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Tuesday, March 12, 1968. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

STATEMENT OF S. DILLON RIPLEY, SECRETABY

ACCOMPANIED BY:

JAMES BRADLEY, ASSISTANT SECRETARY

SIDNEY R. GALLER, ASSISTANT SECRETARY (SCIENCE)

CHARLES BLITZER, ASSISTANT SECRETARY (HISTORY AND

ART) WILLIAM W. V/ARNER, DIRECTOR OP INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES T. AMES WHEELER, TREASURER

EDWARD H. KOHN, DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF PROGRAMING AImD BUDGET

PREPARED STATEMENT

Chairman Hayden. We will next hear from tlie Smithsonian Institution.

]\Ir. Ripley. Good morning, Mr. Chairman.

I would like to introduce Mr. Bradley, Assistant Secretary; Dr. Galler, Assistant Secretary for Science; Mr. Blitzer, Assistant Secretary for History and Art; Mr. Warner; Mr. Wheeler, and Mr. Kohn— all members of the Smithsonian party this morning.

Chairman Hatdek", Good morning. There will be placed in the record the general statement submitted with the budget justification of the Smithsonian Institution, together with a number of other statements containing information about the Smithsonian.

(The statements follow:)

General Statement

The Smithsonian Institution is devoted to public education, basic research, and national service in science, learning, and the arts. The Institution, with its wide array of research and education facilities for both the scholar and the general public, is richly endowed with many of the resources that can create a fuller and more meaningful life for the American people. The Smithsonian for well over a century has been concerned with the nature of man, the organization of life, and the nature of the physical universe in dedication to the high purposes of its founder.

The Institution maintains public exhibits representative of the arts, American history, the sciences and technologies ; preserves for reference and study purposes Ct() million of valuable objects of scientific, cultural, and historic interest; conducts research in the natural and physical sciences and in the history of cultures, terlinology, and the arts in the United States and in many foreign countries; and participates in the international exchange of scientific literature and art. The Smithsonian is also responsible for an extensive program of classification and study of marine organisms collected in connection with the Government's expanded oceanographic program.

(2019)

The Institution administers 3 museums, 5 scientific programs, 4 art galleries, the Armed Forces Museum Advisorj^ Board, and associated international ]iro-grams. It is responsible for the operation and maintenance of 7 main exhibition buildings; the Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts: tiie Tropical Research Institute in the Canal Zone; the River Basin Surveys in Lincoln, Nebraska; and 7 other research, storage and service facilities.

Recognizing the need for the most rigorous economy in this difficult year, the Smithsonian Institution has limited its request for increased appropriations to the bare minimum required for the effective discharge of its present commitments. Under the "Salaries and Exix>nse.s" appropriation, which finances the continuing operations of the Smithsonian, funds are sought in the amount of $27,130,000, an increase of $2,745,000, including $741,000 for pay increases.

Throughout the Smithsonian, austerity has been the key word underlying the conduct of our operations. Our component bureaus have re.sponded fully \\ith carefully developed economy plans. Many programs and activities of national value and for which strong demand and core capability exi-st are being deferred in the face of current national priorities. Through a careful and continuing study of the In.stitution's oi^eration we have sought to make the be.st possible u.se of our existing resources. We have requested increases only in those cases where modest additional funds can lead to substantially greater benefits for tho.^e who look to the Smith.sonian for information and for enlightenment. We .'•eek to safeguard the many years of Public investment of funds into professional, collection, and exhibits resources by those increases that will keep these resources from eroding at a time when interest and need for their effective use grows. In short, we have sought to achieve the true economy that consists in getting the most out of what we have.

In pursuing this goal, we have relied upon three primary strategies.

The fir.st consists of providing more nearly adequate support and facilities for our research staff in order that they may be free to do the work for which they are being paid. It is uneconomical for a scientist who is beiTig paid $15,000 a year to spend his time on routine tasks that could be performed by a technician earning one-third of his salary. It is uneconcmiical, in an even larger sen.se, to pay the salary of this .scientist when the results of his re.search cannot be made available because of the lack of a typist or of adequate publication funds.

Our second strateg.v is designed to ensure the greatest possible use of the pricele.ss collections of the Smithsonian by scholars, scientists, and .students from other institutions of learning and from Government agencies. Only when collections are properly cared for and cataloged can they be effectively used. A deteriorating collection or a disorganized collection of unidentified objects represents a wasted investment of time, space, and money. The Smithsonian is responsible for ensuring that the collections entrusted to its care will be used as intensively and as extensively as possible.

To illustrate with but one continuing area of responsibility, the national biological collections and staff of experts of the Smithsonian may be viewed as an intelligence bastion on the environmental battlefield, where prey and predator are identified. In striving for adequate support we are not seeking expansion— nor reduced burdens on our professional staff, but simply the means to carry out effectively this urgent task that only the Smithsonian can do.

Our third strategy consists in achieving the most effective use of all the Institution's resources for public enlightenment through exhibition. The Institution's collections, its staff of scholars and .'■cientists. and its highly specialized and skilled exhibits staff give it an unparalleled capability in the field of visual education and communication. The millions of visitors to our museums on the Mall are the immediate beneficiaries of this capability, and their very numbers make the cost of our exhibits per-visitor gratifyingly small. Nevertheless, it is clear that through modest additional expenditures this same capability can lie extended to a far wider audience, reducing still further the cost per viewer, while at the same time involving citizens who in the past have not been reached

because of geographical remoteness or cultural deprivation. Again, this is an area in which we are persuaded that modest amounts will greatly increase the return on the funds presently invested in our exhibition program.

New museum and gallery exhibition programs that have been authorized and are in preparation are less than proportionate to the increasing visitor flow. Seven million visitors in 1959, 15 million in 19GS. and 20 million projected for 1972, describe a climbing workload for the Smithsonian that we must accommodate. A substantial majority of all visitors to the Nation's Capital seek out the Smithsonian's Museums and Galleries for enlightenment and education on their National cultural, historical, and scientific heritage.

The visitor flow can be expected to accelerate further with the Commemoration of the Bicentennial of the American Revolution. We seek increased funds in order to provide for this need with adequate lead-time.

Numerous program needs have been sacrificed. To list but a few, we have deferred from seeking adequate support for the following valued activities :

Museum guide program; training of museum technicians; support to national museums; traveling exhibits program: maintaining our permanent exhibits schedules; development of historic studies capability; revitalizing current exhibits of National Air and Space Museum, and progressing on full development of exhibits for its future building; launching the development of the National Armed Forces Mu.^eum ; meeting the demand for adequate growth for the International Art Program and for the development of exhibits for the Renwick Gallery; a second Neighborhood Museum; increased visiting research appointments; collaborative dollar support programs for American research programs abroad ; the full scale of modernization programs in central services that, through automatic data processing, could yield future economies. The National Collection of Fine Arts and the National Portrait Gallery programs have been scaled down. Tlie National Portrait Gallery opening was deferred into fiscal year 19C9. In countless areas the contributions of the professional staffs have been constrained and limited as have the more effective and creative use by others of our collective resources.

Our request for construction funding for the restoration and renovation of existing buildings has been scaled down to one-fifth of the present need, 40% less than the 1967 level. It is necessary that we defer on projects affecting the direct comfort of millions of visitors. Only severe public and work area problems can be rectified within the amounts requested.

At the National Zoological Park execution of the improvement program is being deferred in the current year and in 1969. Authorized projects totaling 4.5 million dollars have been deferred. In 1969 funds are sought only to assure planning continuity, rectify an air pollution problem and remedy the serious deterioration of public walks and roadways.

Construction of the National Air and Space Museum has been authorized by the Congress, plans have been completed, but we are withholding a request for construction funding in deference to economy requirements.

Construction funding for the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Scultpture Garden is sought to house the gift to the nation of this priceless collection of paintings and sculpture that has been valued at upward of $50,000,000. On May 17. 1966, the Congress did enact legislation to authorize acceptance of this great gift under the terms that necessary appropriations be obtained before the end of the 90th Congress. The Congress has appropriated $803,000 for planning which is being completed on schedule.

Provision has been made in the 1909 estimates of appropriations for an expanded Special Foreign Currency Program to accommodate the strong interests of American institutions in the conduct of biological and historical projects overseas through the advantageous use of foreign currencies. Since this program contributes in no way to the balance of payments concerns, it assiunes proportionately greater importance as an alternative to the conduct of highly valuable .studies with dollar resources.

Salabies and Expenses

REPORT ON THE NUMBER OF PERMANENT POSITIONS BY ORGANIZATION UNIT

1967 actual

1968 estimate

1969 estimate

Increase 1969 over 1968

U.S. National Museum

Museum of History and Technology

Museum of Natural History

National Air and Space Museum

National Armed Forces Museum Advisory Board...

Freer Gallery of Art

National Collection of Fine Arts -.

national Portrait Gallery

Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute.

Radiation Biology Laboratory

Office of Ecology

Office of Oceanography and Limnology

Buildings Management Department

Office of Education and Traming

International activities

Administrative and central services..

Grand total

1,792

1,946

2,097

151

REPORT OF OBLIGATIONS BY OBJECTS

1967 1968 1969 Increase or

actual estimate estimate decrease (—)

1969 over 1958

11 Personnel compensation $13,856,000

12 Personnel benefits... 1,005,000

21 Travel and transportation of persons 23^,000

22 Transportation cf tilings 155.000

23 Rent, communications, and utilities 1,317.000

24 Printing and reproduction 458,000

25 Other services... 2,959.000

26 Supplies and materials 908.000

31 Equipment 1,777,000

42 Insurance chiins and indemnities. 0

Total obligations 22,688,000

Appropriation adjustments:

Receipts and reimbursements from Federal funds... —32.000

Unobligated balance lapsing +42,000

Appropriation or estimate 22,699,000

24,385,000 27,130,000

2,745,000

0 0

24,385,000 127,130,000

2, 745, 000

' Includes anticipated supplemental of $472,000.

Exhibits rROGR.vii, Museum of History and I'tciiNOuotiY, Fiscal Ye.u:s 1967

Through 1969

A. llaJU InstuHecl and Opened to the Public as of June 30, 1967:

1. Flag Hall

2. First Ladies Hall

Everyday Life in the Aiiterlean Past:

3. ITth Century Furnishiii.ijs

4. ISth and 19tlj Century Furnishings

5. Historic Americans

6. American Costume

7. Light Machinery (Timekeeping, Typewriters, Phonographs, and Locks) S. Tools

9. Farm Machinery

10. Autos and Coaches (partial)

11. Railroads

12. Temporary Exhibits Gallery (first floor)

13. Civil Engineering (Bridges and Tunnels)

14. Watercraft

15. Philately and Po.stal History

16. Glass

17. Graphic Arts : Hand Proces.ses

18. Graphic Arts : Photomechanical Processes

19. Graphic Arts Salon

20. and 21. History of the Armed Force.s I (through Civil War)

Exhibits Program, Museum of History and Technology, Fiscal Years 1967 Through 1969—Continued

A. Halls Installed and Opened to the Public as of June 30, 1967 —Continued

22. Ordnance, and the gunboat Philadelptiia

23. Special Exhibits (tliird floor)

24. Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmacy (Medical Sciences)

25. Physics

26. Ceramics

27. Electricity I

28. Heavy Machinery

29. Petroleum

30. and 31. Growth of the United States (through 1851) 32. Numismatics

B. Additional Halls To Be Installed and Opened to the Public by June 30, 1969:

1. Textiles

2. Electricity II

3. Armed Forces, III

RENOVATION OF EXHIBITS

In 1969 the Smithsonian will continue its program of revitalizing the exhibits in the Museum of Natural History.

A. Completed and Opened to the Public in 1967:

1. Osteology Hall

2. Meteorite Section of Physical Geology Hall

B. Halls to be Completed and Opened to the Public by the End of 1968:

1. Peoples of Asia and Africa Hall (Completion)

2. Anthropology Halls—Refurbishing 125 exhibits units

C. Construction Partially Completed by the End of 1968:

1. Fish Section of Cold-blooded Vertebrates Hall

2. Physical Geology Hall

3. Life in the Sea

D. During 1968, drawings for the Hall of Insects will be partially completed and contracts will be awarded for certain individual cases and miits for this hall.

E. During 1969, contract will be awarded for the Hall of Insects, and the production work will begin on the Hall of Ice Age Mammals.

Temporary and Special Exhibits, Fiscal Years 1968 and 1969 fiscal year 190 8

Early Chicago Architecture

Copp Textiles

Photography and the City

Presidents' Pastimes

Alexander Graham Bell

Slavery Exhibit Part I

A Panorajna on the Arts and Crafts

Tunisian ?.Iosaics

Peruvian Silver

Mexican Prints

Recent Acquisitions

History of Computers

Trotters

Railroad Photography

Halem Ceramics

Danish Glass

Colonial Art of Ecuador

English Architectural Prints

Tuculescu's Paintings

Metal (Germany)

Contemporary Art (Armed Forces)

Rhode Island

Childrens Art Show (Nat'l. Library Week)

Encyclopedia Britannica

Political Cartoons

Glass Cup Plates

Townshend Act

Naval Paintings (American Revolution )

Florida Art

N.C.F.A. Special Exhibit

Vanishing Species

Brazilia—Children's Art

12 Days of Christmas

History of American Organs

FISCAL YEAR 19(19

Political Campaigning Warshaw p]xhibit Costume Prints Slaverv Exhibit. Part II N.P.G. Special Exhibit American Medallic Art

Berlandier Show

Art Forms in Biology

Laser Teclinology

Commodore I'ear.v

The ("((iiccriicd Pliotographer

GRANTS TO THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, FISCAL YEAR 1967

Granting agency

Title of grant

Actual amount

Department of Defense Ecology of tropical delta forest.

Miscellaneous.

$85, 000 24. 000

Total, Department of Defense.

109,000

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Study of meteorites..

Satellite tracking program

Prairie Network

Miscellaneous small grants.

Total, National Aeronautics and Space Ad-

ministration.

National Science Foundation Undergraduate research program.

Observation of comets

Antarctic biology

Neotropical phanerogams

Joseph Henry papers

Miscellaneous small grants

40, 000

6, 880. 000

202.300

72,000

7,194, 300

29, 000

15,000 42, 000 31,000 60.000 20. 000

Total. National Science Foundation

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Information storage and retrieval system.

197,000 292,927

Atomic Energy Commission Plant physiology.

Department of Defense... Astrophysics

Zoology.

Ecology...

Miscellaneous

J90,000

50, 000 250, 000 82,000 90, 000

Total, Department of Defense.

472,000

National Science Foundation... Science Information Exchange.

Miscellaneous

Total, National Science Foundation.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Celescope

Miscellaneous.

Total, National Aeronautics and Space Admin-

istralion.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Zoology

Department of the Interior Miscellaneous.

2,150,000 256,000

2,416,000

2, 500, 000 120, 000

2,620,000

90, 000 56, 000

Granting agency and title of grant:

NatiomI Aeromuiics and Space Administration:

Study of meteorites $68,000

Satellite tracking program, 5, 000,000

Miscellaneous small grants.. _. 300,000

Total, National Aeronautics and Space Administration ._ _ 5,368,000

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, miscellaneous grants.. 250.000

National Science Foundation, estimated miscellaneous grants. 50, 000

Total grants, fiscal year 1968 5,668,000

RESEARCH BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION ON CONTRACTS. FISCAL YEAR 1968

Estimated amount

Contracting agency and research field:

Atomic Energy Commission, plant physiology $90,000

Department of Defense, various research projacts 650,000

National Science Foundation, Science Information Exchange. 2,000.000

National Aeronatuics and Space Administration, astrophysics... 4,000,000

Total research contracts, fiscal year 1963. 6,740,000

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HIGHLIGHTS OF ArrROPRIATION REQUI^.ST

Chairman IIayden. Mr. Eipley, would you please file your written statement for the record, and then sunnnarize it for the committee?

Mr. Ripley. Thank you, sir. Yes. I have a statement prepared which we are handing in, sir, and I would like to speak to it very briefly if I may.

(The statement follows:)

Let me say first that I am grateful to the Committee for its strong supiiort of our programs in the past. And let me express the hope that we will continue to earn your support in the future.

During the current year, with funds reeommenrled by this Committee, wo have continued the pursuit of knowledge and the edueation of the public. We have opened the doors of our museums and art galleries to fifteen million visitors, coming from every point in the country.

Behind the halls of public educational exhibits, we have pursued research in natural history, in astrophysics, in art, and in our national cultural history, and in technology. The results of these diversified yet integrated research programs are recognized as unique contributions of our Institution. The Smithsonian's goal is to work assiduously in those interconnecting areas where one discipline meets another.

The theme of our budget presentation this year is, as it must be at a time of National austerity, the continuing effort of the Smithsonian Institution to get the greatest possible return for every dollar we spend. It is essential that we consolidate what we have and seek the most economical way of meeting our standing obligations.

The most dramatic illustration of this principle—but one that is perhaps so obvious that we often lose sight of it—is to be found in the literally priceless National Collections of the Smithsonian. These collections, ranging from priceless gems and great woi'ks of art to historic treasures of our nation's past and the most sophisticated products of modern technology, have very largely l)een amassed through gifts and contributions for the benefit of all our people. The continuing ability of the Smithsonian to attract such gifts depends ujion our capacity to care for and exhibit them.

In 1900, Joseph H. Ilirshhorn offered to the United States of America through the Smithsonian his magnificent collection of sculpture, paintings and drawings— a private collection without parallel in the world. The Committee will recall that the Congress in 1900 authorized the acceptance of the Hirshhorn collection. At the time this gift was ranked in importance with the bequest of .James Smithson which led to the establishment of the Institution it.self in 1840 ; with William Corcoran's founding of the Corcoran Gallery in 1859; with Charles Freer's donation of his collection and the gallery which opened in 1922; and with the gift of Andrew Mellon which was accepted for the National Gallery of Art in 19.37. Now we have the gift of .Joseph H. Hirshhorn of his collection, valued conservatively at over .'«40,000,()00 with constant accretiojis.

I believe the Committee will recall that the terms of the gift require that we obtain the authorizing legi.slation—which has been enacted by the Congress^ and the appropriation for the construction of the museum and sculpture garden by the end of this Session of the 90th Congress.

The appropriation of these construction funds will represent the final action of a series of approvals already enacted by the Congress. The Congress has enacted legislation to provide the site on the Mall for the building and the sculpture garden and has provided the necessary authority for the appropriation of construction and operating funds. The Congress has authorized the Secretary of the Army to construct an addition to the existing Headquarters of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology at Walter Reed Hospital so that the existing Medical Museum of Pathology may be relocated and thereby clear the ^lall site for this museum. Funds have been appropriated liy the Congress to the Army for the construction of the Pathology Addition. Funds have been appropriated for the preparation of contract drawings and specifications for the Hirshhorn Museum, and architectural planning is well underway.

The Committee may recall that the Smithsonian's opportunity to o]>tain this valuable collection on behalf of the American people is the basis for our urgent

request for construction funds at this time. Now we have reached the moment when construction must be initiated in order to meet the terms of the gift so that the agreement will not be nullified.

The same pattern of acquiring precious collections for the Nation has been happily illustrated during the last year in the case of the National Collection of Fine Arts. This collection has suddenly and dramatically come to life as a result of the impending opening of its handsome gallery—the first it has ever possessed. As the opening date has approached, so the rate of gifts to the collection has accelerated. The donation of the Johnson "Wax collection of American paintings valued at $1,000,000, is the most impressive instance, but it is in fact only one among many gifts that have begun to come to the National Collection of Fine Arts.

I am persuaded that the same thing will happen with the fledgling National Portrait Gallery when it opens to the public in the autumn. Although in the case of both galleries we have curtailed our original plans in order to live within the funds made available to us—curtailments that have involved the postponement of the planned opening of various exhibition spaces—^the important fact is that within a few months the National Collection and the Portrait Gallery will be visibly and palpably there as evidence of the fulfillment of a national commitment of long standing. I have no doubt whatever that these two bureaus, like our others, will increasingly benefit from the generosity of individuals and corporations and foundations and will soon possess collections worth many times over the amount that we spend on them.

I thing it is appropriate also in these times that I remind you of the extent to which the Smithsonian Institution has been able to support its activities from sources other than this Committee. We are proud of the efforts that have resulted in a grant of some quarter of a million dollars to assist in our experiments with automatic data processing for our collections. We are proud of the efforts that have produced nearly a hundred-thousand dollars of private funds ^to support the experimental year of our Anacostia Neighborhood Museum. We ""are proud of the efforts that bring to our Astrophysical Observatory some $9,000,-000 a year. We are proud of these efforts, and others like them, not only because they enable us to accomplish things that we could not otherwise do, but also because they represent the most tangible kind of evidence of the confidence and esteem which we have earned over the years. We are proud, in short, that foundations and Government agencies and individuals believe that we are able to perform imaginatively and effectively and are willing to back up their belief with money.

The construction program this year has been slowed but not stopped. The long-range improvement program at the National Zoological Park has continued at a much lower level of expenditure. Planning has been substantially completed for the National Air and Space Museum but construction is deferred, and naturally much momentum has been lost. The design drawings are well underway for the Hirshhorn Museum and we count on your necessary support for this undertaking. In a smaller way we plan to start work on the restoration of the classic and unique Smithsonian Institution building. I am pleased to report as well that restoration is progressing satisfactorily at the Renwick Gallery, across Pennsylvania Avenue from the White House.

Turning now to the request for fiscal year 1969, allow me to say that I fully recognize the budgetary pressures placed on the Congress by international events. In asking for a total increase of $20,158,000, I ask the Committee to bear in mind two considerations:

(1) $14,197,000 of the increase is sought for the construction of the Hirshhorn Museum and $3,684,000 for our foreign currency program of scientific research. The latter is, of course, totally financed by excess foreign currencies, which now a.ssume incTeasing importance to the Smithsonian and indeed to all agency users in view of balance-of-payment problems.

(2) And, secondly, apart from these we have asked for increa.ses only in those cases whore modest additional funds can lead to substantially greater benefits for those who come to the Smithsonian for information and for enlightenment. In this period of economy, we are not asking for funds for many educational services to the i)ublic that would be fully .iustilied in other circuiii-stances, but which we must defer under these awesome conditions of thr;^at to our mea.'-nred aspirations.

The Foreign Currency Program has provided support in individual grants to universities or mu'-eums in 20 States aci'oss the Nation and in grants to university con.sortia, with memberships totalling over 200 academic institutinns, for 90-261—OS—pt. 2 42

essential research projects and field expeditious.* The recipient institutions have told us time and again that this support is vital to their research interests and unavailal)le from other sources.

The advantages to the United States in this kind of a program are substantial. It has provided measurable contributions to man's knowledge of his physical and cultural environments, opened up new avenues for exchange of information and artifacts between Americaji and foreign museums, played a sub-.stantial role in launching the United States' contribution to the International Biological Program, and permitted the Smithsonian to carry out some of its own responsibilities, both National and international, at far less cost than could be done here. These are the bases for proceeding with this valuable program.

In our basic "Salaries and Expenses" appropriation we are asking for $2,-74r,,(X)0 over the current level of $24,385,000. This amount includes $741,000 to meet increased pay costs for the present staff—increases over which the Institution has little or no control. Of the balance, an increase of $430,000 will meet the requirements of providing minimum essential levels of maintenance and protection of additional public building space.

The growing National Collections of specimens and objects in natural sciences, histoiT, Jind art that are entrusted to the Smithsonian are being sought for purposes of scholarship, research, and problem analy.sis by specialists and students from every State in the Union. To progress in meeting the need for access to a'jd professional information on the National Collections, small increases in supporting staff are es.sential. We believe it to be of the highest necessity to improve the substandard levels of technical support for our scientists and curators in order that these valuable professionals can effectively pursue their responsibilities. For these needs, added funds in the amount of $740,000 are sought.

To prepare for the Bicentennial Celebration of the American Revolution; to permit completion of the exhibits programs of the National Collection of Fine Arts and the National Portrait Gallery reduced by the present national stringency ; to allow for adequate care of our heavily visited public exhibits; to continue the successful Neighborhood Museum experiment; and to engage in small-scale efforts to study and achieve the most effective use of all the In.stitu-tion's resources for public enlightenment through exhibitions, an additional $427,000 are sought for staff and services.

Associated costs in administrative support and a carefully phased effort to increase the effectiveness of central services, including the Smithsonian Libraries, the Press, and Information Systems, will require $401,000.

It is our purpose to seek economy and to achieve the mo.st effective performance of our objectives with present resources. The increases I have outlined are all consistent with this purpose. I might illustrate with reference to one area. The Committee has most generously responded to recognition of the important role of the electronic computer in the handling of great volumes of information, .such as that in the National Collections of over 52 million objects. With funds appropriated in 1968 and with collaborative financing from the Office of Education, progress is being made at the Smithsonian to adapt the computer to the storage and retrieval of data on these collections. We believe that the re.search being conducted on information .systems will enable us to investigate the base of much of our cost structure for maintaining the National Collections. Re.search in this area, if really promising, should have Government-wide repercussions. We believe that this is what the Smithsonian Institution should pioneer in. In addition of cour.se this sy.stem will inevitably aid the documentation of .scientific and historical data on collections not only at the Smith.sonian but in other museums throughout the world.

In closing, I would like to explain that we have deferred a number of pro-lK)sals in recognition of the budgetary limitations of the.se times.

In the United States National Museum, we are curtailing our services to other museums throughout the country in training programs and informational services just as the pressure is mounting to service them. In the National Air and Space Museum we have deferred requesting funds for the organization of documents and for the care of present exhibitions. In the National Collection of Fine Arts, we are proceeding with the mo.st .stringent economy for the public opening in the Spring of this year. When strengthened with the'complementary collections and public service of the Renwick Gallery and the Cooper Union Museum, we hope that the National Collection of Fine Arts can in future years

♦List attached.

serve the nation in art education and appreciation as intended by its century old statutory charter.

At the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, we are proceeding in accordance with a 10-year program of research wMch has been presented to the Committee each year for the past three years. This shows a level of approximately two million dollars in direct appropriations. I should mention that as a measure of our collaboration with other agencies, we are receiving approximately nine million dollars for collaborative research from NASA, the Department of Defense, and other Federal agencies. The Astrophysical Observatory is in professional collaboration with Harvard University, MIT, and the Lincoln Laboratory, together with a number of other New England miiversities, in studies of the most efficient development of a large-diameter antenna for radio astronomy. We plan that this research instrument will be funded by others than the Smithsonian.

The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute centered at Barro Colorado Island was the subject of a directive from the House Subcommittee last year. In response to that directive, we have assembled an ad hoc committee of leading biologists from Harvard, Princeton, University of Maryland, and Rockefeller University to review and advise on the research and services of the Institute. To implement their unanimous recommendations, we have applied our best management effort to assure that the present competence, originality, and productivity of the Institute's research staff can be nourished in the face of scarcity of funds and growing demands for service. This unique center for research in tropical biology should be strengthened with small additions to staff and to physical facilities in order to continue its contributions to knowledge and its services to visiting scientists and specialists.

STRI is, after all, the only facility fully available to United States scientists to use in pursuing basic scientific research in American tropics.

During 1967, 274 scientists, specialists, and predoctoral students were assisted for work periods at STRI out of the many more requesting accommodation. This figure is significant in that it demonstrates the increasing interest in tropical environments. It is also a reflection on the development in the past several years of an excellent resident core of young but highly regarded marine and evolutionary biologists of doctorate level. Their intellectual and physical enei'gies are exemplary. But they must gain additional support—and soon. This interest in turn reflects the increasing attention being given to the area for political and economic reasons.

United States Governmental groups, working toward an understanding of these factors, are working under a handicap unless they have available basic data concerning the environment in question. STRI remains at present the only continuing source of data on the biology and ecology of the area. It is essential not only for the Smithsonian but also the other Governmental agencies interested in the American tropics that this source of information be made more fully effective.

An example of how the basic information derived from research at STRI relate to specific problems in the information that has been gathered at STRI concerning the biological, physical, and chemical characteristics of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans on either side of the Isthmus. If a sea-level canal should be cut through anywhere in the area, this information will be needed in assessing whether from the point of view of overall environmental economy, a sea-level canal can indeed be afforded.

In the related field of oceanography, we are conducting a sorting operation in one of the old buildings at the Washington Navy Yard. I know we could be of far greater value to the President's Marine Sciences Council, to universitie.s, and to Federal agencies, who are studying food and other resources from the sea, if we had the capacity to provide additional services that are within our special competence. But for the present we must continue at a modest level, deferring all but minimal efforts to identify the key specimens collected in national marine expeditions by other agencies.

I am sure the Committee knows that a library is indispensable to the performance of our research. Through intensive recruiting, we have secured a highly

qiialifiod librarian who is fompetoiitly and diligently undertaking to increase the effe<-tiveness of our library of (JOO.OOO volumes. The Library needs to be re-catalogued but this, too, must largely be deferred.

A low-cost activity is underway in the iield of ecology. "Without asking for substantial appropriations, we are collaborating with Johns Hopkins and Maryland Universities in utilizing to the fuUe-^t possible iulvantage a natural habitat area which was in part bequeathed to the Institution and in part acquired through a grant from the Ford Foundation. Hince its founding, the Smithsonian has contributed in this way to its search for knowledge and in the education of the public. We dedicate all of our own re.source.s—material, financial, and intellectual—to the programs which are reviewed by this Committee.

As Dr. Philip Abelson, the editorial writer for "Science" magazine, and (he renowned chemist of the Carnegie Institution has recently remarked, '"the social instincts of man rejieatedly lead to fads and fashions in research. ... In considering priorities for support of research, we should recognize and weigh tlie desirability of maintaining at least minimal activity in all fundamental fields of science." ^

Mr. Chairman and Members of this Committee, we l>elieve that in view of the war effort, our deferrals have brought us to the .stage of demonstrating to you that indeed we are now at the minimal levels consistent with survival of our programs.

Your support is deeply appreciated.

American Institutions, Including Consortia, Awarder Grants Under Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program

University of Pennsylvania

University of Arizona

American Schools of Oriental Research, Boston, Massachusetts (Includes 140 American institutions in all parts of the country)

Univer.sity of Michigan

Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, Washington, D.C.

Stanford University, Stanford, California

American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C.

University of Washington

University of Oregon

University of Chicago

University of Wisconsin

Hebrew^ Union College, Cincinnati, Ohio (Includes 43 American institutions)

Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas

Yale University

University of Calfomia, Berkeley

Institute of Advanced Study, Princeton, X.J.

University of Minnesota

American Institute of Indian Studies, Philadelphia, Pa. (Includes 23 American institutions)

American Research Center in Egypt, Boston, Mass. (Includes 11 American institutions)

University of Georgia

National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.

American University in Cairo, New York, N.Y.

University of Colorado

Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Univer.sity of Missouri

Coming Museum

Brooklyn Museum

University of California, Los Angeles

Harvard University

Johns Hopkins University

Smithsonian Institution

1 Science, February 9, 1968, Vol. 159, p. 585.

BUDGETARY RESTRICTIONS

jMr. Ripley. This is a year in which we have fought a battle of the budget, and we have been most grateful for the cooperation we have received from your committee in the past, and look forward to continuing happy relations in the future.

During tlie current year we have continued our general program of trying to get the most for the dollar, trying to cut down, where possible, and trying to meet our commitments at the same time.

This has been an extremely difficult year for us, because we have had to absorb a major amount of mandatory salary increases, and we have also tried to keep up with the constant demands for the support for our own research which, due to various inflationary pres-sui-es, represent an increment of far more than 5 percent a year. When you employ scientists doing research, you find that you just can't help but have to give more e"\'ery year, and we are in great competition for salaries. We have lost very, very good people this year due, ])urely, I think essentially, to the salary differentials. A man working for us in a scientific capacity getting perhaps $20,000 has just left us for another job in a university at $32,000.

This kind of pressure, while it is a measure of the good men we have, is a relentless problem for us.

CARE OF COLLECTIONS

We are particularly impressed this year by the problem of caring for our really priceless collections. So long as we can continue to attract important and valuable collections in the national interest, we feel we have to guard them, protect them, and treat them with the consideration that they deserve. We have to conserve them and much of our expense really is involved in the maintenance and keeping of tliese incredibly valuable collections, which continue to come to us through gifts, and which are of enormous importance to the Nation.

JOSEPH II. HIRSHITORX ML^'^EUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN

In 1966, as you know. Senator, Joseph H. Hirshhorn offered the United States his collection. The conservative estimate of the value of til is collection is now over $40 million. It is the greatest art event which has happened since the Mellon gift and before that the Freer gift, and perhaps the original Smithson bequest.

It is of enormous importance for us, we feel, to live up to the agreement which Congress authorized, that we try and obtain the funds promised before the end of the 90th Congress.

Without that, we can't live with the agreement.

The appropriation of these construction funds will be the last action

required of the Conofress. We \vc)iil'l then have the l)iiihliii,ff^ wo liope, comi)lete in 1071, and prepared for an o])enin<r shortly thereafter.

We have ah-eady received money last year for the ])reparation of contract drawings and specifications. It is a l)eantiful building. 1 have shown a model ^f it to a number of Members of Congress, tx) ^Irs. Johnson, and other officials.

I have a picture here which I thought perhaps you might like to see, ]Mr. Chairman, of the site, the round building in the foreground being the Ilirshhorn gallery. Plere is a closeup of it, and a vieAV aci-oss the Mall shows us the circular ])ool in the area of the Xational Scul])-ture Garden, which we were just talking about in the Xational (ial-lery's testimony.

I think this will be quite an architectural triumph for Washingt<jn.

FIXE ARTS AND rORTRATT GALLERIES

We hope this spring to open the Xational Collection of Fine Arts i)i the newly restored and renovated F Street building, the old U.S. Pat-ent Office, which was built in the 1850's and in its time was the largest building in Washington. It is a very beautiful l)uilding. Congress by legislation introduced by our Kegcnts, very kindly gave us this building in 1958. Funds have been a})propriated for a phased reconstruction program to prepare for an opening.

The gallery is to open this spring. Already, woi-d of the gallery opening in advance has initiated some marvelous gifts. The Johnson Wax family of Wisconsin has given us a collection valued at over a million dollars to be incorporated in this new gallery, and exposure, we believe, in connection witli an art gallery is of tlie greatest importance. Once the gallery is open, then the public becomes cognizant of it. and they will then proceed to do right by it, to give it gifts and to i)resent objects for study and display. Just last week, for instance, I took a lady from Xew York through the galleries and, as a result, she suddenly said, "I have a little bust of Benjamin Franklin by Iloudon, and I think I had better give it to you." Such a bust is valued at over $100,000, conservatively, so this is quite a gift. And if we didn't have this building to show objects such as these, we wouldn't attract them, and we wouldn't get many of these things which we have l)een acquiring steadily. This kind of thing is of great importance.

We hope to open not only this fine arts gallery in May—and I hope you will come, Mr. Chairman—but also in the fall vre hope to open the companion part, the Xational Portrait Gallery, wdiich is also in the Fine Arts and Portrait Galleries Building. The Xational Portrait Gallery is almost ready to open. We hope to open it in October 1968, actualiv in fiscal vear 1909.

PRR^ATE FINANCIAL. SUPPORT

We have been able to attract a steady level of private support for our activities. We are very proud of this. We feel that the record that we present to the Congress is enhanced if we can show that private sources are continuino; to give us major support.

Over $9 million of outside support has come to our Astrophysical Observatory. Over a quarter of a million dollars have come for the program in automatic data computing, which is of such interest, and which we have been talking to you and your committee about for several years now.

We feel that we can be pathfinders for the possessors of collections all across the Xation by innovating and modern techniques in data retrieval, and have been getting support. This is of great significance to us.

INCREASE BUDGET REQUESTS

Now, in regard to our budgetary requests for fiscal year 1969, Mr. Chairman, we are asking for a total increase of $20,158,000. And of this, about $17 million represent two items: On the one hand, $14 million and some dollars are for the construction of the Hirshhorn Musemii and, on the other hand, over $3i/^ million are for an increase in the excess currency fund, the blocked currencies abroad.

This means that the remainder of our increase is relatively small. It is less than $3 million. About one-fifth of this increase is for opening, maintaining, and protecting the Fine Arts and Portrait Galleries Building. Almost one-half is for managing the national collections and for preparations for the American Revolution Bicentennial celebration, and one-quarter is for built-in pay increases already legislated by the Congress.

Protection of Works

We have a very great need for custodial and guard work in our buildings management department, and, as I say, a substantial amount of our total request is in this area particularly for protection.

VANDALISM

Mr. Chairman, I thought you would be interested to see what haj)-pens. We have vandalism that occurs on important paintings. These photographs represent paintings of a total value of nearly half a million dollars. When these sorts of things happen, incredible amounts of work and time are expended. This painting itself, with chalk lines across the middle of it, is valued at $200,000.

Chairman Hayden. Why in the world would anybody want to do this?

Mr. RiPEEY. Isn't that appalling?

"We woulcln't be given things of this sort if we conldn't protect them, and if we can't protect them, then we won't g-et anything more like it. The amount of time and eft'ort expended by our conservators trying to make np for hideous actions of this sort is incredible. We don't have the necessaiy staff to go around quickly patching up paintings or tak-ino: care of tilings we have lost.

We lost some Indian masks from the Western States—Oregon and AVashington—Haida Indian masks which aren't made anymore. Tliese fascinating anthropological masks were actually taken ofl' figures in the. exhibits.

Here is a tremendously graphic exhibit showing the world poi)ula-tion increase since, the birth of Christ. Somebody just came along and took one of the skulls, just like that. These skulls are irreplaceable.

And in this connection, when we open a gallery, we have things such as these on exhibit. If we are going to attract more exhibits for our national purposes—last year, as you know, we had about 14 million visitors from all over the Nation and abroad—it is absolutel^^ essential that objects on display be safeguarded.

APPREIIENSIOX OF THIEVES

Chairman IIaydex. Have you had any luck in catching somebody who is doing this ?

Mr. Ripley. Not so far. We haven't apprehended the thieves. We hope through the cooperation of the FBI we will eventually get some clue on their trying to sell valuable objects, particularly in the case of coins and so on. It is possible to apprehend these persons, but to date we haven't. These are perhaps acts of vandalism iri which the people may well have thrown the stuif away afterward.

AMERICAN REVOLUTION BICENTENNIAL

We have certain small requests that we have tried to hold down to a minimum. One of them is for the preparation for the Bicentennial of the American Revolution scheduled in 1976, and for which we need to gradually increase our activities.

What we are doing is to prepare in stages for the vast celebrations that will culminate in that year.

REQUESTS FOR INFORMATION

The demand for information from all sectors of the country continually goes up. As Mr. Wa.lker points up in the case of the Gallery, people want to have pictures identified.

We continually have—it used to be 500,000 a year, and it lias gone up to 1 million a year—inquiries from people all over the country, which the Smithsonian, because of its reputation, supposedly can answer. We can ajiswer them, but we need support for those units that are responsible for preparing the answers.

DEFERRED PROGRAMS

I think that a number of activities that have been deferred or curtailed for economy reasons might be worth referring to. We are curtailing our services to other museums as much as we can in spite of increasing demand. We are putting off asking for funds for the organization of valuable research material in the National Air and Space Museum. In the National Collection of Fine Arts, even though we are going to open the new building this year, we are proceeding with the utmost stringency in connection with this opening. This approach characterizes all of our operations.

SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY

In our Astrophysical Observatory program, I have just been up at Cambridge attending a meeting of the Harvard Astronomy Committee, with which we collaborate, and we are proceeding with a 10-year program of integrated research with Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

We put to good use surplus equipment acquired from Government agencies. Here is a photograph of an 84-foot-cliameter radio astronomy antenna which was given us by the U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal because they were finished with it. And in collaboration with Harvard we have now put it together again, and we are already getting interesting research results. s

We are slowly proceeding with the j^lan for developing an observa- I tory on Mount Hopkins in Arizona. The road up to the top of the | mountain has been roughed out. We got funds for that last year. It is I still a very rough road, but this year we are going to have gamma ray | astronomy equipment up there making first observations.

But all of this has been phased to go at a slow rate on account of the war in Vietnam and on account of the austerity with which our budget is faced.

SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE

I must say that I think that the most interesting thing that we are doing in the tropics is the Tropical Research Institute which we maintain in Panama. I think it is proving its worth year by year and will continue to do so.

In the last year, nearly 500 American scientists and specialists came to visit this institute to vrork there with our scientists. We have a

nieiisiired j)ro^ram there which can be of inestima])le use not only to tlie American Eepublic but to tlie Caribbean and the middle-American world. For instance, we have been concerned about the i)ro})osal to create a canal at sea level between the Pacific and the Atlantic, not because it cannot be done, but because no one has really attempted to estimate what will happen to the resources of the sea when the Atlantic and Pacific be<Tin to mix throu^rh this vast canal. If a canal, a thousand feet wide and a hundred feet deep, is dug from one sea to the other, there is no alternative to the plain proposition that fish and other animals will mix with unpredictable efl'ects.

We feel that the aspects of this problem are so serious that if someone doesn't get up on their hind legs and do something about studying them, we are not living up to our research obligations, and so we called a conference last year Avith the cooperation of the Inter-Oceanic Canal Connnission, the Corps of Engineers, and the Panama Canal authorities. We are continuing studies on this, and we are getting demands all the time from the biological community, particularly in the States, to push this and to try and nuike the^ studies.

HYBRIDIZED FISH

In our Panama Laboratory, we have ali'eady hybridized some species of fish which occur on both sides of the isthmus trying to find out whether the hybrids are either more successful or less successful. It is quite obvious if certain species of fish, which are closely related to each other but have been separated for perhaps 15 million years, come together and are capable of hybridizing, w^e could easily have a crash in fisli production.

All the money that is being si)ent in the Caribbean for increasing fish products for these nations whose populations are multiplying at a fantastic rate is likely to come to a very bad end, indeed, if it results that certain of these fish species are going to pi-oduce sterile hybrids, causing a fish population crash.

Until some of these effects can be predicted we feel that the utmost caution is important in deciding whether or not the canal is really the right thing to do.

I tliink there are all sorts of fascinating and horrendous possibilities in this connection.

Sea Snakes

You know, perhaps, Mr. Chairman, that sea snakes occur in the Pacific. They are very connnon. They do not occur in the Caribbean. If sea snakes, which are poisonousr—they are sort of terrifying looking—get into the Caribbean, we can look for all sorts of wild excitement in the American public. I hesitate to think what will happen to real estate values in Florida, for example.

STUDIES ON POLLUTION EFFECTS

We have continuing work in oceanography, which has been one of our strong points. We have been doing work which is of value to the President's Council on Marine Science, and to universities and Federal agencies. We are still working in our ecology laboratory, trying to develoj) wa3^s of studying and helping peoj)le who are concerned with l^ollution. It is possible that some of our scientists, for example, sedi-nientologists, who are interested in bottom deposits in the sea, can be of great help to the Corps of Engineers and to local harbor authorities and city administrations in analyzing what happens to these great dumps that are put out in certain areas of the sea to get rid of city wastes, industrial wastes, and other wastes, chemicals and so on.

We have already had a first conference on this, and we probably Avill continue to work, and here, again, this beneficial activity will largely be supported by grants. We get grants from other agencies, particularly, and private organizations.

MAIXTAIXING FUNDAMENTAL FIELDS OF SCIENCE

I think that all of our fundamental fields of science must be maintained, even at an austerity level.

I sometimes feel, Mr. Chairman, that we are like a monastery in the Middle Ages, and when things are tough, the people come in and concentrate there. Science and knowledge are prosecuted at a small, steady level. This is about the best we can do, and we think it is pretty good.

Thank you, sir.

SALARIES x\ND EXPENSES BUDGET ESTIMATE

Chairman Hayden. There will also be printed in the record the justification submitted in support of the 1969 budget estimate of $27,130,000 for Salaries and Expenses of the Smithsonian Institution.

This is an increase of $3,217,000 over the amount appropriated in fiscal year 1968.

(The justification follows:)

Smithsonian Institution salaries and expenses, summary statement

Appropriation Act, fiscal year 1968 $23,913,000

Anticipated supplemental, fiscal year 1968 472, 000

Total available, fiscal year 1968 24, 385, 000

Budget estimate, fiscal year 1969 27,130,000

Increase, fiscal year 1969 2,745,000

SUMMARY OF INCREASES, 1969

Nscessary Program pay Total

increase

U.S. rJationol Musauni—to provide for programs of exhibits' exp.uimentJtion, American Revolution Bicentennial planning, and museum personnel training; to meet heavy bacMog and nisintenance workloads and other demands on exhibits, conservation, and regi'^trar activities $260. 000

Museum of History and fechnology —io strsngth-n the progiam in historic archeology with parti:ular emphasis on American Revolution Bicentinnial needs and to organise masses of docunientary materials for research purposes. 75, 000

Museum of Natitinal History—to improve the ovoraii condition of tne ii.itionai collec'ions and emphasize research projects on tropical biology and the American Indian... 105,000

National Air and Spsce Museum—to support new obligations in the exhibition of space science and technology artifacts incurred under broadenad legislated responsibility for tlie mujsum and an agraement with the Ma'jonal Aeio-nautics and Space Administratit)ii 90, 000

National Armed Forces Mijseum Advisory Board—for continued studies on the contriDutions of the Armed Forces and planning for a museum park

Freer Gallery of Art—to relieve a severe workload problem in responding to technical coiiservafiin inn Jiries _ _ ...... 5.000

National Collection of Fine Arts—for a full program of public exhibitions in the Fine Arts and Portrait Galleries and for graduate level art research and improving the condition of the collections 75,000 56,000 131,000

National Portrait Gallery—to strengthen the oublic exhibition resources and to implement, with emphasis on the American Revolution Bicentennial, the legislated responsibility for study progrsms 50,000

Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden—for necessary leadtime in preparing the gift collections for tiie opening of a major gallery of art 35,000

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory—for continued accomplishment in its lO-year research snd budgetary plan through additional support to the radio astronomy, gamma ray astronomy, meteorites and cosmic dust, and optical observing programs 76, 000

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute—to accelerate the demonstrated potential of the staff, natural resources, and visiting researchers for highly significant studies in tropical biology 125, 000

Radiation Biology Laboratory—to add scientific competence in the controlled-environmental biology program and correct serious deficiencies in the maintenance of complex laboratory research equipment 50, 000

Office of Ecology—to realize the research potential of the Chesapeake Bay Center for Field Biology and selected foreign areas for studies on the interrelationships of living organisms with their total environment 35,000

Office of Oceanography and Limnology—for the sorting, documenting, and distributing of backlogged specimens urgently needed for the solution of marine problems and identification of marine resources 80, 000

Smithsonian Research Awards Program—to continue hnancing meritorious research opportunities at a level commensurate with previous National Science Foundation support 30, 000

Office of Education and Training—for support essential to the continued operations of an experimental neighborhood museum to bring stimulation and learning to low-income users 42, 000

Internationa! Activities Programs—to administer a growing and more complex cooperative research effort, including the special foreign currency program and to meet increased volume and costs for the international exchange of publications 34,000

Administrative and centra: services—for selective additional administrative assistance and centralized services to enable the research, exhibition, and education activities to function productively and efficiently 401, 000

Buildings Management Department—to provide minimum essential ;evels of maintenance, operation, and protection, including services for additional building spaces .. 436,000

Total increase, 1969 2,004,000

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1. PAY INCREASES

2fce<l for increase

An increase of .$741,000 is requested for pay increases. In 1969, the Sniith.sonian Institution will be faced with increased pay costs in the amount of .$1,127,000. Of this total, the Institution will absorb $:iS6.(l00 throuj^h the application of the maximum lapse savings from tight po.Mtion control, the filling of positions at lower grades, and overall economies of operation.

The requested increase is made up of the following:

(«) An increase of $127,000 is requested to meet the full-year co.st in fiscal year 1969 of salary increases granted to current General Schedule employees, effective October 8, 1967, under the "Po.stal Revenue and Federal Salary Act of 1967." The 1968 base for the 1969 e.stimate includes only 7.3% of the annual cost of this increase.

(ft) An increase of $39,000 is i-equested to meet the full-year cost in fiscal year 1969 of salary increa.«es granted to current Wage Board employees effective October 22, 1967. The dollar absorption of the combined items (a) and (b) will amount to $118,000 in 1969.

(c) An increase of $172,000 is reque.sted for the full-year costs of positions which were part-year funded in 1968. The positions are in Buildings Management Department ($1.34.000) and the National Collection of Fine Arts (.$88,000) and are related to the opening to the Public of the National Collection of Fine Arts Gallery in its restored Old Patent Office Building site in May 1968.

(d) An increase of $76,00(3 is requested to pay for one extra work day and one extra holiday in fiscal year 1969. Inauguration Day will occur a.s an extra holiday in that year. Protection and custodial employees of the Buildings Management Department staff are required to work that day in order to keep the eight exhibition buildings open to the Public.

(c) An increase of $.327,000 is requested to pay for step increa.ses in accordance with the Government Salary Reform Act of 19(>4 (78 Stat. 400) and step rates granted to the Wage Board employees in accord with prevailing practices. The apparent cost was determined through a position-by-position study and has been reduced to real cost by offsets resulting from the fact that a percentage of the employees are separated before they receive their step increases or have been promoted to another position and the further offset resulting from filling positions at the base of the grade.

Actual experience during fiscal year 1967 has shown that 874 employees received within-grade promotions or step-rate increa.ses at an actual cost during the year of $148,000. The cost of these within-grade promotions on an annual basis would be $277,000.

During fiscal year 1968, an additional $180,000 will be paid employees for within-grade promotions and step-rate increases. This figure will annualize at an estimated .$.300,000 in 1969. The cumulative burden of these costs ($."577,000) is offset by $202,000, representing savings from separatioiis and base of grade hires; thus, the burden of past-year increases that is carried forward into 1969, and for which partial funding is sought, amounts to $.37."),000. This amount combines with anticipated $225,000 for new within-grades to be granted in 19(!9 for a total new burden of $600,000 in that year. Of this amount, financing is sought for .$327,000. The balance must be absorbed.

Thorough examination of all operations of the Smithsonian have been made to determine and apply the maximum degree of absorption possible in all areas of increased pay.

Each new position vacancy is being reviewed for cancellation or for the application of tliat position to each bureau's moi-e essential needs or for planned delay in recruitment in order to assure the most effective possible use of scarce manpower and dollar resources.

Allotments in manpower and in all objects of expenditure are now very tautly drawu. This has been conditioned by the absiorption of a combined $760,000 of Wage Board and General Schedule pay increases in 1967 and 1968. The Institution will absorb .$386,000 in 1969.

Absorption of any additional amount is impracticable in the face of present workload.s. The accomplishment of traditioTial Smithsonian responsii)ilities must be safeguarded. Permanent exhibit installations cositing at least $10,000,000 mu.st receive adequate care. More than 3,000,000 square feet of Public and laboratory space must be maintained. Growing millions of visitors must he protected.

Acquisitions to the collections must be pror>erly recorded and given conservation treatment.

Deficiencies in these areas will carry forward into 1969 and could only be deepened by greater absorption than the amount cited.

PAY INCREASES, FISCAL YEAR 1969

Organizational unit

Annualization

GS pay raise

Wage raise

Part-year positions

Extra day and extra Holiday

Periodic step

Total

U.S. National Museum:

Office of the Director

Conservation Laboratory

Office of the Registrar

Office of Exhibits

iVIuseum of History and Technology.

Mjseum of Natural History

National Air and Space Museum

National Armed Forces (Museum

Advisory Board

Freer Gallery of Art

National Collection of Fine Arts

National Portrait Gallery

Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and

Sculpture Garden

Smithsonian Astrophysical

Observatory

Smithsonian Tropical Research

I nstitute

Radiation Biology Laboratory

Office of Ecology

Office of Oceanography and

Limnology

Buildings Management Department-Office of Education and Training

Office of International Activities

International Exchange Service

Office of the Secretary,. _.

Management Support ._

Fiscal Division

Information Systems Division

Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Division of Performing Arts

Personnel Division

Photographic Services Division

Smithsonian Institution Press

Office of Public Affairs

Supply Division

Total.

$1,000 4, 000 8,000 9,000

18,000 3,000

500 1,000 3,000 3,000

1,000

6,000

4,000

3,000

500

3,000

37. 000

500

3,000 3,000

3,000

$1,000

1.000

$38, 000

37,000 134,000

3,000 3,000 3,000 500 3,000

$500 1,000 6,000 6,000 12,000 2,000

500

2,000 1,000

$1,000

3,500

2,000

39, 000

29.000

71.000

5,000

2,000

1.000

13,000

4,000

1,000

13, 000

127, 000

39,000

172,000

76,000 327,000

$1,000 5,000 7.000

54. 000

44, 000 101.000

11,000

3,000 2,000 56. 000 8,000

2,000

23,000

741,000

2. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

1967 appropriation $2,549,000

1968 appropriation 2, 614, 000

1969 estimate 2, 941, 000

The T7nited States National Museum advances knowledge through research in science and history and conveys, through publications and exhibits, knowledge about the growth of science and the history of our national heritage. The museum preserves scholarly collections actively employed in support of research. The National Museum is comprised of the Museum of Natural History and the Museum of History and Technology, which are presented in separate justifications; and the centralized .services which are presented under this heading, namely the Office of the Director, the Office of Exhibits, the Conservation Analytical Laboratory, and the Office of the Registrar. These centralized services need an increase of $260,000 as summarized below :

1967

Positions

Amount

1968

Positions

Amount

1969

Positions

Office of Director... 5 $170,000 5 $172,000 8 $292,000

Office of Exhibits... 166 2,039,000 166 2,082,000 172 2,187.000

Conservation Analytical Laboratory 9 107,000 9 114,000 11 129,000

Office of the Registrar.. 24 233,000 26 246,000 28 266,000

Total, U.S. National Museum 204 2,549,000 206 2,614,000 219 12,874,000

In addition, these components require an increase in 1969 of $67,000 for necessary pay increases.

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The Office of the Director provides program planning and review of the U.S. National Museum'a programs of exhibition and education, training in museum techniques, advice and assistance to museums and community institutions, and museimi research and scholarship.

An increase of $120,000 is requested, including $40,000 for experimentation and evaluation of exhibits' effectiveness; $50,000 for planning for Smithsonian's role in commemorating the Bicentennial of the American Revolution; and $30,000 for the training of museum personnel. Need for increase

The value and effectiveness of museum exhibits and museum education are increasingly recognized by educators. Scores of requests from communities are being received by the Smithsonian for advice on the use of museum resources in teaching and in stimulating curiosity and the desire to learn. To improve exhibits in the Smithsonian and to provide authenticated advice on the exhibition and presentation of museum objec-ts, the Smithsonian has instituted new studies, experimentation, and evaluation of exhibits for the public and for the enrichment of classroom instruction. For example, a year's pilot test use of a series of 14 experimental learning exhibits on the physics of light have been completed by the 4th to 6th-grade students in a local school system. The results obtained were hailed by the teachers and principals. Side effects of the program included increased self-reliance of students who had had their first learning experiences away from the classroom. Valuable information was obtained for evaluating teaching aids in the museum itself. The museum can contribute to elementary and secondary education at a time when education concepts are changing rapidly.

It is planned to design further experimental exhibits for study, tests, evaluation, and modification in order to gain new knowledge of the sciences and techniques underlying the involvement of viewers through all their senses with objects and exhibits and to determine the fundamental values that produce the most effective exhibits. An exhibits researcher and funds for conti'actual services are required. An increase of $40,000 is sought for this need.

By virtue of its experience and scholarship in preserving and interpreting the national heritage through collections, research, and exhibition, the Smithsonian necessarily will have a central role in the celebration of che anniversary of the American Revolution. Such leadership will not be new to the Institution. A notable event in the early history of the National Musemn was its participation at the International Exhibition at Philadelphia in 1ST6 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the independence of the United States. The National Museum was charged with showing the mineral and animal products of the coimtry and its Indian tribes in both prehistoric and modern times. Congress appropriated $100,000 to the Smithsonian for these purposes.

Smithsonian museums already have prepared exhibits on the prelude to the Revolution and are initiating individual programs of research, publication, and collecting required to be ready for the observance. To provide national leadership, to coordinate the widespread activities of the Smithsonian components, and to develop a comprehensive program of scholarship and exhibition, the National Museum mu.st engage a scholar of recognized stature for program direction and a research as.sistant and provide for essential travel and contractual services, an increase of $.50,000.

For more than 100 years, the Smithsonian has engaged its staff, collections, and laboratories in the training of museum curators, exhibits' preparators, and museum technicians from other museums and elsewhere. This traditional role was confirmed by the National Museum Act of 1966 which has as one of its primary aims the development of future museum personnel. Scores of requests for training are among the approximately 1,000 requests for advice and assistance that have been received from museums since the Act's passage. On June 20, 1967, President Johnson wrote the Secretary in his role as Chairman of the Federal Council on the Arts and the Humanities, requesting recommendations on ways to support and strengthen American museums. To assist in meeting this need, the Smithsonian has continued to provide as much training in its collection .-ireas and laboratories as possible despite the absence of National Museum Act funding. In addition, a cooperative training program has been established with the Los Angeh^s County Museum of Natural History, the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, and the American Museum of Natural History in New York. Museum directors and their associations are requesting much more training to fill existing needs for curators and technicians acro.ss the country. To instruct an additional five trainees at the Smithsonian and in cooperating museums, an increase of $30,000 is required. 90-261—68—pt. 2 4.3

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The Office of Exhibits designs, produces, installs, modernizes, and maintains permanent exhibits in the Museum of Natural History and the Museum of History and Technology; prepares special temporary exhibits on important and timely subjects of art, history, and science; produces touring exhibits; provides exhibits for experimental neighborhood museums; and advises and assists with exhibits work and public events throughout the Smithsonian Institution.

An increase of $105,000 is sought, including $54,000 to prevent deterioration of permanent exhibitions; $16,000 to support the exhibits activities of the Neighborhood Museum; $25,000 to implement a major photographic exhibition program; and $10,000 to continue the development of innovative exhibits techniques.

Xeed for increase

During the past 12 years, large new permanent halls, each containing up to 1.50 unit displays, have been opened at the rate of more than four halls a year. By the end of fiscal year 1968, there will be 58 large halls open to the public. A conservative estimate of the investment in these exhibits is $10,000,000. These exhibits contain hundreds of visitor-operated units. Many objects are displayed in the open to add to the visitor's pleasure and education. Lighting causes paint fading and gradual deterioration. In the same period, attendance has increased by millions of visitors. Recently over 900,000 visitors were counted in one building in one month. The increases in numbers, quality, and complexity of the exhibits and the intense wear and abrasion to which high concentrations of viewers subject them require that additional maintenance be given to cases, public-operated models, audio systems, projectors, motors, and protective devices. This maintenance requirement far exceeds all former estimates. The Office of Exhibits should make continuous inspections, adjustments, repairs, and painting in order to forestall breakdowns and progressive deterioration and to protect this public investment, to avoid more costly complete overhauls and rebuilding of exhibits, to update ever-changing information and add newly acquired objects, and to keep the exhibitions open and in an operating and presentable condition to provide each visitor (many of whom may have only a single opportunity to see an exhibit) with maximum pleasure and education. Demands on the Office to open new permanent and special exhibits preclude close and continuous attention to maintenance and repairs. To meet this need, a minimal requirement is for six exhibits technicians and funds for contractual refurbishing services, supplies and materials, and replacement of worn-out exhibit equipment at a cost of $54,000.

A special tyijc of museum extension activity is exemplified by the Neighborhood Museum i)ioneered by the Smithsonian with great success as an educational, cultural, and social force in the community (see section on the Office of Education and Training). These museums require exhibition and museum innovations of a high order of originality and invention. Many exhibitions are geared to active participation by children. To prepare exhibits in support of neighborhood museums, an increase of $16,000 is required for supplies and equipment. -*'

For a number of years, the Vice President has spoken of the need for the Federal Government to give national recognition to photography as an art form uniquely capa,ble of communicating facts and information about important concerns of our times. As a member of the Smithsonian's F.oard of Regents, he urged that the Smithsonian expand its traditional role in photography and undertake to meet this need. The Regents have approved a goal of four niiijor photographic exhibitions a year on subjects related to worldwide photographic journalism, the documentary camera, photographic art. and photography in science. To implement this program and to produce one exhibition of national significance will require $25,000 for contractual services for the design of an outstanding exhibition, for the acquition of photographs, and for the preparation of suitable display fixtures.

The Office of Exhibits has been a pacesetter in the museinii world in the develo])ment and application of techniques and processes to improve exhibition effectiveness and to improve results or cut costs in the preparation of siu'ciinens for exhiliition. Illustrative of these advances are freezo-dry taxidermy and the bacterial preparation of skeletal material. As a result of recent World Fairs and Expositions here and abroad, exhibits viewers have become oriented to new and sophisticated exhibits devices and have come not only to accept but to expect these devices, which have added new dimensions to their enjoyment

and understanding of exhibits. The Smithsonian is a leader in this field and enjoys a worldwide reputation for excellence and for the development of new and pioneering efforts in the field of exhibits communication. Hundreds of museum professionals from this country and abroad, seeking advice and studying techniques, visit our laboratories. In order to .continue research in the innovation of exhibits techniques, an increase of $10,000 is sought for planning and conducting tests and evaluation, supplies, electronic components and testing equipment.

Maijitaining the high quality and level of exhibits productivity of the past several years, the Ofl!ice of Exhibits opened six new jjermanent exhibition halls to the general public during 1967—^including the first two halls of the Insititu-tion's unique Growth of the United States exhibition in the Museum of History and Technology, a eompreheiisive visual survey of every asi)ect of United States history which includes important American Revolution displays. In addition, the Oflice completed supplementary portions of 25 other permanent exhibition halls and produced 29 temiM>rary and special exliibits^—some of them of major national and international importance, such as the special exhibit on Chile, in conjunction with that country; the large-scale Alaska Centennial exhibit; the World Exjwsi-tion of Photography exhibit; the Vinland Map exhibit, which with its accompanying symposium drew .scholars from all over the world; and the Wedgwood exhibit, produced in conjunction with the 1967 Wedgwood International Seminar. Continuing in its role of service for the development and application of exiiibition techniques throughout the museum world, the Ofiiee of Exhibits received into its laboratories—for pui-poses of observation, instruction, and advice—more than 200 professionals from museums all over the United States and more than a score of foreign countries. In April 1967, the Office demonstrated exhibits techniques as part of a "job fair" for high school students in collaboration with the Neighborhood Youth Corps and the United Planning Organization.

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The Conservation Analytical Laboratory performs research in the science and techniques of the conservation of nniseiini and art gallery objects. It conducts analysis, treatment, restoration, and iires(>rvution of objects in the National Collections. Analysis of objects by advanced instrumentation is conducted to determine appropriate conservation procedures and to provide museum historians, archeologists, and scientists with basic information used in determining dates, history, attribution, and ancient production methods of objects under study. The Laboratory collects and disseminates information on conservation and analytical theories and practices for the use throughout the Smithsonian and in other institutions.

An increase of i?l."),0<JO is requested to meet a serious workload i)roblem in the conservation of metal objects.

'Need for increase

P'ntire collections of significant and valuable historical objects and .scientific specimens numbering thousands of items are in need of cleaning, repair, and conservation treatment. Objects are received from excavations and by donation at a rate far exceeding present cai>ability to analyze or to treat them adequately. Objects which have been inade(iuately preserved in the past are deteriorating toward conditions which will result in the need for costly restoration, if possible, or total loss. Notable con.servatiou accomplishments during 1067 included these examples: conditioning of anticpie cabinetry essential to new exhibits in natural science: the conservation of currency, drawings, and photographs: and the u.^e of X-ray diffraction tecliniipjes for the examination of pigment samples.

At present the Laboratory does not have available staff comi>etence in the conservation of metal objects. Yet a very large proi)ortion of the (>2-niillion objects in the National Collections are made of metal. The Division of Numismatics, for example, has at least 30,000 coins in need of conservation. Three or four other divisions house numerous ancient metal objects of greater complexity than coins. Many of the.se objects require individual attention which, in the cases of particularly difficult conservation needs, can require as much as one-half man-year per object. A conservator and a technician are required with additional specialized supplies and equipment to give close attention to metal objects. This is an essential increase of $1"),000.

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The Office of the Registrar records all accessions and loans of objects and specimens by the Museum of Natural History and the Museum of History and Technology. It provides central mail, messenger, and shipping services for the Institution and furnishes essential correspondence services for responding to public inquiries relating to the work of the two museiuns.

An increase of $20,000 is requested, including $10,000 to provide adequate handling of the large volume of information inquiries received from the general public and $10,000 to cover the moving of field equipment and the return of collected specimens, transporting objects for exhibition and study, and meeting higher shipping rates.

Need for increase

Public interest in the Smithsonian's activities, its exhibitions, and in its reference collections has grown enormously. The general public's insatiable quest for knowledge on every subject is reflected in the continued increase in letters asking about the Smithsonian's collections, requesting the Smithsonian to identify objects, or seeking other information. Correspondence from the Smithsonian to the public and to scientific, historical, and educational institutions has increased steadily. The number of pieces of mail handled annually by the central mail room increased from under 700,0(X) in fiscal year 1963 to almost one million in fiscal year lfM>7. More mail pick-up and delivery points on and away from the Mall add to the problem of adequately servicing Smithsonian offices.

Much of this mail concerns the activities of the Museum of Natural History and the Museum of History and Technology. Some 100.000 pieces of mail annually are opened, controlled, distributed for the required information, and replies prepared and mailed. Over 1,000 of these each month are from elementary and secondary school students.

Present manning of the central mail room and the correspondence control section does not permit prompt and accurate handling of mail. Two additional mail clerk positions with supplies are required.

In 1967, the Office of the Registrar arranged shipment for 1.5,000 objects totalling over one-million pounds. Among the interesting and significant cargo recently handled were a 15.000-pound meteorite, a collection of Mexican coins weighing two tons, a chariot dated 1825, a 17th-century Dutch marquetry cabinet, and a McMillan Synchrotron weighing 25,000 pounds. Many of these materials go on public displa.v or into the reference collections for study. An increase of $10,000 in transportation funds is required to continue to meet essential shipping requirements, many of which require complicated lacking and special-care arrangements.

3. MUSEUM OP HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY

1967 appropriation $1, 742, 000

1968 appropriation 1, 807, 000

1969 estimate 1, 926, 000

The Museum of History and Technology is the national museum of American cultural, civil, and military history and of the history of science and technology. It maintains reference collections and interpretive exhibitions concerning all aspects of American life in times past. Its professional staff and other historians from all parts of the world perform research leading to the discovery and documentation of materials of historic significance.

An increase of $119,000 is requesited to inchide $55,000 for a program of historic archeology through the excavation, salvage, and study of important objects from endangered historic sites and $20,000 to organize and make usable for research mas.ses of documentary material relating to the collections. This also includes $44,000 for necessary pay increases.

Need for increase

The program of historic archeology Is a principal feature of the Museum's preparation for the observance of the Bicentennial of the American Revolution. Of particular significance are the following projects: underwater archeology of 16th to 18th century naval and merchant shipping in the Caribbean ; underwater archeology of naval shipping in Lakes Champlain and George: colonial archeology in Virginia : and manufacturing and industrial archeology of New England factory sites. Many of the.se sites were focal points of activity during

the Revolutionary period and, as such, cannot be ignored in comprehensive planning for the celebration of the Bicentennial. Strong and immediate efforts must be made to study and photograph these sites and others; to obtain local documentation of them; and to excavate and salvage important objects before the sites are destroyed by construction or otherwise lost. As an example of these projects, a survey of early textile mill buildings in New England was initiated in June 1967. These sites are likely to disappear under pressures from urban renewal, highway construction, and other changing patterns of land and building use. Modem techniques, including aerial photography, are being used in this survey. The textile industry was selected as a starting point because it was the first American industry organized largely on the factory system.

The reque.'Jted increase also will enable the Museum to respond to requests for assistance in historic archeology. In the last year, little could be done to assist on several dozen requests received from New Jersey, Massachusetts, Maryland, New York, North Carolina, New Mexico, and individuals and organizations in other States who are properly concerned with the potential loss of important sites. These requests are being received with increased frequency as the approach of the Bicentennial increases the historical awareness of Americans. AVith the present staff of a single museum specialist in historic archeology and occasional attention by curators of other divisions, it is now impossible to respond to opportunities or needs. The increase also will permit a modest purchasing program of especially significant objects in association with the hi.storic archeology program. This acquisition is essential to the preparation of exhibits of the Revolutionary period. Two specialists and funds for travel, .supplies, and contractual services in the study of sites and the preparation of publications are also requested, a $55,000 total increase.

Eleven million objects are in the collections of the Museum of History and Technology. Usually each object in the collection is accompanied by a small amount of documentary literature (patents, letters, etc.) but frequently the Museum receives valuable collections of papers which document whole categories of specimens. These papers numl>er several million. Examples are the Peters print collection. Hammer electricity collection, Holley steel collection, Lehigh coal collection, and the recent acquisition of the War.shaw collection (containing over a million papers) which covers the whole range of the Museum's subject matter. The Mu,seum also has the largest collection of trade catalogs in the United States. Some of these documentary materials come to the Smithsonian partially organized; most of them, however, are not arranged when received. Little of this material can be foimd in any library. Much of it is unique and, as a supplement to the collection of objects, constitutes a principal attraction of the Museum to the student and .scholar. Some minimal organization and classification of this material will develop its research and educational potential. An archival assistant with supplies, equipment, and services are essential requirements to begin to arrange this material, an increase of .$20,000.

Current resources of the Museum cannot be stretched to meet these needs. Its staff has not increased in size in several years while at the same time public interest in the study collections is imposing an increasingly heavy demand on professional and support personnel time. Thousands of public inquiries require authoritative responses. Visiting scholars and students require assistance in locating and understanding the history and significance of objects. Loans of objects to other museums must be arranged. Increased numbers of acquisitions demand curation. Twelve hundred new collections arrived in 1067. The total number of obiects is now over 11 million. Thirty-two permanent exhibitions are now open. Eighteen halls remain to be completed to present a full panorama of history and technology to the visiting public now numbering more than five-and-a-half million persons a year. In connection with the events leading to the celebration of the American Revolution, a series of exhibits and commemorative publications over the next eight years will document this historic event. Already, a first exhibit was held commemorating the Stamp Act. This year, an exliihit on Ceorge Mason and the Bill of Rights was prepared, and significant objects belonging to George Washington. Thomas Jefferson, and other Revolutionary War figures were displayed in the new Growth of the T'nited States exhibition which opened in June. Exhibits on the Townshend Acts and the arrival of the British Customs Commissioners are being developed. A display of Revolutionary War naval paintings will he shown. Tlie staff continued to produce important research publications .such as Thr OrifihiK of f'hrmiatry. F!oiirrrft of ThrrmoclrrtrU-ilji and The Me-chaniraJ Enrjincrr in America, 1RS0-J910.

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4. MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

1967 appropriation $3,091 ,000

196S appropriation 3,259, 000

1969 estimate 3,465, 000

The Museum of Natural History is an international center for the natural sciences, maintaining the largest reference collections of anthropological, biological, and geological materials in the nation and conducting a comprehensive program of original research on man, plants, animals, rocks and minerals, and fossil organisms—their classification, distribution, and relationship to the environment. The reference collections and the resident scientists provide an important focal point for cooperative research and educational activities among Federal agencies, univeFsities, and other scientific institutions. Its studies of living and fossil plants and animals provide critical data for problems of pollution, medicine, development of food sources, and earth sciences pursued by Federal agencies and private research group.s. Through its exhibits and public activities it interprets the natural sciences to the nation.

An increase of $206,000 is sought including $105,000 to reduce backlogs of unprocessed collections and to strengthen the management of the National Collections in support of research and scholarship, and $101,000 for necessary pay increases.

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Custody of the National Collections poses a challenge requiring constant attention. As the prime repository for documentation of the nation's natural history, the Museum cannot limit the collections in scope or in numbers of specimens. The collections have nearly tripled in the past 20 years. Over 2.000 collections (containing many hundreds of thousands of specimens) were added in 1967. Today they contain .51 million specimens in anthropology, botany, entomology, invertebrate and vertebrate zoology, mineral sciences, and paleobiology.

The use of the National Collections by Federal agencies and scholars of the nation is timely and important. These collections form significant indicators to the condition of the environment and become increasingly important in studies of pollution and environmental quality control. For instance, the Department of Defense and other agencies involved in the national defense effort have used the collections steadily in the last few years. An example of the important research related to the Viet Nam conflict is the assignment of technicians by the Army and Navy to the Museum to develop a handbook of poisonous reptiles of Viet Nam for use by the U.S. medical forces. These research efforts involve not only the National Collections but also the supporting knowledge of the scientific staff of the Museum.

For decades the collections grew so rapidly that records of accessions and data on each object could not be promptly maintained. With the advent of data processing, the Museum has in the past few years developed improved techniques for cataloging specimens and for processing and manipulating their associated data. Today, cataloging is accomplished in less than half the time previously needed, it is many times more accurate, and the system adopted has a potential for further extensive savings. Greater accessibility of documentation associated with specimens will facilitate their use in research and reduce appreciably the clerical and scientific costs now consumed in searches.

Despite the development of better techniques and methods for managing collections, the current condition of the collections requires very substantial additional attention. An analysis of the 51 million .specimens hou.sed in the seven departments of the Museum produced an appraisal of collection condition. This review revealed that the overall status of processing (in.spection, fumigation, cleaning, preservation, etc.), documentation (identification, cataloging, and labeling), and organization (shelving and filing) of these specimens meets only one-half of acceptable levels in the Museum's objective to place these resources in condition for their most effective and widespread use.

In 1969, the collections and other resources of the Museum will be directed at all of its eight major program areas (Geophysics and Cosmochemistry, Natural Science: Tropics, Natural Science: North American, Ancient Technologies and Cultures, Social Behavior in Man and other Organisms, Studies of Living Sys-

terns, Marine Biology, and Investigations of Earth Flistory). Increases will be directed at two research areas of particular importance.

Nowhere in the world are the complexities of plant and animal interrelationships more numerous, more intricate, and less understood than in the tropics. Intense national and international interest in tropical biology has developed in response to deep concern for the rate at which man is exploiting and modifying this important and extensive segment of his environment. The Smithsonian Institution's own contributions to knowledge in tropical biology, the interest of the American academic community in tropical studies, and the impact of the International Biological Program have all contributed to the necessity for strengthening the Museum's capability to direct its resources to intensified studies in this field in full concert and collaboration with the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Plans for construction of a sea-level canal in Panama and escalating population pressures in tropical countries are examples of problems for which an array of organizations in the scientific community must ally in providing data. Further, the requirements of the defense effort in Southeast Asia for knowledge about the fauna, flora, ecology, and animal behavior in tropical areas have increased greatly. For example, the Department of Defen.se, in cooperation with the Smithsonian Institution, is carrying on a major study entitled. "The Mosquitoes of Southeast Asia," one of the largest studies in the history of the mosquito as a disease vector.

Knowledge of the tropics is so scant that much of the re.-^earch has been necessarily descriptive. This phase must continue to he emphasized, particularly as natural areas are being destroyed at an increasing rate. However, through the Ijroad programs of the Tropical Research Institute and through development of research centers such as Guama (cooperatively with the Brazilian Government), .stiidies of the interaction of flora, fauna, and environment are .stimulated.

The large collections of South American artifacts, flora, and fauna present in the National Collections form a superb base in the Fnited States for studies of the tropics. Tlirongh these studies can be developed a better understanding of the ways in which man and the natural fauna and flora can live together.

As a second significant research effort, the revision of "The Handbook of the American Indians North of Mexico" is imperative. The present handbook is 50 years old and the knowledge gained since its publication needs to be documente<l in one place. The logical focus for this activity is at the Smithsonian Institution where there are professional and collection resources for this purpose. The Smithsonian Institution has been collecting and preserving knowledge about American Indians since 1X7!), when Congress directed that all archives, records, and materials relating to the Indian collected by the Geographical and Geological Surveys be turned over to the Smithsonian. The long-.sought, projected nine-volume work, incorporating over 1,0(K) authors from the American anthropological and Indian communities, is in its second year of development. We are in a period of rapid social change, and authentic information on the political, eco-nomc. and social development of the American Indians is of great importance. The opportunit.v to document past American Indian cultures with any authenticity will soon be lost. The best source for this is the older generation, many members of which are passing away every year.

The handbook will likewise emphasize the modern situation of the American Indian. As such, it will be invaluable to other Federal agencies such as the Deiiartments of Interior. .Justice, and Health. Education and Welfare, for understanding Indian health and educational problems. Since some States are custodians of the Indians, they will also benefit from its publication.

To meet the above needs of improvements to the condition of the National Collections and applying this resource to specific research projects, an increase of eight museum technicians and research assistants at a cost of $28,000 is requested. Additional funding in the amount of $77,000 is required for travel and transportation in connection with field work and the return of specimens and materials, the rental of equipment, services in support of collection management and research studies, and purchases of storage cases, shelving, glassware for preservation, automatic machines for cataloging, and other facilities for the proper curation of the National Collections.

Solid accomplishments were made by the Museum in 1967. The number of publications reached a record level—364 publications (8,864 pages) were produced as compared with 159 (3,070 pages) in 1964. This reflects not only a growth of professional staff, but also increased scientists' productivity as a result of an improved ratio of supporting personnel, computer support, and centralized laboratory facilities. The published research of the Museum of Natural History is one of the most highly regarded reference libraries in systematic biology, paleontology, and anthropology in the world. These references are used daily by scientists in Federal agencies in the conduct of their missions and by scholars throughout the world. Accession rates of specimens climbed to one of the highest annual levels in the Museum's history. Over 2,100 collections of specimens were added. This influx represents increasing regard and requirements in the scientific and educational community for the National Collections and more research activity in biological sciences. Greater use of the collections by other scientists, universities, museums, and research organizations is shown by the high number of loans of specimens for study (from 127,000 in 1964 to 391,000 in 1967). Exchanges of materials with other museums also leapt from 28,000 specimens in 1964 to almost 50.000 in 1967. This loan and exchange program was with some 700 cooperating institutions. Over 5,(X)0 (4,000 for more than one day) visiting researchers, students, and scholars used the collections during 1967. This was a 10 percent increase over the previous year. The staff of the Museum of Natural History responded to thousands of information requests from Federal agencies, universities, research institutes, individual scientists, schools, museums, Governmental bodies, publishers, and the general puhlic.

More specific accomplishments in the area of research included the following. A cooperative effort by American and Canadian taxonomists was initiated to use the Museum's botany and library collections to produce a complete survey of North American plants covering the only major area of the Northern Hemisphere for which such flora does not exist or is not in progress. A center was established for the study of primate animals. The dramatic and still-increasing use of such animals in medical research and other scientific studies has exposed repeatedly the confusion and inadequacy of primate clas.sification. Geologic studies of the mid-Atlantic Ridge gave new insights into the development of the oceanic crust. Research on the development and aging of human bones will add to knowledge on the biochemical and micromorphological end results of the aging process. Clo.se collaboration between the Smithsonian Institution and the University of Maryland continued on studies of ectoparasites on viral and rickettsial infection.s. Studies of meteorites continued in collaboration with scientists from the Max-Planck-Institute in Germany, the Lament Geological Observatory, the California Institute of Technology, the Ames Research Center, and the Carnegie Institute of Technology. Fossil studies identified spec-ies which are significant to the geological .search for ground-water deposits in Oklahoma, Nebraska, and Kansas. Progress on the systematics of the mackeral family of fishes contributed to the development of plans for worldwide studies of the tuna with the Food and Agriculture Organization.

