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In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world cf science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world.

Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the inside back cover.

Robert McC. Adams

Secretary

Smithsonian Institution

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY • NUMBER 31

The Great Tzotzil Dictionary
of Santo Domingo Zinacantán

with Grammatical Analysis
and Historical Commentary

VOLUME II: English-Tzotzil

Robert M. Laughlin
with John B. Haviland

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

Washington, D.C.

1988

Contents

VOLUME II

English-Tzotzil Dictionary

Foreword

English-Tzotzil

English-Tzotzil Thesaurus

Outline

Thesaurus

Requirements for Smithsonian Series Publication

English-Tzotzil Dictionary

Foreword

The English-Tzotzil section of this dictionary is composed of an alphabetical list, which then generates the Thesaurus.

On the presumption that the cultural context of this dictionary is more readily available to anthropologists, historians, and linguists if presented in a thesaurus, I have modified Joe R. Campbell’s Nahuatl adaptation of Voegelin and Voegelin’s Hopi domains: I have added a section not normally included in cultiu-al schemes, but which the Tzotzil show to be an important and tantalizing one for understanding culture—metaphoric expression.

When consulting the English-Tzotzil section and the Thesaurus, the reader should be aware that the Tzotzil terms are given in the abbreviated form found in the Tzotzil-English presentation, i.e., with noun and adjective stems stripped of possession and plural markers and verb stems stripped of person, tense aspect, and plural markers. Accordingly, for a full rendering of many Tzotzil terms, the reader must consult the grammatical analysis to supply the missing affixes; e.g., king, given as "ba ‘ojov," would appear in actual usage as "sba‘ojov," and courtesan, "ta tz’el ‘ojov xanav," as "tastz’el‘ojov xxanav."

The alphabetical list of English-Tzotzil is indexed to the Thesatuns; in the former, literal translations are enclosed in brackets.

English-Tzotzil

A

abandon: ‘iktay 10D, 21B.
abandon one’s town: kom ta na 19, 21B; *lu 19, 21B.

abandoned: ‘iktaybil 10D, 21B; komesbil 10D, 21B.

ability: pasel 16C; pasel ba 16C.

able: be able: Hu’ 16C; Hu’ ‘u‘un 16C.

abort: ‘et’es 18A, 18C, 18E, 33; yal ‘u‘un 18A, 18C, 18E, 33; yales 18A, 18C, 18E, 33.

above: ‘ak’ol 4; *kuy 4; *kuyik 4.

abrasive: k’ok’ [hot] 14G, 16K.

absent: mo k’uluk 4; mo nakluk 4.
absent one’s self: bat 9A1; 1ok’ 9A1.

absolve: ch’ay mul 35C; ch’aybey 35C; ch’aybey mul 35C.

absorb: ‘ul 1C.

absorbed: be absorbed: ‘ul 1C.
be absorbed (as when rain is absorbed into the ground): ‘uch’ 1C, 9E; ‘uch’li 1C, 9E.

abstinence: tojol ve‘el 35C.

abundance: nojel 12.

abundant: ‘ep 12; laal 12; pim 12; *xol 12.
become abundant: ‘epaj 12; pimij 12.
make abundant: ‘ak’ pimijuk 12; pimijes 12.

abusive: abusive person: k’ak’al vinik [hot person] 14G, 16I.
become abusive: k’ak’ub [become hot] 14G, 16I, 20A.

abyss: lajeb ‘olon 1B; lajeb ‘ut 1B.

accept: ‘ich’ 10B.
accept advice or reproach: ‘a’i 10B, 16F.

accident: by accident: Ha’ no ‘ox yalal 17.

accompany: chi’in 16D; lak’in 16D; nupin 16D.

accord: of one accord: ko’ol 11.

account: ‘atel 27.

accumulate: tzob 10B.

accumulated: kunul 10B.

accusation: k’oplal 20A.
accusation that must be made: jambol 20A.
accusation to be made: ‘albol 20A.

accuse: ‘al 20A; jam [open] 14, 20A.
accuse another falsely of one’s own crime: lajes mul ta tojol 20A.

ache: ‘ip ma’ 33; nakbal 33.
aches and pains: bak’el 33.
feel aches and pains: bak’ ‘osil ‘a’i [feel the earth move] 14E, 33.

acid: ch’a 8D.
(unripe fruit): sapap 8D.

acolyte: jtak’beyej-misa 15A1, 35A.

acorn: chochob 5A.

