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Smithsonian Institution

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY • NUMBER 38

A Dictionary of Non-Scientific Names of Freshwater Crayfishes (Astacoidea and Parastacoidea), Including Other Words and Phrases Incorporating Crayfish Names

C.W. Hart, Jr.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

Washington, D.C.

1994

ABSTRACT

Hart, C.W., Jr. A Dictionary of Non-Scientific Names of Freshwater Crayfishes (Astacoidea and Parastacoidea), Including Other Words and Phrases Incorporating Crayfish Names. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, number 38, 127 pages, 6 figures, 1994.—A dictionary encompassing 1474 non-scientific names (vernacular, common, and fabricated) of freshwater crayfishes, including place-names and slang/argot expressions employing the word “crayfish” or its synonyms. Citations of most source materials are included, as well as examples of uses in literature over time. A Language Index of approximately 100 languages and/or dialects gives acess to sources and other data in the word list. A Species Index lists the non-scientific names usually associated with discrete crayfish species.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution’s annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: Natives Fishing (or “Treading”) for Crayfish. “The method adopted by the Aborigines in South Australia when fishing for freshwater crayfish is as follows: The fisher puts between his teeth an ordinary rush bag, to hold the crayfish, which he first dislodges with his toes and then catches them with his hands, bagging them rapidly.” After Worsnop, 1897:96 and plate 48.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Hart, C.W., Jr.

A dictionary of non-scientific names of freshwater crayfishes (Astacoidea and Parastacoidea), including other words and phrases incorporating crayfish names.

p. cm.—(Smithsonian contributions to Anthropology; no. 38)

Includes bibliographical references (p. 85) and indexes.

1. Crayfish—Nomenclature (Popular) 2. Freshwater invertebrates—Nomenclature (Popular) I. Title II. Title: Freshwater crayfishes III. Series.

GNl.S54 no. 38

[QL444.M33]

595.3 ’ 841—dc20

93-48884

CIP

art The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48—1984.

Contents

Introduction

What Is a Non-Scientific Name?

What Are Crayfishes?

Where Do Crayfishes Live?

The Australian Aboriginal Names

The American Indian Names

Organization

Mistaken Identities

Acknowledgments

Word List

Sign Language

References

Language Index

Species Index

Requirements for Smithsonian Series Publication

Illustrations

Figure 1. Representative Australian, European, and North American crayfishes

Figure 2. Crayfish parts labeled for differentiation from other crustaceans

Figure 3. Natural distribution of crayfishes (as opposed to introductions)

Figure 4. A representative freshwater crab

Figure 5. Representative freshwater shrimps

Figure 6. Representative North American and Chinese crayfishes

The stylized crayfish ornament used on pages 82, 97, 117, and 127 is from Peddie, 1930:79.

A Dictionary of Non-Scientific Names of Freshwater Crayfishes (Astacoidea and Parastacoidea), Including Other Words and Phrases Incorporating Crayfish Names

C.W. Hart, Jr.

____________

C.W. Hart, Jr., Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 20560 art

His ineffable effable
Efanineffable
Deep and inscrutable singular Name.

T.S. Eliot

Introduction

Douglas Adams, in The More Than Complete Hitchhiker’s Guide, briefly discussed Macbeth’s attitude toward murdering people—“the initial doubts, followed by cautious enthusiasm and then greater and greater alarm at the sheer scale of the undertaking and still no end in sight.”

I had a similar progression of feelings about this dictionary, which I innocently started because I have long been troubled by the odd assortment of animals generally referred to as “crayfish.” There was an initial feeling of “who cares,” followed by a bit of enthusiasm when I discovered others had also compiled lists of crayfish common names (somebody cares), followed by an alarm phase when I realized how many names there are and the impossibility of my finding them all.

After the alarm phase, there was panic—when I realized that I was treading on some very unfamiliar ground. Indeed, I, as a zoologist, was deep in a swamp inhabited by alien beings such as ethnobiologists, linguists, and no doubt other things.

I soon realized that I would never get out of that swamp as long as I continued with the project, so I decided to proceed and to avoid at least some trouble by defining myself as a naïve lexicographer, sensu Samuel Johnson—i.e., “… a harmless drudge….” That, I felt, might lend some frail shelter from my fellow swamp dwellers.

The scientific identities (in the Western sense), the non-scientific names, and the distributions of freshwater crustaceans are important because crayfishes, shrimps, crabs, and other crustaceans sometimes inhabit the same watercourses and are often indiscriminately called “crayfish,” “crawfish,” or, indeed, hundreds of other vernacular names by the uninitiated. References to “crayfish” where no crayfishes live, to crabs where there are no crabs, and to shrimps where only crayfishes live not only give rise to questions about the validity of observations, but to erroneous conclusions.

This, then, is largely a list of the non-scientific names used locally, worldwide, infrequently, or over a long period of time to refer to the freshwater crayfishes belonging to the superfamilies Astacoidea and the Parastacoidea. Where possible, I have associated those names with the appropriate scientific names, and also pointed out where confusion is possible, rampant, or even intractable. But a dream is usually finer than reality, and so it is with this. I set out simply to find the vernacular equivalents for “crayfish” in as many languages as possible, and while I believe I have found most, I would be foolish to bet on it.

I have taken what might be considered the narrow view—limiting this to those freshwater crustaceans belonging to the Astacoidea and the Parastacoidea—and hope to encourage the use of other terms for reference to marine and other freshwater species.

In addition, as a lagniappe, crayfish vernacular names that are used as verbs are included, as well as argot and slang expressions, and place names associated with crayfishes.

As a zoologist, I bring with me some traditions and emotional baggage that a linguist would probably scorn. But my aims are not linguistic in any formal sense, and follow more the desire for completeness and synonymic integrity that underlie zoological practices.

Almost all of the names have appeared in print (at the moment I can think of only four that I have attributed to individuals), and I have attempted to provide full citations and page data for each name. Where names were listed in publications citing other publications, I have verifed as many as possible by going to the original sources. Occasionally I have been unsuccessful in this and have provided the information that was available.

I do not doubt that some will say that “écrevisse” is the same word as “ecrevisse”; that “yaabitch” and “yabbie” and “yabby” and “yappi” are but variations on a theme, and that the delightful and wildly variable spelling associated with pre-Johsonian English is merely a quaint artifact of the past. They could be right, I suppose. But in zoology if a species name is misspelled by so much as a letter, it is considered a synonym, and it is listed as such. That is the model I used here.

Some of the differences among similar words are probably caused by carelessness, some by lack of guidelines, some by poor hearing or speech defects, some by regional practices, some by the passing of time. I have not judged, merely recorded them as I found them.

I hope that my colleagues—anthropologists, translators, denizens of the belles lettres, and even zoologists— who sometimes fall into the trap of erroneously calling an animal a “crayfish” or a “lobster” or a “shrimp” when it is something else will find this useful. It should enable ethnologists to be more specific when they question their informants regarding crustaceans in local waters; it might help art historians and catalogers describe more accurately their subject matter; it should help translators to be more accurate in their translations; and it will, above all, give some appreciation of the verbal diversity associated with this relatively small group of animals.

FIGURE 1.—.Representative crayfishes: European (top left, after Huxley, 1886); Australian (top right, after Huxley, 1886); North American (bottom, from Hobbs, 1990).

WHAT IS A NON-SCIENTIFIC NAME?—Non-scientific names of crayfishes fall into two general categories:

(1) Those that developed over time and probably without conscious design—generally called “common names,” but which I prefer to call “vernacular names,” and (2) Those that have come about through some bureaucratic or biopolitical fiat—also called “common names” by the bureaucrats and the compilers, but which I prefer to call “fabricated names”.

The vernacular names are usually quite general and are often used indiscriminately to refer to any freshwater crayfish. Unfortunately they are often used to refer to other organisms as well. “Crayfish” itself is an example, all too often used to refer to lobsters and other crustaceans.

Fabricated names usually refer to specific species, and their proper use, if, indeed, there is one, calls for some scientific sophistication.

To call a word “common” that has been invented by an individual or committee and published in an obscure journal might charitably be called exaggeration. If taken seriously, it begs for a redefinition of the word “common,” which is usually accepted to mean universal, widespread, or ubiquitous.

Such wonderous words as crawldaddy, crow pappy, koura, mudbug, yabbie, shawgashee, tsiskagili, and koongooloo are examples of vernacular names, but one would be hard-pressed to find such poetic creations in latter day fabrications, where “common names” have been contrived according to rules almost as complex as those used in the composition of scientific names.

WHAT ARE CRAYFISHES?—Freshwater crayfishes, sensu stricto, belong to the crustacean superfamilies Astacoidea and Parastacoidea. They superficially resemble marine lobsters, and some of the vernacular names even incorporate the word “lobster,” as in freshwater lobster. In Australia the term lobster is commonly used for the larger crayfishes such as Euastacus and Astacopsis.

Crayfishes range in size from the tiny Cambarellus diminutus found in the southeastern United States (~20 mg), to the large Astacopsis gouldi of Tasmania (up to 4.5 kg).

Persons not trained in zoology or in the distributions of animals sometimes call freshwater atyid and palaemonid shrimps “crayfish,” a mistake that is more common in places where shrimp and crayfish distributions overlap or where crayfishes do not exist. The same problem occurs with freshwater crabs, although to a lesser extent. Crayfishes may be distinguished from salt water lobsters, freshwater shrimps, and crabs by bearing in mind the following guidelines:

Crayfishes (found in fresh to slightly brackish water) Figures 1, 2, and 6 (pages 2, 3, and 84).

1. The body is elongate and not dorsoventrally flattened.

2. The segmented abdomen is usually freely extended and is not carried flexed against the sternum (i.e., the belly of the leg-bearing part of the body).

3. The first three pairs of walking legs are chelate (i.e., bear opposable claws).

4. A rostrum is present and flattened dorsoventrally.

FIGURE 2.—Crayfish with parts labeled that are used in identifications. Note body shape, abdomen, areola, and rostrum.

5. An hour-glass shaped “areola” (on the dorsal midline between two paired branchiocardiac grooves) is found in the posterior portion of the carapace.

6. Swimming is restricted to backward movement resulting from rapid flexion of the entire abdomen (the abdominal pleopods have little locomotor function). This backward movement is widely recognized as a salient crayfish behavioral trait (see crayfish as a verb).

Lobsters (found in salt water)

Lobsters look much like crayfishes, and the two names are frequently used interchangably. True lobsters and spiny lobsters are most readily differentiated from crayfishes by living in salt rather than fresh water. In addition, they do not have an areola (see Figure 2).

Shrimps (found in fresh and salt water) Figure 5.

1. Body elongate and not dorsoventrally flattened.

2. The first pair of walking legs are chelate; the second may be chelate; the third pair are not chelate.

3. A rostrum is present and laterally flattened (except in the Atyidae, which are easily distinguished from crayfishes and other shrimps by the conspicuous tufts of hairs on the fingers of the chelae of the first two pairs of walking legs.

Crabs (found in fresh and salt water) Figure 4.

1. Body usually broad and often dorsoventrally flattened when viewed from above.

2. Abdomen carried flexed tightly against sternum (or cupped against it in females carrying eggs).

3. Only the first pair of walking legs are chelate.

4. Rostrum not present.

Aeglid crabs, found in freshwater in temperate South America, might be considered a special case in that they superficially resemble crayfishes. They may be distinguished from them because they are dorsoventrally flattened (as are other crabs) and look much like crayfish that have been stepped on.

WHERE DO CRAYFISHES LIVE?—Freshwater crayfishes occur naturally in the general areas shown in Figure 3 and as outlined below:

Northern Hemisphere: North America (from Canada southward into Guatemala, Honduras, and Belize; Cuba and Isla de la Juventud (formerly Isla de Piños); Europe (from Scandinavia southward to Turkey, and from Spain eastward into what was formerly the U.S.S.R.); and Asia (in northern China, Korea, and Japan).

Southern Hemisphere: Southern Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile; Australia (including Tasmania), New Zealand (North Island and South Island), New Guinea, Misool, the Aru Islands, and Madagascar.

Introductions: Since the first recorded crayfish introduction (from Poland into Sweden by King John III in the mid-16th century), they have often been transferred to places where other crayfishes already lived. They have, however, also been introduced into South Africa, central Africa, Belize, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Hawaii, and no doubt other places where no crayfishes had been found before. As with so many species introductions, some have caused inappropriate ecological problems. Additional information on crayfish distributions and introductions may be found in Hobbs, Jr., 1988, and Hobbs III et al, 1989.

THE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL NAMES.—Most of the more than 300 Aboriginal names for crayfishes listed here were taken from Edward Curr’s encyclopedic compilation, The Australian Race: Its Origin, Language, Customs…., published in 1886 and 1887. The seemingly disproportionate number of Aboriginal words is not so surprising because in pre-European times the Aborigines spoke more than 200 distinct languages, with numerous dialects (Wurm, 1988:252). Thus Curr’s compilation made in the latter part of the 19th century probably contains a large percentage of the words for crayfishes that existed in those pre-European times. And it must be remembered that each of Curr’s correspondents probably had different abilities to record what the Aborigines said, and each of the Aborigines had different abilities to communicate what they knew. Thus, for instance, the many congeners of the word “yabby” may have represented actual tribal or regional differences, or may have resulted from speech and hearing problems among the informants and recorders.

It is unclear what sort of guidelines Curr set for his correspondents in the field, but most of the word lists completed by those correspondents contained the same words—including those related to animals, personal relationships, body parts, implements, weather, and behavior. Both “Crayfish” and “Lobster” were on almost all lists, but there was no mention of what Curr had in mind, or how the informants explained the differences to the Aborigines. Because “lobster” in Australia today is used to refer to the larger freshwater crayfishes, particularly Astacopsis and Euastacus, it is possible that Curr expected answers along those lines—names for the larger “lobsters” and the smaller “crayfish.” At any rate, tabulations suggest that many Aborigines recognized “Crayfish,” some recognized “Lobster” as different, and a few gave the same name to both. In the Word List, the family PARASTACIDAE is followed by “crayfish” or “lobster,” reflecting the designations given by Curr. In the Language Index, words that Curr designated “lobster” are so defined; words he designated “crayfish” are left undefined. In some localities crayfishes might be confused with other crustaceans—the palaemonid shrimps Palaemonetes and Macrobrachium in the southwest of Western Australia, the atyid and some palaemonid shrimps in northern and eastern Australia. But there is little or no competition in the more central dryer localities, where there are (were) a plethora of names about which there could be little chance of confusion.

With the aid of Curr’s locality map and his written descriptions of the tribes his informants encountered, together with the maps and tribal notes of Tindale (1974), I have associated most of Curr’s localities with Tindale’s more modern delineations of tribal boundaries and have included the longitude and latitude coordinates used by Tindale—as well as his preferred tribal designations where applicable and presumed tribal designations where none were given.

FIGURE 3.—Natural distribution of freshwater crayfishes (Astacoidea and Parastacoidea). Circles indicate Misool and Aru Islands (W and SW of New Guinea), King and Flinders islands (NW and NE of Tasmania, Australia); and Isla de la Juventud, formerly Isla de Pinos (SW of Cuba). Crayfish introductions are not indicated; see text, page 4. These maps reflect neither the relative locations nor the relative sizes of the countries.

Based on locality data, I have tentatively associated Aboriginal crayfish names with what might be crayfish species known today. These are usually preceded by “probably” or “possibly” in the Word List citations, but I have not included them in the Species Index because no correlations were made at the time the Aboriginal words were recorded. Exceptions to this arise with chelgi, gilgie, jilgie, jilgy, maramie, marron, moramy, yabbie, and yabby—modern Australian English words recognized as derived from Aboriginal words, and dib-dib, dibil, and lib-lib-wil—Aboriginal words recorded as associated with distinct species.

Present-day crayfish distributions are from Austin, 1985; Horwitz, 1988, 1990a, 1990b; Morgan, 1988; Riek, 1969; Sumner, 1978; Swain et al., 1982; Zeidler, 1982; and Zeidler and Adams, 1990.

THE AMERICAN INDIAN NAMES.—Unfortunately, there was no Edward Curr to survey the names used by Indians in the Americas, there were only uncoordinated word-lists compiled by many individuals over time. In addition, crayfishes do not appear to have been as high on the list of Indian priorities as they were with the Australian Aborigines, probably due to the greated abundance of food from other sources in the Americas.

Due to the greater degree of crayfish speciation in the Americas, it is generally difficult to assign scientific names to Indian names. “Crayfish” to the Indians of the western United States meant, without doubt, members of the genus Pacifastacus—and are so designated— for no other crayfish lived there. It is likely that Indians living in what is now Louisiana, and who spoke of “red crayfish,” meant the Louisiana red crawfish Procambarus (Scapulicambarus) clarkii. And in México chacal and ca’am may well refer to Cambarellus montezumae, but they might also refer to the larger Procambarus (Bouvieri) digueti. From the data have seen, it would generally be foolhearty to attempt other associations closer than the family level.

ORGANIZATION.—Five sections make up this compilation: Introduction, Word List, References, Language Index, and Species Index.

The Word List is arranged alphabetically and contains the information included in the indices plus reference citations, more specific locality data, cross-references, and comments. Most of the entries in it are set up according to the following general scheme:

common name or other usage
FAMILY/genus/species/comments
[Country/specific locality/people]
Reference(s)
Additional comments and cross references

I say “general scheme” because the scheme is not rigid. Some of the entries do not contain all of those elements, simply because they are either unknown or are not applicable. Some contain additional comments or annotations that seemed relevant. Common names make up the bulk of the work, but I have also included verbal forms of common names, place names that include crayfish, the names of peoples that incorporate crayfish, and slang/argot expressions incorporating crayfish.

In compiling this word list, it has sometimes been difficult or impossible to determine whether some of the non-scientific names for “crayfish” actually designated true freshwater crayfishes, or if they referred to other organisms such as freshwater shrimps, marine “crayfish” (lobsters), or crabs. This dilemma is especially acute when dealing with the vernacular names used by American Indians, Australian Aborigines, and other groups whose languages are known to me only through dictionaries and sometimes poorly annotated word-lists—for word-list compilers and lexicographers differ widely in the details which they provide for “lower” animals, varying from simply saying that a given word equals “crayfish” (not particularly enlightening), to calling Méxican crayfish Astacus in papers published since Girard’s 1852 revision (improbable), to connecting scientific names with specific crayfish vernacular names (rare and wonderful).

In many cases, I simply determined whether it was likely that crayfishes inhabited the part of the world under consideration. If the record might be considered unlikely (the Torres Strait, for instance) a “?” was placed after the family name in the Word List, and a “(?)” was placed after the common name in the Geographical Index. If someone called an amphipod or other crustacean a “crayfish,” for instance, it was not included unless evidence was found that the name was also applied to freshwater crayfishes as well.

If a dictionary includes meanings in both directions (i.e. English-French, French-English), I find it prudent to look at the definitions in both directions. All too often one direction will imply freshwater crayfishes, the reverse will specify marine organisms—an indication that the compiler is probably not trained in, or appreciative of, zoology.

This is not an attempt to discover priority. I did not set out to find the first use of any names, except that some of the modern fabricated names and no doubt many of the aboriginal names appeared in print for the first time in the cited sources. Because of my personal interests and because of the materials available, multiple early references are often given for the word “crayfish” and its relatives and antecedents. More than one reference may also be included if additional references indicate the use of a word in significant additional geographic areas.

Following the lead of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) and the Middle English Dictionary (MED), I have included occasional text passages illustrating contemporary usage. Where I have been able to examine copies of the original texts, I have included some of those cited in the OED and the MED and given full citations.

The Language Index is relatively straightforward, with words being listed under specific language headings without regard to country (Spanish, English, German, for instance).

The Species Index lists crayfish scientific names followed by non-scientific names attributed to them, and I have attempted to include only those non-scientific names that have been associated with crayfish species in published accounts. Using “probably =” or “possibly =” as qualifiers, I have associated many non-scientific names (particularly Australian Aboriginal names) with scientific names in Word List. These are not included in the Species Index because the associations are usually only my assumptions based on congruent distributions of names and species. Most names, including the “classics” like crayfish, crawfish, écrevisse, Flusskrebs, and ǵambero cannot be associated with species level scientific names.

In many cases, however, possible or probable correlations between scientific and vernacular names are given in the Word List. These assumptions are usually based on the use of a name where only a certain crayfish exists. It does not imply that the speaker would recognize the difference between the local crayfish species and another species from elsewhere.

MISTAKEN IDENTITIES.—Mistaken identities range from the trivial to the seriously misleading. Lack of attention to biological detail appears to be more common in dictionaries and word-lists than elsewhere, although Eisler’s recent Dürer’s Animals (1991), a beautiful book in many respects, suffers from less-than-careful attention to crayfish-crab-lobster differences— and is fairly typical of the belles lettres. Referring on page 119 to an illustration by de Villard de Honnecourt, Eisler identifies a freshwater crayfish in fig. 5.2 as a “lobster.” His discussion of the “Lobster” on page 133 is detailed but confused. The “lobster” shown in Color Plate 18 is indeed a lobster, but most of the remainder of his discussion of lobsters in heraldry and religious symbolism is based on pictures (p. 134) of what are undoubtedly freshwater crayfishes. However, on page 127, he correctly notes that Durer’s astrological sign of the crab (p. 129) “looks more like a crayfish or a lobster than a crab.” It is, indeed, probably a crayfish, which often appears as the “crab” in astrological devices. See the Moon Card in the Rider Tarot Deck (Smith, 1971).

An interesting lapsus occurs in Vocabulario Mixe de Tontepec (Schoenhals and Schoenhals, 1965:325). There, the crayfish Cambarellus montezuma (sic) and its vernacular names ca’am, chacalín, and chacal appear in a list of Mammals, probably due to the congruence of the Méxican word chacal (= “camarón grande”) with the Spanish word chacal (= jackal).

Inaccurate commercial translations can cause obvious problems and are probably largely due to the enormous volumes of information that must be processed and often translated from obscure languages. Examples include Palaemonetes varians, a shrimp, called a crayfish in an electronic database abstract of an English language paper by Umoh and Bassir (1977); Gecarcinus sp., a crab, called a crayfish in an electronic database translation of a Spanish language paper by Hernándes, et al. (1979); and Argulus foliaceus and Ergasilus, two copepods, called crayfish in an electronic database translation of a Serbo-Croatian publication by Kazic (1980). These latter three examples might be considered trivial, but they point to a lack of attention to detail.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—I thank the following persons, who, at one time or another, have seemed mystified, amused, or intrigued by this project—but all of whom helped in many ways: Vicki Chang, Janice Clark, Mary Kay Davies, Christian Feuillet, Carolyn Hahn, Chang-Su Houchins, Robert Laughlin, Cesare Marino, William Merrill, Mayda Riopedre, Margaret Sealor, Gregory Sohn, Rochelle Smith-Terrell, Theodore Spilman, Herman Viola, and Ching-Hsien Wang, all of the Smithsonian Institution. F.M. (Ted) Bayer puzzled with me over the Japanese words and introduced me to the mysterious (to a Westerner) Hiragana and Katakana. Horton H. Hobbs, Jr., Dean of Crawfishes and “crawdaddy” (q.v.) to so many people, patiently worked with me on locality data, correct scientific names of crayfishes, and many other details. Understandably, he has often wondered aloud, “Bill, when are you going to finish this?” Austin B. Williams, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, who is responsible for a paper often cited here, listened to my doubts, accepted with grace my less-than-charitable opinions of fabricated names, and provided many helpful insights. J.F. Fitzpatrick, Jr., University of Southern Alabama, sent me United States historical material that I would otherwise never have found, and supplied many of the Slavic crayfish names; William C. Goff, Jr., of Limerick, Maine, helped with interpretations of 19th century French literary nuances; Joan Higbee, Rosenwald Rare Book Room, Library of Congress, made available rare books in her care; Alain Crosnier, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, kindly helped with the provincial words of Bretagne; and Lipke B. Holthuis, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, provided many thoughtful additions, critically reviewed much of the manuscript, and talked with me about words and myths one cold, wet March day in Leiden—when we forgot the time and barely escaped being locked in the Museum at closing.

I also thank Hoyt N. Duggan, Dept. of English, University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Mark Grygier, Seto Marine Laboratory, Honshu, Japan; Laura Hurley, University of Washington; Kenneth Manaha, U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Washington; James Marchand, Center for Advanced Studies, University of Illinois; George Marinenko, MITRE Corporation, McLean, Virginia; Laili Nasr, Bethesda, Maryland; Rev. Robert Pettigrew, Vienna, Virginia, retired; Ron Schwarz, MITRE Corporation, McLean, Virginia; Ruth Sternglantz, Dept. of English, New York University; Pieter van der Veer, I.B.M. Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; Barbara Wright, MITRE Corporation, McLean, Virginia; and Wolfgang Zeidler, South Australian Museum, Adelaide, for their thoughtful and diverse contributions.

In addition, I am indebted to Stan Shetler, Associate Director of the National Museum of Natural History, for support from the Research Opportunities Fund which enabled me to visit libraries in the U.K. and Australia during 1992; and to Donald Fisher, Smithsonian Institution Press, for his thoughtful help with editorial matters. To the staff members of the British Library, London; the Library of the British Museum (Natural History), London; the Library of New South Wales, Sydney; the Library of Congress, Washington; and the Fairfax County George Mason Regional Library, Annandale, Virginia, go my thanks—all were knowledgable, cheerful, and seemingly possessed of unlimited patience.

My wife, Dabney, warmly encouraged me with this project even as I became somewhat fixated on crayfish names and managed to insinuate them into unrelated conversations over the past 8 years.

And finally, I am grateful to those who built the INTERNET, that unparalleled electronic highway for cross-disciplinary research. In particular, the BITNET discussion list MEDTEXT-L@UIUCVMD—devoted to the philology, codicology, and analysis of medieval texts—led me to a number of individuals, acknowledged elsewhere, who generously contributed more than they probably realize.

In spite of the remarkable help I have received from so many people, I must add that errors, omissions, inconsistencies (there are many), and statements contrary to fact or offensive to anyone are entirely my fault and are certainly unintentional.

FIGURE 4.—A representative of freshwater crabs. Note the broad, flattened body (cephalothorax) discussed on page 4, as well as the almost hidden abdomen (see figure 2) which, in crabs, is usually tucked under the body. From Chace and Hobbs, 1969, figure 42.

Word List

aborigennykh rak See аборигенных pak, below.

аборигенных pak ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus and A. leptodactylus. [Russia] Mitskenene, 1981:75, 80. See aborigennykh rak and aboriginal crayfish.

aboriginal crayfish See аборигенных pak, above.

ácagácī Probably from the adverb radical ácE, “backward,” through ácagE, “to move backwards.” CAMBARIDAE [Canada: Ontario, Skūgog Island, Missassaga [Mississauga] Indians] Chamberlain, 1892: 30. See acâge, ajageshi, ócagácī, ashaahkiiwa, as-shogaish-i, and shawgashee.

acâge CAMBARIDAE [Canada, eastern: Algonquin Indians] Lemoine, 1911:216. See ácagácī, ajageshi, ócagácī, ashaahkiiwa, as-shog-aish-i, and shawgashee.

acheroo PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Blackall, Barcoo River (probably = Kuungkari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:179 (144°20’E × 24°35’S))] Dudley and Williams, in Curr, 1887(III):76, Sta. 154. See ovarroo, quarroo, and thoombur.

acocil CAMBARIDAE, Cambarellus montezumae. [México: Mexican Spanish, derived from Aztec (Nahuatl) atl (water), and cuitzilli or coitzilli (twisted)] Santamaría, 1978:21. Acocil is also defined as “petit homard, langouste, écrevisse (camaron pequeño)” by Simeon 1885:10. See next three entries.

acocile (of Santamaría, 1978:21). See acocil.

acocili (of Simeon, 1885:10). See acocil.

acocilin (of Simeon, 1885:10). See acocil.

ahzhahgashe CAMBARIDAE Wilson says ahzhahgashe = “crab,” but most evidence indicates = crayfish. [U.S.: Ojibwa (Chippewa) Indians] Wilson, 1874:200. See acâge, âcagâcī, ajageshi, ashaahkiiwa, as-shog-aish-i, ócagâcī, and shawgashee.

ajageshi CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Chippewa, Ojibwa, Otawa, Potawatami, and Algonquin Indians] Baraga, 1853:468. See acâge, ácagácī, ahzhahgashe, ashaahkiiwa, as-shog-aish-i, ócagâcī, and shawgashee.

Alabama cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Aviticambarus) jonesi. [U.S.: Alabama] Williams, et al., 1989:22.

American river crab CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Scapulicambarus) clarkii. [Germany/English] Wolinik, 1982:341.

amerikaanse rivierkreeft CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes limosus. [Netherlands] Holthuis, in Westman et al., 1990:132.

amerikanischer Flusskrebs CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes limosus. [Germany] Mosimann and Hofman, 1985:38.

amerikanischer Krebs CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes limosus. [Germany] Kuhlmann, in Westman et al., 1990:94.

amerikanskiĭ rechnoĭ crab = америкáнский речнóй краб, see next entry.

америкáнский речнóй краб ASTACIDAE [Russia] Ricker, 1973:113. See amerikanskiĭ rechnoĭ crab, above.

amerikanskiĭ signal’nӯĭ rak = американский сигиалъный рак, next citation.

американский сигиалъный рак ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus leniusculus. [Russia] Cherry, 1992:21. See amerikanskiĭ signal’nӯĭ rak, above.

amerӯkans’kӯĭ sӯhnal’nyĭ rak = американсъкий сигнальiй рак, see next citation.

американсъкий сигналъний рак ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus leniusculus. [Ukraine] Cherry, 1992:21. See amerӯkans’kӯĭ sӯhnal’nyĭ rak, above.

amerikazarigani CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Scapulicambarus) clarkii. [Japan] Okada and Uchida, 1961:98. = art and art, see next citation.

art = amerikazarigani, q.v.

art = amerikazarigani, q.v.

andar PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland, Main Range (Great Dividing Range) between Belyando and Cape rivers, Koombokkaburra Aboriginal tribe (= Mian tribe of Tindale, 1974:181 (146°20’E × 21°50’S))] MacGlashan, in Curr, 1887(III):24, Sta. 142.

ander PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland, Belyando River (possibly = Jagalingu Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:169 (146°40’E × 23°20’S))] Muirhead, in Curr, 1887(III):32, Sta. 143. See ngobbera.

Appalachian brook crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Cambarus) bartonii bartonii. [U.S.: Canada to Georgia, and eastern Kentucky and Tennessee to Atlantic Ocean] Williams, et al., 1989:21.

armure à écrevisse Slang, = splint armour. [France: 20th century] Mansion, 1972:E:10. See avoir une ecrevisse dans la tourte, avoir une ecrevisse dans le vol-au-vent, crevice (Sense 2), ecrevice, ecrevisse de rempart, écrevisse, and quatorzième ecrevisse.

ascarbicho ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (A. nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118.

ashaahkiiwa (double vowels = long vowels.) CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: midwest, Fox Indians] Ives Goddard, personal communication. See ácagácī, acâge, ajageshi, ócagácī, ahzhahgashe, as-shog-aish-i, and shawgashee.

āshagā’shī CAMBARIDAE [Canada: Ontario, Skūgog Island, Mississauga Indians] Chamberlain, 1889:142. See ácagácī, acâge, ajageshi, ócagácī, ahzhahgashe, as-shog-aish-i, and shawgashee.

asho’ni CAMBARIDAE [U.S., southeast: Ofu Indians] Dorsey & Swanton, 1912:321. See ácagácī, acâge, ahzhahgashe, ajageshi, ócagácī, ashaahkiiwa, as-shog-aish-i, and shawgashee

as-shog-aish-i CAMBARIDAE [U.S., north-central: Ojibwa] Schoolcraft, 1956 (1974): 175. See ácagácī, acâge, ahzhahgashe, ajageshi, ócagácī, ashaahkiiwa, and shawgashee

àstac ASTACIDAE [Spain: Catalonia] Oliva and Buxton, 1983:183.

astaci ASTACOIDEA and PARASTACOIDEA [Latin (ancient)] Aristotle, 384-322 b.c.:351. Translator’s note indicates astaci, from astakos, = crayfishes as opposed to lobsters (carabi), shrimps and prawns (carides), or crabs (carcini).

astaco ASTACOIDEA [Latin (ancient)] Belloc, 1899:140. [Portugal] Pietzschke, 1957 (1982), vol. 1:249. [Spain] Amador, 1983:190. See kankro.

astacus ASTACOIDEA “Contra anginam…Astacos circiter decem vivos contere, & stillatitios liquores intybi rosarum & papaveris erratici affunde, inde expressus vinum rubellum refert. Eo linguam abluere & diligenter ac penitus gargarizare oportet, deinde etiam haustum ejus mediocrem bibere, Linguam abstersam & purgatam lardo insulso peringe, post horam & dimidiam, quicquod viscidae pituitae insederit…& succo Astacorum præscripto denuò lava.” [“Against angina…mash up about ten live Astacus, drop on them liquors of chicory, roses, and wandering poppies, the the juice is pressed from them with red wine. Wash the tongue with this and diligently and deeply gargle it; then also drink a little of it…cover the…tongue with unsalted lard…after an hour and a half clean off viscid slime … and again wash it with the Astacus preparation.”] [Latin] Jonstonus, 1665:16. [Latin] Riddle and Arnold, 1849:157.

astako ASTACIDAE [Esperanto] Butler, 1967, p. 196.

astakos See next citation.

άστακόζ ASTACOIDEA [Greece] Riddle and Arnold, 1849:157. See astakos, above.

astakos tou glikou nerou See άστακÌζ τoν γλυϰoν νερoν, next citation.

άστακóζ τoν γλυϰoν νєρoν = freshwater lobster. ASTACIDAE and CAMBARIDAE Used for Astacus astacus, Pacifastacus leniusculus, and Procambarus clarkii—all of which have been recently introduced into Cyprus. [Cyprus] Stephanou, in Westman et al., 1990:49. See astakos tou glikou nerou, above.

Atlantic crayfish ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius pallipes (current usage = Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) pallipespallipes). [U.K.] Thompson, 1989, 53.

Atlantic stream crayfish ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius pallipes (current usage = Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) pallipes pallipes). [U.K.] Holdich and Lowery, 1988:482.

atta PARASTACIDAE?, “lobster.” This locality does not coincide with the known present-day distribution of Australian freshwater crayfishes, and may refer to some other animal or to an earlier distribution pattern. [Australia: Western Australia, Central Division, Champion Bay (N of Geraldton), Watchandi Aboriginal tribe (probably = Amangu tribe of Tindale, 1974:239 (115°30’E × 29°20’S))] Goldsworthy, in Curr, 1886(I):316, Sta. 15. See marthera.

aurugut PARASTACIDAE? I do not know of freshwater crayfishes reported from this island group, so this word may refer to marine crustaceans, and not to freshwater crayfishes. [Papua New Guinea: New Britain, Duke of York Island group] Brown, in Curr, 1887(III):694. See oelang gamò and udang-karang.

Australkrebs PARASTACIDAE, Cherax tenuimanus. [Germany] Mosimann and Hofman, 1985:38. See marron.

avoir une ecrevisse dans la tourte Argot, = “to be crazy.” [France: popular in 19th century] Barrère, 1887:124. See also armure à écrevisse, avoir une ecrevisse dans le vol-au-vent, ecrevice, ecrevisse de rempart, écrevisse, and quatorzième ecrevisse.

avoir une ecrevisse dans le vol-au-vent Argot, = “to be crazy.” [France: popular in 19th century] Barrère, 1887:124. See also armure à écrevisse, avoir une ecrevisse dans la tourte, ecrevice, ecrevisse de rempart, écrevisse, and quatorzième ecrevisse.

bab “[E]l cangrejo,” crayfish, if not crabs. CAMBARIDAE? [México: Yucatán, Maya] Alvarez, 1980:262; Pérez, 1866-1877:15.

bach Krebss ASTACIDAE [Germany] Anonymous, 1487, chapter cxliii.

balkans’kyĭ shirokopalyĭ rak See next citation.

балкансъкий широкопалий рак ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus balcanicus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:144. = balkans’kyĭ shirokopalyĭ rak, see above.

balkanskyĭ shirokopalyĭ rak See next citation.

балкансъкий широкопалий рак ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus balcanicus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:144. = balkanskyĭ shirokopalyĭ rak, see above.

bambam PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor and/or Engaeus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Victorian Region groups, Lal Lal (probably = Wathaurung Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208 (143°55’E × 38°0’S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231.

baranjak PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor, Engaeus sp., and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Omeo (Jaitmathang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:205 (147°35’E × 36°50’S))] Bulmer, in Curr, 1887(III):558, Sta. 211. See thangambooloa.

barranjerk PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor, Engaeus sp., and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Moneroo or Manèra district, Ngawago Aboriginal tribe (probably = Ngarigo Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:198 (148°50’E × 36°25’S))] Bulmer, in Curr, 1887(III):432, Sta. 197. See notkun.

barrinjook PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor, Engaeus sp., and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Moneroo or Manèra district, Ngawago Aboriginal tribe (probably = Ngarigo Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:198 (148°50’E × 36°25’S))] du Vé, in Curr, 1887(III):430, Sta. 197.

batata CAMBARIDAE, probably Procambarus (Austrocambarus) cubensis ssp. (batata also = sweetpotato) [Cuba] Pérez-Farfante, Isabel, personal communication.

bau CAMBARIDAE? [México: Tabasco, Chiapas, and Oaxaca; Zoque Indians] La Grasserie, 1898:64. See also tzas, meatzas, and vetze.

baupit PARASTACIDAE, possibly = Cherax bicarinatus. [Australia: Northern Territory; Cobourg Peninsula, “Raffles Bay to Port Essington Harbor…to Popham Bay,” Unalla Aboriginal tribe (probably = Iwaidja Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:226-227 (132°35’E × 11°25’S))] Curr, 1886(I):274, Sta. 4. See ma-a.

bearded red crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Girardiella) pogum. [U.S., southeast: Mississippi, Chickasaw County] Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:57.

beekodl PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor or C. quadricarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; East Central groups, Mythergoody dialect (probably = Maithakari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:180 (140°40’E × 20°5’S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231. See begool, pe-kool, piccool, and pikquol. See Sign Language.

beelahingar Place name, = a “creek with crayfish.” [Australia: New South Wales] Reed, 1967:12. See belleringah and Belleringah.

begool PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax bicarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; between Gregory and Leichardt rivers, Mykoolan Aboriginal tribe (= Maikulan Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:180 (141°50’E × 18°55’S))] Lamond, in Curr, 1886(II):324, Sta. 97. See beekodl, pe-kool, piccool, and pikquol.

belleringah PARASTACIDAE, “river crayfish.” [Australia: probably Queensland and/or New South Wales] Endacott, 1924 (1973): 11. As this word appears to be derived from beelah, creek + ingar, crayfish, see inga and ingar for possible more specific localities. See also beelahingar, and Belleringah.

Belleringah Place name, = “creek with crayfish,” from beelahingar, q.v. [Australia: New South Wales] Reed, 1967:12, 103. See also belleringah.

belonogyĭ rak, = белоногий рак, see next entry.

белоногий рак ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) pallipes pallipes. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:184. See belonogyĭ rak, above.

belyĭ dnistrovskyĭ rak = белый диестровский рак, see next citation.

белый диестровский рак ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus eichwaldi bessarabicus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:169. See belyĭ dnistrovskyĭ rak, above.

belyĭ dunays’kyĭ rak = белый дунайский рак, see next citation.

белый дунайский рак ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus eichwaldi danubialis. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:165.

benda boaa = “camaron.” CAMBARIDAE? [México: Oaxaca; Zapoteco del Istmo] Pickett et al., 1959:23, 135.

benda buaa See benda boaa.

Big Blue Springs cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Ortmannicus) horsti. [U.S.: Florida; Jefferson, Wakulla, and Leon counties] Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:67.

bigcheek cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Ortmannicus) delicatus. [U.S.: Florida; Lake County, subterranean waters] Williams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:65.

Big South Fork crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Jugicambarus) bouchardi. [U.S.: Tennessee; Scott Co.] Williams, et al, 1989:21; Hobbs, 1989:21. bilonoghyĭ rak See бiлоногий рак, see next citation.

бiлоногий рак ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) pallipes pallipes. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:184. See bilonoghyĭ rak, above.

bilyĭ dnistrovs’kyĭ rak See бiлий днiстровський рак, next citation.

бiлий днiстровський рак ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus eichwaldi bessarabicus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:169. See bilyĭ dnistrovs’kyĭ rak, above.

bilyĭ dunays’kyĭ rak See бiлий дулайський рак, next citation.

бiлий дулайський рак ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus eichwaldi danubialis. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:165. See bilyĭ dunays’kyĭ rak, above.

birrooa PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Jervis Bay to Mt. Dromedary (probably = Wandandian Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1975:199-200 (150°15’E × 35°5’S))] Curr, 1887(III):422, Sta. 194.

black spider PARASTACIDAE, Cherax tenuimanus. [Australia: Western Australia; a name used by “local fishermen”] Olszewski, 1980:20. See also marron.

blagorodnyĭ rak See благородный рак, next citation.

благородный рак ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Russia] Gozmány, 1979:119. According to Cherry, 1992:20, this is a “non traditional devised name,” probably = “fabricated name.”

blednonogiĭ rak See бледноногий рак, next citation.

