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NOTABLE EVENTS OF THE PAST YEAR

Visitor Attendance

Over the past year, the activities of the Smithsonian reached out to an unprece-dentedly large and diverse audience. Visitor attendance in FY 1975 to our buildings on and near the Mall was approximately 17,500,000--an increase over the previous year of about 3,800,000, in part resulting from the opening of the highly successful and popular Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. An additional 2 to 3,000,000 persons visited the Zoo; some 50,000 persons came to the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum; and approximately 6,400,000 persons viewed traveling exhibitions presented in over 800 installations throughout the United States. In addition, through various lecture and concert series, classes, workshops and tours, as well as such events as the Festival of American Folklife, we have extended our resources and facilities to an audience of additional thousands of individuals.

We continue to seek ways to expand our outreach and to meet various special public needs. For our foreign speaking visitors, we have installed informational tape systems at several museum entrances as well as a visitor orientation slide show with captions in English, German, French, and Spanish in the Great Hall of the Smithsonian Building. Moreover, the planetarium in the new National Air and Space Museum will feature earphones with multi-lingual tape systems; and multi-lingual signs will direct visitors throughout the Museum.

Special attention is also being directed toward the needs of our handicapped visitors. For instance, every exhibit at the National Zoological Park has been made accessible to visitors in wheelchairs. At the Museum of Natural History, large print maps are available to those with low vision, braille labels have been installed in the Museum's Discovery Room, and interpreters for the deaf are provided for many of the Museum's films and lectures. For each gallery of the new Air and Space Museum, taped gallery tours will be available for the blind as well as scripts of audio-visual presentations with photographic margin notes for the deaf. Moreover, as part of the Victorian garden being created behind the Smithsonian Institution Building, the Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Associates is financing, with benefit proceeds, a fragrance garden with braille labels to identify the plants. The problems of the handicapped visitor are not limited to any one building or exhibition, and we are working to identify and resolve the problems in a uniform manner throughout the Insti tution.

Research and Exhibit ion

To a large extent, Bicentennial activities have dominated Smithsonian efforts in the past year. I would like, however, to mention a few of the other areas and programs in which important progress and contributions have been made.

The conduct of basic research continues to be a high priority of the Institution. This research contributes to a better understanding of nature's basic laws, processes, and phenomena and provides new information necessary to the solution of such major problems as conservation, pollution, and food production. For example, development of land-use policy by state and local governments is being assisted by research in complex land-water relationships being conducted by the Chesapeake Bay Center. Studies at the Radiation Biology Laboratory on the reactions of organisms to light and the monitoring of ultraviolet rays on the earth are important in the development of more efficient plant growth and in assessing the potential bio-medical threats imposed by a change in the ozone layer of the atmosphere. The Director of the Laboratory, Dr. William Klein, has recently testified before the Senate Subcommittee on the Upper Atmosphere on this problem.

Astronomers at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge working with colleagues at MIT and in Holland have recently identified a massive x-ray source at the center of a globular cluster of staps in the constellation Norma. The source could be

the largest "black hole" ever discovered. "Black holes" are compact stellar objects which have become so dense due to gravitational collapse that not even light can escape their gravitational fields. The object was found during an analysis of data returned by a Smithsonian experiment aboard the Astronomical Netherlands Satellite.

At the Zoo, we are experiencing considerable progress in the breeding of endangered or threatened species as a result of the additional space provided by the Front Royal, Virginia, Conservation and Research Center. Already nearly 100 animals representing 12 species have been assembled in successful breeding populations resulting in the birth of rare animals in larger numbers than ever before at our Zoo. Cooperative breeding programs are in effect at Front Royal with zoos in New York, Minnesota, California and Maryland. In addition, research into the behavior and physiology of the animal collections continues to develop findings important to the animals' well-being and survival. An example was the Zoo's determination of the particular social grouping necessary to achieve greater breeding and rearing success with the highly endangered Golden Marmoset. The Zoo is the world center for the population reproduction of this Brazilian creature, virtually extinct in the wild.

Innovative exhibit techniques are being introduced throughout the Institution to make our exhibits more interesting and of greater educational value. We are currently presenting more exhibits of an interdisciplinary character, drawing from diverse collections and the scholarly knowhow of many specialists and bureaux. Recent examples include "From Reliable Sources", a collaborative effort of the National Portrait Gallery and the Archives of American Art, featuring letters, photographs, and other documents selected from the Archives' holdings; and "A Continent and Its Culture", an exhibit dealing with the cultures and environment of the South American continent. In addition, within our museums a visitor may find living exhibits such as an expanded insect zoo, which displays a live colony of local insects, and a bee hive, which shows the internal working of a bee colony.

In the past, museums have discouraged visitors from touching anything on display, but now special exhibits and areas have been arranged to allow the visitor to pick up and examine objects. The Museum of History and Technology now offers the new Spirit of 1776 Discovery Corner. Within this area, docents offer short presentations while encouraging visitors to touch and handle artifacts relating to the soldier in the American Revolution. As a result of enthusiastic visitor response, additional "discovery corners" are planned for the future.

BUDGET R EQUEST FOR FY 1977

Now I would like to summarize and highlight our budget request for FY 1977. In totcU, we are requesting appropriations of $102,081,000 compared with $95,S99,000 now estimated for FY 1976. This represents a total increase of $6,182,000 distributed over six operating and construction appropriation accounts.

The resource requirements which we are presenting to you today have resulted from a thorough analysis and review of base resources and program priorities by senior management officials. Emphasis has been placed on communication between all our bureaux and museums so that we might ensure the fullest and most efficient utilization of our existing resources and identify the selective areas where resource growth could best serve the Institution. Moreover, we are continuing to examine ways to generate private support for needed improvements. Some recent projects which have been accomplished almost totally with private resources are the renovation of the Carnegie Mansion, which will house the Cooper-Hewitt Museum; the construction of public restaurant and classroom facilities in the West Courtyard of the Natural History Building; and the production and installation of a major exhibit on American banking and a new Maritime Hall in the Museum of History and Technology. In addition, substantial private contributions have been received by the Festival of American Folklife for its Bicentennial presentation, and the National Air and Space Museum has received from the Government of West Germany one of the world's finest planetarium instruments for its spacearium.

Looking at each account individually, I would like to review with you a few of the major needs which exist and the accomplishments which we hope to obtain.

SALARIES AND EXPENSES

As detailed in our budget submission, we are seeking an operating budget of $85,100,000 for 50 separate entities, including museums, art galleries, the Zoo and its animal conservation center, research laboratories, special programs, and supporting activities. This includes an increase of $7,804,000 on an estimated FY 1976 base of $77,296,000. This base reflects our actual FY 1976 appropriation of $77,832,000, adjusted to include supplemental requests totaling $3,541,000, primarily for utility and pay raise costs, and a reduction of $4,077,000, resulting principally from the successful completion and phase-out of a major portion of support for our Bicentennial programs.

There are four broad Institutional objectives which will be served by the $7,S04,000 requested increase, in addition to the funding of uncontrollable expenses. I will speak briefly to each of these areas.

Research and Exhibition - We are seeking an increase of 15 positions and $771,000 to strengthen selective research and exhibit programs. Research is the keystone of Smithsonian efforts to increase knowledge. This research, which is characterized by long-term continuity, enables us to provide baseline data essential to a better understanding of urgent contemporary problems such as environmental and energy-related issues. The requested increase will be used to support ongoing and important new programs in such areas as tropical biology, solar and stellar physics, atomic and molecular physics, optical and infrared astronomy, radio astronomy, regulatory and environmental biology, ecosystem and land-use research, zoology, and anthropology. Moreover, the requested increase will be used to maintain the Inventor y of American Paintings , accelerate development of an oral history of recent light music in America, assist in translation of Far Eastern materials relevant to our collections, and support additional valuable scientific inquiry by individual Smithsonian scientists.

Acquisiti on. Car e, an d Acce ssibil ity of the Collections - Eight positions and $477,000 are needed to support a minimum collections acquisition program and to improve our efforts to manage and preserve efficiently the millions of objects composing the National Collections. Throughout our history we have relied heavily on donated objects and specimens in forming the National Collections. It is necessary, however, that these gifts he supplemented with purchases if we are to maintain our traditional high quality for reference and exhibit.

An important responsiblity in caring for the collections is the provision of a framework for their effective utilization. Communication between bureaux and between museums concerning collections, understanding what it is that we possess, where it is, and how to retrieve the pertinent data, is an important objective toward which we are working. Major strides have been made in the overall management of collections, with the development of a generalized computer system for the collecting, indexing, and retrieving of data. Computer programs are being developed that can be utilized in many areas with only minor modifications. Benefits from this system will include continuously updated catalogues, cross-referencing indices by categories, and more adequate and timely inventory control. Additional funds are sought to allow expanded use of automatic data processing for collections management purposes, with special emphasis being directed toward development of a uniform, computerized inventory of collections in the Museum of History and Technology.

Preservation of the National Collections continues as a major concern and priority within the Institution. Resources sought this year will provide a textile conservator for the Cooper-Hewitt Museum and additional staff and supplies to ensure the well-being and health of the living collections of the National Zoological Park.

In addition, funds requested in FY 1977 will be used to conduct a Smithsonian-wide collections management study. The study will provide recommendations for the update, revision, and improvement of existing collections management systems. It will also accelerate present efforts to develop efficient methods for controlling the growth of collections including the disposal of unnecessary material.

Documentary and Education Services - An additional 9 positions and $473,000 are needed to increase our capabilities in providing library, printing, and archival services and to expand our training, seminar, and other education activities.

An important means of disseminating the results of our research to the public is through our publications. These range from brochures and exhibition catalogues to multi-volume monographs. Resources are requested to permit efficient organization of our publication activities, to fund the continuing inflationary increases in printing and distribution costs, and to assist in the preparation of education and visitor orientation materials.

A major Smithsonian objective is to make its resources for learning available to the general public and the formal academic community. Since 1965, the Smithsonian has offered support for individual research training to young predoctoral and postdoctoral scholars who require'access to Smithsonian staff and collections. Expansion of this program in FY 1977 would allow support for additional highly qualified scholars.

Additional support also is requested for the National Museum Act and for a unique program at the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum designed to train minority citizens in the preparation and techniques of exhibit making.

Facilities Management, Protection, and Management Services - The second largest increase now requested, totaling 92 positions and $2,640,000, is required to provide adequate maintenance and protection for a large and varied physical plant and to ensure the safety and well-being of the large numbers of visitors to the collections. Included in these totals are 27 positions and $1,371,000 which will complete staffing and funding of custodial and protection positions for the new National Air and Space Museum. These additional resources will also provide assistance in accounting, personnel, supply, procurement, and property administration. In addition, five of these positions will be designated specifically for upward mobility programs throughout the Institution.

Uncontrollable Increases - In the final and largest category of needed increase under "Salaries and Expenses", we are requesting $3,443,000 for largely uncontrollable costs:

--the projected higher cost of current employees caused by legislated pay raises, within-grade step increases, special benefits for Canal Zone employees, higher costs of health benefits, and annualizing of costs of FY 1976 employees for whom Congress previously has provided only partial-year funding. ($2,408,000)

--large, unanticipated rate increases on heating steam, gas, oil, and electricity. ($864,000)

--recent postal rate increases. ($79,000)

-higher telephone service costs including those of the Federal Telecommunications System resulting from the proration of recent system improvements to all its customers.

($92,000)

We have just recently determined that these estimated utility and postage increases can he reduced by $223,000 and want to propose your consideration of transferring this amount to urgent building restoration and renovation needs. We would be pleased to provide details on the savings and proposed use at the proper points in the hearing.

SCIENCE INFORMATION EXCHANGE

The Science Information Exchange acquires, processes, stores, and provides information on research in progress as a service to the research community. The FY 1977 budget request for the Exchange is $1,900,000--a decrease of $44,000 from the estimated FY 1976 base of $1,944,000, which includes a pay raise supplemental request of $69,000.

Even with anticipated income from user fees, the requested $1,900,000 may not be sufficient to fund anticipated workload levels and inflationary increases in operating costs. Consequently, the Exchange is now studying the possibility of further increasing its user fees while continuing its efforts to reduce the costs of input processing and to avoid increases in processing backlog. While these actions, barring unanticipated increases in project registration, should ensure adequate funding in FY 1977, resulting budget stringencies will likely mean deferral of other efforts toward systems improvements to increase comprehensiveness of the data base.

SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM

An appropriation of $4,481,000 in excess foreign currencies is requested for the Special Foreign Currency Program in FY 1977. This request, an increase of $3,981,000 above the final FY 1976 appropriation, will allow the Smithsonian to continue a program of grants to United States institutions for field research in those countries where excess local currencies are available. Research will be performed in areas of Smithsonian interest and competence, including archeology and related disciplines, systematic and environmental biology, astrophysics and earth sciences, and museum programs. In addition, funds are included for the third of four payments, each of $1,000,000 equivalent in excess Egyptian pounds, for the campaign to save the monuments of Nubia. These monuments, which were inundated by waters of the Nile River, will be re-erected on a nearby island in a setting like the original one. In past years, these payments were channeled through UNESCO to the Government of Egypt. In order to comply with the terms of P.L. 93-559, which prohibits payments to UNESCO, we are now planning an alternative method for transmittal of the FY 1977 payment.

The foreign currency grant programs make valuable contributions to the furthering of basic knowledge and understanding on both the scientific and cultural levels while creating no additional burden for the taxpayer. Moreover, an important contribution is made to strengthen U.S. cultural relations with host countries as a result of the year-round presence of the grant recipients and their active scholarly collaboration with host country institutions and scholars.

FACILITIES PLANNING, RENOVATION, RESTORATION, AND CONSTRUCTION

We are requesting a budget of $10,600,000 for facilities planning, renovation, restoration, and construction--a decrease of $1,482,000 from the FY 1976 level of funding. This request is distributed among three appropriation accounts:

Construction and Improvements,

National Zoological Park $6,800,000

Restoration and Renovation of Buildings $3,300,000

Museum Support Faci lity Planning $500,000

Construction and Improvements, National Zoological Park - The requested FY 1977 appropriation of $6,800,000 will sustain progress on the implementation of the approved Master Plan and will fund essential repairs and additions to existing facilities.

Of the total requested, an amount of $5,840,000 will permit us to complete construction of exhibits in the Beaver Valley area. This development includes a beaver exhibit; an exhibit of the North American otter with underwater viewing; a major exhibit for seals and sea lions, including a spectator seating area and an underwater exhibit room; some renovation of old facilities for bears; and an exhibit of timber wolves. All aquatic exhibits will have water filtration and circulation facilities to economize on the use of water as well as to protect the animals' health.

With the approval by the Commission of Fine Arts of a graphics master plan for the Zoo and the appropriation of $100,000 in FY 1976, work has begun on the installation of signage, street furniture, and exhibit graphics in and surrounding some of the new facilities. Funding of $100,000 requested in FY 1977 will allow the extension of this effort to other areas of the Zoo. We will request another appropriation of $100,000 in FY 1978 to permit full implementation of the new graphics plan.

An amount of $440,000 is required to continue the program of renovation, repairs, and preventive maintenance of existing facilities in Rock Creek. This funding is required to keep the heavily used Zoo in safe condition for the visiting public, to provide upkeep and improvement of animal enclosures and staff facilities, and to maintain new buildings in good condition. An additional amount of $420,000 is sought to make repairs, modifications, and improvements to the Front Royal animal conservation center. The site is used by the Zoo for breeding endangered wildlife species and for associated conservation and research efforts. Furthermore, it provides selenium-rich hay for Zoo animals and serves as a temporary home for those displaced as a result of Master Plan construction. The availability of this site for breeding purposes has permitted a comprehensive revision of the Master Plan, resulting in savings of over $36,000,000. In FY 1977 a new residence will be constructed; improvements will be made to the electrical, water, and sewer systems, and new bird facilities will be constructed.

Restoration and Renovation of Other Buildings - We are seeking and placing special emphasis on an appropriation of $3,300,000 for the restoration, repairs, and improvement of other Smithsonian buildings and facilities. Included in this request is an amount of $950,000 to repair and replace the badly deteriorated roof of the Arts and Industries Building constructed with Federal funds and opened in 1878; $200,000 to begin phased installation of building equipment monitoring systems in the buildings on the Mall; and $250,000 to continue a phased program for the installation of fire detection and control systems. In addition, $250,000 is requested for road and water system improvements at the Mt. Hopkins, Arizona, Observatory; $400,000 is required to initiate repairs to the Renwick Gallery exterior and the History and Technology Building terrace; and $175,000 will be used for building improvements designed to facilitate access by the handicapped.

Finally, an amount of $1,075,000 is sought for general building and facility repairs and improvements. Heavy public use of these facilities, general deterioration because of age and weathering, and visitor and staff safety requirements create a demand for regular annual attention beyond the capability of our own maintenance staffs. Prudence now demands strong attention to these concerns to prevent far greater trouble and expense in the future.

Museum Support Facility Planning - The final item under the general heading of construction and restoration is for $500,000 which will enable us to begin architectural and engineering planning for the first phase of construction of a Museum Support Facility. Long-range development of the museum support facilities will be undertaken in increments which, in total, will provide some 1.3 million net assignable square feet to meet remedial and projected space needs for the next 25 years. Ultimately these facilities will house, outside of our prime Mall visitor locations, our expanding collections of specimens and artifacts, making them more accessible for research purposes while at the same time freeing up space in the museums for exhibition and other public uses. In addition, they will provide additional space for support and maintenance services as well as the training of conservators. Phase I, a building complex of about 500,000 net assignable square feet scheduled for completion in 1980-1982, will be designed to accommodate the most urgent collections and program space needs as projected through 1986.

This concludes my summary presentation of the Institution's budget request for next year. We are pleased to answer any questions you may have.

1207 INTRODUCTION OF ASSOCIATES

Dr. Ripley. Good morning, Mr. Chairman, and thank you.

I am happy to introduce members who are sitting here with me and others who will be testifying from time to time on these matters. On my left is Mr. Blitzer, the Assistant Secretary for History and Art, and Mr. Challinor, who is the Assistant Secretary for Science. On my right is Mr. Wheeler, the Treasurer, and Mr. Jameson, the Assistant Treasurer for Programming and Budget.

In the audience today with me is Mr. Euell, the Assistant Secretary for Public Service, Mr. Richards, who is the Executive Assistant for Museum Programs, Mr. Ault, Director of Support Activities, Mr. Collins, the Director of the National Air and Space Museum, Dr. Reed, the Director of the National Zoological Park, and Mrs. Hamilton, our Bicentennial Coordinator.

Mr. Chairman, I have submitted a statement for the record in connection with these hearings, and I would like very briefly to highlight points raised in that statement.

HIGHLIGHTS OF BICENTENNIAL ACTIVITIES

As you know, this is considered to be a very significant year in the progress of the Republic, and the Smithsonian has been deluged and overwhelmed with preparations for the Bicentennial celebration of 1976.

Among the exhibits we will be presenting in the months ahead is the Bicentennial exhibit of the National Portrait Gallery, "Abroad in America," which will be opening in April.

"1876: a Centennial Exhibit" will be opening in May and will feature a re-creation of the Philadelphia Centennial in the building which Congress in its wisdom created for the Smithsonian in the 1870's to house the exhibits from Fairmont Park. We have renovated the Arts and Industries Building to simulate the appearance it presented when it opened with the Centennial exhibit.

And finally, "The Anacostia Story" is opening in the Anacostia Museum on July 5.

The Bicentennial Festival of American Folklife will be in action from the middle of June through Labor Day, and the National Air and Space Museum will be opening on July 1. In fact it is already partly open to accommodate the swarms of visitors who are already there at this time.

In addition, we have recently opened in the Smithsonian's mother building, the old castle, so-called, an exhibit which is very interesting. I brought a catalog with me. It is called "The Federal City: Plans and Realities". It is the culmination of work done with the collaboration of the National Capital Planning Commission and the Commission of Fine Arts to show how the Federal City has evolved over the years, how it developed from the original plans of Pierre L'Enfant and his colleague, Benjamin Banneker, and how it has evolved. It is an extraordinarily telling exhibit displaying the large original plans for the city from the early twentieth century.

So I urge members of this committee to see this exhibit, if they possibly can, because it will renew one's sense of continuity in the planning for this Capital City itself.

We are additionally planning to circulate some 200 traveling exhibits developed for the Bicentennial to towns and cities throughout the country. In addition, we are working on major historical and documentary publications, such as the "Inventory of American Paintings Before 1914", a "Bibliography of American Art", and the all-important "Encyclopedia of North American Indians", two volumes of which will be coming out this year.

So it is to a large extent that we have been focusing in our buildup on the particular events of this year and the promises we have made to the Congress and to the committees over the years that we will, indeed, be prepared for this year.

I am glad that I can say that we appear to be on schedule with everything, and that we are prepared for the enormous increase in visitation, which already began to build up last year following the dropoff at the time of the gasoline crisis and the Israeli War in 1973.