acquaint: acquaint oneself with: ‘a’i tojol 11; na’bey tojol 11.

across: ta xokon 4.
place across: k’atan 9B.

adam: adam’s apple: ‘avanabil [shouter] 7A, 14; p’okan nuk’il 7A; vukvukil 7A.

add: p’il 12; p’iles 12.
add up: ‘ak’ *’elo 12; *’elaaj ‘u‘un 12; *’elaajes 12.

addition: p’ilel 12; p’ilem 12.

address: tz’ibaj ta ba 11A; tz’ibaj ta pat 11A; ta ‘ak’ol tz’ibaj 11A.

administer: administer to (giving something to someone): ‘et’es 10C.

administration: good administration: melel ‘osil [lined-up time] 14E, 20.

admire: ‘elavaj 16D; chamolaj 16D; tup’olaj 16D.

admit: vinajes 11.

adobe: patbil lum 28; xamitl 15B, 28.
lay or make adobes: ch’ubaj 28; ch’uban 28; ch’ubay 28.

adopt: (man): nich’nan 18F.
(woman): ‘alan 18F.

adopted: nich’nanbil 18F.

adorn: tzatzajes 16R, 31E; pas 16R, 31E.

adorned: ‘oy tzatzajel 16R, 31E; tzatzajesbil 16R, 31E.

adulterer: mulavej ‘ajnilal 18C, 21B; *jxap-’ajnilal 18C, 21B.

adulteress: mulavil ‘ajnilal 18C, 21B.

adultery: (man’s): mulavej ta ‘ajnilal 18C, 21B.
(woman’s): mulavej ta malalil 18C, 21B.
commit adultery: mulav ta ‘ajnilal 18C, 21B; *xap ‘ajnilal 18C, 21B.

advance: ba’yitas 9B.

advanced: object advanced: ba’yitasej 9B.

advantageous: be advantageous: ‘elmaj yo’ ‘oy 17; lok’ yo’ ‘oy 17.

adversity: kisin 15C, 16J; ya 16J.

advice: request advice: jak’ tza 11; k’an tza 11.
take advice seriously: ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton [put
in one’s heart] 14B6, 16F.

advise: va’an [stand up] 11, 14.

advised: va’al 11.
person being advised: va’anej 11.

adze: ‘anob te’ 26B.

affair: person who has an affair: mulavil 18C.

afflict: ‘ak’bey ‘il vokol 14I, 16I; ‘ak’bey vokol 16I; ‘il vokol ‘u‘un [see difficulty because of] 141, 16I; t’inlebey ‘olonton [pierce one’s heart] 14B6, 161.
person who afflicts us: ‘ajval 161.

affront: ‘ak’ ta namal 16K, 20A; javayel 16K, 20A;
javayes 16K, 20A; k’exk’onel 16K, 20A; namajes 16K, 20A; namal 16K, 20A.

affronted: namajesbil 16M, 20A.
be affronted: k’exk’on 16M, 20A; namnon 16M, 20A.

afraid: be afraid: xi’ 16J.
be afraid of: ‘ip ‘a’i [feel alot] 14C, 16J; xi’ 16J.

after: tz’akal 2, 4.
shortly after: j-’ok’ xa 2; j-’ok’uk xa 2.

afterbirth: me’ ‘olol [mother of child] 7B, 14H, 18A, 18C.

afternoon: late afternoon: samelsamel ‘osil [late late time] 2A, 14E.

again: j-mek xa 2; j-mekuk xa 2; ta j-mekeluk xa 2.

against: nakel 4.

age: be of age: ta k’inal 18B.
be of the same age: ko’ol ‘abil 18F; ko’ol ‘epal ‘abil 18F; ko’ol ch’i 18F; ko’ol ch’iel 18F.

agemate: ‘ix ta ch’iel 18F.

aging: (of a woman): me’elubel 18E.

agitate: bak’es ‘osil [move the earth] 14E, 21E.

agitated: greatly agitated: toj k’ok’k’ok’ [very hot] 14G.

agitator: j’ak’-k’op [word-giver] 21E; jbak’esej-’osil 21E; jxi’-k’op [he of fearful words] 14J, 21E; jxi’vanej-k’op [he of fearful words] 14J, 21E.

ago: a short time ago: j-’ok’ to 2.
long ago: vo’ney 2.

agree: agree on (price, deal): nop k’op [think of words] 14J, 27; pas k’op [do words] 14J, 27.

