U.S. House of Repre-sentatives, Washington, D.C.Dear Madam Chairman : You asked during our recent hearing on the appropri-ations for the fiscal year 1972 about the consequences if no further appropriationwas made for construction of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden.Since passage of legislation authorizing the Museum in I960, design and con-struction have gone steadily forward. The estimated completion date for theMuseum is September 1972, eighteen months away. With the approval of theSenate and House Committees on Public Works, of the Senate Committee onRules and Administration, of the Appropriations Committees, and of the Con-gress, a substantial financial commitment has been made by the FederalGovernment.
945The Museum received its first appropriation in Fiscal Year 1968 : $803,000 forplans and specifications. By the Act of July 26, 1968, specific contract authorityin the amount of $14,197,000 was provided. In the Fiscal Year 1969 budget,$2,000,000 was appropriated as part of the liquidation of this contract authority.Additional sums of $3,300,000 and $5,200,000 were appropriated in Fiscal Year1970 and Fiscal Year 1971 further to liquidate this authority. Based on thisauthority, the General Services Administration on February 27, 1970, signedcontracts for the construction of the Museum and Sculpture Garden and thePiracci Construction Company, committing $13.8 million. Associated costs suchas the demolition of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and moving it toits new quarters, the design fee, supervision, post contract services, survey, bids,tests and contingencies amounted to approximately $2.1 million. Costs in excessof the authorized total of $15 million are to be borne by an additional donationfrom Mr. Hirshhorn of $1 million to be made under an existing firm legal com-mitment. The Smithsonian's budget request for Fiscal Year 1972 includes$3,697,000 which, with Mr. Hirshhorn's donation, will complete the funding ofconstruction contracts.The construction of the Museum and Sculpture Garden was begun in March1970. Excavation, foundation, and the lower structure of the Museum are nearlycompleted. Through March 1971, accrued costs for the Museum have totaled$3,447,424.Should the General Services Administration be forced to terminate this con-tract, the Government would be faced with substantial and grave uncertainties.Lenghthy negotiations would be required with the Piracci Construction Companyfor an appropriate settlement of terminating or delaying the contract.Implicit in this description of moneys already appropriated and spent underCongressional authority is the fact that at every step of the way this projecthas been under the scrutiny of authorizing and appropriating Committees of theCongress. In addition, the designs and plans for the Museum were approved bythe National Capital Planning Commission and the Commission of Fine Arts.For the past five years, the Smithsonian has acted in compliance with repeatedCongressional mandates. Each year since 1967, funds for the planning and con-struction of the Museum have been included in the Smithsonian's budget andapproved by the Appropriations Committees and the Congress. Each fiscal yearsince 1968, the Congress has also approved funds for the authorized museumfunctions of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, including the prepara-tion of works of art for display when the Museum is open.We believe that deferment or termination of construction would bring intoquestion the agreement between the Smithsonian and Mr. Hirshhorn. Therewould be for consideration the effect on the completion date. We have no under-standing with Mr. Hirshhorn in the uncertain circumstances which might resultfrom the termination or interruption of an authorized and funded public buildingunder construction. We recognize that such action could result in the loss of theentire Hirshhorn collection of art to the Nation, a collection whose value wasappraised in 1965-66 at approximately $25,000,000 and today may be worth asmuch as $50,000,000.Art experts have described this as the most comprehensive collection ofAmerican painting of the 20th century in existence, and as the most importantcollection of modern sculpture in existence. Mr. Hirshhorn built this collectionwith taste and devotion over a period of forty years. To assemble such a collec-tion now would probably be impossible.Equally important to the legal problem of deferring or terminating the con-struction contract by the United States is the question of breach of faith.Deferring or terminating construction would not only impair the obligations ofthe contract entered into in good faith by the General Services Administrationpursuant to express contract authority carried in the Act of July 26, 1968. Itwould also repudiate the obligations of the United States accepted by the Con-gress and the President in the Act of November 7, 1966, which pledges "the faithof the United States" to provide for the upkeep, operation, and administrationof "the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden." r This is the same
1 "Sec. 2(b) The faith of the United States is pledged that the United States shall pro-vide such funds as may be necessary for the upkeep, operation, and administration ofthe Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Scupture Garden." P.L. S9-788, Nov. 7, 196(5 ; SOStat. 1404; 20 U.S.C. ? 76bb(b).
