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of Columbia budget since 1956. We have increased its strength through our U.S. budget, but not since 1956 have we asked for any increase under the District of Columbia appropriation. During this time, as you can imagine, the use of the parks has increased. The crime rate has increased. Again, new areas have been added and as a matter of fact, this request is related, just as the maintenance and operation request was, to new facilities developed within the District of Columbia, again, on about a 50-50 cost basis.

We are asking for five officers, on a 9-month basis, for the new zoo bypass, to give us one post around the clock, and the other five are being asked on the basis of an increased crime rate and public use.

It is a fact, Mr. Chairman, that we are unable to provide patrolmen on an around-the-clock basis in many of our small parks and reservations, where we feel they are very badly needed. It is on the basis of increased use, increased crime, and new facilities that we ask for the first time in almost 10 years for 10 policemen to be financed in this budget.

Mr, Natcher. All right, Mr. Jett. We want to thank you and Mr. Castro and Mr. Hough for your appearance before our committee at this time.

National Zoological Park

witnesses

DR. THEODORE H. REED, DIRECTOR, NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK

JAMES BRADLEY, ASSISTANT SECRETARY, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

J. LEAR GRIMMER, ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR, NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK

T. E. FAUNTLEROY, JR., ASSISTANT TO DIRECTOR, NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK

MRS. FRUZA KUSSROW, BUDGET ANALYST, NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK

Mr. Natcher. Now we take up the "National Zoological Park." The amount requested is $1,721,000 for fiscal year 1965. Here we have an increase of $136,844. We shall insert page 20-2.

(P. 20-2 follows:)

Allotment summary

1963 allotment (including $34,797 contained in Supplemental Appropriation Act, 1963, Public Law 88-25) $1,504,997

1964 allotment 1,597,356

Decreases 13, 200

1964 adjusted (1965 base) 1, 584, 156

Increases 136, 844

Total estimate for 1965 1, 721, 000

Analysis by activity

Mr. Natcher. We are pleased to have before the committee Dr. Reed, together with certain members of his staff and Mr. Bradley, who represents the Smithsonian Institution.

Gentlemen, we will be pleased to hear from you. Do you have statements?

Dr. Reed, yon may proceed.

STATEMENT OF DR. REED

Dr. Reed. Thank you, sir. I am accompanied here by Mr. J. Lear Grimmer, my Associate Director of the National Zoological Park and Mr. Travis Fauntleroy, assistant to the Director, and Mrs. Kussrow, budget analyst, as well as Mr. Bradley, as you mentioned.

Mr. Chairman, our most sincere thanks to you for the opportunity of appearing here before you today. Since I was last before this committee we have continued to grow and develop and the elapsed time has proved exciting, interesting, and stimulating.

In relation to our animal collection, we seem to fluctuate between the depths of despair and the exhilarating heights of ecstasy. We do not seem to have little disappointments or small achievements.

SHIPMENT OF INDIAN ANIMALS

I am sure that you read in the newspapers about our great joy in receiving a large and varied shipment of Indian animals in early December; the star attraction being the two female rhinoceroses, the mother and her 9-month-old offspring. Shortly thereafter, we suffered the tragic loss of the mother rhinoceros, which plunged us into the depths of despondency. Hard upon the heels of this, fortunately, there came, in rapid succession, our white tigress, Mohini's successful delivery of three cubs, one of which shows the distinctive coloration of the white tigers of Rewa; the delivery of another baby pygmy hippopotamus, this one a male; and then, to cap that off, the rather unexpected birth of Leonard, the second male lowland gorilla born at the National Zoological Park, the third in the United States, and the fifth in captivity in the world.

I say unexpected because we had assumed that Moka was not pregnant—that she merely lost her figure after her first baby. It was only 3 days before the birth that we decided that she was pregnant. Naturally I am chagrined at not knowing that such an important animal as a gorilla was pregnant; however, the safe de-

livery of such a healthy male offspring is the kind of shock that my system can stand.

I am happy to report that the tiger cubs are growing; they now have their eyes open and I hope they will be on public display the middle of February. Actually, the 13th of February we are trying to get them on display.

The baby male pygmy hippopotamus, named Delta, weighed 9 pounds at birth on January S and now weighs 21 pounds. Little Leonard, the gorilla, is doing remarkably well, having gained 6 ounces since birth. Moka, the mother gorilla, did not accept her baby, although she did keep it for a period of 7 hours. We had high hopes that she would accept and nurse the baby, but since she did not, little Leonard is now in the home of Bernard Gallagher, our senior ape keeper, under the tender and experienced care of his wife, Louise. She raised the other gorillas.