agreement: tzobol k’op [gathered words] 11, 14J; *chanul k’op [gathered words] 11, 14J; ch’akeb k’op [division of words] 11, 14J; ch’akob k’op 11; nopeb k’op 11; tojol 11.
be in agreement: junjun k’op [single word] 11, 14J; ko’ol k’op [same word] 11, 14J; Ha’ no ‘ox k’op [just words] 11, 14J.
illicit agreement: tzobol labal k’op [gathering
of wicked words] 11, 14J, 20.
in agreement: Hechtik 11.

aground: jok’ol 9A2.
hard aground: cha’-jok’ol 9A2; cha’ -kikil 9A2.
place where one runs aground: kiktzajebal 9A2.
run aground: kiktzaj 9A2; kikil 9A2.
run aground (boat, canoe): jok’tzaj 9A2.
running aground: jok’el 9A2; kiktzajel 9A2.

ahead: ahead of: ta ‘ichonil 4.
be ahead: ba’yi 4.
get ahead: ba’yi 9A1.
get ahead of: ‘ech’ ta be 9A1; ba’yitas ba 9A1.
object put ahead of: ba’yitasej 4.
put ahead of: ba’yitas 9B.

aid: ‘abolajel 10C.
aid the poor or miserable: ‘aboltay 10C, 16A, 21D, 27; koltay 10C, 16A, 21D, 27; yain 10C, 16A, 21D, 27.
come to the aid of: tal 10C, 16A.

aided: koltaybil 10B.

aim: aim well: jav ‘u‘un 9B, 21E2, 24; satibil bat ‘u‘un 9B, 21E2, 24.

air: ‘ak’ majey ‘ik’ 1A; ‘ik’ 1A.

airing: take an airing: majey 1A, 34; majey lum [have ground beaten] 1A, 14E, 34.

alabaster: xokom 1B.

alcalde: alcalde 15A2, 20; jnam-te‘ [walking stick person] 14, 20.
deputy alcalde: jch’am-alcalde 15A2, 20; jlok’tay-alcalde 15A2, 20.

alight: (candle): kuxlej 1D.

alive: kuxul 1C.
half alive: yalul kuxul 33.

All: All Saints’ Day: k’in chame-vinik [dead people’s fiesta] 14, 18E, 35E.
All Souls’ Day: k’in chame-vinik 18E, 35E.

all: tz’akal 12; *kepel 12; kotol 12; k’otbaj 12; pisil 12.

all-powerful: all-powerful person: jvesej kotol 16E, 20.
be all-powerful: kotol Hu‘ ‘u‘un 16E, 20.

alleviation: yamajel 33.

alloyed: ‘oy kap 29; kapinbil ta sakil tak’in 29.

ally: tasal 21E.

alms: ‘abolajel 10B, 27; ‘aboltayvanej 10B, 27.
give alms: ‘abolaj [suffer for] 10C, 14, 16A, 27; ‘abolan 10C, 16A, 27; ‘aboltay 10C, 16A, 27; ‘aboltayvan 10C, 16A, 27.
give alms to: ‘ak’bey ‘aboltayel 10C, 16A, 27.

alms-giver: j’abolajel 10C, 16A, 27; j’aboltay vanej 10C, 16A, 27.

alone: junjun 7C; juyinom 7C; tuk tuk 7C.
all alone: ‘ip ‘oy tuk [be very alone] 7C, 14, 21B; tuktuk 7C, 21B.
living alone: juyinom ta naklej 21B.

already: xa2.

also: ‘ek 12; ‘ekuk 12; tok 12; Ha’ xa 12; Ha’ xa tok 12.

altar: altar 15A1, 35B.
altar forehangings: tzatzajel altar 15A1, 35B; frontal 15A1, 35B.

always: batel ‘osil [with time going] 2, 14E; lajel ‘osil [end of time] 2, 14E.

amaranth: tz’ul ‘itaj 5A.

amazement: yakil 11.
be struck with amazement: ch’ay ‘olonton [lose one’s heart] 11, 14B6.
struck with amazement: yakyak 11.

amber: pauchil 29.

ambush: lie lie in ambush: ‘och ta ‘abnaltik [enter the woods] 14, 21E; ‘och ta te‘tik [enter the woods] 14, 21E; muk ba ta te‘tik [bury oneself in the woods] 14, 21E.
lying in ambush: lapal ta ‘abnaltik [dressed in leaves] 14, 21E; mukul ta te’tik 21E.

among: ta tojol 4.

amongst: ta ‘ol 4.