PUBLIC VISITATION

Last year we had some 17.5 million people visiting the buildings on and near the Mall, a large increase over the previous year of about 3,800,000. In addition, somewhere between 2 and 3 million persons visited the zoo. Nearly 50,000 persons came to the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum last year, and approximately 6.4 million people visited our traveling exhibitions which were presented in over 800 installations around the United States.

So we feel that we are merely attempting to live up to the vast increase in interest demonstrated by the American people in visiting the installations here on the Mall, and the zoo, and the traveling exhibits.

SUMMARY OF BUDGET REQUEST

We are asking for funds this year for a modest increase in personnel, at the same time phasing out, as we promised we would do to the Congress, a major segment of our annual Bicentennial appropriations. We are also asking for an increase to complete staffing and funding for the Air and Space Museum to open it successfully, and to continue the renovation of the zoo and of our essential old buildings here on the Mall.

We are requesting, in addition, Mr. Chairman, planning funds for the authorized museum support facilities. We have discussed this need with you in past hearings. We feel over the next quarter of a century that we must prepare to take the load off the excessive crowding in the Mall buildings and to build a center for conservation and repair and documentation of our priceless collections.

In that connection, I brought along some items which I would like to show you at the conclusion of this hearing, if possible, which demonstrate both the quality of these collections, and also their need for reparation and conservation.

We have, as you see here, a large case containing George Washington's camp stool, newly acquired with private funds, and some other priceless objects which are appropriate mostly to the Bicentennial and to the history of our country.

We feel that we should also demonstrate to this committee that we are continuing self-help efforts and are trying to build up our private resources. We will attempt to work toward what I personally feel to be a more appropriate ratio of costs for this Institution as between the kinds of Federal appropriations we present to this committee each year and the kinds of private support which I feel this Institution merits and deserves.

So with those brief words, Mr. Chairman, I would like to close my summary statement.

DETAILS OF REQUESTED INCREASE

Senator Stevens. Thank you.

I seem to have the fortune, or misfortune of being the one who is here as chairman each year when you come, Dr. Ripley. That may be good and that may be bad.

How much of this new increase of $12.7 million is actually attributable to new facilities such as Mike Collins' operation?

Dr. Ripley. The increase which we are requesting for the Air and Space Museum will complete staffing and funding of custodial and protection positions.

Senator Stevens. But how much is overall? You are asking for 124 additional positions, a $12.7 million increase over 1976.

You are phasing out $4 million of Bicentennial program costs. Adjusting for that and for pending supplemental, you have an effective increase of $12.7 million over your program level for 1976. That is about a 12-percent increase in this budget.

Dr. Ripley. In regard to personnel, we are seeking an increase of $4,053,000 for personnel compensation and benefits. Now almost half of that $4,053,000; namely, $2,008,000, is for within-grade step increases, annualization of legislated pay raises, and benefits for current employees—all required by law and not within our control.

A further $1,380,000 is needed to annualize the funding for positions approved by the Congress but for which only partial-year funding was provided in fiscal year 1976. About two-thirds of that amount is associated with protection, custodial and maintenance staff for the Air and Space Museum.

Senator Stevens. We note your presentation lists less than half of the increase in your operating account, some $7.8 million, as being uncontrollable. It does seem that there is some substantial increase. We thought when we funded these items for the Bicentennial that we would see a reduction this year. Instead it seems to have become an annual request for an increase in Federal funding for the Smithsonian.

Dr. Ripley. We believe that we have demonstrated in the budget this year, Mr. Chairman, a reduction of over $4 million for the Bicentennial expenses. We are anxious to demonstrate to you, and will do so, that there is, in impact, a real reduction, resulting principally from the completion and phaseout of the major portion of support for our Bicentennial.

Senator Stevens. But even with that, you still have a net increase in budget authority of $8.7 million over the current appropriations. So if you add that $4 million, it is $12.7 million increase, and $102 million budget.

We have, for instance, $2.6 million for 92 new positions in maintenance, security, and management services. It was my understanding that we partially met that request last year. We had a long discussion last year about that too. It is apparent that the needs for maintenance and security are growing faster than anything else in the Smithsonian budget. Why is that?

Dr. Ripley. I would like to ask Mr. Jameson to explain these figures, if I could.

COMPUTATION OF TOTAL REQUESTED BUDGET INCREASE

Mr. Jameson. Sir, if we proceed from the currently available appropriations to the Smithsonian there are some $3.6 million pending in requested pay and program supplementals for the current year. If we assume at this point that Congress will hear our plea for those supplemental appropriations, we then can build on that in terms of a larger 1976 base.

Senator Stevens. How much is that?

Mr. Jameson. About $3.6 million, sir, for pay, utilities, postage, other things we have identified to you as being uncontrollable. I think, in a sense, at least from our vantage point, that softens the increase in terms of the total dollar figure that you mentioned.

Senator Stevens. How many new positions did you net out last year?

Mr. Jameson. I believe there were about 43, sir. We have shown the reduced amount in our 1976 base before we have sought the additional 124 new positions in 1977.

Senator Stevens. You have taken away the Bicentennial positions and yet have come back in for more. Is that what you are saying?

Mr. Jameson. Sir, as the Secretary promised we would not do, we did not enter into long-term commitments for Bicentennial staff. With the exception of two persons, all of the people who were hired on the Bicentennial account were temporary and part-time people who would not remain on the roll.

SECURITY AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS

Senator Stevens. We added 43 new people for security and maintenance last year?

Mr. Jameson. The number added is closer to 198 if we include custodial and other new positions for the National Air and Space Museum and other new space.

Senator Stevens. And the year before, when Senator Bible was here, we added some. What is your total maintenance and security staff going to be if we give you these new positions?

Mr. Jameson. Sir, I will try to answer that. Could I ask Mr. Ault to speak to protection needs?

Senator Stevens. Who has the total number of people that will be involved if we give you these 92 new positions?

Mr. Jameson. We are requesting a total for 1977 in our Office of Protection Services of 559 people, not all of whom are guards. There are health unit staff and safety people and some administrative people.

Senator Stevens. Does that include the administrative people too?

Mr. Jameson. No, sir, that is protection.

Senator Stevens. How many are maintenance?

Mr. Jameson. We have our Office of Plant Services request of some 353 people for 1977. These are now primarily trade and craft people who are in support of our building systems.

I want to mention at this point that, unlike many of the other agencies that come before this committee, the Smithsonian is entirely responsible for servicing its buildings. We get no support at all from the General Services Administration in terms of protection, custodial, or mechanical work forces.

Senator Stevens. That means you are fortunate. You are probably doing it for less than they are. But you still have a substantial request.

Can we get any projection of how many more this area is going to require as we go on? We have had a request for increase every year, I believe, that I have been on this committee.

Dr. Ripley. Of course, we will do so, Mr. Chairman, and I think we have the figures available and will supply them for the record.

[The information follows:]

Staffing for Protection and Maintenance of Buildings, Museums and Galleries Excluding the National Zoological Park

The total needs for the protection, custodial and maintenance staffs for the Mall Museums is 1,481. Included in the fiscal year 1977 Estimates are 1,255 of these types of personnel, leaving 226 to be requested later. The total staffing is based on the current configuration of buildings, current visiting hours, and approximately the same number of visitors. Any drastic change in any of these factors would change the goal. For example, if the Institution is successful in receiving funds to install building equipment monitoring systems in all its Mall Museums, 29 positions could be saved, reducing the goal to 1,452.

The National Zoological Park is undergoing a major renovation and building program. Since many of these facilities are not yet on the drawing board, it is impossible to estimate the total employees needed for protection and maintenance needs.

STAFFING FOR THE AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM AND OTHER FACILITIES

Dr. Ripley. We have, of course, among this request for new positions, 27 for staffing of custodial and protection operations of the new National Air and Space Museum. As you know, we have been trying to phase into this each year once the museum got under construction. This will complete the staff positions for that museum.

Senator Stevens. That will be a full staff for maintenance and security for the new building?

Dr. Ripley. As I understand it, that will.

Senator Stevens. Mr. Collins, do you project any increase in out years for that, or is that a full staff as far as you are concerned?

Mr. Collins. No, sir. That is a full staff. I do not predict any additional personnel for the Air and Space Museum beyond fiscal 1977 in terms of the custodial or maintenance staff, our blue collar workers.

Dr. Ripley. We believe, Mr. Chairman, our 1977 budget if approved should provide for the commonly known needs of the Air and Space Museum. Regarding actual operating expenses, of course, it will be necessary to gauge how it really works because it has yet to open.

For future years, new personnel requirements have not been determined. But we can identify the following needs.

The zoo, for example, is developing under its construction program, and I feel very strongly that in this day and age considering the

5-307 O - 76 - pt. 4 -- 2

extraordinary value of the animals that we exhibit, that we have to analyze very carefully the potential for vandalism, or even for overfeeding that occurs when hundreds, and hundreds of thousands of well-intentioned and innocent visitors insist on feeding lollipops and other things of this sort, probably highly indigestable, to very valuable animals. We would not be accepting our responsibility if we did not attempt to develop an understanding of the measure of use of the zoo by the public.

REQUESTED POSITIONS FOR FACILITIES MAINTENANCE AND PROTECTION

Senator Stevens. All right. The 27 employees go to the new Air and Space Museum, where are the other 65 going to be allocated?

Dr. Ripley. Mr. Ault, would you be able to analyze that figure for the chairman?

Senator Stevens. We are talking just about maintenance and security now.

Mr. Ault. We are requesting 33 additional positions, sir, in security, two of which are for the Air and Space Museum, a nurse and an electronics technician; one is a guard for the Chesapeake Bay Center; and 30 are additional guard positions for new exhibits and new halls that have opened. Of the remainder, sir, we are requesting 34 additional positions in our Office of Plant Services. These are basically custodial, mechanical and labor positions. Twenty-five are in the National Air and Space Museum; four are custodial laborers in our so-called metro group that covers the outlying museum and storage areas; one is an insect and rodent control man; and four are gardeners. Moreover, a total of 10 additional custodial and maintenance positions are requested under the justifications for the Museum of Natural History, the National Zoological Park, and the Cooper-Hewitt Museum.

Senator Stevens. Am I mistaken? Do I gather there are more than the 27 for the new museum?

Mr. Ault. For the new Air and Space Museum, there are 25 in the plant services area, sir, and there are two positions under the Office of Protection Services for a total of 27.

POSITIONS FOR RESEARCH, EDUCATION, AND COLLECTIONS

MANAGEMENT

Senator Stevens. What about these 32 new positions for research, education and collections management, Doctor, where are they going?

Dr. Ripley. We can break these down for you, Mr. Chairman. Fourteen of them are requested for research programs, including four for the Museum of Natural History, three for the Astrophysical Observatory, two for the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, one for the Chesapeake Bay Center, two for the National Collection of Fine Arts, one for the National Zoological Park and one for the Freer Gallery. Two additional will assist in collections acquisition, including the development of photography collections at the National Portrait Gallery, and the establishment of a mid-Atlantic region for the Archives of American Art. Six will be designated to collections management and conservation, including three to aid in cataloging collections in the Museum of History and Technology, one to assist

in conservation of the textile collections at the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, one to assist in microfilming records of the Smithsonian Archives, and one to assist in the protection and care of the animals at the Front Royal Conservation and Research Center. Two will assist in the development of educational materials for programs of the Chesapeake Bay Center and the Office of Symposia and Seminars; eight will strengthen various support services, including five for the libraries, two for the Office of Computer Services, and one for the press.

Eleven are designated for facilities management, including five custodial and maintenance personnel for the Natural History Museum; three positions for general maintenance services in Anacostia and Silver Hill; one for rodent control mentioned by Mr. Ault, and two f to assist in cost estimating and contracts preparation.

One will be used to strengthen security at the Chesapeake Bay Center, and 13 will provide administrative assistance, including two in personnel, one in supply, five in the upward mobility program of the OEO; and as authorized, five who are now private employees at the Astrophysical Observatory and are being converted to Federal employment by request.

EDUCATION AND TRAINING

Senator Stevens. How much funding in total is the Smithsonian programing for education and training? Please give us the figures for 1974-76.

Dr. Ripley. In fiscal year 1974, $1,317,140; fiscal year 1975, $ 1,511,129; fiscal year 1976 estimate, $ 1,829,002.

BUDGET FOR RESEARCH

Senator Stevens. How much do you have in the total research budget this year, and how many people are involved for this year we are in, 1976?

Dr. Ripley. The total research budget breaks down into science on the one hand, and history and art on the other, Mr. Chairman. Perhaps Dr. Challinor and Mr. Blitzer together could give those figures for you.

Dr. Challinor. The total science budget, Mr. Chairman, is about $30 million, and covers salaries for all the technicians, curators, and scientists who are doing research at the Smithsonian, as well as all their support in terms of equipment, and the maintenance and the running of laboratories.

AVOIDING DUPLICATION IN RESEARCH

Senator Stevens. Some of your research which you want to increase, particularly environmental and land-use, sounds much like the research we fund in other agencies. How is all this research coordinated to avoid duplication?

Dr. Challinor. The request for increased research funds in environmental studies, including land and water relationships, is needed to help the Institution maintain its long tradition of basic research in these fields. Because the Institution does not have a mission in the sense that the Department of Interior or the Department of Commerce has, the research we do bears only incidental relation to the work

of these mission agencies. These departments in the accomplishment of their missions often call on the Institution for the basic scientific information we have been accumulating over the years as a result of our basic research.

Through such inter-Government committees as the Ad Hoc CEQ-FCST Committee on Ecological Research and its newly organized successor, the Federal Ecology Committee, the Institution can exchange information on what it is doing with the mission-oriented agencies.

Senator Stevens. We are trying to see if the research, education and collections management base is increasing, in terms of the amount % of money that is involved, as fast as the request for new positions. How can we do that? It does not seem that you have any more responsibilities in research or education, but you have 1.7 million new dollars in that area.

How, if you do not have any program growth in that area, and why should you need so many new people, 32 new people and $1.7 million?

Dr. Challinor. I have the requested positions, Mr. Chairman, broken down by each office, or each research laboratory. I wo uld be happy to break these down and explain why we need them. They are needed not only in the science bureaus, however, but in the history and art bureaus as well.

Senator Stevens. Is there a real program growth associated with this?

Dr. Challinor. There is some program growth, Mr. Chairman. On the other hand, it is a matter of continuous effort to keep the programs constant because of the increases due to inflation.

Senator Stevens. This is not inflation, this is 32 new bodies to handle the same amount of money. We would like to have you break that down for the record to see if we are right. While you are doing it, will you give us the breakdown between education and training, research and collection management.

Dr. Ripley. Yes, we can provide that.

[The information follows:]

New Staff Requested in Fiscal Year 1977

The following new positions are requested in fiscal year 1977 related to Research and Exhibition: Acquisition, Care and Accessibility of Collections; and Documentary and Education Services.

Acquisition,

care, and Documentary

Research and accessibility of and education

education collections services

National Museum of Natural History _. 4

Smithsonian Astrophysical

Observatory 3

Smithsonian Tropical Research

Institute 2

Chesapeake Bay Center 1 1

National Zoological Park 1 1

National Museum of History &

Technology 3

National Collection of Fine Arts 2

National Portrait Gallery 1

Freer Gallery of Art 1

Archives of American Art 1

Cooper-Hewitt Museum 1

Smithsonian Institution Press 1

Smithsonian Institution Libraries 5

Smithsonian Institution Archives 1

Academic and educational programs 1

Office of Computer Services 1 1

Total 15

INCREASE FOR THE ACQUISITION AND MANAGEMENT OF COLLECTIONS

Senator Stevens. We have some problem with regard to possible duplication here. For instance, you have eight of these positions and $477,000 for acquisition and management of collections. We are trying to be friendly. I have problems each year trying to say we are trying to be friendly, but how do you justify this amount of money and the request for those positions? Do you anticipate an increase in collections?

Dr. Ripley. Mr. Blitzer, would you like to answer that?

Mr. Blitzer. Mr. Chairman, I can say a word about the requested increases for acquisitions and collection management in the history and art area. I should preface it by saying these divisions are ones that I am not terribly comfortable with in the history and art area, between exhibitions and research, for example. Every exhibition that we do requires research. Often it requires acquisitions; often it requires conservation. But in particular, as far as positions are concerned, we are asking for one position in the National Portrait Gallery, for a curator of photography.

Congress recently amended the legislation of the Portrait Gallery, which previously had not allowed the Portrait Gallery to collect photographs, which we thought was an absurdity, and happily the Congress agreed. Now the Portrait Gallery is authorized to collect photographs, and we are requesting one position for a curator of photographs for the National Portrait Gallery.

In the case of the Archives of American Art, we are asking for one person who would be the manager of the mid-Atlantic regional office of the Archives of American Art. Part of his job would be to go out in the field and acquire archival collections for the Archives of American Art.

I would say on the whole in the history and art area, the answer is yes, we do contemplate further acquisitions. The numbers of things acquired, however, will be very small, but I think very important to the carrying out of the missions of these various bureaus.

Senator Stevens. You mentioned two. What are the other six positions required for acquisition and management?

Mr. Blitzer. The Museum of History and Technology is requesting three people. This is one computer coder and two trainees in collections cataloguing who will be a part of the upward mobility program. This is simply an attempt to improve our control over this collection and therefore, improve the use of the 16 million objects in the Museum of History and Technology. That is not tied to any unusual increase in the collections, although the collections tend to increase. This is a matter of a sophisticated computer program so that people can find what is in the collection and use it in a variety of ways.

COLLECTIONS ACQUISITION

Senator Stevens. What is the 1976 base for acquisition and management of collections?

Dr. Ripley. The base for the acquisition and management of collections is approximately 300 positions and $7 million. These amounts include jobs and funding distributed over eight museums and galleries and, for its living collections, the National Zoological Park. Included are curatorial, technician, and keeper personnel and funds for their salaries and benefits, travel for field work, storage cases, animal food, and the like. Only a very small amount of this funding, about $500,000, is for the actual purchase of objects or specimens for the collections.

Senator Stevens. If we understand this, there is a 50-percent increase in the acquisition money for the Smithsonian in this budget. That seems to be a rather startling amount of money. What is it associated with?

Mr. Blitzer. We are asking for an increase of $200,000 on a base of $443,000. So it is indeed approximately a 50-percent increase. It is my feeling, as I look at the art museums and the Museum of History and Technology, that the area in which they suffer particularly is their inability to go out and acquire things that are needed for the collections. These are all needed in various ways.

The four museums for which we are requesting these funds must have growth in their collections. It is the responsibility of the Museum of History and Technology, for example, to keep abreast of technological developments. Often with a relatively small amount of money, it is possible to fulfill that responsibility. For example, a few years ago it came to our attention that the first geodesic dome that had ever been built for anyone to occupy was in southern California and was for sale. I think the man wanted $6,000 or $8,000. He was not a rich man. He felt it belonged in the Smithsonian as a monument of American technology, and we did too. We spent $6,000 or $8,000 for it.

If I might, just for comparative purposes recognizing the differences between the two systems, give you some figures about purchase funds provided by the British Government to their national museums, it will give you some notion of the size of this.

In 1975, the National Gallery in London received $1.7 million from the British Government for purchases, the Tate Gallery, $1.5 million, the British Museum, $719,000, Victoria Albert Museum, $610,000. If you go through the whole list of the British national museums that received Government funds for acquisitions, the total was $5,699,000.

What we are asking is an increase from $443,000 to $643,000, which would bring us up to roughly 11 percent of what the British museums as a whole get from their Government.

Senator Stevens. Are you sure those are not apples and oranges? Is that acquisition money over there?

Mr. Blitzer. It is solely acquisition money. There are differences. I would be less than candid if I did not say so. Their tax laws are different.

Senator Stevens. I was going to mention that. There are people who no longer get the charitable contributions, so maybe they are selling them to the Government.

Mr. Blitzer. They get it in estate taxes, but not in annual income taxes. And in fairness, too, their national museums play a larger role than ours, because there are few private museums. Nevertheless, a country that has considerable economic problems does find it possible to give more than 10 times what we are asking, with this increase included.

The other thing I would say, Mr. Chairman, is that in virtually every case the museums in question—our museums—get substantially more in private gifts, either money for purchases or gifts of actual objects for collections, than we are requesting.

I think there are two reasons why it is very important that the appropriated funds at their disposal should be increased. One is that there is a kind of a strategic question. You could need a particular work, or a work by a particular artist at one of these national museums and wait until doomsday for someone to give it to you. You may be getting lots of other wonderful things, but still have this great gap in your collection. In addition, as the Secretary has pointed, out there is a kind of psychological phenomenon that spending money in our own budget somehow seems to encourage private donors. It is seen to be a lively, growing institution, and I think there is a fairly direct relationship between the amount of money we can spend and the amount of private funds, or the number of objects, that are privately donated to our museums.

COLLECTIONS MANAGEMENT STUDY

Senator Stevens. What is this collections management study?

Mr. Blitzer. In the Museum of History and Technology?