бледноногий рак ASTACIDAE, Astacus pallipes (Potamobius pallipes). Current usage, Austropotamobius pallipes. [Russia] Gozmány, 1979:119.

bluegrass crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Jugicambarus) batchi. [U.S.: Kentucky] Williams, et al., 1989:21.

boagalli PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; near Lake Yamma Yamma, Kungarditchi Aboriginal tribe (= Kungadutji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:178 (142°5’E × 26°25’S))] Heagney, in Curr, 1886(II):380, Sta. 107. See bogally, boligar, boogal, boogali, boogalli, boogarli boogurrie, bookill, bookillee, bowgili, buggilla, and bugili. See also thornabun.

böcekgi ASTACIDAE? Dictionary definition is ambiguous; without a preceeding “su,” q.v., the word may refer only to the spiny lobster. (The “k” is not used in subsequent listings, as with su böcegi on p. 431) [Turkey] Hony and Iz, 1984:82.

bodardi PARASTACIDAE ?, “crayfish”? This locality does not coincide with the known present-day distribution of Australian freshwater crayfishes, and may refer to some other animal or to an earlier distribution pattern. [Australia: Western Australia; Central Division, Northampton (near Chapman River), Eaw Aboriginal tribe (probably = Nokaan Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:254 (115°20’E × 27°35’S))] Goldsworthy, in Curr, 1886(I):314, Sta. 14, See marrida.

bogally PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Upper Paroo River (possibly = Kunja Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:178 (146° 10’Ex 26°50’S))] Playfair, in Curr, 1887(III):280, Sta. 177. See boagalli, boligar, boogal, boogali, boogalli, boogarli, boogurrie, bookill, bookillee, bowgili, buggilla, bugili, and mamuru.

boligar PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Alice River (probably = Iningai Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:188 (144°55’E × 23°0’S))] Ahern, in Curr, 1887(III):70, Sta. 152. See boagalli, bogally, boogal, boogali, boogalli, boogarli, boogurrie, bookill, bookillee, bowgili, buggilla, and bugili.

boogal PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Tower Hill and Cornish Creeks, Tateburra Aboriginal tribe (probably = Jirandali Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:171 (144°20’E × 21°15’S))] Dalhunty, in Curr, 1887(III):8, Sta. 137. See boagalli, bogally, boligar, boogali, boogalli, boogarli, boogurrie, bookill, bookillee, bowgili, buggilla, and bugili. See also karkoora, marooroo, and munya.

boogali PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = yabbies and other smaller crayfish. [Australia: Queensland; Lower Bulloo River, Thargominda (= Thargomindah), Wonkomarra Aboriginal tribe; (probably = Bitjara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:166 (143°0’E × 28°30’S). See additional notes under buggilla] Sullivan, in Curr, 1886(II):42, Sta. 53. See boagalli, bogally, boligar, boogal, boogalli, boogarli, boogurrie, bookill, bookillee, bowgili, buggilla, and bugili. See also thandulya.

boogalli PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Barcoo River, Torraburri Aboriginal tribe (probably = Wadjalang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:186-187 (145°20’E × 25°50’S))] Bell, in Curr, 1887(III):82, Sta. 155. See boagalli, bogally, boligar, boogal, boogali, boogarli, boogurrie, bookill, bookillee, bowgili, buggilla, bugili, kandura, koarow, and quarroo.

boogarli PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Ravensbourne Creek, Mokaburra Aboriginal tribe (probably = Wadjalang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:186-187 (145°20’E × 25°50’S)), Tarawalla dialect] Powell, in Curr, 1887(III):84, Sta. 155. See boagalli, bogally, boligar, boogal, boogali, boogalli, boogurrie, bookil, bookillee, bowgili, buggilla, bugili, and quarroo.

boogurrie PARASTACIDAE ?, “lobster”? This locality does not coincide with the known present-day distribution of freshwater crayfishes. [Australia: Queensland; mouths of the Burdekin River (possibly = Bindal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:166 (147° 15’E × 19°35’S))] O’Connor, in Curr, 1886(II):454, Sta 126. See boagalli, bogally, boligar, boogal, boogali, boogalli, boogarli, bookil, bookillee, bowgili, buggilla, bugili, and inundah.

bookill PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Barcoo River, Torraburri Aboriginal tribe (= Wadjalang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:186-187 (145°20’E × 25°50’S))] Hyde, in Curr, 1887(III):80, Sta. 155. See boagalli, bogally, boligar, boogal, boogali, boogalli, boogarli boogurrie, bookillee, bowgili, buggilla, bugili, kandera, koarow, and quarroo.

bookillee PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland and northern New South Wales; Warrego and Paroo rivers (possibly = Kunja Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:178 (146°10’E × 26°50’S))] Hollingsworth, in Curr, 1887(III):282, Sta. 177. See boagalli, bogally, boligar, boogal, boogali, boogalli, boogarli, boogurrie, bookill, bookillee, bowgili, buggilla, bugili, and mamuru.

boongangooloom PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Healesville, Upper Yarra, Oorongir Aboriginal tribe (= Wurundjeri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208-9 (145°25’E × 37°40’S)] Curr, 1887(III):530, Sta. 209b. See boonggangooloom and galoom. See also boongangooloom, talakborong, and tooiyung.

boonggāngooloom PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Seymour to Murchison, part of Goulburn River, Whroo, etc.; Ngooraialum Aboriginal tribe (= Ngurelban Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:207 (144°45’E × 36°40’S))] Curr, 1887(III):528, Sta. 209a. See Yellami Boongangooloom.

boorkoom PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax neopunctatus and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Clarence River (probably = Badjalang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:191 (152°55’E × 29°15’S))] Bruce, in Curr, 1887(III):332, Sta. 184.

bopá PARASTACIDAE, Cherax boschma. [New Guinea] Holthuis, 1949:295, 324.

bōrpa PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax sp. and/or Engaeus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Murray River, Bangerang Aboriginal tribes (= Pangerang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:207 (145°40’E × 36°25’S))] Curr, 1887(III):574. See bōr-pa.

bōr-pa PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax sp. and/or Engaeus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Murray River, near junction of the Murray and the Goulburn, the Bangerang Aboriginal tribes proper (= Pangerang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:207 (145°40’E × 36°25’S))] Curr, 1887(III):582, Sta. 214a. See bōrpa and yīnangī.

bottlebrush crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Barbicambarus cornutus. [U.S.: Barren and Green river systems in Kentucky and Tennessee] Williams, et al., 1989:21; Hobbs, 1989:12.

bouragin PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax neopunctatus and/or Engaeus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Richmond River (possibly = Arakwal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:191 (153°20’E × 28°50’S))] Edwards, in Curr, 1887(III):288, Sta. 178. See burnicum and murry.

bowgili PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Upper Warrego and Paroo rivers (probably = Kunja Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:178 (146°10’E × 26°50’S))] Conn, in Curr, 1887(III):278, Sta. 177. See boagalli, bogally, boligar, boogal, boogali, boogalli, boogarli, boogurrie, bookill, bookillee, bowgili, buggilla, bugili, and mamuru.

Brazoria crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Capillicambarus) brazoriensis. [U.S.: Texas; Brazoria Co.] Williams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:55.

buggilla PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Bulloo River, Thargominda(= Thargomindah), Wonkomarra Aboriginal tribe, which may = Wongkumara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:190 (141°50’E × 27°35’S), but more likely, from the map in Curr, 1887(I)V, = Maranganji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:181 (144°35’E × 27°20’S). The exact place designation of this tribe is confusing in that Tindale places the Wonkomarra tribe on Cooper’s Creek, some 125 km W of Thargomindah. It is probable that Myles was referring to several tribes in the region with similar languages, but Curr’s map shows Sta. 52 in the Maranganji tribal area] Myles, in Curr, 1886(II):36-40, Sta. 52. See boagalli, bogally, boligar, boogal, boogali, boogalli, boogarli, boogurrie, bookill, bookillee, bowgili, buggilla, and bugili.

bugili PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Paroo and Warrego rivers, Margany Aboriginal tribe (= Maranganji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:181 (144°35’E × 27°20’S)), and Gunya Aboriginal tribe (= Kunja Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:178 (146°10’E × 26°50’S)). Note that this area is adjacent to the Bulloo River] Dixon and Blake, 1981, Vol. 2:366. See boagalli, bogally, boligar, boogal, boogali, boogalli, boogarli, boogurrie, bookill, bookillee, bowgili, buggilla, and mamuru.

burnicum PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Cherax neopunctatus and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Ballina (possibly = Arakwal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:191 (153°20’E × 28°50’S))] Ross, in Curr, 1887(III):290, Sta. 178. See bouragin and murry.

buster CAMBARIDAE Used for crayfish just before or after molting. [U.S., especially in mid-West] Fitzpatrick, J.F., personal communication. See Butterkrebs and associated cross-references.

Butterkrebs ASTACOIDEA and PARASTACOIDEA Used for crayfish immediately after moulting, so-called because of softness of body. [Germany] Hoffman, 1980:24. See also soft craw, soft crayfish, softie, soft shell crayfish, and soft-shelled crawfish.

ca’am CAMBARIDAE, Cambarellus (Cambarellus) montezumae. [México: Totontepec Mixe Indians] Schoenhals and Schoenhals, 1965:325. See discussion under “crayfish Symbolism.”

Cacchuma Literally, “Red Crawfish [People].” Spelling variation of Shȧktci Homma, q.v. Hodge, 1907, vol. 1:232, citing Jefferys, 1776:5.

caimbre ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Jura] Gozmány, 1979:118. André, 1960:133, also specifies Jura; Rolland, 1881, p. 231, specifies “Saint-Amour (Jura),” citing Monnier, 1823, which is likely also = Monnier, 1831, q.v.

Cajun dwarf crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarellus (Dirigicambarus) shufeldtii. [U.S.: Missouri, southern Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, Mississippi, Georgia, and Alabama] Williams, et al., 1989:21; Hobbs, 1989:10.

Cajun popcorn CAMBARIDAE, probably Procambarus clarkii, when cooked. [U.S.: Louisiana] Quinn, 1989:35. Also = “fried spiced crawfish tails.” [Louisiana] Raichlen, 1991:F2.

calico crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Gremicambarus) immunis. [U.S.: Maine to Colorado and Wyoming; Alabama to Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec] Williams, et al., 1989:24; Hobbs, 1989:41.

California crayfish ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus (Pacifastacus) leniusculus. [U.S.: California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington. Canada: British Columbia. Introduced into Finland, Japan, and Sweden] Goldman, 1973:105; Hobbs, 1989:8.

californische rivierkreeft ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus (Pacifastacus) leniusculus. [Netherlands] Adema, 1989:7.

camarão-de-água-doce ASTACIDAE [Portugal] Pietzschke, 1957 (1982), vol. 1:249.

camaron ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Île de France] Gozmány, 1979:118. Belloc, 1899:142.

camarón de Las Vegas PARASTACIDAE, Parastacus pugnax and/or P. nicolet. [Chile] Rudolph and Zapata, 1986:37, say P. nicolet; Rudolph and Rios, 1987:45, say P. pugax.

camarón de agua dulce ASTACOIDEA and PARASTACOIDEA. [Spanish] Erize, 1960:151.

camaron reculador CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Austrocambarus) llamasi. [Spanish] Morales and Bozada, 1987:201. See crawdad (verb, sense 1), crawfish (verb, sense 1), crayfish (verb), crayfish (Symbolism), gambero (verb), and mudbug (verb).

cambarus crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Faxonius) limosus (= Cambarus affinis). [Europe/English] Mosimann and Hofman, 1985:38.

Camberkrebs CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes limosus. [Germany] Kuhlmann, in Westman et al., 1990:94.

cammaro ASTACIDAE [Italy (northern)] Belloc, 1899:141; [Italy] Olszewski, 1980:21.

cammarus ASTACIDAE [Latin (ancient)] Belloc, 1899:140. [Latin] Rolland, 1881:231, indicates the Basque chamarra derived from Latin cammarus, citing Fabre, 1862.

Camp Shelby burrowing crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Fallicambarus (Creaserinus) gordoni [U.S.] Fitzpatrick, J.F., personal communication, citing reports of the Champaign, Illinois, office of U.S. Corps of Engineers.

cancer ASTACIDAE [Belgium: Wallonia] van Maerland, 1266-1269 (1878), Boek v:9, line 251. [Latin] Anonymous, 1487, chapter cxliii.

cancre ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118. [France: Bourgogne] André, 1960:133. [France: Côte-d’Or (Bussy-le-Grand)] Rolland, 1881:231, citing personal communication.

cangrejo ASTACIDAE, Astacus fluviatilis (Astacus astacus). [Spain] Rolland, 1881:231.

cangrejo autoctono [ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius pallipes. [Spain] Habsburgo-Lorena, in Westman et al., 1990:161.

cangrejo bianco ASTACIDAE, pale forms from rivers. [Spain: Avila] Pardo, 1940:29. See cangrejo mollar.

cangrejo de agua dulce ASTACOIDEA and PARASTACOIDEA. [Spanish] Erise, 1960:151.

cangrejo de las marismas = swamp crayfish. CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus clarkii (introduced). [Spain] Matehache, 1982:1.

cangrejo de río ASTACIDAE, Astacus pallipes (Potamobius pallipes). Current usage is Austropotamobius pallipes. [Spain] Gozmány, 1979:119; Amador, 1983, p. 190; Mosimann and Hofman, 1985:36, erroneously specify Astacus astacus; Gozmány, 1979:118, cites this as Spanish for all ASTACIDAE.

cangrejo de rio americano CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes limosus. [Spain] Cherry, 1992:21.

cangrejo de señal ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus (Pacifastacus) leniusculus. [Spain] Cherry, 1992:21. See cangrejo senjal.

cangrejo fluvial ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Spain] Gozmány, 1979:118.

cangrejo mollar ASTACIDAE, pale forms from rivers. [Spain: Avila] Pardo, 1940:29. See cangrejo blanco.

cangrejo negro ASTACIDAE, dark forms from mill ponds. [Spain: Avila] Pardo, 1940:29.

cangrejo rojo CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus clarkii (introduced). [Spain] Robles-Clavijo, 1982:1.

cangrejo senjal ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus (Pacifastacus) leniusculus. [Spain] Habsburgo-Lorena, in Westman et al., 1990:161. See cangrejo de señal.

cangrejo turco ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus. [Spain] Habsburgo-Lorena, in Westman et al., 1990:161.

carabus ASTACIDAE = “crab, cray-fish, or crevice.” [U.K., (Latin)] Ainsworth, 1783.

caranguejo do rio ASTACIDAE [Portugal] Ferreira, 1975:174.

carauidia ASTACIDAE [Greek, “vulgaire”] Belloc, 1889:141. See karavida.

carauis ASTACIDAE [Greek, “vulgaire”] Belloc, 1889:141. See karavida.

cardinal ASTACIDAE “Cardinal, écrevisse dans 1’argot des voleurs, qui ont l’honneur de se rencontrer avec Jules Janin, lequel a employé le même trop à propos du Homard,’ce cardinal de la mer.’ Cardinaux sans doute, ces crustacés décapodes, écrevisse mais seulement lorsqu’ils ont subi la douloureuse épreuve du court-bouillon.” [France: on 19th century argot] Delvau, 1889:143. Also, “…excepté pour les homards et écrevisses que L’on cardinalise à la cuisson.” [France: 16th century] Rabelais, 1553 (1942): 139. See armure à écrevisse, avoir une ecrevisse dans la tourte, avoir une ecrevisse dans le vol-au-vent, ecrevice, écrevisse (Slang, sense 3), écrevisse cuite, ecrevisse de rempart, quatorzième ecrevisse, and rouge comme un écrevisse.

carranc ASTACIDAE [Spain: Valencia] Pardo, 1940:29.

carranc de ríu ASTACIDAE [Spain: Valencia] Pardo, 1940:29.

carrda PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor, Euastacus sp., and/or Engaeus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Upper Murray River (possibly = Duduroa Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:204 (147°-20E × 36°15’S))] Mitchell, in Curr, 1887(III):562, Sta. 213.

Carrollton crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Girardiella) connus. [U.S.: Mississippi] Williams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:56.

cave crayfish See Dohlenkrebs.

ceimwch afonydd = “river lobster.” ASTACIDAE [N.W. Europe, Celts, passim: Gaelic] Evans, 1852:407. See also cimwch.

ceimwch coch = “red crayfish.” ASTACIDAE [N.W. Europe, Celts, passim: Gaelic] Evans, 1852:407. See also cimwch.

ceimwch dwr croew = “fresh water lobster.” ASTACIDAE [N.W. Europe, Celts, passim: Gaelic] Evans, 1852:407. See also cimwch.

ceimwch yr afon = “river lobster.” ASTACIDAE [N.W. Europe, Celts, passim: Gaelic] Evans, 1852:407. See also cimwch.

chacal CAMBARIDAE Usually considered synonymous with Cambarellus montezumae, but Kreger and de Stairs, 1981:218) say the word refers to “crustáceo de agua dulce.” However, the same authors (p. 407) say chacal probably = Cambarellus montezuma (sic). [México: derived from the Nahuatl (Aztec) chacalin, camarón grande] Santamaría, 1978:343. The congruence of the Mexican word chacal with the Spanish chacal, meaning “jackal,” has caused confusion, as when Schoenhals and Schoenhals (1965:325) include: “ca’am Cambarellus montezuma[ae?] chacalín, chacal” in an appendix listing of the names of mammals in the Mixe de Totontepec language. See chacalín, “crayfish Symbolism” and nas.

chacalín See chacal.

Chacchooma Literally, “Red Crawfish [People].” Spelling variation of Shȧktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shȧktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907 (I):232, citing Romans, 1775:315. Note: this probably = p. 209 of 1961 reprint edition, cited here.

Chacchouma Literally, “Red Crawfish [People].” Spelling variation of Shȧktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shȧktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing La Harpe = Bénard de la Harpe, 1721:106, q.v.

Chacchuma Literally, “Red Crawfish [People].” Spelling variation of Shȧktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shȧktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Lattré, 1781, which probably = Lattré, 1783.

Chacci cuma Literally, “Red Crawfish [People].” Spelling variation of Shȧktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shȧktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Boudinot, 1816:126.

Chacci Ouma Literally, “Red Crawfish [People].” Spelling variation of Shȧktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shȧktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing McKenney and Hall, 1854, vol. 3:80. Apparently = McKenney, 1868:80, cited here.

Chacehouma Literally, “Red Crawfish [People].” Spelling variation of Shȧktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shȧktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Jefferys, 1776:7.

Chachachouma Literally, “Red Crawfish [People].” Spelling variation of Shȧktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shȧktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(1): 232, citing McKenney and Hall, 1854(III):81. Apparently = McKenney, 1868:81.

Chachouma Literally, “Red Crawfish [People].” Spelling variation of Shȧktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shȧktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing La Harpe = Bénard de la Harpe, 1721:110, q.v.

Chachuma Literally, “Red Crawfish [People].” Spelling variation of Shȧktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shȧktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Hervas, 1781(17):90 (= Hervas y Panduro, 1778-1787).

Chackchi-ooma Literally, “Red Crawfish [People].” Spelling variation of Shȧktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shȧktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Keane:506, in Stanford’s Compendium by Bates, 1878, which = Kean, p. 506 (Appendix), in Bates, 1878.

Chacksihooma Literally, “Red Crawfish [People].” Spelling variation of Shȧktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shȧktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Keane:506, in Stanford’s Compendium by Bates, 1878. See Keane, p. 506 (Appendix), in Bates, 1878.

Chacouma Literally, “Red Crawfish [People].” Spelling variation of Shȧktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shȧktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Tonti 1688:72, in French, 1849. See French, 1846-1853.

Chacoume Literally, “Red Crawfish [People].” Spelling variation of Shȧktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shȧktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Coxe, 1741.

Chacsihoma Literally, “Red Crawfish [People].” Spelling variation of Shȧktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shȧktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Hawkins, 1799 (1848): 15, in Collections of the Georgia Historical Society, 1848 (3).

Chacsihooma Literally, “Red Crawfish [People].” Spelling variation of Shȧktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shȧktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Romans, 1775:90. Note: this = p. 209 of 1961 reprint edition, cited here.

Chacsihoomi Literally, “Red Crawfish [People].” Spelling variation of Shȧktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shȧktci Homma Indians] McKenney, 1868:80.

Chactchi-ouma Literally, “Red Crawfish [People].” Variation of Shȧktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shȧktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(1): 232 citing du Pratz, 1758. = Le Page du Pratz, 1758.

Chactiouma Literally, “Red Crawfish [People].” Spelling variation of Shȧktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shȧktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Jefferys, 1761.

Chacxouma Literally, “Red Crawfish [People].” Spelling variation of Shȧktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shȧktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Pénicaut in Margry, 1883(5): 575.

Chakchiuma “Red Crawfish [People].” Spelling variation of Shȧktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shȧktci Homma Indians] Swanton, 1953:176, 185.

chamarra ASTACIDAE [Spain: Basque provinces] Belloc, 1899:141. Rolland, 1881:231, indicates the this word is derived from the Latin cammarus, citing Fabre, 1862.

chamberiot ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118; Belloc, 1899:142, specifies “Suisse française.”

chamberrot ASTACIDAE [France: Pays Romand] André, 1960:133. Rolland, 1881:231, specifies “Suisse romande,” citing Bridel, 1866. See tsamberrot.

chambre ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Gard, Isère, and a spring near Alais (= Alès)] Belloc, 1899:141; Rolland, 1881:231, specifies Isèere, citing Charvet, 1846.

chambré ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118. André, 1960:133, specifies Languedoc and Dauphiné; Rolland, 1881:231, specifies “provençal moderne,” citing Castor, 1843.

chambré de la Sorgo (écrevisse de la fontaine de Vaucluse). ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Provence] André, 1960:133.

chambri ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118. André, 1960:133, specifies Provence, as does Belloc, 1899:141; Rolland, 1881:231, specifies “provençal moderne,” citing Honnorat, 1846.

chambrô ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Dauphiné] Gozmány, 1979:118; André, 1960:133; Belloc, 1899:144.

chambrò ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Dauphiné] Rolland, 1881:231, citing Champollion-Figeac, 1809.

changurru ASTACIDAE [Spain: Guipúzcoa] Rolland, 1881:231, citing Eys, 1873; Belloc, 1899:142.

chanvri ASTACIDAE [France: Provence] André, 1960:133.

Chaquesauma Literally, “Red Crawfish [People].” Spelling variation of Shȧktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shȧktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Iberville, 1699, in Margry, 1880(4): 180.

chawl’ ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S.: California; Chimariko Indians (Hokan)] Merriam, 1979:231.

cheewagga PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax wasselli. [Australia: Queensland; Thornborough Diggings, near head of Mitchell River (possibly = Djankun Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:167 (144°50’E × 17°5’S))] Hodgkinson, in Curr, 1886(II):412, Sta. 115.

chelgi PARASTACIDAE, Cherax quincarinatus and C. crassimanus. Australian English derived from Aboriginal word. [Australia: Northern Territory] Olszewski, 1980:16. See chielghi, gilga, gilgie, goolgie, jilgi, jilgie, jilgy, joolgie, and julegie.

chervonyĭ kubans’kyĭ rak See червоний кубанський рак, next citation.

червоний кубанський рак ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus cubanicus daucinus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:161. See chervonyĭ kubans’kyĭ rak, above.

cheval du diable = devil’s horse. CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Louisiana, New Orleans, Cajun French] Watson, 1843:233. See grasshopper, Haschreckenkrebs, masan cay, and piau du diable.

Chiachi-oumo Literally, “Red Crawfish [People].” Spelling variation of Shȧktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shȧktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Schermerhorn, 1814, in Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 1814(2nd series, vol. 2): 15.

Chickamauga crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Puncticambarus) extraneus. [U.S.: Georgia and Tennessee; South Chickamauga Creek basin] Williams, et al., 1989:22; Hobbs, 1989:26. See Crawfish Spring.

chiboli PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Piangil, Wotti-wotti Aboriginal tribe (= Watiwati Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208 (143°25’E × 35°5’S))] Macredie, in Curr, 1887(III):448, Sta.201. See yappi.

chielghi PARASTACIDAE, possibly = Cherax sp., although no freshwater crayfishes are now known from this locality. [Australia: Western Australia; Central Division, New Norcia and Leschenault Bay (100-125 km. N of Perth) (probably = Juat Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:243 (115°55’E × 30°55’S))] Salvado, in Curr, 1886(I):318, Sta. 16. See chelgi, gilga, gilgie, goolgie, jilgi, jilgie, jilgy, joolgie, and julegie.

chīpel PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria, Swan Hill and Tyntynder, Wotti-wotti Aboriginal tribe (= Watiwati Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208 (143°25’E × 35°5’S))] Beveridge, in Curr, 1887(III):444, Sta. 199. See yāpi.

Chocchuma Literally, “Red Crawfish [People].” Spelling variation of Shȧktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shȧktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(1): 232, citing Durant, 1843:135.

Choccmaw Literally, “Red Crawfish [People].” Spelling variation of Shȧktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shȧktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(1):232, citing Pickett, 1851(I):131.

Choctaw riverlet crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Hobbseus valleculus. [U.S.: Mississippi; Choctaw, Attila, and Kemper counties] Williams, et al., 1989:23; Hobbs, 1989:33.

Chokchoomah Literally, “Red Crawfish [People].” Spelling variation of Shȧktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shȧktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Adair, 1775:66 and 352.

choo-ah ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S.: California; Yana Indians (Hokan)] Merriam, 1979:232.

choorn-gu PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax quardicarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; Leichardt River 20 mi. below Kamilaroi Station (probably = Maijabi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:180 (140°35’E × 19°10’S))] E. Curr, in Curr, 1886(II): 316, Sta. 95. See jin-ju and junju.

Choquichouman Literally, “Red Crawfish [People].” Spelling variation of Shȧktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shȧktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Iberville, 1700, in Margry, 1880 (part 4):430.

Chouchouma Literally, “Red Crawfish [People].” Spelling variation of Shȧktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shȧktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(1): 232, citing Tonti, 1684, in Margry, 1875(part 1):604.

Chowanoke crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Crockerinus) virginiensis. [U.S.: North Carolina and Virginia, Chowan drainage system] Williams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:38.

Christmas tree crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Hagenides) pygmaeus. [U.S.: Savannah River to Putnam County, Florida, and also the Florida panhandle] Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:59.

cifrarák CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes limosus. [Hungary] Thuránszky and Pinter, in Westman et al., 1990:108.

cimwch coch = “red crayfish or lobster.” ASTACIDAE [N.W. Europe, Celts, passim: Gaelic] Anwyl and Anwyl, 1922:68. See also ceimwch.

cimwch yr afon = “river lobster.” ASTACIDAE [N.W. Europe, Celts, passim: Gaelic] Anwyl and Anwyl, 1922:68. See also ceimwch.

clawchee PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Queensland; Australian English] Olszewski, 1980:16.

Coastal Lowland cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Ortmannicus)leitheuseri. [U.S.: Florida; Hernando and Pasco counties] Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:67.

common crayfish ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [English] Gozmány, 1979:118. The term is ubiquitously used to denote any freshwater crayfish. See obyknovennyi rak (обыкновенный рак).

common river crayfish ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [English] Gozmány, 1979:118.

Conchas crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Hespericambarus) deanae. [U.S.: New Mexico; Canadian River basin, San Miguel and Quay counties] Williams, et al., 1989:24; Hobbs, 1989:43.

cooy CAMBARIDAE?, = “camaron, pescado.” CAMBARIDAE? “el cangrejo,” crayfish, if not crabs. [México: Yucatán; Maya] Alvarez, 1980:261; Pérez, 1866-1877:15.

coy’ CAMBARIDAE?, = “camarón de río.” [México: Chiapas; Ciudad de Copainalá, Zoque] Harrison et al., 1981:266.

crab CAMBARIDAE [U.S. (southern)] Olszewski, 1980:20.

crabba ASTACIDAE?, = “A crab, crawfish, a sign of the zodiac.” [U.K.: Old English] Bosworth, 1881:61.

crab-fish ASTACIDAE, “…ou de 1’Anglois Crab-fish, qui signifie Ecrevice.” [U.K.] Corneille, 1694(I):349.

cradie PARASTACIDAE [Australia: central Queensland; Australian English] Olszewski, 1980:16.

craebbe See crabba.

cra-fish ASTACIDAE [U.K.] Bacon, 1635:189.

craibosse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Côte’d’Or, Bourgogne] Gozmány, 1979:118. André, 1960:133, specifies Bourgogne; Rolland, 1881:230, and Belloc, 1899:141, specify Côte-d’Or.

cranc ASTACIDAE [France: Provence (ancient)] Belloc, 1899:141, referring to Belon, 1555; André, 1960:133 [Spain: Catalonia] Pardo, 1940:29.

cranc de ríu ASTACIDAE [Spain: Catalonia] Colomer, 1983:83; Pardo, 1940:29.

crang From the Latin cancer. ASTACIDAE [France: “ancien provençal”] Rolland, 1881:231, citing Raynouard, 1836-1844.

crauish ASTACIDAE [U.K.: Middle English?] “Pilles of certain fishes, as of Crauishes.” Cooper, 1565.

cravaise ASTACIDAE, “the cray-fish.” [U.K.: Anglo-Norman (the variety of Norman French spoken in England after the Norman Conquest)] Halliwell, 1904:278.

cravésse Gozmány, 1979:118, lists this word as French, perhaps taking it from Belloc, 1899:141. While the word apparently appears first in Belloc, who quotes Rolland, 1881:230, the word is not in Rolland, and is probably a misreading of “gravésse,” q.v.

cravousse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118. André, 1960:133, specifies Lorraine, as does Belloc, 1899:141. Rolland, 1881:230, cites Oberlin, 1775, on the patois of Lorraine in the vicinity of Ban de la Roche. See gravousse.

craw CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: northwest Arkansas] Carr, 1905:76; [U.S.] Vernon, in Hoey, et al., 1982:175.

crawbob PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: W. New South Wales, Australian English] Olszewski, 1980:16.

crawchee PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: western New South Wales, Australian English] Olszewski, 1980:16.

crawchie PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Queensland, Australian English] Olszewski, 1980:16.

crawcrab CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: West Virginia] Cassidy, 1985:833.

crawdab CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Missouri] Taylor, J.L.B., 1923:204.

crawdabber CAMBARIDAE [U.S.] Krishtalka, 1989:30.

craw-dabber CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: midwest] Ade, 1912:39.

crawdad CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: northwest Arkansas] Carr, 1905:76; [U.S.] North, 1963:38. [U.S.] Gozmány, 1979:118; PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: New South Wales] Olszewski, 1980:16.

crawdad Verb (slang, sense 1), = “to back out.” [U.S.] Berrey and van den Bark, 1942 (1947):240. See camaron reculador, crawfish (verb, sense 1), crayfish (verb), crayfish (Symbolism), écrevisse qui renifle, and gambero (verb), hsiang làgŭ I yang hou t’ui, hsiang làgŭ I yang sa so, kajae kŏrŭm, marcher comme les écrevisse, and marcher en écrevisse.

crawdad Verb (slang, sense 2), = “to be obsequious.” [U.S.] Berrey and van den Bark, 1942 (1947):308. See crawfish, crayfish, cray-fish, and mudbug as verbs.

Crawdad Place name, private airport. [U.S.: Georgia; SW of Savannah, (31°59’N × 81°15’W)] Aeronautical Chart, Jacksonville Section, scale 1:500,000.

Crawdad Creek Place name, stream. [U.S.: Washington; Snohomish Co.] Abate, 1991(9):708.

Crawdad Slough Place name, stream. [U.S.: Illinois, Cook Co.] Abate, 1991(6):27.

craw dad CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Missouri] Taylor, J.L.B., 1923:204.

craw-dad CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Kentucky] Shearin, 1911:37.

craw-daddy CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Louisiana] Brown, Brown, & Brown, 1949.

crawdaddy CAMBARIDAE [U.S.] Krishtalka, 1989:30.

crawffish ASTACIDAE “…at Burrowbridge I pass’d the River…Ouse… [which] affords very good fish salmon and codffish and plenty of crawffish ….” [U.K.: Yorkshire] Fiennes, 1697 (1949):219. See Fiennes under craw fish and crawfish.

craw fish ASTACIDAE “From Knarsborough we went to Rippon [Ripon] a pretty little market town…and Craw fish 2 pence a Dozen so we bought them….” [U.K.: Yorkshire] Fiennes, 1697 (1949):83. See Fiennes under crawffish and crawfish.

Craw Fish Sp. Place name. Spelling variation of Crawfish Spring, q.v.

craw-fish ASTACIDAE [Norway] Pontoppidan, 1755, part II:175-175; CAMBARIDAE [U.S.] Say, 1817:168, 169.

craw-fish Verb (slang), = “to back out; refuse to any thing after starting to do it.” Tefft, 1848:316. See crawfish, verb, sense 1.

crawfish This term is widely used for members of the ASTACOIDEA and PARASTACOIDEA, as well as for many marine crustaceans. Webster, 1852:280, suggests craw is derived from “crab” or from the Welsh “crag,” a shell as in “pysgod cragen,” shell-fish. He also suggests the “fish” in crawfish is from the last syllable of ecrevisse. ASTACIDAE “…I went with my mother into Oxfordshire…to Hungerford 16 mile which is famous for Crawfish….” [U.K.: Berkshire; probably the Kennet River] Also, “…Kanck-wood [Cannock Wood], which is but a barren heath ground but…its full of little brooks and rivulets which abounds with crawfish….” [U.K.: Stafford] Fiennes, 1697 (1949):23, 166; “…But all must stoop to Crawfish Soop….” [U.K.] D’Urfey, 1719(I):268; “The Cray-fish or Crawfish is an inhabitant of fresh water.” [U.K.] Donovan, 1837, II, 213. CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: northwest Arkansas] Carr, 1905:76; [U.S.: New York] Kieran, 1959:74; [U.S.: very common usage in south]. PARASTACIDAE. [Australia] Johnston, 1976:192.

Penn (1943:1) discussed his feelings on the crayfish/ crawfish controversy, and, while somewhat dated and limited in scope, is worth repeating here (my notes in brackets):

“The name crawfish is used in this paper because it is believed to be the most common common-name for the species of crawfishes of the genus Cambarus to which they belong; and, it is the only common name for these animals throughout the South and in other rural sections of the United States, notwithstanding the belief of many who propound that our ‘crawfish’ are known elsewhere by the “correct name of crayfish.” Crawfish has long been credited as correct in scientific writing and not only occurs almost as frequently as crayfish, but was used as a common name by Say (1817, [“craw-fish,” pp. 168-169, q.v.]) many years earlier than crayfish by Huxley (1884 [1880, passim]). The European word crayfish is used by teachers of zoology probably because of Huxley’s classic contribution; however, crawfish is still the usual term applied to fresh-water crustaceans of the genus Cambarus in the U.S….”

See Fiennes under crawffish and craw fish. See also crayfish, écrevisse and shrimp.

crawfish Verb (slang, sense 1), = “to back out.” “But no sooner did they see the old British Lion rising up.. than they crawfished back to 49 [degrees].” [U.S.: United States Congress, possibly first recorded use of crawfish as a verb] Charles E. Stuart of Michigan, The Congressional Globe, 1848:277; “I crawfished as fast as I could about two yards” [U.S., midwest] Twain, 1884:103; [U.S.: southeastern Missouri] Crumb, D.S. 1903:310; “To withdraw unreservedly from an untenable position” [New Zealand soldiers in WW II] Partridge, 1950:189.

See camaron reculador, crawdad (verb, sense 1), craw-fish (verb), crawfish policy, crayfish (verb), gambero (verb), hsiang làgŭ I yang hou t’ui, hsiang làgŭ I yang sa so, kajae kŏrŭm, marcher comme les écrevisse, and marcher en écrevisse.

crawfish Verb (slang, sense 2), = “to crawl on one’s stomach.” [U.S.] Berrey and van den Bark, 1942 (1947):62.

crawfish Verb (slang, sense 3), = “a horse that pitches (or bucks) backwards.” [U.S.: western] Adams, 1968, page 82; Berrey and van den Bark, 1942 (1947):836.

crawfish Verb (slang, sense 4), = “to be obsequious.” [U.S.] Berrey and van den Bark, 1942 (1947):308. See also crawdad (verb, sense 2).

crawfish Verb (slang, sense 5), = “to act in an indecisive or equivocating manner.” [U.S.] Novak, 1993:A27. “Crawfishing on NAFTA,” the headline of an article describing President William Clinton’s alleged attitude toward the North American Free Trade Agreement. See crawfish (verb, sense 1) and hsiang làgŭ I yang pien chieh.

Crawfish-band Rough translation of “Red Crawfish [People].” Hodge, 1907, vol. 1:232, citing Catlin, 1860:589. See Shȧktci Homma.

Crawfish Branch Place names, streams. [U.S.: Kentucky, Clay Co.] Abate, 1991(4):421; [U.S.: Oregon; Douglas Co.] Abate, 1991(9):524; [U.S.: Tennessee, Blount Co. and Lawrence Co.] Abate, 1991(4): 901.

Crawfish Creek Place names, streams. [U.S.: Alabama, De Kalb Co.] Abate, 1991(4):61; [U.S.: Georgia; Carroll Co. and Walker Co.] Abate, 1991 (3): 187; [U.S.: Illinois; Wabash Co.] Abate, 1991(6):27; [U.S.: Oregon; Grant Co. and Lane Co.] Abate, 1991(9):524; [U.S.: Tennessee; Lawrence Co.] Abate, 1991(4):901; [U.S.: Texas; Crosby Co.] Abate, 1991(5):442; [U.S.: Wyoming; Teton Co.] Abate, 1991(8):668.

Crawfish Draw Place name, valley. [U.S.: Texas; Floyd Co.] Abate, 1991(5):442.

Crawfish Gulch Place name, valley. [U.S.: California; Siskiyou Co.] Abate, 1991(9): 196.

Crawfish Hollow Place name, valley. [U.S.: Missouri; Benton Co.] Abate, 1991(7): 192.

Crawfish Lake Place names, lakes. [U.S.: Oregon, Grant Co. and Lane Co.] Abate, 1991(9):524; [U.S.: Washington, Okanongon Co.] Abate, 1991(9):708.

crawfish land Low, watersoaked ground. CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: northwest Arkansas] Carr, 1906:132.

Crawfish Meadow Place name, meadow. [U.S.: Oregon; Grant Co.] Abate, 1991(9):524.

crawfish policy Disparaging term used by Jefferson Davis referring to the practices of Beauregard and J. Johnston in the 1861-62 U.S. Civil War campaigns. [U.S.] Davis, 1991:459, line 23. See camaron reculador, crawdad (verb, sense 1), crayfish (verb), gambero (verb), hsiang làgŭ I yang hou t’ui, marcher comme les écrevisse, and marcher en écrevisse.

Crawfish Pond Place name, lake. [U.S.: Alabama; Talladega Co.] Abate, 1991, volume 4:61.

Crawfish River Place name, river. [U.S.: Wisconsin, Jefferson Co.] Abate, 1991, volume 6:670.

Crawfish-Spring Place name. Spelling variation of Crawfish Spring, q.v.

Crawfish Spring Place name. [U.S.: NW Georgia; Walker Co., SW corner of Chickamauga Battlefield (U.S. Civil War)] Turchin, 1888, pocket maps, text maps, and pp. 64-65. Spelling variations in same volume: Crawfish-Spring (p.63), Craw Fish Sp. (Maps 2,3,4) and Crawfish Springs (Map No. 6). See also Crawfish Spring Lake and Chickamauga crayfish.

Crawfish Spring Lake Place name, lake. [U.S.: Georgia, Walker Co.] Abate, 1991, volume 3:187. Lake is apparently on site of Crawfish Spring (see above) and associated stream leading into Chickamauga Creek. See Crawfish Spring, above.

Crawfish-Spring road Place name. See Crawfish Spring.

Crawfish Tank Place name, reservoir. [U.S.: Texas; Garza Co.] Abate, 1991, volume 5:442.

Crawfish Springs Place name. Spelling variation of Crawfish Spring, q.v.

Crawfish Town Place name, [U.S.: Louisiana; New Orleans] Berrey and van den Bark, 1942 (1947):48.

Crawfish Valley Place names, valleys. [U.S.: Georgia; Walker Co.] Abate, 1991, volume 3:187; [U.S.: Virginia, Wythe Co.] Abate, 1991, volume 3:628.

crawjinny CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Iowa] Strong, 1940:249.

crawldaddy CAMBARIDAE [U.S.] Krishtalka, 1989:30.

crawl-daddy CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Louisiana] Brown, Brown, & Brown, 1949.

crawler PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: South Australia; Australian English] Olszewski, 1980:16.

crawley-fish PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: New South Wales; English] Olszewski, 1980:16.

craw-pappy CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Arkansas] Randolph, 1931:99.

crawpappy CAMBARIDAE [U.S.] Krishtalka, 1989:30.

cray PARASTACIDAE. [Australia] Johnston, 1976:192. ASTACIDAE? “Soup Vermecell, souc’d turbet, cray and soals.” [U.K.: Scotland; Scottish] Grant and Murison, 1952, vol. III:239, quoting Allan Ramsay, 1728, vol. 2:10.

craybob PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: south-western New South Wales and New England; Australian English] Olszewski, 1980:16.

craydad CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: midwest] Cassidy, 1985:833.

cray fish PARASTACIDAE [New Zealand] Taylor, Richard, 1870:295. CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Missouri] Taylor, J.L.B., 1923:204.

cray-fish ASTACIDAE “The Cray-fish or Crawfish is an inhabitant of fresh water.” [U.K.] Donovan, 1837, II, 213; [U.K.] Wood, 1858:60; “From his lurking hole Had pulled the Cray-fish.” [U.K.] Browne, 1613, II, iii; “crab, cray-fish, or crevice.” [U.K.] Ainsworth, 1783. CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Kentucky] Shearin, 1911:37; [U.S.: midwest] Ade, 1912:39.

cray-fish Verb, = to catch crayfishes. “Others were engaged in the delicate amusement of cray-fishing” [U.S.] Ingraham, 1835:174. See crawdad, crawfish, crayfish, mudbug, and yabbie as verbs.

crayfish ASTACIDAE, CAMBARIDAE, PARASTACIDAE [English: (Europe, North America, Australasia)] Mosimann and Hofman, 1985:37, 39. CAMBARIDAE [U.S., northeast: New York] Kieran, 1971:74, says it is colloquially spelled and pronounced “crawfish.” PARASTACIDAE. [Australia] Johnston, 1976:192; [New Zealand] Olszewski, 1980:21. Although “crayfish” and “crawfish” are universally used correctly by English-speakers to denote freshwater crustaceans belonging to the Astacoidea and Parastacoidea, both words are also used by some to designate lobsters, shrimp, or other aquatic animals as well. This lack of consistency causes much confusion.

Almost a century ago, Stebbings (1902:187) attempted to “nail the name crayfish hard and fast to the …river-liver…reserving [crawfish] for the marine animal sometimes called the rock-lobster.” Despite his eloquence and reasoning, his and other’s attempts to lessen the confusion have been unsuccessful. I strongly favor using “crayfish” and “crawfish” solely for the Astacoidea and Parastacoidea—leaving other words for the lobsters, shrimps, and miscellany. See crawfish.

crayfish Verb, slang, = “to back out or retreat.” “The steamer was just crayfishing away from a mudisland, where she had tied up for more wool.” [Australia] Lawson, 1900:63. “Such hedging and crayfishing about only postponed the dread business.” [Australia] Hackston, 1966:203; “But from time to time, as if his vital spirit had something of the crayfish, he moved backward in moments of inertia….” Eco, 1983:16. See camaron reculador, crawdad (verb, sense 1), crawfish (verb, sense 1), crawfish policy, crayfish (verb), crayfish (symbolism), gambero (verb), hsiang làgŭ I yang hou t’ui, kajae kŏrŭm, lung hia, marcher comme les écrevisse, and marcher en écrevisse.

crayfish Symbolism. Crayfish are said, without amplification, (de Vries, 1974:116) to symbolize “1. nonchalance; 2. laziness; 3. loss of faith; 4. Synagogue, as personification of the Jewish religion.” On p. 328, de Vries also discusses the Moon Card of the Tarot deck (Smith, 1971) which depicts what he refers to as “a lobster-like crab.” This “crab,” which is more likely a crayfish, is said to denote “involution, regression to a more primitive state (the crab eating away what is transitory)….” The negative “laziness,” “loss of faith,” and “regressive” associations are reflected in the English, Chinese, and Korean slang verb forms, q.v., but are in contrast with the Chickasaw Incaktcakáfa (“They are crawfish,” i.e. a very bright and active people”) and the Mayan rebus which associates crayfish and shrimp with goodness, nobility, and beauty.