amount: tzoboj tojol 12; k’ot tojol 12.

amusement: lo‘il 32; lo‘lo k’op 32; maxil [monkeyness] 14A1, 32; maxil k’op 32.

ancient: poko‘ 2.

and: ‘ekuk 12; chi’ uk 36.

angel: angel 15A1, 35D.
angel’s salute of the Virgin Mary: k’oponabil Santa Maria ‘u‘un Angel 15A1, 35D.

anger: ‘il 16H; ‘ilinel 16H.
(person): ‘ak’ ‘ilinuk 16H; ‘ilinoj 16H.
be justified or reasonable (anger): ‘oy tojolil 16H.
be provoked to anger: t’abcsbil ta ‘il 16H.
be unjustified or unreasonable (anger): mo ‘oyuk tojolil 16H.
burst with anger: vokan ‘olonton ta ‘il [have one’s heart boil with anger] 14B6, 16H.
conceal one’s anger: muk 16H; ten 16H.
have face redden with anger: chak-paltay ba 7E, 8F1, 16H.
person quick to anger: toj j-likel j’il 16H.
provoke to anger: t’abes ta ‘il 16H.
provoked to anger: likesbil ta ‘il 16H.
provoker of anger: jt’abesvanej ta ‘il 16H.
redden with anger (face): chak-paltay 7E, 8F1, 16H.
seethe with anger: loklon ‘olonton [have one’s heart roar] 14B6, 16H.
unjustified or unreasonable anger: naka ‘il 16H.
with face red with anger: chak-palan ba 7C, 8F1.

angle: right angle: escuadra 12, 15A8, 28B; p’is 12, 28B.

angrily: look angrily: *keman sat k’el 8F, 16H.

angry: ‘ip k’ak’al 16H; k’ok’ [hot] 14G, 16H.
angry person: j’il 16H; j’iletel 16H; jk’ak’al-‘olonton [hot-hearted person] 14B6, 14G, 16H.
be angry: ‘ilin ‘olonton [have one’s heart scold] 14B6, 16H; maymonet 16H; van 16H; vanvonet 16H.
become angry: ‘ilin 16H; tzajub [redden] 14D1, 16H; k’ak’ub [become hot] 14G, 16H.
become angry with: ‘ilin 16H; ‘ilin ta tojol 16H.

anguish: ya 16J.

anguished: be anguished by sickness or loss: kisnaj 15C, 16J, 21B; yaij 16J, 21B.

animal: ensnared animal: yokil 6.
in reference to animals: j-kot 6, 12A.

ankle: *mokolil 7A.

announce: announce fasts, prayers, and other good things: ‘ak’ ‘il 35C.
anounce fasts, prayers, and other good things: ‘ak’ na‘uk 35C.

annoy: tzajal-‘ik’ [call red] 14D1, 16H, 16I, 16J;
me‘anajes 16H, 16I; yayaubes 16H, 16I.
person who annoys: jme‘anajesvanej 16H, 16I.

annoyed: be annoyed: maymonet 16H, 161; van 16H, 16I; vanvonet 16H, 161.
be annoyed by: yaya ‘a’i 16H, 161.

annoying: toj ya 16H, 16I.

annual: ‘abilal 2B.
annual office holder: ‘abilal jch’akel 20.
office holder (alcalde): ju-jun ‘abil jch’akel 20.

annually: ta ju-jun ‘abil 2B.

anoint: ju‘ aceite 15A1, 35C; ju’bey aceite ta bek’tal 15A1, 35C; t’ab 35C; t’abbey pox ta bek’tal 35C.

another: j-*kcm 8G; j-jech 8G; yan ‘oy 8G.

answer: answer a letter: *pakxin k’exol Hun 11A;
pas k’exol Hun 11A.

ant: xinich 6E.
ant mound: bus xinich 6E.
ant nest: na xinich 6E.
arboreal ant: bak xinich 6E.
army ant: ba te‘ 6E.
leaf-cutter ant (that does much damage to
trees and plants): k’is 6E.
leaf-cutter ant mound: bus k’is 6E.

anus: chakil 7A; sot’ot’il 7A.

anvil: me’ tenob tak’in [mother of metal beater] 14H, 28B, 29.

anxiety: bak’el ‘olonton [heart movement] 14B6, 16J; bik’tajel ‘olontonil [reduction of the heart] 14B6, 14F2, 16J; k’opk’onel ‘olonton [chattering of the heart] 14B6, 14J, 16J; k’uxul ‘osil [painful time] 14E, 16J; me‘anajel ‘osil [sorrowful time] 14E, 16J.