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NATIONAL AIB AND SPACE MUSEUM

1967 appropriation $438, 000

1968 apropriation 480, 000

1969 estimate 581, 000

The National Air and Space Museum is the nation's center for exhibition, education, and research in the history and principles of air and space flight. It possesses the world's greatest collection of objects related to aviation and space flight and represents an unparalleled resource for research in aviation and aerospace history; in flight science and technology; in the contributions of flight to the economy and culture of the United States; and in the pioneering efforts of early aviators and astronauts. It is continuously acquiring, preserving, and documenting historically and technologically important objects and records resulting from air and space research, development, and operations. Drawing upon its collections, the Museum produces exhibits and displays portraying the past, present, and future of aeronautics and astronautics in America.

An increase of $101,000 is requested to support new obligations incurred under an agreement between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Smithsonian Institution, with respect to the acquisition and preservation of historically important artifacts developed in the nation's aerospace programs. This includes $11,000 for necessary pay increases.

Need for increase

Public Law 89-509, approved July 20, 1966, added space science and technology to the National Air and Space Museum's area of responsibility. In response to the Congressional mandate, the Smithsonian signed an agreement with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in March 1967, whereby all historically important air and space artifacts developed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration will be transferred to the Air and Space Museum after their technical evaluation is completed. The National Air and Space Museum agreed to accept responsibility for the custody, protection, preservation, and display of such artifacts, both in the Museum, and on loan to NASA headquarters, NASA field centers, other Federal agencies, museums, and other organizations. NASA provided first year funding with the understanding that the Smithsonian would seek continued funding directly from the Congress. NASA provided an initial sum of $200,000 to enable the Smithsonian to begin its work. As a direct result of the current need for austerity, the Smithsonian is requesting funds for 1969 which will permit a level of operations only 40 percent of that for which the National Air and Space Museum is presently committed under the agreement.

The NASA Artifacts Program will increase significantly the number of historically and technologically significant air and space objects available for loan to other history and science museums and Institutions, Federal and private, for exhibition and study. National Air and Space Museum specimens have been on loan to the Goddard Museum at Roswell, New Mexico, the Air Force Museum at Dayton, the Naval Air Museum at Pensacola, the Naval Engineering Center at Philadelphia, and a number of private organizations. The Alan Shepard Mercury Spacecraft (Freedom 7) was on exhibit at EXPO 67.

Much work needs to be done to implement this agreement. The physical number of available artifacts is large. Literally hundreds of scientific and technical developments are involved and thousands of artifacts are potential candidates for accession.

Artifacts must be ."^elected carefully for accession, preservation, ajid exhibit such as flown manned spacecraft, spacesuits used by the astronauts, backup scientific satellites, and rocket motors that played critical roles in our space advances. The key advancements in aerospace science and technology must be documented and the artifacts related to such advancements sought, inspected, and accessioned for exhibit or study.

The artifacts are widely dispersed from coast to coast (at NASA Field Centers as well as at dozens of industrial and university ^mplexes). Therefore, increased curatorial travel to inspect specimens with regard to preservation, restoration, and preparation for shipment is mandatory. Travel is required also to meet with other museums and potential exhibitors seeking loans of specimens to determine the quality of physical and technical care which will be accorded the specimens and to negotiate satisfactory conditions for display.

During the first year of the coutract with NASA, $y,0(X) were budgeted for travel. The fiscal year 1969 requirements for travel will continue at least at the same level as for fiscal year 1968.

Because the National Air and Space Museum must move large and heavy specimens to its storage facility for preservation and preparation for display, a substantial increase in transportation funds is necessary.

An increase in contractual capabilities is necessary for a variety of preservation, exhibition, and special handling requirements of a nonrecurring nature for which i)ernianent staffing and equipping of National Air and Space Museum facilities would be impractical and uneconomical,

A wide array of materials is required to preserve, protect and restore aerospace artifacts as required by the NASA/Smithsonian Institution agreement. For example, all manned spacecraft must be sheathed in flexible plastic prior to publi<- exhibit as a matter of preservation and protection. Special chemical and other protective processes requiring nonstandard materials for control of corrosion (especially after specimens have been immersed in sea water) mu.st be applied before storage and/or display. Racks and heavy-duty cradling are required for proper and efficient storage of various types, sizes and weights of aerospace specimens.

To fulfill on a minimal basis the National Air and Space Museum's obligation under the NASA/SI agreement it is necessary to employ a curator in a.stro-nautics. a research historian (astronautics), and an exhibits specialist. This represents a total increase of $90,000 for this added responsibility.

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6. NATIONAL ABMED FORCES MUSEUM ADVISORY BOARD

1967 appropriation $127, 000

1968 appropriation 129, 000

1969 estimate 132, 000

The National Armed Forces Museum Advisory Board, as required by Public Law 89-186, advises and assists the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution on matters concerned with portraying the valor and personal sacrifice of the members of the armed forces and their extensive peacetime contributions in science, engineering, medicine, exploration, and other fields. The Advisory Board recommends lands and buildings suitable for the proposed National Armed Forces Museum Park; conducts planning with regard to the concept of the museum park, especially its role in the celebration of the Bicentennial of the American Revolution; performs research on the contributions of the armed forces; and collects and preserves materials for exhibit and for study.

No increase is sought for the programs of the Board for 1969. Planning and study efforts will be continued with emphasis on innovative approaches that will encourage scholarship in military history ; provide broad appreciation of the efforts and issues brought about by military security in a democratic society; and relate the Museum in a dynamic way with current national trends and thinking and with existing Smithsonian programs. The increase of $3,000 will meet necessary pay increases.

Study and survey efforts already initiated will be continued to locate and mea.sure available resources in the field of American military history. Objects of significant historical value will be acquired.

The National Armed Forces Museum and Park could be a valuable adjunct to the visitors traversing the Eastern Seaboard from Boston to Williamsburg for the commemoration of the events of 1776.

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7. FBEEB QAXXiEST OV AST

1967 appropriation $32,000

1968 appropriation 39.000

1969 estimate 46,000

The Freer Gallery of Art preserves and exhibits collections of oriental art of the highest quality, numbering some 4,000 Chinese objects, 2,000 Japanese, and 3,000 from the Near East and India. It furthers scholarship in oriental art hi.story and promotes studies relative to the collections, thus contributing to the increase of knowledge of the artistic achievements of Near and Far Ea.'^tern civilizations.

An increase of $7,000 is requested to provide secretarial assLstance for the Gallery's technical laboratory. This includes $2,000 for necessary pay increases.

Need for increase

The technical laboratory, which is entrwtecl with the analysis and pre.serva-tion of objects in the collection, has gained an international reputation for museum conservation. Numerous scientific teachniques are used, including microscopy, metalography. spectrographic and wet<'heniical analysis, x-ray diffraction, ultra-violet light study, and radiographic study. The laboratory is receiving an increasing number of requests (over 100 a month) to advise on historic conservation programs of the International Council of Museums, the International Institute of Con.servation. UNESCO, and other public and private organizations. Mo.st of the replies are lengthy and detailed involving the use of technical language and symbols. A .secretary is required to meet this heavy corre.spondence workload and to assist in the keeping of a con.«servation docmnentation center.

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8. NATIONAL COLXECTION OF FINE ARTS

1967 appropriation $739,000

1968 appropriation 937, 000

1969 estimate 1, 068,000

The National Colleftion of Fine Arts is dedicated to presenting American creative genius in the field of fine arts. It stimulates national pride in American cultural achievements by programs of exhibitions, lectures, and publications which develop public awareness and appreciation of this heritage. The international standing of American art is being enhanced by United States participation (organized by the Natiojial Collection of Fine Arts) in major international art exhibitions and through extensive circulating of American art abroad.

An increase of $131,000 is sought, including $43,000 to continue to establish a full program of outstanding exhibitions for the public in the newly restored Fine Arts and Portrait Galleries building and through the International Art Program and to strengthen graduate level art research; $32,000 to improve the condition of the reference collections; and $56,000 for necessary pay increases.

Xccd for increase

It is through a program of first-quality exhibitions and educational activities that the National Collection of Fine Arts will make its greatest contribution. Millions of visitors and residents of Washington, and hundreds of thousands of people overseas, through the International Art Program, will see American creative achievements in painting, graphics, sculpture, decorative arts, and the crafts. The interest generated l)y the exhibitions increases the need for supporting educational programs designed to strengthen scholarship in art and to enhance individual appreciation, understanding, and recognition of American art.

The new space provided by the Congress for the National Collection of Fine Arts in the Fine Arts and Pnrtrait (Jalleries ))uilding. to be (ipcned in May 196S. offers opportunity, challenging, and a number of increased demands. This space will permit three times as many concurrent changing exhibitions to be shown than were possible in the past. Instead of being limited to successive displays in two galleries, the related field of art—painting, graphic, sculpture, decorative arts and crafts—may be exhibited simnltaneou«ly in six new galleries. To use these spaces effectively, heavy reliance must be i)laeed on loaned objects. Major private art museums and collectors are willing to loan their valuable art obje<'ts to the National Collection of Fine Arts for exhibition in its exi>anded gallery space and in the overseas circulating exhibitions organized and managed by the National Collection of Fine Arts' International Art Program. Additional travel funds are necessary to negotiate loans. Continued availability of these res<iurces. however, is dependent upon the Gallery providing i>rofessional packing, safe shii>-ment, framing, matting, and other display arrangements. These arrangements I>ermit the exhibiting each year of art objects valued at several millions of dollars and the acceptance l>y the United States of opportunities offered ,by foreign governments to show work by American artists overseas.

The achievement within the past three fiscal years of national recognition from both the professional art community and the public of the National Collection of Fine Art.«f as a major art museum in the Ignited States reflects the soundness with which Federal funds have been applied to accomplish quickly this goal envisioned by Congress. The high degree of professional recognition may be illustrated by the willingness of such major art museums as the Whitney in New York, the Art Institute of Chicago, and the Los Angeles County Museum in California, for example, to accept for cooperative showing exhibitions organized by the National Collection of Fine Arts. Public recognition came rajwdly, primarily through the various news media which recorded favorably on one major National Collection of Fine Arts' exhibition after another. United States representation sponsored by the

National Collection of Fine Arts in the two top recurring international exhibitions. The Venice Biennale and the Sao Paulo Bienal, was received equally well. As a result, increasing numbers of inquiries from museums, universities, scholars, students, and the general public began arriving.

Of sjjecial significance were those seeking information about opportunities to engage in research at the museum using its collection of art objects, its archival and library resources, and professional guidance from the staff. Until recently, the Director and curatorial staff have been able to respond promptly and fully to these requests. The present volume of these requests is growing at a rate that precludes effective service with present resources. Approximately 50 requests a year are now being received. The exhibits and facilities in the new building will accelerate the demands from scholars and serious students of American art. It is essential that a senior scholar, as.sisted by a museum technician, be added to the staff to strengthen the research and education program by performing independent studies as well as aiding graduate .students, interns, and advanced researchers to use the resources of the National Collection of Fine Arts. An increase of $43,000 for staff, travel, shipping, services, materials, and equipment is requested for the above exhibition and education needs.

The collections form a great public heritage which the National Collection of Fine Arts is charged to preserve, study, and display. These collections now consist of over 8.000 items, many of which are of great .significance and value. The conserving and curating of these are clearly of prime importance. Furthermore, these items can be used to promote the understanding and appreciation of American art only as they are knowledgeably evaluated and displayed in their proi>er historical and artistic contexts. Several needs must be met to develop the collections for research and educational purposes. A research assistant is required to work on the approximately 5.000 prints and drawings in the collections which have received little or no attention. The 1.000 pieces of sculpture in the collections have been in storage for many years. All require cleaning and repairs. Many pieces will require several weeks' work. A full-time conservator of sculpture is required. This would reduce to a minimum the requirement for contract work in sculpture restoration.

Microfilming of research material throughout the nation presents an inexpen^ sive means of increasing research resources. Purchase of books and archival materials to complete chronological sequences will fill in gaps in reference works and enable more productive research and use of material already owned.

Although already possessing a well-equipped photographic laboratory, the National Collection of Fine Arts and the National Portrait Gallery are not receiving the full benefit of this investment due to the present personnel limitation of one photographer. Concurrent requirements by the two museums for photographic assistance are not being met and the current backlog of 2.300 items to be photographed is constantly increasing with new acquisitions, loans, and exhibits preparation demands. An assistant photographer is needed to absorb this workload and to reduce substantially the costs of contract photographic processing. An increase of $32,000 is sought for reference collection and support needs.

During 1967. substantial augmentations to the National Collection of Fine Arts' collections were made, most notably the S. C. Johnson Wax: Company collection of contemporary artists' works valued at approximately $1,000,000. Over 800 works were on loan to Government agencies as of June 1967. During the year, the National Collection of Fine Arts also lent 200 works to mu.seums and other educational institutions. Seven major American art exhibitions were held as well as a number of other shows. Ttie International Art Program successfully concluded the showing in Washington of the American section of the XXXIII Venice Biennale. The Art-in-Embassies Program continued with 64 collections in circulation ; .32 of these were started in 1967. The program currently repre.sents nearly a thousand American artists.

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9. NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY

1967 appropriation $610, 000

1968 appropriation 774,000

1969 estimate 832,000

The National Portrait Gallery collects, researches, documents, and exhibits portraits of persons who have made significant contributions to the history, development, and culture of the United States. This gallery, the only such institution in the United States, has the potential to become of major importance as a repository for historical and biographical iconography.

An increase of $58,000 is requested to strengthen the continuing public exhibition program and to implement the Gallery's legislated responsibility for study and scholarship in American portraiture. This includes $8,000 for necessary pay increases.

^eed -for Increase

The legislation which established the National Portrait Gallery in 1962, stated that it would function as a museum not only for the exhibition of portraiture and statuary documenting the history of the nation but also the study of such portraiture. The Gallery will meet partially the first objective by opening to the public in September 1968, with a distinguished display of portraiture, including many important borrowed paintings, that explores in depth the nature of the American character as it has developed through 200 years of history. In addition, a supplementary exhibition that describes the institution of the American Presidency through Presidential portraits will be presented, along with a selection of outstanding works from the Gallery's permanent collection, to include significant figures of the Revolutionary i)eriod. An intensified curatorial and exhibits' preparation effort must be made to meet the public opening goal and to provide for an outstanding continuing program of public viewing events in the 22 galleries available to the Gallery in the remodeled Fine Arts and Portrait Galleries Building. A continuing search and acquisition, through purchase or loan, of portraits of outstanding American men and women must be made. New acquisitions and borrowed items must be fully researched and documented. Special and temporary exhibitions on subjects of timely interest, including the events leading to the nation's independence, must be planned and developed. This effort will require additional support to be successful.

To fulfill the second objective with which the National Portrait Gallery was charged, the study of American portraiture, the Gallery should initiate advanced study and research, based on its own and other area collections, employing the resources of its library and staff, and inviting the participation of other museums, universities, and leading art historians in the country. Exploratory efforts to this end have been initiated.

This program initially will have three primary elements.

A postgraduate, predoctoral program in American Portraiture for advanced students in art history and American studies will be established. It will consist of seminars, coUoquia. assistance in the formulation of dissertation topics, and supervision of doctoral dissertations.

The Gallery is preparing the Catalog of American Portraits, a national inventory of likenesses of Americans of historical significance. Nearly 10.000 portraits have been documented. The first steps have been taken toward the use of automatic data processing for the Catalog so that it can be indexed by subject, artist, location, dates, medium, etc. This Catalog is undertaken as a service to scholarship, but with the awareness that its information will contribute greatly to the growth of the national portrait collection, as a guide to the Institution's search for new acquisitions, and will permit public inquiries to be answered in a manner that may lead ultimately to donations.

In the planning stage is a multivolume study of the portraits of the leaders of the American Revolution to appear during the Bicentennial celebration. An edition on microfilm of the complete papers of Charles Willson Peale, ix)rtrait painter of the Revolution, with publication in book form of selected writings also is planned.

To meet the above exhibition, research, and public and scholarly education needs, two historians, an archivist, and a supi>orting clerical position represent es.sential requirements. Modest increases for travel and the purchase of portraits are needed.

This is a requested increase of $50,000.

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1967 appropriation 0

1968 appropriation $56, 000

1969 estimate 93, 000

The Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden will be the permanent home of the collection of art of Joseph H. Hirshhorn and the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Foundation, donated to the Smithsonian Institution for the benefit of the people of the United States. This museum will be used for the exhibition, study, and preservation of this unique collection of art.

An increase of $37,000 will permit limited headway on properly organizing, conditioning, photographing, readying the collection for exhibit, and planning the exhibitions and other programs in the new museum. It includes $2,000 for necessary pay increases.

2fee(l for increase

The museum must continue a very substantial job during 1969 of two to three years preparations for the opening of a major gallery of art, including the move of approximately 7,000 paintings, drawings, and sculptures, now located in New York and Connecticut. Plans demand modest phased additions to the present small staff. New acquisitions to the collection (many since the original gift, including works by Cassatt, Stuart Davis, Moore, Rodin, and Sargent) must be fully documented. Research on individual pieces must be completed to fill in and update existing records. A thorough analysis must be undertaken of the physical condition of all pieces, with repair, conservation, and preservation procedures applied where necessary to assure the collection's best possible condition for exhibition and study. The extensive collection must be photographed in order to enhance its documentation, to assist researchers and students in studying the collection, and to aid in the design and productiion of exhibits. Framing and mounting needs must be determined and services obtained. A basic reference library of books, catalogs, periodicals, and other materials must be developed to meet essential research requirements. The director should visit national and international exhibitions and other museums as are essential to keeping him current and informed of new developments. The donor will continue to absorb certain costs for maintaining the temporary oflSces in New York City. In fiscal year 1969, the Smithsonian Institution must assume partial operating costs of minimal office spaces.

To meet these needs, a curator and a librarian must be added to the staff and the museum supported with additional funds for travel, rent, contractural services, supplies, and the purchase of library materials, a total of $35,000.

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11. SMITHSONIAN ASTEOPHTSICAL OBSERVATORY

1967 appropriation $1, 696, 000

1968 appropriation 1, 808, 000

1969 estimate 1, 907, 000

The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory is a center of active I'esearch in astrophysics, the science concerned with the origin and matter of the solar system and tlie universe. It is the only United States Government observatory devoted to basic research in astrophysics.

To promote collaboration and mutual support, the Observatory maintains a constant exchange of information and people with other Government organizations, especially with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Department of Defense (DOD), and the National Science Foundation (NSF). The Observatory participates actively with these groups in the planning and execution of national scientific programs, such as the United States participation in the International Quiet Sun Year and the 1966 solar eclipse expeditions to South America, both coordinated by NSF and the United States geodetic satellite program organized by NASA.

As a by-product of its primary effort in pure research, the Observatory provides many services to other organizations. Its round-the-world network of astrophysical observing stations continually responds to special requests from NASA and DOD, providing information for which there is usually no other source. The U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey and American and foreign universities and observatories also use the facilities of the stations and of the headquarters in Cambridge. A postdoctoral fellowship program administered by the National Academy of Sciences brings outside scholars to the Observatory. As a service to the International Association of Geodesy and to the International Astronomical Union, respectively, the Observatory operates the Central Bureau for Satellite Geodesy and the Bureau of Astronomical Telegrams. Both are international clearinghouses for scientific information.

An increase of $99,000 is requested for the planned implementation of the Observatory's research in radio astronomy, gamma-ray astronomy, meteorites and cosmic dust, and for a limited build-up of support of the Mt. Hopkins, Arizona, optical observing site. Request includes §2.3,000 for necessary pay increases.

Isleed for increase

Radio astrcmoni!/.—Radio astronomy provides a rich source of new astro-physical information. Observations of discrete spectral lines give clues to processes on the atomic and molecular scale ; data on fiare stars reveals violent events on stars: study of quasars (quasi-stellar-radio sources) yields knowledge about these strange objects which seem to emit vast amounts of energy by some process not yet understood. During 1967 and 1968, an 84-foot radio telescope for joint use by the Smithsonian Astrophysiical Observatory and Harvard College Observatory (HCO) will have been installed and a \igorous observing program established.

To utilize this instrument efficiently during 1969, it is essential to add a radio a.stronomer to the small group of radio astronomers at the Observatory and provide computer and other services, an increase of $19,000.

Gamma-ray astronomy. —Gamma-Ray Astronomy, the detection and analysis of gamma rays from astronomical objects, is still in an embryonic state. Theoretical calculations predict that a detachable flux of gamma rays is emitted by several astronomical objects. Scientists at the Observatory have played an important role in analyzing the theoretically great potential of this branch of astronomy and in developing instrumentation for its pursuit. High energy gamma rays are particularly important for the information they carry about high energy phenomena in the universe.

During 1967 and 1968. a single large reflector to collect Cherenkov light for pursuit of gamma-ray astronomy will have been installed at the Observatory's Mt. Hopkins. Arizona site, and preliminary measurements will continue to be made with this in.strument. It is essential that an increase in travel funds of $3,000 be made available so that the .scientific staff may make optimum use of the instrument. The Observatory is the only known .such facility pursuing this branch of astronomy with gronnd-baso<l instrumentation of large size. Thus, it is essentially the national observatory for this work.

Meteorites and cosmic dust. —The Ol>servatoi-y is investigating tlie petrography, mineralogy, metallurgy, and isotopie eomi)()siton of meteorites and cosmic dust in order to reveal the history and evolution of the solar system as recorded in meteoritic matter. The same techniques will be applied by the Observatory to returned lunar samples in a responsibility assigne<l to it by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Current activities include a concerted effort to measure the (juantity of extraterrestrial dust falling (m the earth and to e.stab-lish criteria for its identification.

During IIWJS. substantial additions will have been made to the laboratory equipment for this research at the Observatory. These additions were scheduled some years in advance and similar purchases are not planned for 1969.

Tbi3 program contains an increase of $3,(X)0 for rent. .fsiO.OOO for .services, $5,0(K) for sui)i)lies. and a decrease of $60,000 for equipment, a total decrease of $45,000.

Theoretical astrophysics. —The Observafory is making signifieant contributions in topics such a.s .sitellar atmospherics and the evolution and mechanics of the solar system. It is pioneering in tJie use of high-speed digital computers for .solving complex astrophysical problems. Although a measured increase for computing is anticipated over the next several years, additional funding for theoretical astrophysics is not requested at this time.

Optical observatory and observations. —Over the past several years, scientists at the Observatory have demonstrated an escalating need for observation time on conventional telescopes. The Observatory has not had a conventional telescope. The need has exc-eeded the time available on instruments at other observatories, particularly in support of stellar atmosphere research. A meaningful program addressed to this ixarticular need will occupy very productively the full time of a modest-sized optical instrument. Thus, during 1968, a 60-inch telescope is being procured and during 1969 this will be housed at the Observatory site on Mt. Hopkins. Arizona. To man this in.strument properly, two observer-a.stronomers must be attached to the Mt. Hopkins staff during 1969.

By 1969, the following will be in operation on Mt. Hopkins: (1) Gamma-ray astnmomy instrument, (2) satellite tracking la.ser. (3) Baker-Xunn Camera. (4) 12-inch telescope, and (5) 60-inch telescope. Scientific use of these instruments plus our activities in Interference Si>ectroscopy and Atmospheric Investigations require additional funds for travel to the site. Operational implementaton of the 60-inch telescope will require additional instrumentation.

Total increases of $99,000 for this program include $16,000 for personal compensation and benefits, .$6,000 for travel of scientists and engineers to Arizona, $8,000 for computer and other services, and $69,000 for equipment. Funding requirement decreases in the meteorite program will be used to offset this need.

Flifiht experiments.—The Observatory is actively exploiting Ixith balloons and artificial satellites in order to make critical measurements of gamma rays and ultraviolet radiation of extraterrestrial origin above the atmosphere blanket.

No significant change is anticipated in the Observatorv funding for flight experiments in 1969.

Meteors and cMnets. —Both radio and optical observations of meteors are made regularly. The distribution of its stations around the world make possible nearly continuous observations of bright c(miets. yielding data not otherAvise available anywhere in the world. Recently, data from very bright meteors show that most of the incoming meteoroids are surprisingly fragile.

Although no change in the Observatory's funding level for these activities is planned for 1969, the program will continue vigorously.

Planetarii and lunar. —Studies of planets and satellites in the solar system, including inevestigations which bear on the earth as a planet, are making substantial advances in this decade. The Observatory is making significant contrbutions, particularly in the areas of planetary atmospheres and geodesy. No increase is sought for this program.

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12. SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL EESEABCH INSTITUTE

1967 appropriation $307, 000

1968 appropriation 308, 000

1969 estimate 446, 000

The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute conducts and supports basic biological research, education, and conservation in the tropics. It does so in several ways: 1) by the scientific research of its own staff; 2) through the maintenance of a natural reserve on Barro Colorado Island; 3) through oi>eration of research facilities, including both terrestrial and marine laboratories, open to visiting scientists and students; 4) by directing and supporting the education and training of students at all levels from imdergraduate to postdoctoral; and 5) by providing technical and scientific information and counsel to other institutions, both private and Governmental.

No new funds have been appropriated for two years while at the same time the Institute is increasingly looked to for a full measure of support of the growing requirements from the outside while developing its own significant research role and performance.

In order to service its minimal workload needs and reestablish a slow and deliberate pace in supporting its research potential, an increase of $138,000 is required as follows: $56,000 to rectify serious shortages in supporting services including an administrator, to relieve scientists of growing management responsibilities and to pursue productive relationships with other Federal and private agencies, two laboratory assistants and two laborers; to replace terminal funds from other sources for the salaries of two scientists ; and funds for necessary supplies and completely depreciated equipment; $19,000 to fill an important gap in the professional staff by adding a theoretical ecologist, and to provide him with necessary support; $50,000 for the review and application by the Research Awards Program to proposals directly related to marine biology and tropical ecology to permit the essential lead-time to assess the biological costs of sea-level canal construction ; and $13,000 required for necessary pay increases.

Need for increase

The Smithsonian Ti-opical Research Institute is the only U.S. field laboratory of its kind in the American tropics today. Consequently, the great upsurge of interest in science and technology in the tropics has resulted in a rapid increase both in the number of visiting students and scientists, in the number of requests for .service made on the Institute, and for the dissemination of its research findings.

To assure the most effective cour.se, a thorough and ongoing review of the research program and services of the Institute has been undertaken. A team of several of the country's leading biologists from Harvard, Princeton, University of Maryland, and Rockefeller University was assembled recently to conduct an on-site review. Their conclusion :

"The general impressions received by the members of the Visiting Committee were highly favorable. The opportunities for important research are unlimited and the existing staff of high competence and originality. The Institute certainly deserves vigorous support. STRI has already had an important impact on the training of graduate students and indeed most research on tropical biology published in the United States was either conducted at Panama or by investigators who have received their first introduction into tropical biology at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute."

The urgency of the study of tropical biology is becoming recognized at last. Most of the world's underdeveloped countries are in the tropics. Their populations are increasing very rapidly while their natural resources are being destroyed at a constantly accelei^ating rate. It is vitally important to acquire a better understanding of tropical environments and biotas, and their potentials, in order to recommend sound policies for future management and conservation practices, and lay the groundwork for sustained economic development and the improvement of standards of living. This can be done only by increasing basic research, and it must be done as soon as possible. These concerns are uniquely compatible with purely scientific interests. The tropics are extremely important from a purely .scientific point-of-view. There is convincing evidence that they are the place of origin and the principal center of evolution of most groups of organisms. They also support a much larger nmuber and a greater diversity of si)ecips than other regions. Ecological and behavioral relations are more complex in the tropics than elsewhere. Adaptations evolve more rapidly in the

tropics, and tropical species are more apt to be successful in invading other regions than the reverse. Thus, analyses of tropical environments and organisms are yielding, and should continue to yield, valuable insights into fundamental biological processes.

Within the tropics, the Panamanian region is particularly interesting for several reasons. The isthmus itself is a bridge between two continents. It is the route by which species of northern origin move south, and southern species move north. Thus, it is a living laboratory for the study of zoogeographic change. The fact that the Atlantic and Pacific are only 50 miles apart in central Panama is also significant. Nowhere else in the world can the distinct fioras and faunas of two oceans be compared as easily and under such favorable conditions. The range of habitats, sandy, rocky, mangroves, coral reefs, estuaries, silty waters, clear waters, beaches with high tides, with little tidal range, etc. is extraordinary. In view of all these facts, it is not surprising that the Institute attracts more and more scientists and students. And there is every reason to believe that this increase will continue to accelerate. The number of graduate students doing long-term research under the direction of bureau staff has increased from 0 in fiscal year 1965 to six in fiscal year 1967. The niunber of graduate students working at bureau facilities for shorter periods has increased from 25 in fiscal year 1966 to 138 in fiscal year 1967.

The use made of bureau facilities by visiting scientists from various institutions in the United States and abroad has increased steadily. In fiscal year 1966, 88 senior scientists made work visits to Institute facilities; in fiscal year 1967. this was up to 96. Technical assistants, engineering specialists, members of natural history bodies swelled the total nmnber of visits to 468, nearly all of which required professional guidance and coordination.

In 1967. significant research projects facilitated by the Institute were conducted separately by teams from Washington University, University of Pennsylvania, University of Rhode Island, Rockefeller University, Washington State University, University of North Dakota, and the University of Michigan, to name but a few. Fellows from the Organization of American States conducted long-term studies.

The in-house research activities of the bureau staff have also increased in both amount and variety. Research opportunities were much broadened by the opening of a marine laboratory in fiscal year 1966 to take advantage of the'posi-tion of the Isthmus of Panama, and initiate comparative studies of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Development of the marine biology program is of considerable importance in relation to assessing the impact of the proposed sea-level canal in the Panama area.

The Institute now provide services and information in direct support of the feasibility study for the canal project. However, the need to initiate a long-term research program to assess the environmental changes to be expected when two oceans are linked, represents an urgent objective of national and hemispheric importance. The Institute can provide important leadership and a core nucleus in the essential effort to become sufficiently familiar with tropical ecological systems to estimate the biological cost of permitting biota from the two oceans to intermingle. Seed money now^ can reap significant economic savings in future years.

In the judgment of review committee scientists, "all members of the (STRI research) group are highly productive. Each project relates to funclomental biological principles. . . . The result is a wide si^ectrum of activities which are imaginative in conception and vigorou.sly pursued. Visiting investigators benefit greatly from this (staff breadth)." The ongoing research of the Institute's own professionals is concentrated on productive inquiries in the fields of evf>lution : sr>cial behavior; communication; species diversity; and zoogeography. Considering the limited dollars available for research, research productivity compares favorably with scientific organizations in the United States and can climb further with modest increased support.

The increase of educational and research activities during the past two years has been rewarding, but it also has placed a severe strain on e<iuipnu'nt and staff. Some of this .strain has been absorbed by more efficient use of facilities and professional resources. Rut the limit has now been reached. Costs and demands rise while resources remain static. Despite growing workload, reduction-iii-force measures are now neces.sary in stripping back on temporary labor used t(» handle peak loads.

All available space is already overcrowded, and therefore deteriorating rapidly. Current grants are running out, and probably cannot be renewed (largely because of the National Science Foundation curtiiilment of its support of Smithsonian Institution research projects). Appropriations are requested here to compensate for these losses, and allow the bureau to continue to operate at its present level of research and service while making modestly scaled progress in meeting new problems in marine and ecological research.

Theoretical ecology is of central importance to the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute programs, both scientific studies and education and training. The subject is becoming increasingly complex, however, and it is necessary to add now a theoretical ecologist to the staff, to talie special charge of several projects in this field.

The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute contributes essential information to many Government agencies concerned with the manipulation and improvement of tropical environments. Among these are the Departments of Defense, Agriculture, Interior, the National Institutes of Health, and the Atlantic-Pacific Interoceanic Canal Study Commission, for example: Identification of human disease-bearing, host animals and their habitats.

The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute can continue to improve and carry forward its tropical research, field study center, and problem service responsibilities by the selective support identified here at this critical juncture in its history and development.

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13. RADIATION BIOLOGY LABORATORY

ami appropriation .$340. 000

1968 appropriation 394, 000

1969 estimate 4.14, 000

The Radiation Biology Laboratory conducts pioneering research on the functions of living organisms affected and controlled by radiation, primarily as related to the utilization of sunlight. Such studies produce information funda-meiital to the development of technological advances and applications, especially in food production and environment control.

An increase of $60,000 is requested including $15,000 for a physiological ecologist to fill a gap in the controUed-environment biology program and $35,000 for mechanical and service i>ersonnel and supply support for science programs. $10,000 are for necessary pay increases.

Need for increase

The sun is the principal source of energy for life on the earth. Radiant energy from the sun is trapped by pigments and converted to potential chemical energy. The re.search of the Radiation Biology Laboratory is directed toward understanding the cellular and subcellular mechanisms and processes by which organisms use radiant energy for their growth and development.

This research is of wide application. For example, the quality and duration of sunlight is of the greatest importance in the growth and development of many plants as well as animals of direct agricultural importance. In addition, the quality, duration, and periodicity of light is of direct con.sequence to living organisms including man in determining their physiological tolerance to ionizing radiation and chemical agents. In fact, the modern fields of biophysical physiology and biochemistry have a continuing requirement for a preci.se characterization of solar radiation in developing exi>eriments of health-oriented importance to man.

Radiation biology is interdisciplinary in nature, extending from the primary physical event of radiant energy absorption through the chemical transformation of the mi lecule to the final physiological expression in cells and whole organisms. Specific and varied disciplines must be welded together to achieve an understanding of this process. The distinctive combination of research disciplines in the Radiation Laboratory is particularly well-adapted to the study of complex biological problems such as those cited by the U.S. National Committee for

the International Biological Program. One such problem is "to identify the environmental factors that limit production of plant materials, particularly food stuffs."

To achieve such goals, the Radiation Biology Laboratory undertakes a comprehensive approach, examining aU the variable factors of the organisms and their functioning, the influences upon them, and the interrelationships among these. The addition of a physiological ecologist is required to complete the team investigation of biological responses. A physiological ecologist would study the adaptive structural and functional features which link the plant or animal to its environment and investigate all forms of transfer and transformation of energy and mass connected with the dynamics of a living system. This is an increase of $15,000.

Mechanical and service support for science programs is indispensable. Scientists are employed for their knowledge and skill in conducting research. Their time should not be wasted on servicing and maintaining physical facilities and equipment. The complexity of technology and cost of equipment employed in the conduct of research are such that a trained maintenance staff is essential. In a laboratory biological program, controlled-environment facilities include refrigeration machinery with precise temperature control systems, electrical systems to operate humidity and light control devices, and various plumbing and mechanical facilities for adapting instruments to specialized laboratory use. Several research projects require special ventilation and refrigeration facilities which must be maintained continuously around the clock for long periods. Interruption of services for more than a few hours in a single experiment of several months' duration can invalidate the entire experiment. These additional personnel are required now for ongoing research projects and will be essential to proper maintenance and operation of the Laboratory's improved facilities in its relocation site. Laboratory service personnel must have special qualifications. Their services are separate and distinct from the kinds associated with conventional physical plant maintenance. Four mechanical positions and supplies and equipment for laboratory support are required, an increaseof $35,000.

The Laboratory has a long history of accomplishments in the study of biological mechanisms regulated by radiation. Most recently, in 1967, a "first" has been the successful measuring of the relative sensitivity of the control of growth and bending response of moss cells by various regions of the visible spectrum. This may have general significance in understanding plant development under natural environmental conditions.

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14. OFEICB 07 ECOLOQf

1967 appropriation $118, 000

1968 appropriation 120, 000

1969 estimate 157,000

The Smithsonian Office of Ecology plans and oversees a program of fundamental research on the interrelationships of living organisms, including man, vpith their total environment. This program emphasizes the effects of rapidly changing environments on natural resources and on human societies. The Office is concerned also with conservation in the sense of preserving the capacity of ecological systems to support rich and varied forms of life. Currently the program has two major focuses : One on the development of international programs of ecological research, especially in foreign countries where Public Law 480 funds have been made available through the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program; and the other on ecosystem-oriented science at the Chesapeake Bay Center for Field Biology. The Office's work brings into concerted action efforts under way in the Smithsonian's research bureaus with those of other public and private agencies and with activities such as the International Biological Program.

An increase of $37,000 is requested in support of research activity at the Chesapeake Bay Center for Field Biology and environmental studies abroad. This includes $2,000 for necessary pay increases.

Need for increase

Society is facing the urgent need to adjust patterns of human culture to the physical and biological limitations of the earth's resources and ecological systems. With his modern technology, man is capable of massive environmental changes which are usually irreversible and can affect adversely the lives of future generations as well as his own. Public concern is growing over the deteriorating quality of human life through improper management of natural resources and environmental systems. The importance of bringing national science resources to bear on predicting the consequences of alterations in the world's resources and environment is recognized. This cannot be the responsibility of any single institution or agency. The Smithsonian's board and deep resources must be brought to bear in an overall national and world effort.

The foundations for a program in ecology at the Smithsonian have been built up since the Institution's establishment. They consist of a closely-interrelated pattern of scientific skills, the National Collections in the natural sciences, and the availability of natural preserves. Smithsonian scientists are concerned with the quality of the environment, for they are largely concerned with systematics, with setting into categories organisms that are inescapably a part of the particular environments within which they, as species, live. The Institution also has well developed experimental programs on photosynthesis and the effects of radiation on plants and animals. Its extensive biological and anthropological collections are essential for precise determination of the components of the ecological systems in which we live. Plants and animals in the Smithsonian's collections provide significant comparisons with those in their natural habitats. Similarly, data about specimens in the collections in relation to their environments, acquired over a period of 120 years of collecting and documenting, become a series of benchmarks against which modern environments can be gauged.

Similar benchmark resources are offered by the Institution's natural preserves at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and the Chesapeake Bay Center for Field Biology. These are natural complexes that are relatively unmodified by man and which can be used to understand the dynamics of the natural environment and to measure and forecast the effects of human interference.

The Office of Ecology is charged with the responsibility of enhancing the growing and productive use of the Smithsonian's professional, collection, and preserve resources in a coordinated study effort.

At the Chesapeake Bay Center for Field Biology long-range studies of vegetation change will supply knowledge which is essential for the management of vegetation for forestry, wildlife protection, control of watersheds, beautification of highways and oi)en spar-es. and right-of-way maintenance. Sufficient evidence has accumulated In the last 2;" years to challenge seriously the textbook concept of plant succession. The ('h('sai)eake Bay Center for Field P.iology also offers a resource for environment;!! studies basic to an understanding of the movement of pollutants and their effect on terrestrial and estuarine ecosystems. For in-

stance, iu 1967, studies on the dynamics of populations of ospreys and great blue herons in the area may help to evaluate the influence of man's activities in contaminating ecological systems with insecticides since these birds concentrate quantities of insecticides large enough to influence reproduction and mortality.

Surveys of opportunities for ecological research have been initiated in a number of foreign countries. Opportunities are sought for research in basic principles and concepts concerning the dynamics of animal populations, vegetation change, primary and secondary productivity, the cycling of nutrients, demography, numerical regulation of populations with emphasis on social behavior, and. ecological anthropology.