This latter sense is discussed by Stross (1989:143-164), who proposes that the crayfish icon used by the Mayas is a rebus usage, representing a word by depicting a homophone of it—i.e. by depicting something else bearing a similar sounding name. In this case he cites the Zoque sas (= crayfish) with the Zoque sa’sa (= beautiful); the Popoluca ooy (= shrimp/ crayfish) with the Popoluca oy (= good, fine, nice); and the Mixe kAA’xm (= shrimp) with kAhxm (= high, exalted).

Magette, 1983:61, discusses Balzac’s use of crayfish- related symbolism in La Rabouilleuse (Balzac, 188? (1966): 131 et seq. Here, Balzac explains that rabouiller, q.v., is a provencial word denoting the trapping freshwater crayfishes by stirring up the water with a tree branch to frighten the crayfishes into traps. Flore Brazier, a young rabouilleuse whom Dr. Rouget meets, snares Jean-Jacques, who corresponds to the crayfish.

de Tervarent (1958:151-152) discusses écrevisse as a symbol of inconstance, contrary fortune, and idleness—using the crayfish in medieval art to illustrate these attributes.

See ca’am, camaron reculador, crawdad (verb, sense 1), crawfish (verb, sense 1), crawfish policy, crayfish (verb) crayfish (Symbolism), gambero (verb), hsiang làgŭ I yang hou t’ui, Incaktcakáfa, kajae kŏrŭm, lung hia, marcher comme les écrevisse, marcher en écrevisse, ooy, rabouiller, and sas.

Crayfish Creek Place name, stream. [Australia: Tasmania, (147°21’E × 42°57’S)] See Yellami Boongangooloom.

creauis ASTACIDAE “A freshwater Creauis” [England: Middle English] Dodoens, 1557:426. Also, “Creauises are good for Hectickes” [England: Middle English] Benvenuto Italiano, 1612, paragraph 87:163.

Crebs ASTACIDAE [Germany] Corneille, 1694(I):349.

creeft ASTACIDAE [Netherlands] van Maerlant, 1266-1269 (1878), Boek V:9, line 251.

creekcrab CAMBARIDAE [U.S., southeast: Louisiana] Raichlen, 1991:F2.

crefish ASTACIDAE “The Crefish are some of them red, when they are raw, and some Azure coloured, some of them are not red after boyling, they are taken notice of to have three teeth in the Stomack, and the Males to have a double Penis” [U.K.] Wagnero, 1683:269.

crefyshe ASTACIDAE “..yf you take a good sort of Crefyshes….” [U.K.: English] Heresbach, 1496-1576 (1601), Book II:69. See crefysshe.

crefysshe Although freshwater crayfishes are found naturally in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and Belize, this is a doubtful reference to freshwater crayfishes sensu stricto, as the description apparently is of animals inhabiting southern Central America, probably Panama. More likely, the animals referred to were atyid shrimps. “…full of gressehoppers, grylles, crabbes or crefysshes….” [U.K.: Middle English?] Eden, 1555:115. See crefyshe and creuysshe.

créifis ASTACIDAE [Romania] Schoenkron, 1952:100.

crepel = “a little creeper, or crawfish.” ASTACIDAE [U.K.: Old English] Bosworth, 1881:61. Toller, 1921:134, says crépel = crib. In this case, crib may be a form of crab, as in Wright, 1898, vol. 1:761. But Toller, 1898:170, shows crêpel = a burrow. There may be a certain obscure consistency in all of this.

creues ASTACIDAE “A creues, dyght hym thus: depart hym a-sonder, & slytee the belly….” [U.K.: Middle English] Wynken de Worde, 1413, in Furnivall, 1868, page 281, line 20.

creuesses ASTACIDAE “Þan comes ðare-out creuesses ·of manykins hewis, Scorpions þaim to scere ·& scalid neddirs, And þai so large & so laith ·& so lowd schrikis, þat all þe soile of þa sidis….” [U.K.: Middle English; probably 1400-1450] The Wars of Alexander, edited from MS. Ashmole 44 in the Bodlean Library, Oxford, and MS. D.4.12 in the Library of Trinity College, Dublin, by Walter W. Skeat 1886:219, line 3864. Hendrickson, 1987:139, says crayfish, first recorded as creuesse in England early in the 15th century, was corrupted to crayfish by 1597, but he gives no additional details; he may have this reference in mind. See crevesses. But also see creuez and creuis, dating from 1390-1 and 1345-6, respectively.

creuez ASTACIDAE “Item, pro pikerell et creuez, j duc. lxviij s.” [U.K.: Middle English] Expeditions to Prussia and the Holy Land… 1390-1 and 1392-3, in Smith, Lucy T., 1894, 215/20.

creuis ASTACIDAE “In creuis empt. pro pitancia Conuentus.” [U.K.: Middle English, 14th century] Sacrist Rolls of Ely, 1345-6, in Chapman, 1908, vol. 2:129; “The tayle of a lobster, or river Creuis.” [U.K.: Middle English] Dodoens, 1557:60.

creuviche ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118. André, 1960:133, specifies Bourgogne; Rolland, 1881:230, specifies Côted’Or.

creuvisse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (A. nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118. André, 1960:133, specifies Bourgogne; Belloc, 1899:141. specifies Côte-d’Or.

creuysshe ASTACIDAE “…hath in the steade of flesshe a certeyne substance like vnto the flesshe of creuysshes” [U.K.: Middle English] Eden, 1555:302. See crefysshe.

creveiceron ASTACIDAE, “petite écrevisse.” [France: 13th century] Greimas, 1969:150-151.

crevesses ASTACIDAE “Than comes thare out crevesses/ of manykins hewis/ Scorpions thaim to scere/and scalid neddirs….” [U.K.: Middle English; 1400-1450] Stevenson, 1849, line 3864. Note that this is another rendition of the same manuscript described under creuesses, above, but using the “th” instead of the thorn and a v instead of a u in crevesses.

crevet ASTACIDAE [Netherlands] van Maerlant, 1266-1269 (1878), Boek V:9, footnote to line 252.

crevette ASTACIDAE [Netherlands] van Maerlant, 1266-1269(1878), p. 10, foot- note to line 274.

creveys ASTACIDAE [U.K.: Middle English] Anonymous, 1460, Ms. K.

crevez dew douz ASTACIDAE “…to rost Eles/ lampurnes/ Crevez dew douz, and breme de mere….” [U.K.: England; Middle English] Russell, ca. 1475, in Furnivall, 1868:174, line 848.

crevice (Sense 1) ASTACIDAE, [France: end of 13th century] Belloc, 1899:141, referring to Belon, 1555; [France: 11-14th centuries, dialects of northern France (Langue d’Oil)] Bos, 1891:114; “(A) crevice, first a spron frey, then a shrimp, then a sprawn, and when it is large then called a crevice.” [U.K.: English] Randle Holme ca. 1688, quoted by Phipson, 1883:435; “Crab, cray-fish, or crevice” [U.K.: Middle English] Ainsworth, 1783. Said by Rolland, 1881:230, to be related to Old High German Krebiz, and to date from the 13th century in France; but also said by Bos (see above) to be derived from German Krevisse, q.v., and to have been used from ll-14th centuries. See also armure à écrevisse. See also next entry.

crevice (sense 2) = armure [France: 11-14th centuries, dialects of northern France (Langue d’Oil)] Bos, 1891:114. Greimas, 1969:150-151, describes it as “Armure faite de bandes d’acier articulées à la manière des anneaux d’une écrevisse.” See armure a écrevisse. See also krevisse.

crevicia ASTACIDAE [U.K.: medieval Latin] Latham, 1981:517.

crevik ASTACIDAE [Netherlands] Olszewski, 1980:14.

crevis ASTACIDAE “In sperling’, crevis, lopsters, et pise aque dulcis, 4s. l0p.” [U.K.: Middle English, 14th century] Account Rolls of the Abbey of Durham, 1311-2, in Fowler, 1898, vol. 99:9; “…because swine [having fed on henbane] seek after Crevises….” [U.K.: Middle English] Coles, 1657, lviii. According to Webster, 1852:283, this was little used by the mid- 19th century. See also river crevis.

crevis dewe douze ASTACIDAE “A Crevis dewe douze, Cut his belly away….” [U.K.: England; Middle English] Russell, ca. 1475, in Furnivall, 1868:159, line 616.

crevis douse ASTACIDAE “Porpas rosted. Munse fryed. Crevis douse.” [U.K.: England; Middle English] Kurath, 1959, vol. C-DYWE:727.

crevise ASTACIDAE “Crevise/þus wise ye must dight:” [U.K.: England; Middle English] Russell, ca. 1475, in Furnivall, 1868:158, lines 604-5. Thomas Wright, 1857:355, crevise was used in England before the 19th century.

crevise dewe douz ASTACIDAE “Perche in gely/ Crevise dewe douz/ pety perueis with þe moost.” [U.K.: England; Middle English] Russell, ca. 1475, in Furnivall, 1868:166, line 707. In a footnote Furnival says “pety perueis” may be pies of carp and eels roasted and minced with spices.

crevish ASTACIDAE “If crabs or river Crevish, were hanged up and exposed to the Sun for ten daies, they will drive out Catterpillers from Pot herbs.” [U.K.] Muffett, 1658:1041; “But this Sir Christopher [Metcalfe] is also memorable for stocking the river Yower in this County…with Crevishes (which he brought out of the South) where they thrive in plenty and bigness.” [U.K.: Yorkshire] Fuller, 1662:223; [U.K.: Scotland] Jamieson, 1818, unpaginated; 1846:170.

crevit ASTACIDAE [Netherlands] van Maerlant, 1266-1269 (1878), Boek V:9, line 252.

crevy ASTACIDAE “…for v. crevys ij. d.” [England: Middle English] Anonymous, 1481-1490:84.

crevyse deau doulce ASTACIDAE “Shell fyshe, excepte crevyse deau doulce.” [U.K.: England; Middle English] Elyot, 1539:15a.

cribisse CAMBARIDAE, probably Procambarus clarkii. [U.S.: Louisiana; Cajun French] Botkin, 1955:580.

Crittenden crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Crockerinus) bisectus. [U.S.: Kentucky; Crittenden County, Ohio River drainage] Williams, et al., 1989:23; Hobbs, 1989:35.

crow dab CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Missouri] Taylor, J.L.B., 1923:204.

crow dad CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Missouri] Taylor, J.L.B., 1923:204.

crow pappy CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Missouri] Taylor, J.L.B., 1923:204.

crófis ASTACIDAE [Romania] Schoenkron, 1952:100.

csókárak ASTACIDAE, Astacus pallipes (Potamobius pallipes). Current usage, Austropotamobius pallipes. [Hungary] Gozmány, 1979:119.

csúollós rák ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Hungary] Gozmány, 1979:119.

Cuban slender digit crayfish See kubanskogo dlinnopalogo rak.

cuinci PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland: vicinity of Mt. Isa, Kalkatunga Aboriginal tribe (= Kalkadunga Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:173 (140°0’E × 20°55’S))] Blake, 1969:84. See jakalaan and tumpan.

cunder PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Natal Downs Station, Cape River, Pegulloburra Aboriginal tribe (= Ilba Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:181 (146°50’E × 20°50’S))] Chatfield, in Curr, vol. 11:482, Sta. 131.

cypress crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarellus (Pandicambarus) blacki. [U.S.: Florida; Escambia County] Williams, et al., 1989:21.

сухопалий рак ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus leptodactylus salinus. [Ukraine] Brod- sky, 1981:154. = sukhopalyĭ rak, q.v.

сухопалый рак ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus leptodactylus salinus. [Russia] Brod- sky, 1981:154. = sukhopalyĭ rak, q.v.

dagllu PARASTACIDAE, = “Camarón o cangrejo de agua dulce.” Also = “Parastocus” sp. [Argentina/Chile: Araucano, Pehuenche, Pampa, Picunche, Rancülche, and Huilliche Indians; Mapuche language] Erize, 1960:151,451. = daullu and sagllu, q.v.

dalai in naimalchin “Cray-fish” in primary reference, but in vol. II:1072 it is translated as “blue-crab in ocean” and as “sea crayfish” and “lobster.” [Mongolia] Boberg, 1955, vol. III:124.

art = dalai in naimalchin, see above. Note that the Mongolian language is written and read perpendicularly from the left to the right; thus these words would normally be rotated 90° to the right. See also sam khorokhai.

Dalhousie Springs yabbie PARASTACIDAE, Cherax destructor-albidus. [Aus- tralia: South Australia; NE of Oodnadatta] Horwitz, 1990:90.

danbee PARASTACIDAE?, “lobster”? This does not coincide with any present-day freshwater crayfish distribution, and could be some organism other than the crayfish, or an unknown crayfish inhabiting subterranean waters. [Australia: Western Australia; South-Eastern Division, Nullarbor Plain, Eyre’s Sand Patch, Wonunda Meening Aboriginal tribe (= Miming Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:248 (128°0’E × 31°-10’S))] Williams, in Curr, 1886(I):398, Sta. 34. Note similarity of word with danibutcha, q.v.

danibutcha PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; Yorke’s (Yorke) Peninsula (not Cape York Peninsula, Queensland), (probably = Narangga Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:214 (137°35’E × 34°35’S))] Kühn, in Curr 1886(II): 146, Sta. 67. See worronguna. Note similarity of word with danbee, q.v.

daullu See dagllu.

deda PARASTACIDAE, as well as shrimps and lobsters. [Madagascar: Fort Dauphin region] Poisson, 1947:13.

dede Pronounced dayday. PARASTACIDAE, Cherax longipes and Cherax solus. [New Guinea: Tigi Lake area] Holthuis, 1949:295, 319.

dendong PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Gippsland; Victorian Region groups] Mathew, 1899:230-231. Because of the number of Aboriginal tribes in the Gippsland area in the 1890s, greater specificity is impossible.

devil crawfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Lacunicambarus) diogenes. [U.S.: widespread east of the Rockies and south of the Great Lakes, except Florida peninsula, the Alleghenies, and northeast of New Jersey and east of western Pennsylvania in Mississippi drainage; primary burrowing crayfish] Williams, et al., 1989:22; Hobbs, 1989:24.

devil’s fleas See piau du diable.

devil’s horse CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Louisiana; New Orleans] Watson, 1843:233. See cheval du diable grasshopper, Haschreckenkrebs, and masan cay.

dib-dib PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus armatus. [Australia: New South Wales; Victorian group, Madimadi Aboriginal tribe (= Muthimuthi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:197 (143°20’E × 34°25’S))] Hercus, 1969a:332, 422.

dibil PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus armatus. [Australia: New South Wales; Victorian group, Madimadi Aboriginal tribe (= Muthimuthi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:197 (143°20’E × 34°25’S))] Hercus, 1969b:3.

didbee PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; Keppel Bay, Calliope River, and Curtis Island, Byellee Aboriginal tribe (= Baiali Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:164 (150°55’E × 23°40’S))] Curr, 1887(III): 114, Sta. 160.

dirndung-dirnduk PARASTACIDAE. Same word used for “crayfish” and freshwater “lobster,” probably = Cherax sp., Engaeus sp., and Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; “Gippsland,” (data given do not allow tribal designation)] Curr, 1887(III):552, Sta. 210.

ditch bugs CAMBARIDAE [U.S.] Strung, 1985, p.58.

ditch fencing crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Faxonella clypeata. [U.S.: Oklahoma and Texas, east to Florida and South Carolina] Williams, et al., 1989:23; Hobbs, 1989:32.

dixie lobster CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: southeast] Olszewski, 1980:20.

djambre ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Gard] Rolland, 1881:231.

djambré ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Languedoc] Gozmány, 1979:118; André, 1960:133; Belloc, 1899:141, specifies Gard.

dlinnonogiĭ rechnoĭ rak See длинноногий речной рак, next citation.

длинноногий речной рак ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Russia] Gozmány, 1979:119.

dlinnopalyĭ rak See длиннопалый рак, see next citation.

длиннопалый рак ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus leptodactylus leptodactylus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:151. See dlinnopalyĭ rak, above.

dlinnopalyǐ rechnoǐ rak See длиннопалый рсчной рак, next citation.

длиннопалый рсчной рак ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Russia] Gozmány, 1979:119.

Dohlenkrebs ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius pallipes. [Germany] Mosimann and Hofman, 1985:37.; [Austria] Wintersteiger, in Westman et al., 1990:38.; [Switzerland] Büttiker et al., in Westman et al., 1990:180.

dookami PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Wagga Wagga (probably = Wiradjuri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 (147°30’E × 33°50’S))] Bayles, in Curr, 1887(III):392, Sta. 190. See yingar.

Doughtery Plain cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Jugicambarus) cryptodytes. [U.S.: several caves in Georgia and Florida] Williams, et al., 1989:22; Hobbs, 1989:22.

dovghopalyǐ rak See довгопалий рак, next entry.

довгопалий рак ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Ukraine] Cherry, 1992:20. See dovghopalyǐ rak, above.

dunays’kyǐ kam’yanĭĭ rak See дунайский кам’еняный рак, next citation.

дунайский кам’еняный рак ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius (Austropotamobius) torrentium natio danubicus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981. p. 183. See dunays’kyǐ kam’yanĭĭ rak, above.

dunayskyǐ kamennyǐ rak See дунайский каменяный рак, next citation.

дунайский каменяный рак ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius (Austropotamobius) torrentium natio danubicus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981. p. 183. See dunayskyǐ kamennyǐ rak, above.

ecrebisse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118. André, 1960:133, specifies Bourgogne and Poitou; Belloc, 1899:141, specifies Poitou and Côte-d’Or.

écrebisse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Poitou and Bussy-le-Grand] Rolland 1881:231.

ecrevice ASTACIDAE [France] Corneille, 1694(I):349; Phipson, 1883:435, quoting Holme 1688 (but I was unable to find the word in Holme); [France: Champagne] André, 1960:133.

ecrevice Slang, = “Sorte d’armes anciennes. C’estoient des cuirasses faites de lames de fer, mises les unes fur les autres à la maniere des écailles d’Ecrevices.” [France: 17th century] Corneille, 1694(1):349. See armure à écrevisse and ecrevisse de rempart.

ecrevice d’eau douce ASTACIDAE [France] Corneille, 1694(I):349.

ecrevice de riviere ASTACIDAE [France] Corneille, 1694(I):349.

ecrevisse CAMBARIDAE [Canada (eastern)] Lemoine, 1911:216.

écrevisse ASTACOIDEA and PARASTACOIDEA [France] Gozmány, 1979:118; Rolland, 1881:231, designates its use as both “français” and “français vulgaire”; Belloc, 1899:140, says “vulg. et étrang.” [Belgium: Wallonia] Cherry, 1992:19. CAMBARIDAE [Canada] Vinay et al., 1962:142. See crawfish, crayfish, crevice (Sense 1), shrimp, and vissécre.

écrevisse Slang, (sense 1), = blacksmith’s lever-grip tongs. [France: 20th century] Ferrar and Biard, 1980:179 (French-English); Mansion, 1972:E:10.

écrevisse Slang, (sense 2), = Englishman. [Spain: 19th century] Dupouy, in Mérimée, 1846 (1927):66, says, “Norn que le peuple en Espagne donne aux Anglais à cause de la coleur de leur uniforme.” See cardinal.

Écrevisse Name of stream. [France: 47°35’N × 6°58’ E] France: Official Standard Names Gazetteer, U.S. Board on Geographic Names, Washington, D.C.

écrevisse americaine banale ASTACIDAE Orconectes (Faxonius) limosus [France] Noel, 1992:73.

écrevisse à pattes blanches ASTACIDAE Astacus pallipes pallipes [France] Noel, 1992:72.

écrevisse à pattes rouges ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118; [Switzerland] Büttiker et al., in Westman et al., 1990:180.

écrevisse à pieds blancs ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius pallipes. [France] Laurent, 1985:77. [Belgium: Wallonia] Cherry, 1992:19.

écrevisse à pieds pâles ASTACIDAE Astacus pallipes pallipes [France] Noel, 1992:72.

écrevisse à pieds grèles ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [France] Gozmány, 1979:119.

écrevisse à pieds rouges ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118.

écrevisse américaine signal ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus leniusculus. [France] Duris and Holzer, 1988:3.

ecrevisse californienne ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus leniusculus. [France] Laurent, in Westman et al., 1990:78.

écrevisse commune ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118.

écrevisse cuite Slang, (sense 1), literally = “cooked crayfish,” but slang usage = red. “…sans excepter le consul du pape, qui s’habille en écrevisse cuite….” [France: 19th century] About, 1854:381. See cardinal and écrevisse de rempart.

écrevisse cuite Slang, (sense 2), = fantassin (footsoldier) [France: early 20th century argot] Esnault (1965:252) says footsoldiers (fantassins) were called écrevisses de rempart, q.v., because of their red pants—whence, by twisting, prostitutes came to call cooked crayfishes (écrevisses cuites) “fantassins,” q.v. See also cardinal.

ecrevisse de boulanger Argot, = hypocrite. [France: popular in 19th century] Barrère, 1887:124.

écrevisse de californie ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus leniusculus. [France] Gerard, in Westman et al., 1990:44. [Switzerland] Büttiker et al., in Westman et al., 1990:180.

écrevisse de la boue ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus. [France] Duris and Holzer, 1988:2.

ecrevisse de rempart Slang/argot, = foot soldier. [France: used by 19th century by French cavalry] Barrère, 1887:124; Ecrevisse de Rempart [book title] [France: 20th century] Thérive, 1969. See armure à écrevisse, cardinal, ecrevice, and écrevisse cuite.

écrevisse de rocher ASTACIDAE, Astacus torrentium (Astacus saxatilis, A. longicornis and Potamobius saxatilis). Current usage, Austropotamobius torrentium. [France] Duris and Holzer, 1988:2.

écrevisse des marais ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus leptodactylus [France] Noel, 1992:71.

écrevisse des torrents ASTACIDAE, Astacus torrentium (Astacus saxatilis, A. longicornis and Potamobius saxatilis). Current usage, Austropotamobius torrentium. [France] Gozmány, 1979:119; [Switzerland] Büttiker et al., in Westman et al., 1990:180.

écrevisse de Turquie ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus. [Belgium] Gerard, in Westman et al., 1990:44.

écrevisse dulcaquicoles ASTACIDAE [France] Gozmány, 1979:118.

écrevisse fluviatile ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118.

écrevisse Malgache PARASTACIDAE, Astacoides madagascariensis. [France] Mosimann and Hofman, 1985:38.

écrevisse noble ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118.

écrevisse qui renifle Slang, = the crayfish which flees backward. [France] Zola, 1877 (1961):742, with translation of slang word “renifle” by Delvau, 1889:412. See camaron reculador, crawfish as a verb (sense 1), crayfish as a verb, gambero as a verb, and hsiang làgŭ I yang hou t’ui.

Ecrevisse Rouge “Red Crawfish [People].” [U.S.: Mississippi; Shȧktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907, vol. 1:232, citing du Pratz (= Le Page du Pratz), 1758, vol. 2:226. See Shȧktci Homma.

écrevisse rouge CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus clarkii. [France] Mosimann and Hofman, 1985:38.

écrevisse rouge de Louisiane ASTACIDAE Procambarus (Scapulicambarus) clarkii [France] Noel, 1992:73.

écrevisse russe ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus leptodactylus [France] Noel, 1992:71.

ecrevisset ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118. André, 1960:133, and Belloc, 1899:141, specify Tarentaise.

écrevisset ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Rolland, 1881:231, citing Pont, 1872.

ecrevisse tonnerre CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Louisiana, Cajun folklore] 1. = “[A] crawfish, smaller than regular crawfish with large pincers. People find them in ditches and they say if one of these bites you, it won’t let go until it thunders.” Theobald Courville, in Hollier, 1971:105; = “…[L]ittle crawfish with big blue pincers…and boy is it mean. It’s tail is hollow. I believe the tonnerre is a bourreau.” Leona Martin Guirard, in Hollier, 1971:105.

ecrevisse turque ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus. [France] Laurent, in Westman et al., 1990:78.

Edelkrebs = noble crayfish. ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (A. nobilis, A. fluviatilis and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Germany] Belloc, 1899:142; Mosimann and Hofmann, 1985:36. [France: “En idiome strasbourgeois du XVII siècle,” (p. 141), and “Suisse allemande,” (p. 142)] Belloc, 1899. [Austria] Wintersteiger, in Westman et al., 1990, p.38; [Switzerland] Büttiker et al., in Westman et al., 1990:180. p. 180.

eel PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” possibly = Cherax robustus, C. dispar depressus, and/or Euastacus sp., and/or Cherax sp. [Australia: Queensland; upper Brisbane River (probably = Dalla Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:166 (152°25’E × 26°55’S))] Landsborough and M. Curr, in Curr, 1887(III):210, Sta. 167. See īllai, il’lai, yil, yīl, yil’ai, yīl’lai.

Eguchi’s Crayfish Pupa Not a crayfish, but a mutant pupa of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Fujimaki, 1976: 507.

eicorobisso ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118. André, 1960:133, specifies Limousin; as do Belloc, 1899:141, and Rolland, 1881:231, who cites Foucaud, 1866.

einga PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax davisi. [Australia: Queensland; Balonne, Baleandoon, Nogara, and Nerran rivers; Wolleroi or Yerraleroi Aboriginal tribe (= Mandandanji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:181 (148°35’E × 27°5’S))] Hammond, in Curr, 1887(III):260, Sta. 175. See keerai.

el amarillo CAMBARIDAE, color morph of Procambarus clarkii in Spain. [Spain] Gaudé, 1986. p. 126.

elin PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” possibly = Cherax gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; Broad Sound, Yaamba, Maryborough, and St. Lawrence (probably = Koinjmal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:176 (149°-45’E × 22°20’S))] Muller, in Curr, 1887(III):52, Sta. 148. See goowarra.

ella PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” possibly = Cherax gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; Rockhampton and Gracemere (probably = Darambal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:167 (150°20’E × 23°5’S))] Archer, in Curr, 1887(III):56, Sta. 149. See wambein.

elli PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” possibly = Cherax dispar depressus and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: Queensland; between Brisbane and Gympie, Mooloola Aboriginal tribe (= Undanbi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:186 (153°5’E × 26°55’S))] Landsborough, in Curr, 1887(II)1:142, Sta. 164.

elparra PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax quadricarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; Middle Norman River, Wollongurmee Aboriginal tribe (= Bugulmara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:166 (142°0’E × 18°20’S))] Armit, in Curr, 1886(II):312, Sta. 93; [Australia: Tasmania] Ingamells, 1955:51. Note that in light of the Sta. 93 detail, this latter locality seems somewhat questionable. See yandurrer.

encravisso ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118. Belloc, 1899:141, specifies Limousin.

English crayfish ASTACIDAE, Astacus pallipes (Potamobius pallipes). Current usage, Austropotamobius pallipes. [English] Gozmány, 1979:119.

engravisso ASTACIDAE [France: Limousin] André, 1960:133. Rolland, 1881:231, cites Chabaneau, 1871-1872. See Chabaneau, 1876.

enkodko PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: South Australia; Murray River alluvial flats (possibly = Jarildekald (139°20’E × 35°30’S) and/or Portalun (139°-15’E × 35°15’S) Aboriginal tribes of Tindale, 1974:212 and 217-218] Olszewski, 1980:17, citing Gray in Eyre, 1845. See eukodko, ukodko, ukot, and yukalto.

eplucher des écrevisses Slang, = “to pick up straws.” [France] Billaudeau, 1903:182.

equeurvisse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118. André, 1960:133, specifies Morvan, as do Belloc, 1899:141, and Rolland, 1881:230, who cites Chambure, 1878.

erambie PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Tasmania] Ingamells, 1955:51. [Australia] Endacott, 1924 (1973):21.

escarabicho ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118. Belloc 1899:141, specifies Toulouse and Aude.

escarabido ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118. André, 1960:133, specifies Limousin; as do Belloc, 1899, p. 141, and Rolland, 1881:231, who cites Sauger-Preneuf, 1825.

escarabissa ASTACIDAE [France: Languedoc] André, 1960:133. Belloc, 1899:141, specifies Hérault, as does Rolland, 1881:231, specifies Hérault, who cites “Marcel de Serres.. 1822.” See Serres, 1822.

escarabisso ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118. André, 1960:133, specifies Limousin, as does Rolland, 1881:231, who cites Sauger-Preneuf, 1825. Rolland (ibidem) also specifies Gard, citing personal communication; Belloc, 1899:141, specifies Gard and Toulouse.

escarabîsso ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Limousin] Belloc, 1899:141.

escaravisso ASTACIDAE [France: Limousin] André, 1960:133.

escarbisso ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118. Belloc, 1899:141, specifies Toulouse.

escarbicho ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Toulouse] Belloc, 1899:141.

eschscholtz This is not a vernacular name for any crayfish. Its appearance under “Common name(s)” on pages 46 and 132 in Westman et al., 1990, was an editorial lapsus. Eschscholtz was the individual who described Astacus leptodactylus, the crayfish discussed on both pages.

escorobisso ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118. André, 1960:133, and Belloc, 1899:141, specify Limousin.

escorobîsso ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Tulle, Bas-Limousin] Rolland, 1881:231, specifies Tulle, citing Béronie, but omitting date. See Béronie, 1823.

escrabicho ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Limousin] Gozmány, 1979:118; André, 1960, p.133. Belloc, 1899:141, specifies Toulouse.

escrabissa ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118.

escrabisso ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118. André, 1960:133, specifies Languedoc; Belloc, 1899:141, specifies Lot; Rolland, 1881, specifies Toulouse, citing Poumarède, 1860. See Poumarède, 1841, as possibly the same reference.

escreuisse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Middle French] Belloc, 1899:140, citing Belon, 1555.

escrevice ASTACIDAE [France: Old French] Rolland, 1881:231; Belloc, 1899:141, referring to Belon, 1555.

escreviche ASTACIDAE [France: Old French] Rolland, 1881:231; Belloc, 1899:141, referring to Belon, 1555.

escrevisse ASTACIDAE [France: Old French] Rolland, 1881:231.

etelänrapu ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius pallipes and A. torrentium. [Finland: (a “non-traditional devised term,” (= fabricated name))] Cherry, 1992:19.

etgrévisse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118. Belloc, 1899:142, and André, 1960:133, specify Vosges; Rolland, 1881:231, specifies “Vagney Vosges.”

éti rak ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Hungary] Gozmány, 1979:118.

eukodko PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: South Australia; Murray River alluvial flats (possibly = Jarildekald (139°20’E × 35°30’S) and/or Portalun (139°-15’E × 35° 15’S) Aboriginal tribes of Tindale, 1974:212 and 217-218] Olszewski, 1980, p.17, citing Gray in Eyre, 1845. See enkodko, ukodko, ukot, and yukalto.

Eungella spiny crayfish PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus eungella. [Australia:Queensland; Eungella National Park (147°50’E × 20°40’S)] Winter and McDonald, 1986:42; Morgan, 1988:8-11.

europäischer Flusskrebs ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (A. nobilis, Astacus fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Germany] Gozmány, 1979:118.

ezeren rak See езерен рак, next citation.

езерен рак ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus. [Bulgaria] Cherry, 1992:20. See ezeren rak, above.

fantassin = cooked crayfishes [France: early 20th century prostitute’s argot] See écrevisse cuite (sense 2).

ferskranns kreps ASTACIDAE [Norway] Fauchald, Kristian, personal communication.

ferskvannskreps ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. [Norway] Skurdal et al., 1985:77.

fire back crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Depressicambarus) pyronotus. [U.S.: Florida; Liberty Co., burrows along tributary of Apalachicola River] Williams, et al., 1989:22; Hobbs, 1989:16.

flodkräfta = “River crayfish.” ASTACIDAE in Swedish waters, as well as imported CAMBARIDAE [Sweden] Fürst, in Westman et al., 1990:168; Cherry, 1992:19.

flodkrebs ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus and A. pallipes. [Denmark] Hørlyck and Rasmussen, in Westman et al., 1990:53; Cherry, 1992:19.

flodkreps ASTACIDAE [Denmark] Schmidt-Nielsen, 1941:1.

flodkreps ASTACIDAE [Denmark] Schmidt-Nielsen, 1941:1.

Florida cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Ortmannicus) lucifugus. [U.S.: Florida; Citrus and Hernando counties northward to Marion Co., caves] Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:69.

Florida longbeak crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Ortmannicus) youngi. [U.S.: Florida; Gulf County] Williams, et al., 1989:27; Hobbs, 1989:72.

Flusskrebs ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (A. nobilis, Astacus fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). Also = any freshwater crayfish. [Germany] Gozmány, 1979:118; Belloc, 1899:142. Note that this word is sometimes literally translated “river crab,” as in BioSciences Information Service (BIOSIS) B-I-T-S Abstracts, (Philadelphia, PA), translation of the title of a paper by Pretzmann, 1988:153.

folyami rák ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Hungary] Gozmány, 1979:118.

folyami rákok ASTACIDAE [Hungary] Gozmány, 1979:118.

folyamirákok See folyami rákok.

freckeled crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Erebicambarus) maculatus. [U.S.: Missouri] Pflieger, 1987:7; Hobbs and Pflieger, 1988:644; Hobbs, 1989:91.

French Broad crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Puncticambarus) reburrus. [U.S.: North Carolina; Buncombe, Henderson, Jackson, Madison, and Transylvania counties] Williams, et al., 1989:22; Hobbs, 1989:27.

fresh-water cray-fish ASTACIDAE [England] Kirby, 1897:52.

fresh-water lobster ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [English] Gozmány, 1979:118.

freshwater crayfish ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus, As. leptodactylus. [English] Mosimann and Hofman, 1985:36, 37. Cited by Gozmány, 1979:118, as encompassing the entire family ASTACIDAE This is generally used used for any member of the ASTACOIDEA and PARASTACOIDEA.

Furneaux burrowing crayfish PARASTACIDAE, Engaeus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Flinders Island, Strzelecki Peaks] Horwitz, 1990:96.

gadjunja PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; lower Darling River, Victorian group, Bagandji Aboriginal tribe (= Barkindji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:192 (142°25’E × 32°40’S))] Hercus, 1982:284, 308. Spelling variation, gadunja. See gungulu and ilidja.

gadunja See gadjunja.

gaforre uji t’ëmbël ASTACIDAE [Albania] Kici and Aliko, 1969:125.

galíciai râk ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Hungary] Gozmány, 1979:119.

Galizerkrebs ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus. [Germany] Mosimann and Hofman, 1985:37.

Galizier ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus. [Germany] Hoffman, 1980:12.; [Switzerland] Büttiker et al., in Westman et al., 1990:180.

Galizierkrebs ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Germany] Hoffman, 1980:24.

galizischer Krebs ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Germany] Gozmány, 1979:119.

galizischer Sumpfkrebs ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Germany] Gozmány, 1979:119.

galizischer Teichkrebs ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Germany] Gozmány, 1979:119.

galizisk sumpkrebs ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus. [Denmark] Hørlyck and Rasmussen, in Westman et al., 1990:53.

galoom PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; between Albert and Tweed rivers (probably = Jukambe tribe of Tindale, 1974:194 (153°0’E × 27°55’S))] O’Connor, in Curr, 1887(III):236, Sta. 171. See boongangooloom, boonggangooloom, and mul’aim.

gamarella ASTACIDAE [Latin, ancient, “Romain vulgaire”] Belloc, 1899:140.

gambao ASTACIDAE [Italy: Genoa] Rolland, 1881, p.231; Belloc, 1899, p. 142.

gambarelli ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Italy] Belloc, 1889:142.

gambaro ASTACIDAE [Latin, ancient, “Romain vulgaire”] Belloc, 1899:140. [Italy: Venice] Rolland, 1881:231; Belloc, 1899:142.

gámbero ASTACIDAE [Italy] Wessely, 1891:51; Millhouse, 1870, vol. 2:264, says = “cray-fish, cràb.” See gránchio.

gámbero Verb, = to walk or go backwards. Said of seminarians at “the German College.” [Italy] Macchi, 1970:569. See camaron reculador, crawdad (verb, sense 1), crawfish (verb, sense 1), crawfish policy, crayfish (verb), hsiang làgŭ I yang hou t’ui, kajae kŏrŭm, marcher comme les écrevisse, and marcher en écrevisse.

gámbero d’acqua dolce ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus, Austropotamobius pallipes. [Italy] Comelati and Davenport, ca. 1900:135.

gambero d’acqua dolce ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus, Austropotamobius pallipes. [Italy] Mancini, in Westman et al., 1990:125.

gámbero di fiume ASTACIDAE [Italy] Milhouse, 1886:160.;

gambero di fiume ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. [Italy] Mosimann and Hofman, 1985:36.

gambero di fiume turco ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus. [Italy] Cherry, 1992:20.

gámbero di ruscéllo ASTACIDAE [Italy] Milhouse, 1886:160.

gambero di torrento ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius torrentum. [Switzerland: Italian] Büttiker et al., in Westman etal., 1990:180.

gámbero fluviale ASTACIDAE [Italian] Hoare, 1926:93.

gambero rosso CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus clarkii. [Italy. Not recorded, but probably has been introduced from Kenya] Mancini, in Westman et al., 1990:125.

gambero turco ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus. [Italy] Mancini, in Westman et al., 1990:125.

ġamblu ASTACIDAE [Malta] Falzon, 1884.

gambré ASTACIDAE [France: Provence] André, 1960:133.

gammarello ASTACIDAE [Italy] Olszewski, 1980:21.

gammaro ASTACIDAE [Italy (northern] Belloc, 1899:141.

gammaru ASTACIDAE [Sicily] Mortillaro, 1862:539. See gammaruni and russu comu un gammaru.

gammaruni ASTACIDAE, a very large crayfish. [Sicily] Mortillaro, 1862:539. See gammaru.

ganoon PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Cherax cuspidatus, C. rotundus, C. neopunctatus, and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; New England; Tenterfield; Yucomble Aboriginal tribe (= Jukambal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:194 (152°10’E × 29°15S))] Anonymous, in Curr, 1887(III):294, Sta. 179. See naloan.

gannoon PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” possibly = Cherax davisi. [Australia: Queensland; headwaters of the MacIntyre River, Preaglagh Aboriginal tribe (= Bigambul Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:166 (150°10’E × 28°10’S))] Myles, in Curr, 1887(III):268, Sta. 176. See gurinein.

gavar dowr ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius pallipes. [U.K.: England; Cornwall] Cherry, 1992:19.

gaver ASTACIDAE [U.K., England: Cornwall] Jago, 1887:37.

geary PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; Gwyder [Gwydir] River, Kamilaroi Aboriginal tribe (148°35’E × 30°15’S)] Bucknell, in Curr, 1887(III):312, Sta. 181.

gemeiner Flusskrebs ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (A. nobilis, Astacus fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Germany] Gozmány, 1979:118.

géor ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Bretagne] Gozmány, 1979:118; Belloc, 1899:142, specifies Bretagne. See géorenn and guéorenn.

géoren ASTACIDAE [France: Bretagne] Belloc, 1899:142.

géorenn pl., géorenned ASTACIDAE [France: Bretagne] Belloc, 1899:142; André, 1960:133. Rolland, 1881:231, citing Troude, 1876, specifies “breton de Tréguier. See géoren and guéorenn.

gevlekte CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes limosus. [Netherlands] Holthuis, in Westman et al., 1990:132.

gevlekte amerikaanse rivierkreeft ASTACIDAE, Orconectes (Faxonius) limosus. [Netherlands] Adema, 1989:5.

gewone rivierkreeft ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. [Netherlands] Adema, 1989:3.

ghost nipper PARASTACIDAE? [Australia: Queensland] Anonymous, 1981 (1987): 1976, associates yabby with ghost nipper in Queensland. However, it seems unlikely that ghost nippers are freshwater crayfishes, as Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1990:102, state that, “In Queensland yabby may refer to any of several small, burrowing, shrimp-like marine crustaceans known as nippers.

giant Tasmanian lobster PARASTACIDAE, Astacopsis gouldi. [Australia: Tasmania] Horwitz, 1990:74.

gidda PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Wellington, Wiiratheri Aboriginal tribe (= Wiradjuri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 (147°30’E × 33°50’S))] Keightly, in Curr, 1887(III):374, Sta. 190.

gidyar PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” possibly = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Castlereagh River, Talbraga, and Mudgee; Wiraduri Aboriginal tribe (= Wiradjuri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:210 (147°30’E × 33°-50’S))] Gunfher, in Curr, 1887(III):368, Sta. 190. Also Threlkeld, 1892:85. See inka, maramie, marramin, morramma and moramy.

giju PARASTACIDAE, probably Cherax wasselli. [Australia: Queensland; Bloomfield River and its tributaries, Gugu-Yalanji Aboriginal tribe (= Kokojelandji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:176 (144°30’E × 16°-15’S))] Oatesetal., 1964:96. Giju is defined as “crab or lobster,” but considering the range of the Gugu-Yalanji on the Bloomfield River and its tributaries, together with the limited distribution of C. wasselli, there seems a good liklihood that the word does refer to the PARASTACIDAE.

gilga PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia; South-West Division, Pinjarra (probably = Wiilman Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974, p. 260 (117°10’E × 33°10’S))] Scott, in Curr, 1886(1):346, Sta. 22. See also chelgi, chielghi, gilgie, goolgie, jilgi, jilgie, jilgy, joolgie, and julegie.

gilgai See gilga and gilgie.

gilgie PARASTACIDAE, Cherax quinquecarinatus and C. crassimanus; Australian English word derived from the Aboriginal gilgai or gilgie, a natural saucer-shaped depression in the ground that serves as a reservoir for rain water. Gilgies are freshwater crayfishes found in such holes (Wilkes, 1978 (1988): 155. [Australia: Western Australia, Perth-Albany region; Nyungar Aboriginal tribe (probably = Wudjari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:261 (119°45’E × 33°40’S))] Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1990:98. Note that Mosimann and Hofmann, 1985:39, say gilgie = Cherax plebejus and C. glaber. See chelgi, chielghi, gilga, goolgie, jilgi, jilgie, jilgy, joolgie, julegie, and to do a gilgie.

Gillendoon A place name. Literally, “a place of crayfish.” PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: New South Wales; Lachlan blacks, Wiiratheri (= Wiradjuri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 ((147°30’E × 33°50’S)] Curr, 1887(III):365. Note that Reed, 1967, p.103, says Gillendoon = “Crowd.”

gindangia PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax rotundus and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Queenbulla, Ashford, and Quininguillan (possibly = Kwiambal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale 1974:196 (151°15’E × 29°25’S))] District Bench of Magistrates, in Curr, 1887(III):298, Sta. 180. See gonon.

giomach-cuain ASTACIDAE [N.W. Europe: Celts, passim: Gaelic] Dwelly, 1901 (1977):494.

giomach-uisge ASTACIDAE [N.W. Europe: Celts, passim: Gaelic] MacLennon, 1925 (1979):416.

Glenelg River cray PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus bispinosus. [Australia: Victoria and New South Wales] Horwitz, 1990:74.

gliomach fionnuisce ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius pallipes. [N.W. Europe: Celts, passim: Gaelic] Cherry, 1992:19.

göl istakozu ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius pallipes. [Turkey] Cherry, 1992:19.

golyam rechen rak See голям речен рак, below.