Senator Stevens. We understand you are going to have a Smithsonian collections management study.

Mr. Blitzer. That is related to the museum support facility. I think someone else should probably speak to that.

Dr. Ripley. Mr. Chairman, the collections management study is something that is to be undertaken in connection with the authorized museum support facility for which we are asking some planning funds this year. The Institution's collections, as you know, grow rapidly,

whether or not we have any funds from the Federal side to acquire additional things. We do receive collections all of the time. We cannot properly manage them unless we are concerned with the storage, laboratory research, and collections processing areas.

Our study will present recommendations as needed for improvements in these areas consistent with sound museum practices. All of the Smithsonian collections except those in the National Zoological Park will be considered with due regard to different practices required by varying subject matters in the fields of art, history, and science collections.

It will also provide useful information for our proposed museum support facility, and will serve as a general guide for effective and economical management of collection resources.

Senator Stevens. How much will it cost?

Dr. Ripley. We have justified a request for $125,000 to permit us to retain consultants to work with our staff to update, revise, and improve the existing collections management system.

This has been something which is of great interest to the Office of Management and Budget. They, in fact, have urged us to seek these moneys in order to obtain some understanding of what the processes are, whether they are efficient ones that we ourselves work with, and whether there is any way of improving and streamlining the methods which we use.

Senator Stevens. Do you believe that kind of study will increase efficiency and lead to reductions of requests? Is that the point?

Dr. Ripley. We believe it would be very helpful to have such a study made. It is always an appropriate thing in trying to run a tight ship to get outside objective opinions and see whether indeed we are doing what we think we are doing.

Senator Stevens. You had one like that on maintenance and security a couple of years ago, didn't you?

Dr. Ripley. Yes, I believe we did.

Senator Stevens. And you have had an ever increasing request for people and money.

REDUCTION IN VANDALISM

Dr. Ripley. Well, security, I must say, as far as the institutions on the Mall are concerned, has greatly improved as a result. We have had a marked decline in vandalism and other things on the Mall.

Senator Stevens. What is the record for this year as far as vandalism is concerned?

Dr. Ripley. The record for this year is very much better in the Mall buildings. I am not at all sure that the same could be said about the zoo where the difficulties of construction mean that access to the zoo during hours of the day is possibly less easy to check and control. I am very much concerned that we make sure that we are maintaining animals under conditions of maximum security for their own sake, let alone for the incidents that may happen with a kind of friendly innocence of our visitors.

As you know, the occasional thefts and vandalism go on. But in the Mall buildings I think the record has been very good this year.

I think it is directly the result of beefing up our security and maintenance of collections.

As you know, this has become a pandemic national problem. I should be knocking on wood at this point as I speak to the relative degree of security we have achieved at the Smithsonian.

SAVINGS

Senator Stevens. Your statement reports a $223,000 savings in estimated cost increases. Why do you recommend shifting that increase to restoration and renovation of buildings?

Dr. Ripley. We are particularly enthusiastic about the benefits to be obtained from the installation of building equipment monitoring systems as described in our restoration and renovation of buildings account. By replacing manual and visual inspections of the operation of critical equipment, such as fans, pumps, chillers, and condensors, with electronic sensors and reporting devices, we can reapply some 29 man-years, now devoted to inspections, to the actual job of preventive maintenance to make sure that equipment stays in good working order. We are now very weak in such maintenance work. We are already asking for $200,000 under the restoration and renovation account to begin a phased program of installing this monitoring equipment in our major buildings. The total program is estimated to cost about $1 million of which $200,000 is associated with one building. Should we be allowed to apply the postage and utilities savings to this project, it is possible that we could include a second building at which point manpower savings would begin to be realized.

ATTENDANCE

Senator Stevens. The attendance figures reported in your statement are impressive—up about 27 percent for the Mall area. How do you assemble your attendance figures?

Dr. Ripley. At the Mall museums, the Fine Arts and Portrait Galleries Building and the Renwick Gallery of Art visitors are counted upon entering each building. The National Zoological Park uses a sampling technique to count its visitors.

Senator Stevens. How do you account for such a large jump in attendance?

Dr. Ripley. No doubt it is attributable in part to the apparent easing of the energy crisis. People are not concerned about the availability of gasoline. Fiscal year 1975 was up by 27 percent for those museums and galleries mentioned. The newly opened Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden accounted for almost half of the increase, 1.6 million visitors.

The Smithsonian has already opened many exhibits that are related to the Bicentennial celebration. The newly opened Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden has been very well received. The first spring and summer that the Hirshhorn was opened the crowds were so large that the doors had to be shut until the people in the museum left. The National Air and Space Museum even in its incomplete state is attracting large crowds daily to the one hall that is opened for visitors.

SECRETARY'S RESERVE

Senator Stevens. In your annual justification you give us allocations for these various units of the Smithsonian. Are those the actual amounts that are provided to those units?

Dr. Ripley. Mr. Jameson, would you like to speak to that?

Mr. Jameson. Actual amounts are shown for the year past. Estimated amounts are shown for the current and budget years which include the pending requirements for the pay and program supplemen-tals.

Senator Stevens. If you changed the allocation, would you seek approval of the committees under normal procedure?

Mr. Jameson. We would come back to this committee and the House committee, sir, when we are proposing major differences or changes to purposes for which moneys were appropriated by the Congress.

Senator Stevens. We have received a report indicating that a percentage of each unit's funding allocation, the statement mentions 7 percent, is placed in a reserve fund, the Secretary's reserve fund, and that those moneys are used—7 percent would be approximately $5.5 million—as the Secretary determines. Is that right?

Mr. Jameson. Sir, we believe it prudent at the beginning of the year with the uncertainty of OMB and congressional action on pay cost and utility cost problems and other problems that may arise around the Institution to set aside for the Secretary's discretionary use approximately 2 percent on operating line items in our budget. But we do not take moneys away temporarily from the Bicentennial program or other programs which have been separately identified and presented to the Congress for programmatic purposes, and are not operating budgets. The amount is something less than 2 percent.

It frequently happens as the year wears on that these moneys are returned to parent organizations. As you remember last year when we came before you and spoke to our needs on the utility funding problem, in all candor at that time we had to admit to you that we were not allowed to come to you for the full amount of our unanticipated utility funding problem last year. We had a shortfall approximating half a million dollars against our needs as estimated.

I believe it was prudent that we had the capability at that point to bail ourselves out, if you will, and not run the nsk of violating the law against having a deficiency.

Senator Stevens. Is this Secretary's reserve fund separately accounted for?

Mr. Jameson. By me, yes, sir.

sources of contingency

Senator Stevens. Would you give us a detailed accounting of it for 1974 and 1975 and what you have done this year in 1976? Mr. Jameson. We would be pleased to. [The information follows:]

Sources of Contingency Funds

Assistant Secretary for Science National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Radiation Biology Laboratory Office of International Programs Chesapeake Bay Center National Air and Space Museum Center for the Study of Man National Zoological Park Subtotal

Hist ory and Art

Assistant Secretary for History § Art $3,100 $5,000 $5,000

Museum of History and Technology 76,000 95,000 106,000

National Collection of Fine Arts 31,100 38,000 44,000

National Portrait Gallery 23,400 29,000 33^000

Hirshhorn Museum § Sculpture Garden 25,700 29,000 33,000

Freer Gallery of Art 4,200 7,000 9^000

Archives of American Art 4,200 6,000 6,000

Cooper-Hewitt Museum 0 3,000 5,000

Nut'I Armed Forces Museum Advisory" Brd 3,000 2,000 0

Subtotal $170,700 $214,000 $241,000

Public Ser vice

Assistant Secretary for Public Service Anacostia Neighborhood Museum International Exchange Service Division of Performing Arts Office of Public Affairs Smithsonian Institution Press Subtotal

Mi • s i um_ Pro gram s

Assistant Secretary for Museum Programs Office of the Rcgisti'ar Conservation-Analytical Laboratory Smithsonian Institution Libraries Office of Exhibits Central Smithsonian Traveling Exhibition Service Smithsonian Institution Archives National Museum Act Subtotal

Sjjec:a l Programs

Bicentennial Of American Revolution International Environmental Science Program Major Exhibition Program Academic § Educational Programs Research Awards Program Subtotal

Administrative § Su pport Activities

Office of the Secretary Office of the General Counsel Office of the Treasurer Office of Personnel Administration Office of Audits Office of Equal Opportunity Ofc of Printing $ Photographic Services Office of Computer Services Office of Supply Services Management Analysis Office Office of Protection Services Ofc of Facilities Planning 5 Engineering Svc Office of Plant Services Subtotal

Total

Uses of Contingency Funds FY 1974-1976

FY 1974

Total Initial Appropriation $55,438,000

Amount Made Available by Approximate 2% Assessment $1,063,000

Uses of Funds:

1. Assistance to bureaus in the completion of special exhibits $118,000

2. Publication of research reports, exhibit catalogues, foreign language visitor guides, and other materials made more

expensive by inflation in paper and printing costs 104,000

3. Help National Air and Space Museum speed-up exhibits production

for new building by preparing and equipping a workshop 25,000

4. Emergency repairs to buildings and grounds for public and staff

safety 81,000

5. Provide a public dining facility in the Fine Arts and Portrait Galleries Building where none existed 56,000

6. Help Anacostia Museum complete its exhibits production laboratory for minority trainees 56,000

7. Support American College Theater Festival 25,000"

8. Help meet postage costs resulting from study of actual volume

and payment owed to U.S. Postal Service 70,000

9. Various protection and security costs associated with:

(1) provision for summer evening visiting hours; (2) required protection for rental space; and (3) occupancy of the Hirshhorn Museum and arrival of its valuable collections

10. Participation in Second Federal Design Assembly

11. Emergency fumigation of Renwick Gallery resulting from termites in borrowed exhibit

12. Purchase of computer paper made more expensive by inflation

13. Small research projects in various units including study of endangered flora

14. Assist with library expenses, such as the rapid rise in the costs of journal subscriptions and the requirements of gift collections

15. Limited assistance to a number of small organization units resulting from rising prices, unanticipated staff needs, recruitments earlier than planned, less lapse savings,

and other factors 81,000

$1,063,000

FY 1975

Total Initial Appropriation

Amount Made Available by Approximate 2% Assessment

Uses of Funds:

1. Fund endangered plants study and report required by unanticipated legislation

2. Provide proper housing • and make other arrangements to receive a gift of rare books and related materials valued at several million dollars

3. Centralize and improve mammal preparation facilities in the Natural History Building required, in part, by the removal of such activities from the South Yard and other areas undergoing construction

$69,789,000 $1,235,000

$44,200

107,000

263,000

4. Support American College Theater Festival $25,000*

5. Rent and relocation expenses associated with facilities consolidation designed to reduce number of rental properties, control long-range costs, and simplify

logistics 200,000

6. Emergency bulkheading of Bay Center property to avoid

further serious losses from storm damage 150,000

7. Funding rate increases on the costs of steam, electricity,

and other utilities not covered by Supplemental Appropriation 4^5,800

$1,235,000

FY 1976

Total Initial Appropriation

Amount Made Available by Approximate 2% Assessment

Uses of Funds:

1. Fund continuing endangered plants study

2. Additional cost for housing and for making other arrangements to receive a valuable collection of rare books

3. Continue rental space consolidation project

4. Improve electrical wiring and other utility systems in the Natural History Building for safety and functional reasons

5. Emergency repairs and improvements to communications capability and to visitor and staff access facilities on Barro Colorado Island resulting from safety audits

6. Updating of study to improve parking in the Mall area

7. Relocation expenses associated with making most effective space allocations in recently restored Arts and Industries Building

$77,832. $1,409.

000 000

$4 2,000

161.

309

000 000

130,000

80 : 15

101

$838

000 000

000 000

k The chairman of the Interior Subcommittee of the House Appropriations Subcommittee requested the Institution to support this Festival.

1225 MEETING UNANTICIPATED NEEDS

Senator Stevens. I want to make sure we understand it. We do not have a judgment, really. A lot of us have just been told about this.

Does that mean if we have increased money, for instance, for maintenance—all right. I am informed we would not go that way. We allocate a certain amount for particular museums.

Let's take Mr. Collins' new building. A portion of the money that was allocated for that would be put in this reserve account. Could that be used at the zoo?

Mr. Jameson. I would hesitate to take from Mr. Collins' account because that is so important to us. But, yes, watching over 50 organization units we occasionally do find, that there is a completely unanticipated—I do not like to use the word crisis, because m the framework of the Congress perhaps that is too strong a term, but certainly unanticipated strong problems or opportunities that we have to cope with. For instance, this past year, as you know, we were given a major gift collection of rare books completely unrelated to the timing of the budget cycle. We had, of course, two options. We could elect to receive this gift, or we could elect to turn it down. We thought it was so important that we accepted it.

It came into the Museum of History and Technology. There was absolutely no place in that museum that would house—what is it, Charles, how many objects?

Mr. Blitzer. The objects were in the thousands. The value is in the millions.

Mr. Jameson. So we thought we should provide some one-time assistance to the Museum of History and Technology for temporary housing. That has been done. I do not believe at that point the museum would have had the capability to respond positively to that opportunity if we had not had this reserve.

Senator Stevens. How do you determine which units are subject to the reserve assessment and which are not?

Mr. Jameson. As I mentioned, we have two kinds of line items that we present to you. We have operating activity such as our museums, our galleries, our support activities, which will continue hopefully. The other kind of activity that we have is basically sums of money which the Congress is providing for broad institutional programmatic purposes such as the research awards program and the Bicentennial of the American Revolution account. Since those programs are far ranging across all of the Institution we have normally excepted those programmatic activities. In our operating budgets, however, I think it can be assumed at the beginning of the year that there is always some uncertainty as to when things will happen, when personnel will be hired, for instance.

There is normally some savings that can be anticipated at the beginning of the year. I think we have felt that it was prudent to set aside some moneys for things happening more quickly than we anticipated or things happening that we could not anticipate.

1226 REQUEST FOR DISCRETIONARY FUND

Senator Stevens. Why didn't you just ask for a discretionary fund? We give several agencies discretionary funds and they report to us on their use. They are for emergency purposes. Why didn't you do that? Why don't we have an item called Secretary's discretionary fund?

Mr. Jameson. This is probably not a full answer to your question, but I remember once that we asked, and were allowed to seek from the Congress through the OMB $1,000 for a representational fund for the Secretary.

We were encouraged, at least on the House side, to withdraw that request simply because it was probably more trouble than it was worth in terms of the presentation to the committee.

Senator Stevens. That was the entertainment expense, that brouhaha that we had. I was around then, too, I think.

AMOUNT AND APPLICATION OF THE RESERVE

But there is a problem here in that you apparently have shifted a sizable sum. How much are you shifting annually?

Mr. Jameson. I do not believe we are shifting major sums of money, sir.

Senator Stevens. We are told it could amount to $5.5 million this year.

Mr. Jameson. No, sir. I think if you exclude the programs I mentioned, you are talking at the beginning of the year something more on the order of $1 million. And frequently, as I say, moneys go back to the units.

As an example, to follow through for continuity and consistency, we would have taken from the Museum of History and Technology a sum of money, their contribution, if you will, to establish this fund. My guess is, without having the numbers in front of me, that at some later time the Museum of History and Technology got that sum back.

I think the Smithsonian is required, at least it is expected, that we will cope to the maximum extent possible with our problems within the resources that the Congress provides.

I will say that we have very infrequently—the only time that I remember, with the exception of these last 2 years when we have had major problems with our utility funding, when we have come to the Congress to cope with a problem outside of legislated pay raises was the time we had a fire in the Museum of History and Technology. It has not been our practice or procedure to come back to OMB and to Congress every time things occurred that could not have been anticipated. I think our procedure allows the Secretary to cope with day-to-day operations of the Institution.

FEDERAL SUPPORT

Senator Stevens. Unless I am misinformed, about 90 percent of your total funding for the Smithsonian is Federal support. Is that right?

Dr. Ripley. Do you have that proportion, Mr. Wheeler?

Mr. Wheeler. That is correct, if you include as Federal all of the monies received from Federal agencies for grants and contracts, and also include our construction funds. It comes to slightly over 90 percent of the total.

Senator Stevens. Is that an increasing or decreasing trend?

Dr. Ripley. The percentage of Federal support appears to be decreasing slightly reflecting the success of our own efforts through the Smithsonian magazine, museum shops, product development program, and others.

Senator Stevens. I think we are going to have to see what the situation is. I can hear the furor that would be taking place if it were determined that the Defense Department had an unreported 2 percent reserve fund that they were allocating to projects that they thought were emergencies.

There is some problem, I should think, about your budget. You automatically ascertain that of the $102 million we provide some 2 percent is not necessary at the beginning of the year. Does the supplemental process not work for these emergencies?

Dr. Ripley. Mr. Chairman, it would certainly in no case be even 2 percent of the total, as I think Mr. Jameson has pointed out. We would be very happy to supply for the record a list of what these contingency funds actually consist of, which I believe have been apparently exaggerated in the question of where they have gone and how they have ended up being reapplied to these kinds of situations Mr. Jameson is trying to describe. We could provide that for the record and I think give you an understanding of why it is that we are not constantly coming back and asking for supplemental or special emergency funds for the Institution.

FURTHER REVIEW BY THE COMMITTEE

Senator Stevens. I am not passing judgment, Dr. Ripley. I think that we are going to have to discuss this with the other members of the subcommittee to determine whether we should have a subsequent hearing. I think we understand full well the type of operation that you have in that you cannot anticipate some things. But we try to analyze very closely the monies that we do give you.

For instance, this $200,000. It is not a great amount of money, but it is one-fifth of the amount that you shifted last year according to this statement. It does seem that we ought to have some procedure that we agree upon. If you need a contingency reserve fund, then we ought to give you one. We ought to give you one and ask what you have used and know your account balance.You should be able to tell us what you have used and ask for additions to it later on. I do think that you are in fact assessing these units which we supported to the maximum extent possible. You are taking money off the top before they get it.

Again, it is no allegation that there is anything wrong about it. Don't misunderstand, Mr. Jameson. We are not saying that you violated any law or anything else. It is just a surprise to us to have this allegation come in and discover that there is such a reserve account.

We think there ought to be a way to set this up so there would be no misunderstanding about this type of a fund.

66-307 O - 76 - pt. 4

1228 PRUDENT MANAGEMENT OF FUNDS

Mr. Wheeler. Mr. Chairman, could I just add. these budgets are, of course, made up about a year in advance of the time the events occur. With some 50 line items, there are bound to be things come up that will present contingencies.

It seems to us only prudent to provide for those within the funds provided to us. The utilities matter, for example, is a major case in point where we were not. through our supplemental, funded with sufficient monies to take care of the increase in utilities last year.

Senator Stevens. Let me address that. Congress decided each agency had to absorb part of this cost.

Mr. Wheeler. Right, sir.

Senator Stevens. We assume that you allocated part of those costs to each unit. In effect, you allocated them to a reserve fund which you created by taking part of the money from each unit in the beginning. We are not arguing with the concept that you had. It just seems to us that is not exactly the contingency that we are talking about right now. is it? You are talking about unforeseen circumstances.

Dr. Ripley. That was an unforeseen circumstance. We could not, in effect, anticipate after the Israeli war of 1973 that we were going to be in trouble on the whole energy question for maintaining these buildings. So it seems perfectly logical to us that within that framework and not having the money, we would have to allocate some funds. We were not allowed to obtain the necessary funds to be able to pay the bills.

Senator Stevens. You did have the funds to pay the bills, really. But it meant program reductions. That is what we will have to see.

I don't want to belabor it. I think if you can give us an indication accounting for this reserve account, perhaps we can eliminate any future controversy.

I am sure, again, so that no one will misunderstand, there is no inference that we think you have done anything wrong with the use of this money. We just think that our procedures and yours would be better coordinated if we could understand how you are going to use this money in the first instance.

1976 ALLOCATIONS

Let's go to a related question. As you know, the Congress reduced your 1976 budget request somewhat, and this involved some changes in the allocation of funds among activities and subactivities. In some instances, however, the 1976 allocation in your current justification does not seem to reflect our adjustments. Funding for the Natural History Museum, the Radiation Biology Laboratory, and the international environmental science program seem to be at a higher level than provided. Please supply an explanation for the adjustments.

Dr. Ripley. Three actions cause the units you have named to appear to have received more funds than your committee believes they allowed. First, the committee markup sheets include pay costs on a single line. Second, on the same sheets, rent paid to the General Services Administration is also entered on a single line. In the budget justification books these two amounts are spread back to appropriate

units. You will notice that the fiscal year 1976 estimate for the Radiation Biology Laboratory in the justifications for fiscal year 1976 and fiscal year 1977 is $1,631,000 which reflects no change.