anxious: be anxious: bak’ ‘olonton [have one’s heart move] 14B6, 16J; bik’taj ‘olonton 16J; jik’ ‘olonton [have one’s heart sigh] 14B6, 16J; k’opk’on ‘olonton 16J; k’un-laj [die slowly] 14, 16J; k’ux ‘olonton [have a painful heart] 14B6, 16J; me‘anaj ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel sorrowful time] 14E, 16J; me’anajel ‘osil ‘a’i 16J; ti’olaj 16J.

apart: come apart: tuch’ 9D.
set apart: lekoj ‘ak’ 9D; lekojlekoj ‘ak’ 9D.

apiary: ‘ilob pomtik 6E; te’el pomtik 6E.

apiece: ju-jun 12.

apologize: pok ba [cleanse oneself] 14, 20A; ya ti‘ 20A.

apologizer: jya-ti‘il 20A.

apology: pok bail 20A; ya ti’il [anguish mouth] 14B5, 20A.

apostate: j‘iktayej 35F; jpajel ta ch’uunel dios 15A1, 35F.

appear: appear in the distance: vinaj 8F, 9A1.
begin to appear: nach’ 8F, 9A1; vinaj 8F, 9A1.

appearance: ‘ilel 8F.
appearance of plants or grass: lok’el 5, 8F.
appearance or birth of plants: ‘osilajel 5, 8F.

appease: laanejes 20A; nakanbey ‘olonton [seat one’s heart] 14B6, 20A.

apple: castillan potov 5B, 15A10, 15D.
apple orchard: castillan potovtik 15A10, 26.

appoint: nakan 17, 20; t’uj 17, 20; va‘an [stand up] 14, 17, 20.

appointment: t’ujel 17, 20; va’anel 17, 20.

appraisal: ch’akel 27B.

appraise: nop ta 27B; nop tojol 27B; nopbey tojol 27B.

appraised: be appraised: javay 27B.

appraiser: jnop-tojolil 27B; jnopvanej 27B.

approach: li’ tal 9A1; nochoj 9A1; noptzaj 9A1; nopoj 9A1; taltal 9A1; tijtzaj 9A1.
make approach: taltales 9A1.

arbor: ‘axibal ‘abnal 5, 28D1.
(in the form of a hut or a house): nail ‘abnal 5, 28D1.

arch: xotav 28D; xotol 28D; xototik 28D.
arch builder: jxot-ch’ubayej 28A; jxotvanej 28A.
build an arch: xot 28.
build arches: xototik ch’ubay 28.

arched: xotol 3; xotxot 3.
become arched: xottzaj 3, 28; xotey 3, 28; xotij 3, 28.
make arched: xotzan 3, 28; xotan 3, 28; xottzajes 3, 28.

argue: pakpak ba ta k’op 16H, 20A; tup’bey ba k’op [extinguish each other with words] 14J, 16H, 20A.

arm (1): k’obil 7A.
with one’s arms crossed (in idleness): lutz’oj k’ob 7E, 16O; meyoj k’ob 7E, 16O.

arm (2): tzatzajes 21E2; va‘an j‘antzil-ti‘ [stand up the womanly mouth person] 14B5, 21E2; va‘an jyabutil 21E2.
arm self: tzatzaj 21E2.

armed: tzatzajesbil 21E2.

armor: cotton armor (worn by the Indians): cholo-nok’ 21E2, 31C.

armpit: lotz’opil 7A.

arms: call to arms: nik ‘o ‘osil ‘u‘un [make time move] 14E, 21E; nikes j-tek lum [move a piece of ground] 14E, 21E.

armspan: measure by armspans: javay 12.
one armspan: j-jov 12A.

army: j-tos yabutil [a group of warriors] 14, 21E1; yabutil 21E1.
army in campaign: j-tos ta ‘antzil-ti‘ [a group in the womanly mouth] 14B5, 21E1; j-tos ta jyabutil 21E1.

around: object being walked around: joynej 9A1.
walk around: joyet xanav 9A1; joyij 9A1; joyij xanav 9A1; joyij ta xanbal 9A1; joyin 9A1.

arrive: lok’ talel 9A1.
(Lent, rainy season): *kuyey 35E.

arrogance: muk’ ‘a‘ibil [feeling big] 14F1, 16Q; muk’ cha’ley-bail 16Q.