голям речен рак ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. [Bulgaria] Cherry, 1992:20. See above golyam rechen rak, above. See also rechen rak.

gonak PARASTACIDAE, possibly = Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia; Toodyay (Newcastle) (probably = Balardong Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:239-240 (117°05’E × 31°45’S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231. See goonack, goonak, gunag, koonac, and koonak.

gonon PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” possibly = Cherax rotundus and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Queenbulla, Ashford, and Quininguillan (possibly = Kwiambal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale 1974:196 (151°15’E × 29°25’S))] District Bench of Magistrates, in Curr, 1887(III):298, Sta. 180. See gindangia.

goolgie PARASTACIDAE, Cherax quinquecarinatus. [Australia: Western Australia, possibly a modern word derived from Aboriginal word] Olszewski, 1980:20. See chelgi, chielghi, gilga, gilgie, jilgi, jilgie, jilgy, joolgie, and julegie.

goombarroo PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish.” This locality does not appear to be within the present-day known range of any freshwater crayfish. [Australia: Queensland; Lower Burdekin River (probably = Warungu Aboriginal tribe (146°0’E × 19°30’S) or Juru Aboriginal tribe (147°40’E × 19°55’S) of Tindale, 1974:188, 172))] Cunningham and Gorton, in Curr, 1886(II):488, Sta. 134. See goonaway, koongooya, mokin, reri-reri, and tararukau.

goonack PARASTACIDAE, possibly = Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia; Midlands Division (NE of Perth between Northan and Toodyay), Newcastle (probably = Balardong Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:239-240 (117°05’E × 31°45’S))] Whitfield, in Curr, 1886(1):326, Sta. 18. See gonak, goonak, gunag, koonac, and koonak.

goonak PARASTACIDAE, possibly = Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia; Perth Division, Perth (probably = Whadjuk Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:260 (116°5’E × 32°0’S))] Knight and Armstrong, in Curr, 1886(I):332, 334, Sta. 19; [Australia: Western Australia; Midlands Division, York District (probably about 75 km. W of Perth), Ballardong (Ballerdokking) Aboriginal tribe (probably = Balardong tribe of Tindale, 1974:239-240 (117°05’Ex 31°45’S))] Hackett, in Curr, 1886(I):344, Sta. 21; [Australia: Western Australia; South-West Division (about 75 km. S of Perth), Pinjarra (probably = Pindjarup Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1947:256 (115°55’E × 32°55’S))] Scott, in Curr, 1886(I):346, Sta. 22. See gonak, goonack, gunag, koonac, and koonak. See also gilga and marine.

goonalk PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Tasmania] Ingamells, 1955:51.

goonaway PARASTACIDAE, “lobster.” This locality does not appear to be within the present-day known range of any freshwater crayfish. [Australia: Queensland; Lower Burdekin River, (probably = Warungu Aboriginal tribe (146°0’E × 19°30’S) and/or Juru Aboriginal tribe (147°40’E × 19°55’S) of Tindale, 1974:188, 172))] Gorton, in Curr, 1886(II):490, Sta. 134. See goombarroo, koongooya, mokin, reri-reri, and tararukau.

goowarra PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” possibly = Cherax gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; Broad Sound, Yaamba, Maryborough, and St. Lawrence (probably = Koinjmal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:176 (149°45’E × 22°20’S))] Muller, in Curr, 1887(III):52, Sta. 148. See elin.

go’ya’ ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S.: Oregon; Klamath Reservation, Northern Paiute Indians] Kelly, 1932:73, supposes this word, used in the two combinations given below, is of Klamath origin, and cites Spier, 1930:15.

Go’ya’tikadii Literally, “crawfish-eaters.” Name of Paiute Indian band. ASTACIDAE [U.S.: Oregon; Northern Paiute Indians of Yainax and Beatty. As these Paiute were brought from Silver Lake in recent times, the name is thought to be postreservation] Kelly, 1932:72, 73.

GoyEsarte’Egis Place name, = “crawfish crawl out.” [U.S.: Oregon; Klamath, Paiute Indians] Spier, 1930: 15.

grabusse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118. Belloc, 1899:142, and André, 1960:133, specify Jura; Rolland 1881:230, also specifies Jura, citing Monnier, 1823, which is likely = Monnier, 1831, q.v.

graibeusse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Montbéliard] Belloc. 1899:142.

graïbeusse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118. André, 1960:133, specifies Franche-Comté; Rolland, 1881:230, specifies Montbéliard, citing Contejean:282. Spelling variation, graibeusse.

graibusse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118. André, 1960:133, specifies Franche-Comté; Rolland, 1881:230, specifies Montbéliard, citing Contejean, 1876.

graïbusse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Montbéliard] Belloc, 1899:142.

grànchio ASTACIDAE? [Italy] Wessely, 1891:51. As commonly happens, there appears to be confusion as to whether granchio refers to fresh-water crayfishes, freshwater crabs, marine crabs, or all three. Millhouse, 1870, vol. 2:279, defines has “crab, cráy-fish”; Wessley, 1891, defines crawfish as granchio and gambero; Rolland, 1881:231, lists granchio and gambero under “Astacus fluviatilis” (= Astacus astacus), as does Belloc, 1899:242; and Hoare, 1923, vol. 1:174, says grànchio = crab, crayfish, claw of a hammer, locksmith’s clamp, cramp in a muscle.” To compound the confusion, Millhouse, 1870, vol.2, p.279, lists pigliare un gránchio a secco = to pinch one’s finger; esser môrso dal gránchio = to be a pinch-penny; and i gránchi vôglion môrder le baléne as a provencial expression = the weakest attack the strongest. However, in vol. 11:93, Hoare defines crayfish as gàmbero fiuviale, and contemporary usage favors granchio = crab and gambero = crayfish (Cesare Marino, personal communication).

graouisse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118. André, 1960:133, specifies Lorraine; Belloc, 1899:142, and Rolland, 1881:230, citing Oberlin, 1775, specify Lunéville.

grasscrab CAMBARIDAE [U.S.] Olszewski 1980:20.

grasshopper CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Louisiana, New Orleans. Probably very rare usage] Watson, 1843:233. See also cheval du diable, grilh-dour, Haschreckenkrebs, and masan cay.

gravase ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Belgium: Namur, Wallonia] Rolland, 1881:230, citing Grandgagnage, 1846 & 1857.

gravasse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Belgium] Belloc, 1899:142.

gravesse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118. André, 1960:133, specifies Lorraine. [Belgium: Wallonia] Belloc, 1899:142.

gravésse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: “pays messin” (vicinity of Metz) patois of Lorraine] Rolland, 1881:230, citing Jaclot, 1853-54.

graviche ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118. [Belgium] André, 1960:133, specifies Hainaut; [Belgium: Rouchi, the dialect of Valenciennes and its vicinity] Belloc, 1899:142, and Rolland, 1881:230, citing Hécart, 1834.

gravisse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118. André, 1960:133, specifies Lorraine; Rolland, 1881:230, specifies “pays messin,” vicinity of Metz.

grâvisse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: “pays messin,” vicinity of Metz, Lorraine] Rolland, 1881:230.

gravousse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118. André, 1960:133, specifies Lorraine; Rolland, 1881:230, cites Oberlin, 1775, who discussed the patois of Lorraine in the vicinity of Ban de la Roche. See also cravousse.

grawet ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Vosges] Rolland, 1881:230.

grawetz ASTACIDAE [France: Vosges] André, 1960:133. See grawet.

grébeusse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118. André, 1960:133, specifies Vosges; Rolland, 1881:230 specifies La Bresse (Vosges).

grèbeusse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Vosges] Belloc, 1899:142.

grebosse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979, p. 118. André, 1960, p. 133, specifies Franche-Comté; Belloc, 1899:142 specifies Doubs, as does Rolland, 1881:230, who specifies the patois of Les Fourgs (Doubs), citing Tissot, 1865.

Greensboro burrowing crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Depressicambarus) catagius. [U.S.: North Carolina;Guilford County] Williams, et al., 1989, p. 22.

greeur PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = yabbies and other smaller crayfish. [Australia: Victoria; “Gippsland,” (data given do not allow tribal designation)] Howitt, in Curr, 1887(II)I:556, Sta. 210.

greuche ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118. André, 1960:133, specifies Morvan, as do Belloc, 1899:141. and Rolland, 1881:230, who cites Chambure, 1878.

grevesse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Flanders] André, 1960:133. [Belgium: “wallon,” = Wallonia] Rolland, 1881:230, citing “Carlier..publ. par Vandermaelen,” which apparently = Maelen, 1831, q.v.

grilh-dour a neologism; grilh = grasshopper, dour = freshwater. ASTACIDAE [France: Bretagne] Crosnier, personal communication. See grasshopper, Haschreckenkrebs, masan cay, and piau du diable.

grita ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979, p.ll8. André, 1960:133, specifies Comté de Nice; Belloc, 1899:142, specifies Menton (a border dialect between Provençal and the Italian dialect of Genoa), as does Rolland, 1881, p.231, citing Andrews, 1877.

grosse Austral-Krebs PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus armatus. [Germany] Schlüter, 1989:526.

grosser Australkrebs PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus armatus. [Germany] Mosimann and Hofman, 1985:38.

guéorenn ASTACIDAE [France: Bretagne] André, 1960:133. Rolland, 1881:231, citing Troude, 1876, specifies “breton de Tréguier. See géoren and géorenn.

gunag PARASTACIDAE, possibly Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia; Nyungar Aboriginal tribe, (= Wudjari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:261 (119°45’E × 33°40’S)) Aboriginal language] Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1990:98. See gonak, goonack, goonak, koonac, and koonak. See also marran and marron.

gungulu PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; lower Darling River, Victorian group, Bagandji Aboriginal tribe (= Barkindji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:192 (142°25’E × 32°40’S))] Hercus, 1982:284, 308. See gadjunga and ilidja. See also koongoola and its variants.

gunnok PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia; South-West Division, Geographe Bay and Vasse (probably = Kaneang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:244 (116°40’E × 34°0’S))] Barlee, in Curr, 1886(I):356, Sta. 24. See jilgy, koonak, marran, murrin, and perran.

gurinein PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax davisi. [Australia: Queensland; Dumaresque or Upper MacInyre River, Bigambel Aboriginal tribe (= Bigambul Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:166 (150°10’E × 28°10’S))] Turbayne and Laylor, in Curr, 1887(II)I:266, Sta. 176. See gannoon.

hah-tsoo ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S.: California, Achomawi Indians (Hokan)] Merriam, 1979:225.

hairy land yabby [PARASTACIDAE, Engaeus spp.. [Australia: Victoria] Olszewski, 1980:16. See yabby.

Haschreckenkrebs = grasshopper crab, from Heuschreckenkrebs. ASTACIDAE [Germany: Hessen] James Marchand, Center for Advanced Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana, tells me he found this word used for freshwater crayfishes while he was serving in the occupation forces in the town of Borken, Hessen, Germany, following World War II. Lipke Holthuis, Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, has informed me that this is an accepted German vernacular name for the Stomatopoda (which do not occur in Germany or along its coasts), and that the word is uncommon in German literature except in nature-guides for tourists visiting the Mediterranean. See cheval du diable, devil’s horse, grasshopper, and masan cay.

Hatchie burrowing crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Fallicambarus (Creaserinus) hortoni. [U.S.: Tennessee; McNairy County] Williams et al., 1989:23.

Hell Creek cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Jugicambarus) zophonastes. [U.S.: Arkansas; Stone County, cave] Williams, et al., 1989:23; Hobbs, 1989:24.

hellgamite CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: New Jersey and New York] Cassidy, 1991:962.

Heuschreckenkrebs See Haschreckenkrebs.

histahle’k me’emdah’ naseh’ le’heezahche’r See next citation.

art Slang = “to leave position, and try to go backward.” [Hebrew] Alcalay, 1962 (1965):853. See crawfish (verb, sense 1). See citation above. Note that these words are read from right to left. See also histahle’k me’emdah’ naseh’ le’heezahche’r, above.

hon-thoon ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S.: California; Karok Indians (Hokan)] Merriam, 1979:230.

Houma Literally, “red,” a spelling variation of the second word in Shȧktci Homma, Red Crawfish [People], q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shȧktci Houma Indians, whose emblem was the red crawfish] Swanton, 1953:185. See also shakchi, Shȧktci Homma, shatje, Shatje-Ogla, and various words beginning with Chac, Chiach, Choc, and Teh.

hsiang làgŭ I yang hou t’ui Slang, = (move) backward like a crayfish. [Chinese] Anonymous, 1975:271. = art, next citation. See camaron reculador, crawdad (verb, sense 1), crawfish policy, crayfish (verb), crayfish (symbolism), gambero (verb), hsiang làgŭ I yang sa so, kajae kŏrŭm, marcher comme les écrevisse, and marcher en écrevisse.

artSee hsiang làgŭ I yang hou t’ui, above.

hsiang làgŭ I yang pien chieh Slang, = to change loyalty like a crayfish. [Chinese] Zheng and Cao, 1984:315. = art, next citation.

art See hsiang làgŭ I yang pien chieh, above.

hsiang làgŭ I yang sa so Slang, = withdraw like a crayfish. [Chinese] Zheng and Cao, 1984:315.= art, next citation.

art See hsiang làgŭ I yang sa so, above.

hsiang làgŭ I yang t’ui ch’ueh Slang, = to be afraid like a crayfish. [Chinese] Anonymous, 1975:271. = art, next citation.

art See hsiang làgŭ I yang t’ui ch’üeh, above.

hsiang làgŭ I yang t’ui so Slang, = to shrink away [withdraw] like a crayfish. [Chinese] Anonymous, 1975:271. = art, next citation.

art See hsiang làgŭ I yang t’ui so, above.

iammaru di ciumi ASTACIDAE Stream (or river) crayfish. [Sicilian] Bellestri, 1988:109.

ilidja PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: New South Wales; lower Darling River, Victorian group, Bagandji Aboriginal tribe (= Barkindji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:192 (142°25’E × 32°40’S))] Hercus, 1982:284, 308. See gadjunja and gungulu.

īllai PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax rvbustus, C. dispar depressus, and/or C. gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland groups, Kabi and Mary River dialects, (= Kabikabi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:172, (152°25’E × 25°45’S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231. See eel, il’lai, yil, yīl, yil’ai, yīl’lai.

il’lai PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax robustus, C. dispar de- pressus, and/or C. gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; Mary River and Bunya Bunya County, Kabi Aboriginal tribe (= Dalla Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:166-167 (152°25’E × 26°55’S))] Curr, 1887(II)1:196, Sta. 166, and p. 199. See eel, īllai, yil, yīl, yil’ai, yīl’lai.

Iltjanma The Crayfish Ancestor. [Australia: Northern Territory; Aranda Aboriginal mythology, the Northern Fish Legend of the flood] Strehlow, T.G.H., 1947:26- 27. See iltjanma, Iltjanmalitnjaka iltjenma, injíltjinjiltja, and ltyanma.

iltjanma PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Northern Territory; Aranda (probably = Aranda (western) Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:220-221 (134°45’E × 24°40’S))] Strehlow, T.G.H., 1947:27. See Iltjanma, Iltjanmalitnjaka, iltjénma, injíltjinjiltja, and ltyanma. See also Sign Language.

Iltjanmalitnjaka Place name, = “Where the Crayfish had dug.” Possible reference to Cherax destructor. [Australia: Northern Territory; Parke’s Pass (a gap in the Krichauff Ranges south of Hermannsburg Community) (= Aranda (western) Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:220-221 (134°45’E × 24°40’S))] Strehlow, T.G.H., 1969:36. See Iltjanma, iltjanma, iltjenma, injíltjinjiltja, and ltyanma.

iltjénma PARASTACIDAE, probably Cherax destructor. [Australia: Northern Territory; Aranda (probably = Aranda (western) Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:220-221 (134°45’E × 24°40’S))] Strehlow, Carl, in Umiker-Sebeok and Sebeok, 1978:356. This reference indicates = “crab,” whereas Strehlow, T.G.H., 1947:27, indicates iltjanma = crayfish. See Iltjanma, iltjanma, Iltjanmalitnjaka, injíltjinjiltja, and ltyanma. See also sign language.

Incaktcakáfa Literally, “They are crawfish,” i.e. they are very bright and active people. [U.S.: southeast; Incaktcakáfa clan of the Chickasaw Indians] Speck, 1908:52. See Shȧktci Homma. Compare with crawfish (verb, sense 1) and long xia for opposite meanings. See also crayfish (Symbolism).

inga PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Mungalella Creek, Peechera Aboriginal tribe (= Pitjara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:184 (147°10’E × 24°55’S))] Looker, in Curr, 1887(II)1:276, Sta. 177; [New South Wales; Warren (probably = Kawambarai Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:195 (148°30’E × 31°30’S))] Rouse, in Curr, 1887(II)1:370, Sta. 190; [New South Wales; sources of Bogan River (= Wongaibon Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 (146°30’E × 32°0’S))] Bench of Magistrates at Obley, in Curr, 1887(II)1:382, Sta. 190; [New South Wales; Carcoar (= Wiradjuri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 (147°30’E × 33°50’S))] Bench of Magistrates at Obley, in Curr, 1887(II)1:384, Sta. 190.

ingah PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: New South Wales] Reed, 1967:103.

ingar PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; Dubbo (probably = Wiradjuri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 (147°30’E × 33°50’S))] Bench of Magistrates at Dubbo, in Curr, 1887(II)1:372, Sta. 190. See wangar.

Ingar Place name, = “Crayfish.” [Australia: New South Wales] Reed, 1967:103.

inglebar = crayfish hole. [Australia: Tasmania] Ingamells, 1955:51.

injíltjinjíltja PARASTACIDAE?, probably = Cherax destructor. This reference indicates = “a small variety of crab,” but also says “Same as [iltjénma]”; whereas Strehlow, T.G.H., 1947, indicates iltjanma = crayfish. [Australia: Northern Territory; Aranda Aboriginal tribe (probably = Aranda (western) Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:220-221 (134°45’E × 24°40’S)] Strehlow, Carl, in Umiker-Sebeok and Sebeok, 1978:356. See Iltjanma, iltjanma, Iltjanmalitnjaka, iltjenma, and ltyanma. See also Sign Language.

inka PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; Castlereagh River, Yooaba Aboriginal tribe on Lachlan River, Talbragar, and Mudgee; Wiiratheri Aboriginal tribe (= Wiradjuri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 (147°30’Ex33°50’S))] Curr, 1887(II)1:366, 368, Sta. 190. [New South Wales; Candoblin, (Wiradjuri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 (147°30’E × 33°50’S))] Suttor, in Curr, 1887(II)1:388, Sta. 190. PARASTACIDAE?, = “lobster” [New South Wales; Bogan River (probably = Wongaibon Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 (146°30’E × 32°0’S))] Balfe, in Curr, 1887(II)1:380, Sta. 190. See gidyar.

inkka PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” possibly = Cherax destructor, but the exact position of “Waljeers” is unknown. [Australia: New South Wales; Waljeers (probably = Wuradjuri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 (147°30’E × 33°50’S))] Pearce, in Curr, 1887(II)1:390, Sta. 190.

inundah PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish.” This locality does not fall within the present-day known distribution of freshwater crayfishes. [Australia: Queensland; mouths of Burdekin River (probably = Bindal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:166 (147°15’E × 19°35’S))] O’Connor, in Curr, 1886(II):454, Sta. 126. See boogurrie.

Irishman’s friend CAMBARIDAE, probably Cambarus (Lacunicambarus) diogenes or C. (L.) ludovicianus [U.S.: Louisiana] When levee construction in lower Louisiana became a public work, Irish immigrants were employed in the building and maintenance of the structures. Crawfish burrows in the embankments caused them to fail, and thus repair work provided additional jobs for the Irish workers. Crawfish were thus called “The Irishman’s Friend.” Botkin, 1955:282. Note that as early as 1811 crayfish were noted as the cause of levee leakage (Brackenridge, 1814:177).

isim cay = “whisker fish.” CAMBARIDAE, probably Procambarus (Austrocambarus) acanthophorus or P. (A.) llamasi. [México: Chiapas; Tenejapa Indians (Tzetal dialect of Mayan)] Hunn, 1977, p.253; Hobbs, 1989:52.

ital’ianskyǐ rak See нтальянский рак, next citation.

нтальянский рак ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) italicus italicus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:186. See ital’ianskyǐ rak, above.

italiys’kyǐ rak = iталiйский рак, see next citation.

iталiйский рак ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) italicus italicus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:186. See italiys’kyǐ rak, above.

ix baan “[E]l cangrejo,” crayfish, if not crabs. CAMBARIDAE? [México: Yucatán, Mayan] Alvarez, 1980:262. See ix-baan.

ix-baan CAMBARIDAE? (if not crabs). [México: Yucatán; Mayan] Pérez, D.J.P., 1866-1877:157.

ix bab “[E]l cangrejo,” (crayfish, if not crabs). CAMBARIDAE? [México: Yucatán; Mayan] Alvarez, 1980:261. See also ó ixbab.

ix bau “[E]l cangrejo,” (crayfish, if not crabs). CAMBARIDAE? [México: Yucatán; Mayan] Alvarez, 1980:262. See also ixbau.

ixbau CAMBARIDAE (if not crabs). [México: Yucatán, Mayan] Pérez, D.J.P., 1866-1877:157. See also ixbau.

Jabby PARASTACIDAE, Cherax destructor. [Germany: from Australian Aboriginal] Schlüter, 1989:526. See also jabid, jabidj, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yāpi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappy, yappītch, yobbie, and yobbis.

jabid PARASTACIDAE, “small crayfish, ‘yabbie’,” probably = Engaeus spp, Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: New South Wales; Victorian group, Madimadi Aboriginal tribe (= Muthimuthi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:197 (143°20’Ex 34°25’S)] Hercus, 1969a:342, 422. See Jabby, jabidj, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yāpi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappy, yappītch, yobbie, and yobbis.

jabidj PARASTACIDAE, probably = Euastacus sp., Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: South Australia/Victoria; Victorian group, Wergaia Aboriginal tribe (= Potaruwutj Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:218 (140°30’Ex36°25’S))] Hercus, 1969a:302. [Australia: South Australia/Victoria; Victorian group, Djadjala dialect of Wergaia Aboriginal tribe (= Potaruwutj Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:218 (140°30’E × 36°25’S))] Hercus, 1969a:422. See Jabby, jabid, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yāpi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappy, yappītch, yobbie, and yobbis.

Jackson prairie crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Girardiella) barbiger. [U.S.: Mississippi; Newton and Scott counties, Jackson Prairie area] Williams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:56.

jakalaan PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; vicinity of Mt. Isa, Kalkatunga Aboriginal tribe (= Kalkadunga Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:173 (140°0’E × 20°55’S))] Blake, 1969:87. See cuinci and tumpan.

jambre ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (A. nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Gard] Rolland, 1881:231.

jambré ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (A.nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Languedoc] Gozmány, 1979:118; André, 1960:133. Belloc, 1899:141. specifies Gard.

javelin crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Ortmannicus) jaculus. [U.S.: Mississippi and Louisiana; Black and Pearl river basins] Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:67.

jilgi PARASTACIDAE. This is probably a case in which the word has been recently imported from Western Australia to Tasmania, where it is used for crayfishes other than Cherax sp. [Australia: Tasmania] Ingamells, 1955:51. See chelgi, chielghi, gilga, gilgie, goolgie, jilgie, jilgy, joolgie, and julegie.

jilgie PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax sp. An Australian English word from the Aboriginal. [Australia: Western Australia; Perth (probably = Whadjuk Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:260 (116°5’E × 32°0’S))] Anonymous, 1972; Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1990:98. See chelgi, chielghi, gilga, gilgie, goolgie, jilgi, jilgy, joolgie, and julegie.

jilgy PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia; South-West Division, Bunbury (probably = Kaneang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:244 (116°40’E × 34°0’S))] Barlee, in Curr, 1886(I):354, Sta. 24. See chelgi, chielghi, gilga, gilgie, goolgie, jilgi, jilgie, julegie. See also gunnok, koonak, marran, murrin, and perran.

jin-ju PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax quadricarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; Kamilaroi Station (as Curr, 1886(II):318, indicates this locality at 140°E × 19°S, it is probable that it refers to the Maijabi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:180 (140°35’E × 19°10’S)] M. Curr, in Curr, 1886(II): 320, Sta. 96. See choorn-gu and junju.

joeri PARASTACIDAE, Cherax paniaicus. [New Guinea] Holthuis, 1949:295, 325.

jôevähk ASTACIDAE [Estonia] Purre, 1948:81.

jõevähk ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. [Estonia] Cherry, 1992:20.

jokiäyriäinen ASTACIDAE [Finland] Wuolle, 1947: 103.

jokirapu ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. [Finland] Westman, 1990:58.

joolgie PARASTACIDAE, Cherax quinquecarinatus. Possibly Australian English derived from Aboriginal. [Australia: Western Australia] Olszewski, 1980:20. See chelgi, chielghi, gilga, gilgie, goolgie, jilgi, jilgie, jilgy, and julegie.

julegie PARASTACIDAE, Cherax quinquecarinatus. Possibly Australian English derived from Aboriginal. [Australia: Western Australia] Olszewski, 1980:20. See chelgi, chielghi, gilga, gilgie, goolgie, jilgi, jilgie, jilgy, and joolgie.

juju’na-oyo CAMBARIDAE, = “camarón reculador,” q.v. Possibly = Procambarus (Austrocambarus) llamasi. [México: Veracruz; Popoluca de Oluta] Clark, 1981:76, 151. See ju‘navitpa’-oyo. See also camaron reculador.

ju‘navitpa’-oyo CAMBARIDAE, = “camaron reculador,” q.v. Possibly = Procambarus (Austrocambarus) llamasi. [México: Veracruz; Popoluca de Oluta] Clark, 1981:76, 151. See juju’na-oyo. See also camarón reculador.

junju PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax quadricarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; Cloncurry River, Miappe Aboriginal tribe (= Maithakari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:180 (140°40’E × 20°5’S))] Palmer, in Curr, 1886(II):338, Sta. 99. See choorn-gu, and jin-ju. See also beekodl, and pe-kool.

kācay chita Slang. Literally, “beats the crayfish,” = returns (a purchase) to the seller. [Korea] Martin, Lee, and Chang, 1967:24. See art, below.

art = kācay chita, q.v.

kah-shah-ko ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S.: California; Northern Porno Indians (Hokan)] Merriam, 1979:233.

kajae CAMBARIDAE, probably = Cambaroides similis, but as with làgŭ and crayfish, may be a broader vernacular word referring to any member of the ASTACOIDEA or PARASTACOIDEA. [Korean] Martin, Lee, and Chang, 1967:24; Chang-Su Houchins, personal communication. See art, next citation. art = kajae, q.v.

kajae kŏrŭm [Korean] Slang, walking (or crawling) backward (like a crayfish). Martin, Lee, and Chang, 1967:24; Chang-Su Houchins, personal communication. See camaron reculador, crawdad (verb, sense 1), crawfish (verb, sense 1), crawfish policy, crayfish (verb), crayfish (symbolism), gambero (verb), hsiang làgŭ I yang hou t’ui, hsiang làgŭ I yang sa so, lung hia, marcher comme les écrevisse, and marcher en écrevisse. See also art, next citation.

art = kajae kǒrǔm, q.v.

kaiaru PARASTACIDAE? Given the locality of this record, the “crayfish” referred to may not be a freshwater crayfish. [New Guinea: Saibai dialect] Mathew, 1899:230-231.

kakine PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; upper Burnett River, Mt. Debateable, and Gayndah (probably = Wakawaka Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:187 (151°45’E × 25°50’S))] Riley and M. Curr, in Curr, 1887(III): 150, Sta. 165.

kalifornischen Krebs ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus (Pacifastacus). leniusculus. [Germany] Goldman, 1973:118.

Kamberkrebs CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Faxonius) limosus (Cambarus affinis). [Germany] Hoffman, 1980:12; [Switzerland] Büttiker et al., in Westman et al., 1990:180; [Austria] Wintersteiger, in Westman et al., 1990:38.

kamburo CAMBARIDAE? [Esperanto] Butler, 1967:196. See kankro.

kamennyĭ rak See камеииый рак, next citation.

камеииый рак ASTACIDAE Astacus torrentium (A. saxatilis, A. longicornis, and Potamobius saxatilis). Current usage, Austropotamobius (s. str.) torrentium natio torrentium. [Russia] Gozmány, 1979:119; Brodsky, 1981:181. See kamennyĭ rak, above.

kams’kyǐ dovghopalyǐ rak See камський дсвгопалий рак, next citation.

камський довгопалий рак ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus leptodactylus boreoorientalis. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:156. See kams’kyǐ dovghopalyǐ rak, see above.

kamskyǐ dlinnopalyĭ rak See камский длиннопалый рак, next citation.

камский длиннопалый рак ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus leptodactylus boreoorientalis. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:156. See камский длиннопалый рак, above.

kam’yanyĭ rak See кам’яний рак, next citation.

кам’яний рак ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius (s. str.) torrentium natio torrentium. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:181. See kam’yanyĭ rak, above.

kandera PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Tambo (probably = Wadjalang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:186-187 (145°20’E × 25°50’S))] Dalhunty, in Curr, 1887(III):86, Sta. 155. See boogalli, boogarli, bookill, koarow, and quarroo.

kankro ASTACOIDEA and PARASTACOIDEA? Includes “astako” and “kamburo,” q.v. [Esperanto] Butler, 1967:196. See also konkro.

kapeasaksirapu ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. [Finland] Westman et al., 1990:58.

kapich PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Glenelg River above Woodford (exact locality uncertain because Woodford not shown on available maps or designated on Glenelg River in the Official Standard Names Gazetteer of the U.S. Board on Geographical Names (Anonymous, 1957)) (possibly = Bunganditj Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:210-211 (141°10’E × 37°35’S))] Curr, 1887(III):480, Sta. 207d. See Jabby, jabidj, lobbie, yaapitch yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yāpi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappītch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. See also keler, yappītch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. See also keler, konkro, maraija, monagur, and murangir.

karavida = See ϰαραβιδα, next citation.

ϰαραβιδα ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Greece] Kallistratos, in Westman et al., 1990:103. See karavida, above.

karavida tou glykou nerou See ϰαραβιδα τoν γλνϰoν νєρoν, next citation.

ϰαραβιδα τoν γλνϰoν νєρoν ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius pallipes. [Greece] Cherry, 1992:19. See astakos tou glykou nerou and river crayfish. = karavida tou glykou nerou, previous entry.

karavidhë lumi ASTACIDAE [Albania] Mann, 1957: 81.

karawai PARASTACIDAE [New Zealand: Maori] Taylor, 1870:639.

karcsuollos rak ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. [Hungary] Gozmány, 1979:119.

karee PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor and/or C. esculus. [Australia: New South Wales; Namoi (river?), Kamilaroi Aboriginal tribe (148°35’E × 30°15’S)] Bench of Magistrates, in Curr, 1887(III): 318, Sta. 181.

karkoora PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Upper Thomson River, (probably = Jirandali Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:171, (144°20’E × 21°15’S))] Christison, in Curr, 1887(III): 10, Sta. 138. See boogal, marooroo, and munya.

karramarro ASTACIDAE [Spain: Basque provinces] Pardo, 1940:29.

karsiks’kyǐ rak See карсикський рак, next citation.

карсикський рак ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) italicus carsicus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:186. See karsiks’kyǐ rak, above.

karsikskyǐ rak See карсикский рак, next citation.

карсикский рак ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) italicus carsicus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:186. See karsikskyǐ rak, above.

kary PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor and/or C. esculus. [Australia: New South Wales; Namoi, Barwan, and Meehé rivers; Kamilaroi Aboriginal tribe (148°35’E × 30°15’S)] Moseley, in Curr, 1887(III):310, Sta. 181.

kaspiǐs’kyǐ rak See каспiйcький рак, next citation.

каспiйський рак ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus eichwaldi eichwaldi. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:164. See kaspiǐs’kyǐ rak, above.

kaspyǐskyǐ rak See каспийский рак, next citation.

каспийский рак ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus eichwaldi eichwaldi. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:164. See kaspyǐskyǐ rak, above.

k’astila ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S., northwest: Yakima Indians (Sahaptin language)] Beavert, 1975.

kavkaz’kyǐ rak See кавказький рак, next citation.

кавказький рак ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus pylzowi. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:173. See kavkaz’kyǐ rak, above. See also rak pil’tsova.

kavkazckyǐ rak See кавказский рак, next citation.

кавказский рак ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus pylzowi. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:173. See kavkazckyǐ rak, above.

kaw-ko ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S., western: California, Wintun Indians (Penutian)] Merriam, 1979:246.

kayer PARASTACIDAE? Given the Torres Strait locality of this record, the “crayfish” referred to may not be a freshwater crayfish. [Torres Strait, Kowrarega] Mathew, 1899:230-231.

kecskerák ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Hungary] Jaczó, 1943: 194.

keerai PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Cherax davisi. [Australia: Queensland; Balonne, Baleandoon, Nogara, and Nerran rivers; Wolleroi or Yerraleroi Aboriginal tribe (= Mandandanji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:181 (148°35’E × 27°5’S))] Hammond, in Curr, 1887(III):260, Sta 175. See einga.

keerie PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax esculus and Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Barraba, Kamilaroi Aboriginal tribe (148°35’E × 30°15’S)] Bench of Magistrates, in Curr, 1887(III):320, Sta. 181.

keery PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax davisi. [Australia: New South Wales; Moree; Kamilaroi Aboriginal tribe (148°35’E × 30°15’S)] Bench of Magistrates, in Curr, 1887(III):314, Sta. 181.

keewai = “freshwater crayfish.” PARASTACIDAE. [New Zealand: Maori] Biggs, 1981:42.

kefnid sensu stricto, a spider, but loosely used for crayfishes; probably an archaic usage. ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (A. nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Bretagne] Gozmány, 1979: 118; André, 1960:133; Belloc, 1899:142; Crosnier, personal communication. See kefnid, kinid, kinid-dour, and shawgashee.

kefnid dour a barbarism; sensu stricto, a freshwater spider, but loosely used for crayfishes; dour = douce = freshwater. [France: Bretagne] Crosnier, personal communication.

kefniden-zour sensu stricto, a freshwater spider, but loosely used for crayfish; probably an archaic usage; zour = dour = douce = freshwater. ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Bretagne] Gozmány, 1979:118; Belloc, 1899:142; Crosnier, personal communication. See kefnid, kinid, kinid-dour, and shawgashee.

kekewai PARASTACIDAE, Paranephrops planifrons. [New Zealand: Maori] McLintock, 1966(3):706.

keler PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: South Australia; “Victorian Region groups,” Booandik Aboriginal tribe (= Bunganditj Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:210-211 (141°10’E × 37°35’S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231; [South Australia; Mt. Gambier, Bunganditj Aboriginal tribe of Tindale (see above)] Curr 1887(III):464, Sta. 205. See kapich, konkro, maraija, monagur, and murangir.

kerevides ASTACIDAE [Turkey] Hony and Iz, 1984: 286.

kerevit ASTACIDAE [Turkey] Iz and Hony, 1978: 119.

kervetse ASTACIDAE [Belgium: Wallonia] van Maerlant, 1266-1269 (1878), Boek V:9, footnote to line 251.

kerviele ASTACIDAE [Belgium: Wallonia] van Maerlant, 1266-1269 (1878), Boek V:9, footnote to line 251.

kerviese ASTACIDAE [Belgium: Wallonia] van Maerlant, 1266-1269 (1878), Boek V:9, footnote to line 251.

kewai PARASTACIDAE, Paranephrops planifrons. [New Zealand: Maori] McLintock, 1966, v. 3:706.

kharcang ab shirin = freshwater crab. ASTACIDAE [Iran: Persian] Laili Nasr, personal communication. See next citation.

art ASTACIDAE [Iran: Persian] Haim, 1987:138. See above.

Kiamichi crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Procericambarus) saxatilis. [U.S.: Oklahoma; LaFlore County, Pigeon Creek] Williams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:49.

kidneykooderi PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; Cooper’s Creek, Yowerawoolka Aboriginal tribe (probably = Jauraworka Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:212 (140°25’E × 26°40’S))] Cornish, in Curr, 1886(II):28, Sta. 48. See narraminyeh.

kinid sensu stricto, a spider, but loosely used for crayfishes; probably an archaic usage. ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Bretagne] André, 1960:133. See kefnid, kefniden-zour, kinid-dour, and shawgashee.

kinid-dour sensu stricto, a freshwater spider, but loosely used for crayfishes; probably an archaic usage; zour = dour = douce = freshwater. ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118. [France: Bretagne] Belloc, 1899:142. See kefnid, kefniden-zour, kinid, and shawgashee.

kipil PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” possibly = Euastacus sp. [Australia: S.E. Victoria; “Gippsland,” (data given are insufficient for tribal designation)] Hagenauer, in Curr, 1887(III):554, Sta. 210. See yappy.

kitihy PARASTACIDAE (small oranakely and zanak’orana, q.v.) [Madagascar: Betsileo] Poisson, 1947:13.

kitika PARASTACIDAE (small oranakely and zanak’orana, q.v.) [Madagascar: Betsileo] Poisson, 1947:13.

koarow PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Barcoo River, Torraburri Aboriginal tribe (probably = Wadjalang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:186-187 (145°20’E × 25°-50’S))] Hyde, in Curr, 1887(III):80, Sta. 155. See bookill and boogalli.

когдá на горé рак сви́стнет Slang, loosely, “when the crayfish whistles on the mountain.” English equivalent, “once in a blue moon.” [Russia] Ricker, 1973:202.

kolkhids’kyǐ rak See next two citations: колхiдський рак and колхiдсский рак.

колхiдimagesкий рак ASTACIDAE, Astacus colchicus. [Ukaraine] Brodsky, 1981:146. See kolkhids’kyǐ rak, above.

колхiдсский рак ASTACIDAE, Astacus colchicus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:146. See kolkhids’kyǐ rak, above.

komdar PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax davisi. [Australia: Queensland; Nogoa River, Bimurraburra Aboriginal tribe (= Kairi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:173 (147°55’E × 23°55’S))] Middleton, in Curr, 1887(III):92, Sta. 156.

kongola PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Menindie, Darling River (probably = Barkindji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:192 (143°30’E × 32°40’S))] Mair, in Curr, 1886(II):234, Sta. 80; [Marowera Aboriginal tribe (= Kureinji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:196 (142°25’E × 34°15’S))] Bulmer, in Curr, 1886(II):240, Sta. 82. See thupul.

konkro PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: South Australia/Victoria; “Victorian Region groups,” Booandik (Aboriginal tribe) (= Bunganditj Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:210-211 (141°10’E × 37°35’S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231; [South Australia; Mt. Gambier (Bunganditj Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:210-211 (141°10’E × 37°35’S))] Curr 1887(III):464, Sta. 205. Olszewski, 1980:17, quotes Mrs. James Smith, a 19th century missionary, saying that members of the Booandik Aboriginal tribe spread from western Victoria to eastern South Australia. See kapich, keler, maraija, monagur, and murangir.

koonac PARASTACIDAE, Cherax plebejus and C. glaber. Australian English word derived from Aboriginal gunag. [Australia: Western Australia, Perth-Albany region; Nyungar Aboriginal tribe (probably = Wudjari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:261 (119°-45’E × 33°40’S))] Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1990:98; Horwitz, 1983:11. See gonak, goonack, goonak, gunag, and koonak.

koonak PARASTACIDAE, Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia; South-West Division, Bunbury (probably = Kaneang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:244 (116°40’E × 34°0’S))] Barlee, in Curr, 1886(1):354, Sta. 24; [Australia: Western Australia; South-West Division, Uduc, Harvey, Bunbury and Lower Blackwood (probably = Kaneang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:244 (116°40’E × 34°0’S))] Small, in Curr, 1886(1):358, Sta. 24; [Australia: Western Australia; South-West Division, Blackwood District, Kardagur Aboriginal tribe (probably = Kaneang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:244 (116°40’E × 34°0’S))] Hester, in Curr, 1886(I):360, Sta. 24. See gonak, goonack, goonak, gunag, and koonac. See also gunnok, jilgy, koonac, marran, murrin, amd perran.

koon-da-chi PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Boulia District, Pitta-Pitta Aboriginal tribe (= Pitapita Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:184 (139°45’E × 22°45’S))] Roth, 1897:93. See koondagi, kuntatyi, and tunanyty. See Sign Language.

koondagi PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Burke River, Yelina Aboriginal tribe (= Jalanga Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:169 (140°0’E × 21°55’S))] Eglinton, in Curr, 1886(II):348, Sta. 101. See koonda-chi, koondagi, kuntatyi, and trunagi.

koongala PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: South Australia; Murray River alluvial flats (possibly = Ngaiawang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:214 (139°35’E × 34°15’S))] Olszewski, 1980:17, citing Gray in Eyre, 1845.

koongideri PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; W of Lake Eyre (probably = Arabana (Ngarabana) Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:210 (136°0’E × 28°30’S))] Curr, 1886(II): 16, Sta. 45. See koonkooderi, koonkoodirri, kuniekoondie, kuniekundi, kurnkuderri, and kurukudirri.

koongoola PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; Lower Paroo and Warrego rivers, Parooinge Aboriginal tribe (= Parundji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:198 (144°15’E × 29°35’S))] Scrivener, in Curr, 1886(II): 184, Sta. 74. See koongoolo, koon-gooloo, and koongooloo.

koongoolo PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; Weinteriga, on Darling River, to (Main) Barrier Range (possibly the adjacent Milpulo Aboriginal tribe (142°25-’E × 31°55’S) and Wiljakali Aboriginal tribe (141°0’E × 31 °55’S) of Tindale, 1974:196 and 200)] McLennan, in Curr, 1886(II):232, Sta. 79. See koongoola, koongooloo, and koongooloo.

koon-gooloo PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; south and east central groups, Darling dialects (probably = Barkindji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:192 (142°25’E × 32°40’S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231; [Australia: New South Wales; Darling River from Wilcannia downstream to Avoka, Bahkunjy Aboriginal tribe (= Barkindji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:192 (142°25’E × 32°40’S))] Teulon, in Curr, 1886, vol. 11:208, Sta. 75. See koongooloo, koongoola, and koongoolo.

koongooloo PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Tolarno Station, near Menindie (probably Barkindji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:192 (142°25’E × 32°40’S))] Shaw, in Curr, 1886(II):236, Sta. 81. See koongoola, koongoolo, and koon-gooloo.

koongooya PARASTACIDAE, “lobster.” This locality is not within the known present-day distribution of freshwater crayfishes. [Australia: Queensland; Lower Burdekin River (probably = Warungu Aboriginal tribe (146°0’E × 19°30’S) and/or Juru Aboriginal tribe (147°40’E × 19°55’S) of Tindale, 1974:188, 172] Cunningham and Gorton, in Curr, 1886(II):488, Sta. 134. See goombarroo, goonaway, mokin, reri-reri, and tararukau.

koonkooderi PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: SW Queensland and NE South Australia; Warburton River [sometimes designated “Creek”]—Ominee, Wongonooroo, Kuranyooroo, and Yarloeyandee Aboriginal tribes (probably = Jeljendi Aboriginal tribe (138°45’E × 25°40’S), Karanguru Aboriginal tribe (138°40’E × 26°25’S), Ngameni Aboriginal tribe (139°5’E × 26°50-’S), and Wongkanguru Aboriginal tribe (137°10’E × 26°40’S) of Tindale, 1974:212-213, 215, and 219)] Paull and Cornish, in Curr, 1886(II):22, Sta. 47. See also koongideri, koonkoodirri, kuniekoondie, kuniekundi, kurnkuderri, and kurukudirri.

koonkoodirri PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; “Central Division,” Warburton River, Ominee Aboriginal tribe (probably = Wongkanguru Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:219 (137°10’E × 26°40’S))] Curr, 1886(II):20, Sta. 46. See also koongideri, koonkooderi, kuniekoondie, kuniekundi, kurnkuderri, and kurukudirri.

koorey PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Cherax esculus and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Bogabrie, Kamilaroi Aboriginal tribe (148°35’E × 30°15’S)] Bench of Magistrates at Bogabrie, in Curr, 1887(III):322, Sta. 181.

kooura = “freshwater crayfish.” PA-RASTACIDAE, Paranephrops sp. [New Zealand: Maori] Biggs, 1981: 42. See koura.

kósuhk?áriya (Orthography employed by Haas) CAMBARIDAE, “red crawfish.” The word means, literally, “crawfish shaman”; the rainbow was believed to be the painting on the face of the shaman in the sky, who was supposed to suck up little fish and crawfish and then let them drop again to earth. [U.S.: Louisiana, Tunica Indians] Haas, 1953:225.

kósuhki (Orthography employed by Haas) CAMBARIDAE, “crawfish.” [U.S.: Louisiana, Tunica Indians] Haas, 1953:311.

kósuhk?úhkent?ε (Orthography employed by Haas) CAMBARIDAE, “large-fingered crawfish,” (or crab). [U.S.: Louisiana, Tunica Indians] Haas, 1953:225.

kottingeri PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; lower Macleay River (probably = Ngaku Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:197 (152°40’E × 31 °0’S))] Curr, 1887 (III):336, Sta. 185.

koura PARASTACIDAE. [New Zealand, Maori language] Taylor, 1870:639; PARASTACIDAE, Paranephrops planifrons, as well as Jasus lalandii; [New Zealand, Maori language] Williams, 1957:151. McLintock, 1966:706, says koura is used only for Jasus sp., but Best, 1974:282, discusses the use of fern traps used to catch crayfish (“koura”) in the freshwater Rotorua district. See also koura wai.

koura wai PARASTACIDAE, Paranephrops planifrons. [New Zealand: Maori] McLintock, 1966 (3):706. See koura.

kövi rák ASTACIDAE Astacus torrentium (A. saxatilis, A. longicornis, and Potamobius saxatilis). Current usage, Austropotamobius torrentium. [Hungary] Gozmány, 1979:119.

kövirak See kövi rák.

krabs ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Alsace] André, 1960:133.

krâbs ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: “Saverne. Dans la Zorne”] Belloc, 1899:142.

kraft ASTACIDAE [Norway] Olszewski, 1980:21.

kräfte ASTACIDAE [Sweden] Fauchald, personal communication.

kräftor ASTACIDAE [Sweden] Olszewski, 1980:21.

kra’-fisz ASTACIDAE [Poland] Chodzko, 1874:71.

krangalang PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Cherax destructor, Engaeus sp., and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Snowy River (probably = Ngarigo Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:198 (148°50’E × 36°25’S))] Bulmer, in Curr, 1887 (III): 560, Sta. 212. See udang-karang.

krasnyǐ kubanskyǐ rak See красный кубансий рак, next citation.

