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IXDEPEXDEXT OFFICES APPEOPEIATION BILL, 1936 ^ 353

Mr. Baxe. Thev want an increase because of the repairs we are asldng to be made on the building. Because of that the Owners are asking the consent of the National Park Service to increase the rent; so that rent item is, perhaps, much lower than we will actualh^ have to pay.

COOPERATIOX OF THE STATES

Mr. Lambertsox. Ai^e the "blue-sky" departments of the States furnishing you any information or assistance?

Mr. Kexxedy. Yes, sir; we are working in cooperation with them.

jSIr. Lambertsox. I tliink that would be a good place to put some of yom- personnel.

^lr. Kexxedy. We are working with them.

Mr. Baxe. We are working out a plan for cooperation between our Commission and the State commissions.

PUBLICITY service

Mr. Lambertsox. Do you have a publicity department?

Mr. Kexxedy. No, sir. I understand that we are the only one that does not have that feature.

Mr. Baxe. The actual enforcement of the provisions of the securities act depends to a large degree upon the public knowing the action taken by the Commission here in Washington; whether it has or has not refused to register a security; whether it has or has not condemned a manipulative practice on an exchange, or whether or not it has found something bad in a particular brokerage concern. I know of no department in Washington where it would be more profitable to have a real publicity department.

Mr. Kexxedy. We do not have any. We thought that our job would be a pretty technical one, and we are getting along pretty well without it.

Mr. Lambertsox. They do not figure that they need it.

Mr. Woodrum. We may have to call you back again.

Mr. Kexxedy. We will be glad to come.

MoxDAY, December 10, 1934.

SMITHSONL^N INSTITUTION

STATEMENTS OF DR. C. G. ABBOT, SECRETARY; DR. ALEXANDER WETMORE, ASSISTANT SECRETARY; AND H. W. DORSEY, ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT

Mr. Woodrum. We will take up the items for the Smithsonian Institution.

Dr. Abbot, have you a general stattMnent you would like to nuike in refi-'i-ctK-c to the items for the Smithsonian Institution?

JLiSTIFICATIO.V OF ESTIMATES lOH 1936

Dr. Abbot. Mr. Chaii-nian, I submit the following statement covering the various activities of the Smithsonian Institution.

354 J| INDEPENDENT OFFICES APPROPRIATION BILL, 193 6

Salaries and expenses

Expended, 1934 $33, 227

Appropriated, 1935:

Regular act 34, 338

Indefinite appropriation (Independent Office Act, sec. 21 (e), title

II) 1,834

Total available 1935 (estimate) 36, 172

Estimate, 1936 36, 326

Increase, 1936 154

This appropriation provides for the salaries of employees concerned with the central administration of the several Government bureaus under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution and includes a small sum for miscellaneous office supplies and other expenses connected with this work.

The increase for 1936 is explained as follows:

(1) Increase, salary roll $1, 750

(2) Decrease, transfer to Treasury 1, 596

Net increase L54

The foregoing increase in appropriation is explained as follows:

(1) $1,750 increase, elimination of salary reduction.

An increase of $1,750 in this appropriation is the estimated pay-roll charge resulting from the restoration of salaries to the basic rate.

(2) $1,596 decrease, transfer r.f position to Treasury.

A decrease of $1,596 in this appropriation results from the transfer of a position to the central disbursing offic3 of the Treasury.

International exchanges

Expended, 1934 .$39,581

Appropriated, 1935:

Regular act 39,692

Indefinite appropriation (Independent Offices Act, sec. 21 (e),

title II) 1,285

Amount available, 1935 (estimated) 40,977

Estimated, 1936 44, 262

Increase, 1936 3, 285

This appropriation provides for carrying on the exchange of governmental, scientific, and literary publications between the United States and foreign countries in accordance with the convention of Brussels of March 15, 1886, to which the United States was a signatory and under which the Smithsonian Institution acts as the agent for the United States Government. The publications received from foreign countries in exchange for United States Government publications are deposited in the Library of Congress.

The increase for 1936 is explained as follows:

(1) Increase, miscellaneous expenditures $2,000

(2) Increase, personal services 1,285

Total increase 3, 285

The foregoing changes in appropriation are explained as follows:

(1) $2,000 increase, miscellaneous expenditures.

An increase of $2,000 in this approriation is for expenditures other than salaries and is allocated as follows:

(a) $1,675 for freight to permit the continuation of shipments to the end ■of the fiscal year instead of suspending them during June as was necessary during the past j'ear.