To meet the research and administrative needs of the Chesapeake Bay Center for Field Biology and foreign ecological study programs, one research biologist, one administrative assistant, and one clerk-typist are essential additional staff needs. Additional funds are needed also for maintenance of the Center, including utilities, and for travel, equipment, and supplies for scientists using the Center. This requires a total increase of $35,000.

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15. OFFICE OF OCEANOGRAPHY AND LIMNOLOGY

1967 appropriation $254, 000

1968 appropriation 2;"9, 000

1969 estimate 347, 000

The Office of Oceanography and Limnology operates the Smithsonian Ocean-ographic Sorting Center which processes marine specimens from national and international expenditions for use by scientists of the world in specimen-related research. The Office also facilitates the productive involvement of Smitlisonian scientists in aquatic research of national and international significance, and provides outside scientists and research organizations with a focal point for their effective use of Smithsonian competencies within the nntional interest. Through its Sorting Centers in Washington, D.C., and in Tunisia (the latter principally supported by the Foreign Currency Program), the Office serves as a sub.stantial producer and repository of biological and geological data for the Federal Government .These data are used in the evaluation and harvest of fisheries and mineral resources: in the protection of human life at sea ; in the resolving of naval problems of fouling, bioluminescence and bioacoustics; and in studying the effects of pollution on the marine environment.

An increase of $88,000 is requested to process and distribute urgently needed, backlogged speciments collected by the International Indian Ocean Expedition, the International Cooperative Investigations of the Tropical Atlantic, the Guinean Trawling Survey, and Antarctic Expeditions in prepartion for materials to be received from newly approved international exi>editions to the Caribbean, the Mediterranean, and the Southern Ocean. Included is $8,000 for necessary pay increases.

Need for increase

More than 150 U.S. .scientists have participated in biological collecting cruises of U.S. vessels engaged in interaational expeditions developed under the 84-nation Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. The Smithsonian Institution on behalf of the U.S. Government accepted the responsibility in 1962 to sort the resulting collections and deliver them to the collecting scientists and to other scientists in the world able to study and evaluate them in relation to available food and other resources from the sea. Although two of these expeditions have been completed for more than two years, past budget restrictions have been so stringent as to limit severely the performance of the Institution under these commitments. Newly approved major international expeditions to the Caril>bean, the Mediterranean, and the Southern Ocean place great urgency on completion of sorting of the backlog. Unless such work is completed, a significant portion of the value to our understanding of the footl resources of the former expeditions will be lost.

lu developing iuformatiou on the potential resources in the ocean, the Sorting Center collects, tabulates, and distributes information concerning the nearly 500,-000 kinds of marine organisms of potential value to man. Efforts of the Center have resulted in the development of a new held of biology. This field concerns meiofaima, minute animal life living in and among sediments at the bottom of the sea, and providing food for bottom-feeding fishes and other organisms.

Since the Center began operations in 1963, 35,000 samples ef marine organisms and sediments have been received. From 27,000 of these samples, more than 16 million (seven million in 1967) individual organisms have been sorted for study by scientists. A total of 1,000 shipments of specimens has been sent during the four and one-half years of the Center's existence. Actively servicing 254 scientists from 27 countries of the world, each studying a different group ef marine species, the Sorting Center has been unable to meet the accelerated demand caused by the increasing world interest in marine production.

The success and enthusiasm with which scientists and institutions have received the services provided by the Center is shown by the regularly increasing quantities of bulk materials sent to the Center since its establishment and b.v corresponding increases in the volume of requests for specimens. Production is becoming backlogged and is not meeting research requirements. More than 100 requests for specimens cannot be met. Advisers and users of the Center also have urged that its operations be broadened to include more extensive coverage of sediments and rock samples and additional biological groups.

The Center continues to serve the National Science Foundation, the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, the National Oceanographic Office, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, and many private institutions and universities in the processing of marine collections. Recently, a recommendation to the National Science Foundation resulted in a substantial modification and cost saving to the planned plankton-collecting program in the Antarctic.

A valuable by-product of the activities of the Sorting Center has been its training of oceanographic technicians. All of the nearly 100 trainees already provided have been gainfully employed. The increase requested would be an important asset in meeting the shortage of manpower for oceanographic work by industry and Govei'nment.

An additional two scientists and six technicians are needed urgently to oversee Center activities and to sort, document, and distribute the increased flow of newly-collected materials as well as to start reducing the amount of backlogged collections. Increases are required for travel to oversee the movement of collections, computer time in connection with systems being developed to improve recordkeeping, sorting and shipping supplies and preservatives, and microscopes and other sorting equipment. These increases will result in greatly accelerated research effectiveness by investigators now having only partially useful collections.

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16. RESEARCH AWARDS PROGRAM

1967 appropriation $400, 000

1968 appropriation 400,000

1969 estimate 430, 000

The Smithsonian Research Awards Program supports intramural research projects not funded either by outside agencies or through the regular plans of operation of the bureaus.

An increase of $30,000 is requested for support of projects rated to be of high scientific merit. An additional $50,000 would be reviewed for support of marine and biological studies at the stations of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama as explained in the justification for that bureau.

Xeed for increase

The Research Awards Program was started in fiscal year 1966 for the purpose of financing new or continuing research projects formerly supported by the National Science Foundation. In the years preceding fiscal year 1966, the National Science Foundation provided research grants for Smithsonian Institution scientists, as well as to scientists in other Government agencies. This was terminates! during 1965 and has not been resumed. Funds appropriated for this program have never reached the proportionate level of those previously available from the National Science Foundation.

Projects cover all phases of research in all the Smithsonian scientific bureaus. The Smithsonian Research Awards Advisoi-y Committee reviews all proposals and recommends that support be given to those proposals having the greatest scientific merit, with careful consideration given to competence of the investigator, the relevance of the research, and the facilities available for the research. During the past two years, 140 proposals were submitted, of which 78 were supported. Approximately 50 highly meritorious proposals were passed over because of the lack of funds.

The Research Awards Program permits the expeditious exp]oitation of unanticipated research opportunities as well as the maintenance and continuity of basic long-term research through essential supplementary support. Further, it serves as an important means whereby scientists of the Smithsonian Institution may engage in collaborative field research projects in timely fashion with colleagues located in other institutions. Many opportunities for participation in expeditions and other field projects would be lost were it not for the Research Awards Program providing modest but essential assistance. The Research Awards Program increases the opportunities for our scientists to provide basic research results to the mission-oriented Federal research and development agencies.

Illustrations of recent awards of unusual significance included support for the preparation of a basic reference catalog, heretofore not available, for the field identification of the snakes and lizards of the nootropics. To be prepared in both English and Spanish, it will serve the needs of nonherpetologists working on the biota of the neotropics in the International Biological Program. An award to a member of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory staff for the purpose of obtaining spectral energy distributions for selected stars in nearby galactic clusters will be used to test the consistency of theoretical stellar atmosphere calculations and to derive chemical abundances for these stars. A Smithsonian anthropologist received funds to investigate and establish chronological sequences of the development of pre-European cultures along the coast of Brazil and its major rivers.

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17. OFFICE OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

1967 appropriation $200, 000

3968 appropriation 218, 000

1969 estimate 262, 000

The activities of the OflBce of Education and Training fall into two broad categories reflecting the major concerns of the Institution. The first category-includes those programs directly related to Smithsonian research in science, history, and art. Notable among these is the program of visiting research appointments for postdoctoral scientists and scholars, for graduate students, and for undergraduates. The second category includes those programs directly associated with the exhibit and public education functions of the Institution's museums. Significant here are the guided tours of the exhibit halls provided to all school systems in the Washington Metropolitan area and the development of neighborhood museums. In both cases, the programs of the Ofiice are designed to support and strengthen continuing and fundamental Smithsonian activities and, at the same time, to make the results of these activities more widely available.

An increase of $44,000 is requested to continue operations of an experimental neighborhood museum in Washington, D.C. Request includes $2,000 for necessary pay Increases.

Heed for increase

The neighborhood museum provides an opportunity for stimulation and learning on a small, personalized scale through actual contact with real things— which is the unique characteristic of museums—for adults and children who rarely, if ever, use existing museiuns and other cultural resources in the Capitol. The neighborhood museum is not viewed as a substitute for use of the city's cultural resources, but as a doorway to greater use of them.

While millions of visitors use the Smithsonian annually for pleasure and learning, it is clear that large sections of the urban community do not do so. For the school year 1965-66, for example, guided tours of the museum's exhibit halls were provided to all school systems in the Washington Metropolitan area. In all, 32,909 schoolchildren from the area participated, yet only 1,871 or six percent of them were from the schools in the District of Columbia itself. The remainder were from the middle- and upper-class suburbs surrounding Washington's urban core. Furthermore, the pattern of Smithsonian visitors in no way reflects the city's actual population characteristics. More than 98 percent of the visitors to the Museum of Natural History on a recent holiday were white.

This is perhaps not surprising. In a city where 262,000 people—or one-third of the total population—live "at little more than subsistence level, with incomes inadequate to provide them with decent housing, sufficient food and clothing, and other necessities," ^ it is hardly to be expected that large numbers of the poor are as much as able to afford the carfare for a trip to a museum, if they have time to think of museums at all. If carfare is no problem, then dress may be a difficulty.

There is abundant evidence that the poor, in any city, are only minimally aware of the range of social and cultural services potentially available to them. Yet for the poor, the undereducated, and the slow learner as much as for the college graduate, the contents of museums—things—have real educational potential. Many objects speak for themselves. One needn't read at all, nor understand the processes of geology to see that time, and weather, and pressures from within the earth can transform a stone into a jewel or molten lava into a rock. Nor must one be a student of archeology to see the complexity and beauty of Egyptian pottery or an Inca weaving.

A neighborhood museum will not eradicate poverty and ignorance. Pi-ograms to relieve material poverty are essential. But it is equally important that the citizens of the "other America," and especially their children, be introduced to the varieties of the wider world.

The program of the museum, which will be open seven days a week at times most convenient for potential visitors, will include the following:

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Frequently changing exhibits drawn from our collections in art, history and science. Objects will include things which may be touched and disassembled, as well as static exhibits.

■Workshops, clubs and classes related to the exhibits, including trips and use of resources other than the Neighborhood Museum. The activities will be instituted in response to participants' interests and, to the greatest degree possible, wiU be organized and run by neighborhood volunteers, with encouragement and assistance by the staff of the museum.

Exhibits assembled or made by residents of the neighborhood. Exiierimental exhibits, designed to discover effective ways of reaching I)eople not ordinarily attracted by conventional museum programs or to pretest exi)erimental approaches for ultimate iise within the Smithsonian. The museum's staff will be responsible for encouraging maximum neighborhood use of the facility l>y responding flexil)]y and imaginatively to the needs and interests of the users and ui>on efforts to insure the fullest possible neighborhood participation both in planning and in programming the museum. For this reason, the staff will be drawn from individuals with demonstrated skill in community work, including, on a part-time basis, a niunber of neighborhood residents. Thus, the Smithsonian will provide the scientific and technical skills necessary to fill the museum with exhibits; the museum staff will provide the educational and organizational skills needed to fill the museum with people. During the past year, with seed money granted by private foundations, the first of these experimental museums was opened in Anacostia—a densely populated community in which 7S percent of the population is non-white, in which 41 percent of the population is under IS years of age, in which the median family income in 1960 was .$.3,4.30. Working in the closest cooperation with a Neighborhood Advisory Council, the Smithsonian has been able to involve the Anacostia community in every aspect of this venture, from the remodelling of the rented building and grounds, through the design and construction of exhibits, to the actual operation of the museum. All indications to date suggest that this experiment in bringing museums to the people will be a signal success, and that it will chart a course which other museums may follow.

The Smithsonian is continuing to make strong efforts to obtain private support of the neighborhood museum concept. Recently, a foundation has promised a matching grant if funds are raised by Washingtonians. It is essential to continued successful operations, however, that the Smithsonian fund this Museum in its regular budget. The requested increase of $42,000 will be used to pro%ide minimal staff support con.sisting of a director, an exhibits specialist, a museum aid, and a secretary and to provide for .supplies and equipment for office and visitor use of the museum. Additional amounts for physical facilities and exhibits' preparation are requested in the Buildings Management Department and Office of Exhibits portions of this budget.

In 1969, the Office of Education and Training will maintain Its other responsibilities. Notable among these are its guided tour program for schools and its visiting research appointment program. The 35,000 children who took guided tours of anthropology, zoology, and American history during the 1966-67 school year represent only a fraction of those who would come if more tours were available. The number of applicants for graduate and undergraduate assignments to use the Smithsonian's research facilities far exceeds the number of appointments that can be given. Despite the importance of these two programs, no increases are sought in deference to the needs of the Neighborhood Museiim,

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18. INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES

1967 appropriatiou $188,000

1968 appropriation 192,000

1969 estimate 230,000

The International Activities program focuses on the Smithsonian's traditional commitments to basic research and international exchange of informatiun in the sciences and the humanities.

The OfBce of International Activities develops and administers programs of international cooperation, giving emphasis to those research areas where further advancement of knowledge in the United States requires continuing and strong cooperative research programs in other nations. The Office also serves as the Institution's point of liaison with Government agencies and other organizations on international matters.

The International Exchange Service is the bureau of the Smithsonian Institution responsible for carrying out the obligations assigned to the Institution in conventions, treaties, and other international agreements for the transmission of scientific, cultural, and Government publications to other countries on exchange or as gifts.

An increase of $38,000 is requested, including $26,000 for the Office of International Activities to administer a Krowing and more complex international program and $12,000 for the International Exchange Service to meet a higher volume of requests and increased shipping costs. Requests include a total of $4,000 for necessary pay increases.

Need for increase

The Office's principal activity is the development and support of cooperative international projects, particularly in the anthropological sciences and in systematic and environmental biology, under the Foreign Currency Program. This Program has proved essential in meeting the Institution's long-term research goals during times of imperative budgetary restraint through the advantageous medium of excess foreign currencies. It requires, however, complex inter-Governmental negotiations leading to country-to-country agreements and, more frequently, individual project agreements. These individual agreements are necessary because the Smithsonian's program, unlike other PL-480 excess currency programs, awards grants only to American institutions for which the Smithsonian nearly always has to insure optimum working conditions abroad by agreement with appropriate host-country organizations.

The Office now receives an average of 20 project proposals a month for review and possible development along the above lines, as contrasted with one or less during the first year of the program and seven to 10 during fiscal year 1967.

In addition, to insure adequate fiscal, management, and reporting standards, the Office staff has had to increase correspondingly on-site inspections and audits.

The Offi<?e also administers other cooperative programs with Federal agencies or international organizations and serves as the programming center for all foreign visitors who are professionally interested in the Smithsonian. Examples include the Pan American Union's Fellowship Program for Latin American scientists at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and a cooperative arrangement with the Department of State for assisting museum speciali-sts and museum scientists. The number of visitors increased from 22 in 1966 to over 40 in 1967.

Substantial effort also goes to assisting the In.stitution's curatorial and scientific staff in mounting expeditions or research projects and in establishing exchanges of exhibits which involve substantial participation of foreign ins'titutions or iuter-Governmental negotiations. For instance, in 1967, such assistance ranged from obtaining host country and America Embassy support for multinational research programs, such as the Office of Anthropology's Ancient Technologies Program, which has carried out field research in Iran, Turkey, and Ceylon, to making arrangements for locally shown art exhibits or ctiltural events with the Embassies of Peru, Chile, Tunisia, Iran, and Czecho.slovakia.

Two additional administrative and technical assistants and increased travel and other support fiinds (a total of $24,000) would be the minimum for successful administration of increased international support aetiWties.

During 1967, one million pounds of official, literary, scientific, cultural, medical, and dental publications were received from more than 400 different colleges, universities, societies. Government bureaus. Congressional committees, and agricultural experiment stations for transmissions to more than 100 different countries. Over 100,000 pounds were rec*eived from foreigii sources for distribution within the United States.

The Service has received many requests for assistance in transmitting publications to the developing countries. Many worthwhile requests are having to be refused. On January 4, 1967, a Presidential Directive to Government Agencies for implementation of the National Policy Statement on International Book and Library ActiA-ities, provided for "sizeable" expansion of the present Smithsonian program to provide core libraries over.seas with United States journals and serial publications. Unless the Service receives additional funds, it will be forced to re<luce further the amount of publications it can accept for transmis.sion. One additional clerk is required to sort, pack, and unpack incoming and outgoing materials and to prepare shipping documents. Costs of transporting publications to the piers in Baltimore have doubled during the past fiscal year, and another increase is proposed. Ocean freight rates have risen 10 percent. This is a total increase of $10,000.

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19. ADMINISTKATIVE AND CENTRAL SEEVICES

1967 appropriation $2, 9M, 000

1968 appropriation 3, 241, 000

1969 estimate 3, 721, 000

The Smithsonian Institution's unique complex of museums, art galleries, zoological park, laboratories, and information centers require certain executive direction, administrative assistance and guidance, and specialized central services to enable them to work productively and efficiently toward approved program objectives. A number of groups serve the Institution in this capacity and by sio doing, contribute to and support its accomplishments in re.search, e<lu-cation, exhibitions, tlie management of the National Collections, and public service.

These groups are: the Office of tlie Secretary and the divisions of Management Support, Fiscal, Performing Arts (previously Museum Services), Personnel, Public Affairs, Supply, Information Systems, the Libraries, Photographic Services, and the Press.

Minimal increases are requested to meet identified essential requirements of the present "Salaries and Expenses" programs. These requirements incUide backlogs in service areas despite continuing efforts to obtain efficiencies in oijerations and selective strengthening of technical support.

These units are requesting a total increase of 32 iX)sitions and $480,000 for 1969, as summarized below and justified on the following pages :

1967 appropriation 1968 appropriation 1969 increase

1969 estimate

Positions Amount Positions Amount Positions Amount Positions Amount

Office of the Secretary 23 $332,000

Management Support 29 325,000

Fiscal D'vision 21 319,000

Division of Performing

Arts _. 5 59,000

Personnel Division 16 227,000

Office of Public Affairs 11 121,000

Supply Division 17 257,000

Information Systems

Division 3 55,000

Smithsonian Institution

Libraries 41 512,000

Pfiotographic Services

Division 18 198,000

Smithsonian Institution

Press 18 559,000

Total (202) 2,964,000

$342,000 388, 000 359, 000

60, 000 246,000 124,000 276, 000

113,000

546, 000

202, 000

585, 000

$34, 000 60, 000 30, 000

31,000 17,000 37, 000 29, 000

52, 000

105,000

17,000

68, 000

$376, 000 448, 000 389,000

91,000 263, 000 161,000 305,000

165, 000

651,000

219,000

653,000

(229) 3,241,000

(32) 480,000 (261) 3,721,000

.* Administrative and central services — Office of the Secretary

1967 appropriation $332, 000

1968 appropriation 342, 000

1969 estimate 376, 000

The Office of ttie Secretary provides executive direction, program planning, and review of all programs of the Smithsonian Institution. This Office includes the Secretary, the Assistant Secretary, the Assistant Secretary for Science, and the Assistant Secretary for History and Art.

An increase of $34,000 is required in the Office of the Secretary. This includes $9,000 for necessary pay increases.

The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution is called upon to serve on many commissions, study groups, and councils. Among the more than 50 groups with which he is currently associated are the American Revolution Bicentennial Commission, the Federal Council on the Arts and the Humanities, the Temporary Commission on Pennsylvania Avenue, the Board of Trustees for the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, the National Council on the Arts, the White House Art Committee, and the White House Historical Association. The work involved in each of these committees varies, but the total work for all these groups is significant The number of visitors to the office, the number of special reports, and the volume of correspondence are increasing. An increase of a secretary and a receptionist-typist and related expenses is required to assist the Secretary in directing the work of the Institution and in meeting his official external responsibilities and commitments.

The Office of the Assistant Secretary, Assistant Secretary for Science, and Assistant Secretary for History and Art advise and assist the Secretary in planning, implementing, and reviewing the progress of Smithsonian programs. As such, each of these offices has broad and intensive responsibilities for the general direction of specific bureaus and offices and for major functions cutting across organizational lines. In addition, each of these offices must represent the Secretary and the Smithsonian in high-level planning and development efforts with the Congress, Government agencies, and private organizations.

The Assistant Secretary for Science requires the addition of a biologist to assist him in planning, coordinating, and reviewing the work of various scientific bureaus within the Institution. Biological research is a main thrust of the Smithsonian with broad programs in systematics, ecology, radiation biology, conservation, and oceanography in the Museum of National History, Radiation Biology Laboratory, the Office of Oceanography and Limnology, the Office of Ecology, the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, and at the National Zoological Park.

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liXJT appropriation $325,000

1968 appropriation 388, 000

1969 estimate 448, 000

Management Support provides specialists and services to assist the Secretary and Assistant Secretaries and to provide agency level administrative requirements for the various programs. Management Support consists of the following: Smithsonian Archives. Contracts Office, Internal Auditor, General Counsel, Organization and Methods, Programming and Budget, Secretary's Files, Travel Services Office, and Printing and Duplicating.

An increase of $60,000 is required for management support. Of this increase, $17,000 is required to reimburse the Employees' Compensation Fund as invoiced by the Department of Labor for job-related injuries in fiscal year 1967. Also included is $15,000 for necessary pay increases.

Smithsonian Institutiwi Archives

The Archives is responsible for the selective preservation of the correspondence, manuscripts, and other records of the Institution. It retrieves all material of lasting value from the operating files and collections of the Institution; arranges and preserves this material; and makes it available to the Smithinson staff and qualified students and scholars from other institutions.

Much of the archives consists of the correspondence, field notes, and journals of explorers and others who contributed to the National Collections, performed research upon them, or were otherwise directly concerned with the establishment and development of the Institution. The Smithsonian must keep these archives and manuscript collections as records of the collections and of the history of the Smithsonian and must make them readily available to scholars. The history of the Institution, its expeditions and collections, and of the persons associated with it during its formative years in the 19th century is essentially the history of American science in that period.

An increase of a Records Manager is requested to establish overall supervision of the records and record-keeping of the Institution and to establish comprehensive records management and disi)osal schedules.

Office of the General Counsel

The Office of the General Counsel advises the Secretary and other officials of the Smithsonian Institution on all legal matters pertaining to the administration and operation of the Institution's museums and programs.

The General Counsel's office needs a research assistant. This research assistant would devote his time to studies which are of importance to the long-range plans of the Institution. Examples are studies of the taxation laws of all the states as they affect educational institutions, and problems in international oceanography.

Organization and Methods

The Organization and Methods Division is responsible for providing management analysis and assistance activities in the continuing development of sound business administration and management improvement programs within the Institution.

This Division develops organizational, functional, staffing, and flow charts, procedural manuals, and other administrative issuances; makes studies and special surveys; analyzes management problems and recommends solutions; provides management advisory services; and maintains the forms management program.

Work in the forms activity is seriously backlogged and restricted. To support adequately the work and objectives of major science and history programs and all technical and administrative units, their specialized needs and mandatory deadlines must be met. Increased automatic data processing applications demand procurement of custom-designed new forms and conversion of obsolete manual-type forms to computer capability. Full compliance with the Government Printing Office regulations on submisison of detailed, tecbiiical siiecifications for data processing forms cuts heavily into tlie available time of the single employee responsible for the forms program.

Graphic and clerical help is essential for forms layout, preparation of copy for printing, maintenance of the forms control system, and typing of Government Printing Office requisitions and specifications. The professional research staff's use of program-oriented forms to support their work has measurably increased. An additional clerk is an essential requirement to realize the full economies of a centralized forms procurement and management system.

Office of Programing and Budget

The Office of Programming and Budget is responsible for the improvement of budget analysis and communication thi'oughout the Smithsonian leading to the increasing review value to the Congress of the agency's budget presentations. Ongoing analysis assuring the most effective use of appropriated resources is a principal task of its four-man technical staff. A planning officer is essential to develop estimates of future year impact of program and resource decisions integrated into multiyear program projections.

Printing and Dnplioating flection

The Printing and Duplicating Section provides for all duplicating rotiuire-ments of the Institution. Included are office memoranda, manual issuances, forms, news releases, and other administrative issuances, as well as materials required by the research, curatorial, and exhibits activities.

It is desirable to combine the two printing activities, the Institution's Print Shop (linotype composition and letterpress printing) and the Duplicating Section (offset printing). These two functionally related printing activities are now under separate management but many of their skills are complementary. A printing manager would provide administrative and technical supervision, and would plan and schedule the work of both activities resulting in a more efficient and economical handling of an increasing workload. A clerk-typist is requested to assist the Printing Manager in processing requisitions, ordering printing materials and supplies, arranging for the delivery of completed orders, and performing other support duties.

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Administratirr and rcntral Hrrricc-^ — Fi'<cal Division

1967 appropriation $319, 000

1968 appropriation 859, 000

1969 estimate 389. 000

The Fiscal Division is responsible for the administration and accounting of funds of the Smithsonian Institution. This includes payroll, accounting, auditing, reporting, and financial counseling.

An increase of $30,000 is requested, including $4,000 for an additional accounting clerk; $21,000 for postage indicia mail and tort claim reserve, and $5,000 for necessary pay increases.

Need for increase

Increased Sniithsonian activity in research, management of the National Collections, and public education has resulted in a corret^pouding increased workload in the Fiscal Division. The present staff must work on an overtime basis to earn vendors' discounts by prompt payment of invoices. Computerizing work to the fullest extent possible enables holding the request for additional staff to one accounts maintenance clerk.

Cost of postage indicia mail is constantly rising as a result of increased postal rates and activities at the Institution. There is a great influx of letters from the general public, students, scholars, and educators; and from research museums, cultural, historical, educational, community, and similar organizations seeking information, advice, and assistance. In 1967, the Museum of Natural History and the Museum of History and Technology alone received 100,000 such request*.

The large number of visitors to our museums provides substantial potential for tort claims. The numbers and amounts of tort claims have shown a marked increase.

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Adininistrativf and central services — Division of rerfonnin!/ Arts

1967 appropriation $7,'d, 000

1968 appropriation 00, 000

1969 estimate 91, 000

Tilt' Division of Performing Arts plans and conducts seminars, si)efial events, and demonstrations of folk crafts, folk dance, music and other arts related to the Smithsonian Institution's research, exhibits, and collections in the held of cultural history and ethnology. Preseutations have traditionally existed in the various scholarly disciplines which are part of the structure of the Institution. This Division has the capability to unite these various performances and presentations and make the Smithsonian museums and collections come alive for the public.

An increase of $31,000 is sought for necessary field work and research and for the presentation of events of public pleasure and instruction. This includes .$1,000 for necessary pay increases.

Need for increase

The performing arts have proved their value as tools of communication and as means of enriching the total cultural experience of their audiences. It is the particular mandate of the Smithsonian Institution to preserve, exhibit, and interpret the artifacts and the physical evidence of patterns of human culture. Dynamic live or filmed performances not only illuminate the collections and research of the Institution, but also provide a means of defining and understanding patterns of culture, frequently demonstrating the methods of transmission of that culture, and the actual interplay of social and cultural forces from which evolved given patterns, traditions, and .•skills which iiroduced Ihe physical objects on display in the exhibit cases of the Institution.

Until recently, many persons believed that America had no aesthetic tradition of its own. Consefpiently, there have been few organized programs to define, preserve, or support folk culture, urban or rural. Scientific knowledge must be complemented by a program of preservation and interpretation of basic artistic and cultural forms if there are to be sensitive and humane judgments concerning the uses of technology. It is not enough that the Smith.sonian preserve and interpret the artifacts and the cultural patterns of the past; it is imperative to discover the living folk culture of today.

Beginning in I'.MIT, the SmithJ»onian Institution sought to encourage intere.st in the understanding of this basic level of culture, the artifacts of which have been collected for over 120 years. An example is the Festival of American Folk-life produced by the Division of Performing Arts on the Mall over the Fourth of July weekend. This event, which was viewed by 431,000 ix>rsons, included many of the be.st remaining craftsmen, musicians, singers, and dancers representing old patterns of life. A concurrent conference of iiniversity and mu.seum scholars was concerned with the preservation of fast-disappearing elements of our community crafts and traditional arts. xVLso in 1967, a study was begun on the neglected field of American aesthetic history. Understanding of our cultural past can only be accomplished in meaningful terms by the collection or re-creation of music, entertainments, and oral literature of our past. In this regard, the Division of Performing Arts has supplied advisory services to the State of Arkan.sas in its plans to estal>lish a folk culture center, to the State of Louisiana in its plans to establish an International .Tazz Festival; to the State of Missouri in its efforts to establish a demonstration of traditional regional crafts and to the States of Virginia, North Carolina, Texas and others on other subjects.

Field re.search and surveys must be accelerated in order to salvage and preserve much of our traditional visual and oral literature and to seek out and record the rapidly dwindling remains of an important sector of our cultural heritage. Funds for contractual services and travel are essential. Two additional assistants are required also to identify, evaluate, select, and obtain performers; to produce public programs of significance and scope; and to make neces.sary arrangements, including the design and presentation of the events. This is a requested increase of $30,000.

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ADMIXISTRATR'E AND CENTRAL SERVICES—PERSONNEL DIVISION

1967 appropriation $227,000

1968 appropriation 246,000

1969 estimate 263,000

The Personnel Division provides specialized services in employment, position classitication, employee relations, employee training, and salary and wage administration. It also administers the Health Services Units.

An increase of $17,000 is requested, including $10,000 to strengthen employee training programs and $7,000 for necessary pay increases.

Xccd for increase

Smithsonian activities in exhibit.s, education, and public .service, as well as general administration, all require trained and capable employees. A comprehensive employee training and development program is essential to maintain acceptable levels of accomplishment in these fields. A qualified training specialist to provide adequate in-house training and counseling must be added. It is planned to provide training opportunities for selected qualified employees which will enable them to advance in certain nonprofessional assignments as museum technicians and exhibits aids. Increased empha-sis on supervisory training also is required.

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ADMINISTRATIV?: AND CEXTHAL SEIiVICKS OrilCE OF PUIiLIC AFFAIRS

1967 appropriation $121, 000

1968 appropriation 124, 000

1969 estimate 161, 000

Tlie Office of Public Affairs informs the public of Smithsonian objectives and projects in history, science, and art. It widens the usefulness of Smithsonian resources by cooperating with writers, authors, and reporters, assisting them in locating Smithsonian staff members and collections, and aiding them in informing their readers on Smithsonian plans and accomplishments. It assists Smithsonian scientists and historians to prepare announcements of their work and writes and issues announcements, including a monthly program of events of intere.st to the public including research, seminars, exhibitions, and .'special events. It also prepares orientation brochures and building guides for the millions of visitors to the Smithsonian and responds to public inquiries.

An increase of $37,000 is sought to improve the capability to inform the public of the many millions of dollars of science and educational resources available to it through Smithsonian museum and special programs. This includes $3,000 for necessary pay increases.

Need for increase

The Office of Public Affairs provided noteworthy contributions to meeting public information needs in 1967. Many of the evening performances of the Free Film Theater played to capacity audiences of almost 600 persons. Over 12,000 persons saw these films. Particularly popular of the 34 shows presented last year were films on Stonehenge, Van Gogh, and Lewis and Clark. Afternoon films have been initiated this year. Over 150 news releases were distributed to some 500 newspapers, magazines, and other media across the country. The Dial-A-Satel-lite .service provided 127,000 callers (a 40 percent increase over 1966) with the preci.se time and exact location of satellite passage visible to the naked eye. The Dial-A-Museum service informed 48,000 callers of the subject and time of new exhibitions or special demsontrations in the museums. The monthly Smithsonian Calendar of Events is being distributed to 15,000 members of the press and public. Every Saturday through last fall and winter, a half-hour filmed color television program produced by the National Broadcasting Company, entitled "The Smithsonian", brought various aspects of the Institution, including underwater archeology, patriotism, aviation and space flight, meteors, sports, and American Indians, into an estimated four-million homes.

Despite these public service activities, the Smithsonian is in the positioTi of being a major scientific research and educational organization with an extremely minimal identifiable communication or information program with the general public and with specialized publics in many scientific areas. Our programs in oceanography, conservation, enviroimiental studies, radiation bioh^gy, astrophysics, spac-e, aeronautics, tropical research, anthropok)gy, and archeology, to name only a few, are among those for which we continually receive demands for science information from all sectors of the public. An urgent need is for tni information specialist in scientific sulijects.

With 14 million visitors a year and many thousands of requests for information from school children and other members of the general public, the Smithsonian does not have adetiuate materials on hand to meet the most basic orientation requirements of documenting and providing additional information on subject areas, exhibits, and collections. Only give-away building-guide leaflets have been available in the past. The demand for these limited-coverage leaflets has increased to three and one-half million a year. Responsibility for the preparation and distribution of these and more useful materials has been centralized in the Office of Public Affairs to meet a constantly increasing demand for both general and .si>ecifie information and orientation materials in history, art, and science. Information leaflets, maps, one-sheet guides, and other materials are essential to public understanding and enjoyment of exhibits. Thousands of requests fi'om .school children and others can be handled effectively and efficiently by the production of carefully planned and meaningful brochureij!. In order to meet these information needs, a writer-editor, a photographer, a clerk-typist, and additional printing funds are required.

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ADMINISTRATI\T3 AND CENTRAL SERVICES—SUPPLY DIVISION

1967 appropriation $257,000

1968 appropriation 276, 000

1969 estimate 305, 000

The Supply Division procures supplies, materials, contractual services-, and equipment. It stocks and issues office, laboratory, and other supplies and materials required in daily operations. Its property management activities include obtaining excess property items in lieu of new procurement whenever possible, maintaining property records, and taking periodic inventories to assure proper control, accountability, and effective utilization of all equipment items.

An increase of $29,000 is requested to employ additional procurement and stock personnel, repair ofl5ce machines, and provide necessary supplies and materials for Smithsonian's expanded responsibilities, and meet $9,000 of necessary pay increases.

3'cert for increase

The work output of the Supply Division in terms of the number of purchase orders, contractts, imprest fund uses, and other transactions increased by .52 percent in fiscal year 1967 over 1966. Over 21,000 transactions were processed. As a result of improved methods, this work was accomplished with only a 35 percent increase in manhours worked by procurement personnel. Although further streamlining techniques will continue to improve productivity, it is anticipated that the procurement workload will outpace available manpower in fiscal year 1969. The accelerating activities of the National Collection of Fine Arts and the National Portrait Galleries in their new building, to be opened in 1968. are contributing materially to the increase in procurement functions and to the problem of adequate control of receiving and prompt delivery services to the building. Two additional personnel, a clerk-typist and a stock and supply clerk, at a cost of $8,000 will meet these needs as well as improve services to all other Institution buildings on and away from the Mall.

Re-search. exhibit, and educational programs have increased steadily in scoite and complexity and created greater demands for common office, laboratory, and workshop supplies and materials. For economy and efficiency of purchasing, these items are bought centrally and stocked by the Supply Division for issue as needed. Tbii Division also provides routine maintenance and rei^iirs of office machines throughout the Simthsonian as part of its property management responsibilities. To meet minimum additional needs in these categories, an increa.se of $12,000 is required.

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DIVISION

1907 appropriation $55, 000

1968 appropriation 113, 000

1969 estimate 165, 000

The Information Systems Division is responsible for centrally developing and applying automatic data processing systems to the increasing information handling requirements in research, management of collections, and administrative worli.

An increase of $52,000 is sought for systems design and programming staff for computer usage required for scientific analysis, data storage and retrieval, and administrative operations. This represents less than 25 percent of the additional resources which could be applied effectively to meeting existing workload requirements. Austerity dictates this minimum advance. $2,000 is for necessary pay increases.

yeed 'for increase

The Smithsonian is the repository for the National Collections of specimens and objects in the fields of art, history, science, and technology. Its resources also include extensive library and archival materials in these fields. Manual methods of maintaining data associated with these collections and searching for answers to spec-ific questions are uneconomical and inadequate because of the large volume of data and because inquiries cut across subject matter, time periods, and geographic areas. For instance, frequent inquiries are received by the Museum of Natural History from the Fedei'al Bureau of Investigation and other law enfoi'cement agencies regarding the identification of bones or portions of bones. Information is desired on age, sex, and possible cause of damage or defects. Adequate resiwnse to the.se questions now requires that the sample be compared manually with the reference collections and matched with information api>eariug in various card and other files. At present, this is a tedious and time-consuming process for scientists, historians, and supporting personnel. The development of innovative computer-supported systems will enable the Smithsonian to manage its information resources and to respond to inquiries with si>eed. accuracy, and completeness.

Smithsonian scientists in the Museum of Natural History, Radiation Biology Laboratory, and elsewhere have a strong need for applying mathematical and statistical approaches to their research. The growing usefulness of mathematical modeling requires a capability in correlation and regression analysis and other techniques to perform significant tests on samples. The classifying of plants and animals by numerical taxonomy also is possible. The volume of data and com-

putations involyed, however, do not permit use of these techniques with manual means.

Reviews of greater administrative workloads revealed that almost every organizational unit is handicapped by the lack of computer services with associated analysts and programmers. For instance, there is a demonstrated need for increased computer services and programming support in the fiscal area. Computer applications for allotment accounting and payroll need to be refined to meet continuously changing data recording and reporting reqiiirements, including those to outside agencies. Similarly, a study of the Smithsonian Libraries shows that increased reference, cataloging, and circulation aids involving a computer offer the most efiieient means of making the Library more responsive to its staff and public users. Sound administrative and financial management demand that the Institution explore and apply computer techniques to its administrative and business tasks where it is demonstrated that such applications will increase work output, lower unit costs of work, or permit capabilities, such as reports, not othenvise feasible.

To meet the above problems, two additional analyst-programmers, a keypunch-verifier operator, and two supporting clerical personnel are essential needs with funds for contractual keypunch and other support services to meet peak workloads not justifying full-time staff; an increase of $50,000 is needed.

During 1967, the Information Systems Division provided automatic data processing support to administrative, curatorial, and research activities. In addition to payroll, accounting, mailing lists, library purchasing, and other business applications, an information retrieval system using 200 descriptors was developed for the collection of 20,000 envelopes in the Division of Philately. This indexing and cross-referencing system provides prompt responses to the reference needs of researchers, collectors, and the general public. Similarly, an analysis program was prepared to assist in the correlation of biological and other si)€cimen data. In this program, a scientist first classifies small groups of biological specimens on which certain characters have been measured. A computer program calculates a "measure of similarity" for each group and then clusters the groups by the magnitude of their resemblance. The program and the methodology are equally applicable to nonbiological categories. In archeology, for example, it could appy to grouping and breaking the code of unknown hieroglyphs from a series of artifacts of an extinct cultur'e. Design of an information storage and retrieval system for biological and geological data was completed and is being implemented. The system provides a data bank containing collection records and descriptive and bibliographic information on zoological and geological specimens. Participating with the United States National Museum in this project are the National Museum of Canada and the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico.

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LIBRARIES

1967 appropriation $512,000

1968 appropriation 546,000

1969 estimate 651,000

The Smithsonian Institution Libraries are an essential community-wide information resource created through tlie acquisition and organization of books, journals, and other documentary materials in subject areas relating to the broad spectrum of interest of curators, research specialists, students, Government agencies, universities, and other museums associated witli the Smithsonian Institution. These Libraries are interdependent with the Library of Congress with specific resiK>n!sibility for coverage in many areas of Smithsonian expertise. The acquisition program and the reference and information seiTices of the Libraries contribute to the quality of research, conserve research staff time, and measurably heighten the creativity and productivity of the scientists and scholars at the Smithsonian.