красный кубансий рак ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus cubanicus daucinus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:161. See krasnyǐ kubanskyǐ rak and chervonyǐ kubans’kyǐ rak (above).

krȧu-fisz ASTACIDAE [Poland] Chodzko, 1874?: 71.

krebs ASTACIDAE [Denmark] Vinterberg and Axelsen, 1974:83.

Krebs ASTACIDAE [Germany] Rolland, 1881:231.

krebse ASTACIDAE [Finland] Olszewski, 1980:21.

kreps ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Norway] Delhi et al., in Westman et al., 1990:138.

Krepss ASTACIDAE [Germany] Anonymous, 1487, chapter cxliii.

krevisse ASTACIDAE [Germany] Bos, 1891:114. Etymology of the Old French word crevice, q.v.

krevys ASTACIDAE “I sauhe a krevys with his klawes longe…” [England, Middle English] Lydgate, 1430:150, verse 16.

kubanskogo dlinnopalogo rak See кубанского длиннопалого рак, next citation.

кубанского длиннопалого рак = Cuban slender digit crayfish. ASTACIDAE, Astacus (Pontastacus) leptodactylus cubanicus (current usage, Pontastacus cubanicus cubanicus). [Russia] Shpolyanskaya, 1975:65. See kubanskogo dlinnopalogo rak, above. See also kubans’kyǐ rak, next citation.

kubans’kyǐ rak See кубанський рак, next entry.

кубанський рак ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus cubanicus cubanicus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:159. = kubans’kyǐ rak, above. See kubanskogo dlinnopalogo rak.

kubanskyǐ rak See кубанский рак, next citation.

кубанский рак ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus cubanicus cubanicus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:159. See kubanskyǐ rak, above.

kumbooloo PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Darling River, Tintinaligi (probably = Barkindji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:192 (142°25’E × 32°40’S))] Curr, 1886(II):230, Sta. 78.

kunggurla PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; Adelaide and vicinity (probably = Kaurna Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:213 (138°30’E × 34°35’S))] Teichelmann et al., in Curr, 1886(II): 150, Sta. 68. See ngaltaitye.

kuniekoondie PARASTACIDAE, possible refers to Cherax destructor, although specific locality for use not given. [Australia] Endacott, 1924 (1973):32. See also koongideri, koonkooderi, koonkoodirri, kuniekundi, kurnkuderri, and kurukudirri.

kuniekundi PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; Mount Freeling to Pirigundi Lake (possibly = Freeling Heights to Lake Hope), Dieyerie Aboriginal tribe (= Dieri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:211 (139°0’E × 28°20’S))] Gason, in Curr, 1886(II): 106, Sta. 55; also: [”..south of South Australia and East Central groups”, Diyeri dialect (= Dieri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:211 (139°0’E × 28°20’S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231. See also koongideri, koonkooderi, koonkoodirri, kuniekoondie, and kurukudirri, and kurnkuderri.

kuntatyi PARASTACIDAE probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Pitta-Pitta Aboriginal tribe (= Pitapita Aboriginal tribe of Tindale: 184 (139°45’E × 22°45’S))] Dixon and Blake, 1979, vol. 1:236. See koon-da-chi, koondagi, tunanyty, and trunagi. See also Sign Language.

kurnkuderri PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; E of Lake Eyre at Kopperamana, Dieyerie Aboriginal tribe (= Dieri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:211 (139°-0’E × 28°20’S))] Jacobs, in Curr, 1886(II): 108, Sta. 56. See koongideri, koonkooderi, koonkoodirri, kuniekoondie, kuniekundi, and kurukudirri.

kurukudirri PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; NW of Lake Eyre (possibly = Arabana Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:210 (136°0’E × 28°30’S))] Jacobs (of Kopperamana), in Curr, 1886(II): 12, Sta. 43. See koongideri, koonkooderi, koonkoodirri, kuniekoondie, kuniekundi, and kurnkuderri.

kutera PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; Mulya-Napa Aboriginal tribe (= Karenggapa Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:195 (142°45’E × 29°15’S))] & Morton, in Curr, 1886(II): 160, Sta. 69a.

laamballay PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Cherax quadricarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; Mouth of the Norman River, Karrandee Aboriginal tribe (= Kareldi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:174 (141°0’E × 17°25’S))] Arrnit, in Curr, 1886(II):308, Sta. 92. See ndaag.

lagniappe crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Pennides) lagniappe. [U.S.: Mississippi; Kemper County, tributaries of the Tombigbee River] Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:73.

lagostim de pés brancos ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius pallipes. [Portugal] Reis, in Westman et al., 1990:158.

lagostim do rio ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius pallipes. [Portugal] Cherry, 1992:19.

lagostim vermelho CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus clarkii. [Portugal] Reis, in Westman et al., 1990:158.

làgŭ CAMBARIDAE [China] Cowie and Evison, 1992:99. Note that the Modern English-Chinese Encyclopedia Dictionary (Anonymous, 1964:183) defines this as Cambaroides japonicus; however, as C. japonicus is found only in Japan, it is likely that this is more appropriate for the Chinese C. dauricus or C. schrenckii—or, for that matter, as the vernacular equivalent of the widespread word crayfish, q.v. = art See also hsiang làgŭ I yang hou t’ui and similar expressions.

art See làgŭ, above.

lake lobster CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Maine] Pieter van der Veer, personal communication, 1991.

lammu PARASTACIDAE [Argentina: Mapuche language] Aguirre-Urreta, 1992:819. See dagllu and llamu.

land crab PARASTACIDAE, Engaeus fossor. [Australia: NW Tasmania] Root, 1979:K2.

land crayfish PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: western Queensland; English] Olszewski, 1980:16.

land yabby PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Victoria; English and derivative] Olszewski, 1980:16.

langosta del río CAMBARIDAE, Cambarellus montezuma [sic, montezumae]. [México: Méxican Spanish] Kreger and de Stairs, 1981:407. See nas.

langostín CAMBARIDAE, Cambarellus (Cambarellus) montezumae. [México: Méxican Spanish] Santamaria, 1978:343.

lang-gunya PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax rhynchotus. [Australia: Queensland; Cape York, Gudang Aboriginal tribe (= Djagaraga Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:167 (142°35’E × 10°50’S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231.

langunia PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax rhynchotus. [Australia: Queensland; Cape York, Gudang Aboriginal tribe (= Djagaraga Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:167 (142°35’E × 10°50’S))] Jardine, in Curr, 1886(I):282, Sta. 7.

lavendar burrowing crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Fallicambarus (Creaserinus) byersi. [U.S.: northwest Florida to southern Mississippi] Williams, et al., 1989:23; Hobbs, 1989:29.

least crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarellus (Pandicambarus) diminutus. [U.S.: Alabama; Mobile County: Mississippi; George and Jackson counties] Williams, et al., 1989:21; Hobbs, 1989:11.

lib-lib-wil “Murray crayfish.” Literally, “spike-spikecreature.” PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus armatus. [Australia: New South Wales; “Victorian,” Wembawemba Aboriginal tribe (144°0’E × 35°20’S)] Hercus, 1969a:249, 422; “[L]obster, Murray cray.” PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus armatus. [Australia: South Australia; “Victorian,” Djadjala dialect of Wergaia Aboriginal tribe (= Potaruwutj Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:218 (140°30’E × 36°25’S)). Word said to be a borrowing and not native to Lake Hindmarsh] Hercus, 1969a:305, 422. See jabidj, wurenag, and yapitch.

Lilly Pilly burrowing crayfish PARASTACIDAE, Engaeus australis. [Australia: Victoria] Horwitz, 1990:96.

lip-lip-kill PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Euastacus armatus. [Australia: New South Wales/ Victoria; Gonn Station, Murray River (possibly = Baraparapa Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:191-2 (144°45’E×35°20’S))] McCarthy, in Curr, 1887(III): 506, Sta. 208d. See nark and yam pitch.

lip-lip-till PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Euastacus armatus. [Australia: New South Wales/ Victoria; Moulmein (probably = Wembawemba Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:200 (144°0’E × 35°–20’S))] Bench of Magistrates at Moulmein, in Curr, 1887(III):500, Sta. 208a.

lippekil PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Victoria; Lake Boga (probably = Watiwati Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208 (143°25’E × 35°5’S))] Fawcett, in Curr, 1887(III):502, Sta. 208b.

Little Tennessee crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Puncticambarus) georgiae. [U.S.: Georgia and North Carolina; Little Tennessee River] Williams, et al., 1989:22; Hobbs, 1989:26.

llamu PARASTACIDAE, = “Cangrejo de agua dulce.” [Argentina/Chile: Araucano, Pehuenche, Pampa, Picunche, Rancülche, and Huilliche Indians; Mapuche language] Erize, 1960:233, 452. Synonym, llamuü. See dagllu and lammu.

llamuü See llamu.

lobbie PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: common in coastal Queensland, where yabby is used to refer to a species of marine shrimp] Olszewski, 1980:16. See yabby.

lobby See lobbie.

lobster PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Tasmania] Olszewski, 1980:15. Used commonly throughout Australia for larger crayfishes, such as Euastacus and Astacopsis.

lock-chew CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: southeast; Yuchi Indians] Swanton, 1929:84.

loetererlepeenne “freshwater lobster,” PARASTACIDAE, probably Astacopsis. [Australia: northeastern Tasmania; Cape Portland (= Northeast Tasmanian Aboriginal tribes of Jones, in Tindale, 1974:351-352 (147°40’E × 41°10’S))] Plomley, 1976:262.

long-clawed crayfish ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. [English] Holdich and Lowery, 1988:491.

long-pincered crayfish ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. [English, widespread]

louisiana Flusskrebs CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus clarkii. [Germany] Mosimann and Hofman, 1985:38.

Louisiana lobster CAMBARIDAE, usually Procambarus clarkii. [U.S.: Louisiana] Cochran, 1989:77.

Louisiana red swamp crawfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus clarkii. [U.S. and elsewhere, widely used in commercial trade] Fitzpatrick, J.F., personal communication.

Louisiana swamp crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus clarkii. [U.S.] Mosimann and Hofman, 1985:38.

louisiana-Sumpfkrebs CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus clarkii. [Germany] Schlüter, 1989:526.

Louisville crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Crockerinus) jeffersoni. [U.S.: Kentucky; Jefferson County, tributaries to Beargrass Creek, Ohio River] Williams, et al., 1989:24; Hobbs, 1989:36.

ltyanma PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Northern Territory; “North Australia and Central Australia groups, Macdonnell Ranges” (probably = Aranda (western) Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:220-221 (134°45’E × 24°40’S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231. See Iltjanma, iltjanma, Iltjanmalitnjaka, iltjénma, and injíltjinjíltja.

lung hia Pronounced roughly “loong-hsyah,” a contrived compound whose literal meaning is “dragon shrimp.” Probably does not usually = freshwater crayfish, but = lobster. [Chinese] Leang, 1878:201; Yutang, 1972:421. The “crayfish” in the following quotation is probably an inaccurate translation of the word: “‘Da long xia!’ cried the same voice … describing officials in terms of large crayfish.” (Ludlum, 1986:454). Note that the “da” = “large.” Note also that “crayfish” is said to be used as a term of scorn or derision in China, probably because of the backward mode of locomotion. Spelled also long xia, lung xia and shia. See camaron reculador, crawdad (verb, sense 1), crawfish (verb, sense 1), crawfish policy, crayfish (verb), gambero (verb), hsiang làgŭ I yang hou t’ui, hsiang làgŭ I yang sa so, marcher comme les écrevisse, and marcher en écrevisse. Compare with Incaktcakáfa for opposite connotation. = art, see next entry..

art = lung hia, above.

luzitans’kyǐ rak See лузiтанський рак, next citation.

лузiтанський рак ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) italicus lusitanicus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:188. See luzitans’kyǐ rak, above.

luzitanskyǐ rak See лузнтанский рак, next entry.

лузнтанский рак ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) italicus lusitanicus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:188. See luzitanskyǐ rak, above.

Madagaskarkrebs PARASTACIDAE, Astacoides madagascariensis. [Germany] Mosimann and Hofman, 1985:38.

ma-a PARASTACIDAE, possibly = Cherax bicarinatus. [Australia: Northern Territory; Cobourg Peninsula, “Raffles Bay to Port Essington Harbor…to Popham Bay,” Unalla Aboriginal tribe (probably = Iwaidja Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:266-267 (132°35’E × 11°25’S))] Foelsche, in Curr, 1886(I):2-74, Sta. 4. See baupit.

makedons’kyǐ kam’yanĭĭ rak See македонсьний кам’яний рак, next citation.

македонсьний кам’яний рак, ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius (Austropotamobius) torrentium natio macedonicus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981. p. 183. See makedons’kyǐ kam’yanĭĭ rak, above.

makedonskyǐ kamennyǐ rak See македонский камeнный рак next citation.

македонский камeнный рак ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius (Austropotamobius) torrentium natio macedonicus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981. p. 183. See makedonskyǐ kamennyǐ rak, above.

maloazǐys’kyǐ dovghopalyǐ rak See малоазiський довгопалий рак, next citation.

малоазiйський довгопалий рак ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus leptodactylus intermedius. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:158. See maloaziys’kyǐ dovghopalyǐ rak, above.

maloazyǐskyǐ dlinnopalyĭ rak See малоазийский длиннопалый рак, next citation

малоазийский длиннопалый рак ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus leptodactylus intermedius. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:158. See maloazyǐskyǐ dlinnopalyĭ rak, above.

Mallacoota burrowing crayfish PARASTACIDAE, Engaeus “sp. VSL.” [Australia: Victoria; Gippsland] Horwitz, 1990:99.

mal"k rechen rak See малък речен рак, below.

малък речен рак ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius torrentium. [Bulgaria] Cherry, 1992:19. See mal"k rechen rak.

mamaroo PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; Culgoa River (probably = Morowari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:175 (146°25’E × 29°0’S))] Foott, in Curr, 1887(III): 328, Sta. 182.

mamuru PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: “Queensland groups,” Warrego River (possibly = Kunja Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:169 (146°10’E × 26°50’S)), Aboriginal dialect] Mathew, 1899:230-231. See mamaroo.

mangaba PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” possibly = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Yass (probably = Ngunawal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:198 (149°10’E × 34°-55’S))] Browne and Bench of Magistrates at Yass, in Curr, 1887(III):426, Sta. 196. See mooroonong and murragolong.

mannta PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Astacopsis sp. [Australia: Tasmania; “southern” Tasmanian (possibly = South East Tasmanian Aboriginal tribe of Jones, in Tindale, 1974:336-338 (147°10’E × 43°10’S))] Jorgenson, in Curr, 1887(III):627.

manshiuzarigani “Manchuriancrayfish.” CAMBARIDAE, Cambaroides dauricus. [Japan] Uchida, 1953:758. See next citation.

art = manshiuzarigani, q.v.

art = manshuzarigani, q.v.

man-shkan = “Scamperers over the ground.” CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: midwest, Dakotah Indians] Dorsey, 1884:238.

maraija PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Upper Glenelg and Wannon, Bunganditj Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:210-211 (141° 10’E × 37°35’S)] Curr, 1887(III):478, Sta. 207c. See kapich, keler, konkro, monagur, and murangir.

maramie PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor, Euastacus sp. and/or Geocherax sp. Australian English word probably derived from the Aboriginal marramin. [Australia: southwest New South Wales] Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1990:99. See marramin, and moramy, and morramma.

marcher comme les écrevisse Slang, = to walk backward or to travel at a snail’s pace. [France: 20th century] Mansion, 1972:E: 10. See camaron reculador, crawdad (verb, sense 1), crawfish (verb, sense 1), crawfish policy, crayfish (verb), gambero (verb), hsiang làgŭ I yang hou t’ui, and marcher en écrevisse.

marcher en écrevisse Slang, = to walk backward or to travel at a snail’s pace. [France: 20th century] Mansion, 1972:E:10. See camaron reculador, crawdad (verb, sense 1), crawfish (verb, sense 1), crawfish policy, crayfish (verb), gambero (verb), hsiang làgŭ I yang hou t’ui, and marcher comme les écrevisse.

maren PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia; South-West Division, Lower Blackwood, Peopleman Aboriginal tribe (probably = Pibelmen Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:255 (115°50’E × 34°20’S))] Gifford, in Curr, 1886(I):362, Sta. 26. See also marin, marine, marra, marran, marrida, marron, and murrin.

marin PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia; South-West Division, Bunbury (probably = Kaneang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:244 (116°40’E × 34°0’S))] Barlee, in Curr, 1886, v. 1:354, Sta. 24; [Australia: Western Australia; Lower Great Southern Division, King George’s Sound, Minung or Meening Aboriginal tribes (probably = Minang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:248 (117°40’E × 34°45’S))] Spencer et al., in Curr, 1886, v. 1:388, Sta. 31. See maren, ma-rine, marra, marran, marrida, marron, and murrin.

marine PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia; South-West Division, Pinjarra Aboriginal tribe (probably = Pindjarup Aboriginal tribe of Tinsdale, 1974:256 (115°55’E × 32°55’S))] Scott, in Curr, 1886(I):346, Sta. 22. See maren, marin, marra, marran, marrida, marron, and murrin. See also gilga and goonak.

marooroo PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia, Queensland; Upper Flinders, Hughenden, Dutton River, etc; Pooroga Aboriginal tribe (= Jirandali Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:171 (144°20’E × 21°15’S))] M. Curr, in Curr, 1886(II). p. 460, Sta. 129. See boogal, karkoora, and munya.

marra PARASTACIDAE, = Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia; Perth Division, Perth (probably = Whadjuk (Witjari) Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:260 (116°5’E × 32°0’S))] Armstrong, in Curr, 1886(I):334, Sta. 19. These people also use marran, q.v. See also maren, marin, marine, marran, marron and murrin.

marramin PARASTACIDAE, possibly = Cherax destructor, Euastacus sp., and/or Geocherax sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Wiradhari Aboriginal tribe of Threlkeld, 1892:97; Wiradhuri Aboriginal tribe of Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1990:99 (both = Wiradjuri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 (147°-30’E × 33°50’S))]. See gidyar, maramie, morramma and moramy.

marran PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia; South-West Division, Blackwood District, Kardagur Aboriginal tribe (probably = Kaneang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:244 (116°40’E × 34°0’S))] Hester, in Curr, 1886(I):360, Sta. 24; [Australia: Western Australia; Perth Division, Perth (probably = Whadjuk (Witjari) Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:260 (116°5’E × 32°0’S))] Armstrong, in Curr, 1886, v. 1:334, Sta. 19; [Australia: Western Australia; Perth-Albany region, Nyungar Aboriginal tribe (probably = Wudjari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:261 (119°45’E x 33°40’S))] Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1990:99. See also maren, marin, marine, marra, marron and murrin.

marrida PARASTACIDAE? This locality does not coincide with the known present-day distribution of Australian freshwater crayfishes, and may be some other animal or an unknown distribution. [Australia: Western Australia; Central Division, Northampton (near Chapman River), Eaw tribe (probably = Nokaan Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:254 (115°20’E × 27°35’S))] Goldsworthy, in Curr, 1886(I):314, Sta. 14. See atta, bodardi, and marthera.

marron PARASTACIDAE, Cherax tenuimanus. [Australian English probably from the Aboriginal marran. [Australia: Western Australia, Perth-Albany region; Nyungar Aboriginal tribe (probably = Wudjari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:261 (119°45’E × 33°40’S))] Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1990:99; Schlüter, 1989:526. See maren, marin, marine, marra, marran and murrin.

marthera PARASTACIDAE?, “crayfish”? This locality does not coincide with the known present-day distribution of Australian freshwater crayfishes, and may refer to some other animal or to an earlier distribution pattern. [Australia: Western Australia; Central Division, Champion Bay (N of Geraldton), Watchandi Aboriginal tribe (probably = Amangu Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:239 (115°30’E × 29°20’S))] Goldsworthy, in Curr, 1886(I):316, Sta. 15. See atta, bodardi, and marrida.

masan cay = “meadow grasshopper fish.” CAMBARIDAE. Hunn says “ASTACIDAE,” which, because of the locality, is erroneous. [México: Chiapas, Tenejapa Indians (Tzetal dialect of Mayan)] Hunn, 1977:253. See also grilh-dour, grasshopper and Heuschreckenkrebs.

meatzas = “[C]amaron, pescado.” CAMBARIDAE? [México: Tobasco, Chiapas, and Oaxaca, Zoque Indians] La Grasserie, 1898:64. See also cooy, tzas, and vetze.

meauke PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: “South Australian Aborigines”] Taplin, 1879:128. See meauki.

meauki PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: South Australia; Narrinyeri language (possibly = Jarildekald (139°20’E × 35°30’S) and/or Portalun (139°15’E × 35°15’S) Aboriginal tribes of Tindale, 1974:212 and 217-218] Mathew, 1899:230-231; [Australia: South Australia; Pytu Reach (Pt. McLeay?) (possibly = Jarildekald Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:212 (139°20’E × 35°30’S))] Taplin, in Curr, 1886(II):272, Sta. 83. See meauke.

mel-oo-shata ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S.: California, Coast Yuki Indians (Yukian)] Merriam, 1979:222.

Miami cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Leconticambarus) milleri. [U.S.: Florida; Dade County, subterranean waters] Williams, et al., 1989: 26; Hobbs, 1989:62.

Mieter Literally a tenant or renter. Said of a crayfish that sheds its carapace. ASTACIDAE [Germany] Rolland, 1881:231, citing Poëtevin, 1754.

Mieterkrebs Literally a tenant or renter + krebs. Said of a crayfish that sheds its carapace. ASTACIDAE [Germany] Rolland, 1881:231, citing Poetevin, 1754.

mimic crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Distocambarus (Fitzcambarus) carlsoni. [U.S.: South Carolina; Saluda and Savannah river basins] Williams, et al., 1988:23; Hobbs, 1989:28.

mimüm tixem CAMBARIDAE? [México: Oaxaca, Istmo de Tehuantepec, San Mateo del Mar, Huave Indians] Kreger and de Stairs, 1981:110 “lalangosta,” and 407 “Astacus fluviatilis.” Neither of these is very informative; if they indeed mean freshwater crayfishes, then Astacus astacus (ASTACIDAE) is highly unlikely and the most likely crayfish would belong to the CAMBARIDAE

mini-lobster ASTACIDAE [U.S.: Oregon] Olszewski, 1980:20.

mintoola PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax quadricarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; Burketown (probably = Mingin Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:181 (139°35’E × 18°10’S))] Coward, in Curr, 1886(II):298, Sta. 90.

Mississippi flatwoods crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Girardiella) cometes. [U.S.: Mississippi; Lowndes and Oktibbeha counties, burrows] Williams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:56.

mistahle’k me’emdah’ Verb, slang = “to retreat from a position.” [Hebrew] Alcalay, 1962 (1965):853. See crawfish (verb, sense 1), histahle’k me’emdah’, and naseh’ le’heezahche’r. See next citation.

art Note that these words are read from right to left. See mistahle’k me’emdah’, above.

mkoda PARASTACIDAE, Cherax boschma. [New Guinea] Holthuis, 1949:324.

moak PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Mallee Cliffs Station to Wentworth, “The Darling Tribes” (probably = Kureinji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:196 (142°25’E × 34°15’S))] Curr, 1886(II):282, Sta. 87.

Mobile crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Ortmannicus) lecontei. [U.S.: Mississippi and Louisiana] Williams, et al., 1989:26.

moch’ = “pigua (crustáceos).” CAMBARIDAE?. It is highly doubtful that this refers specifically to crayfishes. [México: Ch’ol Indians] Aulie and de Aulie, 1978:80.

mocsári rák ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Hungary] Gozmány, 1979:119.

moerido Pronounced mooreedo. PARASTACIDAE, Cherax murido. [New Guinea] Holthuis, 1949:295, 315.

mokin PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; “Mount Black, Oriba-Kulba Aboriginal tribe” (this locality is uncertain, but probably = Jirandali Aboriginal tribe (144°20’E × 21°15’S)), see Tindale, 1974:188] Curr, 1886(II):486, Sta. 133.

monagur PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Dartmoor (probably = Bunganditj Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:210-211 (141°10’E × 37°35’S))] Curr, 1887(III):484, Sta. 207f. See kapich, keler, konkro, maraija, and murangir.

mooban PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Nerang Creek (possibly = Kalibal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:171 (153°5’E × 28°15’S))] Fowler, in Curr, 1887(III):240, Sta. 172. See moolan and mul’aim.

moolan PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Nerang Creek (possibly = Kalibal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:171 (153°5’E × 28°15’S))] Fowler, in Curr, 1887(III):240, Sta. 172. See mooban and mul’aim.

mooragonong PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” possibly = Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Howlong (probably = Jeithi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:193 (145°55’E × 35°25’S))] Byrne, in Curr, 1887(III):398, Sta. 190. See moorogognong, murrami, and thugamong.

moorogonong PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor and/or Engaeus spp. [Australia: New South Wales; Deniliquin (probably = Jeithi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:193 (145°55’E × 35°25’S))] Gordon, in Curr, 1887(III):396, Sta. 190. See mooragognong, murrami, and thugamong.

mooroonong PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Yass (probably = Ngunawal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:198 (149°10’E × 34°-55’S))] Browne and Bench of Magistrates at Yass, in Curr, 1887(III):426, Sta. 196. See mangaba and murragolong.

moramy PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax sp. and/or Euastacus sp. Australian English word probably derived from the Aboriginal marramin. [Australia: New South Wales] Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1990:99. See maramie, marramin and morramma.

Morongla Place name, = “Crayfish.” [Australia: New South Wales; possible same as Morongla Creek (148°41’E × 33°56’S)] Reed, 1967:103.

morramma PARASTACIDAE, probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Sydney (probably = Daruk Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:193 (150°35’E × 33°35’S))] Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1990:99, quoting Balfour, 1845:35 (“A small crayfish, called by the aborigines ‘morramma,’ is better eating than any shell fish I ever tasted, and is very abundant and easily caught.”)] See maramie, marramin and moramy. See also wirra.

morski rak ASTACIDAE [Yugoslavia: Serbocroatia] Grujic, 1969:68.

motoga PARASTACIDAE?, “lobster”? This locality is not within the present-day known range of freshwater crayfishes. [Australia: Queensland (probably = Warakamai Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:188 (146°15’E × 18°55’S))] Cassady, in Curr, 1886(II): 428, Sta 120.

motogar Same as motoga, above, except Johnstone, in Curr, 1886(II):430, Sta. 120.

Mount Arthur burrowing crayfish PARASTACIDAE, Engaeus “sp. TA.” [Australia: Tasmania; Mt. Arthur] Horwitz, 1990:99.

mousse d’ecrivisse Not a crayfish, but = crawfish moss. Used to refer to various members of the Utricularia, which are slender-stemmed, perennial herbs that are often free-floating. Holmes, 1990:89.

mouwa PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” possibly = Cherax cairnsensis. [Australia: Queensland; Hinchinbrook Island and adjacent mainland (probably = Keramai Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:175 (145°-45’E×18°15’S))] Murray, in Curr, 1886(II):420, Sta. 118. See yeekerra.

mucheecan PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax wasselli and/or C. cairnsensis. [Australia: Queensland; Granite Range, head of Mitchell River (possibly = Muluridji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:182 (145°10’E × 16°40’S))] Mowbray, in Curr, 1886(II):406, Sta. 113.

mudbug CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus clarkii. [U.S., southeast: particularly Louisiana] Viosca, 1961: 5. This word is also used in the New Orleans area to refer to any crayfish.

mudbug Verb, to catch mudbugs. See next citation.

mudbugging Known in print only in the gerund form mudbugging. [U.S.: southeast, particularly Louisiana] Washburn, 1953:1.

mud crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes immunis. [U.S., midwest] Rach and Bills, 1987:601.

mul’aim PARASTACIDAE, probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: Queensland; Jukambe Aboriginal tribe (153°0’E × 27°55’S)] Watson, 1943-1944:42.

mulam PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Tasmania] Ingamells, 1955:51.

mulpo PARASTACIDAE, probably Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; “East Central groups,” Murunuda dialect (possibly = Mitaka Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:181-182 (139°25’E × 25°0’S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231.

mundi PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Western River (probably = Koa Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:175 (142°20’E × 22°10’S))] Haines, in Curr, 1887(III): 16, Sta. 141. See pirrinoo.

munya PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; upper Thompson River (probably = Jirandali Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:169, 171, (144°20’E × 21°15’S))] Christison, in Curr, 1887(III): 10, Sta. 138. See boogal, karkoora, and marooroo.

muracuru PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; Evelyn Creek, Pono Aboriginal tribe (probably = Wanjiwalku Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:200 (142°40’E × 30°25’S))] Crozier, in Curr, 1886(II): 154, Sta. 69.

murangir PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: South Australia/Victoria; “Woodford,” (Woodford should be in the vicinity of the Glenelg River (see kapich), but I have been unable to find it on maps or locate it on the Glenelg River in the Official Standard Names Gazetteer of the U.S. Board on Geographical Names (Anonymous, 1957)) (possibly = Bunganditj Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:210-211 (141°10’E × 37°35’S))] Curr, 1887(III):482, Sta. 207e. See kapich, keler, konkro, maraija, and monagur.

murido PARASTACIDAE, Cherax murido. [New Guinea, Paniai Lake area] Holthuis, 1958, illustration caption.

murragolong PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Queanbeyan (probably = Ngunawal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:198 (149°10’E × 34°55’S))] Police Magistrate at Queanbeyan, in Curr, 1887(III):424, Sta. 195. See mangaba and mooroonong.

murrami PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor and/or Engaeus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Yanko, Urana, Billebong, and Jerrilderie (probably = Jeithi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:193 (145°55’E × 35°25’S))] McLean, in Curr, 1887(III):394, Sta. 190. See mooragonong, moorogonong, and thugamong.

Murrami Place name, = “Crayfish.” [Australia: New South Wales] Reed, 1967:103.

Murray cray PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus armatus. [Australia] Hercus, 1969a:422.

Murray crayfish PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus armatus. [Australia] Anonymous, 1973.

Murray lobster PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus armatus. [Australia] Cited by Mosimann and Hofman, 1985:39, as = Astacopsis gouldi. Surely a lapsus, as A. gouldi, the tasmanischer Krebs, is unknown outside of Tasmania. See next citation.

Murray River cray PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus armatus. [Australia] Horwitz, 1990:74.

Murray River crayfish PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus armatus. [Australia] Mosimann and Hofman, 1985:39.

Murray River lobster ASTACIDAE Euastacus armatus. [Australia] Holdich and Lowery, 1988:492.

murrin PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia: South-West Division, Uduc, Harvey, Bunbury, and Lower Blackwood (probably = Kaneang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:244 (116°40’E × 34°0’S))] Small, in Curr, 1886(I):358, Sta. 24. See maren, marin, marine, marra, marran, marrida, marron, and murrin. See also gunnok, jilgy, koonak, and perran.

murry PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” possibly = Cherax neopunctatus and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Ballina (possibly = Arakwal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:191 (153°20’E × 28°-50’S))] Ross, in Curr, 1887(III):290, Sta. 178. See burnicum.

myngul PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax davisi. [Australia: Queensland; head of the Comet River, Kanoloo Aboriginal tribe (= Kanolu Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:174 (149°0’E × 23°40’S))] Josephson, in Curr, 1887(III):98, Sta. 157. See yegari.

nadan PARASTACIDAE, small crayfish, probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales/Victoria; Wembawemba Aboriginal tribe (144°0’E × 35°20’S)] Hercus, 1969a:422. See naingan.

naingan PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; “New South Wales groups,” upper Murray River, Woorajery Aboriginal tribe (probably = Wiradjuri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:210 (147°30’E × 33°50’S)), Aboriginal dialect] Mathew, 1899:230-231. See nadan.

naloan PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” possibly = Cherax rotundus, C. neopunctatus, C. cuspidatus, and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; New England, Glen Innes (possibly = Jukambal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:194 (152°10’E × 29°15’S))] Lowe, in Curr, 1887(III):296. See ganoon.

naloro PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = yabbies and other smaller crayfish. [Australia: Queensland; Maryborough (probably = Kabikabi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:172 (152°25’E × 25°45’S))] Curr, 1887(III): 134, Sta. 164.

nark PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales/Victoria; “Victorian Region groups,” Gunbower dialect (probably = Baraparapa Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:191-192 (144°45’E × 35°20’S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231. Note that Mathew places a “?” by this word, indicating uncertainty. See lip-lip-kill and yampitch.

Narracan burrowing crayfish PARASTACIDAE, Engaeus phyllocercus. [Australia: Victoria, South Gippsland, Western Strzelecki Ranges] Horwitz, 1990:96.

narraminyeh PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; Cooper’s Creek, Coongy Lake Station (probably = Coongee, S of Lake Goyder, Innamincka Regional Reserve) (probably = Jauraworka Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:212 (140°25’E × 26°40’S))] Curr, 1886(II):26, Sta. 48. See kidneykooderi.

narrow-pincered crayfish ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. [English, common]

nas CAMBARIDAE Kreger and de Stairs, 1981:407, say:

“nas Cambarellus montezuma [sic, ae?] langosta del río, chacal”

[México: Oaxaca, Istmo de Tehuantepec, San Mateo del Mar (Huave Indians)] Kreger and de Stairs, 1981:125, 407. See chacal.

Nashville crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Crockerinus) shoupi. [U.S.: Tennessee; Davidson County, vicinity of Nashville] Williams, et al., 1989: 25; Hobbs, 1989:38.

ndaag PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax quadricarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; Mouth of the Norman River (Kareldi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:174 (141 °0’E×17°25’S))] Armit, in Curr, 1886(II):308, Sta. 92. See laamballay.

nemes rák ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Hungary] Gozmány, 1979:118.

nenewn PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; “Dawson River,” “Wokka, Wogga, or Woga dialects,”] O’Connor, in Curr, 1887(III): 104, Sta. 159. The Dawson River locality and the “Wokka,” etc. dialect designations are a puzzle when I attempt to reconcile them with Tindale’s tribal boundaries. The Wokka dialect is likely associated with the Wakawaka Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:187 (151°45’E × 25°50’S) on the Burnet River, whereas the Dawson River is in the territory of the Kangulu Aboriginal tribe of Tindale: 174 (150°15’E × 24°15’S). The problem is also associated with ninyouen, but the similarity of the words favors the Wakawaka. See also newn-newn.

Neuseelandkrebs PARASTACIDAE, Paranephrops. [Germany] Mosimann and Hofman, 1985:39.

nevskiĭ rak See невский рак, next citation.

невский рак ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Russia] Gozmány, 1979:118. See nevskiĭ rak, above.

New River crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Hiaticambarus) chasmodactylus. [U.S.: North Carolina and Virginia; New River drainage system. West Virginia: Blue Stone and Greenbrier basins] Williams, et al., 1989:22; Hobbs, 1989:19.

newn-newn PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” possibly = Cherax gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; Burnett River, Wokka, Wogga, or Woga dialects (= Wakawaka Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:187 (151°45’E × 25°50’S))] O’Connor, in Curr, 1887(III): 108, Sta. 159. See nenewn and ninyouen.

ngaltaitye PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; Adelaide and vicinity (probably = Kaurna Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:213 (138°30’E × 34°35’S))] Teichelmann et al., in Curr, 1886(II): 150, Sta. 68. See kunggurla.

ngobbera PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” possibly = Cherax destructor, although somewhat out of present-day known distribution. [Australia: Queensland; Belyando River (possibly = Jagalingu Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:169 (146°40’E × 23°20’S))] Lowe, in Curr, 1887(III):34, Sta. 143. See ander.

nguchul PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish.” This locality does not appear to be within me known present-day distribution of fresh water crayfishes. [Australia: Queensland; Port Mackay and its neighbors (probably = Juipera Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:171 (149°5’E × 21°15’S))] Bridgeman, in Curr, 1887 (III):50, Sta. 147.

ngumat PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Tasmania] Ingamells, 1955:51.

ninge-ninge PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Tweed River and Point Dangar (probably = Minjungbal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:196 (153°25’E × 28°-15’S))] Braye and Fowler, in Curr, 1887(III):246, Sta. 173.

ninyouen PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; “Dawson River,” “Wokka, Wogga, or Woga dialects,”] Cunningham, in Curr, 1887(III): 106, Sta. 159. The Dawson River locality and the “Wokka,” etc. dialect designations are a puzzle when I attempt to reconcile them with Tindale’s tribal boundaries. The Wokka dialect is likely associated with the Wakawaka Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:187 (151°45’E × 25°50’S) on the Burnet River, whereas the Dawson River is in the territory of the Kangulu Aboriginal tribe of Tindale: 174 (150°15’E × 24°15’S). The problem is also associated with nenewn, q.v., but the similarity of the words favors the Wakawaka tribe. See also newn-newn.

nipiu eluk CAMBARIDAE [Canada, northeast: Montagnais and Naskapis Indians] Lemoine, 1901:100.

nipper See ghost nipper.

Nobelkrebs ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Germany] Kotschy, 1988:8.

noble crayfish ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [English] Holdich and Lowery, 1988:493.

nolaka PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Cherax davisi. [Australia: Queensland; Weir and Moonie rivers (Curr, 1887(III):260, implies this locality is in territory of the Ualarai (Wolleri), but the Station locality (175) together with the localities of the Weir and the Moonie rivers points to the Bigambul Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:166 (150°10’E × 28°10’S))] O’Byrne, in Curr, 1887(III):262, Sta. 175. See yingo.

nordamerikanische Teichkrebs CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus clarkii. [Germany] Werner, 1987:529.

northern clearwater crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Crockerinus) propinquus. [U.S. and Canada: Ontario, Quebec, and New York westward to Iowa and Minnesota and southward to Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts] Williams, et al., 1989:24; Hobbs, 1989:37.

notkun PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” possibly = Cherax destructor, Engaeus sp., and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Moneroo or Manèra district, Ngawago Aboriginal tribe (probably = Ngarigo Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:198 (148°50’E × 36°25’S))] Bulmer, in Curr, 1887(III):432, Sta. 197. See barrinjook.

nubé PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Astacopsis sp. [Australia: Tasmania; Brune Island (South East Aboriginal tribe of Jones, in Tindale, 1974:336-338 (147°10’E × 43°10’S))] Milligan in Curr, 1887(III):608; [Australia: Tasmania; Aboriginal tribes about Mt. Royal, Brune Island, Recherche Bay, and southern Tasmania (= South East Aboriginal tribe of Jones, in Tindale, 1974:336-338 (147°10’E × 43°-10’S))] Milligan, in Curr, 1887(III):646.

nubena PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Astacopsis franklinii. [Australia: Tasmania; Brune Island (South East Aboriginal tribe of Jones, in Tindale, 1974:336-338 (147°10’E × 43°10’S))] Roberts, in Curr, 1887(III): 608.

nubyma PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Astacopsis gouldi. [Australia: Tasmania] Ingamells, 1955:44. See nubyna.

nubyna PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Astacopsis sp., Geocharax sp. and/or Engaeus sp. [Australia: northwestern and western Tasmania, (probably = North West Aboriginal tribe of Jones, in Tindale, 1974:332-335 (144°50’E×41 °20’S))] Milligan, in Curr, 1887(III):646. See nubyma.

nuele PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Astacopsis gouldi. [Australia: Tasmania; uncertain] Peron, in Curr, 1887(III):605; Jorgenson, in Curr, 1887(III): 627.

nunnya PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Astacopsis sp. [Australia: Tasmania; Aboriginal tribes from Oyster Bay to Pittwater (probably = Oyster Bay Aboriginal tribe of Jones, in Tindale, 1974:338-341 (147°40’E × 42°30’S))] Milligan, in Curr, 1887(III): 646.

nyngan PARASTACIDAE; but also = a mussel, a place of many streams, and a purple beetle. [Australia: New South Wales] Reed, 1967:70.

Nyngan Place name, = “Crayfish.” [Australia: New South Wales] Reed, 1967:103.

ó ixbab CAMBARIDAE? if not crabs. [México: Yucatán, Mayan] Pérez, D.J.P., 1866-1877:157.

obāwo PARASTACIDAE, Cherax buitendijkae and Cherax pallidus. [New Guinea] Holthuis, 1949:295, 311, 317.