(6) $325 to provide for additional equipment, the principal item of which is packing boxes for shipments, current funds not being sufficient to mee requirements in this regard.

(2) $1,285 increase, elimination of salary reduction.

An increase of $1,285 in this appropriation is the estimated pay-roU change resulting from the restoration of salaries to the basic rate.

Bureau of American Ethnology

Expended, 1934 S51, 154

Appropriated for 1935:

Regular act 52, 910

Indefinite appropriation (Independent Offices Act, sec. 21 (e),

title II) 2, 910

Total available, 1935 (estimated) 55, 820

Estimate, 1936 58, 730

Increase, 1936 '. 2, 910

The work under this appropriation is concerned with investigations of the languages, customs, and history of the American Indian and the natives of Hawaii. It also provides for the study of archeology as related to these races: and for the preservation of archeological remains. The urgency of this work is indicated by the impending disappearance of the few survivors of a considerable number of tribes. With their disappearance there will be lost forever all opportunity for acquiring further knowledge of the languages and cultures of these native .Americans. In addition, the destruction of ancient village sites is proceeding rapidly and thus obliterating unread pages of American prehistory.

The increase for 1936 is exj^lained as follows;

(1) Increase, personal services _- $2, 910

Total increase .._ 2, 910

The foregoing increase in this appropriation is explained as follows: (1) S2,910 increase, elimination of salary reduction.

An increase of 82,910 in this appropriation is the estimated i^ay roll charge resulting from the restoration of salaries to the basic rate.

Astrophysteal Observatory

Expended, 1934 827, 119

Appropriated for 1935:

Regular act 27, 988

Indefinite appropriation (Independent Offices Act, sec. 21 (e),

title II) 1, 429

Total available, 1935 29, 417

Estimate, 1936 30. 846

Increase, 1936 1, 429

The work under this appropriation is concerned with the investigations of solar radiation on which all life and weather depends. The accurate measurements of solar radiation, supported by a careful analysis of such measures, has given indications of a definite relationship between solar radiation and the weather. Several successful long-range weather predictions both of temperature and precipitation have been made. A general test forecast for the United States for 3 years in advance is now proposed, and if found successful may prove of the highest utility to all industries.

The increase in appropriation for 1936 is explained as follows:

(1) Increase, personal services $1, 429

Total increase 1, 429

The foregoing increase in appropriation is explained as follows: (1) $1,429 increase, elimination of salary reduction.

An increase of $1,429 is the estimated pay-roll charge resulting from the restoration of salaries to the basic rate.

Maintenance and operation {National Museum)

Expenderl, 19.34 $129, 917

Aj>i)ropriatod for 1935:

Rcgn Ijir act 132, 622

Indefinite appropriation (Independent Offices Act, sec. 21 (e),

title II; 3, 58G

Total available, 1935 130, 208

Estimate, 1936 125. 672

Decrease, 1936 10, 536

This appropriation deals with the maintenance and operation of the Museum 'buildings under the administration of the Smithsonian Institution au<\ provides for the purchase of electricity, necessary for lighting the buildings, for telegraphic and telephonic services, for repairs and alterations of buildings in the INluseum group, comj)rising the Natural History Building, Arts and Industries Building, Aircraft Building, South Shed and such portion of the privately owned Smithsonian Building as is assigned rent free to Museum use. It also provides for such items as exhibition and storage cases and other appliances and containers for exhiWting, storing and safeguarding the national collections which now number 4nore than 14,000,000 specimens and are valued in excess of $130,000,000.

The decrease in appropriation for 1936 is explained as follows:

(1) Increase, personal services $3, 586

(2) Decrease, miscellaneous expenditures 14, 122

Net decrease 10, 536

The foregoing decrease in appropriation is explained as follows:

(1) $3,5S6 increase, elimination of salary reduction.

An increase of $3,586 in this appropriation is the estimated paj'-roll charge resulting from the restoration of salaries to the basic rate.

(2) $14,122 decrease, elimination of allotment for purchase of coal for heating buildings of Smithsonian group since steam for heating these buildings will be furnished from the central heating plant.