An increase of $105,000 is requested, including $44,000 to increase the acquisition rate of library materials; $12,000 to increase the power of collection utiU-zatiou services through the application of subject and inventory controls to library materials; $36,000 to improve the service capabilities of the library system in support of establislied Smithsonian Institution programis; and $13,000 for necessary pay increases.

Xeed for increase

Two broad biit related categories of needs face the Libi'aries: Tlie first relates to the basic problems of the management of complex information systems; the second, to serious backlog and workload problems in providing services to the Libraries' users.

Tlie Libraries have begun to apply automatic data processing to tlieir purchasing and certain of their control oi)erations. Much more could be done in innovative applications. The complexity of communication patterns among researchers in various disciplines has increased, creating difficult problems of library collection management in order to insure full utilization of all media. The physical disi^ersion of collections of libi'ary materials helps to accommodate different patterns of research methods, but also introduces stresses in the Libraries' management capability. The increase in interdisciplinai-y interests of researchers causes fiirther problems. Information science technologies are creating new and highly sophisticated information storage, retrieval, and commu-cation capability potential for library services to solve these problems but these applications require intensive study and planning for adoption in libraries. Use of these new techniques would expand greatly the information service performance of the Libraries. In recognition of the immediate operational problems described below, however, work on these techniques must be deferred.

The Ins-titution's responsibility to maintain documentary resources has been growing steadily because of increased program responsibilities as with space exploration in the National Air and Space Museum and urgent anthropology in the Office of Anthropology. Its major activities in art have been expanded, a.s have those in marine biology at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. An increase in the number of parameters governing the classification of organisms has expanded the volume of publishing in traditional areas of concern to the Smithsonian. New technologies in information control are producing a gi'eater number of more expensive bibliographic publications of primary importance to scientific research. {Chemical Abstracts, for example, has risen in price from $80 to $1,550 a year in about a decade and a half due chiefly to the u.se of computers to produce a wider range of stronger information conti-ol services.)

In fiscal year VM'>S, the Libraries will be able to purchase (Hily "J.500 serials and 3.500 books, far below the rate of acquisition of material of the kind needed to offer quality working collections to the staff and outside users. As a result of increased costs and other factors, fewer l»noks and serials can be purchased than in 19(J7. An increase of $44,00(^) for l)Ooks and journals in 1!)()!) will just about recover the 1967 level of purchases when taking into account the increased volume of publishing in suljjects of interest to the Smithsdnian Iii.-t itui inn. With these funds the Lii)raries will be able to i)un-hase approximately S25 new serial titles, 145 bibliographic and other information services, and 1.iMJ5 books. Further evidence of i)ressure on the purchasing jjower of library funds is the

fact that the average price of journal.s in botany, geology, and general .science was .$18.75 per title in 1967, up 11J).3 percent over the 10.">7-."j0 figure.

Tlie organization of library materials to provide the niean.s for phy.-ical acce.s.s and ac lea.st a niinlmuni aniDunt of subject analy.<is i..; the keystone of tlie structure of library and information .services. At the current rate of acquisitioTi of essential library materials, the amount of .--taff availal)le for the central tcfh-nical proces.ses of acquisition and cataloging is estimated to be altout 20,0(K> man-hours per year too little, according to the norm for researcli libraries. Furthermore, present level of furuls restricts the Libraries" efforts to meth(jds and levels inadequate to the Smithsonian's and other users' basic requirements. A phased increase of one acquisitions assistant and three library technicians is sought to begin to rectif.v approximately one-third of the cataloging shortage. With a small increase for keypunch services, this is an increase of $12,00Q.

Pressure on reference, circulation, and interlibrary borrowing services ha.s increased noticeably in recent years. The reference staff handled over 00,000 questions and letters in i;)07, an increase of 30 percent over the previous year. Over .'>1.000 items were circulated through the loan de.sks. This pre.ssure will intensify. The unique reference collections have attracted users from many Federal agencies and the public. Increased cooperation among research liljraries, fostered in part liy repeated empliasis among information imnels and committees on the development of national networks of libraries, continues to encourage other organizations to direct a growing number of requests for information and publications to the Smithsonian.

Although nuich more strength needs to be built into collection preservation and public services, the Lii)raries are placing first emphasis on ac-ijuiring and organizing library materials. In the face of economy, only three new positions, a reference assistant and two stack attendants are requested. Additional funds for binding and preservation of heavily used valuable reference works, for the translation of reference materials, and for the transpoitation of books to the brancii libraries at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Ob.servatory and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute also are requested. This is a total increase of $.30,000.

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ADMINISTRATIVE AND CENTRAL SERVICES PROTOGRAPHIC SERVICES

DIVISION

1967 appropriation $198,000

1968 appropriation 202, 000

1969 estimate iil9, 000

The Photographic Services Division provides professional photography services to supihort Smithsonian programs of researcli, documentation and conservation of collections, exhibition, education, training, publication, and public service.

An increase of ,$17,000 is requested for si)ecialized commercial services, replacement of obsolete equipment, and supplies. This includes $7,000 for necessary pay increases.

A'ecd for increase

The photographic laboratories are not equipped to perform color and motion picture film processing, the preparation of mural-size prints, and certain other specialized photographic work. Requests for services of this type, in support of the exhibits program, are increasing. Additional funds for commercial services are required.

Many of the pieces of darkroom processing and printing equipment, purchased at the time of the Division's establishment in 1959, have deteriorated to the point where repairs no longer produce satisfactory oi>eration or are a wise investment. Replacement of a temperature-controlled film-developing sink, a print drier, an enlarger, a print washer, and other essential equipment, is necessary.

Exhibits preparation and modernization work require the use of specialized photographic pajier, film, and other unusual-size^l and textured photographic supplies. To provide these materials and to meet higher costs of stock, a small increase in funding for supplies is necessary.

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AD]MNISTRATI\^ AND CENTRAL SERVICES SIMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

PRESS

1967 appropriation .$5.j!). 00()

1968 appropriation 5S5, 000

1969 estimate 6.".;;. 000

The Smithsonian Institution Press is a primary agent for tlie communieation of results of the Institution's research and education programs. It issues numerous research studies in nine active series in science and history. It produces catalogs that document and supplement special and permanent exhibitions. It publishes popular pamphlets, information leaflets, and other materials that de.scribe and illustrate the National Collections. The functions of the Tress include the approval and editing of manuscripts, design of pu])lications. procurement of printing, and distribution of over 100 finished works annually. In company with advanced research, this is an original program of the Institution.

An increase of $68,000 is requested, including $60,000 to eliminate a backlog of manuscripts and to meet a predicted increase in the flow of manuscripts and illustrations submitted for publication, and $8.0(X) for necessary pay increases.

Need for increase

The principal value of research is enabled through publication. Support of research is wasted if that research goes unreported to the .scholarly community and uninterpreted for the general public. This is particularly true of Smithsonian Institution scientific results, which are typically basic data of primary necessity to the advancement of specific research in Federal agencies, universities, and industry. Pertinent examples ai"e the Smithsonian AstropliysicaJ Ohscrvatonj Star Cataloff, published in 1966, and the series of United States 'National Muxnini Bulletins presenting life histories of all Noi-th American birds. The last three volumes of this famous series, now in press, will complete a 22-volume compendium of information to which hundreds of this country's ornithologists and naturalists have contributed over the past half-century. The Star Catalog identifies and locates more than one-quarter million stars and is considered an indispensa,ble reference tool by astronomers. The information on its 2.60O data-packed pages was comixtsed by computer and photographed for offset printing at the rate of a page every second-and-a-half, saving well over $100,000 in typesetting and proofreading costs.

The requested increase will be devoted largely to the publication of re.search papers and monographs of this type. At present almost 2,000 manuscript pages with illustrations await assignment to editors. In fi.scal year 1968, the Press expects to receive a total manuscript workload of over 15,000 manuscript pages, plus illustrations, in the fields of natural histoi'y. anthropology, history, technology, astrophysics, aeronautics and astronautics, and art. Almost 17,000 i>ages are forecast for .submission to the Press for publication in fiscal year 1969, an increase of 10 percent above the current year. In addition, a 16 percent increase is forecast for the costs of page charges and reprints of research pai^ers published by the Smithsonian staff in outside scholarly journals. These forecasts were made from a detailed study of the increased professional research staff and its higher per capita productivity. Increased costs aLso reflect the greater number of copies that mu.^t be printed to meet public demands, and higher printing costs. An increase of $53,000 is sought for printing and reproduction costs.

The Press will continue to obtain maximum economies in compo.sition and printing costs wherever commen.surate with the requirements of durable, high-quality publications. The sub.stitution of linotype for monotype, the u.se of typewriter compo.sition instead of set type for listings and tables, and the use of offset printing instead of letterpress will .save approximately $15,000 in fiscal year 1968. Similar economies are expected to offset cost increases for labor and materials in fiscal year 1969.

Additional clerical personnel are a basic need to cope with the increased research manuscript workload. Presently, there are only one secretary and one clerk-typist to support the entire Press professional staff engaged in direction, editorial, design, and production work. This forces the professional staff to i>er-form many routine clerical and administrative tasks below their grade levels. The increased productivity of the Press professional staff resulting from additional clerical supiiort will permit the unit to handle the additional manu.script workload indicated for fi.scal year 1969. Two additional clerical personnel, at a cost of $7,000, represent an essential staffing increase.

The goal of the Smithsonian Institution Press is to have every approved research report in the process of editing within one week after submission; and to publish short research papers within six months, and longer monographs within 15 months of their acceptance.

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BfUILDINGS MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT

19G7 appropriation $6, 9(>i, 000

1908 appropriation 7, 350, 000

1909 estimate 8, 092, 000

The Buildings Management Department protects, maiutaiiis, and operates eight

major Smithsonian buildings, including the original Smithsonian Institution building, the Museum of Natural History, the Museum of History and Technology, the Arts and Industries building, the Freer Gallery of Art, the National Air and Space building, the Fine Arts and Portrait Galleriies building, and the Renwick Gallery. This Department is also responsible for a number of other research, collection, and service facilities, including the Oceanographic Sorting Center, the Chesapeake Bay Center for Field Biology, the Belmont Conference Center, and the Salver HUl facility for the restoration and storage of air and spacecraft.

This Department provides utilities, transportation, and communications services ; plans and suiiervises construction projects; i)erforms alterations, repairs, and improvements ; furnishes guard, fire protection, safety, and security ser\ices; participates in tlie installation of new or rejiovated exhibition halls; repairs and refinishes museum objects and furnishings; and provides custodial and other supporting services for the research, scientific, exhibition, and public education progi'ams of the Smithsonian.

An increase of 40 positions and $742,000 is required to provide minimum essential protection, custodial, and maintenance services for the new Fine Arts and Portrait Galleries building, the Renwick Gallery, Neighborhood Museum, and Silver Hill facility; to meet projected increased utility costs; to continue furnishing uniforms to custodial and maintenance employees; and to provide .for the rental of necessary space for the tempoi-ary relocation of certain activ-lities. This includes $300,000 for necessary pay increases.

Need for increase

The requested increases are necessary to maintain an adequate level of basic services, the cost of which has been approximately 25 x>ercent of the total Smithsonian budget over the past ten years. During this period the demand for Buildings Management services has necessarily reflected the growth in the number of Smithsonian buildings, the number of visitors to those buildings, and the number of employees necessai-y to staff tlie Smithsonian's public service programs. The total floor space of all Smithsonian buildings has increased from

1.4 million square feet in 1059 to 3.2 million square feet in 1909. The number of visitors ha.s increased from 7 million in 1959 to an expected 14 million in 1909 and to 20 million by 1973. During the same period there have been substantial additions to practically every cost of meeting new and existing requirements. Salaries, the largest single cost item, have increased 50 percent.

This Department also must provide services not only during the regular hours when the buildings are oi^en, but for special public activities in the evenings, on weekends, and holidays as well as during the period April 1 through August 31, when the museum and gallery exhibitions are open until 10:00 p.m. During calendar year 1907, of the 14 million visitors to Smithsonian buildings on the Mall, 07 ijercent, or over 9,000,000, visited during the summer mouths. Over

1.5 million of these came during the summer evening hours.

The newly renovated Fine Arts and Portrait Galleries building is being prepared for opening to the public. Like other museums, the building will become fully operational over a period of several years as additional galleries are completed, furnished, and oi>ened to the public. The present Buildings Management staff is adequate only to proWde minimum support services during the interim period and must be supplemented to provide a minimal staffing level during fiscal year 1909. The essential additional positions required to oi>en the building, with protection and custodial services at a reduced level and with all except

basic support activities curtailed, are 10 custodial and service employees, seven mechanics, and 15 guards. In recognition of the need for economy, this increase will not provide for night opening of the building.

The renovation of the Renwick Gallary at 17th and Pennsylvania Avenue is scheduled for completion in September 1968. This Department must service the building while final renovation work is being completed and exhibition halls, equipment, and heating, air-conditioning, and humidity control systems are being installed and activated prior to opening the Museum to the public as a museum of American crafts, decorative arts, and design. An initial staff of 10 will be required to give minimal mechanical operations, protection, and custodial services during the latter part of fiscal year 1969. These are five guards, four custodial employees, and an operating engineer.

The Silver Hill facility includes 22 buildings on approximately 16 acres of land, used for general storage of museum collections and workshops to rehabilitate historic and irreplaceable aircraft and spacecraft. Although the area is fenced, several acres of open storage for aircraft and vehicles present an attraction for children and souvenir seekers. To protect against vandalism, it is necessary to provide four additional guards for a 24-hour patrol of buildings and grounds seven days a week.

Funds are needed to give minimal maintenance support to the Neighborhood) Museum located in Washington, D.C. '

The cost of electricity, steam, and other utility services has increased very substantially over the last several years, as shown by the following comparison :

Type of utility

1965

1966

1967

1968 estimate

1969 estimate

Electricity. $424,000

Steam 255,000

Communications.. 100, 000

Gas 14,000

Total. _ 793,000

$454,000

259, 000

170, 000

14, 000

$542, 000

276, 000

164,000

18, 000

$586. 000 286, 000 198,000 25, 000

$634, 000

318,000

203, 000

29, 000

897,000 1,000,000 1,095,000 1,184,000

The provision for air conditioning, heating, and lighting for the increasing number of visitors and longer visiting hours, and for increasing building space areas has resulted in higher consumption of electricity and steam, and has required an operating personnel complement substantially greater than normally required for ofiice-type buildings. Expanded Smithsonian public service and education activities have increased communication costs. An increase of $89,000 is necessary to meet projected increased utility costs in 1969.

An increase of $96,000 is requested for rental of ofiice space which will be required for the relocation of Siome selected Institution activities during alterations and improvements planned for the Smithsonian Institution building and to meet other critical short-term space requirements. This estimate is based on the General Services Administration standard rate of $5.00 per square foot.

These additional needs cannot be met from existing resources. At present, there are too few craft and trade employees to operate and maintain complex mechanical systems and perform essential prev^entive maintenance. There are shortages of laborers and custodial employees to perform routine cleaning and other assignments and to respond to special requests from the museums' staffs. Existing guard posts are not covered properly during peak visitor time.

The workload placed on this Department continues to grow as evidenced by the increase in the number of work orders for mechanical trades assistance (carpentry, plumbing, electrical work, etc.) received during fiscal year 1967 over fiscal year 1964, as follows :

Number of Fiscal year : work orcters

1964 2. n70

1965 3. 294

1966 3. 344

1967 4, 916

1968, estimated 7. 000

1969. estimated 9, 000

These work orders represent a broad range of assistance to such activities as special exhibitions in the arts, history, and science: new approved educational and research programs; increased, continuing use of all buildings, grounds, and facilities by the visiting public, students, and scholars; and greatly increased servicing and maintenance problems resulting from new building spaces, complex equipment and intricate systems in the newer buildings, and continuing preventive maintenance and repairs to the older historical buildings to prevent deterioration leading to more costly repairs.

Some examples of the support which this Department provides includes the redesign and installation of temperature and humidity control systems for laboratory research; installation of specialized and intricate lighting and various types of motors and controls for publicly operated exhibits; installation of complex plumbing techniques required in the Heavy Machinery Hall of the Museum of History and Technology; special installations in relation to lighting, sound systems, and projectors for educational and training programs; restoration of antique furniture for .special exhibition or use: and building special design exhibit cases which cannot be purchased on the open market. A great proportion of the work is performed directly in the spaces involved and requires, in most cases; the effort of a number of skilled trades in addition to inspection, planning, and sui>ervision of the work.

Mechanical services employees are also responsible for servicing, repairing, and operating the present 9,3S0-ton capacity of air-conditioning, refrigeration, heating, and humidity control equipment, and related machinery and accessories, compared to the 2,280-ton capacity of such equipment in 1964, on a 24-hour basis, .seven days a week. Environmental control is vital to the conservation and preservation of the 62 million objects in the National Collections as well as to the comfort of the visiting public and the productivity of the staff.

Building services employees also give supix)rt to the many programs of the Smithsonian including moving collections and objects; cleaning special exhibits, e.g.. the Blue Whale ; removing glass from exhibit cases for changing the exhibits ; and si>ecial cleaning of research equipment in addition to their regular duties of cleaning exhibition areas, exhibit cases, rest rooms, offices, shops, laboratories; and .several public lounges. These employees also are responsible for all vehicle services, switchboard operation, office moves, pe.st-coutrol operations, and the oi)eration of the elevators. The cost of these employees was over a million dollars in fiscal year 1967, exclusive of supplies, materials, and equipment.

A recent survey of the required number of guard posts which should be manned for adequate protection of the visitors to our museums and art galleries, the National Collections, and the buildings revealed that only 85 percent of the essential posts can be staffed with current personnel, compared with approximately 96 percent in fiscal year 1965. Guarding is becoming increasingly more complex. Effective design of exhibits halls or the shape of available spaces frequently prevent large open spaces that can be guarded effectively with a single or a few posts. Many more exhibits are being designed to permit the public to viev/ the objects without the intrusion of protective devices, such as enclosures and cases. The National Collections must be given every protection against loss or damage through theft or vandalism. The number of such incidents has increased from 45 incidents in 1965 to 183 in 1967. an increase of 75 percent.

The size and complexity of the Building Management Department requires management improvement and cost reduction programs to insure that a maximum quality of services is provided with available funds. Periodic evaluations are made to selected areas of operations; and comparisons, where applicable, are made with comparable operations by similar organizations. For instance, 32 museums and art galleries throughout the United States recently were asked for their costs for the operation and maintenance of their buildings. Based on the information received, the overall average typical unit cost is $1.76 per square foot. For comparable services, the Smithsonian's average cost is $1.01 per square foot.

In addition to staff, rent, and utility increases, additional funds are required for automatic detection systems in new building spaces, custodial and mechanical supplies, and for the replacement of obsolete equipment.

BUILDINGS MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT

Square feet, Number of positions Operating costs '

Name of building gross

1967 1968 1969 1967 1968 1969

Museum of History and Technology.-.. 753,667 243 248 248 $2,252,000 $2,293,000 $2,407,000

Museum of Natural History 1,220,581 268 272 272 2,501.000 2,596.000 2,721,000

Smithsonian Institution building. 150,388 48 49 49 384,000 394,000 409,000

Arts and Industries building 162,897 73 74 74 658,000 553,000 602,000

Fine Arts and Portrait Galleries building 374,125 0 64 96 120,000 452,000 769,000

Renwick Gallery 38,000 0 0 10 0 0 2 42,000

All other (National Air and Space Museum, Freer Gallery of Art, 24th St., Neighborhood Museum, Oceano-graphic Sorting Center, Silver Hill, facility. Lament St., and minor

sheds) 509,762 91 92 96 764,000 837,000 917,000

Rehabilitation projects 225,000 225,000 225,000

Total... 3,209,420 723 799 845 6,904,000 7,350,000 8,092,000

'Excludes rehabilitation costs. -Initial operation only.

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SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

Chairman Hayden. Dr. Ripley, with respect to the scientific research activities of the Smithsonian Institution, how many personnel are involved ?

Mr. Ripley. Mr. Chairman, our basic science research staff at the Smithsonian, supported by appropriations, is now 345. We are requesting in 1969 an increase in that figure up to 384.

These numbers do not include people working in research in history and art. In addition, we have people servicing these research efforts in units such as the library and the press.

Chairman Hayden. How much of your budget is set aside for such activities ?

Mr. Ripley. Well, in our science activities, we have $5,800,000, including a major portion of the work in the Museum of Natural History.

We are requesting for all of these services in 1969 an increase of $607,000, which includes funds for necessary pay increases.

Major Fields of Research

Chairman Haydex. "WHiat are the major fields in which your scientific research takes place ?

Mr. Ripley. Anthropology^, astrophysics, oceanography, tropical biologj', and also other major fields in the natural sciences, botany, entomology, vertebrate and invertebrate zoology, mineral sciences, and paleobiology.

We also do work in research of the history of cultures and technology and the history of art.

Assistance to Other Agencies

Chairman Hayden. To what extent is the knowledge which the Smithsonian Institution gains through its scientific research used by other Federal agencies and by non-Federal organizations ?

Mr. Ripley. We have some information on this, sir, as a result of a recent survey.

During this j^ast year, almost every agency of the Government has asked the Smithsonian to do somiething for it, to aj^ply our com-iDination of knowledge and curatorial information. The information associated with the national collections keeps on being used.

This surA-ey showed that in 200 instances, almost 100 other departments, agencies and Government units asked us for information. I can give you examples. In the case of the Bureau of Public Roads, we provided information about components and history of l:)ridge construction for that disaster of the bridge that fell down in the Ohio River.

MOLLVSKS

In connection with our moViusks, our sliell collections, we are coii-linually being asked to identify species of mollusks imported into this country harl>oring epidemic diseases, viruses, and so foi-th.

MOSQUITOES

In the case of mosquitoes, we have a tremendous fund of information on the types of mahiria-bearing- mosquitoes, and the Department of Defense has set up a unit for tlie identification of those mosquitoes of Southeast Asia, wliere, of course, malaria is still epidemic.

POLLUTION'

We have this work, that I mentioned earlier in connection with possible pollution in the sea, where we are working with State and Federal agencies to anahze cores of sediments. A sedimentologist in the Museum of Xatural History is working with the city of New York to study the eli'ects of offshore garbage, commercial acid, and sewage dimij)s.

TEACHING AIDS

We have done quite a lot of work with school sj'stems at all levels, and we are contmually being pressed to do more than our resources permit us to do. "We have a fascinating recent demonstration, a teaching exhibit, which has been going on in schools in local counties, Fairfax County, and possibly this year in Prince William County, in which we use sound, light and color systems of teaching aids.

This field is of great importance, I feel, for the Institution. An institution that runs museums must study new ways of conveying information in connection with teaching and creating interest in it.

As you know very well, Mr. Chairman, from our long experience, you can't teach people unless you can interest them.

Chairman Haydex. That is right.

REIMBURSEMEXT FROM OTHER AGENCIES FOR RESEARCH

Does the Smithsonian Institution receive reimbursement from other Federal agencies for the research it performs on matters about which information is not otherwise available?

Mr. Ripley. It depends, Mr. Chairman, on the circumstances. If it is just a single-use, single-occasion inquiry, then we don't make any charge. If it becomes a frequently recurring service, we may request reimbursement from the agency. This would be likely to be on a 1-year basis, a sort of a contract. And then sometimes we get a specific grant or contract to perform a special task, like the mosquito project. There we get a grant from the Defense Department to do this, because this is outside of our capacity to maintain a continuing staff for the project.

SOURCES AND EXTENT OF OUTSIDE RESEARCH FINANCING

Chairman Hayden. To what extent and from what sources, if any, are contributions received for research work by the Smithsonian Institution?

Mr, Ripley. In 1967, Mr. Chairman, we received rather a good sum, $131/2 million for grants and contracts from outside agencies. And in 1068 we estimate we received a little less, about $12.4 million.

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These are largely from XASA, the Xational Aeronautics and Space Adinmistration, from the Department of Defense, and from the National Science Fomidation.

U.S. ]vrcsEU]vr: a]mericax revolutigx bicextexnial commemoilvtiox

Chairman Hatdex. In the proposed budget for the Office of Director of the U.S. Museum there are mcluded t"wo new positions and a $50,000 increase for the Smithsonian's role in commemorating the bicentennial of the American Revolution.

Wliat is the total number of personnel now on duty and the total budget available throughout the Smithsonian Institution for work on the bicentennial ?

Mr. ErPLEY. IMr. Chairman, we don't have any people who are working solely on the bicentennial, but I would estimate that 1 man-year's work, about 2,000 hours, is spent by the staff in bicentennial activities now.

There is $24,000 available m fiscal 1968 in our "Salaries and expenses" appropriation for bicentennial projects.

Personnel and Funding

Chairman Haydex. How much is asked in total persomiel and total funds for fiscal year 1969 throughout your organization ?

Mr. Ripley. Well, for the bicentennial, we are requesting five employees and $184,000 throughout the Institution, and this includes $50,000 for a feasibility study for pavilions which might be erected in time for 1976 to house tremendous historic objects—for example, George Washington's tent—and things of this sort, next to the Museum of Histoiy and Technology.

Then we have quite a long list of temporary exhibits we have held and plans for additional exhibits and other programs for commemo-ratmg this very special event.

EXPEEIMENTING IN EXHIBIT EFFECTIVENESS

Chairman Haydex. Also included in this part of your estimate is a request for $40,000 for experimentation and evaluation of exhibit effectiveness.

Is this a new activity ? If not, how much did you have last year?

]\Ir. Ripley. We had $15,000 for this in 1968, so it is not a new activity-. We are going to try to continue it. We feel that if we don't study this, we won't be spending our mone}' right.

TEACHING EXHIBIT

Chairman Haydex. How do you go about experimenting and evaluating such effectiveness ?

Mr. Ripley. Well this is a verj- difficult subject, ]Mr. Chairman, because whatever we do is sort of pioneering. But one of the pilot projects Avas this teaching exhibit that I mentioned earlier. We made 14 exhibits on the physics of light, and we circulated these with the assistance of liigh scliool teachers through elemontar}' schools making them availa])k' to students in Fairfax Countv.

"We are now circulatino; them in Prince William County in Virginia.

Tliese exhibits permit the student to experiment and demonstrate principles of optics, color, light, and enero-y. Without the exhibit, the teacher couldn't do anything except maybe make a drawing on the board and talk about it.

These exhibits have been highly successful because they give the student a chance to read the lesson sheet, go to the exhibit and perform experiments, draw conclusions, and report. And the student in this way learns on his own, without a teacher, outside the classroom, while also learning something of the methods of being a scientist. Then the results are measured both by responses made by the students at the exhibit and by their answers to the teacher's questions.

We feel that this is the kind of demonstration we can use to determine the reaction of visitors to exhibits themselves. I would like to see us do much more of this by having a testing situation for our visitors. They can come in at random. If they wish to submit themselves to tests, they can, and they can experiment with solving problems.

We would like to do a lot more of this, because we feel this could be a tremendous value to education.

TRAINING COLLEGE GRADUATES

Chairman Hayden. Also, I note a request for $30,000 to train five college graduates to meet museum needs.

How much do you have in your 1968 budget for this purpose?

Mr. Ripley. We made available about $25,000 this year. There were no new funds in 1968 for this, and we hope that with the $30,000 we can train five trainees.

In 1967 we were able to provide a year's museum training for nine young college graduates on a cost-sharing basis in several cooperating museums, one in Los Angeles, one in Chicago, and one in New York.

This program is very popular with the museums themselves. They feel it gives a lot of stimulus to an idea we have which is that there is no real training program for technicians in museum research in science. Technicians train in laboratories for R. & D. kinds of science, and they are possible to find and work with in other programs. But nothing is really being done about the museum scientists, and as a result, there is no real replacement program as people retire and change their jobs.

Chairman Hayden". Are these college graduates advanced students or employees of other museums ?

Mr. Ripi^Y. Sir, they are young graduates entering the museum field, and they are not advanced students as a result. They will be developed, I hope, as research assistants, research associates, people who do not need an advanced degree.

Chairman PIayden. Is it expected that they will work for the Smithsonian, or will they seek employment in other places ?

Mr. Ripley. We are doing this as a service for the Nation, and we expect that they will seek employment auywhei-e they wish as a result.

NEIGHBORHOOD MUSEUM SUPPORT

Cliaii'man Haydex. In connection with the Office of Exhibits, I note that yon are asking an increase of $16,000 for support of the Neighborhood Museum.

How much was avaiLable for tliis purpose in your budget for fiscal year 1968 ?

Mr. Ripley. Mr. Chairman, we estimate that in man-hours and time we spent about $30,000 in 1967 for this activity. And for this museum, we also received over $60,000 in grants.

Here is a picture I would like to show you of this Neighborhood Museum, which has been enormously successful since it opened in September.

1Ve spent a certain amount of money and time planning even in the earlier budget—that is, the 1967 budget, in 1966—just plamiing for this activity, so that the work to prepare for this thing has taken almost 2 years now, I would say.

But the outlay of money has been essentially for the time spent by our exhibits people, who are very excited about it, and have derived a great deal of educational value themselves. The exhibits people view this jSTeighborhood Museum as a testing laboratory for themselves, to find out what audience reaction and participation is.

1968 AND 1969 Funding

Chairman Hayden. I recall that further reference to the Neighborhood Museum appears in the Office of Education and Training portion of your budget.

Throughout the Smithsonian Institution how much was available in fiscal year 1968 for this purpose, and how much is asked in fiscal year 1969?

OFFICE OF EXHIBITS

Mr. RrPLEY. In 1968, Mr. Chairman, we had available, or used, about $.30,000 from the Office of Exhibits, and, as I say, we did this on basis that this is the Laboratory for the Office of Exhibits.

BUILDINGS MAXAGEMENT DEPARTMENT AND U.S. MUSEUM

We had about $8,000 expended from the buildings management department for services, trucking and getting materials back and forth, and we had $1,000 in the U.S. National Museum. That made a total of $39,000.

PRIVATE GRANTS

The private grants which we received, as I say, in 1968, represented about $60,000, so that it cost us, using these grants which we had asked for, close to $100,000 to conduct this museum experiment. We also received an additional challenge grant from the Irwin-Sweeny-Miller Foundation of Columbus, Ohio, to augment the museum's program this coming year. We are trying to raise little sums, $1 here, $10 there, from children and other donors to match this challenge and keep the thing croincf.

For 1969, we are requesting an increase of $68,000 for the Xeiglibor-liood Museum, This will just about replace initial year generous private support for this museum.

MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY : ORGANIZATION OF DOCUMENTARY

MATERIALS

Chairman Hayden. Under the Museum of History and Technology, you ask an increase of $20,000 and one position for organization of documentary material, stating that no funds are specifically available for this purpose now. This indicates that some work has been done in this field.

How much was used in each of the past 2 years, and from what sources were the funds made available ?

]\Ir. Ripley. Mr. Chairman, tliis work is primarily being performed by museum technicians, who are concerned with management and collection of objects. "We estimate that in the past 2 years probably less than 1 man-year has been devoted to this or approximately the equivalent of no more than $8,000 total in appropriated funds each year.

However, when we start really assembling important machines and instruments illustrating the history- of science and technology, a tremendous amount of documentary material is also collected. Tliis comes in the form of drawings, specifications, and so on. We have received some tremendous gifts and other collections in this regard.

Warshaw Collection

For example, in the past year we have finally gotten the Wai-shaw collection, which represents almost a million documents, and which is full of important information on the patents and inventions of the 19th and early 20th centuries. It has been used to help settle patent disputes, litigations, and so on. It is a valuable mine of information for people studying the history of the development of various inventions, and we think that this sort of work is very important.

"We have got to get it organized into some kind of easily usable archival form for historical research.

PAY INCREASE ALLOCATIONS

Chairman Hayden. Throughout your budget justification you liaAe provided very useful sunnnary tables for each of your appropriation activities. Tlie tables provide an analysis of the total increase requested, divided to show the amount needed for pay purposes and the amount needed for program purposes.

Would you please have furnished for tlie I'ecord. information to show how much of the pay increase requested is to meet requirements for personnel now employed and how mucli is needed to meet (he increased pay pertaining to the new positions which may have been requested in such activity ?

Mr. KiPLEY. I would like to ask Mr. Bradley to speak to that, if I may, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. Bradley. Mr. Chairman, we would like to submit a statement that would, show the pay increases divided up as you suggest. I should go on to say, though, that the funds shown in these summary tables that you just referred to are for the existing positions and that any funds that come along for any increase in personnel that we get is included in what we call the program increase. That is self-contained.

Chairman Hayden. You may place that in the record.

(The information follows:)

1969 COST OF CLASSIFIED PAY RAISE, EFFECTIVE OCT. 8, 1968

Activity

1968 positions

1969 increase

1969 total

Mumber Amount Number Amount Number Amount

1. IVluseums of science and history (including re-

search):

U.S. NationallVluseum 191 $75,967 13 $4,537 204 $80,504

IVluseum of History and Technology 152 66,150 3 1,353 155 67,503

Museum of Natural History 262 125,050 8 1,872 270 126,922

National Air and Space IVIuseum__ _. 39 13,127 3 1,328 42 19,455

[Rational Armed Forces IVluseum Advisory

Board 7 3,046 0 0 7 3,046

Total, museums of science and history. 651 288.340 27 9,090 678 297,430

2. Art galleries:

Freer Gallery of Art 5 1,838 1 234 6 2,072

National Collection of Fine Arts... 57 22,257 5 1,818 62 24.075

National Portrait Gallery 27 12,104 4 1,662 31 13,766

Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture

Garden.._ 3 1,859 2 794 5 2,653

Total, art galleries _ 92 38,058 12 4,508 104 42,566

3. Research activities (other than museums):

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 53 37,735 3 1,922 56 39,657

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute 13 6,298 6 2,806 19 9,104

Radiation Biology Laboratory... 27 13.359 1 634 28 13,993

Office of Ecology _. 5 3,084 3 871 8 3,955

Office of Oceanography and Limnology 18 8,734 8 2,792 26 11,526

Smithsonian research aviiards 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total, research activities.... 116 69,210 21 9,025 137 78,235

4. Other activities (including administrative and

central services:

Office of Education and Training. 13 4,252 4 1,487 17 5,739

International activities 13 6,977 3 991 16 7,963

Administrative and central services 223 93,949 32 10,545 255 104,494

Total, other activities. 249 105,178 39 13,023 288 118,201

5. Buildings management, total. 337 88,854 25 5,224 362 94,078

Grand total, salaries and expenses 1,445 i589,640 124 40,870 1,569 630,510

'Increased pay costs for new positions requested for 1969 are included in the requested funds for "program Increases."

Note.—The $589,640 are financed in partfrom $127,000 of the $741,000 requested in (') Pay increases Item (a), and the $439,000 of the requested pay supplemental in fiscal year 1968.

REVISIOlSr OF HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIANS NORTH OF MEXICO

Chairman Hayden. In connection with the Museum of Natural History, you state that a revision of "The Handbook of the American Indians North of Mexico" is imperative, indicating that part of the increase of $20G,000 which you request will be used for this purpose.

How much do you estimate it will cost to do a complete revision of this book, and how much of it will occur during fiscal year 19G9?

Mr. EiPLEY. This handbook is a collaborative etfort between universities, museums and Government agencies. It is expected that over the

next 10 3'ears these other organizations Avill contribute about 420 man-years of time and effort on the revision of the handbook, worth in this sense about. $31/^ million.

The Smithsonian, it is proposed, would contribute about $700,000 over the next 10 years, and in fiscal 1969, as you point out, we are asking for one technician and $26,000 to assist with the project.

But it is an enormously important work. The previous older work I have here. This is one of the volumes of the handbook which is going to be redone.

I would like to point out that the Indian population is continuing to increase slowly from 1900 to 1968. There has been a rather measured and definite increase. It is true that they are probably the fastest growing segment of the whole U.S. population.

^AHien the handbook was written, we did not realize that the Indians had reached the lowest point in their history. At that time there were less than 300,000 Indians, and today that figure has doubled. There are now over 600,000 Indians.

Chainnan ILvydex. When was the book issued?

Mr. Ripley. This was published in about 1900, as I recall. Let me see. It was 1910.

Chairman Haydex. I have a cop}' of it, but I had forgotten the date.

Mr. Ripley. We feel it is vitally important to iDi'ing this up to date. It is a long way out of date now, and we have a tremendous number of people who are continually interested in Indians in various ways.

As you know, the other departments of tlie Government are charged witli tremendous responsibilities in regard to Indians, and we have a traditional role to play in conserving and documenting their history.

ACQUISITION AXD EXHIBIT OF SPACE OBJECTS

Chairman Haydex. In the National Air and Space Museum portion of your budget estimate you indicate that three positions and $90,000 more are necessary in order to support new obligations under responsibilities added by the Congi'ess.

What are these res]>onsibilities?

Mr. Ripley. Mr. Cliairman, one of the interesting developments in the past year has been the program developed with NASA to assist the Air and Space Museum. NASA provided some funding this year with the understanding that we would then seek continued funding directly from the Congress. This program in space science and technology is in direct support of the added responsibilities given to the Air and Space Museum by legislation in 1966.

This is what we are requesting. It has to do with the space capsules and otlier comjionents which we are receiving from NASA. If we are going to be able to maintain, conserve, and exhibit these space objects, we will gradually have to assume this obligation and this responsibility after this first gi-ant from NASA runs out.

JOSEPH H. IIIRSIIIIORX MUSEFM AXD SCULPTURE GARDEN

Chairman Haydex. You are asking $3S,000 more in fiscal year 1969 for Salaries and Expenses related to the Hirshhorn Museum than was appropriated to you in fiscal year 1968.

Would you explain why it is necessary to have this fund in advance of construction of the museum ?

Mr. Ripley. One of the important things about the Hirshhorn collection, Mr. Chairman, is that it is in the New York City vicinity, and it is in a variety of warehouses. It must somehow be gotten into shape for moving down to AVashington.

Collection Maintenance Cost

Mr. Hirshhorn himself spends about $50,000 a year on this project of just maintaining his collections, and I might say that since May 1966 we estimate that he has spent well over a million and a half dollars buying new objects. We have to document these. We have to catalog them. We have to help maintain them in good condition once we have accepted the obligation that we are going to show them.

Chairman Haydex. Is it planned to move any of the sculpture and paintings to Washington prior to completion of the museum ?

Mr. Ripley. Yes, sir, we do plan to do so as soon as we have gotten into the construction phase of the museum where storage is possible. That will be well before, perhaps a year before, it actually opens.

Chairman Haydex. I note that Mr. Hirshhorn will absorb certain costs of maintaining the temporary offices in New York City.

How much does the Smithsonian contribute to these costs ?

Mr. Ripley. We contribute about $11,000 now to the rental of office space, cleaning, telephones, and the like. Our total contribution is about $56,000. As I mentioned earlier, Mr. Hirshhorn contributes something around $50,000.

SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY

Chairman Hayden. With respect to the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, for which you request three addition employees and $99,000 more in fiscal year 1969, would you please indicate to the committee the importance of this observatory and also tell us about the need for 3'our requested increase ?

Mr. Ripley. I am happy to do so, Mr. Chairman, especially since I spent part of last week up thei'e working with the Harvard committee.

This is an enormously important activity to the Nation. It is a center of very active research in tlie sciences concerned with the origin and matter of the solar system and the universe. It operates jointly with Harvard and MIT and this is a very fniitful relationship, because they react on each other.

The scientists working in these institutions help us, and we help them reciprocally.

Funding

About $11 million is involved in the total funding of the Observatory and about 85 percent of that is contributed by others, so that we get off quite cheaply.

Our grant support from the other agencies is about $9 million, and we have been very active in soliciting new and innovative jx'ople to the staff, Avhich we could not do if we weren't so closely tied in, I think, with Harvard and ]\IIT.