946pledge, "the faith of the United States," that was made by the Congress andthe President on behalf of the United States in the Act of July 1, 1836, whichaccepted the obligations of the testamentary trust of James Smithson, to foundthe Smithsonian Institution. 2With all best wishes.Sincerely yours, S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary.SCHEDULE FOR BUILDING COMPLETIONMrs. Hansen. Is your construction program on schedule ?Mr. Bradley. No, Madam Chairman. The construction program issomewhat behind schedule. The estimate, as of the end of March,called for approximately 26 percent completion and the job is nowapproximating 17 percent of completion.Mrs. Hansen. Why is your construction program behind schedule ?Mr. Bradley. We understand from the written reports of the engi-neer inspection team that difficulty has been experienced from thecomplexity of the design for the pouring of concrete, which is tohave an exposed aggregate finish. The building has some very mas-sive pediments that support the building. These four columns orpediments, we understand, have also given some difficulty. We un-derstand that the difficulties are being surmounted and the job ispicking up.Dr. Ripley. This is the hardest part, I think, of the construction.These are a very interesting sort of sculptural forms, these four majorbuttress supports for the whole building. Once they are completed,the hanging of the panels on the exterior surface I think will go veryrapidly, but this is the hardest. This is a novel and innovative device,these four pediments, and they have required a very careful andcautious approach toward completing them.Mr. Bradley. I should add that the estimated completion date hasnot changed on the official report. It is still predicted to come in onSeptember 4, 1972.Mrs. Hansen. This will be the completion of the structure. When isthe museum expected to open ?Dr. Ripley. Six months later.funding of possible additional designMrs. Hansen. If it becomes necessary to revise any of the planningengineering design or architectural design of any of the facilities inconnection with this project, what would be the situation with regardto funding the additional cost ? I have in mind whether or not it wouldbe necessary for you to get additional legislative authorization, andalso any rough estimates you can give of what the additional costmight be ?Mr. Bradley. The additional design cost, Madam Chairman, wouldbe $55,000, and this money would be taken from the contingency fundthat is on hand.Mrs. Hansen. You don't need additional authorization ?
2 "Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That any and all sums of money, and other fundswhich shall be received for, or on account of, the said legacy, shall be applied in suchmanner as Congress may hereafter direct, to the purpose of founding and endowing atWashington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an establishment for theincrease and diffusion of knowledge among men ; to which application of the said moneys,and other funds, the faith of the United States is hereby pledged." Act of July 1, 1836 ;o stat. 64.
947Mr. Bradley. No additional authorization or appropriation. GSAhas advised by letter of March 17, 1971, that the proposed changes canbe developed within the present contract price.EFFECTS OF DELAY ON AGREEMENTMrs. Hansen. If this project were delayed because of the necessityto revise your plans, what effect, if any, would that have on the agree-ment under which this project was originally started?Mr. Bradley. As of this moment, we do not anticipate that this re-design would have any effect on the agreement with Mr. Hirshhorn,because we think that we have so far arranged that we can carryon the studies of redesign, and get on with an accelerated job of draw-ing new contract drawings in order to avoid a delay in the constructionproject. National Air and Space MuseumMrs. Hansen. $1,900,000 is requested for planning and redesign ofthe National Air and Space Museum. What is the current status of thisproject? Also what amount has been spent to date for planning anddesign ?Mr. Bradley. The amount that has been appropriated, MadamChairman, is $1,875,000. That is planning only.Mrs. Hansen. Is this amount a complete loss because of the neces-sity to change the design ?Dr. Ripley. No.Mr. Bradley. We think not, because we plan to employ the samearchitect, and he has had this grounding in the needs of an air andspace museum. We think that should reflect economy in both timeand money.Dr. Ripley. Substantially the elements of design will be the same.What we will do will be scaling down the building, so we do not be-lieve that that money has gone to wastedCOST FACTORS IN DESIGN ESTIMATEMrs. Hansen. $1.9 million is a rather high figure for planning anddesign. Please give us the cost factors involved in this estimate.Mr. Bradley. If we may put that in the record we will get it fromGSA.(The information follows:)National Air and Space Museum Estimate of Redesign CostsFrom letter dated July 30, 1970, from the General Services Administration tothe Smithsonian Institution.National Air and Space MuseumEstimated total project cost (January 1973) $40 million included for design,review, and inspection