Preservation of collections

Expended, 1934 ..-" $520,650

Appropriated for 1935:

Regular act 537, 839

Indefinite appropriation (Independent Offices Act, sec. 21 Te),

title II) 28. 777

Total available for 1935 566, 616

E.stimate, 1936 594. 578

Increase for 1936 27, 962

The funds under this appropriation provide for all expenses of the National Museum not carried specifically in other appropriations. It includes the principal funds for the maintenance of the national collections relating to arts and industries, anthroi)ology, biology, geology, and American history. The appropriation covers the salary roll for the curatorial staff, as well as the guard, labor, and char forces. T.'nder it, there is carried on the work of identifying, classifying, exhibiting, and storing the national collections, the preparation of reports presenting the results of study of these collections, expenses in connection with additions to the collections, and the greater part of the cost of the maintenance of the extensive public cxliibits of the Museum, which are housed in three buildings and a portion of a fourth. It provides also for books for the Museum library and for foreign postage used in the transaction of Museum busine.ss.

The increase in appropriation for 1936 is explained as follows:

(1) Increase, per^.-nal services.. $28, 777

(2) Decrease, trans^'er to Treasury 815

Net increase 27. 962

The foregoing changes in the appropriation are explained as follows:

(1) $28,777 increase, elimination of salary reduction.

An increase of $28,777 in this appropriation is the estimated pay-roll charge resulting from the restoration of salaries to the basic rate.

(2) $815 decrease, transfer of position to Treasury.

A decrease of $815 in this appropriation results from the tran.sfer of a portion of the salary of a position to the central disbursing office of the Treasury.

National Gallery of Art

Expended, 1934 $30, 176

Appropriated for 1935:

Regular act 31, 135

Indefinite appropriation (Independent Offices Act, sec. 21(e),

title II) 1,570

Total available for 1935 (estimate) 32, 705

Estimate, 1936 34, 275

Increase. 1936 LSTO

This appropriation provides for the work of the National Gallery of Art, which is responsible for the custody, preservation, and exhibition of those portions of the national collections relating to the fine arts, including principally paintings and sculpture. An additional responsibility recently assumed is the care and exhibition of the Gellatly art collection, the specific appropriation for the care of the latter having been eliminated.

The increase in appropriation for 1936 is explained as follows:

(1) Increase, personal services $1, 570

Total increase 1, 570

The foregoing increase in appropriation is explained as follows: (1) $1,570 increase, elimination of salary reduction.

An increase of $1,570 in this appropriation is the estimated pay roll charge resulting from the restoration of salaries to the basic rate.

Printing and binding

Expended, 1934 $5, 500

Appropriated for 1935 25, 500

Estimate, 1936 25, 500

Increase, 1936

This appropriation provides for the printing of the Smithsonian Annual Report and its appendix, and for printing of publications covering the scientific work of Federal branches under the administration of the Institution, and of miscellaneous cards, forms, and labels necessary in the work of such units. It also provides for the binding of periodicals and books for the library.

ESTIMATES FOR 1936

The estimates which have come to you from the Bureau of the Budget are practically identical \vith those of last year, with the exception of the 5 percent proposed increase in salaries.

We tried to persuade the Bureau of the Budget to make it possible for the National Museum and the Bureau of American Ethnology to resume the printing of original discoveries, but the printing estimate submitted by the Bureau of the Budget is the same as the actual appropriation this year. Otherwise, I think the estimates are almost identical \\-ith the appropriation made last year. So I think there is no other statement that I need to make.

Mr. WooDRUM. We went over your activities and your problems pretty thoroughly ^ast year, and unless there is some special statement you want to make to the committee, as far as I am concerned, there is nothing further that I desire to ask you.

Dr. xVbbot. The expenditures are practical^ the same as last year. There is no change except in the provision for the addition of 5 percent.

Mr. Dorset. There is a decrease of $1,596, due to the transfer of one of our clerks to the central disbursing office of the Treasury.

Dr. Abbot. There is one item in connection with the Bureau of International Exchanges which we would like to call to your attention.

Mr. DoRSEY. Tliere is an increase of $3,2S5 in the estimate for international oxchnngos, in the figure submitted by the Bureau of the Budget. Of tli;i( .'iiiiouul $1,285 is rhie to the 5 percent increase in salary.

Then, they allowed us $1,675 for freight, to pciinit (he couliuua-tion of shipments for the whole fiscal yonr.

We had to suspend shipments about the 1st of June last year because we ran out of money, notwitlistanding that tlie Smithsonian Institution expended $1,000 of its private funds to keep the activity

going that long. The Budget has also allowed us $325 to provide for additional equipment, the principal item of which is packing boxes for shipments.