arrow: yolobil 21E2.
pierced by an arrow: yalbaybil 9E, 21E2.
target of one’s arrow shot: yalbayej 9E, 21E2.

arrowsmith: jtzai-yolobil 21E2, 29.

arsenic: jtzamesvanej pox 34.

arthritis: ‘ik’al ta k’ob [wind in the hand] 14, 33.

artichoke: yaxal jobel 5A; yaxal lo‘bol chij 5A.

as: Hech chak 8G; Hechuk chak 8G.
as if: chakuk 8G; Ha’uk 8G.

ascend: muy 9A1.

ascent: muyel 9A1.

ash: tan 1D.

ashamed: be ashamed: k’exav 16M; namaj [be distant] 14, 16M.

aside: step aside: p’ev ba 9A1

ask: jak’ 11; jak’bey 11; jak’van 11.
ask for: k’an 13B; k’anoj 13B.
ask for importunately: ma‘-ba k’an 16K.

asked: jak’beybil 11; jak’bil 11.

asleep: fall asleep: laal vayel ‘a‘i 7F.

assault: ‘aniltay ta majel 21E; mak 21E; poj 21E.
by assault: ta lut’el 21E.
hurl oneself into the assault: ‘aniltay ta lut’el 21E.

assemble: assemble people: mel vinik [line up people] 4, 14, 20; pas vinik [do people] 4, 14, 20.
assemble people (as in a procession): chol vinik 4, 20, 35C; meltzan vinik [make people] 4, 14, 20, 35C.

assume: Ha‘ na‘ ‘oy 11.

assure: cha‘-‘al 16D.
assure for certain: kuxes k’op [revive words] 14J, 16D.

asthma: tup’el ‘ik’ 33.

asthmatic: become asthmatic: tup’ ‘ik’ 33.

astonished: be astonished: laban 11.
be astonished at the price or beauty or at the loyalty of someone: labaj 11, 16R.

astringent: sapap 5, 8D.

attack: ‘aniltay ta majel 21E.
attack each other: ‘aniltay ba ta majel 21E.
attack in jest: maxil-mil 32.

attention: tz’e‘anel chikinil 8C1.
pay attention: tz’e’an chikin [cock one’s ear] 8C1, 14B3.

attentive: tz’e’el chikin 8C1.

attic: ‘ak’ol na 28D; jol na [head of the house] 14B1, 28D.

attorney: jkoltayvanej 20A; jk’op [he of words] 14J, 20A.
act as an attorney: koltay 20A.
king’s or lord’s attorney: lekoj ‘ojov 20A; lekom ‘ojov 20A.

auction: ye ta chonel 27.
outbid at auction: toy tojol 27.

audience: royal audience: ch’akebal na [decision house] 14, 20; jch’akel 20.

auditorium: (place where they listen): ‘a‘iab 20, 28C3;
‘a‘iabil 20, 28C3.

augury: pixanil 15C, 17.

aunt: (mother’s sister): jun me‘il 18F.
great aunt (grandmother’s sister): jun me’il 18F.
woman’s paternal aunt (if younger than ego): mukil 18F.

author: jtz’ibay-Hun 11A; jp’asvanej 11A.

authority: important authority: ch’uunbil vinik [person
who is believed or obeyed] 14, 20; k’exbil vinik [person who is changed or respected] 14, 20; xi’bil vinik [feared person] 14, 20.

authorize: nopbey 16E; takbey 16E.

avarice: yavaj 16O; yavajijel 16O; yavajil 16O.

avaricious: yavaj 16O.
avaricious person: yavajil vinik 16O.

avenge: avenge a beating: pak majel 16H, 20A.
avenge an insult: pak ‘utel [return a scolding] 14J, 16H, 20A.

avocado: ‘on 5B; lo‘balal ‘on 5B.
avocado tree: te’el ‘on 5B.

awaited: malaybil 2.

awake: julan 7F; kuxul 7F.
stay awake all night (unable to sleep): ton-sati [have stone eyes] 7F, 14B2.

awaken: awaken person: julantas 7F; julay 7F.

away: batel 9A1.

awe-inspiring: be awe-inspiring: ‘oy ‘ik’ [have breath, air or wind] 14B5, 16C, 16D, 16E.

awl: julob xonobil 26B; julobil 26B.

ax: hacha 15A8, 15A11, 26B; javob si‘ 26B; javobil si‘ 26B; t’oxob si‘ 26B; t’oxobil si‘ 26B; vok’ob si‘ 26B; vok’obil si‘ 26B.
two-bladed ax: cha‘-jech ‘e ‘ek’el 26B; cha‘-jech ‘e hacha 15A8, 15A11, 26B.
woodworking ax: ‘anob te’ 26B.

axletree: axletree of a cart: joyijeb setet te‘ 9A1, 25B, 28B.