Harvard's biidget receives, also, about $8 iiiilliou or $9 million from iiraiits, and tliey put in, besides, o\er a million dollars in total for their oi>ser\atory and the astronomy department.

Harvard Building Program

Tliey are looking for a building program at Harvard which will benefit our stall', because we will be able to help man these new facilities. Han'ard is going to come in, I hope, eventually with us in our observatoiT in the Southwest. They are considering three plans, but they feel their scientists need an obsenatory in the Southwest, too, liecause the present telescope that they have in Massachusetts is just not fully satisfactory due to wheatlier conditions.

I think that we are in a veiy strong position there in our own work, especially with the study of planets and planetary properties.

Dr. Jesse L. Greenstein, who was at this meeting from Cal Tech, tells me that he thinks the Smithsonian leads the Nation, and this kind of cooperative work is one of the reasons why.

BI'IXIET REQUEST IX CREASE

The requested increase of $99,000 is for the planned implementation of the ObservatoiT's research in radio astronomy, gamma-ray astronomy, meteorites and cosmic dust, and especially for a limited buildup of support of the ^Slount Hopkins, Ariz., observing site. The request includes $23,000 for necessary pay increases.

MOUNT IIOPKIXS OBSERVATORY, ARIZ.

Chairman Haydex. What is the total estimated fund requirement for Mount Hopkins, Ariz., in fiscal year 1969, and how does this compare with the amount Mhich is needed there during the current fiscal year ?

Mr. IaIpley. }day I ask Mr. Bradley to speak to this, Mr. Chairman? He knows more about ]Mount Hopkins than I do. I haven't been out there yet, I am sorry to say.

]Mr. Bradley. Mr. Chairman, of the net increase we are seeking for this observatory, $33,000 would be expended at Mount Hopkins, and an additional $G9,000 would be spent for off-site studies. That is for instrumentation, travel, the use of the computer back at Cambridge, and generally to support and integrate the results of the Mount Hopkins work. These increases are largely offset by economies in other observator}' programs.

Gamma Ray Astronomy

Chairman Haydex. A part of your acti\'ity at Mount Hopknis is gamma ray astronomy. Would you explain this briefly, and indicate what information it is expected that a study of these rays will reveal?

Mr. Bradley. Mr. Chairman, I would like to offer you a very short statement that was given me very recently by Dr. Fred Whipple, the Director of the Observatory.

Gannna rays are extremely short waves at the upper end of the spectrum, and because they have a xevy short wave length, they have a very

liigh frequency. They are like X-rays and the rays that are emitted by radium and other radio-actiye elements.

Ganmia ray astronomy is essentially the study and the obseryation of these natural gamma rays that are imiDinging on the earth from astronomical sources.

It is their detection that we are interested in, in order to reyeal features of the uniyerse that haye not been obseryable before. Because of their yery high penetration and origin under circumstances not possible to duplicate in a laboratory, gamma rays may lead to the discoyery of new physical processes and may show what is the origin of cosmic rays—and whether there is antimatter in the uniyerse and whether matter is being created continuously in outer space.

SMITHSOXIAX TROPICAL RESEARCH IXSTITUTE, PANAMA CANAL

Chairman Haydex. Another of your activities on which both the House and Senate committees commented last year is the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute.

I belieye that it would be helpful to the committee if you would explain your acti^^ities in Panama and highlight some of the shortcomings which I know you feel exist there.

. Mr. Ripley. Mr. Chairman, I would be happy to ask Dr. Galler to speak to this, because he has recently been down there again, and I think he is better informed on the situation than I am.

Mr. Galler. Thank you, Mr. Secretary.

]\Ir. Chairman, may I show you this map of the total resources and facilities of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute? You will note that we haye laboratories at each end of the Panama Canal, one in the Atlantic and one in the Pacific.

Then, halfway down on your right is the Barro Colorado facility, where we have the central laboratory, and oyer to the left we have use of the so-called pipeline—Navy pipeline reserve—where a great deal of Smithsonian research is going on in this natural preserve that lias been maintained by the Navy.

This photograph is a picture of the marine laboratory on the Atlantic side. Practically every one of the facilities, Mr. Chairman, has been donated or borrowed from the Navy, the Panama Canal Company, and some of our other good friends in the Canal Zone.

If I may reiterate what Mr. Ripley said earlier, the Tropical Research Institute is the only basic research institute in the tropics available to scientists and students throughout the United States, the Caribbean, Middle America, and Latin America.

Research AcxniTiES ix the Tropics

The Insrifute has essentially five components of its activities. It has a small, l^ut very excellent, young group of seven scientists carrying t)n a basic research program to discover more information about the iropics.

It provides, through the combination of facilities and the scientists, a unique place for U.S. scientists and students to come and work for I heir own projects. And, as Mr. Ripley ])ointed out, last year alone,

00-201—68—pt. 2-

we had more than 400 visiting scientist.s, primarily from the United States.

It provides nnique opportnnities for tlie traininoj of graduate students and underg-raduato students and, also, last but not least, the combination of faculty and information is a very valuable repository that is used quite frequently by other agencies, both public and private.

P'or example, the Sea Level Canal Commission, the Army (Jorps of Engineers, and Batelle Memorial Institute, which serves as the contractor for the feasibility study of the sea-level canal, has made use of our facilities and our scientists for advice.

The Army Tropical Test T^nit there has referred questions to our stall' very frequently, primarily dealing with survival under jungle conditions. They have asked for advice about how soldiers and marines can subsist on the various resources in jungle areas. And I could go on and on.

Funding and 1'ersonnel Inckeases

We are asking for, in addition to the $18,000 for necessary pay increases, and in a priority sequence, first, we are asking for $r)(),0()0 and seven positions to meet some of the very severe shortages in siipporting services. This includes an administrator to take up the management burden, wdiich is now being carried on almost entirely by our scientists; two laboratoiy assistants and two laborers to sup})ort our scientists and visiting students and researchers; and, to replace the terminal funds we have received in the past from outside grants and contracts, the positions and salaries of two key scientists who have joined the staff. One is a distinguished entomologist and the other is a specialist in tropical marine biology. And we are also including the necessaiy funds for supplies and to replace completely depreciated equipment.

Second, one additional position and $19,000 is asked to fill a significant gap in theoretical ecology. As was mentioned l)v Mr. Kipley earlier, we do feel a special responsibility to the Nation to helj) assess some of the consequences of major engineering projects that ai'e l>eing proposed and constructed in the American tropics by various agencies, both public and private.

A theoretical ecologist is a kind of scientist who is able to tie together the special knowledge that is obtained from the discoveries of other scientists and to come out with the means for determining what may happen if we start manipulating the enviromnent in some of these tropical areas.

Third in priority, but of very timely importance, $50,000 are sought for competitive award through the Smithsonian's Research Awards Program for collaborative efforts led by our staff' scientists directly related to marine biology and tropical ecology to permit the essential leadtime to assess the biological costs and dangers of sea-level canal construction. The hour already is extremely late for initiating a responsible effort that is well witliin the leadership capabilities of our STRI scientists.

OTHER TROPICS LAFW)UAT0RIES

Chairman IIayden. Does any other nation in the world have an operation like this in the tropics ?

Dr. Galler. In the American tropics, no, sir. This is unique. In the Old World tropics, yes, there are several laboratories that are either in the tropics or on the periphery of the tropics. I don't belie^•e any of them is constituted the way the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute is constituted. In particular, nowhere else in the world can the distinct floras and faunas of two oceans be compared as easily and under such favorable conditions.

Program Priority

Chairman HLaydex. Can you provide for the committee a priority listing of your needs at the Panama Institute ?

Mr. Galler. Yes, sir, we will be glad to provide that for the record. (The information follows:)

SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Needs hy priority

1. Pay increases ?13. 000

2. Administrator 14. 000

3. Two laboratory assistants and two laborers to rectify shortages in

research support services. Increase includes replacement of wornout equipment 28,000

4. Two scientists, now' paid by terminating funds from other sources 14, 000

."i. Support for marine biology and tropical ecology through the research

awards program 50, 000

6. Theoretical ecologist 19, 000

7. Improved laboratory space for research 100, 000

RADIATION BIOLOGY LABORATORY

Chairman Hayden. For the Radiation Biology Laboratory you propose an increase of $35,000 to repair and operate complex refrigeration equipment, et cetera. Later in your budget there is a request for $400,000 to move this Laboratory to a new site.

Is the $35,000 necessary if you do find another location?

Mr. Ripley. Yes, sir. We are asking for this in order to renovate and maintain in good order existing equipment, which has to be renovated to continue experiments. This equipment would be relocated to the new site. We are asking for $400,000 for a one-time expense related to rehabilitating new space and moving.

SMITHSONIAN OCEAXOGRAPHIC SORTING CENTER

Chairman Hayden. In the material submitted for the Office of Oceanography and Limnology I notice a statement that the Smith-.sonian Institution on behalf of the U.S. Government has accepted the responsibility for sorting the resulting collections of certain interna-tiomil expeditions and delivering them to collecting scientists.

From whom did you accept tliis i-esponsibility, and under what authority?

]\rr. Ripley. Sir, in IOG'2, tlie National Science Foundation I'eceived funds to conduct wliat was called tlie International Indian Ocean Fx-pedition, and they immediately discovered that we were probably the one place that could act as a sorting center for the material that would come back from these ocean expedition patrols. There was no ])laco else—the National Science Foundation did not have this ca])a])ility

themselves, naturally, becar^':' tliey don't conduct researcli operations themselves.

We did, and we had these enormous existiiiii collections which could be matched against the new material comin;fr in. So we set up the Oceanographic Sortino; Center in that year initially, and this has developed since as a major research center for ocean material.

Technician Training

Chairman IIaydex. On pa^e B-75 you indicate that the Office of Oceanography has been training 100 oceanographic technicians. I assume that these are not Smithsonian employees.

Where do they come from, and do they receive a salary while they are working with the Smithsonian ? If so, who pays the salaries ?

trainee pay

]Mr. Ripley. Mr. Chairman, in the past 4 or f) years we have indeed taken on and developed about 100 technicians. ]Many of these have come from the Department of Labor unemployed lists. And almost all of these technicians have been paid from funds provided by the National Science Foundation, the Office of Naval Research, the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, and other agencies for special projects.

We have done a marvelous job in training these ])eople. Many of them have really l>ecome highly adept and skilled and motivated, interested in this work.

They are employed at grades (IS—i and GS-o, and nearly all of those who were formerly employees have gone on to some better paying permanent position after their training and work with us.

So we essentially do not pay for them. That is the answer.

OFFICE OF EDUCATIOX AND TRAINING : EXPERIMENTAL NEIGHBORHOOD MUSEUM, WASHINGTON, D.C.

Chairman Hayden. The increase requested for the Office of Education and Training is $44,000 to continue operations of an experimental Neighl)orhood ^Nluseum in Washington. As I understand it, there is only one such museum, the one in Anacostia, which was supported witii a $25,000 grant in 1968 from the Carnegie Corp.

1968 AND 1069 Funding

Why it necessary to have $44,000 for this purpose in 1969?

Mr. Ripley. I would like to ask Mr. Blitzer to answer this one, because he has been our man on the spot with the Anacostia Museum.

Mr. Blitzer. Mr. Chairman, actually we received about $60,000 in private funds in tiscal 1968 for that museum. As the Secretary pointed out, v.e have been able, by using the services of our exhibits department, which is finding out things about making exhibits for kinds of people that v.e don't know nuich about yet, we will spend altogether about $90,000 on the neighborhood museum. That will carry us, we figure, until the end of fiscal 1968.

What we are requesting now is Federal funds to continue the operation during the next year.

Chairman Haydex. What will be the result if Congress should not approve this request ?

Ih'. Ripley. We would have to close the museum, in effect, because the subsisting grants that we are operating on are so relatively small, you see. We think, in matching funds, we have put in about'$30,000 this year, and we got about $60,000 in outside contributions. So we had nearly $100,000.

This year, so far, we are operating with the thought that next year we have a challenge grant, that we may be able to raise about $40,000 or $45,000. And in order to keep it going, we are asking for $44,000 for the Neighborhood Museum.

AxTiciPATED Additional Neighborhood Museums

Chairman Haydex. Do you have plans and budget proposals for additioiial neighborhood museums? If so, where, and in what amounts?

yiv. Blitzer. Mr. Chairman, this first neighborhood museum was started as an experiment. I might say, just to refer to the previous question, foundations, as you know, are reluctant to underwrite continuing operations of things like this. They are not interested, really, in supporting this for all eternity. We hope that if this experiment proves to be a success, we could help with the founding of other neighborhood museums in other parts of Washington.

The crucial part of this is that the people in the neighborhood must want it. We have had enormous expressions of interest from various parts of the District of Columbia, but first we feel would like to finish this musemn.

In the long run, we hope that, cooperating with the people in the District of Columbia, there might be several of these. Ultimately, we hope museums in all cities, if this is a success, will go and do likewise.

Air. Ripley. We have photographs of the museum. Walter Wasli-ington is visiting it, and children are working in it.

We have had about 30,000 visitors so far, to the end of February.

Chairman Haydex. That is interesting.

INTERXATIOXAL EXCHANGE SERVICE SHIPPIXG COSTS

Four thousand dollars of your requested increase under international activities are for shipping costs. How much of these costs can you meet with foreign currencies ?

Mr. Ripley. Mr. Warner, would you answer that for me, please ?

Mr. Warner. Mr. Chairman, we believe a very small amount i-ela-tive to the overall shii:)ping costs of the International Exchange Sei'v-ice can be met. This is because not all of the excess currency countries have frequent sailings or any shipping lines at all, but we have done a little investigation and have found American- or foreign-flag shij)-ping lines v.hich would accept foreign currencies in ])ayment for shipments to Burma, India, Israel, Pakistan, Poland, Egypt, and Yugoslavia. It is not all. or tlio greatest volume of our shi))])ing, but we ihink we fonld economize by $20,000 in this way.

OFFICK OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR SCIENCE PERSONNEL

Chairman Hayden. One of the additional positions reriiiested for tlie Office of the Secretary is a biologist for the Assistant Secretary for Science.

What scientists does he now have on his staff ?

Mr. (taller. Mr. Chairman, the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Science is responsible to the Secretary for the supervision of all of the scientific activities in the Smitlisonian Institution. These activities include some 345 scientists, plus supporting personnel, plus the program offices of oceanography and ecology, the Smitlisonian Tropical Re^search Institutes: and the activity at tlie Astrophysical Observatory.

At the moment, the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Science consists of one scientist; namely, the Assistant Secretary for Science, And Ave feel that there is a need for an assistant to help with the many scientific research activities that go on in the Smithsonian Institution.

COX><OIJDATION OF PRINT SIIf)P AND DUPLICATING SECTION

Chairman Ha^T)EN. It is indicated that there is a desire to combine your print shop and your duplicating section, but that to do so will require an additional two positions.

Will you please explain v>hy the personnel now employed in these two sections can't be so utilized as to provide all the employees you need i

Mr. EiPLEY. I would like to ask Mr. Bradley to answer that question, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. Br-\dley. Mr. Chairman, upon the retirement, several years ago, of a very excellent foreman, his job got to be a production jol), and we had to do without a manager. We think that it has pretty well been demonstrated that it would be good business, if we can possildy do it, to obtain an additional position for a manager and also to give him a typist to make liim more productive. We feel these two would ])e worth their pay in organizing the work of the two shops.

We liave two employees in the printshop and seven employees in the duplicating shop, and they are very busy and very productive. But, nevertheless, somebody should be thei-e to i)lan, schedule, and assign work, recruit employees, and in general, serve as a good production manager to achieve the most effective and efficient results.

We think it would be good economy.

TORT CLAIMS

Chairman Ha^i-den. How many tort claims against the Smithsonian Institution liave been settled in tlie i)ast 2 years, and what were the total costs of settlement, and what were the liigh and low settlements?

Mr. Bradley. Sir, in lOGG we actually paid four. We had i)i'o])a])ly twice that numl>er to handle. The total cost was alx)ut $649. Tlie high clahn tliat was paid was $250, and the low settlement was$43.

In 1967 we only paid two, although we had about eight to consider, some of which were found not to be valid.

The total cost in 1907 was $244, witli a high and a low of $160 and $84.

To date this year, however, we have paid out five. That has cost $873, with a high of $600 for one and a low of $33 for another.

The i3oint is 'that todaj^ imder existing hi w, ]SIr. Chainnan, anything up to $2,500 in the way of a settlement is the responsibility of the Smithsonian and comes out of this appropriation. Anything greater than that, we send to the Department of Justice, and it becomes a part of an omnibus claims supplemental request that is submitted for the entire Government.

DIVISION OF PERF0R3IING ARTS PERSONNEL INCREASE

Chairman Hatden. You are asking two additional positions in the Division of Performing Arts at an increased cost of $31,000 in the coming fiscal year, indicating tbat they are to seek out, document, and present perfonnances and demonstrations concerning American craft culture, et cetera.

I note that on page B-98 you indicate a number of accomplishments along this line, which, apparently, have been completed.

Are the employees who did this work not available to continue this same type of v\-ork in the future ?

July Fovrth Festival

Mr. Ripley. Mr. Chairman, this is only a small list here that you see on B-98. However, I think I should speak to the most sensational one, and that was the festival that was held over the July Fourth holiday. This was extraordinarly successful, and it was largely done with grants received from arts councils in a number of the States with some supporting money coming from the City of Wasliington and with help from the Park Service, and so on.

Over 430,000 people were clocked in by the Park Service ofiicially at that festival, and it aroused very favorable reactions in the press throughout the Nation and in the Congress. In the Congressional Register, a number of Congressmen volunteered—much to our surprise, as it were—testimonial statements about how successful this thing had been.

Puppet Theater Programs

Then, some of the puppet theater programs have been successful, so much so that the National Park Service is asking us to consider using these in their programs this summer around the city.

As you know, the President and others have been urging the Park Service to take the initiative to try and provide healthy recreational activities during this summer in Wasliington. They have come to us and asked us for ideas, because they have felt that our sort of pilot program was so successful and that we have tlie know-how.

AxiMATi.NG Museum Objects

If we are going to perform for the Park Service, we feel we need to get going right away, and we will probably have to make this into a significant activity. I feel that tliis is part of the idea of using the objects which are in the museums, making tliem come to life and demoiistratingthoni in the r)|)on air for tlio i)eople.

2146 Musical Events

Some of the other things vve have done have been musical events. We have started in a small way, and we have been very, very highly successful.

The critic in the Washington Post gave a lyrical criticism to our tower music performance, wliich was unlike most of his usual criticisms, I may say, which have more asperity. We feel this has been a great success.

I'l.ANXED CeLEBRATIOX AXD FESTIVAL

The employees available to do this Avork in the past will continue, and many of these presentations will continue. For example, this spring and summer, Ave are again planning to have on April 1, oui-annual celebration of tlie start of our night visiting hours Avhicli helped to inaugurate the Department of Transportation last year, and then the festival of American folklife.

But in order to bring the Smithsonian collections and other resources material to life and bring them dramatically before the public, Ave feel a very small increase in additional staff can be put to good use. We feel the diA'idends in tenns of meeting tlie long, hot summer are going to be tremendous.

I have Avritten to the President about this, and have received a ver}^ stimulating letter back about the flexibility Avhich a venerable and ancient institution can shoAv in adapting its resources to the present-day needs.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

Chairman Hayden. In connection Avith the Smithsonian Institution Press, hoAv many jobs Avere completed in fiscal year 1967, and hoAv many are estimated for fiscal year 1968 and fiscal year 1969 ?

Air. I^RADLEY. During fiscal 1967, Mr. Chairman, 92 publications Avere funded by this particular appropriation, and Ave expect 10,") in 1968 and 117 in 1969.

Receipts From Publications

(liairman Hayden. What charges are made for these printing jobs, and Avhat are the total receipts for these 3 years ?

Mr. Bradley. The receipts to the Smithsonian Institution, Mr. Chairman, are zero. We have a mailing list to some 5,000 learned societies, universities, libraries, museums, schools, Avho receive on a selective basis. They elect the general area that they are interested in and they receive our publications. We, in turn, receive theirs.

sales

'rhe CoA^ernment Printing Oflice does the actual printing. The Superintendent of Documents from time to time decides that a particular publication has general, popular appeal, and then he will take the plates that AA^re used for our publication, print additional copies, and place these on sale. But the receipts go to him.

MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH (SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)

Chairman Hatden. For fiscal year 1969 there is a request for an appropriation of $6 million for museum programs and related research to be met through the special foreign currency program. This is an increase of $3,684,000 over the amount appropriated last year.

The justification for this estimate will be placed in the record.

(The justification follows:)

1967 Appropriation $2, 316, 000

1968 Appropriation 2, 316, 000

1969 Estimate 6, 000, 000

An ai)propriation of $6,000,000 in foreign currencies, as determined by the Treasury Department to be excess to tlie needs of tlie United States, is requested for a program of grants to United States institutions for essential field research, in archeology and related disciplines, systematic and environmental biology, astrophysics, and other fields of Smithsonian competence.

This request reflects an assessment of the most valuable and praicticalble research opportunities in the excess currency countries, as determined by scientific surveys and conferences with host country institutions. The Smithsonian's Foreign Currency Progi'am assiunes proportionately more importance as the current period of budgetary restraint may affect dollar research sui>i>ort. It will become doubly important to the many American private institutions that are beneficiaries of the program in the event that their overseas research is limited hy dollar outflow restrictions, since excess foreign currency expenditures in no way contribute to balance of payment problem.s.

Since its inception in 1965, the Special Foreign Currency Program has provided vital and frequently unique support to over 35 American universities or mu.seums for research or field worlv that cannot be cari-ied out in the United States. A number of the projects supported under this program have already made breakthroughs in terms of advancing knowledge in various scienitific and humanistic disciplines. A sampling of these may be summarized as follows :

The Smithsonian Office of Oceanography—^Hebrew University of Jerusalem project for the study of Indian Ocean—Mediterranean biological interchange has di.scovered populations of economically valuahle fish species, recent migrants from the Indian Ocean through the Suez Ganal, which Israeli fisheries are already harvesting.

The Yale University excavations in the badlands of El Fayum, Egypt, have uncovered the oldest known fossil ape, a discovery which has moved baciv the base of man's family tree to 28 million years ago and oi:)ened uip entirely new understandings of primate evolution.

The University of Pennsylvania study of the temple of Akhnaten at Luxor has successfully applied the latest computer techniques to the matching and coding of Egyptian hierogl.vphics and pictogfaphs to reveal information on the unique monothei.stic faith of the XVIIIth Dynasty Pharaoh.

The Mediterranean Marine Sorting Center at Salammbo, Tunisia, has studied and proce.ssed colleetions of benthic or deep sea organisms previously unknown to science and made an evaluation of fisheries resources in Tunisian coastal waters. Organizations ranging from the American Institute of Archeology to the United States National Committee for the International Biological Program have characterized this Smithscmian program as the .sole or the most important source of supjiort for over.-eas research needs. In addition, both the National Aca<leiiiy of Sciences and the National Science rnundation have welcomed this .source of funding for basic research in fields of study and in regions of the world which have suffered relative neglect.

It is basically for these reasons and also because of the increasing acc<>i>tance Smithsonian programs are finding in the excess currency countries that the Institution believes that a substantial foreign currency increase is justifial)le in 1969. To defer ongoing proje<'ts. such as tho.'-e listed ahove. would mean heavy additional expenses in ree.stal>lishiiig them at a later date, when foreign currencies may lose value Ibriiogli infbitinii. M.iny of fliese iJi-ojects ar<' innlliyeMr

and uow in the position of reaping niaxiniiim results after prior years of preliminary surveys, installation of excavation or research equipment, and the establishment of satisfactory an-angements with host country institutions. To defer many of the possible future projects, as shown in the attached table, would mean to lose the opportunities now afforded by the growing climate of acceptance for the program in nearly all excess currency countries, which in some cases the Smithsonian has achieved only after patient negcvtiation. It would also mean serious delays in attaining the Institution's domestic or overall research goals, since the program has a proven record of advancing the Smitli-sonian's own research objectives. This is because all project grants, although mainly awarded to other American inirtitutions, represent strong interests of the Smithsonian's own scientific staff.

PROJECTS FOR WHICH FUNDS ARE REQUESTED

1967 1968 1969

appropriation appropriation estimate

Archeology and related disciplines $1,300,000 $1,105,000 $2,000,000

Systematic and environmental biology 1,016,000 1,016,000 3,580,000

Museum programs 0 40,000 250,000

Astrophysics 0 145,000 120.000

International exchange service.. 0 0 20,000

Grant administration 0 10,000 30,000

Total 2,316,000 2,316,000 6,000,000

RESEARCH AND EXCAVATION IN ARCHEOLOGY AND RELATED DISCIPLINES

$2,000,000 in excess currencies are requested for the fourth year of the Smithsonian's program of grants to American universities, museums, or other institutions of higher learning interested in conducting excavations or research in archeology and related disciplines in the excess foreign currency countries.

Within this amount, ai>proximately $1,2.30,000 in excess currencies will be reipiired f(ir ongoing research or excavations which in the Institution's view fully merit continuing support. Among the.>^e projects are:

The Hebrew T'nion College—.Jerusalem School of Archeology excavati<m at Gezer, Israel. This excavation, which serves as a princii»al field training ground for American biblical scholars and archeologists attending the .Jerusalem School's annual Seminar on Near P^a.stern Civilization.s^ centers on the city given by IMiaraoh Shishak as a dowry to his daughter, who became King Solomon's rjueen. Excavations have furnished conclusive proof of the city's destruction by Nebuchadnezzar.

The University f>f Michigan excavation of a Neolithic site near Cracow, Poland, undertaken together with the Polish Academy of Science's In.stitute for the History of Material Culture. This project, which is the first under the Smithsonian's program in Poland, and the first United States-Polish joint archeological excavation since World War II, is exi)ected to provide sound knowledge of the initial agricultural societies in Poland and of their origins.

.Joint Stanford University—Territorial Museum of Sarajevo excavations and surveys of the Trebisnjica Basin near Dubrovnik. Yugoslavia. This apcheologically rich area, which is soon to be flooded by dam and hydroelectric con.struction, contains large Roman and medieval Slavic necropoli, as well as archeological sites and monuments of Pre-Ill,vria, lUyrian (Iron Age). Greek and Bogomil origin. AVithin the total of .$2.000.f)00 in exceas currencies requested for archeological and related re.'^earch. .$.300,000 are requested to support sound project proiM)sals received during fiscal year 1008 which C(mld not be considered becau.se of inj-utfi-cient funds. Interest in the archeological program has reached a new high, with grant applications from universities or museums across the natitm averaging three a month : the Institution thei'efore wi.shes to be able to accommodate at least a select number of outstanding project proposals held iH'iiding during the current fi.*cal vear.

An additional $470,000 are requested to support new project proposals currently in preparation which the Institution feels merit serious cou'Sideration.

A list of ongoing, i>ending, and new archeological projects is found on page 2152.

SYSTEMATIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

$3,580,000 in excess currencies are requested for support of field research projects in systematic and environmental 'biology. This amount, which fornis the largest part of the Institution's foreign currency request, may be subdivided as follows:

(i) DVcci support of the International Biological Program, $100,000. The Smithsonian is a major contributor to the United States' work under the International Biological Program [IBP]. The IBP is an international scientific effort to which some fifty nations have subscribed, aimed at taking a biological inventory of the earth's natural enviromnents, both marine and terrestrial, in order to determine their relative productivity for the human populations that must some day inhabit or sensibly exploit them.

Responding to requests of the National Science Foundation, the National Academy of Sciences, and the United States National Committee for the IBP, on which the Institution is prominently represented, the Smithsonian employed a small but significant portion of its fiscal years 1967 and 1968 special foreign currency appropriations to support IBP conferences and preliminary surveys in Poland and Tunisia. The United States National Committee recently characterized tliis support a,s "especially valuable in providing opportunities for U.S. representation at IBP symposia and working conferences and in enabling surveys of research opportunities to be carried out through the use of excess foreign currencies." Plans of this Committee and of the International Secretariat of the IBP now call also for training courses aimed at developing common research objectives and techniques. Some of these activties will take place during fiscal year 1969 in the excess currency countries of India, Israel, and Poland. As a consequence, the Smithsonian would like to make a. direct contribution of $100,000 in excess currencies to support American participation in the symposia and training courses. A breakdown for the IBP contribution is given on page 2154. (2) Research in systematic and environmental Mology, $2,980,000. The sum of $2,980,000 in excess currencies is requested for research in systematic and environmental biology contributing to the program objectives of the IBP.

Approximately 27 percent of the funds requested for systematic and environmental biology, or some $818,000 in excess currencies are needed to continue multi-year projects initiated in fiscal years 1967 and 1968. Noteworthy examples include : An oceanographic sorting facility at Salammbo, Tunisia, which serves as the Mediterranean extension of the Smithsonian's Oceanographic Sorting Center in Washington. This facility, known as the Mediterranean Marine Sorting Center, was established in November 1966, with the cooperation of the Tunisian National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, which provides storage and laboratory facilities. Its purpose is to accelerate the identification of marine organisms of the Mediterranean, especially the microscopic plankton which are the beginning of the life cycle and the key to the marine resources of all oceans. The Mediterranean Center is currently sorting collections from cooperating scientific institutions or individual scientists across the Mediterranean. It has contributed to .special projects of the Food and Agricultural Organization and various international oceanographic organizations.

A University of Georgia study of the flow of energy in small rodent populations, in conjunction with the Institute of Ecology of the Polish Af-ulemy of Sciences. This .study will provide basic information on the food consumed by rodents \'\hich would otherwise be available to num. It will provide a ba.sis for additional studies in other world regions where the impact of mice and rats on the human community is great.

A Smithsoniaii study of the ecology of the Ccyloiicsc clcplnuit. Tlic oltjec-tive of this study, wliicb is licadcd l>y :i X;itional Zodiogiciil Piirk zoologist.

is to devplop a plan for tho coiiservatioii of the elephants in Ceylon, where expansion of agriculture is threateniuj; the elephant's forest hahitat. It is expected that the results of this research will have some application to other Asian or African elephant hahitats.

A University of Michigan ecological study of a living coral reef and its associated organisms at Eilat, Israel. This study is similar in ohjective to those which have resulted in nevr understanding of territorial hehavior and the origins of aggression in many species of animals. The results of this area of ecological research have recently heen widely puhlished and acclaimed for the new light they throw on human hehavior. Of the funds re«iuested for systematic and environmental hiology, $1,399,000 in excess currencies are needed for research foregone during the current year for lack of funds. Among propo.-^al.-i which the In.-titut;on has had to postpone are a Duke I'niversity ecological study of the Indian province of Assam and a University of Michigan study of the effects of fire and grazing on the characteristic Mediterranean shrub ecosystems of Israel.

Approximately $763,000 of the funds requested for sy.stematic and environmental biology will be recpiired to acconunod;ite new project proposals. Prominent among these will be Smithsonian-directed comparative ecological studies in different world areas, which would be undertaken with the University of Washington, the University of California, the University of North Carolina, Johns Hopkins University, the University of Michigan, and Michigan State. In this category also will be marine biology studies growing out of a survey of the research resources of six of the excess currency countries; namely, Tunisia, Yugoslavia, Israel, p]gypt, Pakistan, and India. The survey was requested by the recently established National Council for ^Marine Resources and Engineering Development and woiild be carried out luuler the direction of the Smith-onian's Office of Oceanography and Uinuiology with various i)articipating American universities. Its purpose is to evaluate the potential research contributions which the e nations can make to "Food from the Sea" programs and to plan future cooperative iirojects of high priority to both the United States and the host countries.

A list of ongoing and new or illustrative projects in systematic and environmental biology is found on page ^l."}.

(3) Smithsonian contrihutiun to flic Is'ationuJ Scioirc Foiivdatinn's translation proffram, $500,000.

The Institution urgently requests foreign currencies to be used to accelerate the translation of vital foreign reference works in systematic biology through the National Science Foundation's translation program. I'nder existing arrangements, the Smithsonian annually receives an average of 3.000 i>ages of translation of fox'eign scientific works without charge as its quota in NSF's interagency service program. However, at this rate of support, the Institution cannot receive in time the necessary foreign monographs which will permit it to make much ne(Hled comparative studies on its now growing collections. For example, the Museum of Natural History's Department of Botany and the American botannical community in general urgently need a translation of the recently completed 30-volume Flora of the T'St^R. Such a translation will not be ready muhn- the present rate of allocation of NSF funds until sometime after 1990. This one reference set is indispensable to the plans now underway to write a long overdue revised Flora of North America. Availability of the Russian ti-anslation will greatly facilitate this American work because comparative studies of species common to both continents are essential to proper classification. Translation of the Rusian Flora will also avoid much possible dujilication of effort. The importance of translation of this and other Soviet taxonomic publications was recently highlighted by a unanimous resolution of the American Society of Plant Taxonomists which called for rapid expansion of the NSF i)rogram.

There are many other similarly urgent needs for translations of foreign taxoncmiic literature which can make a substantial contrilmtion to the International Biological Program. All of these needs must be nu>t at a faster pace because the global biological inventory proposed liy the IBP cannot be completed without such basic reference works.

The Smithsonian therefore requests $500,000 of its foreign currency appro-l)riation for transfer to the National Science Foundation to permit the Founda-

tion to respond more adequately to the Institution's translation needs. Similar foreign currency transfers for accelerated translation have already been made by the Departments of Agriculture; Commerce; Interior; Labor; and Health, Education, and Welfare.

MUSEUM PROGRAMS

$250,000 in excess currencies are requested to support cooperative programs of the United States National Museum involving other American museums and professional museum organizations in a continuing study of museum problems, both in the United States and abroad.

Funds refpiested would be used to strengthen United States' museums with program interests in the excess currency countries. Specifically, support would go to training courses and conferences for museum professionals in India, Israel, Egypt, and Ceylon, some of which will have support from the UNESCO-affiliated International Council of iluseums. Funds would also go to provide advisory services of American museum professionals responding to requests from abroad. A portion of the appropriation also would be used to improve museum collections by purchasing unique si^ecimens or collections not available in the United States and to exchange exhibits by defraying shipping costs which otherwise might require use of dollars.

Additional detail on Museum Program uses of excess currencies appears on page 2157.

ASTROPHYSICS

$120,000 in excess currencies are requested for research in astrophysics. The funds would be used to extend current programs of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) in satellite geodesy, celestial mechanics, and the history of astronomy by making use of the geographical advantages and the special research resources of three excess currency countries, Ceylon, Egypt, and India.

A breakdown of proposed SAO research appears on page 2158.

INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE SERVICE

$20,000 in foreign currencies are requested to permit the International Exchange Service (lES) to effect economies in its dollar expenditures for the shipment of publications to various of the excess countries when carriei'S will accept payment in foreign currencies.

PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT AND ADMINISTRATION

$30,000 in excess currencies are requested to defray costs of administration of the Special Foreign Currency Program which othenA'ise would require an expenditure of dollars. Funds would be used to cover travel and related costs for scholars and program staff inspecting field research projects aud negotiating with host governments on program operations, as well as costs of on-site audits of niultiyear projects in the excess currency countries.

APPORTIONMENT OF FOREIGN CURRENCIES

Outlined below are the various projects and project proposals which make up the total of $6,000,000 excess foreign cui-rency fiscal year 19G9 estimate, divided according to the different program areas desc*ribed above. Continuing or ongoing projects are identified. New projects are in effect sample or illustrative projects l>a-efl on firm indications of interest .both within and without the Smith.sonian. They represent the Institution's selection of pos.sible projects which apijear most l»ronusiiig for successful development and implementation during fiscal year 1969. It should be noted, however, that actual implementation of th(\se projects will be contingent uix)n three factors : review by the Smithsonian's outside advisory councils, review and approval I)y American embassies overseas, and appropriate cooperative arrangements with host-country institutions or Governmental authorities. It i.s not expected that foreign currency appropriation requests in subse-<iuent years would differ significantly unless the number of excess currency countries is radically altered.

MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH (SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM) I. ARCHEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION AND RESEARCH

Recipient Project

Grant

Year Amount

(U.S. dollars)

A. Ongoing Projects (Year in Parentheses Shows Initial Fiscal Year of Award)

1. American Institute of Indian Studies For continued support of the American Academy of

(a nonprofit organization of 24 Benares, a research center for South Asian arche-

American colleges and univer ology and art history (1966).

sities).

2. American Research Center in Egypt To continue support of the Center's research and

(a nonprofit study center sup- excavation program in the archeology of Egypt,

ported by 10 American univer which includes Pharaonic, Hellenistic, Roman,

sities). and early Christian sites (1966).

3. Jerusalem School of Archeology of To continue the survey and exploration of some 400

the Hebrew Union College. archeological sites in the Negev and to conduct

seminars in biblical archeology for American graduate students In archeology (1966).

4. Peabody Museum of Yale Univer- To continue the paleontology and stratigraphy

sitv. studies of the Paleocene. Eocene, and Oligocene

deposits of Egypt, which have resulted in important discoveries relating to human evolution (1966).

5. University of Colorado To study prehistoric archeologica land paleontologic

remains in Tunisia (1967).

6 Southern Methodist University To study prehistory of the area around Sibaiya,

Egypt(1966).

7. University Museum, University of To study remalningstones of the Temple of Akhnaten

Pennsylvania. at Luxor, Egypt(1966).

8. Museum of Anthropology. University To develop a program for research and training in

of Michigan. prehistoric archeology through field excavations

on Mount Carmel in Israel (1957).

9. University of Washington. American To study and excavate prehistoric and early historic

Museum of Natural History. sites in East and West Pakistan. (Funds available

in 1968. Awaiting Pakistani Government approval.)

10 Carnegie Museum To continue the excavation of a Philistine city at

Ashdod. Israel (1966).

11. Lawrence Radiation Laboratory Uni- To continue testing the utilization of cosmic rays to

versify of California, Berkeley. X-ray the Egyptian pyramids in search of presently

unknown chambers (1966).

12. Museum of Anthropology. University To continue excavations of early Neolithic sites near

of Michigan. Cracow. Poland, with the goal of providing the first

detailed description of early Neolithic cultures in Poland (1967).

13. University of Missouri^. .. .__ ... To excavate at Yavneh Yam, Israel, to understand

better the nature of Greek trade with Palestine and Egypt in the period after 800 B.C. (1967).

14. University of Oregon, Portland State To establish a chronology of the cultural history of

College, and University of Illinois. West Africa on the basis of excavations and reccrd-ings of oral history in Guinea (1967).

15. University of Minnesota To initiate a program of research in Yugoslavia with

excavations of the unique Roman Palace of Diocletian at Split, Yugoslavia (1967).

16. Carnegie Museum To extend the excavations at Ashdod. Israel, to in-

clude underwater studies of the ancient port serving Ashdod and of ancient sunken ships associated with it (1968).

17. Smithsonian Institution, Office of To study disappearing metalworking crafts of

Anthropology. Pakistan and Ceylon as part of a worldwide study

of ancient technologies and their development (1968).

18. Smithsonian Institution, Office of To excavate at Carthage, Tunisia, to study the little-

Anthropology, known Punic civilization which fluorished there

before the conquest by Rome (1967).

19. University of California at Los An- To excavate at Obre, Yugoslavia, a site which prom-

geles. ises to provide definitive information about the

remarkably high Butmir civilization of the fourth millenium B.C. (1967),

20. Yale University. Peabody Museum___ To locate and open quarry excavations for fossil re-

mains of early relatives of man in Siwalik hills of north India (1967).

21. Brooklyn Museum To construct scale models of Egyptian monuments

and archeological sites for study purposes of U.S. museums and universities (1966).