Incidentally, in connection with that, there has been a very material increase in the cost of drayage. We estimate that it will amount to about $625 during the year. We ship by drays to Baltimore, and to New York, and there is an increased cost in one case of over 15 percent and in the other case of approximately 100 percent. The amount allowed by the Bureau of the Budget will permit us to continue shipments until the end of the year, instead of suspending them on the 1st of June, as we had to do last year.

Mr. WooDRUM. The total increase in your estimate is $3,285?

Dr. Abbot. Yes, sir, which includes $1,285 to cover the 5-percent restoration of salaries.

Mr. WooDRUM. And aside from the item you have just been discussing, the 5 percent salary restoration is the only increase?

Dr. Abbot. That is all.

Mr. WooDRUM. Are there any points where the Bureau of the Budget reduced your figures below the amount you had last year?

Dr. Abbot. No, I think not; the estimates are practically the same.

Mr. WiGGLESwoRTH. Are there not some slight increases in matters such as equipment and transportation of things? These break-downs I have before me would seem to indicate slight additions in 1 or 2 items?

Mr. Dorset. That is simply a readjustment. Last year we had to suspend shipments at the beginning of June, and, therefore, the expense for those items would be greater for the whole of this year than for part of last year.

Mr. WiGGLEswoRTH. Wliat is the item for equipment, under international exchanges? There seems to be a $300 increase there.

Mr. Dorset. We require additional packing boxes and material with which to make shipments during the month of June, if we keep on shipping during the whole year. As I said, we had to suspend shipments for part of the year last year. Of course, when we suspend shipments the material piles up, and wdien the new appropriation comes in we have to pay for its shipment out of the next year's appropriation.

Mr. WiGGLESwoRTH. Has there been any increase in personnel?

Mr. Dorset. No, sir.

Mr. WiGGLESwoRTH. It is identically the same as it was?

Mr. Dorset. Yes, sir; identically the same as it was.

Mr. WIGGLESWORTH. In what positions, if any, are there exceptions to civil service requirements?

Dr. Abbot. There are none, with the exception of my own salary and a few others that are paid from the private funds of the institution.

TEMPORART HELP ASSIGNED BT C. W. A. AND DISTRICT RELIEF AGENCT

Mr. WIGGLESWORTH. Have you received any funds this year from any of the emergency organizations?

Dr. Wetmore. The Smithsonian Institution, under the Civil Works Administration, had certain personnel employed last winter in clearing up arrearages of work in the National Museum and other bureaus under it. We did not handle the funds; the money was not allotted to us.

The people assigned to us, so-called 'Svhite-collar workers", came through the civil-works unit of the District of Columbia.

In employing them we made a definite distinction between what we consider permanent work and work of a transitory character. We did not use this help on janitorial or cleaning work. We did use it in connection with such matters as mounting plants for permanent inclusion in our collections, numbering specimens for permanent preservations, in cataloging, and other work of that type.

We also had some help from mechanics, such as painters and electricains. The work of the electricians was especially valuable to us since, in the older buildings, we had a considerable amount of electrical conduits of the old wooden type, which was a very definite fire hazard. We were able to replace a good part of that with metal DX cable, and put it invery good shape.

In connection with this work we prepared the pay rolls, but the money was disbursed through the District of Columbia civil-works agency.

Mr. WiGGLESWORTH. That was during the previous fiscal year?

Dr. Wetmore. Yes.

Mr. WiGGLESWORTH. You have not had anything of that kind during the present fiscal year?

Dr. Wetmore. At the present time we have 54 people employed from the District relief agency, 34 of whom are men and 20 women. All are in the white-collar group. They are paid as before from funds assigned to the District of Columbia relief agency.

The relief workers are employed this year only on part time averaging about half time on our work. The amount of labor allowed each person and the compensation is fixed by the relief agency.

The people are assigned to us with cards, that tell us how much work they are allowed, and our duty is to see that they are kept on constructive work of a permanent character during that period.

The help that we are getting is, on the whole, very satisfactory. The people who are doing it are people of intelligence and experience who now happen to be up against it financially, and they are getting the assistance that they need in this way.

ALLOTMENT OF FUNDS FROM INDIAN BUREAU

The only other matter of this nature which has come up during the present fiscal year is some work that we are doing in cooperation with the Indian Bureau at the site of the Bonneville Dam being erected on the Columbia River.