:
Surveys and bids $108, 000Drawings and specifications 1, 922, 000GSA review, included above 100, 000Supervision and inspection 792, 000Subtotal $2,822,000
948Recapitulation (drawings, specifications and review) :Drawings and specifications $1,822,000GSA review 100, 000Total 1,922,000Rounded estimate 1, 900, 000The amount of the architectural/engineering fee will be subject to negotiationwith the architect. SELECTION OF ARCHITECTMrs. Hansen. Have you selected the architect to do this work?Dr. Ripley. We have. It is Mr. Gyo Obata, the same architect wehad already employed for the original building. I made the point ofgoing directly back to him when Ave contemplated trying to comeback to the Congress for a request of this sort and said, "Will you doit because you have lived with it for years ?"Mrs. Hansen. You felt that this would be saving funds because hecould better utilize whatever plans had been developed?Dr. Ripley. This seemed to us to be the only prudent course tofollow. COST OF CONSTRUCTIONMrs. Hansen. As you currently visualize it, what is your estimateof the total cost of the construction of this project ?Dr. Ripley. We have consulted with the Smithsonian regents, andthe regents have recommended that we try to come back for a build-ing which would not cost much in excess, if at all, of what we hadoriginally asked for and had been authorized in 1966. That is approxi-mately $40 million for construction.Mrs. Hansen. Where would it be located ?Dr. Ripley. It would be located on the authorized site betweenFourth and Seventh Streets, Independence Avenue, and JeffersonDrive. PRIOR EXPENDITURES FOR PLANNINGMrs. Hansen. What have been your tetal expenditures in this con-nection to date ?Dr. Ripley. We will insert that in the record, Madam Chairman, ifwe may.Mrs. Hansen. Please do.(The information follows :)National Air and Space Museum Expenditures to Date forPlanning and DesignA total amount of $1,875,000 was appropriated for planning and design of theNational Air and Space Museum. These funds were made available in fiscal year1964 ($511,000) and 1965 ($1,364,000). Of these amounts, $1,725,000 were obli-gated for plans and specifications for a building design which was fully ap-proved by the National Capital Planning Commission and the Commission ofFine Arts. These appropriations were annual accounts so the $150,000 balance isno longer available for obligations. This expenditure is not a wasted effort,however, since the proposed redesign can take advantage of much of the priorwork. HISTORY OF EFFORTS TO CONSTRUCT THE BUILDINGMrs. Hansen. Various individuals have criticized you for delayingthe construction of the Space Museum, which we discussed earlier to-
949day. May we have your comments for the record as to why progress onthis project has not been at a faster rate ?Dr. Ripley. We would be glad to supply that for the record.(The information follows :)Reasons for Delay in Construction of the National Air and Space MuseumStarting with the act of August 12, 1946, the Congress established the NationalAir Museum as a part of the Smithsonian Institution. The Congress includedprovisions for selecting a site for a National Air Museum Building to be locatedin the Nation's Capital. By the act of September 6, 1958, the Congress designateda site for a building to be on the Mall from Fourth Street to Seventh StreetIndependence Avenue to Jefferson Drive. Planning appropriations in the amountof $511,000 and $1,304,000 have been made available to the Smithsonian by theCongress for the fiscal years 1964 and 1965, respectively. These resulted in abuilding design approved by the National Capital Planning Commission and theCommission of Fine Arts.It appeared that the building might soon be approved for construction, it wasso recommended but the bill was not passed by the House after it had beenapproved by the Senate.The Congress subsequently enacted legislation approved on July 19, I960,authorizing the construction of the National Air and Space Museum.In connection with this authorization, Public Law 89-509, the Senate Com-mittee on Rules and Administration in its report to the Senate stated
:
"In reporting favorably on H.R. 6125, the Committee on Rules and Administra-tion noted with satisfaction the letter of May 13, 1966, from Secretary Ripley,giving assurances that funds would not be requested in this session of Con-gress pursuant to the authorization on H.R. 6125. The committee expresslyrecommends that funding for the National Air and Space Museum should' bedeferred even further, if need be, and that appropriations should not be requestedpursuant to H.R. 6125 unless and until there is a substantial reduction in ourmilitary expenditures in Vietnam."Rather than assume the responsibility for interpreting the wording, "sub-stantial reductions in military expenditures in Vietnam," the Smithsonian Insti-tution continued to seek appropriations for the Air and Space Museum. Fundsfor construction were then requested in the fiscal year 1966 and