22. University of Wisconsin To reexamine late prehistoric sites in Kharga and

Dakhla Oasis in Egypt to relate this area which is rich in Neolithic cultural objects to the adjacent Nile Valley (1966).

23. Institute for Advanced Study, To conduct interdisciplinary research and excava-

Princeton. tions in Bronze and early Iron Ages of northern

Yugoslavia (1966).

MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH (SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)-Contlnued I. ARCHEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION AND RESEARCH

Recipient Project

Grant

Year Amount

(U.S. dollars)

A. Ongoing Projects (Year in Parentheses Shows Initial Fiscal Year of Award)—Continued

24. Peabody Museum, Harvard Univer- To excavate at Starcevo, Yugoslavia, to test con-

sity. elusions of earlier research at this earliest of

Middle Danube Basin Neolithic sites in the light of new archeological techniques including radiocarbon dating (1967).

25. University of Chicago To provide research assistantships for graduate

credit in South Asian art at the American Academy of Benares, India, an affiliate of the American Institute of Indian Studies (1967).

26. University of Chicago To examine a Vaisnava religious community in West

Bengal historically and sociologically (1967).

27. American University in Cairo .- To study the distinctive dome Mausolea of the

Mamluk era (A.D. 1250-1517) in Cairo which have not been studied and are threatened by growth and modernization of Cairo (1968).

28. Stanford University To conclude urgent archeological and ethnographic

studies of Trebisnjica River basin rapidly being inundated by waters rising behind a newly constructed dam (1967).

Subtotal 1969 ongoing estimate

B. Pending Research Proposals

1. University of Pennsylvania.-. To excavate the protohistoric site of Kantarodai, 1969 40,C0D

Ceylon, to determine the nature and chronology of settlement and to look for evidence of early links with South India.

2. Smithsonian Institution, Division of To survey numismatic collections and cooperative 1969 10,000

Numismatics. research opportunities for American scholars.

3. University of Washington To excavate at Novi Sad, Yugoslavia, an 11th-century 1969 35,000

monastery partially destroyed by Mongol invasions, which shows both Western and Byzantine influences.

4. University of Wisconsin To conduct preparatory studies leading to multiyear 1969 40,000

interdisciplinary research in archeology and cultural anthropology in eastern Uttar Pradesh State as part of the cooperative Indian studies program with Benares Hindu University.

5. Dumbarton Oaks (Harvard) Center To study the unique but rapidly disintegrating

of Byzantine Studies, American Roman and Byzantine mosaics at historic Utica, Academy in Rome. Tunisia.

6. Smithsonian Institution To prepare urgentanthropological research proposals

in five excess currency countries as a part of the Smithsonian's traditional worldwide research program in changing cultures.

7. University of Winsconsin To study and film the rapidly disappearing Dhangars/

Bangars, the seminomadic shepherds of Maharashtra State, India.

8. University of Massachusetts To study the effects of the decline of both death and

birth rates on the Zadruga, a South Slav extended family household group.

9. University of Washington To study the relationship between the social struc-

ture of the Vedda communities of Ceylon and their economic organizations, food-collection, seasonal agriculturalists, and settled agriculturalists. 10. Smithsonian Institution, Department To publsh in English the results of research in 1969 5,000

of Science and Technology. medieval medicine based on orignial manuscripts

in Egyptian libraries.

Subtotal pending research pro- 300,000

posals.

C. New Project Proposals

1. Smithsonian institutign, Office of To study rapidly disappearing crafts at the village

Anthropology. level in India.

2. University of Michigan To conduct research in ancient numismatics in the

eastern Mediterranean (Israel).

3. American Institute of Indian Studies, To survey and excavate monuments and remains of

American Academy of Benares. the Pratihara period especially at Bhinmal in

Rajasthan.

4. Smithsonian Institution, Museum of To survey and document the art history of Tibet on 1969 30,000

Natural History. the basis of objects currently being biought to

India and Nepal by Tibetan refugees.

MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH (SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM>-Continued I. ARCHEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION AND RESEARCH

Recipient Project

Grant

Year Amount

(U.S. dollars)

C. New Project Proposals—Continued

5. New York University; Columbia To excavate ancient Utica, Tunisia, employing infer 1969 50,000

University; University of Michigan. disciplinary tecfiniques designed fo describe fully the mode of life and the environment characteristic of successive cultures inhabiting the site.

6. University of Washington To prepare archeological research priorities for 1969 30,000

American institutions to undertake in cooperation with India's archeological survey and its proposed research institute.

7. Smithsonian Institution, Office of To initiate systematic collections of Indian folk art 1969 40,000

Anthropology. which is disappearing as village crafts yield to

urban technology.

8. University of Illinois To conduct comparative studies of the effects of 1969 30,000

cultural change on folk music in Tunisia and Israel.

9. Denison University.. To establish America's only photographic archives of 1969 10,000

ancient Burmese art through exchanges with Burmese and other museums.

10. American University in Cairo To establish a union list of Coptic manuscripts in 1969 5,000

Egypt where they are widely dispersed and un-cataloged and are therefore largely inaccessible for research.

11. California State College at Long To conduct prehistoric excavations in Ceylon to 1969 45,000

Beach. explore the question of common cultural origins

with the peoples of Polynesia and Micronesia.

12. Columbia University To study the relationships of ritual and social struc- 1969 20,000

ture in the "Ridge and Valley" section of the interior of Ceylon.

13. University of Wisconsin To study man's early primate ancestors of Asia and 1969 40,000

Africa.

14. American Institute of Indian Studies. To provide fellowships for predoctoral and post- 1969 40.000

doctoral research in social and cultural anthropology and linguistics of India and Ceylon.

15. Miami University (Ohio) To study cultural change in Middle Eastern peasant 1969 10,000

societies in Tunisia and Egypt.

Subtotal new project proposals 470,000

Total archeological excavation and research 2,000,000

II. SYSTEMATIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

1. DIRECT SUPPORT TO THE INTERNATIONAL BIOLOGICAL PROGRAM (IBP)

1. National Academy of Sciences—U.S. To support American participation in IBP interna- 1959 35,000

National Committee for IBP. tional symposia and planning conferences.

To convene an American-sponsored symposium in 1959 25,000

Israel on the effects of extreme environments on living things. To support the training of American research project 1969 40,000

directors in IBP courses in bioenergetics in Poland.

Subtotal direct support to the 100,000

IBP. ::.^

2. SYSTEMATIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

A. Ongoing Projects (Year in Parentheses Shows Initial Year of Award)

1. University of Georgia To study the flow of energy through small rodent 1969 125,000

populations in different habitats in conjunction

with the Ecological Institute of Poland (1967). Prior 90.000

2. Smithsonian Institution, Office of To study marine organisms of the Red Sea and 1969 100.000

Oceanography and Limnology. Eastern Mediterranean in order to determine what Prior 122,000

biological interchange of species has occurred through the Suez Canal (1967).

3. Smithsonian Institution, Office of To accelerate the processing of marine organisms 1969 100,000

Oceanography and Limnology. from the Mediterranean through the sorting Prior 155.000

facility known as the Mediterranean Marine Sort-i ng Center operated in cooperation with the Tunisian Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (1966).

MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH (SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)—Continued II. SYSTEMATIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY—Continued

Recipient

Project

Grant

Year Amount

(U.S. dollars)

4. University of Colorado.

5. Smithsonian Institution, Division of Birds.

6. Smithsonian Institution, Department of Entomology.

7. University of Michigan.

8. Smithsonian Institution, Office of Ecology.

9. Smithsonian Institution, National Zoological Park.

10. Johns Hopkins University.

11. Smithsonian Institution, National Zoological Park.

12. Smithsonian Institution, Department of Botany.

13. University of Michigan..

14. Smithsonian Institution.

15. Smithsonian Institution, National

Zoological Park.

16. Smithsonian Institution, Office of

Ecology.

17. Smithsonian Institution

18. Smithsonian Institution, Department

of Botany.

19. Smithsonian Institution, Radiation

Bi'jiogy Laboratory.

2. SYSTEMATIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY—Continued

A. Ongoing Projects (Year in Parentheses Shows Initial Year of Award)—Continued

To excavate a paleontological site in the Miocene-Pliocene formations of south-central Tunisia to attempt to establish a chronology for fossil mammals in Tunisia which may help to determine geological relationships with similar European formations (1967).

To continue investigations on the ecology of Palearc-tic birds migrating through northeastern Africa, including cooperative research on serology with the Rockefeller Virus Laboratory and ectoparasites with the Naval Medical Research Unit III in Egypt (1967).

To continue behavioral investigations of insects in Egypt; particularly wasps, and to obtain examples of the insects and plants of Egypt for the exhibits of the Museum of Natural History (1967).

To continue taxonomic studies of Indian mollusks through caryotype analysis and the cytogenetics of closely related species which will contribute to medical, public health, and veterinary programs (1967).

To continue ecological surveys in Tunisia, Israel, Pakistan, India, and Ceylon, and to prepare cooperative research with the Universities of Wasti-ington, California, North Carolina, Johns Hopkins, Michigan State, Michigan, Montana, and Minnesota (1967).

To continue studies of the evolution and behavior of related primates (Cercopithecidae) in different environments in Ceylon (1968).

To continue comparative studies of the behavior and ecology of populations of rodents and shrews in field, town, and city habitats in West Bengal, India (1967).

To continue studies of the relation of man and elephant in Ceylon where the domesticated beast of burden is captured and trained to work with man after reaching maturity as a wild elephant rather than after domestication as a younganimal(1967).

To continue comparative studies of the embryology and floral anatomy of tropical grasses in cooperation with the School of Plant Morphology at Meerut College, India (1968).

To continue theoretical ecological studies of a living coral reef and the organisms related to it(1968).

To continue revision of the basic Trimen's flora of Ceylon in the light of modern botanical knowledge and techniques (1968).

To complete studies of the behavior and ecology of the Ceylonese elephant and the preparation of a conservation plan (1966).

To complete flora and vegetation studies of Ceylon considered basic to development of Ceylon's agricultural and forest resources (1967).

To continue migratory bird banding and serological studies of principal flyways of India in cooperation with the Bombay Natural History Society (1967).

To continue flora and vegetation studies of a district •of Mysore State in the Ghat Mountains of southwest India and to prepare collections for the Smithsonian's National Herbarium. (1968).

To extend studies of solar radiation to eouatorial station in Ceylon for comparison with data obtained in Israel and Washington, DC. (1967).

Subtotal 1969 ongoing estimate.

1. Duke University.

B. Pending Research Proposals

To conduct field studies in plant taxonomy and ecology in Assam State, India.

2 University of Georgia To study the interaction of human and small rodent

populations in a variety of temperate zone environments in conjunction with the Ecological Institute of Poland.

1969 Prior

1969 Prior

23, 000

24, 500

41,000 96,000

818,000

1969 1969

30, 000 50, 000

90-2G1—68—pt. 2-

-50

MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH (SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)—Continued II. SYSTEMATIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY—Continued

Recipient

Project

Grant

Year Amount

(U.S. dollars)

3. Smithsonian Institution, Department of Invertebrate Zoology.

4. Smithsonian Institution, Department of Invertebrate Zoology.

5. California Academy of Sciences-

6. California Academy of Sciences.

7. Smithsonian Institution, Office of

Oceanography and Limnology.

8. Smithsonian Institution. Office of

Ecology.

9. Southern Methodist University

10. Smithsonian Institution. Office of Oceanography and Limnology.

11. Johns Hopkins University.

12. University of Michigan...

13. Smithsonian Institution, Department of Paleobiology.

14. Smithsonian Institution. Office of Oceanography and Limnology.

15. Duke University.

16. Smithsonian Institution, National Zoological Park and Museum of Natural History.

B. Pending Research Proposals — Continued

To study the taxonomy and distribution of the poorly known microscopic marine fauna of the Bay of Bengal to be obtained by collecting sediments from the coastal region of East Pakistan.

To collect and study the larger marine invertebrates known as stomatopods which are native to the Arabian Sea in cooperation with the University of Karachi.

To study the so-called blind dolphin of the Ganges, Indus, and Bramaputra Rivers of India and Pakistan as a part of a worldwide ecological and behavioral study of the fresh water specie*;.

To conduct field investigations of the habitats of Indian amphibians and reptiles especially in the fast-disappearing virgin environments of that country.

To study the benthic and planktonic biology of the Adriatic Sea in Yugoslavia.

To study the ecology and behavior of hooved animals in a teak forest in India.

To undertake a definitive study of quaternary age deposits on the floor and the lower slopes of the Qattara Depression in the western desert of Egypt.

To conduct taxonomic research on the marine fauna of Pakistan's coastal waters in cooperation with the University of Karachi.

To complete studies of the population ecology of Rhesus monkeys in northern India.

To study primary productivity of natural and semi-natural Mediterranean shrub ecosystems as affected by fire and grazing.

To collect in Poland and Israel specimen fossil sea urchins (echinoids) as a part of ongoing evolutionary studies of their masticating device, popularly known as Aristotle's lantern, believed to be transitional between major orders of this animal.

To establish in I ndia a sorting center to distribute for study to world specialists specimens of marine biota from the Indian Ocean.

To conduct taxonomic studies in Yugoslavia of the Adriatic isopod and prepare a handbook for the study of this n>arine organism.

To provide grants to Smithsonian scientists for increasing the national entomological, botanical, and zoological collections by expeditions to India, Ceylon, Egypt, Pakistan, and Tunisia.

1369

1969

1969

1969

20.000

20. 000

40, 000

50.000

1969

1969 1959

1969

100, 000

10, OOq 41.000

35,000

1969 250,000

1969 40,000

1969 573,000

Subtotal pending reseaich proposals 1,399,000

1. Smithsonian Institution, Office of Ecology.

2. American University of Cairo

3. Smithsonian Institution, Office of

Ecology.

4. Smithsonian Institution, Office of

Ecology.

5. University of Connecticut

6. University of Michigan

7. Smithsonian Institution, Division of Invertebrate Paleontology.

C. New Pioject Proposals

To conduct ecological studies of Mediterranean and 1969

Saharan environments in research preserves recommended by the international biological program in Tunisia.

To study in Egypt the migration of marine biota between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean through the Suez Canal.

To conduct studies of the pattern and behavior of birds during migration in the Himalayan Mountains of northern India and Nepal.

To study the behavior of elephants and primates in India and coordinate these studies with the Smithsonian studies currently being conducted in Ceylon.

To conduct taxonomic and ecological studies of the fauna of a large brackish water lake in South India.

Tocollect and study the plankton communities of the Nile River delta as they are affected by changes in salinty and circulation caused by construction of the Aswan Dam.

To study in India the broadly distributed fossil ostra 1969

code which reveals through its varied physical appearance much about the climate and geography of the era in which it lived back tnrough geological time'

45, 000

MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH (SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)—Continued II. SYSTEMATIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY—Continued

Recipient

Project

Grant

Year Amount

(U.S. dollars)

C. New Project Proposals—Continued

8. University of Michigan To study the importance of bilharziasis snail pests

in new environments created by the Aswan Dam in Egypt.

9. Smithsonian Institution, Division of To study European fossil mammals in Polish mu-

Vertebrate Paleontology. seums for purposes of comparison with North

American materials.

10. University of Utah To collect the mayflies of Pal<istan for taxonomic

studies as a part of specialized, worldwide studies.

11. Smithsonian Institution, Office of To conduct investigation of the plant ecology of the

Ecology. Laccadive Islands of India in cooperation with the

Botanical Survey of India.

12. Smithsonian Institution To make collections and to conduct floristic studies

of neglected areas of India such as the Malabar Coast, the Koromandel Coast, the Nilghiri Hills, and Khasia Hills which served as the basis of classic studies made as long ago as the 17th century in cooperation with the Botanical Survey of India.

Subtotal new project proposals. .

3. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTION TO THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION'S TRANSLATION PROGRAM

1. Library, Smithsonian Institution, Mu- To accelerate the translation and publication of refer-

seum of Natural History. ence worlds and monographs in Russian, which

represent outstanding requests made by the Smithsonian staff since 1960, 20,000 pages an average of $23.50 per page (cost includes both translation and publication).

2. Library, Smithsonian Institution, Mu- For the translation and publication of selected West-

seum of Natural History. ern European and Oriental language scientific

journals or other serial publications, 1,300 pages, at $23.50 each.

Total translations

Total systematic and environmental biology

1969

60, 000

763, 000

1969 470,000

1969 30,000

500,000

3, 580,000

III. MUSEUM PROGRAMS

1. Smithsonian Institution, U.S. National Museum.

2. Smithsonian Institution, U.S. National Museum.

3. Smithsonian Institution U.S. National Museum.

4. Smithsonian Institution, U.S. National Museum.

5. Smithsonian Institution, Traveling Exhibition Service.

Total, museum programs.

To provide development opportunities for American museum professionals tfirough in-service training, regional museum surveys, and training symposia in India, Israel, Egypt, Ceylon, and Tunisia and to provide exchange visitor grants to bring foreign professionals from the excess countries to enrich American museum programs.

To carry out the International Council of Museums' recommendation to establish exhibits laboratories, initially in Israel, India, and Egypt for the training of curators from developing nations and for the construction of scientific and other educational exhibits for circulation among the developing nations as examples of the potential of museum education.

To provide advisory services of American museum professionals responding to requests from Israel, Pakistan, India, Egypt, aid Tunisia.

To improve research collections of the U.S. National Museum by providing for the purchase and shipment with foreign currencies instead of dollars of unique specimens or collections not available in this country.

To defray shipping costs, which would otherwise require dollars, to bring educational exhibits from abroad for circulation to American museums and other educational institutions.

1969 90,000

1969 60,000

1969 25,000

1969 45,000

1969 30,000

25(V:003

MJiEUM P:R03R'\M3 A^D RELATED RESEARCH (SPECIAL FOi^EISN CJRREiNCY PROjRAVI)-Continu3d

IV. ASTROPHYSICS

Grant

Recipient Project •—

Year

A. Ongoing Projects (Year In Parentheses Shows Initial Year of Award)

I.Smithsonian Astrophysical Observa- To conclude balloon experiments in cooperation with 1969 51,000

tory. the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research at Prior 38,000

Colaba, Bombay, India, on gamma radiation reaching the earth's upper atmosphere at the magnetic equator (1967).

B. New Research Proposals

I.Smithsonian Astrophysical Observa- To investigate ancient astronomical records of Ceylon 1969 5,000

tory. and Egypt in connection with historical studies of

the stars.

2. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observa- To establish in Poland an astrophysical observing 1969 50,000

tory. station to carry out projects i.i satellite geodesy.

3. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observa- To conduct theoretical studies in celestial mechanics 1969 14,000

tory. in Egypt in cooperation with the University of

Cairo.

Total astrophysics .- 120,000

V. INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE OF SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS

1. Smithsonian Institution, International To support costs of ocean freight of IES publications 1969 20,000

Exchange Service. to Burma, India, Israel, Pakistan, Poland, Egypt,

and Yugoslavia.

Total international exchange of 20,000

scientific publications.

VI. PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT AND ADMINISTRATION

1. Smithsonian Institution, Office of In- To defray costs of inspection and audit of field re- 1969 30,000

ternational Activities. search sites and costs of negotiation with host

governments on program operations.

Total grant administration 30,000

DEMONSTRATED VALUES OF THE CURRENCY PRCXJRAM

Chairman Hayden. Would you care to comment on the value of this ]n-ogram during the past 2 years and the advantages which you expect under your budget proposal for fiscal year 1969 ?

Mr. Warner. Mr. Chairman, I would say that, briefly, the foreign currency program has demonstrated three great values in the i^ast 3 years.

Expansion of University and Museum Research

First and foremost, it has permitted American universities and museums to advance their research interests—you might even say to keep up with the foreign competition—in fields that find little or no support from otlier sources and in fields tliat you can't study in tlie United States in a laboratory or a library. By this last we mean that you can't keep up with tropical biology without going to the tropics and doing field work, or that you can't fully understand the Biblical ci\'ilizations without going to the Bible lands, and so on.

When we say little or no support from other sources, we simply mean that such institutions as the American Institute of Archeology have told us that we are the only source of support for classical archeology in the Mediterranean.

To cite another example, the U.S. Committee for the International Biological Program has told us that our project and planning support has been instrumental in getting the U.S. contribution to this international program mapped out and off the ground, as it were.

COXTEIBrTION TO IXTERXATIONAL RELATIONS

Second. v,e think that our foi'eign currency program really makes a positive contribution to international relations- It represents the basis of cultural relations on which political relations sometimes must rest. An interesting example in the past year is the fact that a number of the projects we are supporting in Israel and Egypt went on witliout interruption in some cases or only brief interruptions during and after the hostilities last June.

ExTKAilURAL ADVANTAGES

Third, I would say that the program, although it is primarily extramural, or a program of grants to other institutions rather than to ourselves, has nevertheless I believe, been of great value to the Smithsonian. It advances our own research interests, because we make grants only in the fields that represent long-standing interests of the Smitli-sonian and our grantee scholars are in constant communication with our faculty.

Economical Overseas Research Support

As to what we propose for 1969, I would say that we are simply trying to do more of what we have just described, with benefits to American institutions, and, for the Smithsonian itself, we are trying to keep going in a time of budgetary restraint with what is surely the most economical of all Avays of supporting overseas research.

By this, we mean that if tlie Astrophysical Observatory can study gamma radiation, which Dr. Galler just commented on, in India as well as in this country, or we can even study certain phases of it better in India, which is, in fact, the case, then we say this is the tiine to do it in India. Or on a much smaller scale, as you mentioned earlier, Mr. Chairman, in the shipment of International Exchange Service i)iibli-cations, if we can effect a few economies, even if it is only $2(),(H)0, by

using foreign currencies to meet this obligation of shipping documents to other countries, wliich is a treaty obligation, then this is the time to do it by using foreign currencies.

So, in essence, our 11)69 request says help us economize on some of our own responsibilities and interests and help other American institutions realize their research objectives at a time when they have very few or no other sources of support.

Unobligated Balances

Cliairman Haydex. What are the unobligated balances in this fund ?

Mr. Warner. The unobligated l)alance on all foreign currency appropriations made available to the Smithsonian is $1.44:7,U<»U. That is the sum that has been granted by contracts. Of thus sum, we have committed all but $192,000; that is, we have transmitted letters of grant award, or lettei*s of intent, for all but $192,000 of the balance.

We believe that, since this is largely a seasonal operation and most of the ])rojects abroad get going during the summer Nacation, contracts will be written for much of this balance of $192,000 before the end of the fiscal year.

More important, we are currently reviewing new proposals which total much more than this uncommitted remainder of $192,000, and therefore we expect awards will be made, or at least lettei's of awards will be issued, if not actual ol)ligations and expenditures, for all of it before the close of the current fiscal year.

OVERSEAS DOLLAR PRCKiRAM COSTS

Chairman Haydex. What is your net cost for the special foreign currency program in American dollars in fiscal year 190S, and what do you estimate it will be in the fiscal year 1969 i

]\rr. Warxer. We do not have any overseas dollar program costs. I think that is important to point this out for the record. We have had none since the program's inception. This is to say, if there are some dollar re(piirements in a given project overseas, such as equipment which cannot be obtained in the host country, we have been uniformly successful in receiving dollar contributions either from the university to which we awarded the grant or from private foundations.

Therefore, dollar costs are oidy those of the personnel to administer the pix)gi'am here in Washington.

IOCS Appropriation

During the current year we have four employees working full time on foreign currency, and we have two other employees who work part time on the administration of this program.

The total salaries of the full time employees amount to $45,000, and the total Office of International Activities budget for last year, for the current year, excuse me, is $94,000.

1969 Budget Request

For the next year we have asked for an mcrease of $12,000 m personnel, ^Yhich we would use for two grants technical assistants, which is what we consider to be the minimum necessary to administer a foreign currency program of the scope we are now requesting for 1969.

DEMAND FOR "exCESS" FOREIGN CURRENCIES EXCEEDS THE SUPPLY

Chairman Hayden. I note on page C-3 an indication that if the full amount of your budget estimate is not approved it will be necessary to defer ongoing projects and to reestablish them at a later date at a probable greater cost.

Why would you defer ongoing projects assuming that you received only the same amount that you had in fiscal year 1968 ?

Mr. Warner. Mr. Chairman, I am afraid we didn't express ourselves well on this point.

If we had the same appropriation, you are certainly right in pointing out that it would be foolish to terminate some of these ongoing projects, such as we listed at the beginning of the narrative justification.

What we meant to say is that we have three categories of projects: first, those in the field or ongoing; second, those that have been favorably reviewed by our advisory councils, given a letter of award and arranged with the host countries overseas—that are more or less ready to go in other words—and, third, we have a great many good proposals that have to wait in the wings, so to speak. We tell the authors of these proposals that we can't begin to consider them or talk to them about their proposals now.

If we received no increase in our foreign currency appropriation, we would have to continue to defer the ready projects in the second category and possibly have higher costs in future years, because some of these moneys do undergo inflation, when we attempt to resurrect them. Also, we would have to continue to say to the many universities, "I am sorry, but you will have to wait until a more favorable time," even on their good proposals.

That is what we meant.

PROPOSED PROJECTS

Chairman Hayden. For each of the sums Avhich you have proposed for this program as shown on pages C-5 and following in your justification, would you prepare for insertion in the record a table sliowing the amounts which you had for these specific purposes in fiscal years 1966 and 1967, along with the proposed amount for fiscal year i968?

Mr. EiPLEY. We would be very glad to do this.

Mr. Warner. For the record, this is a multiyear history of all grants awarded year by year.

(Tlie document follows:)

I. ARCHEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION AND RESEARCH

Recipient

Project

Grant

Year

Amount (U.S. dollars)

A. Ongoing Projects (Year in Parentheses Shows Initial Fiscal Year of Award)

For continued support of the American Academy of Benares, a research center for South Asian archeology and art history (1966).

To continue support of the Center's research and excavation program in the archeology of Egypt, which includes Pharaonic, Hellenistic, Roman, and early Christian sites (1966).

To continue the survey and exploration of some 400 archeological sites in the Negev and to conduct seminars in biblical archeology for American graduate students in archeology (1966).

To continue the paleontology and stratigraphy studies of the Paleocene, Eocene, and Oligocene deposits of Egypt, which have resulted in important discoveries relating to human evolution (1966).

To study the prehistoric archeology of Tunisia at an excavation at Oued c! Akarit (1967).

To study prehistory of the area around Sibaiya, Egypt (1966).

7. University Museum, University of To stjdy remaining stones of the Temple of Al;hna-

Pennsylvania. ter, at Luxor, Egypt (1967).

8. Museum of Anthropology, University To develop a program for research and training in

of Michigan. prehistoric archeology through field excavations

on rvU. Carmel in Israel (1957).

9. University of Washington. American To study and excavate prehistoric and early historic

Museum of Natural History. sites in East and West Pakistan. (Funds available

in 1968. Awaiting Pakistani Government approval.)

10. Carnegie Museum To continue the excavation of a Philistine City at

Ashdod. Israel (1966).

1. American Institute of Indian Studies

(a nonprofit organization of 24 American colleges and universities).

2. American Research Center in Egypt

(a nonprofit study center supported by ten American universities).

3. Jerusalem School of Archeology of

the Hebrew Union College.

4. Peabody Museum of Yale University.

5 University of Colorado

6. Southern Methodist University.

11. Lawrence Radiation Lab. University

California at Berkeley.

12. Museum of Anthropology. University

of Michigan.

13. University of Missouri.

14. University of Oregon, Portland State College; University of Illinois.

15. University of Minnesota.

16. Carnegie Museum

17. Smithsonian Institution, Office of Anthropology.

18. Smithsonian Institution, Office of

Anthropology.

19. University of California at Los

Angeles.

20. Yale University, Peabody Museum.

21. Brooklyn Museum

1 Estimated.

To continue testing the utilization cf cosmic rays to "X-ray" the Egyptian pyramids in search of presently unknown chambers (1966).

To continue excavations of early Neolithic sites near Cracow, Poland, with the goal of providing the first detailed description of early Neolithic cultures in Poland (1968).

To excavate at Yavneh Yam, Israel, to understand better the nature of Greek trade with Palestine and Egypt in the period after 800 B.C. (1958).

To establish a chronology of the cultural history of West Africa on the basis of excavations and recordings of oral history in Guinea. (1967) (Funds available in 1967. Awaiting Guinean Government approval.)

To initiate a program of research in Yugoslavia with excavation:; of the unique Roman Palace of Diocletian at Split, Yugoslavia (1968).

To extend the excavations at Ashdod, Israeli to include underwater studies of the ancient port serving Ashdod and of ancient sunken ships associated with it (1968).

To study disappearing metal-working crafts of Pakistan and Ceylon as part of a worldwide study of ancient technologies and their development (1968).

To excavate at Carthage, Tunisia, to study the little known Punic civilization which flourished there before the conquest by Rome (1968).

To excavate at Obre, Yugoslavia, a site which promises to provide definitive information about the remarkable high Bufmir civilization of the fourth millenium B.C. (1968).

To locate and open quarry excavations for fossil remains of early relatives of man in Siwalik hills of North India (1968).

To construct scale models of Egyptian monuments and archeological sites for study purposes of U.S. museums and universities (1967).

1 1959

40, 000

I. ARCHEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION AND RESEARCH—Continued

Recipient Project

Grant

Year Amount

(U.S. dollars)

22. University of Wisconsin To reexamine late prehistoric sites in Kharga and '1969 $8,000

Dakhia Oasis in Egypt to relate this area v/iiich is 1968 3.000

rich in Neolithic cultural objects to the adjacent 1967 630

Nile Valley (1967).

23. Institutefor Advanced Study, Prince- To conduct interdisciplinary research and excava- '1969 8,000

ton. tions in bronze and early iron ages of northern 1968 9.496

Yugoslavia (1967). 1967 2,030

24. Peabody Museum, Harvard Uni- To excavate at Starcevo, Yugoslavia, to test conclu '1969 10,000

versify. sions of earlier research at this earliest of Middle

Danube Basin Neolithic sites in the light of new archeological techniques including radio-carbon dating. (Funds available in 1968. Research start postponed.)

25. University of Chicago To provide research assistantships for graduate '1969 10,000

credit in South Asian art at the American Academy 1987 11,400

of Benares, India, anaffiliateof the American Institute of Indian Studies (1967).

26. University of Chicago To examine a Vaisnava religious community in West '1959 50,000

Bengal historically and sociologically. (Funds available in 1967, awaiting Government of India approval.)

27. American University in Cairo To study the distinctive dome mausoleums of the n959 21,000

Mamluk era (1250-1517 A.D.) In Cairo which have 1968 6,340

not been studied and are threatened by growth and modernization of Cairo (1958).

28. Stanford University To conclude urgent archeological and ethnographic '1969 15,000

studies of Trebisnjica River Basin rapidly being 1968 64,600

inundated by waters rising behind a newly constructed dam (1968).

Subtotal, 1969 ongoing estimate 1,230,000

B. Pending Research Proposals

1. University of Pennsylvania To excavate the protohistoric site of Kantarodai, 1969 40,000

Ceylon, to determine the nature and chronology of settlement and to look for evidence of early links with south India.

2. Smithsonian Institution, Division of To survey numismatic collections and cooperative 1969 10,000

Numismatics. research opportunities for American scholars.

3. University of Washington To excavate at Novi Sad, Yugoslavia, an 11-cen- 1969 35,000

tury monastery partially destroyed by Mongol invasions, which shows both Western and Byzantine influences.

4. University of Wisconsin To conduct preparatory studies leading to multiyear 1959 40,000

interdisciplinary research in archeology and cultural anthropology in eastern Uttar Pardesh state as part of the cooperative Indian studies program with Benares Hindu University.

5. Dumbarton Oaks (Harvard) Center To study the unique but rapidly disintegrating Roman 1969 40,000

of Byzantine Studies, American and Byzantine Mosaics at historic Utica, Tunisia. Academy in Rome.

6. Smithsonian Institution To prepare urgent anthropological research pro- 1969 20,000

posals in five excess currency countries as a part of the Smithsonian's traditional worldwide research program in changing cultures,

7. University of Wisconsin To study and film the rapidly disappearing Dhangars

/Bangars, the seminomadic shepherds of Mahar 1969 40,000

ashtra State, India.

8. University of Massachusetts To study the effects of the decline of both death and 1969 40,000

birth rates on the Zadruga, a south Slav extended-family household group.

9. University of Washington To study the relationship between the social structure 1969 30,000

of the Vedda communities of Ceylon and their economic organizations, food-collection, seasonal agriculturalists, and settled agriculturalists, 10. Smithsonian Institution, Department To publish in English the results of research in 1969 5,000

of Science and Technology. medieval medicine based on original manuscripts

in Egyptian libraries.

Subtotal, pending research 300,000

proposals.

C. New Project Proposals

I.Smithsonian Institution, Office of To stud/ rapi-lly disappaarl.ig crafts at the village 19S9 50,000

Anthropology. level in India.

2. University of Michigan To conduct research in ancient nunismatics in the 1959 20,000

eastern Mediterranean (Israel). 1 Estimated.

I. ARCHEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION AND RESEARCH—Continued

Recipient

Project

Grant

Year Amount

(U.S. dollars)

3. American Institute of Indian Studies, To surv3y and excavat2 minuments and reoiains of 1969 $50,000

American Academy of Benares. the Pratitiara period especially at Bfiinmal in

Rajasthan.

4. Smitfisonian Institution. Museum of To survey and document the art history of Tibet on 1959 30. 000

Natural History. the basis of objects currently being brought ta

India and Nepal by Tibetan refugees.

5. New York University; Columbia To excavate ancient Utica, Tunisia, employing inter 1969 50.000

University; University of Michigan. disciplinary techniques designed to describe fully the mode of life and the environment characteristic of successive cultures inhabiting the site.

6. University of Washington To prepare archeological research priorities for 1969 30.000

American institutions to undertake in cooperation with India's archeological survey and its proposed research institute.

7. Smithsonian Institution, Office of To initiate systematic collections of Indian folk art 1959 40.000

Anthropology. which is disappearing as village crafts yield to

urban technology.

8. University of Illinois. To conduct comparative studies of the effects of cul 1969 30.000

tural change on folk music in Tunisia and Israel.

9. Denison University .. To establish America's only photographic archives of 1969 10,000

ancient Burmese art through exchanges with Burmese and other museums.

10. American University in Cairo To establish a uiioi list of Cootie manuscripts ii 1959 5,000

Egypt where they are widely dispersed and uncofologed and are therefore largely inaccessible for research.

11. California State College at Long To conduct prehistoric excavations in Ceylon to ex 1959 45,000

Beach. plore the question of common cultural origins

with the peoples of Polynesia and Micronesia.

12. Columbia University.. To study the relationship; of ritual and social struc- 1959 20,000

ture in the "Ridge and Valley" section of the interior of Ceylon.

13. University of Wisconsin To study man's early primate anc3stors of Asia and 1959 40,090

Africa.

14. American Institute of Indian Studies. To provide fellowships for pre- and post-doctoral 1959 40,000

research in social and cultural anthropology and linguistics of India and Ceylon.

15. Miami University (Ohio) To study cultural change in Middle Eastern peasant 1959 10,000

societies in Tunisia and Egypt.

Subtotal, new project proposals _ _._ 470,000

Total, archeological excavation 2,000,000

and research.

II. SYSTEMATIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

National Academy of Sciences—U.S. National Committee for IBP.

1. DIRECT SUPPORT TO THE INTERNATIONAL BIOLOGICAL PROGRAM (IBP)

To support American participation in IBP interna- 1969

tional symposia and planning conferences. To convene an American-sponsored symposium in 1969

Israel on the effects of extreme environments on

living things. To support the training ot American research project 1969

directors in IBP courses in bioenergetics in Poland.

Subtotal, direct support to the IBP.

2. SYSTEMATIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

A. Ongoing Projects (Year in Parentheses Shows Initial Fiscal Year of Award)

1. University of Georgia To study the flow of energy through small rodent

populations in different habitats in conjunction with the Ecological Institute of Poland (awaiting Polish Government approval). To study marine organisms of the Red Sea and Eastern Medilerranean in order to determine what Li logical interchange of species has occurred through the Suez Canal (1967).

2. Smithsonian Institution, Office of Oceanography and Li.mnology.

$35,00) 25.000

40. 000

100, GOO

11969 125.000

11969 100.000

1957 122,000

1 Estimated.

II. SYSTEMATIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY— Continued

Recipient

Project

Grant

Year

Amount (U.S. dollars)

3. Smithsonian Institution, Office of Oceanograpfiy and Limnology.

4. Univsrsity of Colorado.

5. Smithsonian Institution, Division of Birds.

6. Smithsonian Institution, Department of Entomology.

7. University of Michigan.

8. Smithsonian Institution, Office of Ecology.

9. Smithsonian Institution, National Zoological Park.

10. Johns Hopkins University.

11. Smithsonian Institution, National Zoological Park.

12. Smithsonian Institution, Department of Botany.

13. University of Michigan..

14. Smithsonian Institution.

15. Smithsonian Institution, National Zoological Park.

16. Smithsonian Institution, Office of Ecology.

17. Smithsonian Institution.

18. Smithsonian Institution, Department of Botany.

19. Smithsonian Institution, Radiation Biology Laboratory.

To accelerate the processing of marine organisms from the Mediterranean through the sorting facility known as the Mediterranean Marine Sorting Center operated in cooperation with the Tunisian Instituts of Oceanography and Fisheries (1967).

To excavate a paleontological site in the Miocene-Pliocene formations of South Central Tunisia to attempt to establish a chronology for fossil mammals i.i Tunisia which may help to determine geological relationsnips with similar European formations (1968).

To continue investigations on the ecology of Pah-arctic birds migrating through northeastern Africa, includirg cooperative research on serology with the Rockefeller Virus Laboratory and ectoparasites with the Naval Medical Research Unit III in Egypt (1967).

To continue behavioral investigations of insects in Egypt; to obtain examples of the insects and plants for the exhibits of the Museum of Natural Historv (1968)

To continue taxonomic studies of Indian mollusks through caryotype analysis and the cytogenetics of closely related species which will contribute to medical, public health, and veterinary programs (1958).

To continue ecological surveys in Tunisia, Israel, Pakistan, India, and Ceylon, and to prepare cooperative research with the Universities of Washington, California, North Carolina, Johns Hopkins, Michigan State, Michigan University, Montana, and Minnesota (1967).

To continue studies of the evolution and behavior of related primates (Cercopithocidae) in different environments in Ceylon (1968).

To continue comparative studies of the behavior and ecology of populations of rodents and shrews in field, town, and city habitats in West Bengal, India (1968).

To continue studies of the relation of man and elephant in Ceylon where the domesticated beast of burden is captured and trained to work with man after reaching maturity as a wild elephant rather than after domestication as a young animal (1968).

To continue comparative studies of the embryology and floral anatomy of tropical grasses in cooperation with the School of Plant Morphology at Meerut College, India (1968).

To continue theoretical ecological studies of a living coral reef and the organisms related to it (1968).

To continue revision of the basic Trimen's flora of Ceylon in the light of modern botanical knowledge and techniques (1968).

To complete studies of the behavior and ecology of the Ceylonese elephant and the preparation of a conservation plan (1967).

To complete flora and vegetation studies of Ceylon considered basic to development of Ceylon's agricultural and forest resources (1967).

To continue migratory bird banding and serological studies of principal flyways of India in cooperation with the Bombay Natural History Society (1967).

To continue flora and vegetation studies of a district of Mysore State in the Ghat Mountains of southwest India and to prepare collections for the Smithsonian's National Herbarium (1968).