There was an allotment of $4,000 to the Indian Bureau from P. W. A. funds to make an investigation of archaeological sites along the Columbia River that would be flooded and covered permanently when the Bonneville Dam was constructed and in operation. The Indian Bureau asked our cooperation in this investigation and we assigned an experienced archaeologist to the work. He has been in the field since the beginning of the present fiscal year.

As the work progressed during the summer it became evident that the area to be covered was more extensive than had been originally considered, so an additional allot iiiont of $2,000 was made, making a total of $0,000.

This work will result in the assembling of information on the primitive inhabitants of this comitry, that otherwise would have been completely lost. It will give a page in the prehistory of America that will be important and highly interesting.

The material obtained during the investigations will come to the Smithsonian Institution, and it is expected that when our reports are completed a representative selection of the specimens collected will be returned to the States from which they were collected, the remainder to be held in the collections of National Museum in Washington.

In this case there has been no direct allotment of funds to the Smithsonian Institution, and as a matter of cooperation we are paying the salary of our man who is in charge. He receives his field expenses from the allotment.

These are the only matters at present carried on under emergency funds so far as the Smithsonian Institution is concerned.

Mr. WiGGLESWORTH. Has there been any increase in your private funds during the year?

Dr. Abbot. No; there has not been any material increase.

Mr. WiGGLESWORTH. That runs about 10 percent, I think you said a year ago.

Dr. Abbot. Yes.

NATURE or WORK BEING DONE BY TEMPORARY HELP ASSIGNED BY DISTRICT RELIEF AGENCY

Mr. WooDRUM. What kind of work are those 50 people doing, Dr. Wetmore?

Dr. Wetmore. They are engaged in mounting plants, numbering specimens for inclusion in the collections, sorting specimens, to determine what is to be permanently preserved and what is to be disposed of otherwise, in cataloging collections, and work of that type. In our libraries some are occupied in going over the book shelves putting them in order.

What is amounts to is a cleaning up of arrearages in work that our permanent staff has not been able to care for as material has been received.

Our practice, where large collections come in, is to arrange the material and mark it in such a way that there can l)e no confusion. Then, as opportunity offers, the specimens are incorporated in our regular collections. Some are selected for public exhibition, and the remainder are held in our study and reference collections.

In an organization as large as ours, with the annual increment of specimens which come to us, there is naturally a considerable arrearage of work. The labor of these relief workers is done under the immediate supervision of the curators concerned. Each emergency worker is assigned definitely to one office and is imder direct supervision.

MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION OF NATIONAL MUSEUM

Mr. WooDRUM. Unless there is something further 3^011 gentlemen want to call to our attention, I think that covers the information we desire to have.

Dr. Wetmore. Under the item for maintenance and operation of the National Museum there have been some readjustments in the

appropriation act due to the fact that now instead of manufacturing our own heat and hght we are coupled with the central heating plant and receive heat from that source. We had a rather full discussion of this in the Bureau of the Budget, and through various readjustments in the appropriation there was a decrease made in the total allotment for heating and lighting, amoimting to $14,122.

As there was an increase of $3,586 due to the restoration of salaries to the basic rate, the total net decrease for that item amounts to $10,536.

The item I am referring to, for maintenance and operation, provides, the appropriation that gives us housing for the collections that come to us annually.

RECENT ADDITIONS THROUGH GIFTS AND PURCHASES TO COLLECTION OF

SPECIMENS

As I have said in previous years before this committee, we make careful inspection of the mam^ things that are offered to us, and on the whole, take for our permanent use probably one-half of what is offered. During the past fiscal year the accretions have amounted to 333,874 specimens.

These include a large variety of specimens of different kinds. I have brought with me a few in order to indicate the types of things we are receiving and to show you something of the great value and general interest of these collections.

Among the various collections received there has been one of objects of art that has in it man}" things of especial interest. The entire collection numbered over 100 pieces, from which I have brought today 2 selected for their beauty and workmanship.

Here [exhibiting specimen] is a small watch, probably 100 y^ars or more old, made in France. It is designed in the form of a beetle, and so arranged that if the back end is pressed the wing covers fly up, showing a small watch concealed behind them. It is cpiite unique and interesting.

This ring is attributed to Cellini, an Italian artist who lived during the sixteenth centurv^ and is a very fine example of the art of that time. You will note that the design is that of a little dolphin supporting a receptacle containing a diamond to represent water, with a little boy drinking from the margin.