The young female rhinoceros from India is doing very well, as well as can be expected.

During the last summer, illness in our male gorilla, Nikumba, resulted in paralysis of both legs. This disease was unexplained as to etiology or cause. With the help of Dr. Henry FefTer, of George Washington Hospital, and Dr. Hugo Rizzoli, of the Washington Hospital Center, we instituted a program of treatment which, combined with the tender care of the keepers, good nutrition and divine providence, resulted in a complete cure after about 5 months.

I might say that, in relation to this, I found out from the director of the Paris Zoo that his gorilla went through the same thing. They weren't able to find out what the cause was. Again, he was cured in almost the same time, and independently, we had arrived at almost the same course of treatment without consultation with one another.

He had not mentioned that he had this trouble, but when I mentioned it, he said he, too, had had it, but before that, he wasn't talking about it.

Last fall we had the privilege of playing host to the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums and to the International Congress of Zoology. Many distinguished colleagues and biological scientists from all over the world visited us. From their comments, we believe that the majority were impressed by the breadth of the zoological collection.

CONSTRUCTION PROGRAM

The construction program continues and it is hoped that in the late spring or early summer we will be able to occupy the renovated and remodeled bird house, and that other work in the deer and hoof stock areas will be started.

As you are aware, the National Zoological Park, which is a bureau of the Smithsonian Institution, comprises 176 acres of woodland in the valley of Rock Creek, just a short distance from downtown Washington.

The mandate which Congress gave us in establishing the National Zoological Park in 1890, was that it shall be "for the advancement of science and the instruction and recreation of the people." We have accomplished this by maintaining a diverse collection of living animals from all parts of the world in safe and secure quarters for the enjoy-

ment, edification, and we hope, education of the ever-increasing number of visitors from all sections of this country and many foreign lands. We must care for the animals, maintain the parklike atmosphere of the grounds, as well as direct, supervise and protect the visitors.

The budget request that we are presenting to you today includes besides our basic needs, an increase of $136,844. Of this amount, 35.4 percent, or $48,383, is for required increased cost in operations. With the remaining $88,461 we would increase the efficiency of the zoo. In our fiscal affairs, we request the hiring of a budget and accounting clerk. To help alleviate the workload of maintaining the zoo, we are requesting one labor position as well as an asphalt roller and other specialized equipment in the automotive department. We are also requesting the replacement of sidearms for the police division.

In the animal department we are requesting an increase for the food allotment to cover the ever-spiraling cost of animal food, also an increase in the amount of animal purchases and acquisition allotment due primarily to the rising cost of animals and their transportation.

In the scientific research department, in the educational section we are asking to increase the scope and efficiency of this program in part to meet our mandate of "instruction * * * of the people." We are requesting the establishment of a pathology unit to study our collection and those diseases relating to wild animals in captivity for three purposes: The first is to provide immediate medical diagnosis and care for our present collection; the second is the development of the backlog of sound scientific information and experience which will serve to improve present and future management practices within the zoo; and the third is to advance the worldwide knowledge of animals, particularly those maintained under captive conditions. I shall be most happy to answer any questions which you may have concerning the operation, maintenance, construction program, and, of course, the budget request.

Thank you.

As you have noted, I am accompanied by Mr. James Bradley, assistant secretary of Smithsonian. With your permission, he will make a brief report on the capital improvement program, as he has done in former years.

Thank you.

Mr. Natcher. Thank you, Dr. Reed.

Mr. Bradley, we will be pleased to hear from you at this time.

STATEMENT OF MR. JAMES BRADLEY

Mr. Bradley. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. An appropriation of %\% million is being requested in our Smithsonian Institution budget. While that request is not before this committee, it has proved in the past years to be of interest to this committee to receive a brief report on the capital improvement program. After all, the District of Columbia, through this committee, is financing the operation and maintenance of the zoo, while the Smithsonian is financing the program of construction and improvements.

Funds totaling $1,275,000 were appropriated in each of the fiscal years 1963 and 1964 for the first 2 years of what we consider to be a 10-year program of improvements at the zoo.