B

baby: newborn baby: tzajal ‘olol [red child] 14D1, 18B.
nursing baby: jchu‘unel ‘unen 18B.

bachelor: kelem 18D.

bachelorhood: mu lekav xanbal [walking unmarried or possession-less] 14, 18D; Hech no ‘ox xanbal [just living or walking] 14, 18D.
reach bachelorhood: ta k’inal na 18D.

back: patil 7A.
to the back: ta patil 4; ta tojol patil 4; yo‘ ‘oy tojol patil 4.

backbite: nam tal ‘ut 16H, 20A; nam tal ‘utvan [scold person at a distance] 14J, 16H, 20A.

backbiter: jjotz’-k’optayvanej [he who drags out and speaks against] 14J, 20A.

backbiting: nam tal ‘utvanej 16H, 20A.

backbone: tz’akav patil 7A.

backdoor: belel pat na [path of the back of the house] 14B8, 28D.

backward: backward people (who live in the towns behind Zinacantán as Chamula): patilal vinik 19.

backwards: ta valak-pat 9A1;.
valak-pat 9A1
do backwards: ta valak-pat pas 16L; valak-patijes 16L; valak-patin 16L.
go backwards: valak-patij 9A1.

backwater: nab 1C.

bacon: chitom 23A2; tocino 15A9, 23A2.
bacon fat: ‘it’it’ul tocino 15A9, 23A2; k’an-’ixmal chitom 23A2; lam chitom 23A2; lam tocino 15A9, 23A2.
slice of bacon: j-jis tocino 12, 23A2

bad: kolo’ 16P; mo ‘utzuk 16P.
(administration or government): *Homol *vukul 16P, 20.
especially bad: mo ‘oyuk bu Hech kolo‘ 16P.
very bad: batz’i kolo’ 16P

bag: ‘ikatzinab chu‘uy 22C; chu‘uy 22C.
blacksmith’s tool bag: josobil ‘ich’ak caballo 15A9, 25B, 28B, 29.

baker: jpat-vaj 23A3; jta‘ajesej 23A3.
(man or woman): jpan-vaj 23A3.

bakery: chonob vaj 23A3, 28C2; pasob vaj 23A3, 28C2.

bald: bajbaj 7C; bajbaj ti‘ ba 7C; baj ti‘ ba 7C; tzan-ti‘ ba 7C; tzanal ti‘ ba 7C; tzantzan ti‘ ba 7C; tzintzin ti* bail 7C.
(parrot, person): pispis 6B1, 1C.
bald person: pik’-jol vinik 1C.
grow bald: bajub ti’ ba 7E; tzanub ti’ ba 7E; pik’ub tzotzil jol 7E.

ball: pitz’ 32B; pis 32B.
ball of harquebus or moorish shotgun: bek’ tuk’ 21E2.
bowling ball: bola 15A6, 32B; pispis te’ 32B.
game played with the buttocks: pitz’ 32B.
make into a ball: pis 7E1, 32B.
person who plays ball with the buttocks: pitz’nom 32B.
play ball with the buttocks: pitz’in 32B.

ballast: ‘ipajeb jom [canoe fortifier] 9A2, 14; ‘ipajes jom 9A2; ‘otes naktzajeb jom 9A2; nakanab jom 9A2; naktzajeb jom [canoe fortifier] 9A2, 14; naktzajes jom 9A2.

balsam: pox 34.

bandage: yarn bandage: sijel 34; sivuabil pok’ 34.

banish: nutz 20, 20A, 21C; tak 20, 20A, 21C.

banished: banished person: takben 20, 20A, 21C.
person being banished: takoj 20, 20A, 21C.

banner: bandera 15A2, 20, 21E2, 35B; lok’om 20, 21E2, 35B.

baptism: bautismo 15A1, 35C; yaleb Ho‘ ta jolol [lowering of water on the head] 14B1, 35C.

baptismal: baptismal font: yaleb Ho‘ ta jolol 35B.

barbecue: tem [bed] 14, 23A3.
barbecue grill: voob temal tak’in 22C; voobil temal tak’in 22C.