Mr. WooDRUM. Specimens such as those are purchased by the museum?

Dr. Wetmore. No; these were gifts. I would hesitate to put a value on them.

Mr. WooDRUM. What prompts people to make such expensive gifts as this?

Dr. Wetmore. One day last summer the door of my office opened and a lady walked in incpiiring for me, to inform me that she had during her travels accpiired a number of objects of value that she wanted to phic-e in the National Museum; she desired to dis])ose of them ix'rsonally then so that theie would be no trouble connected with tlieii ultimate i)lacement from any source. As a result we were given the cftllection that I have just described. Her desire was to assist in developing our rollections niid to put these materials wheie they would be of use nnd value to the |)('(»j)|(' of the Nation.

Mr. WooDRUM. Are these the property of the Museum, or are they her property?

Dr. Wetmore. These are the property of the Museum.

Air. WooDRUM. An outright gift?

Dr. Wetmore. Yes. These were an outright gift. To continue, under tlie Smithsonian Institution we have certain funds, the income from which is devoted to the purchase of specimens for the National Museum, as the Roebling fund, which is devoted to the acquisition of specimens for our mineral collection. I have here three samples of the kind of specimens that we have acquired from this source during the past year [exhibiting specimens]. These are excellent pieces which will go into our public exhibit.

For these same collections under this fund we make purchases of meteorites. Here, for instance, is a piece of one found in Mexico. It has been cut to display the inner structure.

Dr. Abbot. That marking where it is cut and polished is very characteristic of meteorites. It is a distinguising mark by which one may know a meteorite from ordinary ore.

Dr. Wetmore. These are concrete objects that come to us from outer space and may have formed part of some planet.

Dr. Abbot. Perhaps this one was never in any planet. Perhaps it was never associated with our part of space until it fell to the ground in Mexico.

Dr. Wetmore. The National Museum now has one of the finest collections of meteorites in existence.

Dr. Abbot. Ours is the finest collection of minerals in the world, is it not?

Dr. \\'etmore. It is one of the large collections. The collection in London, in the British Museum, and the collection in Berlin, and ours are about equally large.

It would be difficult to say which was the best; each has things of great value not possessed by the others.

Dr. Abbot. I have understood that the collection of the late Col. Washington Roebling, which has come to the Museum, was designedly meant to include every species of mineral that exists in the world, and that he only lacked a small number of accomplishing that end. I think some of those missing have been supplied since the collection came to us.

Dr. Wetmore. As the Secretary has stated that collection came to us and gave us, with what we already had, almost a complete representation of minerals. Our meteorite collection now ranks about third among those of the world, and we are adding to it regularly through the income available from the fimds given us for the purpose.

A number of years ago an archaeologist found near Folsom, N. Mex., some arrow points of a peculiar type, associated with the bones of a fossil bison somewhat similar to the buffalo formerly found in the West but of a distinctive species that is now extinct. These arrow points have come to be known as "Folsom points." They are characterized b}^ a groove along one face.

That type of arrowliead since has been found in a number of other localities. Among our collections we have one from Ohio that also has a groove on one side, and that may be of the same kind. It was found on the surface, and not associated with the mound ciuture of that State.

During this past season, Mr. Roberts, of the Bureau of American Etlinology, has located a site in Colorado in which we believe we have found a camp site of the men who made these Folsom points. Heretofore these points have been found here and there through the Great Plains area, but at last we have located a section where these people apparently camped and lived and where they manufactured these arrow points.

On tliis expedition of Mr. Roberts this year there was found charcoal, remains of camp fires, bones split open to obtain the marrow, and other very definite indications of human residence. The find is one of the most important made in archaeology in that area in recent years. It is planned to continue the work there next spring.

Dr. Abbot. This will throw a new light on the antiquit}'^ of man in this hemisphere. If these arrowheads which have been found are associated with Pleistocene animals and finally became associated \\-ith the skeletons and remains of man in that camp site, as Mr. Roberts has found, it \\tl11 be a discovery of the very first importance, which might well rank with the similar discoveries made in Europe.

Mr. Dorset. You might be interested, Mr. Chahman, to know that the finding of this Colorado camp site was brought about through the photographing of one of those Folsom points that is owned b}^ a man down in Fredericksburg, Va. That illustration was published in the Literary Digest and was seen by a man in Colorado, who wrote that he had found similar points in Colorado. It was due to the article on this little arrow point that brought about Dr. Roberts' important discovery of this camp site.