Obey crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Jugicambarus) obeyensis. [U.S.: Tennessee; headwaters of East Fork of Obey River] Williams, et al., 1989:22; Hobbs, 1989:23.

obyknovennyĭ rak See обыкновенный рак, next entry.

обыкновенный рак = common crayfish ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Russia] Gozmány, 1979: 119. See obyknovennyĭ rak, above

ócagácī Probably from the adverb radical ácE, “backward” through ácagE, “to move backwards.” CAMBARIDAE [Canada: Ontario; Skūgog Island, Mississauga Indians] Chamberlain, 1892:30. See ácagácī.

Oconee burrowing crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Depressicambarus) truncatus. [U.S.: Georgia; Laurens and Wilkinson counties] Williams, et al., 1989:23; Hobbs, 1989:17.

oedi Pronounced oodee. PARASTACIDAE. [New Guinea: Ekari population of Wissel Lakes region] Holthuis, 1949:294.

oelang gamò Pronounced ulang gamò. PARASTACIDAE; also shrimps. [New Guinea: Moni dialect (resembles May lay name oedang, pronounced “udang”) for shrimps and crayfishes in general] Holthuis, 1949:295. See arugut and udang-karang.

ό έν τοîζ πoταμoîζ άστακόζ = “the river cray-fish.” [ancient Greek] Liddell and Scott, 1966:260, quoting Aristotle’s Historia Animalium 530a28. “There are some snail-shells which have inside them creatures resembling those little crayfish that are also found in fresh water.” Thompson, 1910, The Works of Aristotle…Book IV, 530a28. See river crayfish and karavida tou glykou nerou.

Oklahoma cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Jugicambarus) tartarus. [U.S.: Oklahoma; Delaware Co., caves] Williams, et al., 1989:23; Hobbs, 1989: 23.

Oktibbeha riverlet crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Hobbseus orconectoides. [U.S.: Mississippi; Lowndes, Oktibbeha, and Webster counties] Williams, et al., 1989: 23; Hobbs, 1989:32.

oliós rákok ASTACIDAE [Hungary] Gozmány, 1979:118.

omothoo PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax wasselli. [Australia: Queensland (Cape York Peninsula); Palmer River (probably Kokomini Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:176 (143°25’E × 16°-10’S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231; [Australia: Queensland (Cape York Peninsula); Palmer River, Mirkin Aboriginal tribe (= Kokomini Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:176 (143°25’E × 16°10’S))] Palmer, in Curr, 1886(II):398, Sta. 111.

oovarroo PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Barcoo River, 40 miles west of Blackall (probably Kuungkari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:179 (144°20’E × 24°35’S))] Ahern, in Curr, 1887(III):74, Sta. 153. See acheroo, quarroo, and thoombur.

ooy CAMBARIDAE? Probably = crayfish and shrimp. Stross, 1989:148. See crayfish (symbolism).

orambato PARASTACIDAE. [Madagascar: Imerina] Poisson, 1947:13.

orambranja PARASTACIDAE. [Madagascar: Imerina] Poisson, 1947:13.

oranakely PARASTACIDAE see kitihy and kitika. [Madagascar: Betsileo] Poisson, 1947:13.

Orange Lake Cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Ortmannicus) franzi. [U.S.: Florida; Marion County, caves] Williams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:66.

orangena PARASTACIDAE (swamp dwelling). [Madagascar: Betsileo] Poisson, 1947:13. See oronjena.

oranjatsy PARASTACIDAE (red, with large abdomen). [Madagascar: Betsileo] Poisson, 1947:13.

oranjetsy See oranjatsy.

orconecte CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes limosus. [Switzerland] Büttiker et al., in Westman et al., 1990:180.

Orlando cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Lonnbergius) acherontis. [U.S.: Florida; Orange and Seminole counties, subterranean] Williams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:63.

oronjena PARASTACIDAE (swamp dwellers, or those that burrow and plug the chimney). [Madagascar: Betsileo] Poisson, 1947:13. See orangena.

orosz rák ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Hungary] Gozmány, 1979: 119.

Osage burrowing crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Girardiella) liberorum. [U.S.: Arkansas; Arkansas River basin, burrower] Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:57.

otschiéra CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Onondaga Indians] Zeisberger, 1887:48.

painted crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Hespericambarus) difficilis. [U.S.: Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana] Williams, 1988:24; Hobbs, 1989:43.

pallid cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Ortmannicus) pallidus. [U.S.: Florida; subterranean waters] Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:70.

pamò PARASTACIDAE, Cherax communis. [New Guinea: Enarotali] Holthuis, 1949:295, 322.

Panama City crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Leconticambarus) econfinae. [U.S.: Florida; Bay County] Williams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:61.

pancélos rákok ASTACIDAE [Hungary] Gozmány, 1979:118.

Panzerkrebse ASTACIDAE [Germany] Gozmány, 1979:118.

papershell crab ASTACIDAE and CAMBARIDAE Used for crayfish with thin shells. [U.S.] Olszewski, 1980:20.

Pearl Blackwater crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Pennides) penni. [U.S.: Louisiana and Mississippi; Pearl and Pascagoula drainage systems] Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:74.

Pearl riverlet crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Hobbseus attenuatus. [U.S.: Mississippi; Pearl River drainage] Williams, et al., 1989:23; Hobbs, 1989:32.

Pee Dee lotic crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Ortmannicus) lepidodactylus. [U.S.: South Carolina and North Carolina; Santee and Pee Dee drainage systems] Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:68.

peeler ASTACIDAE and CAMBARIDAE Used for crayfish with thin shells. [U.S.] Olszewski, 1980:20.

pe-kool PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Mitakoodi Aboriginal tribe (= Maithakari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:180 (140°40’E × 20°5’S))] Roth, 1897:93. See begool, piccool, and pikquol. See also Sign Language.

peng “El chacal.” CAMBARIDAE? Possibly Procambarus (Austrocambarus) sp. [México: Oaxaca; Istmo de Tehuantepec, San Mateo del Mar (Huave Indians)] Kreger and de Stairs, 1981:157, 407. See chacal and nas.

pepeo PARASTACIDAE, (red colored), [Madagascar: Betsileo] Poisson, 1947:13.

perran PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia; South-West Division, Blackwood District, Kardagur Aboriginal tribe (probably = Kaneang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:244 (116°40’E × 34°0’S))] Hester, in Curr, 1886(I):360, Sta. 25. See gunnok, jilgy, koonak, marran, and murrin.

pevin ASTACIDAE [Australia: Western Australia; Lower Great Southern Division, “Kent District” (= Kent River?), Warrangoo Aboriginal tribe (probably = Koreng Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:246 (118°-30’E × 34°0’S))] Chester, in Curr, 1886(I):390, Sta. 32.

phantom cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Remoticambarus). pecki. [U.S.: Alabama; Colbert, Lauderdale, and Morgan counties] Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:76.

piau du (dau) diable = devil’s fleas. ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmány, 1979:118; André, 1960:133, specifies Alpes, as does Belloc, 1899:142, and Rolland, 1881:231, citing Bridel, 1866; [Estonia: provinces of Fellin (= Vilyandi) and Dorpat (= Tartu)] Aarne, 1918:3-6, 151, citing the Estonian folk story of the origin of the crayfish (Krebse)—” Der Teufel schüttelt seine Flöhe in das Wasser”—based on the handwritten volumes of J. Hurt. See grilh-dour, and pou du diable.

piccool PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax quadricarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; Cloncuny River, Miappe Aboriginal tribe (= Maithakari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:180 (140°40’E × 20°5’S))] Anonymous, in Curr, 1886(II):336, Sta. 99. See also begool, pe-kool, and pikquol.

piedmont blue burrower CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Depressicambarus) harti. [U.S.: Georgia; Meriwether County, Chattahoochee and Flint river basins] Williams, et al., 1989:22; Hobbs, 1989:15.

pigliare un gámbero Slang, = to make a blunder. Usually this expression is “pigliare un granchio,” but sometimes “gámbero” is used. [Italy] Hoare, 1925: 274. See gránchio.

pikquol PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Flinders and Cloncurry rivers, Oonoomurra tribe (= Wanamara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:188 (141°50’E × 21°10’S))] Curr, 1886(II):344, Sta. 100. See also beekodl, begool, pe-kool, and piccool.

pirrinoo PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Diamantina River, Middleton Creek, Goa tribe (= Koa Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:175,(142°20’E × 22°-10’S))] Curr, E., in Curr, 1887(III): 14, Sta. 140. See mundi.

plačiažnyplio vėžio = widefingered crayfish. ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Lithuania] Cherry, 1992:20.

plemeniti rak ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Yugoslavia] Obradovic, in Westman et al., 1990:196.

pomitnyǐ tovstopalyǐ rak See помiтний товстoпалий рак, next citation.

помiтний товстoпалий рак ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus pachypus notabilis. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981. p. 177. See pomitnyǐ tovstopalyǐ rak, above. See also zametn’ǐ tolstopalyǐ rak.

pond crayfish See rak stawowy.

poor man’s cray PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Victoria; South Australia] Olszewski, 1980:16.

poor man’s prawn PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Victoria; South Australia] Olszewski, 1980:16.

pou du diable = “devil’s fleas.” ASTACIDAE [France: Alpes] André, 1960:133; Belloc, 1899:142. See piau du diable.

prairie crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Girardiella) gracilis. [U.S.: Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, and perhaps Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas] Williams, et al., 1989, p.25; Hobbs, 1989:56.

pungari PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish.” There are no known freshwater crayfishes in this area. [Australia: Western Australia; Pilbara Division, mouth of De Grey River to 20 miles inland, Ngurla Aboriginal tribe (probably = Ngarla Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:251-252 (119°30’E × 20°10’S))] Harper, in Curr, 1886(1): 292, Sta. 8.

qrebasse ASTACIDAE [France: Jura] André, 1960: 133.

quarra PARASTACIDAE, “lobster.” This locality is not within the present-day known distribution of crayfishes. [Australia: Queensland; “Fort Cooper” (possibly = Barada Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:165 (149°0’E × 23°5’S))] Hodgkinson, in Curr, 1887 (III):40, Sta. 145.

quarroo PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Ravensbourne Creek, Mokaburra Aboriginal tribe (= Wadjalang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:186-187 (145°-20’E × 25°50’S)), Tarawalla dialect] Powell, in Curr, 1887(III):84, Sta. 155. See acheroo, boogalli, boogarli, bookill, kandera, koarow, and oovarroo.

quatorzième ecrevisse Argot, = female supernumerary. [France: 19th century French theatrical] Barrère, 1887:124. See also armure à écrevisse, avoir une ecrevisse dans la tourte, avoir une ecrevisse dans le vol-au-vent, ecrevice, ecrevisse de rempart, and écrevisse.

Queensland marron PARASTACIDAE, Cherax quadricarinatus. [Australia: Australian English, probably in Queensland and Northern Territory] Anonymous, 1989:10.

rabouiller (Verb, t.) Balzac, in La Rabouilleuse, 1842 (1966): 131, defines this word as pertaining to catching crayfish:

— “Je rabouille pour mon oncle Brazier que voilà

Rabouiller est un mot berrichon qui peint admirablement ce qu’il veut exprimer: I’action de troubler l’aeau grosse branche d’arbre dont les rameaux sont disposés en forme de raquette. Les écrevisses effrayées par cette opération, dont le sens leur échappe, remontent précipitamment le cours d’eau, et dans leur trouble se jettent au milieu des engins que le pêcheur a placés à la main son rabouilloir avec la grâce naturelle àl’innocence.”

On the other hand, Girard et al., 1962:609, define it in a more general manner: “To stir up, to muddy (water before fishing).” [France].

See crayfish (Symbolism). See also mudbugging.

rac ASTACIDAE [Romania] Schoenkron, 1952:100. According to Cherry (1992:19) this is also specifically = Austropotamobius pallipes.

rac albastru ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus (blue colored variety). [Romania] Cherry, 1992:20.

rac de apă dulce ASTACIDAE [Romania] Papadopol et al., 1987:5.

rac-de-baltă ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus. [Romania] Cherry, 1992:20.

rac-de-Dunăre ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus. [Romania] Cherry, 1992:20.

rac-de-ponoare ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius torrentium. [Romania] Cherry, 1992:19.

rac-de-rîu ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. [Romania] Cherry, 1992:20.

rak ASTACIDAE, “crayfish.” [Poland] Stanislawski, 1968:177. Widely used in Slavic languages.

art ASTACIDAE [Yiddish] Weinreich, 1968:71.

rak amerykanski = “American crayfish.” CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes limosus. [Poland] Kossakowski, in Westman et al., 1990:147.

rak barski ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. [Yugoslavia] Obradovic, in Westman et al., 1990:196.

rak bjelonogi ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius pallipes. [Yugoslavia] Obradovic, in Westman et al., 1990:196.

rak blotny = “swamp crayfish.” ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. [Poland] Kossakowski, in Westman et al., 1990:147.

rak dlugoszczypcy = “long-pinceredcrayfish.” ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. [Poland] Kossakowski, in Westman et al., 1990:147.

rak kamenác = “rock crayfish.” ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius torrentium. [Czechoslovakia] Lohniský, 1984:198.

rak kamenjak ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius torrentium. [Yugoslavia] Obradovic, in Westman et al., 1990:196.

rak kamenjar ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius torrentium. [Yugoslavia: Slovak] Obradovic, in Westman et al., 1990:196.

rak kesslera See рак кесслера, next citation.

рак кесслера ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus kessleri [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:171. See rak kesslera, above. See also turkestans’kyǐ rak.

rak pil’tsova See next two citations: рак пилъцова and рак пылъцова.

рак пилъцова ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus pylzowi. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981. p. 173. See rak pil’tsova, above. See also kavkaz’kyǐ rak.

рак пылъцова ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus pylzowi. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981. p. 173. See rak pil’tsova, above. See also kavkaz’kyǐ rak.

rak plavu ASTACIDAE Astacus sp. [Yugoslavia] Obradovic, in Westman et al., 1990:196.

rak pregowaty = “striped crayfish.” CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes limosus. [Poland] Kossakowski, in Westman et al., 1990:147.

rak rícního ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Czechslovakia] Lohniský, 1984:195.

rak rícný = “river crayfish.” ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Czechslovakia] Fitzpatrick, J.F., personal communication.

rak riecný = “river crayfish.” ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Czechslovakia] Fitzpatrick, J.F., personal communication.

rak rzeczny ASTACIDAE [Poland] Chodzko, 1874:71.

rak skalný = “rockcrayfish.” ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius torrentium. [Czechslovakia] Fitzpatrick, J.F., personal communication.

rak stawowy = “pond crayfish.” ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. [Poland] Kossakowski, in Westman et al., 1990:147.

rak szerokoszczypcy = “broad-pincered crayfish.” ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Poland] Kossakowski, in Westman et al., 1990:147.

rak szlachetny = “noble crayfish.” ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Poland] Kossakowski, in Westman et al., 1990:147.

rak uskoskari ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. [Yugoslavia] Obradovic, in Westman et al., 1990:196.

rak waskoszczypcy = “narrow-pincered crayfish.” ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. [Poland] Kossakowski, in Westman et al., 1990:147.

rapu ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Finland] Wuolle, 1947:103; Westman, et al, 1990:58.

rascó ASTACIDAE [Spain: Gypsy dialect in Basque region] Pardo, 1940:29.

rechen rak See речен рак, next citation.

речен рак ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. [Bulgaria] Cherry, 1992:20. See rechen rak, above. See also golyam rechen rak.

rechnoĭ crab See речнóй краб, next citation.

речнóй краб ASTACIDAE [Russia] Ricker, 1973: 113. See rechnoĭ crab, above.

rechnoĭ rak See речной рак, next citation.

речной рак ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Russia] Ivanov et al., 1946:267. See rechnoĭ rak, above.

recni rak ASTACIDAE [Yugoslavia: Serbocroatia] Grujic, 1969:68.

red claw PARASTACIDAE, Cherax quadricarinatus. [Australia] Anonymous, 1989:10.

red-clawed crayfish ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [English] Gozmány, 1979:118.

red claw marron PARASTACIDAE, Cherax quadricarinatus. [Australia] Anonymous, 1989:10.

Red Crayfish Rough translation of “Red Crawfish [People].” See Shȧktci homma. Hodge, 1907, vol. 1:232, citing Boudinot, 1816:126.

red swamp crawfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Scapulicambarus) clarkii. [U.S. and México: northern México to Florida and north to Illinois and Ohio; widespread throughout the world because of introductions] Williams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:76.

red swamp crayfish See red swamp crawfish, above.

reri-reri PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Cherax destructor. Mount Black, Oriba-Kulba Aboriginal tribe (probably = Jirandali Aboriginal tribe (144°-20’E × 21°15’S)), see Tindale, 1974:188)] Curr, 1886(II):486, Sta. 133. See mokin and tararukau.

ribbon crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Ortmannicus) bivittatus. [U.S.: Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana] Williams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:64.

rijecni rak ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Yugoslavia] Obradovic, in Westman et al., 1990:196.

ringwong PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Murray River, Bumbang, probably Jarijari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:205 (142°20’E × 35°10’S))] Corney, in Curr, 1887(III):452, Sta. 202. See wolona.

river crab See Flusskrebse.

river crayfish ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [English] Gozmány, 1979:118. See ό έν τοîζ πoταμoîζ άστακόζ.

river crevis ASTACIDAE [U.K.: English] Democritus, quoted by Thomas Hill (1593), quoted by Phipson, 1883:435, speaking of animal lore in Shakespeare’s time 1564-1616. See also crevis.

river garbo PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Victoria; New South Wales] Olszewski, 1980:16.

rivierkreef CAMBARIDAE and freshwater shrimps. Word ordinarily used for freshwater shrimps, but now applied to introduced Procambarus clarkii. [South Africa] Kritzinger et al., 1981:938.

rivierkreeft ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Netherlands] Mosimann and Hofman, 1985:36. ASTACOIDEA and PARASTACOIDEA [Belgium: Flanders] Cherry, 1992:19.

rode rivierkreeft CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus clarkii. [Netherlands] Holthuis, in Westman et al., 1990:132.

Rotscherling = “red claw.” ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Austria] Wintersteiger, in Westman et al., 1990:38.

rouge comme un écrevisse Slang, = “red as a boiled lobster (or crayfish).” [France] Mansion, 1972:E:10.

Ruisseau des Écrevisses Place name, stream. [France: 43°33’N × 6°1’E] France: Official Standard Names Gazetteer, Washington, D.C.

ruja PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Cherax quadricarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; Mouth of the Leichardt River, Ngarra Aboriginal tribe (= Marrago Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:181 (140°10’E × 18°20’S))] Armit, in Curr, 1886(II):304, Sta. 91.

russischer Krebs ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Germany] Gozmány, 1979, p.119.

russischer Sumpfkrebs ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Germany] Gozmány, 1979:119.

russkii rak See русский рак, next citation.

русский рак = Russian crayfish. ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Russia] Gozmány, 1979:119. See russkii rak, above.

russu comu un gammaru Slang, term of comparison, “red as a crayfish.” [Sicily] Mortillaro, 1862:539.

rusty crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Procericambarus) rusticus. [U.S. and Canada: Southern Ontario and Michigan to Kentucky and Tennessee; presumably introduced into other states] Williams, et al., 1988:24; Hobbs, 1989:49.

rusty grave digger CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Lacunicambarus) miltus. [U.S.: Alabama; Baldwin Co., burrower] Williams, et al., 1989:22; Hobbs, 1989:25.

sagllu See dagllu.

sa’kew CAMBARIDAE? [Canada: Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta (Cree Indians)] Watkins, 1938:49 and 444. Note that usa’kāo and sa’kew are identified with “crawfish” on p. 49, but on p. 444 those two words are defined as “A crab the crustaceous animal, a lobster.” See Usa’kāo.

sam khorokhai Possibly (but not probably) CAMBARIDAE = “A kind of small crayfish. A shrimp or crab.” Note that Mongolia borders on Siberia near where Cambaroides dauricus has been reported. [Mongolia] Boberg, 1955, vol. II:1379. See next citation.

art = sam khorokhai, see above. See also dalai in naimalchin. Note that the Mongolian language is written and read perpendicularly from the left to the right; thus these words would normally be rotated 90° to the right.

sa³ng’o¹ ya³yi²cu²⁴ (Orthography employed by Anderson and Roque) CAMBARIDAE [México: Distrito de Cuicatlán, Edo. de Oaxaca; Cuicateco Indians] Anderson & Roque, 1983:82.

Santa Fe cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Ortmannicus) erythrops. [U.S.: Florida; subterranean waters] Williams, et al., 1989:25.

Saquechuma Literally, “Red Crawfish [People].” Spelling variation of Shȧktci Homma, q.v. Hodge, 1907, vol. 1:232, citing Gentleman of Elvas, 1557, in French, 1850, vol. 2:162. See Shȧktci Homma.

sahrtah’n mah’yim ahroa’ch-zahnah’v See next entry.

art ASTACOIDEA and PARASTACOIDEA, literally, = “long-tailed water scorpion.” It seems possible that this is simply a figurative translation of the English “crayfish,” the noun and the verbal usages. [Hebrew] Alcalay, 1962 (1965):853. Note that these words are read from right to left. See sahrtah’n mah’yim ahroa’ch-zahnah’v, above.

sas CAMBARIDAE [México: Chiapas; Ciudad de Copainalâ, Zoque Indians] Harrison et al., 1981:147, 285. See crayfish, (symbolism) and chacalín.

schâhamuīs CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Delaware Indians] Zeisberger, 1887:48. Also, schahamuis CAMBARIDAE [U.S., northeast: Lenâpé Indians] Brinton & Anthony, 1888:126.

Schmalscherenkrebs ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Germany] Gozmány, 1979:119.

schmalscheriger Krebs ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Germany] Gozmány, 1979:119.

Schnerenkrebse ASTACIDAE [Germany] Gozmány, 1979:118.

Scottsdale burrowing caryfish PARASTACIDAE, Engaeus “sp. TF.” [Australia: Tasmania, Surveyors Creek] Horwitz, 1990:92.

secar goch ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius pallipes. [N.W. Europe, Celts, passim: Gaelic] Cherry, 1992:19. See siacar goch.

se-duk ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S., western: California, Shasta Indians (Hokan)] Merriam, 1979:224.

seiart-m∝n-tei (Orthography used by Harrington) CAMBARIDAE [U.S., midwestern: Kiowa Indians] Harrington, 1928:212.

shakchi CAMBARIDAE, probably Procambarus (Scapulicambarus) clarkii. [U.S., southeast: Louisiana; Choctaw Indians] Byington, 1915:325, 421.

shakchi inchuka The hole or house of a crayfish. CAMBARIDAE [U.S., southeast: Louisiana; Choctaw Indians] Byington, 1915:325, 421.

Shȧktci Homma Literally, “Red Crawfish [People].” [According to Swanton, 1953:176, this is the proper spelling for the North American Indian tribe that, in the 18th century, lived in Mississippi on the “Yalobusha River where it empties into the Yazoo but at an earlier period extending to the head of the Yalobusha and eastward between the territories of the Choctaw and Chickasaw tribes as far as West Point.”] See Ecrevisse Rouge, Houma, Incaktcakáfa, Saquechua, shakchi, shatje, Shatje-Ogla, and words beginning with Chac, Chiach, Choc, and Tch.

Shasta crayfish ASTACIDAE Pacifastacus (Hobbsastacus) fortis. [U.S., western: California; Shasta County] Williams, et al., 1989:21; Hobbs, 1989:6.

shatje CAMBARIDAE [U.S., southeast: Louisiana; Choctaw Indians] Bushnell, 1909:16. See also Byington, 1915:325, 421. See Shȧktci Homma.

Shatje-Ogla Crayfish People, part of a tribe, who lived near Chinchuba, 12 miles W of Bayou Lacombe. [U.S., southeast: Louisiana; Choctaw Indians] Bushnell, 1909:16. See also Shȧktci Homma.

shawgashee “See the Shawgashee, the craw-fish,/ Like a spider on the bottom….” CAMBARIDAE [U.S., north-central: Ojibway Indians] Longfellow, 1898:170 [Part viii, Hiawatha’s Fishing]. See ácagácī, acâge, ajageshi, asho’ni ócagácī, ahzhahgashe, ashaahkiiwa, and as-shog-aish-i. See also kefnid, kefniden-zour, kinid, and kinid-dour.

shipovatyǐ rak See Шиповатый рак, next entry.

шиповатый рак ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) pallipes bispinosus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:184. See shipovatyǐ rak, above.

shipuvatyǐ rak See Шипуватий рак, next citation.

шипуватий рак ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) pallipes bispinosus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:184. See shipuvatyǐ rak, above.

shirokonogiĭ rechnoĭ rak See широконогий речной рак, next citation.

широконогий речной рак ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Russia] Gozmány, 1979:118. See shirokonogiĭ rechnoĭ rak, above.

shirokopalyǐ rak See next two citations, широкопалий рак and широкопалый рак.

широкопалий рак ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:141. See shirokopalyǐ rak, above.

широкопалый рак ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:141. See shirokopalyǐ rak, above.

shirokopalyĭ rechnoĭ rak See широкопалый речной рак, next citation.

широкопалый речной рак ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Russia] Gozmány, 1979:118. See shirokopalyĭ rechnoĭ rak, above.

short lobster ASTACIDAE [U.S.: Oregon] Olszewski, 1980:20.

shrimp “(A) crevice, first a spron frey, then a shrimp, then a sprawn, and when it is large then called a crevice.” ASTACIDAE [U.K.] Randle Holme (ca. 1688), quoted by Phipson, 1883:435. [I was unable to find this quotation in Holme.]

“One of the courses was whole écrevisses in a rich sauce…. The guest of honor…muttered… ‘What do I do now?’ … [B]ecause I had struggled before with the same somewhat overrated delicacy…I winked at him and said, ‘Watch me.’ I picked up a shrimp between my left thumb and forefinger….” [France: Dijon] Fisher, 1943 (1954):430 (Noble and Enough); and:

“The season for shrimps is short, and Madame Mossu paid well for all the boys and old men could find in their hundred icy streams.” [Switzerland: Châtel St. Denis] Fisher, 1943 (1954):506 (I Remember Three Restaurants); and

“A light curry of shrimps or crayfish tails.” [Unspecified locality] Fisher, 1943 (1954):708 (W is for Wanton).

Fisher’s apparent lack of attention to her crayfish/ shrimp food-stuffs is puzzling, considering she is (was) an important figure in gastronomy. In the first reference she speaks of écrevisses and shrimps as if they are the same animal; in the second she is undoubtedly speaking of crayfishes that live in the streams of Switzerland; in the third she paradoxically distinguishes between shrimps and crayfishes. I suppose, like so many people, she just didn’t care. See also crawfish, crayfish and écrevisse.

Shutispear crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Pennides) lylei. [U.S.: Mississippi; Calhoun County] Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:74.

siacar goch ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius pallipes. [Celts, N.W. Europe, passim: Gaelic] Cherry, 1992:19. See secar goch.

siauraznyplis vėzys = longfingered crayfish. ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius leptodactylus. [Lithuania] Fitzpatrick, J.F., personal communication.

signal ASTACIDAE Pacifastacus (Pacifastacus) leniusculus. [English] Thompson, 1989:52. See also signal crayfish, Signalkrebs, and tankaizarigani.

signal crayfish ASTACIDAE Pacifastacus (Pacifastacus) leniusculus. [U.S., California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington; Canada: British Columbia; introduced into Sweden] Williams, et al., 1989:21; Hobbs, 1989:8. See also signal, Signalkrebs, and tankaizarigani.

Signalkrebs ASTACIDAE Pacifastacus (Pacifastacus) leniusculus. [Germany] Mosimann and Hofman, 1985:37; [Austria] Wintersteiger, in Westman et al., 1990:38; [Switzerland] Büttiker et al., in Westman et al., 1990:180; [Denmark] Hørlyck and Rasmussen, in Westman et al., 1990:53. See also signal, signal crayfish, and tankaizarigani.

signal’nyǐ rak See next two citations, сигналъний рак and ситналъный рак.

сигналъний рак ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus leniusculus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:188. See signal’nyǐ rak.

ситналъный рак ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus leniusculus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:188. See signal’nyǐ rak, above.

slender-clawed crayfish ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. [English (widespread)] Holdich and Lowery, 1988:497.

soft craw Used for crayfish immediately after moulting, so called because of the softness of the body. [U.S.] Olszewski, 1980:20; Vernon, 1982:175. See also Butterkrebs, soft crayfish, softie, soft shell crayfish, and soft-shelled crawfish.

soft crawfish ASTACIDAE and CAMBARIDAE Used for crayfish with thin shells. [English] Anonymous, 1988:3. See Butterkrebs, soft craw, softie, soft shell crayfish, and soft-shelled crawfish.

softie CAMBARIDAE Used for crayfish with thin shells. [U.S.] Bowers, 1956:19. See Butterkrebs, soft crayfish, soft craw, soft shell crayfish, and softshelled crawfish.

soft shell crayfish CAMBARIDAE Used for crayfish with soft shells. [U.S.] Cain and Bean, 1986:449. See Butterkrebs, soft craw, soft crayfish, softie, and soft-shelled crawfish.

soft-shelled crawfish CAMBARIDAE Used for crayfish with soft shells. [U.S.] de la Bretonne, 1988:18. See Butterkrebs, soft craw, soft crayfish, softie, and soft shell crayfish.

sŏkhae CAMBARIDAE, “mountaincrab,” Cambaroides sp. [Sino-Korean] Lew, 1952:9. = art, see next entry.

art = sŏkhae, q.v.

Solokrebs ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (A. nobilis, Astacus fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Germany] Gozmány, 1979:118.

sooty crayfish ASTACIDAE Pacifastacus (Hobbsastacus) nigrescens. [U.S.: California, vicinity of San Francisco] Williams, et al., 1989:21; Hobbs, 1989:7.

southeastern prairie crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Girardiella) hagenianus. [U.S.: Tombigbee River drainage in Mississippi and Alabama; burrower] Williams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:56.

speckled burrowing crayfish CAMBARIDAE Fallicambarus (Creaserius) danielae. [U.S.: Mississippi and Alabama] Williams, et al., 1989:23; Hobbs, 1989:29.

spider cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Troglocambarus maclanei. [U.S.: Florida; subterranean waters] Williams, et al., 1989:27; Hobbs, 1989:79.

spinycheek crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Faxonius) limosus. [U.S.: Maine to Virginia. Introduced into western Europe] Williams, et al., 1989:24; Hobbs, 1989:39.

spinytail crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Acucauda) fitzpaticki. [U.S.: southern Mississippi] Williams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:51.

spotted royal crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Ortmannicus) pictus. [U.S.: Florida] Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:70.

sprawn ASTACIDAE “(A) crevice, first a spron frey, then a shrimp, then a sprawn, and when it is large then called a crevice.” [U.K.] Randle Holme (ca. 1688), quoted by Phipson, 1883:435.

spron frey ASTACIDAE “(A) crevice, first a spron frey, then a shrimp, then a sprawn, and when it is large then called a crevice.” [U.K.] Randle Holme (ca. 1688), quoted by Phipson, 1883:435.

Steinkrebs ASTACIDAE Astacus torrentium (Astacus saxatilis, A. longicornis, and Potamobius saxatilis). Current usage, Austropotamobius torrentium. [Germany] Gozmány, 1979:119; [Austria] Wintersteiger, in Westman et al., 1990:38; [Switzerland] Büttiker et al., in Westman et al., 1990:180. See stone crayfish.

stonecrab CAMBARIDAE [U.S.] Olszewski, 1980:20.

stone crayfish ASTACIDAE Astacus torrentium (Astacus saxatilis, A. longicornis, and Potamobius saxatilis). Current usage, Austropotamobius torrentium. [English] Gozmány, 1979:119. See Steinkrebs.

stream of white-clawed crayfish ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius pallipes. [English] Thompson, 1989:53.

Strzelecki burrowing crayfish PARASTACIDAE, Engaeus “sp. VRJ.” [Australia: Victoria; South Gippsland, Eastern Strzelecki Ranges] Horwitz, 1990:96.

su böcegi ASTACIDAE [Turkey] Hony and Iz, 1984:431. See also, Iz and Hony, 1978:119.

südamerikanischer Flusskrebs PARASTACIDAE, Parastacus. [Germany] Mosimann and Hofman, 1985:39.

sukhopalyǐ rak See сухопалий рак.

Sumpfkrebs ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Germany] Gozmány, 1979:119; [Austria] Wintersteiger, in Westman et al., 1990:38.

sumpfkrebs Galizier ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. [Germany] Kuhlmann, in Westman et al., 1990:94.

svábrák ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Hungary] Gozmány, 1979:119.

tak potocni ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius pallipes. [Yugoslavia] Obradovic, in Westman et al., 1990:196.

tako PARASTACIDAE, Cherax communis. [New Guinea: Tigi Lake area] Holthuis, 1949:295, 322.

talakborong PARASTACIDAE, probably Cherax, Euastacus, and/or Euastacus spp. [Australia: Victorian Region groups, Yarra River dialect (probably = Wurundjeri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208 (145°25’E × 37°40’S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231. See boongangooloom, talakborong, and tooiyung.

talīá PARASTACIDAE, Cherax communis. [New Guinea: Enarotali word] Holthuis, 1949:295, 322.

talò PARASTACIDAE. [New Guinea: Holthuis quotes La Roux, 1948:317: “According to information which I obtained from the inhabitants of the Doraboe Valley, a large species of crayfish, named talò, is much fished for in the country of the Ndani by the Mbagimèloma and the Zoegimè-koma [Prau-people] of the Great Balim Valley.”] Holthuis, 1950:15.

tankaizarigani “signal crayfish.” ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus leniusculus. [Japan] Kishida, 1961:66. See next two entries. See also signal, signal crayfish, and Signalkrebs.

art See tankaizarigani, above

art See tankaizarigani, above.

täplärapu = signal crayfish. CAMBARIDAE, Pacifastacus leniusculus. [Finland: Finnish] Westman et al., 1990:58.

tararukau PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Mount Black, Oribe-Kulba Aboriginal tribe (probably = Jirandali Aboriginal tribe (144°20’E × 21°15’S)), see Tindale, 1974:188)] Curr, vol. 11:486, Sta. 133. See reri-reri and mokin.

tarnarerer PARASTACIDAE, “like the claw of a crawfish.” [Australia: Tasmania; eastern Aboriginal tribes (possibly = Oyster Bay Aboriginal tribes of Jones, in Tindale, 1974, pp.338-341 (147°40’E × 42°30’S))] Plomley, 1976:262.

tasmanische Krebs PARASTACIDAE, Astacopsis gouldi. [Germany] Schlüter, 1989:526.

tasmanische Riesenkrebs = Tasmanian giant crab. PARASTACIDAE, Astacopsis gouldi. [Germany] Schluter, 1989:528.

tatete PARASTACIDAE, (“freshwater lobster”), possibly Astacopsis sp. [Australia: Tasmania; Brune Island (probably = South East Aboriginal tribe of Jones, in Tindale, 1974:336-338 (147°10’E × 43°-10’S))] Plomley, 1976:262.

tateyer PARASTACIDAE, (“freshwater lobster”), possibly Astacopsis sp. [Australia: east coast of Tasmania; Oyster Bay (probably = Oyster Bay Aboriginal tribes of Jones, in Tindale, 1974, pp.338-341 (147°40’E × 42°30’S))] Plomley, 1976:262.

tatli su istakozu ASTACIDAE [Turkey] Hony and Iz, 1984:455.

tatlisu istakozu ASTACIDAE [Turkey] Iz and Hony, 1978:119.

tavi rák ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Hungary] Gozmány, 1979:119.

tayatea PARASTACIDAE, = “lobster freshwater,” probably = Astacopsis sp. and/or Engaeus sp. [Australia: Tasmania; Oyster Bay to Pittwater (probably = Oyster Bay Aboriginal tribe of Jones, in Tindale, 1974, pp.338-343 (147°40’E × 42°30’S))] Milligan, in Curr, 1887(III):654. Note that me specific epithet of Engaeus tayatea, found in northeastern Tasmania, is taken from this aboriginal word. See tay-a-teh.

tay-a-teh PARASTACIDAE, (“lobster freshwater”), probably = Astacopsis sp. and/or Engaeus sp. [Australia: Tasmania; Aboriginal tribes about Mt. Royal, Brune Island, Recherche Bay, and the south of Tasmania; (probably = South East Aboriginal tribe of Jones, in Tindale, 1974:336-338 (147°10’E × 43°10’S))] Milligan, in Curr, 1887(III):654. See tayatea.

Tchaouma Literally, “Red Crawfish [People].” Spelling variation of Shȧktci Homma, q.v. [U.S., southeast: Mississippi, Shȧktci Homma Indian tribe] Hodge, 1907, vol. 1:232, citing Martin, 1827, vol. 1:280.

tchoriong PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor and/or Engaeus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Moorabool, Jibberin language, (= Kurang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:206 (144°25’E × 37°45’S))] Curr, 1887(III):518, Sta. 208j.

Tchouchouma Literally, “Red Crawfish [People].” Spelling variation of Shȧktci Homma, q.v. [U.S., southeast: Mississippi, Shȧktci Homma Indian tribe] Hodge, 1907, vol. 1:232, citing LaSalle (ca. 1680) in Margry, 1877, part 2:198.

te-hah-cha-o ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S., western: California, Hupa (or Hoopah) Indians (Athabascan)] Merriam, 1979:214.

te-kah-che ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S., western: California, Lolangkok, Eel River Wailaki, and Kato Indians (Athabascan)] Merriam, 1979:216.

Teichkrebs ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. [Germany] Mosimann and Hofman, 1985:37.

Tennessee cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes

(Orconectes) incomptus. [U.S.: Tennessee; Jackson Co.] Williams, et al., 1989:24; Hobbs, 1989:44.

terndang PARASTACIDAE. [Australia] Endacott, 1924 (1973):50.

teusenzarigani probably = “Korean crayfish.” CAMBARIDAE, Cambaroides similis. [Japan] Uchida, 1953:757. See next citation.

art See teusenzarigani, above.

art See teusenzarigani, above.

Texas prairie crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Fallicambarus (Fallicambarus) devastator. [U.S.: Texas, Neches River basin] Williams et al., 1989:23; Hobbs, 1989:91.

thamoga PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” possibly = Cherax sp., Euastacus sp., and/or Engaeus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Albury (possibly = Duduroa Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:204 (147°20’E × 36°15’S))] Stuckey, in Curr, 1887(III):400, Sta. 190. See tongambalanga.

thandoola PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland?, “Cooper’s Creek, near the Booloo River,” (probably Wongkumara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:190 (141°50’E × 27°-35’S))] Sullivan and Eglinton, in Curr, 1886(II):32, Sta. 50.

thandulya PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queens-land; Wangkumara Aboriginal tribe (probably = Wongkumara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:190 (141°50’E × 27°35’S))] Robertson, 1985:280. See boogali and buggilla.

thangambooloa PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Cherax destructor, Engaeus sp., and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Omeo (Jaitmathang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:205 (147°35’E × 36°50’S))] Bulmer, in Curr, 1887(III):558, Sta. 211. See baranjak.

thappooll PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: Queensland; between the Lachlan, Murray, and Darling rivers, Yit-tha Aboriginal tribe (= Jitajita Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:194 (144°0’E × 33°25’S))] Mcdonald, in Curr, vol. 11:288, Sta. 88. See thumal and thupul.

thinta PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Nockatoonga (= Nockatunga), Wilson River (probably = Ngandangara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:182 (143°10’E × 26°50’S))] Foott, in Curr, vol. 11:34, Sta. 54.

thoombur PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Thomson and Barcoo (Cooper) rivers, Koongerri Aboriginal tribe (= Kulumali Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:178 (144°20’E×24°35’S))] Heagney, in Curr, vol. 11:382, Sta. 107.

thornabun PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; near Lake Yamma Yamma, Kungarditchi Aboriginal tribe (= Kungadutji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:178 (142°5’E × 26°25’S))] Heagney, in Curr, vol. 11:380, Sta. 107. See boagalli.

thugamong PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Deniliquin (probably = Jeithi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:193 (145°55’E × 35°25’S))] Gordon, in Curr, 1887(III):396, Sta. 190. See morragonong, moorogonong, and murrami.

thumal PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; Brewarrina and Barwan rivers, Wailwun Aboriginal tribe (= Weilwan Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:200 (147°40’E × 30°30’S))] Bench of Magistrates at Brewarrina, in Curr, 1887(III):330, Sta. 183. See thappooll, thupul, and winga.

thupul PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” possibly = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Ned’s Corner Station on Murray River, probably Maraura Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:196, (141°30’E × 33°45’S))] Pegler, in Curr, 1886(II):280, Sta. 86. See also thappool and thumal.

ticandutya yutya CAMBARIDAE?, = camarón del rio. [México: Oaxaca; Jamiltepec, Mixteco] Campbell et al., 1986:107. See ticandutya yútya.

ticandutya yútya See ticandutya yutya, above.

tinungi PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Hamilton River, Roxburgh Downs Station, Runga-Rungawah Aboriginal tribe (= Wongkadjera Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:190 (138°50’E × 22°55’S))] Craigie, in Curr, vol. 11:356, Sta. 102.

товстопалий рак ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus pachypuspachypus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981. p. 177. See tovstopalyǐ rak, below.

to do a gilgie Slang, = “to withdraw or back out.” [Australia: Western Australia] Olszewski, 1980:22.

toing PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Mordiyallook (probably = Bunurong Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:203 (145°30’E × 38°20’S))] Curr, 1887(III):534, Sta. 209d. See boongangooloom, talakborong, and tooiyung.

tolstopalyǐ rak See толстопалый рак, next entry.