Internal reorganization is the third factor that has caused some units to appear to have additional funds. These reorganizations are designed to increase management effectiveness by aligning related or complementary functions or by strengthening the ability of certain major museums and galleries to administer directly key aspects of their programs. These funds continue to be used for the purposes that they were requested but in a different organization. The Oceano-graphic Sorting Center phase II and the Center for Short-Lived Phenomena were moved from the Office of International and Environmental Programs to the National Museum of Natural History. The international environmental program, formerly in the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Science, was combined with the environmental science program.

REQUESTED INCREASE IN THE FOREIGN CURRENCY APPROPRIATION

Senator Stevens. Let me ask—I see Senator Hatfield is here.

But there is one special problem. There is an increase requested for the foreign currency account from $500,000 to $4.5 million. Congress reduced that program. As a matter of fact, we tried to meet your request in conference last year. If I remember, you lost part of that money.

What is the justification for that ninefold increase in the foreign currency account?

Dr. Ripley. I would be glad to have Dr. Challinor speak to this, if he may, Mr. Chairman.

Dr. Challinor. The Office of Management and Budget feels it is important to get these excess monies spent while they are still available, before they virtually disappear through inflation.

Of that total amount requested, one million is being sought as the U.S. contribution to the salvage of the temples at Philae.

Senator Stevens. Is that going to go through UNESCO?

Dr. Challinor. No, Mr. Chairman, we are now proposing to make a grant to an American institution, probably the American Research Center in Egypt which is best qualified to report on the conduct of the salvage. The center would then make arrangements with the appropriate government entity in Egypt for the funds to be expended in furtherance of the actual work.

Senator Stevens. With the use of foreign currency?

Dr. Challinor. Through the use of U.S.-owned Egyptian currency.

GRANTS TO SMITHSONIAN EMPLOYEES

Senator Stevens. I am told that your 1975 foreign research report indicates that 12 of the 18 museum program grants, and 22 grants overall, went to people who are actually employees of the Smithsonian. Is that right?

Dr. Challinor. In many cases, Mr. Chairman, these grants did go to people who are employees of the Smithsonian who have to compete for their grants with members of American university faculties before an outside review committee. There was no special advantage to being

an employee of the Smithsonian in getting these grants. There is an outside review structure that is set up to review all proposals. Smithsonian scientists have to compete for those awards just as any other university scientist would.

Senator Stevens. If they get grants, are they on leave without pay from the Smithsonian or what?

Dr. Challinor. These are not salary grants, Mr. Chairman. They are excess foreign currency grants. They can only be used in those countries where the U.S. holds such excess accounts. In most cases the grants pay for travel and expenses to do the research in those countries that have these currencies available. The Smithsonian scientists continue to receive their dollar salaries just as a professor at a university continues to receive his or her dollar salary. The expenses are only for those costs incurred abroad in the host country.

Senator Stevens. In your 1977 request then, there is about $4 million for research. Is that correct?

Dr. Challinor. We are asking for about $4.5 million minus the $1 million that we are asking for the contribution to the Egyptian Government's conservation project. So, it would be about $3.5 million for American research abroad.

Senator Stevens. It is a $3 million increase in the use of foreign currency for foreign research. Do you have any program for that?

Dr. Challinor. We have half a million carryover, so we are asking then for another $3.0 million.

Senator Stevens. You are carrying over half a million?

Dr. Challinor. We had half a million last year, as you recall, in fiscal 1976. So, the total request is $4 V2 million. Of that we have $1 million to the Philae project. We have an appropriation in fiscal year 1976 of half a million dollars. So we are, in effect, asking for an increase of $3 million worth of foreign currencies for research in fiscal 1977.

Senator Stevens. Are any of the—maybe I should ask Dr. Ripley this. Are any of the people who are supervisory personnel of the Smithsonian—do they obtain these research grants?

Dr. Ripley. Supervisory? Well, I, myself, for example, have received a research grant for work in India. But I did not receive that except by going through the procedures of this outside review committee.

I suppose I qualify as a supervisory person myself.

NUMBER OF GRANTS TO SMITHSONIAN EMPLOYEES

Senator Stevens. How about the rest of these? As I understand it, 22 of the grants in 1975 were to Smithsonian people.

Dr. Ripley. Yes. These are, in effect, for work in archeology, museum programs, biology—I happen to be a biologist. And some—let's see. What else besides this?

Dr. Challinor. Astronomy.

Dr. Ripley. Astronomy and astrophysics.

Senator Stevens. I show 22 out of 40 grants that I know of that went to Smithsonian people. How many total grants did you make last year? I just have a record of 12 out of 18 museum grants and 22 grants overall.

Dr. Challinor. There were 66 separate obligations incurred last year as you can see in this supplemental book. I have not counted out the precise number that went to Smithsonian employees as individuals.

I should point out, however, that under these grants that show Smithsonian scholars as principal investigators, many of the people who are doing the work are from other institutions.

An example of that is grant number 20 on page 23. A $22,929 foreign currency grant in Indian rupees went to Mr. Higgins to do research in India. He is the principal investigator. Nine of the collaborators on this grant since work started came from five different universities.

Senator Stevens. Tell me why, Dr. Ripley, don't you just ask for the use of foreign currency for the Smithsonian and get away from this grant procedure if you are going to have more than half of your people using these grants?

Dr. Ripley. I don't believe we have more than half of our people using the grants Mr. Chairman.

Senator Stevens. I mean half the people who get them.

Dr. Ripley. I would prefer not to have any such figure loosely bandied on the record because I don't think it is true.

Senator Stevens. I don't mean half of your people. Pardon me. That was an error. But half of the people getting grants, as we understand it, are Smithsonian people. Is that correct?

Dr. Ripley. We would be very happy to supply for the record— we could present this thing in detail to show what proportion were people who are employed through the Smithsonian and what proportion were collaborating research people from other institutions.

SMITHSONIAN EMPLOYEES RECEIVING GRANTS IN 1975

Senator Stevens. I think you are right. We certainly don't want to confuse the record or get something in the record that is incorrect. We will correct it and put in the record a request that you will tell us how many people got grants in 1975 who were employees of the Smithsonian.

Dr. Ripley. Yes.

[The information follows:]

Number of Smithsonian Employees Receiving Grants in FY 1975 and Number of Their Collaborators from Other Institutions

In FY 1975, 21 grants were awarded to Smithsonian employees. Under these grants, 243 scholars from more than 30 non-Smithsonian U. S. institutions and from more than 19 foreign institutions participated.

SFCP Supplement Principal Investigator Non-SI Participant Item No.

9. Research on ethno-technology revealing a rich but rapidly disappearing craft tradition in Pakistan dating back as far as 4000 B.C. Efforts are being made not only to preserve artifacts of these crafts but to promote the continuance of small craft industries and the production of handmade objects.

C. Evans and G. Van Beek Donald M. Godden

Department of Industrial Arts, University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia

Owen S. Rye

Department of Industrial

Arts, University of New

South Wales

Sydney, Australia

Mr. Charles F. Walton

University of New South

Wales

Sydney, Australia

20. Study of the interdependence of living organisms in some tropical freshwater Indian lakes to develop principles of management of biological productivity in these lakes and to compare results with similar studies of temperate lakes in North American and thus contribute to understanding the processes of life in all bodies of freshwater.

R. Higgins Dr. George W. Saunders, Jr.

Atomic Energy Commission

W. John O'Brien University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas

Gary L. Vinyard University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas

Dr. G. R. Marzolf Division of Biology Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas

Mr. Mitchell Taylor Division of Biology Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas

Mr. Ian E. Buchanan 415 Webster Traverse City, MI

Georgiana Herold Department of Biology. University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Gregory Goetz Department of Biology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Mr. William P. Coffman Department of Biology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

21. Research on the migratory birds of India, both from the point of view of development of international conservation efforts and from that of the long distance transmission by birds of viruses and parasites harmful to birds and in some cases to man.

S. D. Ripley Mr. Salim Ali

Bombay Natural History Society, India

22. Participation in the 26th International Congress of Physiologists in New Delhi, India to report on research on air-breathing fishes and their ability to survive under adverse conditions, which is part of the larger study of the evolution of the earliest animals from aquatic to terrestrial forms.

J. B. Graham None

29. Comparison of American and Polish corals of the Devonian period (more than 345,000,000 years old) to identify types of coral and thus gather evidence related to the movement of the Earth's continents.

W. A. Oliver Dr. J. Fedorowski

Polska Akademia Nauk Zaklad Paleozoologii

Pracownia ul. Mielzynskiego, Poznan, Poland

30. Research collaboration between scientists of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (Panama) and of Poland on the biological productivity of

tropical freshwater lakes contributing to understanding the processes of life in all bodies of freshwater.

M. Moynihan Dr. Zbignie Maciej Gliwicz

Department of Hydrobiology Zoological Institute University of Warsaw Warsaw, Poland

39. Support for the Mediterranean Marine Sorting Center, a joint U. S.-Tunisian facility for sorting, classifying and distributing marine biological specimens from the Mediterranean sea for study by marine biologists around the world, thus facilitating the long-term process of comprehending the biology of this sea and how man's activities are degrading it.

R. P. Higgins 117 recipients of specimens'

throughout the world.

34 Tunisian technicians and scientists

41. Operation of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observing Station at the Uttar Pradesh State Observatory, Naini Tal, India, the only satellite tracking station in the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory network located on the Asian land mass. This station makes possible observation of man-made satellites passing over South Asia. It employs tracking cameras and contributes to studies devoted to an understanding of the movement of the continents, the shape of the Earth, the nature of its upper atmosphere, and how these are influenced by the Sun and the other planets.

G. F. Weiffenbach Dr. S. D. Sinvhal

Director Uttar Pradesh State

Observatory Manora Peak Naini Tal, India

44. Forces affecting the movement of continents and associated volcanic and earthquake activity can be studied by monitoring the continental movements and the wobble of the Earth at the poles from observatories precisely located, not simply by latitude and longitude, which is a system tied

to shifting continents, but by establishing its location in relation to the Earth's more stable center of mass. This collaborative study will establish this kind of location for a Polish observatory at Borowiec and permit substantial additions of data to studies of the Earth's dynamics.

E. M. Gaposchkin W. Dobaczewska

Polish Academy of Sciences Poland

10 Polish scientists and technicians

45. Support of a colloquium to devise and adopt common and precisely-defined reference coordinate systems to use in the place of latitude and longitude, which is a system tied to shifting continents, for the study of the Earth's dynamics, like the movement of the continents themselves, and to help standardize worldwide the study of astronomy and geodesy.

G. C. Weiffenbach Dr. Barbara Kolaczek

Institute of Higher Geodesy and Geodetical Astronomy, Warsaw Technical University Poland

Dr. Charles Lundquist

Director

Space Sciences Laboratory

Marshall Space Flight Center

Princeville, Alabama

Dr. Jamusz Sledzinski Warsaw Technical University Institute of Higher Geodesy and Geodetical Astronomy, Warsaw Tech. U.

25 international participants

46. Research on fossil Paleozoic graptolites, small, floating marine animals widely distributed around the Earth from about 350,000 to 600,000,000 years ago, whose evolution is important to dating rocks which are in source of oil and gas.

K. M. Towe Dr. Adam Urbanek

Institute of Paleontology-University of Warsaw Poland

49. Research for a descriptive article on the traditional dance rituals of Burma for publication in the Smithsonian magazine.

E. K. Thompson Carl Mydans

c/o Times, Inc. Wisma House Singapore

Shelly Mydans c/o Time, Inc. Wisma House Singapore

50. Study of medieval arabic manuscripts in Egypt to obtain material for inclusion in a history of Islamic contributions to the development of medical science.

S. K. Hamarneh Mr. Muhammed Shalabi

National Library

and Archives Cairo, Egypt

51. 64 & 66.

Folklore research to identify and select folk artists and craftsmen from Egypt, Poland and Tunisia to participate in special American Bicentennial programs in the United States illustrating the cultural traditions of immigrants to the United States.

R. Rinzler Carole B. Cornell

Boston, Massachusetts

Dr. Sami Hanna University of Utah Utah

Dr. Martin Koenig New York City

Ethel Raim-Zinser Philadelphia

52. Research for an article for the Smithsonian magazine describing the work in Egypt being undertaken with international support to save the ancient Temples of Philae from destruction by the waters of the Nile River.

E. K. Thompson Mr. Dmitri Kessel

46 Avenue Gabriel Paris, 8, France

Mr. Alfred Friendly

47 Cheyne Place London, S. W. 3, England

54. Research in India for a publication on the accomplishments of private American universities and similar institutions working in association with the Smithsonian.

J. Cornell None

60. Support for the travel of a Polish entomologist to Washington to take up a postdoctoral fellowship at the Smithsonian Institution to do research on the North American Tachysphex, a variety of wasp.

E. Davidson Dr. Wojciech Pulawski

Zoological Institute Sienkiewicz 21, 50-335 Wroclaw, Poland

61. Preparation by the National Portrait Gallery of an American Bicentennial book of essays which will provide a perspective on the United States as viewed from abroad in the period from The American Revolution to the First World War.

M. Pachter Professor Longin Pastusiak

Polish Institute of International

Affairs Warsaw Poland

62. Support for a Polish - American seminar on the organization of programs to preserve cultural monuments, buildings and other properties, and the technology required for such work.

P. Perrot Kent Barwick, Director

Municipal Art Society 41 East 65 Street New York City, New York

Mr. James Biddle, President National Trust for Historic

Preservation 740 Jackson Place, N. W. Washington, D. C. 20006

Mr. William Bodley Lane

Architect

101 South Harrison Avenue

St. Louis, Missouri 63122

Mr. Grady E. Clay, Editor, Landscape Architecture Magazine

Dr. Sidney Cohn, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina Mr. John P. Conron, New Mexico

Professor John J. Costonia, University of Hawaii, Manoa

Mr. John L. Frisbee National Trust for Historic Preservation

Hanka Gorska

Los Angeles, California

Truett Latimer, Executive Director Texas Historical Commission

Philip H. Lewis, Jr.

Director

Environmental Awareness Center

University of WI

Mr. John D. McDermott Executive Director Advisory Council on Historic Preservation

Lawrence J. Majewski, Chairman Conservation Center Institute of Fine Arts, New York

Robert H. McNulty,

National Endowment for the Arts

Professor W. Brown Morton International Centre for Conservation Rome, Italy

Mr. Norman Pfeiffer, Hardy Holeman Pfeffer Association New York City

Dr. Edward V. Sayre Bellport, New York

Arthur M. Skolnik

Pioneer Square District Manager

Seattle

Benjamin H. Weese Chicago, Illinois

Carl B. Westmoreland Madisonville Housing Service Cincinnati

George L. Wrenn, Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities, Boston, Mass.

Mr. David G. Wright National Park Service Denver, Colorado

63. Preparation of animated films in Poland that will provide visitors to the

National Zoo in Washington with information on the evolutionary origins, the behavior and other aspects of lions, tigers, and other large cats.

T. Reed & Jadwiga Ciszewski

K. Loveland Film Polski

6/8 Mazowiecka Street Warsaw, Poland

Witold Giersz

Film Polski

6/8 Mazowiecka Street

Warsaw, Poland

65. Support for the travel of a Polish professor of international law to

Washington to take up a year's fellowship at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars to do research on environmental protection and international law.

J. Billington Dr. Karol Wolfke

Professor of International Law, University of Wroclaw, Poland

1238 UNIQUENESS OF SMITHSONIAN FOREIGN CURRENCY REQUEST

Senator Stevens. My second question, though, is why don't you just ask for a foreign currency authorization? We have others. We have the Bureau of Mines which uses the foreign currency authorization. There are others where employees traveling abroad will use the money. They don't go through this procedure. They just use them.

As a matter of fact, we use them ourselves. I used some to go to a satellite conference. So there is nothing wrong with using them. Why don't you do that instead of having this competition with other people for the Smithsonian?

Dr. Ripley. I would be happy to answer that question, if I may, Mr. Chairman.

Senator Stevens. Yes.

Dr. Ripley. I am well aware of the fact that our program of requesting foreign currency is unique. It is not paralleled by Government agencies. This is partly because of the nature of the Institution and partly because I assumed the responsibility for our special approach in 1965 when I first asked for such funds from the U.S. Treasury. The tradition of the Smithsonian is for the increase and diffusion of knowledge. In our first request for excess foreign currencies, we sought research funds to collaborate with scientists both in the United States and abroad on the basis of our being a scientific and research institution. This followed my discovery in 1964 that it might be possible to seek foreign funds in the field of archeology, which in the United States was started by the Smithsonian. Since that time, we have requested funds for astrophysics and astronomy for which we are, in fact, the American parent institution going back to the 1870's; for museum programs for which, I think, we are acknowledged to be the parent organization also; and in aspects of biology, particularly field biology, in which we are paramount going back to development of exploring expeditions in the United States like the Wilkes expedition, which we did not finance but which was financed by the Navy, and like all the subsequent surveying expeditions of the 1960's and 1970's of the last century. It seemed to me highly appropriate, and I so testified before the Congress in the formative years of our foreign currency program, that we develop such a unique approach to it. That is, that we seek funds explicitly for research to be performed in this kind of marriage between a scientist in the United States and a scientist abroad. This has absolutely nothing to do with the quotas of foreign currency available to members of the Congress or available on request to agencies of the U.S. Government for travel, surveys, studies, conferences and the like abroad.

This is a serious attempt to develop a capacity for research abroad in which we live up to the tradition of the Smithsonian for the increase and diffusion of knowledge. That is, for the performance of original research abroad using American scientists and foreign scientists in those few countries where the funds are available as excess. These are very few as you know. There are only seven, I think, today. And, also, for the dissemination of knowledge which would mean eventual publication. Wherever possible we also publish research results abroad using foreign currencies.

Senator Stevens. Well, Senator Hatfield wants to ask some questions.

Again, you recall, I believe when Senator Bible was here we had lengthy problems concerning publicity of the Smithsonian about prior trips in which you were involved. I think perhaps we are hypersensitive to some of these problems.

ROYALTIES FROM RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

I foresee a problem. Let me ask a question so I don't state it wrong. If a member of the Smithsonian uses one of these foreign currency grants to go overseas for research and publishes as a result of this research, who obtains the royalties from the publication?

Dr. Ripley. The royalties from the publication? It depends in each case on the situation. We would be glad to give you a demonstration of this. I think you are referring to publicity last year in connection with a nonforeign currency publication.

Senator Stevens. I am not referring to that. I am referring to that long series of articles that Senator Bible read to you about the trip to—where was it? To Nepal or India or somewhere. A trip that you took that was highly criticized—to Senator Bible's credit, he was trying to find a way to defend you, but the problem that I am raising is what happens to this research when someone publishes a book? Does that become the Smithsonian's property?

Dr. Ripley. I don't know what happens.

Senator Stevens. We are talking about a Smithsonian employee who goes overseas on a foreign currency grant for research and publishes a book.

Dr. Ripley. I don't know that there have been books published in this connection. There are scientific papers published, if that is what you mean. But these are generally not royalty-producing publications.

Senator Stevens. I see.

Dr. Ripley. If you published in a serial such as the Journal of Biological Society of Washington—to take just an example—it would produce no royalties. It is hard enough for the Biological Society of Washington to publish at all. And they do that through the procedure of raising dues from members.

Senator Stevens. Sensitive to the future, we want to make certain that there are no grounds for criticism.

Dr. Ripley. Yes. I think we can demonstrate in every case that these have been valid scientific projects and that few if any could turn out to be money making projects. This is not the obective of our program.

[The following statement was subsequently submitted by the Smithsonian:]

Foreign Research Revenue Policy

On the few occasions when the work product of a grant has produced some revenue, that revenue generally has been applied to further the purposes of the grant. When the work product is further developed for commercial sales and it appears that royalties might result, we examine each case to determine whether the royalties might exceed a fair return to the scholar for his additional effort and expenses attendant upon rewriting, editing, and otherwise turning the work product of the grant into a publication that might appeal to a broader audience. We believe this policy furthers the increase

and diffusion of knowledge. Also, we insist upon receiving copies of the new commercial product as well as a license to use that product for all Smithsonian programs.

Senator Stevens. There is no allegation in this questioning. We want to make sure of that. We are just saying that there appear to be some difficulties downstream as far as the use of these funds is concerned. We would like to help you get them.

SMITHSONIAN SUPPORT FACILITY

Under construction you are asking for $500,000 to begin designing a museum support facility. You speak of phases and building complexes. Just what is involved in total in this project?

Dr. Ripley. The need to improve the Institution's storage practices was pointedly referred to in the general hearings on the Smithsonian Institution held before the Subcommittee on Library and Memorials of the Committee on House Administration in July of 1970. At that time the Institution already had under development plans for a major facility to house properly those collections which, although indispensable for research or historical purposes, could not be displayed on the Mall, either due to a lack of space or because their character would not have sufficient interest for the general public.

For a variety of administrative and budgetary reasons, and because the plans then developed were not fully responsive to the long-range needs of the Institution, they were not carried out, even though the needs were then pressing.