Dr. Wetmore. There is another source of material coming to the National Museum, that I have not yet mentioned, from expeditions supported by private funds of the Smithsonian Institution. Dr. Hrdhcka of the Museum was occupied this past summer on Kodiak Island, at a site where he carried on work 2 years ago, and brought back quite a number of specimens of interest and importance. Those objects I am displaying were made from bone and have various uses. Here is a small spoon [exliibiting], this was probably an ear ornament [exhibiting], this was a scratcher, and this is a little fetish or idol.

These people worked in bone and ivory and also in stone. These various implements Dr. Hrdlicka secured seem to indicate an antiquity for about 2,000 years on this site and date somewhere back among the types of things used by the first people who came across from Asia to America.

Among other things, Dr. Hrdlicka secured quite a number of the stone lamps used in the North for cooking and heating. You will notice this one has two depressions carved out in it; a wick was laid here in this hp. The depressions were filled with oil and the him]) kept lighted. These were principally for tlie use of the women and were burned constantly in the huts of the natives. When the owner died, it was customary to bury the various objects used by tiio individual with the body. The specimen is a very fine one carved bj' hand, and is one of the dozen or fifteen of that type that came from Dr. Hrdlicka's expedition this past year.

Among other specimens, he found this poniard or dagger made ( f slate, probably having a hafted handle of some kind that has disappeared completely. Such shitc knives were (piite common, arid apparently the natives shaj'i)oned them by rubbing them on u stc ne,

just as we sharpen knives now. This particular specimen has particidar interest in that it was found ming:led with bones from the body of a full-grown man. The possibility is that he was killed in some fight and this was the weapon that brought his end. The natives seldom withdrew a weapon of that kind })efore they buried the victim. Dr. Hrdlicka found a number of knives of a somewhat similar type that were buried with the victim, with the ends broken off.

This is merely some slight indication of the varied and interesting things that come to us every year. I never tire myself in examining the new acqinsitions that come to our collections. I wish you gentlemen cculd come down and examine more of them personally.

Mr. WooDRUM. We are always very much interested in that part of the hearing.

Dr. Wetmore. The appropriation for maintenance and operation is the one that supplies the various cases and containers involved in caring for things of this kind. The appropriation for the preservation of collections carries the main salary roll covering the scientific staff who have these materials in their custody, and also provides our guard and char force, and the general maintenance of our scientific collections.

Mr. WooDRUM. That is very interesting, Doctor.

(After discussion off the record:)

NUMBER OF VISITORS TO MUSEUM

Dr. Wetmore. This fiscal year brought 1,364,375 visitors to our institutions.

Mr. Lambertson. Could not they be organized in groups and taken around like they do at the Capitol, and charged a small fee?

Mr. WooDRUM. They do not like to be charged one to go around in the public institutions.

Mr. Lambertson. They charge for that in the Capitol.

Air. WooDRUM. There has been a great deal of kick about that all the time.

Dr. Wetmore. The difficulty is when you get a group together who are willing to pay a fee, there will be 15 or 20 others that do not want a guide, v.ho stand around and listen. The guide gets sarcastic about this and trouble ensues. We have considered the matter rather carefidly and have not considered it a practical tiling.

Mr. Woodrum. Do the sight-seeing busses have guides and parties there to take them through, or just put them out and come back later?

Dr. Wetmore. They put them out and come back later to get them. We try ordinarily to keep paid guides out, because of the difficulty already mentioned of others following the groups. The trouble comes up particularly wdth guides who are not tactful.

NATIONAL museum

Mr. Lambertson. You have the National Museum, or is that separate?

Dr. Wetmore. The National Museum is part of the Smithsonian. Mr. Lambertson. It is part of the Smithsonian?

Dr. Wetmore. Yes. We have museum exliibits in four buildings. The Old National Museum houses the exhibits in arts and industries and history. There is an exliibition on grapliic arts and allied subjects in the Smithsonian building proper. A building back of the Smithsonian is devoted to the aircraft collection. Then the large light-colored building, the Natm'al History Building, has exhibits in biology, anthropology, geology, and in art.

Mr. Lambertsox. The National Museum was a separate institution, was it?

Dr. Wetmore. No; it never was.