fiscal year1967 budget submissions to the Bureau of the Budget in the amount of $40,045,000and $40,331,000, respectively, as estimated by the General Services Administra-tion. Both requests were deleted by the administration prior to submittal ofthe budget to the Congress. During preparation of the fiscal year 1968 budget, itwas decided that an incremental request for construction funds for the founda-tion and underground parking garage might be more acceptable, following theprecedent used by the Public Buildings Service of the General Services Adminis-tration to start the FBI Building and the new Labor Department Building.Funds in the amount of $9,500,000 were therefore requested for this purpose inboth the fiscal year 1968 and fiscal year 1969 budget submittals to the Bureauof the Budget and each time the item was deleted and not submitted to theCongress.With the passage of time and unusually sharp increases in construction costs,the GSA was requested to update the construction cost estimate. In January1968 we were advised by GSA that the building would now cost nearly $56 mil-lion and in the next few years would increase to $65 million, if the then plannedplanetarium were added to the project. This substantial increase in cost led toconsideration of reducing the cost by reducing the size of the building and evencompletely redesigning if necessary.The Chancellor of the Smithsonian Institution then wrote to the President onNovember 19, 1969, to inform him of the resolution approved by the Board ofRegents on November 5, 1969, as follows
:
Voted that the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution recognizesthe intense interest of the American people in the national air and space pro-grams and in the historic flight of Apollo 11 to the Moon and return. The Regentsrecognize that by Public Law 89-509 the Nation's Air and Space Museum is au-thorized to be constructed on the Mall on a site designated by Act of Congress.The Regents further recognize that because of substantial increases in construc-tion costs, the building as now designed should be scaled down from its present
950level of $65 million to a cost level not to exceed $40 million. The Regents, there-fore, most respectfully and most urgently request that the President include inhis budget for the fiscal year 1971 an amount of $2 million to finance the neces-sary redesign of this great educational and exhibition center for our air andspace exploration.The assistant to the President for Domestic Affairs responded to the Chan-cellor's letter on December 10, 1969, and stated that funds for redesign had notbeen included in the 1971 budget by the Bureau of the Budget because of budge-tary constraints, but that it would be included in a list of appealed items to bepresented to the President during his review.After a discussion of these efforts, Regent William A. M. Burden wrote to thePresident, urging that redesign funds be inserted as an amendment to the Presi-dential budget. He stated that his concern "arises from our intense desire tocomplete the National Air and Space Museum within the years of your incumben-cy as President. In order to complete such an historic structure in time for 1976at the earliest, it will be necessary to commence planning for a rescaling down-wards in cost of the present approved structure. The Nation can save perhapsmore than $20 million in completed costs by spending $2 million for replanningnow.""Mindful of the vital need which the Administration faces in cutting costs, itseems to us that this planning item, which could be inserted as an amendment tothe Presidential budget, would be viewed as a prudent investment for thefuture."In the interim, the architect has been authorized to prepare a feasibility studyto show in outline form the maximum size and arrangement for a building esti-mated to cost $40 million. This study was completed in June 1970.The Smithsonian was subsequently advised that the Senate had requested in1966 that appropriations for this purpose not be sought "unless and until thereis a substantial redirection in our military expenditures in Vietnam." While themilitary effort in Vietnam is certainly redirected, we were advised, unfortunatelythe military expenditure level has not lessened appreciably. We were furtheradvised that the President has directed very drastic cuts in all budgets for fiscalyear 1971 and that there is no possibility of reinstating this request under thecircumstances.In our submission of the fiscal year 1972 budget to the Office of Managementand Budget, we again requested an appropriation of $1,900,000 for planning. Theinvestment of redesign costs will result in a substantial decrease in ultimateconstruction costs and thereby increase the prospect of starting construction atthe earliest possible date. The Senate Rules Committee has advised that it hasno objection to a request for redesign funds.ACCELERATION OF PROJECTMrs. Hansen. What have been the determining influences in thepast year that have caused you to accelerate your work on this project?Dr. Ripley. With due homage, Madam Chairman, to the seniorSenator from