In the interim, these needs have increased. In spite of the new museums that have joined the Smithsonian family, notably the Hirsh-horn and the Air and Space Museums, there are still vast problems in finding the square footage necessary to house reserve collections, and, more importantly, the spaces that are available for the most part do not provide relative humidity and temperature controls which are mandatory for conservation purposes.

The situation is drastic at the Museum of Natural History where the two wings that were completed in 1965, primarily for office, laboratory, and storage purposes, have not only been filled but are overflowing. Hallways, corridors, and attic areas are totally unsuitable for housing ordinary collections, let alone some that are irreplaceable. The situation has deteriorated to the point that approximately 30 percent of the exhibit spaces originally constructed for the delectation and information of the general public have been decked over to provide office, laboratory, work and storage spaces. Yet the collections must continue to grow if that museum is to remain responsive to the needs of scholarship and continue to be a major national and international resource for the study of systematic collections in biology, anthropology, archeology, botany, mineralogy and other fields.

The first phase of development calls for construction of a building designed to accommodate and overcome the pressing and critical storage and research space needs now confronting the Museum of Natural History, and will also provide laboratory and work space for the Institution's Conservation-Analytical Laboratory.

1241 SCOPE OF PROJECT

Senator Stevens. Tell us a bit more about this project. What is the total design cost? Where will these facilities be located? How many structures are envisioned? What is the estimated total cost and what construction period is projected?

Dr. Ripley. The results of our study suggest that the first phase of the museum support facility plan requires a building of 546,900 gross square feet, or 453,800 net square feet. It is estimated that it will take three to four years to construct the building which, when completed, will allow for the removal of a substantial portion of the following collections and staff activities from the Museum of Natural History: Anthropology, Botany, Entomology, Invertebrate Zoology, Mineral Sciences, Paleobiology, Vertebrate Zoology, the X-ray Laboratory, Aquatic Laboratory, and related functions. It would provide for the Institution's central Conservation-Analytical Laboratory and for the unique conservation laboratory of the Department of Anthropology, the only one in the nation that provides training in the field in which there is a desperate shortage of competent personnel.

The facility would also provide temporary space for some of the most pressing needs of the Museum of History and Technology, particularly for its unrivaled collection of musical instruments.

In addition, the Oceanographic Sorting Center which is now housed in costy rented spaces, which are inefficient and removed from the main center of Smithsonian research, would now be able to integrate its collecting and research functions within the mainstream of the research carried out by the Museum of Natural History.

It is the Institution's intention that an ancillary, but important component of the support facility should be a small visitor center where exhibitions, seminars, and other cultural activities specifically designed for the use of local schools and area residents could be presented. The wooded ravines which border the proposed construction site to the north provide an excellent opportunity for ecological demonstrations, the development of nature trails, and interpretive programs that should be of great benefit to area schools.

FACILITY LOCATION

After an exhaustive analysis of real estate in and around the Washington area, we have come to the conclusion that the very best possible site for a museum support facility is the land adjacent to the property now owned by the Institution in Suitland, Md., and where, at present, major portions of the reserve collections of the National Air and Space Museum and of the National Museum of History and Technology are stored in generally unsuitable Butler-type buildings. Thirty-five acres of land adjacent to the Institution's original 21 acres have recently been transferred by GSA to the Institution, and an additional 47 acres adjacent thereto are expected to be excessed by the Department of the Army in the near future and would also be available for the museum support facility site.

1242 COST ESTIMATES AND CONSTRUCTION PHASING

While it would be premature at this time to provide a firm estimate, the current study suggests that the first phase of the museum support facility would cost approximately $39,856,000. Included in this total is an amount of about $2,200,000 for architectural and engineering fees. We are seeking $500,000 with which to start detailed planning. Legislation is currently pending in Congress to authorize construction of the museum support facility. If approved, the Institution would hope, in future years, to follow the fast track method, allowing construction to begin while the design process is proceeding. It is anticipated that this method would result in substantial economies in view of the rapid pace of inflation which shows no sign of abating in the next few years.

Development of the support facility is proposed to occur in a series of carefully planned and logical stages extending over the next 25 years. When completed, the support facility would for all practical purposes satisfy the storage, research, and conservation needs of the Institution well into the next century.

Subsequent phases of the long-term museum support facility plan will be directed toward relieving storage and research facility problems now faced by the other museum bureaus, other research components, and central services such as libraries, archives, exhibit preparation, and maintenance. It is projected that each phase may take generally a period of five years to complete, but this is subject to adjustment as planning proceeds. A total estimated construction cost for the entire program cannot be given now. We would hope to proceed a phase at a time, reassessing our requirements, and seeking planning and construction funds on the basis of these assessments.

RESTORATION AND RENOVATION OF BUILDINGS

Senator Stevens. You say in your statement that you are placing special emphasis on the $3.3 million for restoration and renovation of facilities. Why?

Dr. Ripley. In my annual report for 1975 sent to Congress I stressed the need to renovate, repair, and refurbish our old buildings and their surroundings. The task of keeping level with decay and heavy use is an awesome one which never ceases. Lack of regular annual attention to these needs can only result in more expense and trouble in the future.

Reasons behind our request include the facts that we have a large and aging physical plant encompassing several million square feet of space with several buildings 100 years old and older. For instance, almost one-third of our request is for funds to replace the Arts and Industries Building roof. Public visitation, now over 17 million persons a year and growing, inevitably causes heavy wear and tear on doors, walls, floors, and plumbing. We must be mindful of safety improvements including fire detection and control systems, repairs to roads, and the like. Furthermore, we must improve on our record of being accessible to handicapped persons. We should look also for ways that one-time investments in building systems can reduce requirements for manpower to serve current systems. And, finally, we should make improvements from time to time to meet program needs.

1243 MOUNT HOPKINS OBSERVATORY

Senator Stevens. You are asking again for road money for the Mount Hopkins observatory. Why is this road such an expensive and continuing project?

Dr. Ripley. Mr. Chairman, this project is expensive because the road is long, some 17 miles, was originally designed, prior to our usage, as only a fair weather road for occasional traffic, safety considerations were not prominent, and road work, as all other types of construction these days is expensive. The project is continuing because we realized that this work had to be phased consistent with other Smithsonian needs and with the observatory's ability to manage the project. As you know, we now have an active observatory program on the mountain with year-round traffic including trucks and passenger vehicles. Operational needs, as well as public safety, demand that we improve this access to the observatory.

Senator Stevens. Will your $250,000 request complete this road project and the proposed new water system?

Dr. Ripley. The funds requested for fiscal year 1977 are sufficient to complete the proposed new water system and to continue work on the most hazardous sections of the road. We will have to come back in future year budgets to continue road work.

FRONT ROYAL CENTER

Senator Stevens. On your 10-year, $91 million master plan for the zoo you show some $10 million for the Front Royal Center. Over what period is this to be expended and generally for what?

Mr. Reed. Over the next 10 years, we will need $10,000,000 in total to accomplish the goals established for the Front Royal Center. It is to be a model and productive site for breeding endangered exotic species and for gaining understanding of the behavioral requisites of survival of such species. Often these activities are undertaken in cooperation with other zoos.

The money needed will vary from one year to the next depending on the nature of the work to be done. For example, by 1980, we will request approximately $2,000,000 in order to construct and equip a visitor center. We want the public to gain understanding of the need for the center's conservation efforts, without hampering those efforts through introduction of the public. The bulk of the $10,000,000 will go toward preparing the site for animals— rhinocerous, pheasants, ponds for ducks, golden lion marmosets, giraffes and other important species. Shelters must be constructed, and areas will need to be fenced.

This work is being planned carefully so as to make for corresponding savings in our Rock Creek master plan. Buildings housing breeding research projects and maintenance activities must be renovated. In order to catch up with years of insufficient maintenance and repair, large scale painting, roof maintenance, road repairs, electric system care and work to assure an adequate sewage/water system will consume the remainder of these funds.

I hope you will come to Front Royal soon to see the many improvements made there in the 2 years we have had the property.

66-307 O - 76 - pt. 4

Senator Stevens. Why do you need to build a new residence at the Front Royal Center? Aren't there enough existing structures to utilize?

Mr. Reed. The property at Front Royal consists of 3,150 acres. There are approximately 90 miles of perimeter fencing. We now have 75-100 animals there scattered across the site. For security and care, we need a dwelling located in an area of the center not often visited and well away from the location of existing dwellings. Present dwellings are clumped together in a central area well away from remote areas of the property and out of sight of the animals. A dwelling properly located would permit a center employee to live there and insure protection and care to the animals.

MASTER PLAN COSTS

Senator Stevens. How much has the estimated cost of your master plan changed since it was adopted?

Mr. Reed. At today's construction costs, the original master plan would amount to $128,000,000. However, with the acquisition of Front Royal, substantial reductions to the master plan have been made possible. The cost of the master plan including the Front Royal Center now will be $92,000,000. That is a savings of $36,000,000. We can pursue the conservation breeding efforts and scientific studies at Front Royal which were originally built into the master plan. We can have less construction at Rock Creek. For example, we will use our existing giraffe exhibit with its expanded yards for exhibition while maintaining the planned breeding herd at Front Royal. That saves space, habitat arrangement, and building for privacy that would have been needed in Rock Creek. These other works have also been eliminated because Front Royal permits us to rethink our needs at the zoo—new great apes house, North American animals and plains animals. We are delighted at the opportunity to save precious funds without sacrificing the aims of the master plan, while at the same time achieving the Front Royal program with its extraordinary importance.

zoo bicentennial plans

Senator Stevens. How are things looking for the Bicentennial summer?

Mr. Reed. We are pleased that Bicentennial visitors will be able to enjoy our new lion-tiger facility, which will be a zoo pacesetter. Also, the newly enlarged elephant and giraffe yards will please the visitors, and the renovated monkey house with its innovative furniture for the monkeys will be a joyful visit. We have lengthened our hours to accommodate visitors.

Our only problem is that parking will be very scarce. We are arranging for parking elsewhere in town with bus shuttle service to the zoo to offset the problem. We will be as ready as we can be. It will be an interesting year.

WEST COURT FACILITY

Senator Stevens. Please tell us more about the financing of the west court facility construction in the Natural History Museum.

Mr. Wheeler. This new structure, to house dining, education, and museum shop facilities for the visiting public, Smithsonian associates and staff, will cost about $3.1 million of which approximately $2.0 million is being financed from our unrestricted general funds and the balance by a $1.1 million loan.

Senator Stevens. How will the $1.1 million loan be secured?

Mr. Wheeler. The loan will be repaid over a 10-year period from the commissions earned by the restaurants, according to our agreement with the concessionaire.

Senator Stevens. By using the unrestricted general fund for the balance of project costs you will apparently be taking these private funds from other activities. Please supply details on how this money will be made available.

Mr. Wheeler. There is no taking of private funds from other activities. As you will note in the financial report in our budget submission, beginning on page E-13, the unrestricted private funds come from several sources. These include investment, gift, and concession income; revenue-producing activities; and earned overhead expense recovery.

Prior to about fiscal year 1974, after meeting expenses associated with this activity, the net gain, or bottom line, if you will, was such a small amount that there was little or no opportunity for creative and productive applications of funds to serve Smithsonian operations and the visiting public. Through the success of the Smithsonian magazine, our museum shops, the product development program, and other self-help efforts, we can now serve some of these needs and make some provision for the future. Over the past 2 years, for the first time, we have been able to make funds available to the museums for their uses. Second, we have been able to make some contributions to physical plant needs, most notably, the west court project already discussed. And third, we have been able to make major steps towards our goal of building our endowment.

All in all, I would say we are giving rather than taking.

Senator Stevens. Senator Hatfield?

folklife activities

Senator Hatfield (presiding). Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I do have a few questions I would like to ask about the folklife activities.

As you know, I have been interested for quite some time in getting the Folklife Center established in the Library of Congress and making sure that the National Endowment of the Arts lives up to its mandate to fully fund the folk art programs with the Smithsonian, this should be a tripartite approach to the whole matter of folklife culture in this country in sustaining meaningful programs in this field.

Therefore, Dr. Ripley, I was particularly interested in your indication in your budget justification, that the annual Washington Folklife Festival that has been, I believe, performed now for about 10 years, would be abandoned after this particular year. According to my understanding, you had intended to substitute, therefore, a group of what might be called minifestivals.

I believe this sounds totally acceptable as far as my own view about folklife activities is concerned. But I wonder if you can tell me, one, how much of the budget is set aside for this new format

that you visualize' 1 And what kind of personnel are you retaining to continue this work 0 And will it be experimental or do you anticipate that this would become a permanent part of the program?

ORIGINATION OF THE SMITHSONIAN FOLKLIFE FESTIVA1

Dr. Ripley. Thank you. Senator Hatfield.

I would like to say. first of all. how delighted I am to have found over the years a very genuine recognition and interest by Members of the Congress in the fact that the Smithsonian has pioneered in trying to have a folk festival in Washington each year. Perhaps folk festivals are more needed in particular States and perhaps we can serve a need in collaborating with particular States in producing minifestivals in specific phases of folk culture.

But the mere fact that we have been able to start with Congress' help and encouragement a folk festival here in Washington has. I think, helped to underscore the importance that we all feel in the preservation and survival of ethnic traditions and folk cultures in this country.

The legend of the melting pot has been. I think, surely dealt with. And we have been able in this particular part of this generation to show quite conclusively that ethnic groups and traditions are alive and well. This was one of the concepts which moved me to begin the folk festival in the first place. The other was to attempt to provide a sense of vitality and liveliness to the existence of museums. I thought that museums were not model palaces removed from people, but rather, vital institutions, demonstrating to young people especially that the very tools, the very instruments and objects exhibited so exceptionally in the glass cases, had indeed been made by the hands of man and were capable still of being made in the tradition of the craftsmen in the preservation of their crafts.

So. to the extent that I was interested in starting a folk festival on the Mall under the auspices of the Smithsonian, I had this dual concept. One was the craft concept, a continuation of crafts. And the other was the presentation of ethnic groups and traditions that were associated with those crafts.

Now, as far as this year is concerned, Senator Hatfield, it is important to note that in connection with the Bicentennial year, we have made a supreme drive and effort to raise funds to make this a summer-long folk festival. I am well aware of the fact that there will be a special strain on the city because of extra visitors from all over the United States, as well as abroad. And I am very conscious that this influx of visitors could be one of the key features of the presentation of the Bicentennial Folklife Festival in Washington, emphasizing in its very existence not merely the historic traditions, the three-cornered hats, muskets, the 1776 revolutionary tradition, but rather all the other things that happened in connection with immigration and the arrival of so many kinds of peoples during the ensuing 200 years.

I have with me today Mr. Euell who is the Assistant Secretary for Public Service and who has under his guidance the folk festival program. I think that he can speak not only to the arrangements for this maximum festival for this year and our real burst of activity,

but also to our hopes of continuing the folk festivals in the future and for collaborating with the Endowments and the Library of Congress on the Folklife Center.

If I may, Mr. Euell.

Mr. Euell. Thank you very much.

Senator Hatfield. My questions were, how much of the budget is set aside for these purposes that we have outlined? What kind of personnel do you plan to retain within your agency to continue the work? And what will be the status of this new format down the road? Is it going to be a permanent part or is it only a temporary experiment?

MINI-FESTIVALS

Mr. Euell. I will answer the first question in terms of the budget. We traditionally keep within our base some money for folklife festivals. We will continue that in the base.

Generally, over the last ten years, we have had to rely very heavily on support from other agencies, from unions, the AFL-CIO. So we do a lot of fund raising on our own.

We have begun to do some initial planning in terms of the minifestivals which was a new concept. We felt that we needed to do something with a little more focus after this very large presentation that we planned this year. This is why the notion of the minifestival was presented.

It essentially will be a series of small 3- or 4-day festivals really focusing on one area. It might focus on labor or Native Americans. It will possibly focus on old ways in the New World. We will use essentially the same kind of format, but more concentrated and more focused, and, hopefully, will have publications coming out of that experience.

ESTIMATED COSTS

Dr. Ripley. May I interject here, Senator Hatfield, the base that Mr. Euell is speaking of is $167,000.

Senator Hatfield. That is what I am trying to get out of the testimony.

Dr. Ripley. I'm sorry.

Senator Hatfield. How much of the budget?

Mr. Euell. It is not clearly identified. It is approximately $165,000.

Senator Hatfield. Does that represent the federal funding of this program?

Dr. Ripley. Yes.

Mr. Euell. The appropriated base.

Senator Hatfield. Not the money that you raise on the side in some other solicitations?

What do you anticipate as any major change in the personnel that you have now when you move to the minifestival format?

Mr. Euell. There will be a reduction in personnel, certainly, because we have added a very large staff, all term or temporary appointments, for the Bicentennial year. We also have a core staff of Federal employees.

Senator Hatfield. Could you supply for the record what you estimate or will be projecting as a reduction of staff in the folklife area?

Mr. Elell. Yes, we could, sir.

[The information follows:]

Post-Bicentennial Folklife Staff

The Division of Performing Arts, the Smithsonian bureau with primary responsibility for the Bicentennial Festival of American Folklife, has a full-time permanent staff of 11 employees who will remain on board following the Bicentennial Festival. To supplement this staff, an additional 220 temporary or term employees are being hired, the majority of whom will be on duty during the peak period from April through September. Following the Festival, these term and temporary appointments will be terminated. With the initiation of minifestivals in fiscal year 1977, it is estimated that 50 temporary employees will be hired to staff each minifestival with the majority on duty for a six-week period.

ONGOING FOLKLIFE PROGRAMS

Senator Hatfield. The present Festival of American Folklife is in the Division of Performing Arts. I trust that the Smithsonian's commitment to American folk culture goes beyond the festival and that Division. Would you elaborate on other folklife programs, both within and without the Division of Performing Arts, giving details of present funding, staff, research, publication, and presentation? I assume these programs will continue in the future, supplementing and complementing the minifestivals. Would you provide a breakdown of what portion of the fiscal year 1977 budget will be devoted to staff, research, publication, and presentation of folklife programs, within and without the Division of Performing Arts, other than the proposed minifestivals?

Dr. Ripley. As to permanent programs at the Smithsonian Institution devoted to American folk cultures, the Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, conducts research, maintains collections of objects and records, publishes reports and has educational programs which relate to folk culture of many peoples of the world including especially Africa, Asia, Oceania, and North and South Americas. Among these programs is the American Indian archive training program designed to interest American Indians in becoming archivists and historians and to instill in them a desire to learn more about their heritage and to share this knowledge with all Amercans by publishing and preserving the surviving records of their past. Trainees receive copies of materials relevant to their tribes to take back to their home communities for placing in cultural centers, tribal offices, or museums. These materials have also been used in local Indian schools as curricular enrichments. In addition, there is continuing research in ethnology by the curatorial research staff.

Please let me detail the funding for the record.

[The information follows:]

FY 1976^—

Program Staff/Research Publication Presentation

National Anthropological

Film Center 0.5/11,000 no film presentation

D. Concert Series (supported

through private funds)/^ no concerts

Smithsonian Collection (supported through private funds) yes no

Jazz Heritage 0.4/12,000 no no

/l Estimated Fiscal Year 1977 costs will be comparable to FY 1976 costs with the exception of the Anthropological Film Center the salary of whose director will be annualized for a total cost of approximately $30,000. Since exhibitions cover a range of disciplines to develop a theme, it is impractical to attempt to break-out costs of the folk culture segments.

/2 Publication costs for the Department of Anthropology are $20,000 annually but are not broken down by program; rather funds are allotted on priority bases.

/3 These programs are traditionally funded from sources other than Federal appropriations, with a relatively small amount of administrative staff time of Federal employees required.

In addition to the above identifiable expenditures, funding is required for maintenance of collections, conservation, data control, support.

FUTURE PLANS FOR MINI-FESTIVALS

Senator Hatfield. Do you anticipate that this will be something you will pursue on an annual basis or on an ongoing basis? Or is this just a short-term experiment? How do you look at it?

Mr. Euell. I would have to react to this personally, because it is somewhat unpredictable. I think after we do the very large 12-week presentation this summer, we are going to attempt to do the minifestivals and make adjustments as we see how they go and how they work. I would not want to call it a temporary or short-term experiment. I think that we should try this system or this new approach for at least 4 or 5 years to see how it works and whether it is really effective.

Another point is that we want to see just how much of an effect we have across the country as the result of our pioneer work in this area in terms of what we call applied folklore which means, largely, presentation. We would want to see if we could continue to have an impact and continue to lead and make a contribution in this field. I would suggest that if we found, after a few years, we were not making a contribution and continuing in a leadership role here that we might not continue to do it. But that is a personal viewpoint.

LOCATION OF COLLECTIONS RELATING TO INDIAN CULTURE

Senator Hatfield. Dr. Ripley, as it now stands, if one comes to the Smithsonian to study Indian culture in the United States, one, I believe, goes to a building that is primarily devoted to animal and fish exhibits and insect forms. Would it not make sense, perhaps, to have all materials relating to Indians and other folk cultures as a part of your Center for the Study of Man?