To extend studies of solar radiation to equatorial Station in Ceylon for comparison with data ob-obtained in Israel and Washington, D.C. (1967).

Subtotal, 1969, ongoing estimate.

B. Pending Research Proposals

1. Duke University.. To conduct field studies in plant taxonomy and

ecology in Assam State, India.

2. University of Georgia To study the interaction of human and small rodent

populations in a variety of temperate zone environments in conjunction with the Ecological Institute of Poland. 1 Estimated.

1 1959 1987

1 1969 1968

1969 1969

$100,000 152,360

23.000 23,165

818,000

30,000 50, 000

II. SYSTEMATIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY—Continued

Recipient

Project

Grant

Year Amount

(U.S. dollars)

3. Smithsonian Institution, Department of Invertebrate Zoology.

4. Smithsonian Institution, Department of Invertebrate Zoology.

5. California Academy of Sciences.

6. California AcadeTiy of Sciences.

7. Smithsonian Institution, Office of

Oceanography and Limnology.

8. Smithsonian Institution, Office of

Ecology.

9. Sout'iern Msthojist University

10. Smithsonian Institution, Office of Oceanography and Limnology.

11. Johns Hopkins University.

12. University of Michigan

13. Smithsonian Institution, Department of Paleobiology.

14. Smithsonian Institution, Office of Oceanography and Limnology.

15. Duke University.

16. Smithsonian Institution, National Zoological Park and Museum of Natural History.

Subtotal pending research proposals

To study the taxonomy and distribution of the poorly 1969 $20,000

known microscopic marine fauna of the Bay of Bengal to be obtained by collecting sediments from the coastal region of East Pakistan.

To collect and study the larger marine invertebrates 1969 20,000

known as stomatopods which are native to the Arabian Sea in cooperation with the University of Karachi.

To study the so-called blind dolphin of the Ganges, 1969 40,000

Indus, and Bramaputra Rivers of India and Pakistan as a part of a worldwide ecological and behavioral study of the fresh water species.

To conduct field invastigations of the habitats of In- 1959 50,000

dian amphibians and reptiles especially in the fast-disappearing virgin environments of that country.

To study the benthic and planktonic biology of the Adriatic Sea in Yugoslavia.

To study tha ecology and behavior of hooved animals in a teak forest in I ndia.

To undertake a ds'mitive study of quaternary age deposits on the floor and the lower slopes of the Qat-tara Depression in the western desert of Egypt.

To conduct taxonomic research on the marine fauna 1969

of Pakistan's coastal waters in cooperation with the University of Karachi.

To complete studies of the population ecology of 1959

Rhesus monkeys in northern India.

To study primary productivity of natural and semi- 1369

natural Mediterranean shrub ecosystems as affected by fire and grazing.

To collect in Poland and Israel specimen fossil sea 1969

urchins (echinoids) as a part of ongoing evolutionary studies of their masticating device, popularly known as Aristotle's lantern, believed to be transitional between major orders of this animal.

To establish in India a sorting center to distribute for 1969 250,000

study to world specialists specimens of marine biota from the Indian Ocean.

To conduct taxonomic studies in Yugoslavia of the 1959 40,000

Adriatic isopod and prepare a handbook for the study of this marine organism.

To provide grants to Smithsonian scientists for In- 1969 573,000

creasing the national entomological, botanical, and zoological collections by expeditions to India, Ceylon, Egypt, Pakistan, and Tunisia.

100,000

10,000 41,000

35, 000

1,399,000

1. Smithsonian Institution, Office of Ecology.

2. American University of Cairo.

3. Smithsonian Institution, Office of

Ecology.

4. Smithsonian Institution, Office of

Ecology.

5. University of Connecticut.

6. University of Michigan

7. Smithsonian Institution, Division of Invertebrate Paleontology.

8. University of Michigan.

C. New Project Proposals To conduct ecological studies of Mediterranean and 1969 90,000

Saharan environments in research preserves recommended by the International Biological Program

in Tunisia. To study in Egypt the migration of marine biota 1969 80,000

between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean

through the Suez Canal. To conduct studies of the pattern and behavior of 1969 40,000

birds during migration in the Himalayan Mountains of northern India and Nepal. To study the behavior of elephants and primates in 1969 50, 000

India and coordinate these studies with the Smithsonian studies currently being conducted in

Ceylon. To conduct taxonomic and ecological studies of the 1969 45,000

fauna of a large brackish-water lake in South India. To collect and study the plankton communities of 1969 210.000

the Nile River Delta as they are affected by changes

in salinity and circulation caused by construction of

the Aswan Dam. To study in India the broadly distributed fossil 1969 45,000

ostracode which reveals through its varied physical

appearance much about the climate and geography

of the era in which it lived back through geological

time. To study the importance of bilharziasis snail pests 19S9 85,000

in new environments created by the Aswan Dam

in Egypt.

Estimated.

II. SYSTEMATIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY—Continued

Recipient

Project

Grant

Year Amount

(U.S. dollars)

9. Smithsonian Institution, Division of To study European fossil mammals in Polisfi muse- 1959 $15,000

Vertebrate Paleontology. ums for purposes of comparison witfi North

American materials.

10. University of Utah To collect the mayflies of Pakistan for taxonomic 1969 13,000

studies as a part of specialized, worldwide studies.

11. Smithsonian Institution, Office of To conduct investigation of the plant ecology of the 1969 30,000

Ecology. Laccadive Islands of India in cooperation with the

Botanical Survey of India.

12. Smithsonian Institution.. To make collections and to conduct floristic studies 1969 60,000

of neglected areas of India such as the Malabar Coast, the Koromande ICoast, the Nilghiri Hills, and Khasia Hills which served as the basis of classic studies made as long ago as the 17th century in cooperation with the Botanical Survey of India.

Subtotal nev; project proposals

1. Library, Smithsonian Institution, Museum of Natural History.

2. Library, Smithsonian Institution, Museum of Natural History.

Total translations.

Total systematic and environmental biology.

3. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTION TO THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION'S TRANSLATION PROGRAM

763,000

To accelerate the translation and publication of ref 1959 470,000

erence works and monographs in Russian, which represent outstanding requests made by the Smithsonian staff since 1960, 20,000 pages an average of $23.50 per page (cost includes both translation and publication).

For the translation and publication of selected Wes 1969 30,000

tern European and Oriental language scientific journals or other serial publications, 1,300 pages at $23.50 each.

500, 000

3, 580, 000

III. MUSEUM PROGRAMS

1. Smithsonian Institution, U.S. National Museum.

2. Smithsonian Institution, U.S. National Museum.

3. Smithsonian Institution, U.S. National

Museum.

4. Smithsonian Institution, U.S. National

Museum.

5. Smithsonian Institution, Traveling Exhibition Service.

Total museum programs. 1 Estimated.

To provide development opportunities for American museum professionals tfirough in-service training, regional museum surveys, and training symposia in India, Israel, Egypt, Ceylon, and Tunisia and to provide exchange visitor grants to bring foreign professionals from the excess countries to enrich American museum programs.

10 carry out the International Council of Museum's recommendation to establish exhibits laboratories, initially in Israel, India, and Egypt for the training of curators from developing nations and for the construction of scientific and other educational exhibits for circulation among the developing nations as examples of the potential of museum education.

To provide advisory services of American museum professionals responding to requests from Israel, Pakistan, India, Egypt, and Tunisia.

To improve research collections of the U.S. National Museum by providing for the purchase and shipment with foreign currencies instead of dollars of unique specimens or collections not available in this country.

To defray shipping costs, which would otherwise require dollars, to bring educational exhibits from abroad for circulation to American museums and other educational institutions.

1969 $90,000

1969 60,000

1969 25,000

1969 45,000

1969 30,000

250,000

IV. ASTROPHYSICS

Recipient Project

Grant

Year Amount

(U.S. dollars)

A. Ongoing Projects (Year in Parentheses Shows Initial Year of Award)

I.Smithsonian Astrophysical Observa- To conclude balloon experiments in cooperation with 1969 $51,000

tory. the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research at 1968 38,000

Colaba, Bombay, India, on gamma radiation reaching the earth's upper atmosphere at the magnetic equator (1967).

B. New Research Proposals

I.Smithsonian Astrophysical Observa- To investigate ancient astronomical records of Ceylon 1969 5,000

tory. and Egypt in connection with historical studies of

the stars.

2. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observa- To establish in Poland an astrophysical observing 1969 50,000

tory. station to carry out projects in satellite geodesy.

3, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observa- To conduct theoretical studies in celestial mechanics 1969 14.000

tory. in Egypt in cooperation with the University of

Cairo.

Total astrophysics... 120,000

V. INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE OF SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS

1. Smithsonian Institution, International To support costs of ocean freight of lES publications 1969 $20,000

Exctiange Service. to Burma, India, Israel, Pakistan, Poland, Egypt,

and Yugoslavia.

Total International Exchange of Scientific Publications 20,000

VI. PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT AND ADMINISTRATION

I.Smithsonian Institution, Office of To defray costs of inspection and =iudit of field re- 1969 $30,000

International Activities. search sites and costs of negotiation with host

governments on program operations.

Total grant administration.. 30,000

Grand total 6,000, COO

I Estimated.

CONSTRUCTION AND IMPKOVEMENTS, NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK

(^liairnian Hayden. There will he placed in the re(M)r(l the e.stiniate whicli you nitike of a need for $600,000 for the capital improvement program at. the National Zoological Park in fiscal year 1969.

(The justification follows:)

1967 appropriation ,$1. 589, 000

1968 appropriation 400, 000

1969 estimate—.. 660, 000

An appropriation of $660,000 is requested for the seventh year of a continuing development program for improvement of the National Zoological Park. Due to program funding reductions and increased construction periods, the complete construction program is now expected to take 14 years. A total of $7,588,000 has been appropriated for the first six years and an additional $12,493,000 will be requested over the next eight years. All items funded to date have been completed or are ready for construction except a waterfowl pond and a multielimate house which are still on the drawing boai'd.

Redevelopment of the National Zoological Park continues to follow the basic land use principles adopted in Master Plan form in 1961 and the following criteria remain in effect:

1. Modernize exhibits and visitor conveniences ;

2. Eliminate automobile traffic through the Park and improve parking facilities;

3. Subordinate buildings and structures and increase planting and laud-scaping ;

4. Cooperate with plans to improve Rock Creek Park and River and eliminate air and water pollution ;

5. Diffuse and increase science through the study of animals, their health, nutrition, pathology, and behavior.

Although recognized funding limitations prevent continued construction progress for the National Zoological Park Improvement Program, it is requested that funds be appropriated to prepare plans and si>ecifications. Completion of plaiming for the next phase will permit prompt resumption of consrtuction at the earliest practicable date. Funds in the amount of $120,000 are requested for plans and speciiications for aquatic mammals, bears, goats, and canines. These facilities will be located in the hilly, largely undeveloped, central part of the Zoo and will i)ermit removal of unsightly and inefficient pens and water ponds. This area is adjacent to portions of the Zoo now improved and is part of the planned progression of improvement throughout the National Zoological Park.

The existing coal-fired, steam heating plant at the Zoological Park for many years has been identified as a source of objectionable air pollution. Replacement of the central heating plant and distribution system with individual gas-fired heating plants in each building has been an integral part of the improvement program from the start. Complete abandonment of the existing plant was planned to occur near the end of the improvement program. With the deceleration of progress, it is now requested that funds be appropriated in fi.scal year 1969 to start in.stallation of individual gas-fired plants so that the load on the existing plant can be phased out as quickly as possible. This action is consistent with Executive Order 11282 concerning reduction of air pollution and in accordance with a request from the Public Health Service in July 1967, for replacing the plant as soon as practicable. An appropriation of $200,000 will permit substantial completion of the heating system conversion.

In anticipation of improvements expected to occur in the future, certain repairs, renovations, and replacements of fencing, walks, curbs, handrails, roads, and structures have been deferred. Now that the improvement program is extended and it has become necessary to use many existing facilities longer than expected, it will be necessary to make many minor improvements and repairs to insure continued public safety and to prevent excessive deterrioration in advance of future replacement. There are also many additional improvements in and along the edge of completed areas required to connect effectively certain walks, paving, utilities, landscaping, and erosion control works to adjacent existing areas which now must be maintained in use. An appropriation of .$340,000 is requested for only the most essential items nece-ssary to maintain continued operation of all areas, until major improvements are accomplished in the future. This restoration and renovation increment of the Zoological Park improvement program is a priority request for fiscal year 1969.

HiSTOKY OF Improvements

Chairman Hayden. Would you please iiifoiiii the coiiimittee of the status of the improvement pi-ooram which has been cai-ried on for the past few years at the park, and indicate just what you expect to do with the $660,000 in the comino: year ?

Mr. Bradley. Mr. Chainuaii, tluouiili the interests and very effective help of this committee, we have so far invested $7io million at the zoo. This was started early in 106;^, so we are now in the sixth year this year. The status is that we have accomplished the renovation^ almost total rebuilding, of the bird house, and we have installed access roads, utilities, the incinerator, parking yards, trunk sewers, an.d things of that kind. We have been able to build the deer area and the lioof stock complex has been completed.

"We have had to rework our electrical power distribution system.

In 1066, design for the nudticlimate house was started and is expected to be completed this summer.

A letter regarding the hospital and research complex is before you now. We just took liids, and we think that now we have the best bid we can s^et and should proceed with the hospital and research building.

In 1067 you gave us funds for the planning of a public service facility, that is, an administration building and for public services, and funds for the construction of a multiclimate house for Avhich construction is expected to get started this summer. It will be com-p'e' ed in about a year and a quarter

Then for 1068, Mr. Chairman, we have funds for planning, principally, because we have had a sloAvdown on construction. We are planning for the bears and aquatic mammals, and we had construction funds for a water-fowl pond. That involved an element of pollution.

1969

In 1060, we Avill continue the preparation of plans and specifications in advance of construction, with $120,000. We would like very much to start, installation of heating facilities in order to replace the old steam, coal-fired central plant, with an amount of $200,000. And we would like to accomplish general restoration and renovation to roads and walks throughout the park with the balance.

REPLACEMENT OF HF;ATIXG PLANT

Chairman IIaydex. What is the total estimated cost for replacing the existing coal-fired steam heating plant ?

Mr. Bradley. Our estimate was $^1:0,000, but things, as we all know, do escalate, so I think we would have to add something to that. I would estimate $400,000.

Chairman Hayden. How much have you expended on this so far, and when do you expect to complete the replacement ?

Mr. Bradley. We have put in $80,000 in the birdhouse heating-plant. Each one of these new buildings is getting its own heating plant—either in a new building or in a group of buildings. We have spent $-30,000 already, and we expect that the central plant probably could be closed down in about 2 vears.

AXI31AL HOSPITAL AND RESEARCH BUILDING

Cliairman H-\yden. On March T of this year you addressed a letter to this conimittee asking approval of your proposal to award a contract for an animal hospital and research building, utilizing the major part of a fiscal year 1966 appropriation for this need and for shops and other service type facilities.

How much of the $1,370,000 now available would be required for the hospital-research facility ?

Mr. Bradley. Mr. Chairman, based on bids that just came in this month, $785,000. We have proved to our satisfaction, at last—you see, we took bids 6 months ago—and they came in too high. And we weren't satisfied we had enough competition, so we went back for new bids. Xow $785,000 would be required for the hospital.

Hospital Use and Purpose

Chairman Hayden. How intense is your need for an animal hospital now?

Mr. Bradley. It is one of those century old things. Mr. Chairman, that is inherent as a part of the rebuilding of the zoo to make it a modern exhibition park and a center for research. After all, the zoo was created not only for the recreation of the people, as the 1899 act said, but also for the increase in knowledge about animals. "The ad-^'ancement of science" was the term they used.

We know that this hospital is very important. We have some statistics here that show that we are talking about an animal collection of over 3,000 animals. This means over 1,000 different species.

The hospital would have to examine new arrivals for entrance ciuarantine to make sure they are fit to go in with the others. There would probably be as many as 1,600 annual examinations.

Pathological Research

The hospital cases that we had last year numbered 2,700. The treatments were much greater than that, although some are mostly shots, 7,000. We had 815 deaths last year. The post mortem examination are of critical importance to the hospital, because the pathologist must determine then what made that particular creature die.

These are some of the statistical representations of what this hospital is going to do.

Mr. Ripley. I should point out, Mr. Chairman, that we are under constant pressure from other agencies, like the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, to expand our research in this area, pathological research. George Washington University would like to set up a degree-granting course using our facilities with the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, if and when we have them.

CUBRENT ReSEAEOH FACILITIES

Chairman Hayden. Do you have a research facility at the present time?

Mr. Ivipley. a verj^ small one. How mucli is it, Mr. Bradley?

90-2G1— 68— pt. 2-

Mr. Bradley. Well, it only represents a room in the reptile house, and a room in the mammal house, and another room in tlie birdhouse. We use the old cooldiouse vrhich has only 2,2U() squai^e feet.

In other Avords, we have a variety of places where the veterinarians and scientists can go. You could characterize it by saying that what hospital quarters we have we got 63 years ago. We simply do not have the counterpart of this proposed central, modern, utilitarian facility. It is nothing fancy. It is concealed from the public view. It is not going to be a large piece of architecture. It is going to be presentable and it Avill be extremely low lying. It will have but one floor with a basement.

SHOPS, WAREIIOUSE, AND TRANSPORTATION BUILDINGS

Chairman Hayden. When would you plan to sock additional funds to complete the remainder of the activities for which, the approi)ria-tion was made ?

Mr. Bradley. Mr. Chairman, we would like to submit a request next year for the amount that we are short. We are running short about $200,000 out of a total availability of $1,200,000.

We would like to have $1,400,000, but we don't have it. So we will simply have to take our chances—and the committee has been very good to us—to ask for the shop building and the warehouse and transportation building next year.

Chairman Hayden. The committee will approve your request now. We will send you a letter confirming it.

Mr. Bradley. Thank you, sir.

restoration and renovation of buildings

Chairman Hayden. For restoration and renovation of buildings you are proposing an appropriation of $1,200,000 in the coming fiscal jQur. This is $7.5,000 more than was appropriated last year.

The justification will be printed in the record.

(The justification follows:)

1967 appropriation $2, 300. 000

1968 appropriation 1,12.j. 000

1969 estimate 1, 200, 000

An appropriation of $1,200,000 is requested for the following projects :

Smithsonian Institution Building .$.3r»0. 000

Fine Arts and Portrait Galleries Building .">0, 000

Renwick Gallery 200, 0(X)

Radiation Biology Laboratory 400,000

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute 100.000

Feasibility studies 100. 000

Total estimate for 1969 1, 20O. 000

Less amount appropriated in fiscal year 1968 —1,125, 000

Increase in fiscal year 1969 7.5, 000

Smithsonian Institution Building

An api)i-oi)riation of $350,000 is requested for additional restoration and renovation of tlie Smithsonian Institution building aud grounds.

With funds previously ajiprupriated by the Congress, the first major interior restoi'ation of the hi.storicallj' important and well-known Smithsonian "Castle"

since its construction in 1855 is now ready for contract. During preparations of plans and specifications, a careful examination of the building was accomplished and details of construction were noted. The nnusual design of the building requires very careful renovation and modification work to insure as much historical accuracy as possible. It has become necessary to forego many desirable improvements in order to balance increased costs due to unique solutions required to correct latent conditions discovered during examination and due to the continued rapid inflation of construction costs. Improvements foregone related to historical restoration, exterior grounds improvements, and improved facilities in the basement to serve the staff needs better.

In June 1967, the General Services Administration conducted a fire safety examination of the building and identified several fire hazards. They recommended that the dangerous conditions be eliminated and that additional improvements be made during the general building renovation. Additional funds will be required for this work.

Planned improvement to the grounds and electrical renovation of the building suggest that this is the most appropriate time to consider lighting improvements, including spot-lighting architecturally important features of the building. The many important and interesting events, recorded in history, that have taken place in and around this famous building, intensify the affectionate inter-e.st and curiositj^ of the throngs of visitors who take satisfaction from studying its architectural features or just enjoying the experience of being in the building. The strong tourist interest encourages us to consider highlighting the historical areas and prominent architectural features at some future time. The opportunity exists during the general renovation to install concealed electrical conduit for future installation of the lighting system.

Funds in the amount of $350,000 are requested for the most important fire safety features and to install concealed conduit for future lighting.

Fixe Arts axd Portrait Galleries Building

Funds in the amount of .$-50,000 are requested to renovate an unimproved area of approximately 20,000 .square feet on the first floor of the Fine Arts and Portrait Galleries Building. One floor of one wing in this building remains unflnished due to a reduction in contract .scope during constrnction to insure suflBcient funds for critical changes caused by latent conditions. It was thought that this space could be re.served for future expansion but is required now for administrative purposes and should be rehabilitated for offices and work space.

The rehabilitation work estimated to co.'^t $50,000 includes flooring, lighting, new heating, ventilation and air conditioning, and painting.

Rexwick Gallery

An appropriation of $200,000 is requested to continue a program of historical rt'storation of portions of the old Court of Claims building on Lafayette Square.

Renovation work to convert the building into a gallery of American arts, crafts, and design is in progress and should be completed during 196S. Funds apj)ropriated will be used in the most effective manner to insure early occupancy of tlie building. A fully creditable job of restoration will require an additional .$2^)0.WO. Although a usuable facility is being provided, the historical significance of the building and its monumental location, adjacent to the Blair House, Lafayette Square, and the White House, .stress the importance of outstanding restoration. Accomplishing the additional work concurrent with the ])resent reri.')vation. while the contractor is on the site, will be more economical than re-mobilizing a contractor at a later date.

The additional funds will be used to: Install a birdproofing system to protect tlie recently cleaned and restoj-ed stonework: restcjre a cast-iron railing on the roof to match early photograjihs; install sitecial exhil)it liglitiiig (o blend with the interior: restore original interior finishes and surfaces whej-e i»ossible: and construct a loading ramj) and service entrnnce on the Seventcentli Sti'eet side.

A high quality of restoration work is now being accomi)lishcd and satisfactory ].reservation of thi!« liistoric building is assured. With adflitional funds requested, a inaximuni of prfilecl ion find fum t ional u^atrc will he obt;iincd.

Radiation Biology Labokatory

An apiiropriatioii of .'^44>0.Of'0 is requested fo (!Oiitini, ie rf^'axT i ^tion of the Ilad ia-tiun Biology Laboratory to a new site. "" " "

~ TTnmpreliensive 'researeii'To stiidyHtlie effects of liglit on plant growth started at the Smithsonian Institution in 1028. Within a few years the Institution occupied a position at the forefront of this specialty and has continued to maintain that position. The Sinilhsunian Kadiation Biology Laboratory, as it is now known, has pioneered in the development of solar radiation instruments for measuring biological re.^ponses. Today tlie Laboratory maintains the only solar radiation calibration standards for calibration of instruments from all over the world.

Tile only space avilable for the Radiation Biology Laboratory is in the basement (»f the Smithsonian Institution building and several small sheds in back of the building. Tlie basement consists of small, low ceiling, dungeon-like rooms with masonry walls and brick-arch ceilings, charactei'istic of mid-1'.Hh century construction. This is the least desirable type of space for modern higli-precision laboratoi'y activities witli their complex piping, fume hoods, temperature control, and equii>ment. In spite of phy.ucal limitations, the Laiioi'atory has improvised its facilities and increased its scope of activities in the most efficient and effective wa,vs pos.sibIe to further scientitie efforts and to apply modern scientific metliods toward re.search in the effects of light on plant and animal growth. To maintain its pre-emijient position in radiation biology research and to continue advances in this tield, tlie Laboratory must pi'ogress and must keep pace with new techniques, and must obtain the most ajipropriate equipment to do the job. However, with the limited, overcrowded space, furtlier progress is not possible. A new location is required to relieve the present intolerable situation and to provide additional space needed to insure progress in re.search programs. It is also appropriate to move the Laboratory cmt of the .Smithsonian Institution builidng basement, at this time, because general renovation of the building, including installation of central air conditioning is to be accomi>lished with funds previously appropriated. By removing the Laboratoi'y, it will be easier and more economical to do the renovation work, rather than require the contractor to work in and around laboratory activities and to provide many temporary utility connections to maintain u.se of laboratory facilities.

In re.sponse to a request for funding in fiscal year IDftS. the Congress appropriated $L'W.(M)0 to start moving the Laboratory from the ba.sement of the Siulthsonian Institution building to a new location.

The General Services Administration is assisting the Smithsonian Institution in its research for a new location. With funds now appropriated, plans will be prepared to install laboratories for biochemistry, electron microscopy, plant pli.vsiology, cytology, and growth rooms in the new location. Prompt removnl of these facilities from the basement of the Smithsonian Institution building will pt-rniit the long-delayed renovation of that building to proceed in an orderly manner. "

A sul)stantial amount of work will remain to make a new facility for the Radiation Biology Laboratory fully operational and to accomplish an orderly move v.ithout interrupting or losing momentum on vital exi>erimental activities.

..Facilities are req]iJX£:(L_for__tJie_carbon dajting _lj]Iioratorj\shops, support

facilities, solar radiation m^a.suring equlpnient, and greenEouses. To conTTnuo preparation of space at a new site and moving these faciritie.s, $400,000 is requested in fiscal year 11)39.

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

An appropriation of $100,000 is requested for improved laboratory space for the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute.

At the present time, scientists conducting priority experiments or collecting programs in the Isthmus of Panama have no place to keep equipment, to u.se as a base of operations, or to keep collections except at remote, overcrowde<I facilities on Barro Colorado Island in the Canal or in their private homes.

Since the island was set aside as a national reserve by Act of Congress in 11)22. it should not be used for facilities or activities not directly related to sclentifii;

study of tlie island or to it.^ maintenance. The facilities on the island, which have been gradually built np over the years, have been used, of necessity, by scientists working on the mainland, simply because there are no other support facilities available. In recent yeai's. it has become obvious that Barro Colorado Island facilities, although essential, are inadequate by themselves to support all activities of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Scientists are expanding their interests in the tropical environment and are no longer limiting their studies to the lowland forest, characteristic of the island. It is now essential that a replacement facility be provided on the mainland and that all activities he removed from the island, except those required for its program operation. This action is needed at this time to prevent irreparable damage to the natural reserve. With an appropriation of $100,000 a replacement facility consisting of a small single-story, low-cost masonry building with approximately 10,000 square feet of floor space can be provided in the Canal Zone. The building will have a minimum of built-in facilities to permit flexibility in accommodating a variety of uses as future needs reciuire. Partitions will be provided as needed to section off portions of the building for research experiments. The building will also be used to house and protect research equipment. Animal holding cages and pens will be constructed outdoors adjacent to the building.

Feasibility Studies

Funds in the amount of $100,000 are requested to finance feasibility studies of the future building needs of the Smithsonian Institution. These studies are needed to provide the basis for determining the scope of buildings and facilities, location, estimated cost, recommendations for financing, and any necessary legislation.

The Smithsonian Institution is destined to play a vital and central role in the celebration of the Bicentennial of the American Revolution during the coming decade. To accoiimiodate special exhibits covering the American Revolutionary period and an unprecedented influx of Bicentennial visitors, it is proposed that two exhibition pavilions be added to the Museum of History and Technology. This plan would also enable the special exhibits in the pavilions to be viewed in the context of the Museum's permanent displays relating the 200 years of national development. Funds to allow a study of the feasibility of this proposal are requested.

Projected rates of acquisition of objects and specimens for the National Collections indicate that the Smithsonian Institution must plan now to solve future storage problems. A feasibility study is needed to study electronic and automatic methods of storage and retrieval of great numbers of objects. The optimum distance between exhibit buildings, science activities, and storage facilities should be determined. Continued preservation of the history of our heritage can be assui'ed only if studies are started now on these critical questions.

Additional studies related to long-range needs of the Institution will be required from time to time, but only those of the highest priority \Anll be considered for fiscal year 1969.

Smithsonian Building

Chairman Hayden. Please outline briefly for the committee how you expect to use these funds.

Mr. RiPT.KY. We plan to complete the restoration and renovation of the original Smitlisonian Building, and that sum would be $350,000.

Fine Arts and Portrait (Jalleries Building

We also wish to renovate the first floor, the east wing, of the Fine Arts and Portrait Galleries building. That would represent $50,000. The money that we were granted in the prior years Ijy the Congress

has been insufficient to complete the renovation of that wonderful building. AVe are opening anyway, but we need to finish the east wing.

Rexwick Gallery (Corcoran Art Gallery)

"We also have been working on the Renwick Gallery, as we call it, which is the original Corcoran Art Gallery, across from the Executive Office Building of the White House.

I could point out that there is an article in the current issue of ''Historical Preservation,"' the national tnist magazine on the restoration of this remarkable building, which has been saved for us by the direct interxention of Mr. Johnson, and which will be, I think, a mag-niticent addition to the cultural scene in "Washington. "We need $200,-000 to complete the Renwick Gallery.

Radiatiox Biology Laboratory

The Radiation Biolog;v Laboratory, which we have already mentioned, includes the requirement of $400,000 for its imperative move from its cramped quarters in the basement of the Smithsonian Building.

Smithsomax Tropical Research Institute

Laboratory space at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute represents $100,000 required for replacement of buildings on Barro Colorado Island that are greatly overused:

Feasibility Studies

Also included are $100,000 for the feasibility study on the construction of wings at the Museum of History and Technology as well as some storage facility, in connection with housing principal exhibits of the commemoration of the American Revolution Bicentennial.

RENWICK GALLERY (CORCORAX ART GALLERY I

Chairman Haydex. "With respect to the Renwick Gallery, how much have you spent so far on renovating (he building?

Mr. Ripley, Mr. Chairman, we started off this building with high hopes that the General Services Administration was going to give us some money for it, because they had some in their budget. "We got an interpretation that their funds were for offices and, therefore, could not be used for our kinds of purposes. So we were out of luck.

We came to the Congress, and we received a welcome respite. For the exterior renovation work, so far, we have expended in fiscal vear UHu funds transferred to GSA, $9-30,000. For the interior, so far, we have and are administering funds totaling $794,000.

In reservations and contingencies, $62,000; and in supervision n id administrative fees, which go to GSA, $62,000.

The total of this is $1,850,000. On March 1 of this year, the project was 60 percent complete. We believe it will be completed in March 1969.

RADIATION BIOLOGY LABORATORY

Chairman Hayden. $400,000 is requested to continue the relocation of the Radiation Biology Laboratory. I would assume from the language of this justification that a new location has been determined. Wliere is that location ?

Mr. Ripley. Mr. Chairman, we have had a committee set up, and I think Mr. Bradley or Mr. Kohn could refer to that.

Mr. Bradley?

Mr. Bradley. Mr. Chairman, the present location is a building owned by the General Services Administration at 701 Lamont Street, and these funds would be required for a rather extensive rehabilitation in order to make essentiall}' an old laundry building suitable for laboratory purposes.

Earlier, I should say that with funds you gave us in 1968, which were $139,000, we thought we were safely in the old Bureau of Standards, but the new city college for the city of Washington had an overriding priority, we found out, and GSA could only assure us a very short-term occupancy permit. We didn't feel it was good business to move in and then move out again.

Currently, sir, the answer is that we are looking at 701 Lamont Street, near Georgia Avenue.

Chairman Hayden. What have you accomplished with the funds provided last year for this relocation ?

Mr. Bradley. We have plans for the layout of the laboratory. We need to engage the services of a consultant in order to make sure that we make the right moves, and that we install the right equipment, and tlien the balance of the money that we already have will be held for those important renovations and, of course, the moving cost.

SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Chairman Hayden. You are asking $100,000 to construct a building in the Panama Canal Zone for the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. What facilities there will you replace?

]Mr. Ripley. Mr. Chairman, we have been working on this for some time. The existing facilities in Barro Colorado Island have been overextended in recent years and won't stretch any further. We do not wish to expand construction on the island, because the island is a living laboratory, and to create more space for scientists on the island would be inefficient, Ave think, in the long run. We want to take this money, if possible, and make a small facility on the mainland as a replacement space.

The Xavy Department has given us a site in an isolated area, a place where we could erect a small building. The site is adecjuale. We are now

'also exploring some other available alteratives for an accessible, centrally located site.

However, we do need the money to build these simple facilities for the increasino; number of visiting- scientists who are coming. We cannot build on Barro Colorado Island, and we must come to a decision to plan and construct very soon.

FEASIBILITY STt'DIES

Chairman Hayden. Explain the need and proposed use of $100,000 for feasibility studies for future building needs of the Smithsonian.

Mr. Bradley. Mr. Chairman, tliese feasibility studies are invaluable to us because they develop our needs, determine the scope of what we speak of, they develop the best location of the facility, the all-important matter of cost and the priority, and then the determination wheher we need legislation, or do we have what we need under general law. The particular ones that we have in mind right now would be the possibility of identifying space required for exhibits for the bicentennial celebration of the American Revolution, and then we have a tremendous problem of the storage of (>0 million objects, many of which are in the Xatural History ]Museum.

We need to keep with that. We need to tackle that problem and see how best to handle the problem of storage.

JOSEPH H. HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCLT^PTURE GARDEN

Chairman Hayden. For construction of the Joseph H. Hirshliorn Museum and Sculpture Garden you are proposing an appropriation of $14,197,000. The justification statement in support of this request will be printed in the record.

(The justification follows:)

Construction

1968 appropriation .$80.3, CMK)

1969 estimate 14,197, 000

An appropriation of $14,197,000 is requested for construction of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden.

The President, on May 17, 1966. requested the Congress to enact legislation to authorize acceptance of the Hirshhorn Collection of sculpture and paintings. In his message to the Congress, the President recalled the great tradition of private contributions which have enriched the cultural life of this city. He recalled James Smithson's bequest which led to the establishment of the Smithsonian Institution in 1846; William Corcoran's founding of his art gallery in 1859; Charles Freer's donation of his collection and the gallery which opened in 1922; the gift of Andrew Mellon which was accepted in 1937; and now the gift of Joseph Hirshhorn of his collection of contemporary art.

This is a conditional gift of a large collection of nearly 5,000 paintings and drawings and over 1..500 pieces of sculpture. It has been valued conservativelv at .$25,000,0t>0 to .$50,000,000. Mr. Hirshhorn also will provide .$1,000,000 for

purchases for the collection. The terms of the gift require that the Smithsonian Institution obtain legislation and appropriations for the construction and operation of a museum and garden of sculpture on the Mall. A further requirement is that the necessary appropriation be obtained before the end of the 90th Congress.

The Congress has responded favorably to the President's request. By the Act of November 7, 1966, the Congress provided the site on the Mall and provided statutory authority for the appropriation of construction and operating funds. In a companion Act approved on November 2, 1966, the Congress authorized the Secretary of the Army to construct an addition to the existing Armed Forces Institute of Pathology at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. Funds for construction of this addition were appropriated to the Department of Defense in fiscal year 1968. This new addition will house the Medical Museum and a medical research unit now housed in the existing building at Seventh Street and Independence Avenue, the site of the Hirshhorn Museum.

The Congress also provided preliminary planning funds and has appropriated $803,000 for the preparation of contract drawings and specifications for the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. This request for construction funds will not exceed the amount of $1-5,000,000, authorized to be appropriated for planning and construction of the museimi and garden of sculpture.

The authorizing legislation appropriate the Mall area between Seventh and Ninth Streets and Independence Avenue and Jefferson Drive to the Smithsonian Institution as the permanent site of the Museum. The Act also makes available to the Smithsonian Institution, as the permanent site of a sciUpture garden, the area bounded by Seventh Street, Ninth Street, Jefferson Drive, and Madison Drive.

This legislation provides further that the Smithsonian Institution shall cooperate with the Secretary of the Interior so that the development and use of the sculpture garden are consistent with the open space concept of the Mall, ror which the Secretary of the Interior is responsible, and with related developments regarding underground garages and street development.

The Mall site is situated in the midst of the Smithsonian Institution complex of museums and art galleries. It is the location which will be most convenient to the millions of visitors who crowd the Mall and who will visit the museum and sculpture garden each year.

This is the only remaining site of appropriate size and location on the Mall for the proper display of this large collection of sculpture and painting. The clearance of this area along Independence Avenue, which is now partially occupied by the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Annex, will make it possible to combine this four-acre tract with the adjoining eight acres lying to the north, from Jefferson Drive to Madison Drive between Seventh Street and Ninth Street. This will form an unrivaled site for the museimi and sculpture garden, a total of 12 acres.

It should be noted that the site lies within the Mall area contemplated by the Act of May 17, 1938, as the site for a Smithsonian Institution gallery of art which may be assigned for that purpose by the President.

The Master Plan for the Mall, recently developed for the Secretary of the Interior who is charged with the development of the Mall as a public park, visualizes the removal of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Annex building and erection of a building such as the Hirshhorn Museum for public use and interest at this location. In a letter to the Senate Committee on Public Works, Nathaniel Owings of the architectural firm of Skidmore. Owings and Merrill advised that the proposed gallery and garden to house the Hirshhorn Museum is in complete accord with the Master Plan for the Mall.

A preliminary design for the museum and sculpture garden has been completed by the architect and has been well received and approved by the Commission of Fine Arts and the National Capital Planning Commission. Completion of final construction drawings and si)ecifieations is scheduled to permit construction to proceed upon receipt of an appropriation.

Status of Planning

Chairman Hayden. Last j-ear $803,000 was provided for planning this strnctnre. What is the status of that planning at this time?

Mr. Ripley. I am happy to report, Mr. Chairman, we are nearly home with that money. The plans and specifications are virtually complete. We expect that the design completion will be in October of this year, and the bids are scheduled to be opened in December of this year. So we are working very rapidly on that.

Chairman Hayden. I understand that your approj^riation request is for the full remaining amount in the authorized appropriation for this museum. How much of this appropriation do you expect will be used during fiscal year 1969 ?

Mr. Ripley. We estimate close to $2 million during fiscal 1969.

Construction Contract Authority

Chairman Hayden. Do you have authority to let a construction contract in the event Congress provided only the amount which you have indicated can be utilized in the coming fiscal year ?

Mr. Ripley. I think that ]Mr. Bradley is much better on this one than I am, because he knows more about the congressional background of it.

Mr. Bradley. Mr. Chairman, we do not have the authority, such as many of the Government construction agencies do have, to enter into contracts that are in excess of the amount of the money that we have. Some agencies can award contracts with the condition that the contracts are subject to future appropriations that might be made by Congress. So the answer is "Xo," we don't have that authority, and so we have to say to you, sir, that either we need the $14^,197,000 or, if there is any way that there could be given to us permission to have contracting authority in the appropriation act. We could get by very nicely Avith $2 million in appropriations, because that would cover the contractor's earnings during fiscal year 1969, but then we would need some autliorization to enter into a contract for the balance of the $1-4 million ; that is, the $12.2 million.

(^hairman Hayden. If you will provide the required language for a bill we will be glad to consider it.

(The lauguage follows:)

For an additional amount for necessary expenses of the preparation of plans and si^ecifieations and for the construction of the Joseph H. Hirslihorn IMuseum and Sculpture Garden, .$2,000,000, to remain available luitil expended: Provided, That such sums as are necessary may be transferred to the General Services Administration for execution of the work: and provided further that the Administrator of the General Services Administration is authorized to enter into contracts in an amount not to exceed .$14,197,000 for the purposes hereof.

SUBCOMMIITEE RECESS

Chairman Hayden. Thank you all for your appearance.

We stand recessed until 10 a.m. Wednesday, March 12, when we Avill liear the Capital Planning Commission and the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority.

(Whereupon, at 12 :15 p.m., Tuesday, March 12, 1968, the subcommittee was recessed, to reconvene at 10 a.m., Wednesday, March 13, 1968.)