a western State, I would like to say that we have beentrying to get this project back on the tracks for some time.Mrs. Hansen. Hasn't the Vietnam war been a deterring factor ?Dr. Ripley. The war in Vietnam has been a deterring factor, asshown in the report of the Senate Committee on Rules and Adminis-tration. Once Apollo 11 flew the summer before last, in 1969, we madea very strong appeal to the Budget Bureau, to have a redesign itemput back into our budget for last year, fiscal 1971. This was eventuallyturned down at the highest level by the Budget Bureau, and was not,therefore, in our request for this year's funds. This is prior, of course,to the publicity and so on that emerged during the subsequent winter.We did at that time justify our appeal to the Office of Managementand Budget on the basis that we fVt that there appeared to be, at leastfrom the press and statements by the administration, some decline in
951the war in Vietnam. At the same time we attempted to get an opinionfrom the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration that it wouldbe appropriate for us to ask for these redesign funds in the light of thelanguage of the earlier committee report. Senator Jordan and SenatorPell agreed last year that it would be appropriate for us to ask forredesign money. PARKING ON THE MALLMrs. Hansen. Would the construction of this museum necessitatethe relocation of any existing buildings or structures ?Dr. Ripley. It would merely add to the burden of the parked cars onthe Mall. There are no structural changes of any sort.Mrs. Hansen. What are you going to do with the parked cars?Dr. Ripley. We have, of course, been conducting studies on this forsometime. Of course it is true that the design for the Air and SpaceMuseum includes a garage for cars in the basement areas as requestedby the National Capital Planning Commission at the time we wentfor approval of the original plans for the building. I mentioned theparked cars because the General Services Administration, the NationalPark Service, and the Smithsonian are constantly struggling for waysto solve the problem of the car parking in the Mall area.BUDGET APPENDICESMrs. Hansen. At this point in the record please insert justificationpages E-l through E-6.(The pages follow:)
952
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
"SALARIES AND EXPENSES"Report on the Number of Permanent Positions by Organization Unit
National Museum of Natural History ....Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. . .Smithsonian Tropical Research InsitituteRadiation Biology LaboratoryOffice of Environmental SciencesNational Air and Space MuseumCenter for the Study of ManCenter for Short- Lived PhenomenaNational Zoological ParkMuseum of History and TechnologyNational Collection of Fine ArtsNational Portrait GalleryJoseph H. Hirshhorn Museum andSculpture GardenFreer Gallery of A rtArchives of American ArtNational Armed Forces Museum Adv. Bd.Office of Museum ProgramsExhibitsConservation Analytical LaboratoryRegistrarAnacostia Neighborhood MuseumOffice of International ActivitiesInternational Exchange ServicePerforming ArtsPublic AffairsAmerican Revolution BicentennialEnvironmental Sciences ProgramMajor ExhibitionsNational Museum ActAcademic & Educational ProgramsResearch AwardsSecretary.General CounselTreasurerPersonnelLibrariesPressInformation Systems DivisionArchivesPhotographic Services DivisionSupply DivisionAdministrative Systems DivisionDuplicatingOther Central SupportBuildings Management DepartmentWoodrow Wilson International Centerfor ScholarsTotal 2, 033
Increase1970 1971 1972 1971 overActual Estimate271 Estimate349 19702 58 7857 57 5740 45 57 1236 40 46 623 34 42 841 41 44 36 7 10 31 4 3249 297 48158 158 157 -159 70 72 230 37 38 113 18 21 37 7 8 111 118 8 6 -27 9 9167 167 164 -311 11 14 329 29 30 19 11 15 48 8 9 19 9 97 7 712 12 122 23 8 53 318 20 23 3
38 38 408 8 9 131 31 33 226 28 29 149 54 63 923 25 2513 14 16 26 6 620 20 2021 21 219 9 97 7 713 13 13748 768 793 258 2,373 2,608 235
953
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION"Salaries and Expenses"Report of Obligations by Objects Increase or1970 1970 1972 Decrease(-)Actual Estimate Estimate '72 over '7111 Personnel Compensation .. $20,631,000 $25,126,000 $28,000,000 $2,874,00012 Personnel Benefits 1,564,000 1,942,000 2,177,000 235,00021 Travel & Transportationof Persons 313,000 329,000 527,000 198,00022 Transportation of Things.. 210,000 180,000 253,000 73,0002 3 Rent, Communications,and Utilities 1,889,000 2,349,000 2,656,000 307,00024 Printing and Reproduction. 597,000 885,000 1,095,000 210,00025 Other Services. 2,397,000 3,297,000 5,376,000 2,079,00026 Supplies and Materials 1,048,000 1,204,000 1,763,000 559,00031 Equipment 1,355,000 1,012,000 3,134,000 2,122,00041 Grants 8, 000 8, 000 23, 000 15, 00Q :Total Obligations $30,012,000 $36,332,000 $45,004,000 $8,672,000Appropriation Adjustments :Receipts and Reimbursementsfrom Federal Funds -61,000Unobligated balance lapsing... 14, 000Appropriation or estimate $29,965,000 $36, 332, 000* $45, 004, 000 $8,672,000
* Includes anticipated supplementalof $1,630, 000.