In connection with this I would like to submit for the record an article by an anthropologist in "American Folk Life." This anthropologist is Ward H. Goodenough. He makes the thesis here relating the desirability of including Indian and other folklore studies with an anthropology program. That triggered my question to you today as to the location and the interrelatedness of this discipline.

Dr. Ripley. If Ward Goodenough, whom I know, referred specifically to the Smithsonian, he might have noticed that the building in which these collections reside and in which the people work happens to be the Department of Anthropology and the Center for the Study of Man which are conjunct or called the National Museum of Natural History and the National Museum of Man.

Senator Hatfield. Then you reject this particular identification or description of where people would go to study?

Dr. Ripley. If Mr. Goodenough had bothered to read my earlier annual reports which led to the designation of the museum in these dual categories, he would have noticed that I, myself, railed against the idea that a Museum of Natural History should contain anthropological collections and research dealing with so-called native peoples around the world. Whereas, next to it is a museum of history and technology which without further ado might be thought to be a repository of the culture of the white folks.

In fact, I said this and have said it several times that it is an anomalous thing. Traditionally, historical society in this country and museums of art tend to have concentrated essentially on Western European cultures, their traditions and inheritance in this country. Whereas, museums of natural history tend to include anthropology which, in general, has to do with minority evolution, minority culture in other parts of the world, as well as the earlier cultures in this country prior to the coming of the Western Europeans. This anomaly I hoped we could dispel by creating recognition of the National Museum of Man which happens to be included in this entity, the National Museum of Natural History.

PERFORMING ARTS RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

Senator Hatfield. Also, for the record, Dr. Ripley, would you extrapolate from your Division of Performing Arts that amount of the budget that was earmarked and identified for staff of research publications and presentations?

Dr. Ripley. We will supply for the record. Would you like it for this year, Mr. Hatfield?

Senator Hatfield. Yes. For the projected 1977 fiscal year.

Dr. Ripley. We have those figures and we will supply them for the record.

[The information follows:]

Participation of Performing Arts Staff on Research Publications

Specific staff of the Division of Performing Arts has not been identified for research publications during fiscal year 1977. It is anticipated the publications will be developed through cooperative efforts of existing staff members using source materials and documentation obtained from research for the Folklife Festivals and materials generated during the Festivals themselves. Most writing will be accomplished by the Public Information/Education Officer.

OTHER SMITHSONIAN FOLK CULTURE PROGRAMS

Senator Hatfield. Awhile ago you mentioned your folklore program that goes beyond the Division for Performing Arts and gets into other areas. I wonder if you would also provide for the record a survey of the permanent programs of the Smithsonian devoted to folk culture that are outside the Division of Performing Arts.

Dr. Ripley. Yes, we would be happy to.

[The information follows:]

Permanent Smithsonian Programs Devoted to Folk Culture

Permanent programs of the Institution devoted to folk culture include: ( I ) The programs of the Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History such as the research in ethnology conducted by the curatorial and research staff and the American Indian Archive Training Program designed to train American Indians to become archivists, conservationists, and historians and to encourage them in sharing knowledge of their heritage by publishing and preserving surviving records of their past;

(2) The programs of the Department of Cultural History, National Museum of History and Technology, covering pre-industrial cultural history, ethnic and western cultural history, as well as continuing collection, archival research, and exhibition programs of the curatorial staff;

(3) The programs of the Center for the Study of Man including the urgent Anthropology program, the objective of which is to preserve information in selected rapidly-changing areas before time and events eliminate opportunities to understand

the cultures which existed there, and the National Anthropological Film Center which collects, records and preserves film footage of the vanishing and changing cultures of the world, in addition to filming those vanishing cultures that have not been previously filmed; and

(4) The programs of the Division of Performing Arts including the concert series (American Banjo series, Jazz Heritage series), recordings from the Smithsonian Collection (including the Smithsonian Collection of Classic Jazz and Classic Rags and Ragtime Songs), and the Jazz Heritage Program to document and preserve the history.

NATIVE AMERICAN PARTICIPATION IN FOLKLIFE FESTIVAL

Senator Hatfield. Now I would like to take up the fiscal 1976 budget, the current budget and this relates to the projected festival, the Native American participation.

How many contracts have been signed by Native American groups in preparation for this summer's Festival of American Folklife?

Dr. Ripley. At the present time Mrs. Dawson and Mr. Bruce, who are working for the Festival of American Folklife this year in connection with the Native American program, have received proposals from 21 organizations representing approximately 200 Native American tribes.

We have, at the same time, due to their efforts, garnered a list of Indian desk officers and program directors of Federal agencies with known Indian programs. These represent some 16 agencies and organizations and we are currently planning to send these proposals to these agencies. We must have them into these agencies before April 1.

We are, therefore, in process, as it were, of preparing to solicit funds from these 16 agencies.

Senator Hatfield. Do I understand then that you would add the 21 and the 16 to get to the figure of how many contracts have been proposed and signed by the Native American groups? Or is it just the 21?

Dr. Ripley. As far as I know, the proposals to this date have been received, but no contracts have been awarded.

Senator Hatfield. No, I understand that. I am just trying to get this a step at a time. I would like to know how many contracts have been presented by Native American groups. Then I want to know how many of these contracts have been signed by the Smithsonian.

Let's take those two points first.

Mr. Euell. If I may, the Smithsonian currently has available approximately $500,000 for the Native American program. Concerning the additional money that we are talking about, there was a February 5 meeting of all of the representatives of the 16 Federal agencies who are concerned about Native American programs. It was agreed that the Indian tribes would submit proposals to these agencies.

We have received a great many of the proposals. We have not received them all as yet. But April 1 is our deadline at which time the tribe is to make the contract with the Smithsonian—once they receive a grant from the agency. It is a complicated kind of an operation.

Senator Hatfield. That is why I would like to take it a step at a time.

Mr. Euell. One of the things from my understanding that was very attractive to the Native American peoples, to the various tribes that were contacted, was that it presented to them an opportunity to identify and actually contact agencies for funding that they had not previously known about—through a proposal mechanism that they had not traditionally used.

At the same time, they will receive the money. We would not get the money from the agency. It would go to the tribe as a group or to the confederation which consists of several tribes and then a contract would be drawn up with us.

Senator Hatfield. Are you saying to me then that you have no contracts on hand signed by Native American groups or do you have 16, do you have 21—if you don't have the figure, just tell me, and then submit it for the record, would you please.

Mr. Euell. I will have to supply that for the record.

Senator Hatfield. All right. That is quite satisfactory. If you would just give me a simple answer to these questions, please.

Do I understand that the Smithsonian has not signed any contracts with these Native American groups?

Mr. Euell. With the Native American groups? I would have to supply that for the record.

Senator Hatfield. All right. Would you supply that.

Would you also supply for the record how long you have had such contracts in your jurisdiction.

Mr. Euell. Yes.

[The information follows:]

Native American Contracts

The Smithsonian has received 8 grant proposals from Native American groups; another 9 proposals are being developed by the Native Americans for forwarding to the Institution. The Institution's role is to advise the Groups in preparation of the proposals and to assist them in submitting their proposals to agencies which have funds to support Native American programs. No contracts have yet been signed. Detail concerning the proposals follows.

Contractor

Date received

Amount

Native Americans for the Living Arts

Five Civilized Tribes —Oklahoma

Art and Craft Guild —Oklahoma

Sac and Fox

Alaska Federation

Comanche

San Juan

Umatilla

College of Great Falls

Northern Cheyenne

White Mountain Apache

Warm Springs

Northern California Indian Education

Nevada Inter-tribal Council

Menominee

CENA

Apache Tribe of Oklahoma

Feb. 17, 1976 Mar. 8, 1976 Mar. 5, 1976 Dec. 22, 1975 Jan. 13, 1976 Jan. 14, 1976 Feb. 3, 1976 Dec. 23, 1975

$19,800 27,300 33,900 27,300 90,000 27,300 31,140 44,040 23,370 31,320 23,260 23,840 55,900 55,900 33,100 17,300 20,700

Total

585,470

Proposals still in preparation.

1254 FUNDING OF NATIVE AMERICANS PROGRAM

Senator Hatfield. What I am trying to get at on this rather complicated and complex funding and negotiation of contracts system is that I am very concerned that we not end up inviting the excuse that we have a lack of funds to carry out attractive and good contract proposals. If we did, I believe that the reaction of these Native American groups who are preparing to participate in the festival, which to them is one of the most meaningful parts of participation in the Bicentennial celebration, would be one of terrible disappointment and I think it would be terribly disappointing for the country. I just don't want to let this thing slip between the cracks because of the complexities of contracts. Do you have—and if not here, do you have for the record, please—a figure on how much has been raised up to this point from private sources for the Native American participation in the festival?

Mr. Euell. There has been no money raised.

Senator Hatfield. Do you plan on raising some money?

Mr. Euell. We have attempted to raise private funding and we have been very unsuccessful. In the 10 years that we have done the festival—and I don't want to belabor this—we have had very little success raising private money for Native American programs.

FUNDING FROM OTHER AGENCIES

Senator Hatfield. Do you have a total of, or can you provide for the record what the other agencies have allocated for funding of any of these programs?

Mr. Euell. Yes, I have that. I have a list of all of those and I can supply that for the record.

Senator Hatfield. Very good.

Mr. Euell. What we have in hand and what we anticipate. In several instances some of the agencies have not come through with all of the money promised.

[The information follows:]

Government Support of Festival

Following is a listing of the funds allocated by other agencies for the Bicentennial Festival of American Folklife:

National Park Service $165,000

Department of Labor 220,000

Department of Transportation 249,000

National Endowment for the Arts 100,000

American Revolution Bicentennial Administration 500,000

Total 1,234,000

level of funding requested in proposals from native

americans

Senator Hatfield. Do you have any estimate or can you provide for the record the amount requested in these proposed contracts that you have in your possession that you are going to identify? Or, at least, can you give us a synopsis of the level of funding required to fund these particular ones in hand?

Mr. Euell. Yes. It is estimated that the contracts or the sum of money would run between $20,000 and $25,000 per contract.

Senator Hatfield. Per contract.

Mr. Euell. That would represent the required funding for the format of the presentation for the Native American group. That would be for 12 weeks. We will present a very large group or confederation together with a smaller group which will change every week. So there will be a total of maybe 24 groups appearing—very large groups together with alternating smaller groups.

Senator Hatfield. Where are we in the supplemental schedule? The supplemental will be coming in around April which will be a little difficult time frame within which to work with OMB and so forth if you find yourselves to the point where you were insufficiently funded to do what you expected or wanted to do.

Well, I think when you give us the figures on the number of contracts plus the range of costs—$25,000 or whatever it is, you can give us a total figure there.

FUNDING ALTERNATIVES

Mr. Euell. What the entire program will cost and what we have in hand and, also, we will probably have what fall back positions we have. We do have a possible contingency in the event that the agencies that are contracting with the Native American tribes through proposals do not come through by April 1, then we would have to reprogram the money into the Native American program.

Senator Hatfield. Would you have

Dr. Ripley. Which we don't have.

Mr. Euell. It would mean then moving money from one program— moving it from the regional America program, for example, to the Native American program. We would have to, then, restructure our whole presentation.

Dr. Ripley. We may be under contract, Senator, so that we cannot reprogram such funds. We would have to determine if we could shift folk festival money from one project to another.

Mr. Euell. We would have to reduce regional America, for example,

Dr. Ripley. We would be robbing Peter to pay Paul.

Senator Hatfield. You would reduce the level rather than eliminate the program. You would reduce the level.

ethnic tours program

Dr. Ripley. Yes, sir. We would have to see if this could be done.

We have another issue that we may have to reduce which is the ethnic tours program. We have in hand none of the expected funds that we have asked for, at present, for the major part of our ethnic tours program.

Senator Hatfield. That was another question I wanted to get to. I believe they are expecting the invitations. All of these foreign countries are expecting an invitation from the Smithsonian; aren't they?

Dr. Ripley. We are acting, in effect, as the host. But we are doing it with funds that we expected in some cases and have had at least verbal indication that we will be receiving.

Senator Hatfield. Have you not requested funds?

Dr. Ripley. Within the appropriated procedure, we have not. The total for the budget for the folk festival for this year is $6,790,000.

Our appropriated base, as we have already testified, is $167,000. We have funds in hand of a total of $4,900,000. These have been raised or committed or promised us from a variety of sources including public and private sources. We still anticipate, in order to make the folk festival go at full level, another $1.6 million, which we do not now have.

Senator Hatfield. But you did not request money for the foreign participation?

Dr. Ripley. No.

Senator Hatfield. You were relying on private raising of such funds?

Dr. Ripley. We were relying on private fund raising or support funds from other agencies or organizations.

Senator Hatfield. And that has not been forthcoming?

Dr. Ripley. Well, to the extent that we need another $800,000 for these foreign tours, this has not been forthcoming.

EFFORTS TO SOLVE FUNDING SHORTFALL

Senator Hatfield. It seems to me we have a very serious matter here involving international goodwill and understanding. I think things of this kind could create more ill-will than if we never even offered or suggested the participation.

I have a feeling that somehow this has slipped a cog somewhere. I am not interested in trying to identify who or what but where do we pick it up? Where can we pick it up at this point?

I just feel from the standpoint of the Native Americans that we encourage—as I say, when we look at this Bicentennial through their eyes, there just isn't much excitement except for their particular program, and when we go out with a general invitation to foreign countries to participate and possibly fail to keep our commitments, we are risking a difficult and embarrassing situation. Not all of them can send a queen and cut a ribbon. There are these other things, these ethnic presentations, that can give us a very marvelous experience both for us here and for them. I just hate to see these things falter.

Dr. Ripley. We do, too.

Senator Hatfield. I would like to ask you and perhaps the staff here to see what we could do in terms of picking up this fumbled ball. I think it is of such significance that we could ask our colleagues to undertake certain additional funding if we have the vehicle with which we can do this. This is the detail that I am not familiar with at this moment.

Dr. Ripley. I find your words very heartening, Senator. We need support and we need help. This slippage is almost inevitable. Our intentions, I think, have been demonstrated over these 10 years to be very good. We received along the way promises of assistance and anticipated that somehow or other we were going to get the support; and then the expectations that are created in the process are very difficult to deal with.

Sometimes the convictions, which are self-induced at all levels that somehow there is a golden pot that can be rubbed and the dollars will come pouring out of it are very difficult to dissipate.

We have constantly had to insist to our friends and colleagues and participants that we cannot go down into the cellar of the Smithsonian and start turning a press and making money. We have to get the money from friends and you have to help us get it.

SUPPLEMENTAL FUNDING

Senator Hatfield. I would like to have seen some of this. In the first supplemental, did you have requests on that at all?

Dr. Ripley. No, Senator, the supplemental is entirely concerned with utilities and extra salary and benefits costs.

Senator Hatfield. Whenever this became apparent, I wish we had had some kind of notice. Maybe we had notification I am unaware of, but whatever the time—we are fourteen weeks away and, very frankly, I have not seen much that will focus on the Bicentennial, in Washington, D.C.

I think more of the Bicentennial will be seen out in the small towns and villages of our country than right here in the Nation's Capital and this is one program, it seemed to me, that the Nation's Capital could really perform and present in a very significant way. I hate to see us with our one opportunity for a meaningful Bicentennial focus in Washington—see us fumble that. I don't know what we can retrieve at this point, but I certainly would be willing to lend my support to any effort that we can make here on the Hill to undergird you with some funds that will provide not only for the participation of the American Native, but also for the foreign participation as well.

BACKGROUND ON ETHNIC TOURS PROGRAM

Mr. Euell. May I clarify something, Mr. Senator, in terms of the foreign participation. It was always in the planning that the foreign groups would appear in Washington—these foreign tours that we are talking about constitute the ethnic tours program. That meant we would be touring these groups across the country. We had great interest expressed by 104 ethnic communities for the groups that we are presenting in Washington.

As you might well imagine, it was very attractive for some of the smaller nations to have that dimension added to their participation and they accepted our invitation based on that. So, it is like an added dimension. It gives us and the foreign nations the kind of outreach nationwide that is very important.

Senator Hatfield. I conclude that certainly is a fundamental part of my concern for proper funding of this total effort.

As I indicated, I think that would be even complimentary to what is going on out around the countryside, in local communities of this country. It would be a very significant addition to their present programs and plans.

I am deeply concerned about this. I would put very great priority on this particular thing.

Dr. Ripley. May I go off the record, Senator?

Senator Hatfield. Yes.

[Discussion off the record.]

ASSISTANCE FROM THE COMMITTEE

Senator Hatfield. Let's go back on the record.

Dr. Ripley, the comments you have made about the interagency cooperation that has failed to materialize may be something that we can help from this committee's standpoint—help to correct by making special inquiries as to what funds might be made available or broken loose from some kind of a hang-up and assist you in realizing the objectives as set forth in these programs.

Let's pursue every and any possible avenue to solve this. Cooperating with this committee, we may be able to fill in a few of the blank places or we may be able to spring forth some cooperation that has not been forthcoming in collaboration that was anticipated. We have no inhibitions along these lines whatsoever. I invite you to make available to us those needs in terms of time, dollars and magnitude.

With our staff working, I think we ought to be able to help solve this problem.

Dr. Ripley. Thank you, Senator.

Senator Hatfield. Thank you.

SUBMITTED QUESTIONS

We will have further questions to submit to you for the record which we will submit in writing and ask for your response. Dr. Ripley. Yes, sir. [The questions and answers follow:]

National Museum of Natural History

Question. Under the Museum of Natural History you are requesting four research positions. Three positions and $42,000 are for updating the Endangered Plant Species data. To what specific activities in your listing will these new positions be directed?

Answer . The three positions requested for this project are needed to complete the intent of the Congress as stated in Section 12 of Public Law 93-205, The Endangered Species Act of 1973, which directed the Smithsonian to survey the threatened and endangered plants of the United States and its Trust Territories. The time limitation imposed by the law coupled with the resources available at the time necessitated reducing the scope of the initial report to include only the continental United States and Hawaii. The survey of Alaska and the various Trust Territories remains to be done. Additionally, this staff is needed to complete the remaining work on the detailed data sheets of the 3,000 species already identified in the report to Congress. These personnel will also prepare the valuable habitat data needed to aid in the conservation of those earlier identified species.

The National Herbarium located in the Department of Botany of the Smithsonian's Museum of Natural History is the major center for collections of United States and New World flora in the Western World. With over 5 million higher plants specimens and a large competent staff, the Botany Department is uniquely qualified to undertake work on endangered flora.

The Smithsonian fully intends to identify endangered and threatened non-vascular plants when the work on the higher plants has advanced far enough. The initial request was too broad to accomplish in one year despite the assistance obtained from botanists throughout the country and abroad. The magnitude and scope of the problem should not be underestimated.

We intend to cooperate fully with the Department of Interior in order to develop a comprehensive list and assist them in implementing a sound conservation policy for threatened and endangered flora of the United States. The Smithsonian cannot utilize its resources fully if the needed funds are not made available.

Question . What has been the cost of Endangered Species work to date?

Answer . The Endangered Species project was begun during FY 1974 and it has received financial support from three separate sources to date. The Secretary of the Smithsonian provided $7,800 in FY 1974 to initiate this program, $44,200 in FY 1975 and $42,000 in FY 1976 to continue this project. The Museum's Department of Botany also expended $67,600 in personnel and related support costs in connection with the program. Additionally, a grant to the Smithsonian from the Department of Interior provided $18,700 for support of an Endangered Species Workshop and the production of the first issue of the final report. These amounts together represent a total expenditure of $180,300 between FY 1974 and the end of FY 1976.

Question. Please detail the grade level and salaries of the new positions.

Answer. Museum Specialist, GS-12, $19,386; Research Assistant, GS-7, $11,046; and Museum Technician, GS-5, $8,925.

66-307 O - 76 - pt. 4 -- 5

Question . The other research position is a marine zoologist for coral research studies. Have you considered asking any of the other participating institutions to provide this position?

Answer . The nature of the research to be undertaken on endangered coral reefs, whether in the Museum or the Caribbean, requires a specialist with access to a major research collection and library facilities. None of the other participating institutions (no others in this country, as a matter of fact) have significant coral collections and, therefore, can neither justify a position for a coral researcher nor provide the collections necessary for his work. Furthermore, none have the space or facilities to house and maintain a large collection, so the Smithsonian coral collections could not be transported to another institution which might then justify hiring such a person. Also, the collections are far too valuable to be transported back and forth between institutions, as many of the specimens could never be replaced if lost or damaged.

Question. You are also requesting five positions and $75,000 to increase the custodial staff to 63 positions which you say is still below the level recommended by a study. Who conducted this study?

Answer . In 1971 an internal study of then existing staffing levels and custodial maintenance was commissioned by the Director of the Buildings Management Department for all Smithsonian buildings. The study used established General Services Administration standards in effect at that time and adjusted to the museum attendance and seven-day week openings to determine optimum maintenance needs. The report, which was completed in October, 1971, recommended the staffing level identified in our request for increase.