Dr. Abbot. It was started when the Smithsonian Institution was founded by act of Congress in 1846. It was given charge of some collections which had been made to the National Government, including those of the Wilkes Expedition and some others and, for about 15 vears, such exhibitions were sustained by private funds of the Smithsonian Institution. The first appropriation by Congress, I think, was in the year 1862, and was only about $2,000. After the receipt of the collections from tlie Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia in 1876, there was then such a large amount of material that the appropriations rapidly increased and a building was built for them. That old brick building was built about 1881. Of the collections of the National Museum, possibly one-third of the material actually belongs to private funds of the Institution. It has always been thought proper by Congress that the administration of the National Museum should be with the Smithsonian Institution, and the act indeed required that all objects of art and research owned by the United States Government should be in the care of the Smithsonian Institution.

Mr. Lambertson. Is there any other institution compared to this, or an}" other institution like it in the city?

Dr. Abbot. I do not believe there is another in the world at all similar to the Smithsonian Institution. Here we have private funds given to us to create an establishment under the tutelage of the United States, so that the Smithsonian Institution is in the position of being a ward of the Nation and to this ward the Nation has given the care of the Museum, of the National Gallery of Art, the Bureau of American Ethnology, the Astrophysical Observator}'^, the Bureau of International Exchanges, and other enterprises which grew up under the private initiative of the Institution. I think there is no other institution in the world that has a similar duty.

PRINTING AND BINDING

Mr. WooDRUM. Doctor, in your printing and binding, I notice the deficiency appropriation bill gave you $8,000 of additional funds last year for the [)urp()sc of ])crmitting your to print the reports of the American Historical Association, and your item for printing and binding this year carries that same amount that you had last year— $25,500—with tlie language in there pcrniitling you to use as much as $8,000 of it for tiiat purpose.

Dr. Abbot. Mr. Chairnuui, the ])rintii'.g under the American Historical Association was attaclied to the enterprises of the Smithsonian Institution numy years ago and has always continued under it. Alth(uigh we hin-e no sui)ervisi()ii of the collection of the nuiterial

or preparation of the material, that has still continued as a part of our printing appropriation and there is nothing in the act to indicate how our total sum should be allotted. Our total sum that has been allowed by the Bureau of the Budget this year is $25,500 and our own printing is practically snuffed out, with the exception of the Smithsonian reports. Mr. Dorsey went to see Dr. Janieson of the American Historical Society" in regard to its printing and we found that they had not entirely used up the printing fund which had been given and they thought $4,200 would be sufficient for what they had in mind this year. So that we are making the arrangement to allot $4,200 to them, and the balance of $21,300 will include printing of the Smithsonian report and such other printing as we are able to do under that. It is about one-fcurth of what we have been accustomed to getting and it is a great dissatisfaction to us that manuscripts describing the original work of the National Museum and the Bureau of American Ethnology have piled up, and we cannot print them because of the conditions of economy of the National Government.

Mr. Dorset. That $8,000 in the deficiency appropriation was put in last year by the Bureau of the Budget at the instance of the American Historical Association, to cover the printing of two volumes of the bibliography of American history. They publish a volume each year entitled "Writings on American History." They had no appropriation a year previous and that $8,000 was to cover 2 years. Dr. Jamieson said if $4,200 should be allowed, it would be ample for their needs this year.

Mr. WooDRUM. You want the language to stav as it is—not to exceed $8,000?

Dr. Abbot. That language "not to exceed", is all right.

Mr. WooDRUM. The language "not to exceed" is satisfactory?

Dr. Abbot. That is all right; yes, sir. We imderstand that by the agreement with Dr. Jamieson $4,200 will be allotted this year to printing for the American Historical Society.

Mr. WooDRUM. Do you gentlemen think of anything else you want to call to our attention?

Dr. Abbot. I tliink not, sir.

Mr. WooDRUM. Thank you very much, doctor.

Thursday, December 13, 1934.

FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK BOARD

STATEMENTS OF HCEACE RUSSELL, GENERAL COUNSEL; R. L. NAGLE, SECRETARY; R. R. BURKLIN, COMPTROLLER; AND L. H. GUENTHER, BUDGET OFFICER

ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES

Mr. WooDRUM. We will taKe up the estimates for the Federal Home Loan Bank Board. Mr. Russell, vou have an estimate before us for 1936 for $264,043.

We will be glad to hear your statement explaining this estimate.

Mr. Russell. Mr. Chairman, the Budget estimated was submitted to the Bureau of the Budget some time ago and we discussed it there.