толстопалый рак ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus pachypus pachypus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981. p. 177. See tolstopalyǐ rak, above

Tombigbee riverlet crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Hobbseus petilus. [U.S.: Mississippi, Itawamba, Lee, and Monroe counties] Williams, et al., 1989:23; Hobbs, 1989:33.

tongambalanga PARASTACIDAE, possibly = Cherax sp., Engaeus sp., and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Barwidgee, upper Murray River dialect (possibly = Duduroa Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:204 (147°20’E × 36°15’S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231. See thamoga.

tooiyung PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax and/or Engaeus spp. [Australia: Victoria; Lower Yarra (probably = Wurundjeri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208-9 (145°25’E × 37°40’S))] Daniel Bunce, in Curr, 1887(III):532, Sta. 209c. See boongangooloom, talakborong, and toing.

toomban PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; head of Hamilton River, Yanda Aboriginal tribe (= Janda Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:170 (140°50’E × 22°10’S))] Eglinton, in Curr, vol. 11:362, Sta. 103.

toró PARASTACIDAE, Cherax communis. [New Guinea: Enarotali word] Holthuis, 1949:295, 322.

touretshi PARASTACIDAE? This “New Hebrides” record indicates the “crayfish” may be a marine crustacean, and not of the PARASTACIDAE. [New Hebrides, Aniwa dialect] Mathew, 1899:230-231.

tovstopalyǐ rak See товстопалий рак.

trahl’ ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S., western: California, Chimariko Indians (Hokan)] Merriam, 1979:321.

tropical blue crayfish PARASTACIDAE, Cherax quadricarinatus. [Australia: English] Anonymous, 1989:10.

trunagi PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; junction of Kings Creek and Georgina River, Moorloobullo Aboriginal tribe (= Karanja Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:174 (139°50’E × 23°50’S))] Machattie and Little, in Curr, vol. 11:368, Sta. 105. See also koon-da-chi, koondagi, kuntatyi, and tunanyty.

ts’áýxa (Orthography as used by Somday) ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S.: Washington State; Colville Indians (Interior Salishan languages)] Somday, 1980:199.

tsah-mah-tah ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S., western: California, St. Helena Creek, Lake Miwok Indians (Penutian)] Merriam, 1979:253.

tsamberrot ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France and Switzerland: Suisse Romande] Gozmány, 1979:118; André, 1960:133, specifies Pays Romand; Rolland, 1881:231, specifies “Suisse romande,” citing Bridel, 1866; Belloc, 1899:142 specifies “Suisse francaise.” See chamberrot.

art (Orthography employed by Wagner) CAMBARIDAE, = “the crayfish.” [U.S.: southeast; from folk mythology of Yuchi Indians describing the creation of the world] Wagner, 1931:4.

tsi s dv na (Orthography employed by Alexander) CAMBARIDAE [U.S., southeast: Cherokee Indians] Alexander, J.T., 1971:37. Reference also gives Cherokee orthography (art) as invented by Sequoyah, see next entry.

art CAMBARIDAE = tsi s dv na, see above.

tsiskagili CAMBARIDAE; “the Red Crayfish,” probably Procambarus clarkii. [U.S., southeast: Cherokee Indians] Alexander, H.B., 1916:60.

tumpan PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; vicinity of Mt. Isa, Kalkatunga Aboriginal tribe (= Kalkadunga Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:173 (140°0’E × 20°55’S))] Blake, 1969:121. See also cuinci and jakalaan.

tunanyty PARASTACIDAE, probably Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Pitta-Pitta Aboriginal tribe (= Pitapita Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:184 (139°45’E × 22°45’S))] Dixon and Blake, 1979, vol. 1:236. See koon-da-chi, koondage, kuntatyi, and tunanyty. See also Sign Language.

turkestans’kyǐ rak See туркестансъкий рак, next citation.

туркестансъкий рак ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus kessleri. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:171. See turkestans’kyǐ rak, above. See also rak kesslera.

turkestanskyǐ rak See туркестанский рак, next entry.

туркестанский рак ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus kessleri. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:171. See turkestanskyǐ rak, above.

Turkish crayfish ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. [English] Holdich and Lowery, 1988:498.

türkische Krebs ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Germany] Kotschy, 1988:10.

turkse rivierkreeft ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. [Netherlands] Adema, 1989:4.

tzas = “camaron, pescado.” CAMBARIDAE? [México: Tobasco, Chiapas, and Oaxaca; Zoque Indians] La Grasserie, 1898:64. See also cooy, meatzas, and vetze.

uchidazarigani “Uchida’s crayfish.” ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus trowbridgii. [Japan] Miyaki, 1957:1. See next entry.

art See uchidazarigani, above

art See uchidazarigani, above.

udang-karang PARASTACIDAE (as well as shrimps) [Malay] Curr, 1887(III): 696. Holthuis, 1949:295 (quoting Le Roux, 1948:317), says “the name of the crayfishes in the Moni dialect [New Guinea] is ‘oelang gamò’ (pronounced ’ulang gamò’), which strongly resembles the Malay name ’oedang’ (pronounced udang’) for shrimps and crayfishes in general.” Also, defined by by Echols and Shadily, 1972:419, as “lobster.” See arugut, krangalang, oelang gamò, and udang-karang.

udjieie Literally, “feet that pinch.” CAMBARIDAE [U.S., northeast; Iroquis Indians] Waugh, 1916:138.

ughlovatyǐ rak See угловатый рак, below.

ukodko PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: South Australia; Murray River alluvial flats (possibly = Jarildekald (139°20’E × 35°30’S) and/or Portalun (139°15’E × 35°15’S) Aboriginal tribes of Tindale, 1974:212 and 217-218] Olszewski, 1980:17, citing Gray, in Eyre, 1845. See enkodko, eukodko, ukot, and yukalto.

ukot PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: South Australia; northwest bend of the Murray River (possibly = Ngaiawang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:214 (139°35’E × 34°15’S))] Fulford, in Curr, vol. 11:278, Sta. 85. See enkodko, eukodko, ukodko, and yulakto.

umpurra PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; Evelyn Creek, Pono Aboriginal tribe (probably = Wanjiwalku Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:200 (142°40’E × 30°25’S))] Dewhurst, in Curr, vol. 11:156, Sta. 69.

unde PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Lower Diamantina, Karawalla and Tunberri Aboriginal tribes (= Karuwali Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:175 (141°0’E × 25°5’S))] Anonymous, in Curr, vol. 11:372, Sta. 106.

usa’kāo Probably CAMBARIDAE [Canada: Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta; Cree Indians] Watkins, 1938:49. Note that craw-fish is defined as usa’kāo or sa’kew on p. 49, but on p. 444 those two words are defined as “A crab (the crustaceous animal); a lobster.” See sa’kew.

uzkopalyĭ rak See узкоIIáJIый рак, next entry.

узкоáпый рак ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus. [Russia] Ricker, 1973:202. See uzkopalyǐ rak, above.

uzkopalyĭ rechnoĭ rak See узкопалмй речной рак, next entry.

узкопалмй речной рак ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. [Russia] Gozmány, 1979:119. See uzkopalyĭ rechnoĭ rak, above.

valley flame crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Depressicambarus) deweesae. [U.S.: Tennessee] Williams, et al., 1989:22.

varswaterkreef ASTACIDAE Word ordinarily used for freshwater shrimps, but now also applied to introduced Procambarus clarkii. [South Africa] Kritzinger et al., 1981:938.

vatnakrabbi ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. [Iceland] Cherry, 1992:20. Freshwater crayfishes are not found in Iceland.

vetze = “camarón” CAMBARIDAE? [México: Tobasco, Chiapas, and Oaxaca; Zoque Indians] Engel & de Engel, 1987:271. See cooy, meatzas, and tzas.

vėzys ASTACIDAE? [Lithuania]Baravykas, 1978:115.

virile crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Gremicambarus) virilis. [U.S. and Canada: widespread] Williams, et al., 1989:25.

vissécre ASTACIDAE Argot of teen-aged youths, late 20th century [France: Paris] Lansing, 1992:118.

vuglastyǐ rak See вугластий рак, next citation.

вугластий рак ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus leptodactylus leptodactylus morpha angulosus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:156. See vuglastyǐ rak, see above.

waat PARASTACIDAE. Same word used for “crayfish” and freshwater “lobster,” probably = yabbies and other smaller crayfish as well as larger species. [Australia: Victoria; “Gippsland,” (data given do not allow specific tribal designation)] Bulmer, in Curr, 1887(III):550.

wagooramoo PARASTACIDAE, “lobster.” [Australia: Queensland; “Porter’s Range” (possibly = Leichardt Range), probably Warungu Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:188 (146°0’E × 19°30’S)] M. Curr, in Curr, 1886(II):456, Sta. 127.

Waikoura Place names. [New Zealand: 1.- Stream on Whitipororua Block, Coromandel District, 2.- Standingstone Creek, Otago, 3.- Muddy Creek, tributary of the Taieri, 4.- tributary of the Otautau, Southland. “Wai-” is Maori prefix denoting water of river] Andersen, 1942:265, 303.

Walloon PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” possibly = C. davisi. [Australia: Queensland; Brown River (probably = Karingbal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:174 (148°35’E × 24°55’S))] Murray, in Curr, 1887(III): 100, Sta. 158.

wambein PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” possibly = C. gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; Rockhampton and Gracemere (probably = Darambal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:167 (150°20’E × 23°5’S))] Archer, in Curr, 1887(III):56, Sta. 149. See ella.

wangac “El macho de un tipo de chacal de agua dulce.” CAMBARIDAE? [México: Oaxaca; Istmo de Tehuantepec, San Mateo del Mar, Huave Indians] Kreger and de Stairs, 1981:177.

wangar PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Hill End (probably = Wiradjuri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 (147°30’E × 33°50’S))] Bench of Magistrates at Bathurst, in Curr, 1887(III):376, Sta. 190. See ingar.

warkoju PARASTACIDAE, possibly = Cherax wasselli. [Australia: Queensland; Bloomfield Valley (possible = Jungkurara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:172 (146°25’E × 16°0’S))] Mathew, 1899:230- 231.

Warragul burrowing crayfish PARASTACIDAE, Engaeus sternalis. [Australia: Victoria; Warragul] Horwitz, 1990:94.

weechong PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Hopkins River (possibly = Tjapwurong Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:707-9 (142°40’E × 37°30’S))] Curr, 1887(III): 494, Sta. 207k. See youri.

weechuk PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor, Engaeus sp. and/or Geocharax sp. [Australia: Victoria; “Victorian Region groups,” Mortlake dialect (probably = Kirrae Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:205 (143°5’E × 38° 10’S))] Mathew, 1899:230- 231.

wegiga PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; Darling Aboriginal tribes, 50 miles below Bourke on the Darling River (probably = Ngemba Aboriginal tribe (146°5’E × 30°30’S) of Tindale, 1974:198)] Wilson and Henderson, in Curr, vol. 11:224, Sta. 76.

art [Orthography employed by Olmsted] ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S., western: Atsugewi Indians] Olmsted, 1984:175. See art.

white clawed crayfish ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius pallipes. [English] Holdich and Lowery, 1988: 498.

white footed crayfish ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius pallipes. [English] Cherry, 1992:19.

white river crawfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Ortmannicus) zonangulus. [U.S., along the lower Gulf of Mexico slope from Texas to Alabama] Hobbs, H.H., Jr., and Fitzpatrick, J.F., Jr., personal communications, inform me that this name has been wrongly applied to Procambarus (Ortmannicus) acutus, and should refer only to Procambarus (Ortmannicus) zonangulus.

white yabby PARASTACIDAE, refers to a local Victorian grey-white colored variant of the yabby, q.v. [Australia: Victoria; English and derivative] Olszewski, 1980:16.

wiija PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor, Engaeus sp., Euastacus sp., and/or Geocharax sp. [Australia: Victoria; Hopkins River (possibly = Tjapwurong Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:707-9 (142°40’E × 37°30’S))] Curr, 1887(III): 429, Sta. 197. Curr, 1887(III):492, Sta. 207j. See yaram.

winga PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” possibly = Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; Brewarrina and Barwan rivers, Wailwun Aboriginal tribe (= Weilwan Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:200 (147°40’E × 30°30’S))] Bench of Magistrates at Brewarrina, in Curr, 1887(III):330, Sta. 183. See thumal.

wirra PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Hawkesbury River and Broken Bay (probably = Daruk Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:193 (150°35’E × 33°35’S))] Tuckerman, in Curr, 1887(III):358, Sta. 189. See morramma.

wolkoo PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; Mt. Remarkable, Doora Aboriginal tribe (probably = Nukunu Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:216 (138°10’E × 32°55’S))] Valentine, in Curr, 1886(II): 138, Sta. 65.

wolona PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Kulkyne (probably Latjilatji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:206, (141°45’E × 34°40’S))] Curr, 1887(III):454, Sta. 203.

wolonuk PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Lake Hindmarsh, Upper Regions Station, and Lower Wimmera (probably = Wotjobaluk Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208 (141°45’E × 35°50’S))] Curr, 1887(III):474, Sta. 207a.

Woodville Karst cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Ortmannicus) orcinus. [U.S.: Florida; Leon Co., subterranean waters] Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:69.

woorrewor = “Horn of crayfish.” PARASTACIDAE?. [Australia: Tasmania; Bruny Island (probably = South East Aboriginal tribe of Jones, in Tindale, 1974:336-338 (147°10’E × 43°10’S))] Plomley, 1976:262.

worronguna PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; Yorke’s (Yorke) Peninsula (not Cape York Peninsula, Queensland) (probably = Narangga Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:214 (137°35’E × 34°35’S))] Kühn, in Curr, vol. 11:146, Sta. 67. See danibutcha.

wunmeen PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; Boyne River, Toolooa or Dandan Aboriginal tribe (= Tulua Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:186 (151°10’E × 24°15’S))] Curr, 1887(III): 124, Sta. 161.

wurenag PARASTACIDAE, small crayfish, probably = Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: South Australia/Victoria; Djadjala dialect of Wergaia Aboriginal tribe (= Potaruwutj Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:218 (140°30’E × 36°25’S))] Hercus, 1969a:422. See jabidj, lib-lib-wil, and yapitch.

art [Orthography employed by Olmsted] ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S., western: Atsugewi Indians] Olmsted, 1984:175. See art.

xbau CAMBARIDAE? (if not crabs). [México: Yucatán, Mayan] Pérez, D.J.P., 1866-1877:21. See ix bau.

yaabitch PARASTACIDAE, probably = Engaeus sp., Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: Victoria; “Victorian Region groups” Ercildoune dialect (probably = Wathaurung Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208 (143°55’E × 39°0’S))] Mathew, 1899:230- 231. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaapitch yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yāpi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappītch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis.

yaam PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor, Euastacus sp., Engaeus sp., and/or Geocharax sp. [Australia: Victoria; “Victorian Region groups” (probably = Gunditjmara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:204 (142°0’E × 38°5’S)), Warrnambool dialect] Mathew, 1899:230-231. See yarrun.

yaapitch PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Engaeus sp. and/or Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales/Victoria; Kerang, Loddon River (probably = Baraparapa Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:191-2 (144°45’E × 35°20’S))] Curr, 1887(III):512, Sta. 208g. See also Jabby, jabidj, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yāpi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappī, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis.

yabbechi PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Engaeus sp., Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: Victoria; Piangil, Wotti-wotti Aboriginal tribe (= Watiwati Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208 (143°25’E × 35°5’S))] Curr, 1887(III):450, Sta. 201. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yāpi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappī, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis.

yabbee PARASTACIDAE. As a contemporary word derived from the Aboriginal, it is used specifically for Cherax destructor and Engaeus sp., but is also used loosely for all Australian crayfish and sometimes for Western Australian crayfishes other than marron, q.v. [Australia: outmoded South Australian derivative of unspecified Aboriginal language] Olszewski, 1980:16. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaapitch yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yāpi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappītch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis.

yabber PARASTACIDAE. As a contemporary word derived from the Aboriginal, it is used specifically for Cherax destructor and Engaeus sp., but is also used loosely for all Australian crayfish and sometimes for Western Australian crayfishes other than marron, q.v. [Australia: obsolete South Australian derivative of unspecified Aboriginal language] Olszewski, 1980:15. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yāpi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappītch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis.

yabbie PARASTACIDAE. As a contemporary word derived from the Aboriginal, it is used specifically for Cherax destructor and Engaeus sp., but is also used loosely for all Australian crayfish and sometimes for Western Australian crayfishes other than marron, q.v. [Australia: Australian English, from Aboriginal] Carey, 1985:441. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabby, yampit, yāpi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappītch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis.

yabbity PARASTACIDAE. As a contemporary word derived from the Aboriginal, it is used specifically for Cherax destructor and Engaeus sp., but is also used loosely for all Australian crayfish and sometimes for Western Australian crayfishes other than marron, q.v. [Australia: unspecified Aboriginal language] Olszewski, 1980:15. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaapitch yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yāpi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappītch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis.

yabby PARASTACIDAE. As a contemporary word derived from the Aboriginal, it is often used specifically for Cherax destructor, Engaeus sp., and Western Australian crayfishes other than marron, q.v. It is also used loosely for all Australian crayfishes. [Australia: Australian English, from Aboriginal] Becker, 1985:107. Olszewski, 1980:16, says that while there is no fast rule, he prefers singular yabby and plural yabbies. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yampit, yāpi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappī, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis.

yabby Slang, = a wicket-keeper in cricket. From the “curious stance and gauntlets of the pudgy breed.” [Australia] Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1992:103.

yabby Slang, = to catch, or fish for, yabbies; to yabbie; or to go yabbying. [Australia] Baker, 1959:88. See cray-fish, crawfish, and mudbug as verbs.

yabij PARASTACIDAE, probably = Engaeus spp, Cherax destructor, and/or i. [Australia: Victoria; Wemba-wemba Aboriginal tribe (= Wembawemba tribe of Tindale, 1974:200 (144°0’E × 35°20’S))] Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1990:102. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yampit, yāpi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappī, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis.

yampit PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Engaeus spp, Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: New South Wales/Victoria; Gunbower Station (possibly = Jotijoti Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:194 (144°50’E × 35°50’S))] Messrs. Mickie and Sandy, Curr, 1887(III):508, Sta. 208e. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yāpi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappītch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis.

yandurrer PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Cherax quadricarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; Middle Norman River, Wollongurmee Aboriginal tribe (= Bugulmara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:166 (142°0’E × 18°20’S))] Armit, in Curr, 1886(II):312, Sta. 93. See elparra.

yaparte PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Engaeus spp, Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: Victoria; Mount Emu (probably = Wathaurung Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208 (143°55’E × 38°0’S))] Wilson, in Curr, 1887(III):516, Sta. 208i. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yāpi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappītch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis.

yāpi PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Engaeus spp, Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: Victoria; Swan Hill and Tyntynder, Wottiwotti Aboriginal tribe (= Watiwati Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208 (143°25’E × 35°5’S))] Beveridge, in Curr, 1887(III):444, Sta. 199. See Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappītch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. See also chipel.

yapit PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Engaeus spp, Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: Victoria; Natti-Yallook and Stuart-Mill (probably = Jaara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:204 (143°40’E × 36°40’S))] Curr, 1887(III):514, Sta. 208h. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yāpi, yapitch, yappi, yappītch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis.

yapitch PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Engaeus sp., Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: South Australia; Tatiarra country (= Potaruwutj Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:218 (140°30’E × 36°25’S))] Curr 1887(III):458, Sta. 204; [Australia: Victoria; Avoca River, Victorian group (probably = Jaara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:204 (143°40’E × 36°40’S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231; [Australia: Victoria; Lake Wallace and neighborhood (possibly = Marditjali Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:206 (141°10’E × 36°45’S))] Curr, 1887(III):476, Sta. 207b; [Australia: Victoria; Lake Boga neighborhood, probably Moorerbat and the lower Loddon (possibly = Wembawemba Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:200 (144°0’E × 35°20’S))] Curr, 1887(III):504, Sta. 208c. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yāpi, yapit, yappi, yappītch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. See also lib-lib-wil and wurenag.

yappée PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Engaeus spp, Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: Victoria; Natti-Yallook and Stuart Mill (probably = Jaara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:204 (143°40’E × 36°40’S))] Curr, 1887(III):514, Sta. 208h. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, yab-bechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yāpi, yapitch, yappi, yappītch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis.

yappi PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Engaeus spp, Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: Victoria; Piangil, Wotti-wotti Aboriginal tribe (= Watiwati Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208 (143°25’E × 35°5’S))] Macredie, in Curr, 1887(III): 448, Sta. 201. See Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yāpi, yapit, yapitch, yappītch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. See also chiboli.

yappītch PARASTACIDAE, probably = Engaeus spp, Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia] Endacott, 1924 (1973):62.

yapitch PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Engaeus spp, Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: Victoria; Hamilton (possibly = Tjapwurong Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:707-9 (142°40’E × 37°30’S))] Curr, 1887(III):486, Sta. 207g. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yāpi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis.

yappy PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Engaeus spp, Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: Victoria; “Gippsland,” (data given do not allow specific tribal designation)] Curr, 1887(III): 554. See Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yāpi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappītch, yobbie, and yobbis. See also kipil.

yaram PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Hopkins River (possibly = Tjapwurong Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:707-9 (142°40’E × 37°30’S))] Curr, 1887(III): 492, Sta. 207j. See wiija.

yarrun PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor, Euastacus sp., Engaeus sp. and/or Geocharax sp. [Australia: Victoria; Portland, Lake Condah, and Eumeralla (probably = Gunditjmara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:204 (142°0’E × 38°5’S))] Curr, 1887(III):490, Sta. 207i. See yaam.

yeekerra PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Cherax cairnesensis. [Australia: Queensland; Hinchinbrook Island and adjacent mainland (probably = Keramai Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:175 (145°45’E × 18°15’S))] Murray, in Curr, 1886(II):420, Sta. 118. See mouwa.

yegari PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” probably = Cherax davisi. [Australia: Queensland; head of the Comet River, Kanoloo Aboriginal tribe (= Kanolu Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:174 (149°0’E × 23°40’S))] Josephson, in Curr, 1887(III):98, Sta. 157. See myngul.

Yellami Boongangooloom Place name, = Crayfish Creek. [Australia: Victoria; between the “Old Crossing Place [present day Tabilk (145°10’E × 36°51’S)] on the Goulburn [and] the present Toolamba, “Ngooraialum Aboriginal tribe” (= Ngurelban Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:207 (144°45’E × 36°40’S))] Curr, 1887(III):523-525. Massola, 1968:18, lists this locality as “near Seymour.” He also includes Yellami Goloro as = yellami Boongangooloom, but I cannot find evidence that Goloro really = crayfish. See boongangooloom, galoom, and Yellami Goloro.

Yellami Goloro Place name, = Crayfish Creek ? [Australia: Victoria; near Seymour (probably = Taungurong Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:207 (145°35’E × 37°10’S))] Massola, 1968:18. Note that Curr, 1887(III):525, places a “?” instead of a translation of Yellami Goloro. See yellami Boongangooloom.

угловатый рак ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus leptodactylus leptodactylus morpha angulosus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:156. See ughlovatyǐ rak, above.

yigara PARASTACIDAE. This locality does not appear to coincide with known present-day crayfish distributions. [Australia: Queensland; vicinity of the Herbert River, Wargamay Aboriginal tribe (= Warakamai Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:188 (146° 15’E × 18°55’S))] Dixon and Blake, 1981, vol. 2:126.

yil PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; basins of the upper Burnett River, Wakka, Aboriginal tribe (= Wakawaka Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:187 (151°45’E × 25°50’S))] Watson, 1943-1944:78. See eel, īllai, il’- lai, yil, yil’ai, and yīl’lai.

yīl PARASTACIDAE. Word defined as both “crayfish” and “lobster,” probably = Cherax gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; Wakka Aboriginal tribe (= Wakawaka Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:187 (151°45’E × 25°50’S))] Mathew, 1910:230. See eel, īllai, il’lai, yil, yil’ai, and yīl’lai.

yil’ai PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: southeast Queensland; basins of Mary and Burrum rivers as well as those of smaller streams that drain the eastern slope of the Blackall Range, Kabi Aboriginal tribe (= Kabikabi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:172 (152°25’E x25°45’S))] Watson, 1943-1944:12. See eel, īllai, il’lai, yil, yīl, and yīl’lai.

yīl’lai PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = yabbies and other smaller crayfish. [Australia: Queensland; Kabi Aboriginal tribe (= Kabikabi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:172 (152°25’E × 25°45’S))] Mathew, 1910:230. See eel, īllai, il’lai, yil, yīl, yil’ai, yil’ai.

yimbala PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: possibly South Australia] Cooper, 1949:29.

yīnangī PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax sp. and/or Engaeus sp. [Australia: Victoria; “Victorian Region groups,” Broken River (probably = Pangerang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:207 (145°40’E × 36°25’S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231. See bōrpa and bōr-pa.

yinga PARASTACIDAE, “lobster,” possibly = Cherax cuspidatus, C. rotundus, and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Manning River (probably = Birpai Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:192 (152°15’E × 31°50’S))] Bench of Magistrates at Wingham, in Curr, 1887(III):350, Sta. 187. Ingamells, 1955:39, says this word signifies “crab” in Northern Territory.

yingar PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax cuspidatus, C. rotundus, and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Port Macquarie (probably = Ngamba Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:197 (152°40’E × 31°35’S))] Curr, 1887(III):340, Sta. 186; [Australia: New South Wales; Wagga Wagga (probably = Wiradjuri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 (147°30’E × 33°50’S))] Curr, 1887(III):392, Sta. 190. See dookami. Note that the list of additional words, on page 350, indicates yingar also = crab.

yingo PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = yabbies and other smaller crayfish. [Australia: Queensland; Weir and Moonie rivers (Curr, 1887(III):258, implies this locality is in territory of the Ualarai (Wolleri), but the Station locality (175) together with the localities of the Weir and the Moonie rivers points to the Bigambul Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:166 (150°10’E × 28°10’S))] O’Byrne, in Curr, 1887(III): 262, Sta. 175. See nolaka.

yobbi PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish.” As a contemporary word derived from the Aboriginal, it is used specifically for Cherax destructor and Engaeus sp., but is also used loosely for all Australian crayfish and sometimes for Western Australian crayfishes other than marron, q.v. [Australia: South Australia; Adelaide, Aboriginal derivative] Olszewski, 1980:16. See Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yāpi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, and yappy.

yobbie PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish.” As a contemporary word derived from the Aboriginal, it is used specifically for Cherax destructor and Engaeus sp., but is also used loosely for all Australian crayfish and sometimes for Western Australian crayfishes other than marron, q.v. [Australia: South Australia; Adelaide, Australian English from the Aboriginal] Olszewski, 1980:16. See Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yāpi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, and yappy.

yobbis See yobbie, above.

youri PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = yabbies and other smaller crayfish. [Australia: Victoria; Hopkins River (possibly = Tjapwurong Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:707-9 (142°40’E × 37°30’S))] Goodall, in Curr, 1887(III):494, Sta. 207k. See weechong.

yukalto PARASTACIDAE, “crayfish,” probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: South Australia; Wellington, Murray River (possibly = Jarildekald (139°20’E × 35°30’S) and/or Portalun (139°15’E × 35°15’S) Aboriginal tribes of Tindale, 1974:212, 217-218] Moorehouse, in Curr, 1886(II): 276, Sta. 84.

zametn’ǐ tolstopalyǐ rak See заметный толстопалый рак, next entry.

заметный толстопалый рак ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus pachypus notabilis. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981. p. 177. See zametn’ǐ tolstopalyǐ rak, above. See also pomitnyǐ tovstopalyǐ rak.

zanak’orana PARASTACIDAE. [Madagascar: Betsileo] Poisson, 1947:13. See kitihy and kitika.

zarigani CAMBARIDAE, Cambaroides japonicus. [Japan] Okada and Uchida, 1961:98. See next two entries.

art See zarigani.

art See zarigani.

zarny rak = black crayfish. ASTACIDAE, Astacus sp. [Hungary] Marsigli, 1726, v. 4, plate caption.

zoetwater kreeft See zoetwaterkreeft.

zoetwaterkreeft ASTACIDAE and CAMBARIDAE [Netherlands] Anonymous, 1974:9.

zymetasis vėzys = signal crayfish. ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus leniusculus. [Lithuania] Fitzpatrick, J.F., personal communication.

Sign Language

PARASTACIDAE. [Australia:Queensland; Pitta- Pitta and Mitakoodi Aboriginal tribes. These tribal designations = Pitapita (139°45’E × 22°45’S) and Maithakari (140°40’E × 20°5’S) of Tindale, 1974:180 and 184] Roth, 1897:93 and Plate V (fig. 86). See beekodl, koon-da-chi, kuntatyi, pe-kool, and tunanyty.

PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Northern Territory; Aranda Aboriginal tribes (134 °45’E × 24°40’ S)] Strehlow, Carl, in Umiker-Sebeok and Sebeok. 1978:356. Strehlow says this = iltjénma, q.v., and specifies, “Close [fingers] 4, 5 on the ball of the thumb, spread fingers 2, 3—which are held in the shape of a boomerang (back of the hand up)—close them together a few times, and rest them on 1, as if they would grip something.”

FIGURE 5.—Representative freshwater shrimps from Peru and Chile (left) and from Central America (right), Note the elongated body (cephalothorax) and the laterally flattened rostrum discussed on page 3. From Holthuis. 1952, plates 10 and 34.

FIGURE 6.—Representative crayfishes from the northwestern United States and British Columbia (1, 2, and 4); northeastern China, the eastern Russian Federation, and Sakhalin Island (3). See page 3. From Faxon, 1885, plate VI.

References

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Language Index

ABORIGINAL (Australia) For non-Aboriginal Australian words, see English. Note that the words designated (“lobster”) are, in most cases, actually crayfish; see discussion on page 4.

acheroo

andar

ander

atta (“lobster”)

bambam

baranjak

barranjerk

barrinjook

baupit

beekodl

beelahingar (place name)

begool

belleringah

Belleringah (place name)

birrooa

boagalli

bodardi

bogally

boligar (“lobster”)

boogal

boogali

boogalli

boogarli

boogurrie (“lobster”)

bookill (“lobster”)

bookillee

boongangooloom (“lobster”)

boonggāngooloom (“lobster”)

boorkoom

bōrpa

bōr-pa

bouragin

bowgili

buggilla

bugili

burnicum (“lobster”)

carrda

cheewagga

chelgi (see English)

chiboli (“lobster”)

chielghi

chīpel (“lobster”)

choorn-gu

cuinci

cunder

danbee (“lobster”)

danibutcha (“lobster”)

dendong

dib-dib

dibil

didbee

dirndung-dirnduk (“lobster”)

dookami (“lobster”)

eel (“lobster”)

einga

elin

ella

elli (“lobster”)

elparra

enkodko

erambie

eukodko

gadjunja

gadunja

galoom

ganoon (“lobster”)

gannoon (“lobster”)

geary

gidda

gidyar (“lobster”)

giju (“lobster”)

gilga

gilgie (see English)

Gillendoon (place name)

gindangia

gonak

gonon (“lobster”)

goolgie

goombarroo

goonack

goonak

goonalk

goonaway (“lobster”)

goowarra (“lobster”)

greeur

gunag

gungulu

gunnok

gurinein

ilidja

īllai

il’lai

Iltjanma (Crayfish Ancestor, Aboriginal mythology)

iltjanma

Iltjanmalitnjaka (place name)

iltjénma

inga

ingah

ingar

Ingar (place name)

inglebar (crayfish hole)

injíltjinjíltja

inka (“crayfish” and “lobster”)

inkka (“lobster”)

inundah

jabid

jabidj

jakalaan

jilgi

jilgie (see English)

jilgy

jin-ju

joolgie

julegie

junju

kakine

kandera

kapich

karee

karkoora (“lobster”)

kary

keerai (“lobster”)

keerie

keery

keler

kidneykooderi

kipil (“lobster”)

koarow

komdar

kongola

konkro

koonac (see English)

koonak

koon-da-chi

koondagi

koongala

koongideri

koongoola

koongoolo

koon-gooloo

koongooloo

koongooya (“lobster”)

koonkooderi

koonkoodirri

koorey (“lobster”)

kottingeri

krangalang (“lobster”)

kumbooloo

kunggurla (“lobster”)

kuniekoondie

kuniekundi

kuntatyi

kurnkuderri (“lobster”)

kurukudirri (“lobster”)

kutera

laamballay (“lobster”)

lang-gunya

langunia

lib-lib-wil

lip-lip-kill

lip-lip-till

lippekil

lobbie

lobby

loetererlepeenne

ltyanma

ma-a

mamaroo

mamuru

mangaba (“lobster”)

mannta (“lobster”)

maraija

maramie (see English)

maren

marin

marine

marooroo (“lobster”)

marra

marramin

marran

marrida

marron (see English)

marthera

meauke

meauki

mintoola

moak

mokin (“lobster”)

monagur

mooban (“lobster”)

moolan

mooragonong (“lobster”)

moorogonong

mooroonong

moramy (see English)

Morongla (place name)

morramma

motoga (“lobster”)

motogar (“lobster”)

mouwa

mucheecan

mul’aim

mulam

mulpo

mundi (“lobster”)

munya

muracuru

murangir

murragolong

murrami

Murrami (place name)

murrin

murry (“lobster”)

myngul

nadan

naingan

naloan (“lobster”)

naloro

nark

narraminyeh

ndaag

nenewn

newn-newn

ngaltaitye

ngobbera

nguchul

ngumat

ninge-ninge

ninyouen

nolaka (“lobster”)

notkun (“lobster”)

nubé

nubena

nubyma

nubyna

nuele

nunnya

nyngan

Nyngan (place name)

omothoo

oovarroo

pe-kool

perran

pevin

piccool

pikquol

pirrinoo (“lobster”)

pungari

quarra

quarroo

reri-reri (“lobster”)

ringwong

ruja (“lobster”)

talakborong

tararukau

tarnarerer

tatete (“lobster”)

tateyer (“lobster”)

tayatea (“lobster”)

tay-a-teh (“lobster”)

tchoriong

terndang

thamoga (“lobster”)

thandoola (“lobster”)

thandulya

thangambooloa (“lobster”)

thappooll

thinta

thoombur

thornabun

thugamong (“lobster”)

thumal

thupul (“lobster”)

tinungi

toing (“lobster”)

tongambalanga

tooiyung

toomban

trunaga

tumpan

tunanyty

ukodko

ukot

umpurra

unde

waat (“lobster”)

wagooramoo (“lobster”)

walloon (“lobster”)

wambein (“lobster”)

wangar

warkoju

weechong (“lobster”)

weechuk

wegiga

wiija

winga (“lobster”)

wirra (“lobster”)

wolkoo (“lobster”)

wolona

wolonuk

woorrewor

worronguna

wunmeen

wurenag

yaabitch

yaam

yaapitch

yabbechi

yabbee

yabber (see English)

yabbie (see English)

yabbity

yabby (see English)

yabij

yampit

yandurrer (“lobster”)

yaparte

yāpi

yapit

yapitch

yappée

yappi

yappitch

yappītch

yappy

yaram (“lobster”)

yarrun

yeekerra (“lobster”)

yegari

Yellami Boongangooloom (place name)

Yellami Goloro (place name)

yigara

yil

yīl (“crayfish” and “lobster”)

yil’ai

yīl’lai

yimbala

yīnangī

yinga (“lobster”)

yingar

yingo

yobbi (see English)

yobbie (see English)

yobbis (see English)

youri

yukalto

art (see Sign Language)

art (see Sign Language)

ABORIGINAL (Torres Strait)

kayer (?)

touretshi (?)

ACHOMAWI (HOKAN) INDIAN

hah-tsoo

AFRIKAANS (South Africa)

rivierkreef

varswaterkreef

ALBANIA

gaforre uji t’ëmbël

karavidhë lumi

ALGONQUIN INDIAN

acâge

ajageshi

ATSUGEWI INDIAN

AUSTRIA

Edelkrebs

Rotscherling

Signalkrebs

Sumpfkrebs

AZTEC INDIAN See Nahuatl

BASQUE (France, Spain) See also Catalonian, Guizpúzcoa, Gypsy, Valencia, and Spanish

chamarra

karramarro

BELGIUM(Dutch, French, Walloon)

cancer (Wallonia)

écrevisse

écrevisse à pieds blancs (Wallonia)

écrevisse de Turquie

gravase (Wallonia (Namur))

gravasse

gravesse (Wallonia)

graviche (Wallonia (Hainaut); Rouchi, dialect of Valenciennes vicinity)

grevesse (Wallonia)

kervetse (Wallonia)

kerviele (Wallonia)

kerviese (Wallonia)

rivierkreeft (Flanders)

BULGARIAN

езерен рак

= ezeren rak

голям речен рак

= golyam rechen rak

малък речен рак

= mal"k rechen rak

речен рак

= rechen rak

CATALONIAN (Spain) See also Basque, Guizpúzcoa, Gypsy, Valencia, and Spanish

àstac

crane

crane de ríu

CELTIC See Gaelic

CHEROKEE INDIAN

tsi s dv na

= art

tsiskagili

CHICKASAW INDIAN

Incaktcakáfa

CHIMARIKO (HOKAN) INDIAN

chawl’

trahl’

CHINESE

= hsiang làgŭ I yang hou t’ui (slang, = [to move] backward like a crayfish)

= hsiang làgŭ I yang pien chieh (slang, = to change loyalty like a crayfish)

= hsiang làgŭ I yang sa so (slang, = to withdraw like a crayfish)

= hsiang làgŭ I yang t’ui ch’üeh (slang, = to be afraid like a crayfish)

= hsiang làgŭ I yang t’ui so (slang, = to shrink away (withdraw) like a crayfish)

= làgŭ

= lung hia (long xia) (Lobster, not a crayfish, but often mistakenly translated “crayfish.”)

CHIPPEWA INDIAN

ahzhahgashe

ajageshi

CHOCTAW/CHICKASAW INDIAN (Shȧktci Homma Tribe)

Cacchuma

Chacchooma

Chacchouma

Chacchuma

Chacci cuma

Chacci Ouma

Chacehouma

Chachachouma

Chachouma

Chachuma

Chackchi-ooma

Chacksihooma

Chacouma

Chacoume

Chacsihoma

Chacsihooma

Chacsihoomi

Chactchi-ouma

Chactiouma

Chacxouma

Chakchiuma

Chaquesauma

Chiachi-oumo

Chocchuma

Choccmaw

Chokchoomah

Choquichouman

Chouchouma

Houma

Saquechuma

shakchi

shakchi inchuka (= crayfish hole)

Shȧktci Homma

shatje

shatje-ogla

Tchaouma

Tchouchouma

CH’OL INDIAN

moch’

COAST YUKI (YUKIAN) INDIAN See Yuki, Coast

COLVTLLE (INTERIOR SALISHAN) INDIAN

ts’áýxa

CORNISH

gavar

gaver dowr

CREE INDIAN

sa’kew

usa’kāo

CUBA See Spanish

CUICATECO INDIAN

sa³ng’o¹ ya³yi²cu²⁴

CYPRUS See Greek

CZECHSLOVAKIA See Slovak

DAKOTAH INDIAN

man-shkan

DANISH

flodkrebs

flodkreps

galizisk sumpkrebs

krebs

signalkrebs

DELAWARE INDIAN

scháhamuīs

schahamuis

DUTCH

amerikaanse rivierkreeft

californische rivierkreeft

creeft

crevet

crevik

crevit

(eschscholtz) (not a crayfish)

gevlekte

gevlekte amerikaanse rivierkreeft

gewone rivierkreeft

rivierkreeft

rode rivierkreeft

turkse rivierkreeft

zoetwater kreeft

zoetwaterkreeft

EEL RIVER WAILAKI INDIAN See Wailaki, Eel River

ENGLISH(Including standard English, Middle English, Old English, Anglo-Norman, translations of other languages into English, and words from other languages absorbed into English) See also Celtic, Cornish, and Scottish

aboriginal crayfish (translation from Russian)

Alabama cave crayfish

American river crab

Appalachian brook crayfish

Atlantic crayfish

Atlantic stream crayfish

bearded red crayfish

Big Blue Springs cave crayfish

bigcheek cave crayfish

Big South Fork crayfish

black spider

bluegrass crayfish

bottlebrush crayfish

Brazoria crayfish

buster

Cajun dwarf crayfish

Cajun popcorn

calico crayfish

California crayfish

cambarus crayfish

Camp Shelby burrowing crayfish

Carrollton crayfish

cave crayfish

chelgi (Australian English, from Aboriginal)

cheval du diable (Cajun French)

Chickamauga crayfish

Choctaw riverlet crayfish

Chowanoke crayfish

Christmas tree crayfish

clawchee

Coastal Lowland cave crayfish

common crayfish

common river crayfish

Conchas crayfish

crab

crabba

crab-fish

cradie

craebbe

cra-fish

crauish

cravaise

craw

crawbob

crawchee

crawchie

crawcrab

craw dab

craw-dabber

craw dad

craw-dad

crawdad

crawdad (verbs)

Crawdad Creek

Crawdad Slough

craw-daddy

crawdaddy

crawffish

craw fish

Craw Fish Sp[ring]

craw-fish

craw-fish (slang, = to refuse to anything after

starting to do it; to back out)

crawfish

crawfish (slang, verb, sense 1, = to back out)

crawfish (slang, verb, sense 2, = to crawl on one’s stomach)

crawfish (slang, verb, sense 3, = describing a

horse that pitches (or bucks))

crawfish (slang, verb, sense 4, = to be obsequious)

crawfish (slang, verb, sense 5, = to act in an

indecisive or equivocating manner)

Crawfish (25 place names with various geographic

descriptors)

Crawfish-band (American Indian tribe, see North

America, below)

crawfish land (low, water soaked land)

crawfish policy

crawjinny

crawl-daddy

crawldaddy

crawler

crawley-fish

craw-pappy

crawpappy

cray

craybob

craydad

cray fish

cray-fish

cray-fish (verb, = to catch crayfish)

crayfish

crayfish (slang, verb, = to back out or retreat)

crayfish (symbolism)

Crayfish Creek (place name)

creauis

creekcrab

crefish

crefyshe

crefysshes

crepel

creues

creuesses

creuez

creuis

creuvisse

creuysshe

crevesses

crevet

crevette

creveys

crevez dew douz

crevice

crevicia

crevis

crevis dewe douze

crevis douse

crevise

crevise dewe douz

crevish

crevy

crevyse deau doulce

cribisse (Cajun French)

Crittenden crayfish

crow dab

crow dad

crow pappy

Cuban slender digit crayfish

cypress crayfish

Dalhousie Springs yabbie

devil crawfish

devil’s fleas

devil’s horse

ditch bugs

ditch fencing crayfish

dixie lobster

Doughtery Plain cave crayfish

Ecrevisse rouge

ecrevisse tonnerre

(Eguchi’s Crayfish Pupa) (not a crayfish)

English crayfish

Eungella spiny crayfish

fire back crayfish

Florida cave crayfish

Florida longbeak crayfish

freckeled crayfish

French Broad crayfish

fresh-water cray-fish

fresh-water lobster

freshwater crayfish

Furneaux burrowing crayfish

ghost nipper

giant Tasmanian lobster

gilgie (Australian English, from Aboriginal)

gilgie, to do a      (slang, = to withdraw or back out)

Glenelg River cray

grasscrab

grasshopper

Greensboro burrowing crayfish

hairy land yabby

Hatchie burrowing crayfish

Hell Creek cave crayfish

hellgamite

Irishman’s friend

Jackson prairie crayfish

javelin crayfish

jilgie (Australian English, from Aboriginal)

Kiamichi crayfish

koonac (Australian English, from Aboriginal)

krevys

lagniappe crayfish

lake lobster

land crab

land crayfish

land yabby

lavendar burrowing crayfish

least crayfish

Lilly Pilly burrowing crayfish

Little Tennessee crayfish

lobbie

lobby

lobster

long-clawed crayfish

long-pincered crayfish

Louisiana lobster

Louisiana red swamp crawfish

Louisiana red swamp crayfish

Louisiana swamp crayfish

Louisville crayfish

Mallacoota burrowing crayfish

maramie (Australian English, from Aboriginal)

marramin

marron (Australian English, from Aboriginal)

Miami cave crayfish

mimic crayfish

mini-lobster

Mississippi flatwoods crayfish

Mobile crayfish

moramy (Australian English, from Aboriginal)