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory

Question . For the Astrophysical Observatory you are asking for 8 positions and $150,000 for general administration and support services. Where will these positions be used, at Cambridge or Mt. Hopkins? What are their pay grades?

Answer . The personnel will be located in Cambridge. The positions and their grades are: Mathematician, GS-13; Mechanical Engineer, GS-13; Mathematician, GS-12; Property Clerk, GS-12; Procurement Agent, GS-11; Payroll Clerk, GS-7; Secretary, GS-7; and Personnel Assistant, GS-6.

Question . You request $100,000 for the purchase of equipment to be used in solar, optical, and radio astronomy research. How vital is this equipment?

Answer . We should first clarify that $50,000 of the $100,000 requested is for the Langley-Abbot solar research program.

Of this $50,000 intended for the Langley-Abbot program, some $40,000 is needed to cover the salary and benefits costs of a senior theoretical astrophysicist and the remaining $10,000 is for his research related expenses such as computing, supplies, etc. We have now accumulated a wealth of data about the Sun, both as a star and as a physical laboratory, and about the interaction of the Sun with our environment here on Earth. Now is the time to consolidate these observational advances through a thorough analysis of the data and a program of deeper theoretical inquiry into the nature of solar processes generally. To accomplish this goal we must look to an outstanding research scientist with a broad understanding of problems of plasma physics both on the Sun and "in the laboratory.

The remaining $50,000 of our request is for the purchase of specialized equipment used in three areas of research: Atomic and Molecular Physics, Optical Astronomy, and Radio Astronomy. We consider these investments as essential to the continued progress of the SAO research program.

SAO has at present an Atomic and Molecular Physics research group of international stature which is directing its efforts particularly to the study of molecules in space. A new spectroscopic light source, at a cost of $15,000, is badly needed to promote the work of this group and keep them on the forefront of this and other related rapidly expanding fields of atomic and molecular study. The theoretical and experimental work of this group is also highly relevant to the observations of molecular spectral lines in the 300 to 3000 GHz region of the radio spectrum.

In the fields of Optical Astronomy and Radio Astronomy, the development of a new generation of radiation detectors is a necessity that cannot be postponed any longer. Such development is expected to be particularly cost effective, as a great part of detector development costs are already being borne by the telecommunications industry; thus, the further development of such detectors, and their adaptation to scientific needs, will bring large benefits to science at a relatively small cost. As a minimum requirement, SAO needs $15,000 for the development of high-resolution, high-sensitivity, two-dimensional detectors to be used in the SAO optical and infrared programs, together with $20,000 for detectors suitable for the 300-3000 GHz, that is millimeter and submillimeter, region of the radio spectrum. On the optical side, such development will enable SAO to capitalize upon investments already made in the Multiple Mirror Telescope; upon completion, it will be the world's third largest telescope, and without modern detectors a large fraction of its research potential would go unutilized. An up-to-date optical program is further necessary to provide ground-based support for high-energy observations made from observatories in space; optical astronomers also work closely with radio astronomers on a variety of problems. On the radio side, the 300-3000 GHz region of the spectrum is known to contain a rich variety of molecular spectral lines: however, the sensors and techniques needed for exploring this exciting and promising region--and for establishing a more fruitful collaboration with those in molecular physics--have not been developed through a lack of funds . Finally, all of these programs--atomic and molecular, optical and radio--will benefit from the investment made in the Langley-Abbot research program through interaction with the results of plasma-physics studies, which may be applied to numerous problems in astrophysics.

Question. Is this type of research ongoing at other institutions?

Answer . You ask whether any of this research is going on at other institutions. Of course, some of it is, and we consider this fact in part a confirmation of our scientific judgment in that it shows we are in the mainstream of current scientific progress and opinion. Furthermore, we do encourage collaboration with other institutions, in order to avoid duplication of research efforts and to ensure optimal use of our limited research funds. However, we believe that there are few other institutions in this nation that can bring to bear such a diverse but integrated and cooperative array of research strengths upon the solution of a given astrophysical problem. It is this combination of diversity of talent and background, together with the integration of our research groups and the cooperative nature of our efforts, that has made SAO one of the internationally recognized leaders in astrophysical research, and which justifies our continued efforts to maintain this position. We believe that a wise allocation of our resources has been a major factor in determining our present leadership in astrophysics, and we can assure you that our commitment to productivity through responsibility will be continued into the future.

Tropical Research Institute

Question . Under the Tropical Research Institute you ask for one position and $30,000 for a freshwater biological study of lakes to be formed by new darns to be built in this decade . Why then do you need the position this year?

Answer . It is particularly important for the Tropical Research Institute located in Panama to have a freshwater biologist. Panama is now building two dams, one the Bayano in Eastern Panama and the other the Fortuna Dam in Western Panama. No freshwater lakes have been created in Panama since 1914 when the two lakes were created in the middle of the Isthmus that control the water for the Panama Canal.

Since 1914 we have learned an enormous amount about the consequences of creating new freshwater lakes in the tropics. The purpose of this appointment is to take advantage of the creation of these two new lakes to help our colleagues in Panama, especially at the Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, to avoid some of the disease problems present in other tropical countries where freshwater lakes have been created.

Question . Why is the other new position--a biochemical geneticist--needed at this time?

Answer . The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute needs to add a biochemical geneticist to its permanent staff for two principal reasons. First, we are receiving an increasing number of students who are using the techniques of electrophoresis in a variety of studies such as the analysis of the sociality of wasps and the examination of the relationships of a variety of marine organisms from the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of the Isthmus. Secondly, there is astaggering amount of tropical diversity. On Barro Colorado Island alone, we have almost 2,000 species of plants, 200 species of breeding birds, and in one insect order which is under current study over 600 species have been reported. One current scientific dogma is that the tropics are environmentally stable and consequently many species can evolve specialized niches and these populations should be genetically homogeneous. Research at STRI indicates that the tropics are not stable, except for temperature, and others have shown in preliminary studies that such tropical populations are indeed genetically quite variable or heterogeneous This subject of tropical environmental stability and predictability and its relationship to the genetics of tropical organisms must be studied fur ther becau se our cur rent "tex tbook" ide as are n ot stand ing up t o scrutiny.

Question . Why is it necessary to increase permanent staff for individual research projects?

Answer . We need to increase our permanent staff because it takes several years for a biologist trained in the temperate zones to familiarize himself with the enormous diversity of the tropics so that he can effectively and intelligently develop research plans. The kinds of research work done at STRI can only be performed in the tropics and not by the scientists working only during their summer vacations from universities or on an occasional sabbatical year. As the only United States basic tropical research laboratory, we wish to develop our resident staff to about 25 scientists, which approximates the number of faculty in a medium-size university biology department. We need those for resident expertise in a variety of contemporary scientific disciplines.

Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies

Question . For the research program at the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies, you are asking for an estuarine ecologist and a temporary

research technician for a pollution study. Why can't these positions come from other agencies or universities that participate in the program?

' Answer . Currently, most of the support for research at the Chesapeake Bay Center on estuarine pollution is derived from other agencies, such as the National Science Foundation — Research Applied to National Needs and the Environmental Protection Agency, and contributed time from cooperating universities. However, this support is generally for short-term research projects with specific, limited objectives. The goal of the CBCES estuarine program is to provide a long-term understanding of baseline conditions and changes in estuaries, and this continuity can only be achieved through a permanent staff position. The availability of such a position, and the studies thereby made possible, will also enhance continued support from other agencies.

Question. Why is an information specialist required as an additional position to answer public inquiries and to respond to requests for research results? Can't existing staff handle this?

Answer . Three years of privately funded research at the Bay Center on the use of scientific information by the general public and local, state, and federal agencies has indicated a need for translation of scientific research results into a format suitable for decision-making purposes. In many instances, utility of environmental research findings has been diminished because results were not specifically related to regulatory or management purposes. Currently no staff position exists for this purpose which will involve a substantial amount of time devoted to the production and dissemination of reports, and the conduct of workshop and public presentations. In addition, the position requires a detailed knowledge of federal and state statutes and procedures related to environmental management and these special skills are also not available.

Question . You are also asking for an assistant security officer. What is the present security staff at the Center?

Answer . The security staff at the CBCES consists of one full-time security officer who is required to patrol the Center's 2,600 acres of land and 13 miles of shoreline. Backup is urgently needed for the security officer to allow for a 7-day week security capability which currently does not exist. The Center is also without trained security services during those periods when the present security officer is on leave or in training. Backup security would also permit greater public educational use of the Center on weekends and holidays.

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National Air and Space Museum

Question. The new Air and Space Museum appears to be coming along well. Are you having any problems with opening as scheduled?

Answer. The construction of the museum is complete and the exhibits are now being installed. The museum will open to the public on July 1, 1976.

Question . Are you now at full staffing for the museum under your 1977 request?

Answer. Yes, in FY 1976 we received 57 custodial positions for one-quarter of the year. Therefore, although we are at full staffing level, there is a request in the FY 1977 Estimates to annualize these positions at a cost of $424,000.

Question . The museum's printing and reproduction request increases drastically--from $5,000 to $158,000. What accounts for this?

Answer . After the Museum opens to the public, the professional staff will be able to devote more time to research and education. Scholarly publications will deal with many subjects including planetary topography and scientific earth observations from the space shuttle, history of air accident investigations, history of air racing,and others. There will also be many popular publications, such as museum brochures in several languages, teacher guides, materials for use in schools, and artifact monographs. Printing costs are very expensive. It should be noted that the amount shown for printing is a redirection of base resources, not an increase in total funds.

Center for the Study of Man

Question . Last year you received $20,000 to start a program for study of anthropological films. Now you are asking for an additional $20,000 to upgrade the program. Could you explain the need for this amount?

Answer . The Anthropological Film Center has developed collaborative projects with scholars in various parts of the world and in a few crucial areas provided raw film stock, film processing, equipment, and guidelines to anthropologist-filmmakers interested in preparing scholarly visual documents as a permanent research resource. Some experimental field studies are also underway in an effort to develop and improve visual sampling methods and equipment. The Center has also begun its search for existing anthropological film -footage of research value which may be in danger of deterioration and loss. An additional $20,000 are sought to strengthen efforts by providing secretarial help, travel and fieldwork, contracts for the assembly and preservation of film, and supplies and materials associated with film storage and safekeeping.

Question . What is the estimate of continuing cost of this program?

Answer . We estimate that in order for this program to fulfill its intended purposes, an annual budget of $250,000 and seven people will be needed. We hope to obtain this growth over the next five to ten vears.

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$6,000 >n effort in Immigration

and Ethnic Studies. This is to develop a new program, is it not?

.Answer. No. rch Institute on Immigration and Ethnic Studies was

initial ':nds. In FY 19~4 the Institute received

appropriated funds. The Institute's studies program is concerned with the peopling

as an ongoing process. It has carried out basic research in Panama, the Caribbean area, Canada, and the United States. Small seminars on adjustment of new migrants, i.e., Vietnamese: comparative studies, i.e.. with Canada: and internal migration, i.e., from Puerto Rico have been held. A major conference on new immigrants will ce during the Bicentennial year. This program is also

■ ing the problem of studying illegal immigrants and evaluating data from agencies with information about Pacific Islander immigration. These additional $6,000 are needed for consultants, seminars, and field research on new migrants. The Institute will produce valuable bibliographies, research notes, and articles on this subject matter.

National Zoological Park

Question . Your justification lists 4 permanent positions and two part-time positions required for new facility operations. What future staffing increases do you project as new facilities are completed?

Answer. We have been giving a lot of thought to this question, especially in view of the greatly expanded space with the addition of the Education Building, the General Services Building, and the Bear Lines. The Lion-Tiger Building is three times the si;e of the building it replaces. These add much to the cleaning and maintenance burden. Additionally the new facilities are much more complex. The new facilities are largely airconditioned, :one-heated, and better protected against fire. More exhibits will have circulating water in ponds and moats. These factors will add to our need for specially trained utility system repairers, electricians, and pipefitters. Altogether we will be operating 425,000 square feet of enclosed and high maintenance space in FY 1978, in comparison with 175,000 square feet now. !\'e estimate now that with our excellent facilities management operation and trained foremen we can catch up with the new needs by investing only the equivalent of an additional three cents for each construction dollar to do long-term maintenance and operation.

Front Royal has jumped from no animals in 1974 to more than 100 today. In 1978, Front Royal will be home foT 200 animals, and 20 separate breeding programs will be underway. We will need animal keepers and supporting maintenance employees. And the new facilities in Rock Creek have been accompanied by more labor-intensive tasks for keepers and animal management personnel. The premium is on preserving long life, reproducibility, and health. All require greater observation, more study, and more alertness to family structure and habitat. More keepers will be needed.

By the mid-1980's, upon completion of the construction and renovation program, we see the requirement to add approximately 100 employees, primarily in the keeper and maintenance categories, to serve the Rock Creek and Front Royal facilities.

Question . You call for the addition of one animal keeper at your Front Royal facility; what is the total staffing?

Answer . The present staff at Front Royal numbers 17 permanent employees. There are 3 animal keepers, 4 farmers, 5 maintenance employees, and an administrative clerk, and a conservation officer. The operation is managed by a mammalogist.

Question.- Would you describe the accomplishment of work done at the Facility?

Answer . It is remarkable what so few have done there. They care for 17 species, tend 3,150 acres, conduct research, maintain 52 buildings, host conferences, and plan for the future of the Center. They produce 300 tons of hay supplying all the Zoo's needs. They have planted 20,000 pine trees to serve as a buffer between a public highway and animal enclosures. They operate water and sewage systems. The , staff has entered into cooperative breeding projects with other Zoos using the Front Royal site and its skilled people. They have accommodated much of our bird collection while the Bird House in Rock Creek is being renovated.

Joseph Henry Papers

Question. You are requesting a $17,000 increase for work on volume three of the Henry Papers. Portions of this effort are funded through grants. Is this increase an indication of reduction in grants?

Answer . No. Our gTant support, in fact, should go up slightly from FY 1976 to FY 1977. The project's workload, however, is rising much faster.

Question . How much grant money is estimated in your fiscal 1976 and 1977 budgets for the Henry Papers?

Answer . For FY 1976 we have been awarded grants totalling some $49,200. For FY 1977, the comparable figure will be approximately $54,700.

National Collection of Fine Arts

Question . You state a cabtruck is necessary for delivery of loan items and for the "Discover Graphics" Program. How do you currently handle delivery?

Answer . In the past we have tried to rely upon the three trucks already owned by the Smithsonian which are suitable for transporting objects from the collections. But when these trucks are already scheduled, we have had to pay commerical moving firms for their services. More often than not we have had to resort to this. In fact, the need for acabtruck dedicated to the transportation requirements of the National Collection of Fine Arts and the National Portrait Gallery has grown so great that we have recently proceeded to purchase a truck using the Smithsonian's private funds. Consequently, we would be happy to forego this requested federal fund increase of $5,000.

Question . Do other buildings of the Smithsonian have trash compactors? We see you are asking for $6,000 to purchase one for the Renwick.

Answer . Yes, indeed. Nearly all our buildings have trash compactors. They reduce the volume of trash to about one-fourth its normal size, permitting less frequent trash pick-up. The compactors also help prevent rodent infestation by chemically treating the trash and sealing it in airtight plastic. So it's economically sound to invest in them, I believe.

Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden

Question . How many positions will the $20,000 get you for temporary custodial help at the Hirshhorn?

Answer . The $20,000 will bring us four new custodial positions for the summer evening hour workload plus the necessary supplies.

Question. Since you state this will be to make evening hours permanent, can we expect a request for additional permanent positions next year?

Answer. No. Next year we would simply use the $20,000 then in our base, as the result of favorable action on this FY 1977 request, to hire new temporary custodians to meet the evening hour needs.

Question . What was the summer evening attendance last year?

Answer. Last summer, the Hirshhorn's first summer, the Museum was not open to the public in the evening. The public response to the Museum has been so positive, however --1.5 million visits this year--that we decided to seek this small amount of extra money to establish a summer evening hour schedule on a permanent basis.

Freer Gallery of Art

Question . The translator position for the Freer--the workload could not be handled by part-time service? Is this a continuing progTam need?

Answer . A full-time translator is indeed needed. The Freer staff is encountering an increasingly heavy volume of technical material, inscriptions and publications which require translation--more than enough to keep a full-time translator occupied. Currently, translations are performed by whoever on the staff is proficient in the language involved. This means that the curators are spending their time translating for their colleagues rather than performing their own work. This is not the best use of the professional staff. A translator hired to take over these language duties would solve that problem.

Question . You show the need for temporary maintenance help. Do you anticipate requesting new full-time positions in the near future?

Answer . No, we don't. This temporary maintenance help, if approved, should permit us to add a custodian or two on a short-term basis to meet fluctuating workload increases, as when a new exhibit opens. This kind of need does not call for new full-time staff.

Cooper-Hewitt Museum

Question . Last year we discussed the Cooper-Hewitt Museum in some detail. Your request for this year adds 4 positions and brings the budget for the facility to $360,000. In terms of personnel, will this bring you to full operational status?

Answer . Yes, the additional four positions should give us an adequate staff with which to begin the Museum's operation in the renovated Carnegie mansion.

Question . What other support is available to the Cooper-Hewitt from the Smithsonian? Please supply total federal cost.

Answer . Other support available to the Cooper-Hewitt totals about 16 positions and $211,000 for FY 1977. This includes 14 guard positions and $176,000 provided by the Office of Protection Services and 2 positions and $38,000 provided by the Smithsonian Libraries.

Question . Can we expect requests for additional positions in the budget for next year?

Answer. I hope it will not be necessary to request further positions next year. But if our experience upon opening the Museum to the public this fall should indicate that we have underestimated the need for staff to maintain the building and grounds or to protect and take proper care of the collections, then we would feel duty bound to request further Federal support.

Question . Please provide us with a listing of the salary and job titles of the 19 positions.

Cooper-Hewitt Museum of Decorative Arts and Design

No. of Positions Position Title Grade Salary

1 Program Officer GS-13 25,962

1 Buildings Manager GS-12 21,970

1 Textile Conservator GS-11 16,255

1 Exhibits Specialist

1 Registrar

1 Assistant Registrar

1 Clerk

8 Maintenance Worker

1 Carpenter

1 Grounds Worker

1 Laborer

1 Laborer

19

Question. What amount of private support is estimated for this Museum in 1976 and 1977?

Answer . In FY 1976, about $850,000 will be spent on the renovation of the Carnegie Mansion and $500,000 will be spent on operations and special projects including the preparation of the opening exhibitions. By FY 1977, the renovation of the museum building will be substantially complete with remaining work accomplished as additional private funds can be raised. An operating budget for that year has not been developed, but it can be assumed that, while the sources and uses of funds will be different as the Museum experiences a full year of public use, the total will approximate the FY 1976 level.

Anacostia Neighborhood Museum

Question . You request $35,000 to supplement the exhibit training program at the .Anacostia Museum. Last year your justification indicated that this program was supported through "foundation funds." Are you now shifting this to Federal funding?

Answer . There are no plans to shift the training program to Federal funding.

Question . How much in Federal funding went into this program last year? How much in foundation funds?"

Answer . The primary objectives of the Exhibits Laboratory are to develop, design, and produce exhibitions and concurrently to train minorities in those skills required to design and produce exhibits. Although no federal funds are specifically allotted for the training program, it is carried out in a building maintained by federal funds. The exhibits production program is supported by federal funds, estimated to be $94,000 in Fiscal Year 1976 (including 3 employees, building maintenance, and utilities)

The training program, formal aspects of which begin on September 1, 1976, is supported by foundation funds, estimated to be $78,000 in Fiscal Year 1976.

Division of Performing Arts

Question . The justification under Division of Performing Arts states that you require additional funding for the program to preserve the history of jazz. Since it began, how much has the National Endowment for the Arts provided and how much has the Smithsonian provided?

Answer . FY 1975 FY 1976

National Endowment for the Arts $40,000 $47,000 Smithsonian Institution 6,000 12,000

Question . What is the amount of the Arts grant for the program in 1977? Also what is the amount of total Smithsonian funding?

Answer . The anticipated amount of the grant from the National Endowment for the Arts in FY 1977 is $45,000 to $50,000. The total amount of Smithsonian funding is estimated to be $33,500.

Smithsonian Press

Question . You say you need a staff member at the deputy level for the Smithsonian Press. What grade level will this position be?

Answer . The Deputy Director, Smithsonian Institution Press, will be at the GS-14 level.

Question . You also say that half of this salary will be funded by savings generated from hiring at lower grade levels. Please supply the detail of permanent positions for this unit for 1976-77.