In 1963, provision was made for relocating the east-west roadffrom Connecticut down to Harvard Street, for constructing the bird flight cage, and for remodeling the bird exhibition building.

In 1964, Mr. Chairman, the improvements will include the new entrance off Connecticut Avenue, exhibits in a 10-acre area for the horn and hoof stock and deer, property yards and parking areas, an incinerator that was badly needed, regrading and surfacing of zoo surfaced roadways, and the planning and installation of utilities.

In 1965, Mr. Chairman, we are going into the construction of the buildings that will be temperature controlled, that will provide for the housing of tropical and arctic animals. The hoofed stock from the tropical areas will be seen in all three buildings in the winter months. This will allow us to plan for different kinds of animals which cannot be adapted to all-year outdoor exhibition in our climate. A conspicuous example of this group is the giraffe.

We will install also a parking area, and particularly I would like to report, Mr. Chairman, we are going after a new sewer system, which will modernize the main sewerage of the National Zoological Park, including main storm sewers, sanitary sewers, animal waste sewers, installing the necessary trunklines and connecting into the District of Columbia system. This modernization, when completed, will result in the termination of pollution of Rock Creek from the national zoo.

Mr. Chairman, that is all I have to report at the moment. I will be glad to answer any questions you may have.

Mr. Natcher. Thank you, Dr. Bradley.

OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR

We take up first the Office of the Director, where the amount requested is $118,252, and 12 positions, which is an increase of $10,882, and 1 additional position.

We shall insert page 20-3 in the record at this point.

(The page follows:)

Justification by activity and program

Activity by main object class (direct appropriation only)

Mr. Natcher. Justify the increase, including the GS-5 position, budget and accounting clerk, I believe is the position requested.

Dr. Reed. Yes, sir; this position will be in the Office of the Director in the Fiscal Division. We now have two positions in this unit, the budget analyst and the fiscal technician, who handles all of our accounts receivable and the disbursement of money. The workload in this division is sufficient for three positions. Now, of course, we have only the two positions. Considering the average sick leave and the annual, this gives us 1.7 man-years.

The budget clerk that we are requesting would assist both the budget analyst and the fiscal technician in preparing the various reports. About 17 percent of the time would be spent on typing the budget, the three submissions we have; about 30 percent of the time would be spent on research and preparation of budget statistics and then the rest would be spent on making required reports, both for the operation—that is, internal reports and external reports to the Budget Office and to Smithsonian and to the Federal Bureau of the Budget. It is an unhappy fact that we have enough work for three people, but we have two people that are attempting to do it.

OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT

Mr. Natcher. Now, under "Operations and maintenance," we have the request for $887,960 and 123 positions. Here we have an •increase of $36,477 and one additional position. We shall insert page 20-6 in the record at this point.

(The page follows:)

Justification by activity and program

Activity of main object class (direct appropriation only)

Mr. Natcher. Justify the increases and particularly the equipment and the gun items that you set forth in the justifications, Dr. Reed.

EQUIPMENT

Dr. Reed. The equipment that we are requesting consists of an asphalt roller. The machine that we now have we use to repair our parking lots, sidewalks, and roads.

This machine is well over 30 years old and beyond economical repair. It is practically ready to go down to the Smithsonian as a museum piece. We have kept it in order to try to patch and repair our roads. This type of equipment is necessary because we will always have with us the parking lots, the roads, and the sidewalks that will constantly need repair, particularly in the spring when we come out of the winter chuckholes have developed that will have to be repaired and we have found it more economical to do it ourselves than to bring in outside contractors to do it.

REPLACEMENT OF SIDEARMS

We are asking to replace the sidearms of the Police Department. We have over the years obtained most of our sidearms from various other Government agencies as surplus material. Some of these guns are quite ancient. It is necessary, of course, that our police be proficient in both the slow and the rapid firing of these firearms. The guns have reached the age where we are spending a great deal of time and money repairing them. It is a little bit like the story of the sailor, when he is talking about his clasp knife, "Man and boy, I have had it for 40 years; six new handles and five new blades."

Many of our guns have had new trigger guards, new sights, and they are constantly being repaired. We feel it is uneconomical to continue repairing them and even unsafe for our men. In the past year, we have had one barrel split during target practice.

Mr. Natcher. Now, the position is a laborer; is that correct?

Dr. Reed. Yes. The position we are requesting is a laborer. This is to assist our labor crew in the day-to-day mundane work of picking up the trash, keeping the zoo clean and presentable, doing the manual labor of digging ditches, and assisting the higher grade mechanics when needed.