Mount Arthur burrowing crayfish

mousse d’ecrivisse (not a crayfish)

mudbug

mudbugging (gerund, catching crayfish)

mud crayfish

Murray cray

Murray crayfish

Murray lobster

Murray River cray

Murray River crayfish

Murray River lobster

Narracan burrowing crayfish

narrow-pincered crayfish

Nashville crayfish

New River crayfish

noble crayfish

northern clearwater crayfish

Obey crayfish

Oconee burrowing crayfish

Oklahoma cave crayfish

Oktibbeha riverlet crayfish

Orange Lake Cave crayfish

Orlando cave crayfish

Osage burrowing crayfish

painted crayfish

pallid cave crayfish

Panama City crayfish

papershell crab

Pearl blackwater crayfish

Pearl riverlet crayfish

Pee Dee lotic crayfish

peeler

phantom cave crayfish

piedmont blue burrower

pond crayfish

poor man’s cray

poor man’s prawn

prairie crayfish

Queensland marron

red claw

red claw marron

red-clawed crayfish

Red Crayfish

red swamp crayfish

ribbon crayfish

river crab (translation of Flusskrebs)

river crayfish

river crevis

river garbo

rusty crayfish

rusty grave digger

Santa Fe cave crayfish

Scottsdale burrowing crayfish

Shasta crayfish

short lobster

shrimp

Shutispear crayfish

signal

signal crayfish

slender-clawed crayfish

soft craw

soft crawfish

softie

soft shell crayfish

soft shelled crayfish

sooty crayfish

southeastern prairie crayfish

speckled burrowing crayfish

spider cave crayfish

spinycheek crayfish

spinytail crayfish

spotted royal crayfish

sprawn

spron frey

stonecrab

stone crayfish

stream of white-clawed crayfish

Strzelecki burrowing crayfish

Tennessee cave crayfish

Texas prairie crayfish

Tombigbee riverlet crayfish

tropical blue crayfish

Turkish crayfish

valley flame crayfish

virile crayfish

Warragul burrowing crayfish

white clawed crayfish

white footed crayfish

white river crawfish

white yabby

Woodville Karst cave crayfish

yabber

yabbie (Australian English, from Aboriginal)

yabby (Australian English, from Aboriginal)

yabby (Australian slang, = a wicket-keeper in cricket)

yabby (Australian slang, verb = to catch, or fish for, yabbies; to yabbie)

yobbi

yobbie

yobbis

ESPERANTO

astako

kamburo

kankr-o

ESTONIAN

jôevähk

jõevähk

piau du (dau) diable

FINNISH

etelänrapu

jokiäyriäinen

jokirapu

kapeasaksirapu

krebse

rapu

täplärapu

FOX INDIAN

ashaahkiiwa

FRENCH

ascarbicho

caimbre

camaron

cancre

cardinal (argot)

chamarra

chamberiot

chamberrot

chambré

chambré de la Sorgo

chambri

chambrô

chambrò

cheval du diable (Cajun French, U.S.)

chanvri

craibosse

crane

crang

cravaise

cravésse (probably a mistake in transcription)

cravousse

creuviche

creuvisse

creveiceron

crevice

crevice (slang, = armure (see armure à écrevisse)

d’ecrivisse, mousse (a moss, not a crayfish)

djambre

djambré

ecrebisse

écrebisse

ecrevice (slang, = “sorte d’armes anciennes”)

ecrevice d’eau douce

ecrevice de riviere

ecrevisse

écrevisse

écrevisse (slang, = blacksmith’s lever-grip tongs)

écrevisse (slang, = Englishman)

Écrevisse (place name, stream)

écrevisse américaine banale

écrevisse américaine signal

écrevisse à pattes blanches

écrevisse à pattes rouges

écrevisse à pieds blancs

écrevisse à pieds grèles

écrevisse à pieds pâles

écrevisse à pieds rouges

écrevisse, armure à      (slang, = splint armor)

ecrevisse, avoir une      dans la tourte (argot, = to be crazy.

ecrevisse, avoir une      dans le vol-au-vent

(argot, = to be crazy.

ecrevisse californienne

écrevisse commune

écrevisse cuite (slang, sense 1, = red

écrevisse cuite (slang, sense 2, = fantassin

(footsoldier)

ecrevisse de boulanger (argot, = hypocrite)

écrevisse de californie

écrevisse de la boue

ecrevisse de rempart (slang, = foot soldier)

écrevisse de rocher

écrevisse des marais

écrevisse des torrents

écrevisse dulcaquicole

écrevisse fluviatile

écrevisse Malgache

écrevisse, marcher comme les      (slang, verb = t o

march backward or travel slowly)

écrevisse, marcher en      (slang, verb = to

march backward or travel slowly)

écrevisse noble

ecrevisse, quatorzième (argot, = female supernumerary)

écrevisse qui renifle (argot, = to flee backward)

écrevisse rouge

écrevisse rouge de Louisiane

écrevisse, rouge comme un      (slang, = red)

écrevisse russe

ecrevisse turque

écrevisses, eplucher des      (slang, = to pick up

straws)

ecrevisset

écrevisset

eicorobisso

encravisso

engravisso

equeurvisse

escarabicho

escarabido

escarabissa

escarabisso

escarabîsso

escaravisso

escarbisso

escorobisso

escorobîsso

escrabicho

escrabissa

escrabisso

escreuisse

escrevice

escreviche

escrevisse

etgrévisse

fantassin (argot, = cooked crayfish)

gambré

géor

géoren

géorenn

grabusse

graibeusse

graïbeusse

graibusse

graïbusse

graouisse

gravesse

gravésse

graviche

gravisse

grâvisse

gravousse

grawet

grawetz

grébeusse

grèbeusse

grebosse

greuche

grevesse

grilh-dour

grita

guéorenn

jambre

jambré

kefnid

kefnid dour

kefniden-zour

kinid

kinid-dour

krabs

krâbs

piau du (dau) diable

pou du diable

qrebasse

rabouiller (verb)

tsamberrot

vissécre (argot)

GAELIC

ceimwch afonydd

ceimwch coch

ceimwch dwr croew

ceimwch yr afon

cimwch coch

cimwchyr afon

giomach-cuain

giomach-uisge

gliomach fionnuisce

secar goch

siacar goch

GERMAN

American river crab (translation)

amerikanischer Flusskrebs

amerikanischer Krebs

Australkrebs

bach Krebss

Butterkrebs

Camberkrebs

Cancer

Crebs

Dohlenkrebs

Edelkrebs

europäischer Flusskrebs

Flusskrebs

Galizerkrebs

Galizier

Galizierkrebs

galizischer Krebs

galizischer Sumpfkrebs

galizischer Teichkrebs

gemeiner Flusskrebs

grosse Austral-Krebs

grosser Australkrebs

Haschreckenkrebs

Heuschreckenkrebs

Jabby

kalifornischen Krebs

Kamberkrebs

Krebs

Krepss

Krevisse

louisiana Flusskrebs

louisiana-Sumpfkrebs

Madagaskarkrebs

Mieter

Mieterkrebs

Neuseelandkrebs

Nobelkrebs

nordamerikanische Teichkrebs

Panzerkrebse

russischer Krebs

russischer Sumpfkrebs

Schmalscherenkrebs

schmalscheriger Krebs

Schnerenkrebse

Signalkrebs

Solokrebs

Steinkrebs

südamerikanischer Flusskrebs

Sumpfkrebs

sumpkrebs Galizier

tasmanische Krebs

tasmanische Riesenkrebs

Teichkrebs

türkische

GREEK

άστακóς

= astakos

άστακóς τоυ γλυϰоυ νερоυ

= astakos tou glikou nerou (Cyprus)

άστακóς, òἐν τоȋς πоταμоȋς

(= river crayfish, q.v.)

carauidia

carauis

χαραβιδα

= karavida

χαραβιδα τоυ γλυχоυ νερоυ

= karavida tou glykou nerou

GUIZPÚCOA (Spain) See also Basque, Gypsy, Valencia, and Spanish

changurru

GYPSY (In Basque regions of Spain and France) See also Basque, Guizpúzcoa, Valencia, and Spanish

rascó

HEBREW

= histahle’k me’emdah’ naseh’ le’heezahche’r

= mistahle’k me’emdah

= sahrtah’n mah’yim ahroa’ch-zahnah’v

HUAVE INDIAN See also Spanish

mimüm tixem

nas

peng

wangac

HUNGARIAN

cifrarák

csókarák

csúollós rák

éti rák

folyami rák

folyami rákok

folyamirákok

galíciai rák

karcsuollos rak

kecskerák

kövi rák

kövirák

mocsári rák

nemes rák

ollós rákok

orosz rák

pancélos rákok

svábrák

tavi rák

zarny rak

HUPA [HOOPAH](ATHABASCAN) INDIAN

te-hah-cha-o

ICELANDIC

vatnakrabbi

IROQUIS INDIAN

udjieie

ITALIAN

cammaro

gambao

gambaro

gámbero

gámbero (slang, = to back out)

gámbero, pigliare un      (slang, = to make

a blunder)

gámbero d’acqua dolce

gambero d’acqua dolce

gámbero di fiume

gambero di fiume

gambero di fiume turco

gámbero di ruscéllo

gámbero di torrento

gámbero fluviale

gambero rosso

gambero turco

gammarello

gammaro

gammaru (Sicily)

gammaru, russu comu un      (slang, = red as a crayfish (Sicily))

gammaruni (Sicily)

gránchi, i      vôglion môrder le baléne (Provencial slang expression = the weakest attack the strongest) See gránchio

gránchio

gránchio, esser môrso dal      (slang, = to be a pinch-penny) See gránchio

gránchio, pigliare un      a sècco (slang, = to pinch one’s finger) See gránchio

iammaru di ciumi (Sicily)

JAPANESE

= amerikazarigani

= manshiuzarigani

= tankaizarigani

= teusenzarigani

= uchidazarigani

= zarigani

KAROK (HOKAN) INDIAN

hon-thoon

KATO (ATHABASCAN) INDIAN

te-kah-che

KIOWA INDIAN

seiart-mαn-tei

KOREAN

= kācay chita (slang, = “beats” the crayfish,”

= returns (a purchase) to the seller)

= kajae

= kajae kŏrŭm (slang, walking (or crawling)

backward (like a crayfish))

LATIN

astaci

astaco

astacus

cammarus

cancer

carabus

crevicia

gamarella

LENÂPÉ INDIAN

scháhamuīs

LITHUANIAN

plačiažnyplio vėžio

siauraznyplis vėzys

vėzys

zymetasis vėzys

LOLANGKOK (ATHABASCAN) INDIAN

te-kah-che

MALAGASH

deda

kitihy

kitika

orambato

orambranja

oranakely

orangena

oranjatsy

oranjetsy

oronjena

pepeo

zanak’orana

MALAY

udang-karang?

MAORIM (New Zealand)

karawai

keewai

kekewai

kewai

kooura

koura

koura wai

Waikoura (Place name)

MALTESE

ġamblu

MAPUCHE

dagllu

daullu

lammu

llamu

llamuü

sagllu

MAYA INDIANS See also Tenejapa

bab

cooy

coy’

ix bab

ix-baan

ix baan

ix bau

ixbau

ó ixbab

xbau

MÉXICO See Spanish and specific Indian groups

MISSISSAUGA INDIAN

ácagácī

āshagā’shī

ócagácī

MIWOK (PENUTIAN) INDIAN

tsah-mah-tah

MIXTECO (San Juan Colorado)

ticandutya yutya

ticandutya yútya

MONGOLIAN

dalai in naimalchin (not a crayfish)

sam khorokhai

MONTAGNAIS INDIAN

nipiu eluk

NAHUATL

acocil

acocile

acocili

acocilin

chacal

chacalín

NASKAPIS INDIAN

nipiu eluk

NEW GUINEA (Aboriginal)

aurugut?

bopá

dede

joeri

kaiaru

mkoda

moerido

murido

obāwo

oedi

oelang gamò

pamò

tako

talīá

talò

toró

NEW ZEALAND See English and Maori

NORTHERN PAIUTE INDIAN See also Paiute Indian

go’ya’

Go’ya’tikadu

NORTHERN POMO (HOKAN) INDIAN

kah-shah-ko

NORWEGIAN

ferskranns kreps

ferskvannskreps

kraft

kreps

OFU INDIAN

asho’ni

OJIBWA INDIAN

ajageshi

as-shog-aish-i

shawgashee

ONONDAGA INDIAN

otschiéra

OTAWA INDIAN

ajagéshi

PAIUTE INDIAN See also Northern Paiute Indian

GoyEsarte’Egis (place name)

PERSIAN

= kharcang ab shirin

POLISH

kra’-fisz

krȧu-fisz

rak

rak amerykanski

rak błotny

rak długoszcsypcy

rak pregowaty

rak rzeczny

rak stawowy

rak szerokoszczypcy

rak szlachetny

rak waskoszczypcy

POMO INDIAN, NORTHERN See Northern Pomo

POPOLUCA INDIAN

ooy

POPOLUCA DE OLUTA INDIAN

juju’na-oyo

ju’navitpa’-oyo

PORTUGUESE

camarāo-de-água-doce

caranguejo do rio

lagostim de pés brancos

lagostim do rio

lagostim vermelho

POTAWATAMI INDIAN

ajageshi

ROMANIAN

créifis

crófis

rac

rac albastru

rac de apă dulce

rac-de-baltă

rac-de-Dunăre

rac-de-ponoare

rac-de-rîu

ROUCHI See Belgium

RUSSIAN

аборигенньɪх рак

= aborigennykh rak

америкáнский речнóй краб

= amerikanskiĭ rechnoĭ crab

американский сигнальньɪй рак

= amerikanskiĭ signal’nȳĭ rak

балканский широкопальɪй рак

= balkans’kyǐ shirokopalyĭ rak

белоногий рак

= belonogyĭ rak

белый диестровский рак

= belyǐ dnistrovskyǐ rak

белый дунайский рак

= belyǐ dunays’kyǐ rak

благородный рак

= blagorodnyĭ rak

бледноногий рак

= blednonogiĭ rak

длинноногий речной рак

= dlinnonogiĭ rechnoĭ rak

длиннопалый рак

= dlinnopalyĭ rak

длиннопалый речной рак

= dlinnopalyĭ rechnoĭ rak

дунайский каменяный рак

= dunayskyǐ kamennyǐ rak

нтальянский рак

= ital’ianskyǐ rak

каменный рак

= kamennyĭ rak

камский длиннопалый рак

= kamskyǐ dlinnopalyĭ rak

карсикский рак

= karsikskyǐ rak

каспийский рак

= kaspyiskyǐ rak

кавказский рак

= kavkazckyǐ rak

колхидский рак

= kolkhids’kyǐ rak

красный кубанский рак

= krasnyi kubanskyǐ rak

кубанского длиннопалого рак

= kubanskogo dlinnopalogo rak

кубанский рак

= kubanskyǐ rak

лузнтанский рак

= luzitanskyǐ rak

македонский каменный рак

= makedonskyǐ kamennyĭ rak

малоазийский длиннопалый рак

= maloazyiskyǐ dlinnopalyĭ rak

невский рак

= nevskiĭ rak

обыкновенный рак

= obyknovennyĭ rak

рак

= rak

рак кесслера

= rak kesslera

рак пыльцова

= rak pil’tsova

рак, когдá на горé     сви́стнет (slang, = ∼

“when the crayfish whistles on the mountain”

English equivalent, “once in a blue moon”)

речнóй краб

= rechnoĭ crab

речной рак

= rechnoĭ rak

русский рак

= russkiĭ rak

шиповатый рак

= shipovatyǐ rak

широконогий речной рак

= shirokonogiĭ rechnoĭ rak

широкопалый рак

= shirokopalyǐ rak

широкопаллый речной рак

= shirokopalyǐ rechnoĭ rak

сигнальный рак

= signal’nyĭ rak

сухопалый рак

= sukhopalyǐ rak

толстопалый рак

= tolstopalyǐ rak

туркестанский рак

= turkestanskyǐ rak

утловатый рак

= uglovatyǐ rak

узкопáлый рак

= uzkopalyĭ rak

узкопалый речной рак

= uzkopalyĭ rechnoĭ rak

заметный толстопалый рак

= zametn’i tolstopalyǐ rak

SAHAPTIN See Yakima

SCOTTISH

cray

crevish

SERBO-CROATIAN

morski rak

plemeniti rak

rak barski

rak bjelonogi

rak kamanjak

rak kamenjar

rak plavu

rak uskoskari

recini rak

rijecni rak

tak potocni

SHȦKTCI HOMMA INDIANS See Choctaw/Chickasaw Indian

SHASTA (HOKAN) INDIAN

se-duk

SINO-KOREAN See also Chinese and Korean

= sŏkhae

SLOVAK

rak

rak kamenác

rak rícního

rak rícný

rak riecný

rak skalný

SPANISH See also Basque, Catalonian, Guizpúcoa, Gypsy, and Valencia

astaco

batata (Cuba)

camarón de agua dulce

camaron de Las Vegas (Chile)

camaron reculador

cangrejo

cangrejo autoctono

cangrejo blanco

cangrejo de agua dulce

cangrejo de las marismas

cangrejo de río

cangrejo de rio

cangrejo de rio americano

cangrejo de señal

cangrejo fluvial

cangrejo mollar

cangrejo negro

cangrejo rojo

cangrejo senjal

cangrejo turco

el amarillo

langostín (Mexican Spanish)

langosta del río (Mexico)

SWEDISH

flodkräfta

kräfte

kräftor

TENEJAPA INDIAN(Tzetal Mayan dialect)

isim cay

masan cay

TOTONTEPEC INDIAN

ca’am

TUNICA INDIAN

kósuhk?áriya

kósuhki

kósuhk?úhkent?ε

TURKISH

böcekği

göl istakozu

kerevides

kerevit

su böceği

tatl1 su istakozu (Levantine)

tatl1su istakozu (Levantine)

TZETAL See Tenejapa

UNITED KINGDOM See also Cornish, English, Gaelic, and Scottish

UKRAINIAN

американський ситнальний рак

= amerȳkans’kȳǐ sȳhnal’nyǐ rak

балканський широкопалий рак

= balkans’kyǐ shirokopalyǐ rak

білоногий рак

= bilonohȳĭ rak

білий дністровський рак

= bilyǐ dnistrovs’kyǐ rak

білий дунайський рак

= bilyǐ dunays’kyrak

вугластий рак

= vughlastyǐ rak

червоний кубанський рак

= chervonyǐ kubans’kyǐ rak

довгопалий рак

= dovghopalyǐ rak

дунайський кам’яний рак

= dunays’kyǐ kam’yanĭĭ rak

італійский рак

= italiys’kyǐ rak

камський довгопалий рак

= kams’kyǐ dovghopalyǐ rak

кам’яний рак

= kam’yanĭĭ rak

карсикський рак

= karsiks’kyǐ rak

каспійський рак

= kaspiǐs’kyǐ rak

кавказький рак

= kavkaz’kyǐ rak

колхідський рак

= kolkhids’kyǐ rak

кубанський рак

= kubans’kyǐ rak

лузітансьий рак

= luzitans’kyǐ rak

македонсьний кам’яний рак

= makedons’kyǐ kam’yanĭĭ rak

малоазійський довгопалий рак

= maloaziys’kyǐ dovghopalyǐ rak

помітний товстопалий рак

= pomitnyǐ tovstopalyǐ rak

ак кесслера

= rak kesslera

рак пильцова

= rak pil’tsova

шипуватий рак

= shipuvatyǐ rak

широкопалий рак

= shirokopalyǐ rak

сигнальний рак

= signal’nyǐ rak

сухопалий рак

= sukhopalyǐ rak

товстопалий рак

= tovstopalyǐ rak

туркестанський рак

= turkestans’kyǐ rak

VERLAN(French argot) See French

VALENCIA Dialect(Spain) See also Basque, Catalonian, Guizpúcoa, Gypsy, Spanish, and Valencia

carranc

carranc de ríu

WAILAKI, EEL RIVER

te-kah-che

WALLOON See Belgium

WINTUN (PENUTIAN) INDIAN

kaw-ko

YAKIMA(Sahaptin language)

k’astila

YANA (HOKAN) INDIAN

choo-ah

YIDDISH

YUCHI INDIAN

lock-chew

YUKI INDIAN (YUKIAN), COAST

mel-oo-shata

ZAPOTECO DEL ISTMO INDIAN

benda boaa

benda buaa

ZOQUE INDIAN

bau

meatzas

sas

tzas

vetze

Species Index

Alphabetical by Genus Without Regard to Family

Astacoides madagascariensis

écrevisse Malgache

Madagaskarkrebs

Astacopsis gouldi

giant Tasmanian lobster

Murray lobster?

tasmanische Krebs

tasmanische Riesenkrebs

Astacus astacus astacus (A. astacus, A. nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis)

аборигенных рак
= aborigennykh rak
= aboriginal crayfish

ascarbicho

благородный рак
= blagorodnyĭ rak

caimbre

camaron

cancre

cangrejo

cangrejo de río

cangrejo fluvial

caranguejo do rio

chamberiot

chambré

chambri

chambrô

common crayfish

common river crayfish

craibosse

cravésse

cravousse

crawfish

creuviche

creuvisse

crevice

djambré

ecrebisse

écrevisse à pattes rouges

écrivisse à pieds rouges

écrevisse

écrevisse commune

écrevisse fluviatile

écrevisse noble

ecrevisset

edelkrebs

eicorobisso

encravissoa

equeurvisse

escarabicho

escarabido

escarabisso

escarbisso

escorobisso

escrabicho

escrabissa

escrabisso

etgrévisse

éti rák

europäischer Flusskrebs

ferskvannskreps

flusskrebs

folyami rák

fresh-water lobster

freshwater crayfish

gambero di fiume

gemeiner Flusskrebs

geor(en)

gewone rivierkreeft

голям речен рак
= golyam rechen rak

grabusse

graïbeusse

graibusse

graouisse

gravase

gravesse

graviche

grâvisse

gravousse

grawet

grawetz

grébeusse

grebosse

greuche

grevesse

grita

jambré

jôevähk

jōevähk

ϰαραβιδα

= karavida

kefnid

kefniden-zour

kinid-dour

nemes rak

Nevskii rak

Nobelkrebs

obyknovennyi rak

piau du diable

rak rícný

rak ríecný

речен рак

= rechen rak

реуной рак

= rechnoĭ rak

red-clawed crayfish

river crayfish

rivierkreeft

широкопалий рак

= shirokopalyǐ rak

широкопалый рак

= shirokopalyǐ rak

широконогий речной рак

= shirokonogiĭ rechnoĭ rak

широкопалый речной рак

= shirokopalyĭ rechnoĭ rak

solokrebs

tsamberrot

türkische Krebs

vatnakrabbi

Astacus astacus balcanicus

балканський широкопалий рак

= balkans’kyǐ shirokopalyǐ rak

балканский широкопалый рак

= balkans’kyǐ shirokopalyǐ rak

Astacus colchicus

колхідський рак

= kolkhids’kyǐ rak

колхидский рак

= kolkhids’kyǐ rak

Austropotamobius (s. str.) torrentium natio danubicus

лунайський кам’яний рак

= dunays’kyǐ kam’yanĭĭ rak

дунайский каменяный рак

= dunayskyǐ kamennyĭ rak

Austropotamobius (s.str.) torrentium natio torrentium (Astacus torrentium, Austropotamobius torrentium, Potamobius torrentium)

écrevisse de rocher

écrevisse des torrents

etelänrapu

камеииый рак

= kamennyĭ rak

кам’яний рак

= kam’yanyĭ rak

kövi rák

малък речен рак

= mal"k rechen rak

rac-de-ponoare

rak kamenác

rak kamenjak

rak kamenjar

rak skalný

steinkrebs

stone crayfish

Austropotamobius (Austropotamobius) torrentium natio macedonicus

македонсьний кам’яний рак

= makedons’kyǐ kam’yanĭĭrak

македонский каменный рак

= makedonskyǐ kamennyĭ rak

Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) italicus carsicus

карсикський рак

= karsiks’kyǐ rak

карсикский рак

= karsikskyǐ rak

Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) italicus italicus

італійський рак

= italiys’kyǐ rak

нтальянский рак

= ital’ianskyǐ rak

= italiys’kyǐ rak

нтальянский рак

= ital’ianskyǐ rak

Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) italicus lusitanicus

лузітанський рак

= luzitans’kyǐ rak

лузнтанский рак

= luzitanskyǐ rak

Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) pallipes bispinosus

шиповатый рак

= shipovatyǐ rak

шипуватий рак

= shipuvatyǐ rak

Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) pallipes pallipes (Astacus pallipes)

άστακόζ του γλυϰου νερου

= astakos tou glikou nerou

Atlantic crayfish

Atlantic stream crayfish

белоногий рак

= belonogyĭ rak

білоногий рак

= bilonogyĭ rak

бледноногий рак

= blednonogiĭ rak

cangrejo autoctono

cangrejo de río

csókarák

dohlenkrebs

écrevisse à pattes blanches

écrevisse à pieds blancs

écrevisse à pieds pâles

English crayfish

etelänrapu

flodkrebs

gámbero d’acqua dolce

gavar dowr

gliomach fionnuisce

göl istakozu

lagostim de pés brancos

lagostim do rio

rac

rak bjelonogi

secar goch

shipovatyǐ rak

= шиповатый рак

shipuvatyǐ rak

= шипуватий рак

siacar goch

stream of white-clawed crayfish

tak potocni

white clawed crayfish

white footed crayfish

Barbicambarus cornutus

bottle brush crayfish

Cambarellus (Pandicambarus) blacki

cypress crayfish

Cambarellus (Pandicambarus) diminutus

least crayfish

Cambarellus (Pandicambarus) montezumae

acocil

acocile

acocili

acocilin

ca’am

chacal

chacalín

langosta del río

langostín

nas (?)

Cambarellus (Pandicambarus) shufeldtii

Cajun dwarf crayfish

Cambaroides dauricus

manshiuzarigani

Cambaroides japonicus

zarigani

Cambaroides similis

teusenzarigani

Cambaroides spp.

làgŭ

sŏkhae

Cambarus (Aviticambarus) jonesi

Alabama cave crayfish

Cambarus (Depressicambarus) catagius

Greensboro Burrowing Crayfish

Cambarus (Depressicambarus) deweesae

valley flame crayfish

Cambarus (Depressicambarus) harti

piedmont blue burrower crayfish

Cambarus (Depressicambarus) pyronotus

fire back crayfish

Cambarus (Depressicambarus) truncatus

Oconee burrowing crayfish

Cambarus (Erebicambarus) maculatus

freckeled crayfish

Cambarus (Hiaticambarus) chasmodactylus

New River crayfish

Cambarus (Jugicambarus) batchi

bluegrass crayfish

Cambarus (Jugicambarus) bouchardi

Big South Fork crayfish

Cambarus (Jugicambarus) cryptodytes

Doughtery Plain cave Crayfish

Cambarus (Jugicambarus) obeyensis

Obey crayfish

Cambarus (Jugicambarus) tartarus

Oklahoma cave crayfish

Cambarus (Jugicambarus) zophonastes

Hell Creek cave crayfish

Cambarus (Lacunicambarus) diogenes

devil crawfish

Cambarus (Lacunicambarus) miltus

rusty grave digger

Cambarus (Puncticambarus) extraneus

Chickamauga crayfish

Cambarus (Puncticambarus) georgiae

Little Tennessee crayfish

Cambarus (Puncticambarus) reburrus

French Broad crayfish

Cherax boschma

bopá

mkoda

Cherax buitendijkae

obāwo

Cherax communis

pamò

tako

talīá

toró

Cherax crassimanus

chelgi

gilgie

Cherax destructor

Jabby

yabbee

yabber

yabbie

yabbity

yabby

yobbi

yobbie

yobbis

Cherax destructor-albidus

Dalhousie Springs yabbie

Cherax glaber

koonac

Cherax longipes

dede

Cherax murido

moerido

murido

Cherax pallidus

obāwo

Cherax paniaicus

joeri

Cherax plebejus

koonac

Cherax quadricarinatus

Queensland marron

red claw

red claw marron

tropical blue crayfish

Cherax quinquecarinatus

chelgi

gilgie

goolgie

jilgi

jilgie

jilgy

joolgie

julegie

Cherax solus

dede

Cherax tenuimanus

Australkrebs

black spider

marron

Cherax sp.

jilgie

jilgy

Distocambarus (Fitzcambarus) carlsoni

mimic crayfish

Engaeus australis

Lilly Pilly burrowing crayfish

Engaeus fossor

land crab

Engaeus phyllocercus

Narracan burrowing crayfish

Engaeus sternalis

Warragul burrowing crayfish

Engaeus spp.

Furneaux burrowing crayfish

Mallacoota burrowing crayfish

Mount Arthur burrowing crayfish

Scottsdale burrowing crayfish

Strzelecki burrowing crayfish

Euastacus armatus

dib-dib

dibil

grosser Australkrebs

grosse Austral-Krebs

lib-lib-wil

Murray River cray

Murray River crayfish

Euastacus bispinosus

Glenelg River cray

Euastacus eungella

Eungella spiny crayfish

Fallicambarus (Creaserinus) byersi

lavendar burrowing crayfish

Fallicambarus (Creaserinus) danielae

speckled burrowing crayfish

Fallicambarus (Creaserinus) gordoni

Camp Shelby burrowing crayfish

Fallicambarus (Creaserinus) hortoni

Hatchie burrowing crayfish

Fallicambarus (Fallicambarus) devastator

Texas prairie crayfish

Faxonella clypeata

ditch fencing crayfish

Hobbseus attenuatus

Pearl riverlet crayfish

Hobbseus orconectoides

Oktibbeha riverlet crayfish

Hobbseus petilus

Tombigbee riverlet crayfish

Hobbsesus valleculus

Choctaw riverlet crayfish

Orconectes (Crockerinus) bisectus

Crittenden crayfish

Orconectes (Crockerinus) jeffersoni

Louisville crayfish

Orconectes (Crockerinus) propinquus

northern clearwater crayfish

Orconectes (Crockerinus) shoupi

Nashville crayfish

Orconectes (Crockerinus) virginiensis

Chowanoke crayfish

Orconectes (Faxonius) limosus

amerikanischer Flusskrebs

cambarus crayfish

cangrejo de rio americano

écrevisse américaine banale

gevlekte amerikaanse rivierkreeft

kamberkrebs

rak amerykanski

spinycheek crayfish

Orconectes (Gremicambarus) immunis

calico crayfish

mud crayfish

Orconectes (Gremicambarus) virilis

virile crayfish

Orconectes (Hespericambarus) deanae

Conchas crayfish

Orconectes (Hespericambarus) difficilis

painted crayfish

Orconectes (Orconectes) incomptus

Tennessee cave crayfish

Orconectes (Procericambarus) rusticus

rusty crayfish

Orconectes (Procericambarus) saxatilis

Kiamichi crayfish

Pacifastacus (Hobbsastacus) fortis

Shasta crayfish

Pacifastacus (Hobbsastacus) nigrescens

sooty crayfish

Pacifastacus (Pacifastacus) leniusculus

американский сигнальный рак

= amerikanskiĭ signal’nȳĭ rak

американський сигнальний рак

= amerȳkans’kȳĭ sȳhnal’nyĭ rak

California crayfish

californische rivierkreeft

écrevisse américaine signal

kalifornischen Krebs

signal

signal crayfish

Signalkrebs

сигнальний рак

= signal’nyǐ rak

tankaizarigani

Pacifastacus (Pacifastacus) leniusculus trowbridgii

uchidazarigani

Pacifastacus sp.

go’ya’

Paranephrops planifrons

koura

koura wai

kekewai

kewai

Paranephrops spp.

Neuseelandkrebs

Parastacus pugnax

camaron de Las Vegas

Parastacus spp.

camarón de agua dulce

cangrejo de agua dulce

dagllu

daullu

lammu

llamu

llamuü

sagllu

suedamerikanischer Flusskrebs

Pontastacus cubanicus cubanicus

кубанского длиннопалого рак

= kubanskogo dlinnopalogo rak

кубанський рак

= kubans’kyǐ rak

кубанский рак

= kubanskyǐ rak

Pontastacus cubanicus daucinus

червоний кубанський рак

= chervonyi kubans’kyǐ rak

красный кубанский рак

= krasnyǐ kubanskyǐ rak

Pontastacus eichwaldi bessarabicus

бiлий диiстровський рак

= bilyi dnistrovs’kyǐ rak

белый диестровский рак

= belyi dnistrovskyǐ rak

Pontastacus eichwaldi danubialis

бiлий дунайський рак

= bilyi dunays’kyǐ rak

белыйдунайский рак

= belyi dunays’kyǐ rak

Pontastacus eichwaldi eichwaldi

каспiйський рак

= kaspiǐs’kyǐ rak

каспийский рак

= kaspyǐskyǐ rak

Pontastacus kessleri

рак кесслера

= rak kesslera

туркестанський рак

= turkestans’kyǐ rak

туркестанский рак

= turkestanskyǐ rak

Pontastacus leptodactylus boreoorientalis

камський довгопалий рак

= kams’kyǐ dovghopalyǐ rak

камский длиннопалый рак

= kamskyǐ dlinnopalyĭ rak

Pontastacus leptodactylus intermedius

малоазiйський довгопалий рак

= maloaziys’kyǐ dovghopalyǐ rak

малоазийский длиннопалый рак

= maloazyiskyǐ dlinnopalyĭ rak

Pontastacus leptodactylus leptodactylus (Astacus leptodactylus, Potamobius leptodactylus)

csúollós

дпиннопалый речной рак

= dlinnonogiĭ rechnoĭ rak

дпиннопалый рак

= dlinnopalyĭ rak

дпиннопалый речной рак

= dlinnopalyĭ rechnoĭ rak

довгоопалий рак

= dovghopalyǐ rak

écrevisse à pieds

écrevisse de la boue

écrevisse des marais

écrevisse russe

galíciai rák

galizerkrebs

galizier

galizierkrebs

galizischer Krebs

galizischer Sumpfkrebs

galizischer Teichkrebs

gambaro di fiume turko

karcsuollos rak

kecskerák

long-clawed crayfish

mocsari rák

orosz rák

russischer Krebs

russischer Sumpfkrebs

russkii rak

schmalscherenkrebs

schmalscheriger Krebs

slender-clawed crayfish

sumpfkrebs

svábrák

tavi rák

Teichkrebs

Turkish crayfish

turkse rivierkreeft

узкопáлый рак

= uzkopalyĭ rak

узкопалый речной рак

= uzkopalyĭ rechnoĭ rak

Pontastacus leptodactylus leptodactylus morpha angulusus

вугластий рак

= vughlastyǐ rak

угловатый рак

= ughlovatyǐ rak

Pontastacus leptodactylus salinus

сухопалий рак

= sukhopalyǐ rak

сухопалый рак

= sukhopalyǐ rak

Pontastacus pachypus notabilis

помiтний товстопалий рак

= pomitnyǐ tovstopalyǐ rak

заметный толстопалый рак

= zametn’ǐ tolstopalyǐ rak

Pontastacus pachypus pachypus

товстопаий рак

= tovstopalyǐ rak

толстопалый рак

= tolstopalyǐ rak

Pontastacus pylzowi

кавказький рак

= kavkaz’kyǐ rak

кавказский рак

= kavkazckyǐ rak

рак пильцова

= rak pil’tsova

рак пыльцова

= rak pil’tsova

Procambarus (Acucauda) fitzpatricki

spinytail crayfish

Procambarus (Austrocambarus) cubensis

batata

Procambarus (Austrocambarus) llamasi

camaron reculador

acocil

Procambarus (Capillicambarus) brazoriensis

Brazoria crayfish

Procambarus (Girardiella) barbiger

Jackson Prairie Crayfish

Procambarus (Girardiella) cometes

Mississippi flatwoods crayfish

Procambarus (Girardiella) connus

Carrollton crayfish

Procambarus (Girardiella) hagenianus

southeastern prairie crayfish

Procambarus (Girardiella) gracilis

prairie crayfish

Procambarus (Girardiella) liberorum

Osage burrowing crayfish

Procambarus (Girardiella) pogum

bearded red crayfish

Procambarus (Hagenides) pygmaeus

Christmas tree crayfish

Procambarus (Leconticambarus) econfinae

Panama City crayfish

Procambarus (Leconticambarus) milleri

Miami cave crayfish

Procambarus (Lonnbergius) acherontis

Orlando cave crayfish

Procambarus (Ortmannicus) bivittatus

ribbon crayfish

Procambarus (Ortmannicus) delicatus

bigcheek cave crayfish

Procambarus (Ortmannicus) erythrops

Santa Fe cave crayfish

Procambarus (Ortmannicus) franzi

Orange Lake Cave crayfish

Procambarus (Ortmannicus) horsti

Big Blue Springs cave crayfish

Procambarus (Ortmannicus) jaculus

javelin crayfish

Procambarus (Ortmannicus) lecontei

Mobile crayfish

Procambarus (Ortmannicus) leitheuseri

coastal lowland cave crayfish

Procambarus (Ortmannicus) leptodactylus

Pee Dee lotic crayfish

Procambarus (Ortmannicus) lucifugus

Florida cave crayfish

Procambarus (Ortmannicus) orcinus

Woodville Karst cave crayfish

Procambarus (Ortmannicus) pallidus

pallid cave crayfish

Procambarus (Ortmannicus) pictus

spotted royal crayfish

Procambarus (Ortmannicus) youngi

Florida longbeak crayfish

Procambarus (Ortmannicus) zonangulus

white river crayfish

Procambarus (Pennides) lagniappe

lagniappe crayfish

Procambarus (Pennides) lylei

Shutispear crayfish

Procambarus (Pennides) penni

Pearl blackwater crayfish

Procambarus (Remoticambarus) pecki

phantom cave crayfish

Procambarus (Scapulicambarus) clarkii (Camba rus clarkii)

amerikazarigani

American river crab

Cajun popcorn

cangrejo rojo

cribisse

écrevisse rouge

écrevisse rouge de Louisiane

el amarillo

Irishman’s friend

louisiana Flusskrebs

Louisiana lobster

Louisiana red swamp crayfish

Louisiana swamp crayfish

louisiana-Sumpfkrebs

mudbug

nordamerikanische Teichkrebs

red swamp crawfish

red swamp crayfish

rode rivierkreeft

tsiskagili (?)

Troglocambarus maclanei

spider cave crayfish

REQUIREMENTS FOR SMITHSONIAN SERIES PUBLICATION

Manuscripts intended for series publication receive substantive review (conducted by their originating Smithsonian museums or offices) and are submitted to the Smithsonian Institution Press with Form SI-36, which must show the approval of the appropriate authority designated by the sponsoring organizational unit. Requests for special treatment—use of color, foldouts, case-bound covers, etc.—require, on the same form, the added approval of the sponsoring authority.

Review of manuscripts and art by the Press for requirements of series format and style, completeness and clarity of copy, and arrangement of all material, as outlined below, will govern, within the judgment of the Press, acceptance or rejection of manuscripts and art.

Copy must be prepared on typewriter or word processor, double-spaced, on one side of standard white bond paper (not erasable), with 1¼" margins, submitted as ribbon copy (not carbon or xerox), in loose sheets (not stapled or bound), and accompanied by original art. Minimum acceptable length is 30 pages.

Front matter (preceding the text) should include: title page with only title and author and no other information; abstract page with author, title, series, etc., following the established format; table of contents with indents reflecting the hierarchy of heads in the paper; also, foreword and/or preface, if appropriate.

First page of text should carry the title and author at the top of the page; second page should have only the author’s name and professional mailing address, to be used as an unnumbered footnote on the first page of printed text.

Center heads of whatever level should be typed with initial caps of major words, with extra space above and below the head, but no other preparation (such as all caps or underline, except for the underline necessary for generic and specific epithets). Run-in paragraph heads should use period/dashes or colons as necessary.

Tabulations within text (lists of data, often in parallel columns) can be typed on the text page where they occur, but they should not contain rules or numbered table captions.

Formal tables (numbered, with captions, boxheads, stubs, rules) should be submitted as carefully typed, double-spaced copy separate from the text; they will be typeset unless otherwise requested. If camera-copy use is anticipated, do not draw rules on manuscript copy.

Taxonomic keys in natural history papers should use the aligned-couplet form for zoology and may use the multi-level indent form for botany, if cross referencing is required between key and text, do not include page references within the key, but number the keyed-out taxa, using the same numbers with their corresponding heads in the text.

Synonymy in zoology must use the short form (taxon, author, year:page), with full reference at the end of the paper under “literature Cited.” For botany, the long form (taxon, author, abbreviated journal or book title, volume, page, year, with no reference in “Literature Cited”) is optional.

Text-reference system (author, year:page used within the text, with full citation in “Literature Cited” at the end of the text) must be used in place of bibliographic footnotes in all Contributions Series and is strongly recommended in the Studies Series: “(Jones, 1910:122)” or “…Jones (1910:122).” If bibliographic footnotes are required, use the short form (author, brief title, page) with the full citation in the bibliography.

Footnotes, when few in number, whether annotative or bibliographic, should be typed on separate sheets and inserted immediately after the text pages on which the references occur. Extensive notes must be gathered together and placed at the end of the text in a notes section.

Bibliography, depending upon use, is termed “Literature Cited,” “References,” or “Bibliography.” Spell out titles of books, articles, journals, and monographic series. For book and article titles use sentence-style capitalization according to the rules of the language employed (exception: capitalize all major words in English). For journal and series titles, capitalize the initial word and all subsequent words except articles, conjunctions, and prepositions. Transliterate languages that use a non-Roman alphabet according to the Library of Congress system. Underline (for italics) titles of journals and series and titles of books that are not part of a series. Use the parentheses/colon system for volume (number):pagination: “10(2):5-9.” For alignment and arrangement of elements, follow the format of recent publications in the series for which the manuscript is intended. Guidelines for preparing bibliography maybe secured from Series Section, SI Press.

Legends for illustrations must be submitted at the end of the manuscript, with as many legends typed, double-spaced, to a page as convenient.

Illustrations must be submitted as original art (not copies) accompanying, but separate from, the manuscript. Guidelines for preparing art may be secured from the Series Section, SI Press. All types of illustrations (photographs, line drawings, maps, etc.) may be intermixed throughout the printed text. They should be termed Figures and should be numbered consecutively as they will appear in the monograph. If several illustrations are treated as components of a single composite figure, they should be designated by lowercase italic letters on the illustration; also, in the legend and in text references the italic letters (underlined in copy) should be used: “Figure 9b.” Illustrations that are intended to follow the printed text may be termed Plates, and any components should be similarly lettered and referenced: “Plate 9b.” Keys to any symbols within an illustation should appear on the art rather than in the legend.

Some points of style: Do not use periods after such abbreviations as “mm, ft, USNM, NNE.” Spell out numbers “one” through “nine” in expository text, but use digits in all other cases if possible. Use of the metric system of measurement is preferable; where use of the English system is unavoidable, supply metric equivalents in parentheses. Use the decimal system for precise measurements and relationships, common fractions for approximations. Use day/month/year sequence for dates: “9 April 1976.” For months in tabular listings or data sections, use three-letter abbreviations with no periods: “Jan, Mar, Jun,” etc. Omit space between initials of a personal name: “J.B. Jones.”

Arrange and paginate sequentially every sheet of manuscript in the following order: (1) title page, (2) abstract, (3) contents, (4) foreword and/or preface, (5) text, (6) appendices, (7) notes section, (8) glossary, (9) bibliography, (10) legends, (11) tables. Index copy may be submitted at page proof stage, but plans for an index should be indicated when the manuscript is submitted.