954
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SIGNIFICANT EXHIBITS, FISCAL YEAR 1970Natural History BuildingJohn Wesley Powell: The Indomitable Malay ArchipelagoMajor Armarri Hammer ExhibitSmithsonian Science Illustrators A Heritage in Peril - Alaska'sBengal Tiger Vanishing TotemsDead Sea Scrolls, Parts I and II Studies of South African CostumesDsco-Roman Traces in RomaniaArts and Industries BuildingContemporary Black American Artists Lovis CorinthBritish Designer Crafts ? Moon RockYugoslavian Tapestry & Graphics Toledo GlassUrban Transit Johannes GutenbergApollo Art Art ProtisWhite House Press Photographers Polish Folk ArtHistory and Technology BuildingHistorical machinery and products "The Roots of California Culture"of the American textile industry "Women and Politics"Energy Conversion "Laser 10"Fine Arts and Portrait GalleriesRetrospective of the work of Tibetan ArtMilton Avery Winslow Homer"Explorations" Paintings and sculpture from the 19305Mid-career retrospective of Augustus Saint -Gaudens : "TheLeonard Baskin Portrait Reliefs"Cooper-Hewitt Museum of Decorative Arts and Design
"Kabuki Prints" Posters by E. McKnight KaufferContemporary Japanese Posters 1890-1965A Stately Pleasure Dome: Contemporary Drawings by New YorkThe Royal Pavilion at Brighton" ArtistsLight and Line: Etchings by Rembrandt India ChintzSmithsonian Institution Traveling ExhibitionsThe exhibits originated at the Smithsonian with Smithsonian collectionsand were planned and produced by Smithsonian programs.Jean Louis Berlandier Werner Drewes WoodcutsPhotography and The City The People's ChoicePerforming ArtsFolk Festival on the Mall - Third Annual EventA nacostiaThe Rat: Man's Invited Affliction "The Douglass Years" FrederickDouglass
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958Mrs. Hansen. Thank you, Dr. Ripley, for a very informative hear-ing. I also want to thank Mr. Bradley and the members of your stafffor a very excellent presentation and a most informative 2 days.Dr. Ripley. Thank you, Madam Chairman.
Tuesday, Aprie 6, 1971.NATIONAL COUNCIL ON INDIAN OPPORTUNITYWITNESSESROBERT ROBERTSON, EXECUTIVE DIRECTORDALE WING, ASSISTANT EXECUTIVE DIRECTORCARL W. GUIDICE, CHIEF, DIVISION OF FISCAL SERVICES, DEPART-MENT OF THE INTERIORMrs. Hansen. We now have the National Council on Indian Oppor-tunity and our principal witness is Mr. Robertson, Executive Director.GENERAL STATEMENTMr. Robertson, please insert your general statement in the recordand summarize it for us.(The statement follows:)It is a deep pleasure to appear before this subcommittee today to support thefiscal year 1972 budget request to the National Council on Indian Opportunity,hereinafter called the Council. THE COUNCILThe Council was established by Executive Order No. 11399 on March 6, 19(58.It was authorized by the Congress in late November of 1969 and the first ap-propriation was given to the Council in December 1969.The Council membership consists of the Vice President, who is Chairman : theSecretary of Interior, the Secretary of Agriculture, the Secretary of Commerce,the Secretary of Labor, the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, theSecretary of Housing and Urban Development, the Director of the Office of Eco-nomic Opportunity, and the Attorney General. Eight Indian members are ap-pointed for 2-year terms by the President of the United States. The eight newIndian members are
:
Dr. B. Frank Belvin, Choctaw, Okmulgee, Okla. (Baptist Missionery to Creekand Seminole Indians).Mrs. Laura Bergt, Eskimo, Fairbanks, Alaska (active in Alaska Native landclaims issue).Mrs. Betty Mae Jumper, Seminole, Hollywood, Fla. (chairman, SeminoleTribal Council).Mr. Earl Old Person, Blackfeet, Browning, Mont, (president, National Con-gress of American Indians).Mr. John C. Rainer, Taos Pueblo, Taos, N. Mex. (director, National IndianGraduate Scholarship Program).Mr. Harold W. Shunk, Yankton-Sioux, Rapid City, S. Dak. (former BIA su-perintendent).Mr. Martin E. Seneca, Jr., Seneca, Versailles, N.Y. (Harvard University LawSchool student).Mr. Joseph C. Vasquez, Apache-Sioux, Los Angeles, Calif, (founder, UrbanIndian Development Organiization).THE COUNCIL AND THE PRESIDENTPresident Nixon sent his Indian policy message to the Congress on July 8,1970. The nine points in his message are : (1) rejecting the concept of termination



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