Mr. Natcher. What is the total of the personnel in this category?

Dr. Reed. In the labor category?

Mr. Natcher. Yes.

Dr. Reed. We have 13 at the present time.

ANIMAL DEPARTMENT

Mr. Natcher. Now, we take up the Animal Department, where you are requesting $651,040 and 77 positions, an increase of $36,864. We shall insert page 20-12 in the record at this point.

(The page follows:)

Justification by activity and program

28-761—64-

-37

Activity by mam object class {direct appropriation only)

Mr. Xatcher. Justify the increase of $10,000 for purchase of animals.

Dr. Reed. At the present time, you will recall, about 2 years ago, we requested a language change in our appropriation language to include "acquisition" of the animals as well as the purchase of animals. Prior to this time, it had been—the wording had been strictly "purchase," which means paying money for animals. We acquire animals in many different ways and there are expenses connected with this. For instance, when we receive a gift of an animal, frequently w T e have to pay for its transportation. So this would be an expense in acquiring an animal, but not an expense in purchasing the aninal.

Now, since that time, we have had rather accurate budget accounting of how much it costs us to get these animals in—that is, all animal purchase money used for purchase of animals, incidentals like quarantine, brokerage charges overseas, transportation charges. We find it is insufficient to acquire the animals that we feel are necessary.

RISING COST OF ANIMALS

The cost of animals has gone up in the past 10 years, considerably. I have some statistics on that. The zebra, which is a common zoo animal, in 1958 was quoted at $1,000 f.o.b. New York. They are now quoted at $1,500 f.o.b. Europe, X quarantine station. We have to pay transportation plus a $500 raise.

Giraffes in 1956, were $2,000. Now, even those giraffes raised in the United States are selling for $4,000 to $4,500 and new imports delivered are $4,500.

The common leopard has gone up from $250 f.o.b. New York to $400 f.o.b. New York.

The open-bill storks, as an example, $32 f.o.b. Calcutta; now they are $50 f.o.b. Calcutta.

The common Entellus monkeys of India were $5 f.o.b.; now they are $50.

The common python-—we buy these bj 7 the foot, you know. They have gone up from $2.50 a foot up to a 10-foot animal—it is now $10 a foot for a 10-foot animal. The reason I have to draw the line at 10 feet is nowadays when you are trying to purchase above a 10-foot snake, you have to negotiate. They won't quote you prices on it. They will quote you up to a 10 foot and they are becoming rather rare in the wilds. So I can say we have increased from $2.50 a creeping foot up to $10 up to 10 feet. From there on out, we have to negotiate. I suspect a 10- to 15-foot python would run $300, maybe $400, and we would argue about who pays the transportation on it.

The air freight rates, which of course is the safest and best method of transporting animals nowadays, have increased 22 percent in zone 2, which is Europe and the Middle East, and 18 percent for zone 3, which is the Far East and Australia. This is the increases they have had during the past 10 years.

In snakes, again, the smaller snakes, even they are increasing and we have a listing here of common South American boas, 7 foot, in 1957 was $17.50. In 1963, it has gone up to $25.

There are many causes for this, not the least among them the fact that these animals are becoming extremely rare in the wilds due to man's encroachment upon their territory and taking of animal land, that is, native land, for farming and other uses, as well as man's continued indiscriminate slaughter of wild animals.

We at the National Zoological Park, while one of the largest zoos in the Nation, among the top six, have the smallest animal acquisition fund. I know for sure that New York has ordered $50,000 worth of animals, for which we have only $15,000 for everything.

Philadelphia a few years ago put in an order for $30,000 worth of animals and this was considered a minor year. They didn't consider they bought much that year.

San Diego has at least five times as much money to spend every year and they have access to other animal money. So of the poor zoos in the United States, we are the poorest in our animal acquisition money. We make up for it, of course, by working all sorts of angles and trying to get as many gifts and free rides as we possibly can.

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

Mr. Natcher. Now, Dr. Reed, under your scientific research department, you are requesting $63,748 and six positions. Here we have an increase of $52,621 and five additional positions. We shall insert page 20-17 in the record at this point.

(The page follows:)

Justification by activity and program

Activity of main object clas.s (direct appropriation only)

First of all, I want you now to justify the increase of $10,080 and one additional position for the information and educational programs.