Answer . Detail of permanent positions for the Smithsonian Institution Press for 1976-77 follows:

Title, Grade

Deputy Director, GS-14

Supervisory Printing Specialist, GS-14

Managing Editor, GS-14

Editor, GS-13

Editor, GS-13

Editor, GS-13

Editor, GS-13

Editor, GS-13

Printing Specialist, GS-13

Publications Distribution Officer, GS-13

Editor, GS-12

Editor, GS-12

Promotion Manager, GS-12

Visual Information Specialist, GS-12

Visual Information Specialist, GS-12

Title, Grade/Step

Administrative Assistant, GS-9

Printing Specialist, GS-9

Publications Assistant, GS-9

Publications Assistant, GS-9

Editor, GS-9

Visual Information Specialist, GS-7

Publications Clerk, GS-6

Publications Clerk, GS-6

Supply Clerk, GS-6

Publications Clerk, GS-5 (annuitant)

Clerk-typist, GS-5

Supply Clerk, GS-4

Clerk-typist, GS-4

$533,774*

* The difference between 1976 and 1977 salaries of $45,685 includes the Deputy Director's salary of $26,861 and necessary pay of $18,824. Collections Management Study

Question . Your proposed collections management study for $125,000--has a study of this type ever been made before?

Answer . Such a task has never been undertaken for a complex of museums as large and diverse as the Institution's. It will require some of our very best talent not only to assemble but to digest and evaluate this data.

The study requested from the Institution by the Office of Management and Budget is intended to provide indepth information on all of the Institution's practices as they relate to the acquisition and de-acquistion of objects. The study, however, is to be more than a mere codification of record-keeping practices. It is intended to analyze, in considerable detail, the nature of the collections and collecting processes of the Institution: the manner in which the Institution determines its needs and the reviews to which practices and policies are subjected. While this task could be very easy in a museum having a narrow spectrun of interests, the collections of the Institution cover practically every field of man's activities and include definitive and systematic collections ranging over virtually every aspect of the natural world including meteorites.

The study should reveal those areas where there may be redundancies, duplications, and overlaps between the museums which are part of the Smithsonian family. Perhaps more important, it should reveal major gaps and suggest strategies to fill them.

It should be noted that a study of this kind will have profound implications for the future growth of the Institution, and strongly influence the development of cooperative programs with other museums. The days of intense competition in the acquisition of collections are gone. New ways must be found to avoid unnecessary duplication, encourage joint research, and developing, wherever appropriate, centers of scholarship, that can serve a wider constituency. In many fields comprehensiveness is a vital requirement. Ways must be found so that everyone does not continue to attempt comprehensiveness in everything. This is not only wasteful, but it is impossible. This study should help the Institution to reach a correct equilibrium.

Question . Doesn't each museum currently have this information as it relates to individual collections? Why is this study so expensive?

Answer . Each collecting discipline has its own requirements, its own recording processes, and its own manner of operation. One cannot compare, for example,

the methods or approaches in the collecting of rocks and the collecting of insects, or in the collecting of birds and in the collecting of flora. What we want to determine is exactly what governs the collecting process within all of our collections, what are the reviews and assignments of responsibility and how these mesh into Institution-wide policies and practices.

Decisions on redundancies or duplications cannot be reached hastily and it is easy to introduce subjective judgments. For this reason, and to obtain impartial and valid results, the Institution feels that it should call upon outside expertise as required. The study should withstand detailed and critical review of the Nation's most competent specialists. No doubt it would be considered self-serving, and probably counter-productive, if the Institution took the position that its professional staff had no peers and that our procedures and recommendations could not be improved by a review from colleagues elsewhere.

The compilation of data, and its codification into a usable form, will consume considerable administrative time and secretarial services in addition to the staff time of our curatorial departments. A portion of the sum requested will be used to defray these costs and to hire temporary personnel so that the ongoing programs of the Institution can be maintained at a rate responsive to the Institution's own needs and to the demands of an increasingly large number of visitors and specialists who use the Smithsonian's resources.

Registrar

Question . With decentralization of the Office of the Registrar, why can't you reduce the office operating budget?

Answer . The Office of the Registrar has been undergoing decentralization since Fiscal Year 1974. This process has been slower than anticipated since certain duties were kept centralized until a new Registrar was found. This has now been accomplished and he is now completing the decentralization by moving personnel to the National Museum of Natural History, the National Museum of History and Technology, and the Smithsonian Archives. A central office of the Registrar will be left with 3 or 4 positions and an annual budget of slightly more than $100,000 per year.

Question . Last year you supplied a statement showing 7 positions and $134,000 being transferred from the Registrar's office to individual museums or units. Where do these positions and dollars appear in this year's budget?

Answer . The following positions and dollars, mostly related to transportation costs were moved in FY 1975 and are now shown in these units.

Unit

Cooper-Hewitt Museum

Office of Plant Services

National. Museum of Natural History

National Air and Space Museum

National Portrait Gallery

National Collection of Fine Arts

Archives of American Art

National Museum of History and Technology

Office of International Programs (this

was moved to the Museum of Natural

History with the Sorting Center) Assistant Secretary for Public Service 1 10,000

7 $134,000

Question. Last year your budget justification said decentralization of the Registrar's activities should be accomplished by FY 1975. This year the accomplishment date is FY 1977. What happened?

Answer. As was stated earlier, the position of Registrar was more difficult to fill than had been anticipated. The position is now filled and the final phase of the decentralization is being worked out with the two major museums.

Libraries

Question. You request a substantial increase in library programs--5 positions and $150,000. This seems to be a never-ending cycle--increased acquisition and then increased positions to manage acquisitions. Please give us an idea of where this program will stand with the requested increases, and what the future plans are.

Answer. The increase of $150,000 and 5 positions will continue the Libraries slow but steady progress toward providing basic library services to the programs of the Smithsonian Institution in a timely and efficient manner.

The requested increase in acquisition funds will build the book and journal base to $255,000--55 percent of the estimated target required to adequately meet the book and journal needs of all Smithsonian Institution programs, including programs, such as Horticultural Services and the Office of Museum Programs, not now supported by the Libraries.

The $25,000 increase for cataloguing systems will bring the Libraries to within 50 percent of the amount estimated for full implementation of the computerized cataloguing system and the development of an automated serial record system.

A$30,000 increase in funds for conservation will enable the Libraries to reach 60 percent of its goal of filling all current and backlogged binding needs. Some additional funds will be required for equipment to build a conservation facility, now in the planning stage.

In FY 1975, the Libraries received 21 new positions. This enabled the Libraries to make considerable gains in bringing staff up to the level required to support increased Institution size and programs. We estimated that 75 to 80 percent of the Libraries present staffing requirements are now met. Some increases in staff will be required to process newly acquired materials as the book and journal budget is brought up to a level commensurate with users' needs. The Libraries anticipate slowing the rate of growth of staff by improving the productivity of existing staff through the utilization of advanced technology and improved management techniques. New staff are needed primarily to serve library locations which are unstaffed or still understaffed.

Research Awards Program

Question . You've been operating the Research Awards Program for several years at a stable level. What prompts this one-third, $150,000 increase at this time?

Answer . The program is highly competitive in that only 37 of 64 proposals were funded in FY 1976 before the limit of $450,000 was reached. The 64 proposals submitted represented a total of $1,790,000. Many excellent projects, therefore,

had to be turned down. In addition, members of the Smithsonian staff have been allowed to submit proposals for funding up to three years in order to provide for-better stability, continuity, and planning of research. In FY 1977, there is committed $125,000 to second year funding. There has been no funding increase in-this program since FY 1973. The Institution has put a very high priority on requesting additional funds of $150,000 to offset what has been lost by inflation and more positively to encourage and sustain the quality of research for which the Smithsonian is justly known.

Question . To whom do these research grants go? and a brief description of 1975 grants.

Please provide a listing

Answer. The following list contains a brief description of FY 1975 grants.

Principal Investigator

Dr. J. Laurens Barnard

Dr. Richard S. Cowan

Dr. Bert G. Drake

Dr. W. Donald Duckworth

Dr. Clifford Evans

Mr. John Fesperman

Dr. William Fitzhugh

Dr. F. Raymond Fosberg

Dr. Kurt Fredriksson

Dr. Robert F. Fudali

Dr. Robert Gibbs

Dr. Paul Gorenstein

Dr. Jeffrey B. Graham

Dr. Clinton W. Gray

Dr. W. Ronald Heyer

Dr. Leo J. Hickey

Dr. Luigi G. Jacchia

Dr. Erie G. Kauffman

Dr. D. E. Kleinmann

Dr. Olga F. Linares

Dr. Maurice M. Margulies

Dr. Lawrence Mertz

Brief Description of Grant

An ecological investigation of freshwater shrimp

and their relationship to pollution of aquatic

environments.

Botanical Study of Tropical Trees

Net CO2 Exchange and Primary Productivity in

Three Chesapeake Bay Salt Marsh Communities

Studies of New World Moths

A study of Prehistoric Human Ecology in the

Amazon

Spanish and American organ building in Mexico

1600-1800

Archeological Investigations of Central Labrador

Coast

Ecological and Botanical Studies of the South

Pacific

A Mineralogical Study of Meteorite-like Objects

A study of the structure and origin of a selected

crater in Australia

A Biological Investigation of Selected Deep

Sea Fishes of the "Ocean Acre" off Bermuda

The development of scientific instrumentation

to measure high energy sources in space

An investigation relating to the origins of

air breathing fishes and their relationship

to the evolutionary process

Veterinary Research on the Anesthetizing of

Animals

Zoological Studies of New World Amphibians

An Evolutionary Investigation of Leaf Development

A Global Study of the Variations in Upper-Atmosphere

Composition that Accompany Transient Changes in

the Earth's Magnetic Field

Geological Research on the Evolution of Atlantic

Marine Fossils

The Fabrication Instrumentation to Determine

the Source of Certain Galatic Energy

Study of Social and Political Organization of

African Wet-Rice Cultivators

A Study of the Development and Movement of Cell

Proteins in the Photosynthesis Process

The Fabrication of New Telescopic Lenses to

Study Faint Astronomical Objects

Principal Investigato r

Dr. Arthur P. Molella

Dr. David L. Pawson

Dr. J. W. Pierce

Dr. Clayton E. Ray

Dr. Nathan Reingold

Dr. R. Schild

Dr. Beryl B. Simpson

Dr. Thomas R. Soderstrom

Dr. Daniel J. Stanley

Dr. William Trousdale

Dr. Dieter C. Wasshausen

Dr. Trevor C. Weekes

Dr. John Wurdack

Dr. Richard L. Zusi

Dr. DevTa G. Kleiman

Brief Description of Gran t

The Physics and Natural Philosophy of Gustav T.

Fechner (1801-1887): A Study in the Development of

German Atomic Tradition

Study of Marine Invertebrates in the Southern Oceans

Marine Sediment Study

Studies of the Evolution of Marine Mammals

The Magnetic Crusade, 1830-1850: A Study of Science

and Public Policy in Great Britain

The Development of Instrumentation to Increase

Visibility of Light Emissions from the Sky

A Selected Study of Plant-Insect Coevolution

and biogeography

A Taxonomic And Ecological Investigation of

Bamboos and Their Role in the Development of

the Amazon

Mediterranean Basin (MEDIBA) Project: Oceanography

and Sedimentology of Deep Basins, and Application

to the Geological Record

Archeological Studies of Southwestern Afghanistan

Botanical Survey of the Peruvian Andes

An Investigation Into the Origins of Cosmic

Radiation at High Energy Sources in Space

The Taxonomy of Selected Flora in Ecuador

A Comparative Study of the Systematics and

Adaptation of Hummingbirds and Their Role in

Evolution

Research in Animal Behavior in the Wolf Family

Office of Equal Opportunity

Question . You are requesting $50,000 for a replacement pool of five positions in your Upward Mobility Program. Would you please explain this concept to the Committee?

Answer . The concept of a replacement pool has been adopted by many federal agencies to encourage and expand their upward mobility programs. These replacement pools provide a central source of funding for employees who are subsequently given the opportunity to participate in extensive training programs designed for career advancement. Organizational units whose employees are selected for training programs are permitted to retain those positions and funds so that they may hire needed replacements. When an employee has completed the training which has been funded from the pool, he is placed in an existing vacancy suited to his newly acquired skills; and, at that time, the trainee's position and funds revert to the replacement pool and are available for another upward mobility candidate. Thus, the replacement pool concept enhances the potential of the Upward Mobility Program by benefitting both the individual and the organization.

Question. This request nearly doubles the staff. Aren't there other ways

to make the program work without hiring 5 new positions?

Answer . The Upward Mobility Program is administered by the Office of Equal Opportunity within its current ceiling of six employees. The five new positions requested are not permanent staff positions, and 0E0 does not plan new staff increases in the foreseeable future. Currently, six organization units are training 18 upward mobility employees in the program, with positions and salaries provided by the participating unit. The five requested pool positions would strengthen EEO's affirmative action goals as well as improve the Institution's

66-307 O - 76 - pt. 4 —

Upward Mobility Program through establishment of a viable training program that would mutually benefit the needs of the particular office and the lowerTlevel employee.

Protection

Question . Aside from the annualization of last year's positions, you are asking for 30 positions to provide protection to exhibits that will remain open after the Bicentennial. How are these exhibits being protected this year? Please provide us with the details of exactly where these new positions will be used.

Answer . The exhibits are being protected by 30 temporary guard positions funded by special Bicentennial Program funds which are not available in FY 1977. In order to provide adequate protection for the exhibits beyond the Bicentennial observance, 30 permanent positions are required as follows:

1. Natural History Building - 12 positions

"Our Changing Land", "Living-Arthopods", West Court, and Checkroom

2. History and Technology Building - 8 positions "Nation of Nations", West Entrance, and Terrace

3. Arts and Industries Building - 8 positions "1876" exhibition

4. Fine Arts and Portrait Galleries - 2 positions Third floor gallery, National Portrait Gallery

Special Foreign Currency Program

Question . On page C-l, you show a dramatic decrease in the costs under the Special Foreign Currency Program. It drops from $100,000 in 1975 to $10,000 for Fiscal 1977. How was this accomplished?

Answer . The FY 1977 Grant Administration estimate you refer to is dramatically lower than the actual amount of funds employed in Fiscal Year 1975 for two reasons:

(1) The Institution closed its liaison office in India in FY 1976

because the Government of India has slowed approvals of new research substantially. We retain only one Indian clerk who works under the supervision of the Science Attache in the American Embassy there. As a consequence the Institution will not be committing new funds to that operation in FY 1977, and

(2) The Department of State has requested and the Smithsonian agreed to a $19,000 permanent transfer to the Department of State from our Special Foreign Currency Program appropriation to reimburse them for the work they do for the Institution. This item covers Shared Administrative Expenses reported in

the Institution's FY 1977 Foreign Currency Program Budget Supplement, "Program Purposes and List of Grants" on page 34. The Smithsonian reimbursed the State Department $41,496 in FY 1975, a figure more than double the amount we must pay them under the new arrangement in FY 1977.

Zoo Construction

Question . Your justification for Zoo construction states that when it appears to be more cost effective, inhouse labor will be used for construction. II'w much of this has gone on in the past?

Answer. With Congressional approval received in 1976, temporary Zoo employees have worked on a few renovation projects, primarily at Front Royal. Such employees have erected fences at Front Royal at a significant cost savings, $5.50 per running foot for labor and materials contrasted with $20.00 per foot charged by outside contractors. These employees also have renovated two large buildings at Front Royal for housing animals, renovated barns to accept animals and made dwellings liveable for conference participants, visiting scientists and staff.

This has been a very important authority for us in a developmental stage at Front Royal.

Mt. Hopkins Observatory

Question . $250,000 is requested for road work and water system improvements at Mt. Hopkins Observatory. How much of this request is for water system? Is that project cost effective?

Answer . Of the $250,000 requested, about $100,000 is for water system improvement which consists of brining water to Mt. Hopkins from the closest permanent spring located 1.5 miles away on the saddle of Mt. Wrightson. This spring has been monitored for two years and is found to have a constant flow in excess of 6 gallons per minute, or an annual capacity of over 3,000,000 gallons.

The proposed system will pump water from the spring via underground pipes to five existing storage tanks located at Mt. Hopkins which have a total capacity of 90,000 gallons. From these tanks, water will be distributed to various buildings and sites via an existing underground system.

Current water consumption at Mt. Hopkins is at 40,000 gallons per year, and is estimated to increase to 90,000 gallons per year upon completion of the Multiple Mirror Telescope and related support facilities.

At the present time, water is hauled for a distance of 17 miles by means of 2,500 gallon capacity water truck at a cost of $0.07 per gallon. At the current rate of consumption this represents a cost of $28,000 per year. At the projected rate of consumption, the cost will increase to $63,000 per year.

Consequently, the proposed $100,000 water system will pay for itself in less than four years at the present rate of water consumption, and in less than two years at the projected rate. Furthermore, it is economically advantageous to install the system in fiscal year 1977 before the increased water usage and related cost of hauling take place.

Renovation

Question . Your justification states that $200,000 requested for monitoring equipment would provide for only one building. Which one? When do you plan to do the others?

Answer . The first installation would be in the History and Technology Building. Future installations in our major public buildings, such as the Natural History *fuseum Building, would be phased over the next three to five years depending on the availability of funds.

Question , You are requesting more than $1 million for general repairs and improvements, more than double your 1976 program. Why is this large increase needed at this time?

Answer. You are correct, an increase from $467,000 to $1,075,000 is large. In our minds, however, the $467,000 was very inadequate for the reasons I gave in response to this question on the total request for $3.3 million in this account. We have a very large physical plant and it is aging. As you are aware, four of our major buildings, the Smithsonian Institution Building, Fine Arts and Portrait Galleries, the Renwick, and the Arts and Industries Building, are over 100 years old or more. A large visitation unavoidably results in wear and tear. Elevators, escalators, plumbing, roofs, and many other components of our buildings need to be repaired and replaced. Public safety is a factor. This request amounts to something like $0.30 a square foot which seems to us to be a prudent investment to try and ward off future year major expenditures resulting from neglect.

Question . Your justification speaks of annual funding for general repairs and improvements. At what level?

Answer. At present, the amount of about $1 million a year appears to be a realistic figure. We may need to increase this to accomplish the same level of work each year as inflation rises.

Grants from Other Agencies

Quest ion . Page E-ll of your justification breaks down the grants you received from other Federal agencies. What is the anticipated level for FY 1976? We note it has been increasing over the years.

Answer . Grant proposals are submitted and approved all during a fiscal year. It would be difficult to predict exactly what requests for grants will be submitted in FY 1977. It would be even more difficult to predict which grants will be approved. Grants for FY 1977 will probably be received in the amount of $528,000, which is the same as FY 1976.

Question . The Committee understands the Smithsonian recently ordered a large number of chairs for the new Air and Space Museum and that a decision was made subsequent to acceptance and purchase that the chairs were not acceptable.

Please supply full details about the purchase, including total cost, type of chair, size and nature of order (standard stock or custom specification) and current status of the furniture.

What are current plans for using or disposing of the chairs? What portion, if any, of the cost could be recovered?

How will replacement chairs be obtained? What would be the source of funding for any additional purchase?

Who made the decision to accept the original purchase and on what basis?

Who made the decision to reject the chairs and on what basis?

Answer. The architectural firm of Hellmuth, Obata, Kassabaum, who designed the building, was awarded the contract for the graphics and interior decoration of the building. This contract included furniture selection. Final approvals for all HOK recommendations were made by the Director with the advice of his staff.

For the 3 major open galleries, 217 Stendig "Digit" (630-Series) seats were purchased at a cost of $33,500.00 in a negotiated contract. When the order for these custom chairs was placed in July 1974, the design of exhibit units for these galleries was still in progress. The order for these chairs had to be placed while the galleries were undergoing design and fabrication to ensure delivery in time for the public opening. Subsequent design decisions resulted in increased floor space devoted to artifacts and other exhibit units. When the furniture was placed in the building, it was decided that the number of Stendig pieces was excessive for the area in which they were to be placed, and that only 72 seats would be required.

The surplus pieces of Stendig will be made available by GSA to other government agencies in accordance with standard procedures.

HOK also recommended the purchase of 132 Vecta units from the General Services Administration at a cost of $23,190.20. These chairs were standard stock, ordered with various hued upholstery for use on the balconies on the second floor. As was the case with the Stendig order, this order had to be placed while the balconies were still under design and fabrication to ensure delivery prior to public opening of the Museum. Upon delivery and installation in the Museum, it was ascertained that some of the chairs' upholstery clashed with the surrounding decor. It was therefore decided to recover 90 of these chairs at a cost of $8,500. All Vecta chairs will be used in the building.

Construction funds were used for the purchase of both sets of chairs and for the reupholstering of the 90 Vecta chairs.

The decision to accept the chairs was made by the Director of the Air-..and Space Museum since they met the specifications of the contract.

The decision to use only limited numbers of the Stendig chairs was made by the Director of the National Air and Space Museum with the advice of his staff. This same group also made the decision with regard to the reupholstering of the Vecta chairs.

SUBCOMMITTEE RECESS

Senator Hatfield. Thank you, gentlemen.

The subcommittee will be in recess pending the call of the Chair. [Whereupon, at 12:50 p.m., Tuesday, March 23, the subcommittee was recessed to reconvene at the call of the Chair.]