Dr. Reed. Yes, sir. As you will recall, several years ago we were granted one position here in this program for the making of signs. This program has been going along fairly well. A number of our houses have been signed. This past year, we put up some 700 new signs throughout the zoo. We wish to increase the rate of sign production and also we have this one position, as I stated, and we are requesting to increase it by one more so we may increase the number of signs that we are putting out and also go into more educational material for our visitors.

There are different types of signs and pamphlets for distribution to schoolchildren—we are trying to increase this program for our visitors.

The bird house, of course, is coming up and we expect a lot of fun signing that because we hope to have a really remarkable group.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

Mr. Natcher. Now, justify the increase of $42,541 and four additional positions for the research and development program. This is a new program. Is that correct?

Dr. Reed. Yes, sir; this is a new program. We are requesting this program which would consist of the four positions—a pathologist, a parasitologist, a technician, and a secretary.

This is the basic medical investigational unit that would take over where the clinicians—we already have a clinical veterinarian—would take over where he must leave off in the investigation of the disease conditions and processes that are taking place within our animal collection.

They would do all of the post mortem examinations, carry these to their logical conclusions, coming up with a cause of death and recommendations as to how to prevent these, giving support to the clinical veterinarian.

The parasitologist, of course, would investigate one of the most, serious areas of disease processes we have in these animals—that is, the infestation of various types of parasites—and investigation of drugs. For instance, we have some remarkable drugs that have been developed in the past few years on domestic animals and yet—in tetracyn compounds and some of the compounds we are using in Africa against the tsetse flies are wonderful. Some of the things I couldn't do when I got out of school they are doing now with complete impunity, except very often, when you use it on a snake, you kill the snake before you kill the parasite. They have some weird and wonderful parasites, some mites in their lungs. We don't know the cycle of them, we don't know how to break the cycle, we don't know how to treat them. We don't know what to do about them. This is one of the areas we want to investigate.

I realize, not many people are concerned about snakes, but this is one of our major concerns. We are dedicated to the proposition that snakes need assistance and need help and we need to know and investigate the diseases of snakes as well as, on the other hand, to investigate how they live, how they behave themselves and how best we can exhibit them.

The technician, of course, would assist these two men in the routine preparation of slides and materials that the pathologist could read and the secretary would take care of the reports, keep up the correspondence on an international level concerning these exhibits.

There are, I believe, Moscow, London, Paris, and Philadelphia and San Diego and Brookfield, Chicago, that have this type of unit set up. This is all there are in the world, so these people have to work together very closely who wish to establish this for the increase of our knowledge about the animals.

Mr. Natcher. Dr. Reed, we want to thank you and the members of your staff for an excellent presentation, and Mr. Bradley, the same for you, and we are glad to have you appear before our committee.

Thank you very much.

Tuesday, February 4, 1964. HEALTH AND WELFARE

Object classification

[In thousands of dollars]

1963 actual

1964 estimate

1965 esti mate

11 Personnel compensation:

Permanent positions

Positions other than permanent

Other personnel compensation

Subtotal

Deduct portion paid from advancements and reimbursements

Total personnel compensation

12 Personnel benefits..

21 Travel and transportation of persons

22 Transportation of things

23 Rent, communications, and utilities

24 Printing and reproduction .

25 Other services

Services of other agencies

26 Supplies and materials

31 Equipment.

32 Lands and structures

40 Grants and fixed charges

41 Grants, subsidies, and contributions

Subtotal

Deduct quarters and subsistence charges

Total obligations

27.326

863

1,133

64.497

32,412

412

1,200

70, 525

36.341 472

1.079

'5,496

Personnel summary

1963 actual

1964 estimate

1965 estimate

Total number of positions..

Full-time equivalent of other positions

Average number of all employees

Employees in permanent positions, end of year Employees in other positions, end of year... ..

Average OS grade

Average OS salary

Average salary of ungraded positions

6.106

106

5.492

5,590

191

5.7

$5. 779

$3,695

6,517

29

6,028

6.104

91

5.9

$6,128

$3,834

6,805

34

6,501

6,511

92

5.9

$6,217

$3,876

Program and financing

[In thousands of dollars]

Mr. Natcher. We will take up "Health and welfare," where the amount requested is $75,496,000 for fiscal year 1965, an increase of $5,338,153. We shall insert page 21 in the record at this point.