barber: jjosvanej 31E; jkupvanej 31E; jpas-jolol 31E.

bare-assed: be bare-assed: putzpon pat 31E.

barely: ‘ok’elal 12.

bark (1): patil [back] 5, 14B8.

bark (2): voet 8C1; vovonet 8C1; vojvonet 8C1.

barren: nap’ey 18A.
(abyss): toj te’ 1B.

barter: k’exoj 27; k’exvanej 27; man 27; manoj 27.
(as corn for salt or chili): k’ex 27.
barter corn: k’ex ‘ixim 27.
barter well: na’ k’exel 16C, 27.
receive in barter or on credit: k’extay 27.

barterer: jmanojel 27A.
(merchant who does not travel, but who is in a store): jk’exojel 27A.

base: ma’-tuul 16P; mo joluk 16P; mu’natil 16P.

bashful: be bashful of: k’exav 16M.

bashfully: k’exlal ba 16M.

bashfulness: k’exlal 16M.

basin: ‘av Ho’ 22C; pokobil k’obil 22C; pokobil sat 22C.
stone basin: bochil ton 22C.

basket: moch 22C.
bread basket: nak’nak’ebal vaj 22C; nak’ob vaj 22C; nak’obil vaj 22C.
large grass basket: jalbil jobel 22C; papal jobel 22C.
small basket: yol moch 22C.
two-handled basket: moch 22C.

baste: lukbay ta julel 31A.

basted: lukbaybil ta julel 31A.

basting: lukbayabil 31A.

bat: sotz’ 6A1.

bath: ‘atimol 7G; ‘atinab 7G.
bath water: ‘atimol 1C, 7G.

bathe: ‘atintas 7G.
(not in a sweatbath): ‘atin 7G; ‘atin Ho’ 7G.

bather: j’atimol 7G.

bathing: bathing place: ‘atinab 7G.

bathroom: continual urging inclination to go to the bathroom, without producing anything: sim ba 33.
inclination to go to the bathroom: sim-nak’al 33.

battle: ch’ilomay 21E; nak 21E; nakav 21E; yabutij 21E; yabutil 21E; yabutin 21E.
start a battle: likes 2, 21E; likes ta ‘ochel 2, 21E; tukes 2, 21E.

be: ‘oy 4.
be on four legs: kotey 4; kotol 4.

beach: ti‘ muk’ta nab 1C; ti‘ nab 1C.

bead: cuentas 31E.
string of beads: j-’ak’ cuentas 31E.

beak: ni’ mut 6F; ti’ mut 6F.

beam: tz’am te’ 28, 28D.
beam that projects like a corbel: payal lok’el 28, 28D.
lay beams: nop te’el 28.
lay beams (carpenter): tojobtas te’el 28.
lay beams or boards (carpenter): ‘ak’ te’el 28.
unhewn beam: pispis tz’am te’ 28.

bean: chenek’ 5B.
bean flour: ch’ilbil chenek’ 23A1.
broad bean: castillan chenek’ 5B, 15A10.
broad bean field: chabal castillan chenek’ 5B, 15A10, 26.

beard: ‘isim 7A.
begin to grow a beard: ‘ik’-mustay ‘isim 2, 7C; t’ab ‘isim 2, 7C.
have one’s beard turn white: sakub ‘isim 1C.
new growth of beard: ch’ixil ‘isim 1C.

beardless: beardless person: pik’-vinik 7C; pik’il vinik. 7C.

bearer: j’ikatznom 27D.

beast: ferocious beast: bolom 6A1.

beat: beat one’s breast: tij ni’ ‘olonton [strike the tip or nose of one’s heart] 7E, 14B4, 16J.

beaten: be beaten: ‘och ta pox ‘u‘un 20A, 21C.

beating: reciprocal beating: pakol majel 20A, 21C.

beautiful: saksak [white] 7C, 14D5, 16R; toj ch’ulul ba 7C, 16R; t‘ujum 16R.
be beautiful: *’ulubalal ba 16R.
become beautiful: lekub 16R; pok-baij [cleanse oneself] 14, 16R; t’ujumaj 16R.
sound beautiful: ‘utz vinaj 8C, 16R.

beautify: t’ujumtas 16R.

beauty: lekil 16R; pok-baijel 16R; t’ujumal 16R.

because: ‘u‘un 17; Ha‘ ‘u‘un 17.
because of: koj 17; ta koj 17; Ha’ koj 17; Ha’ ta koj 17.

beckon: beckon with a nod: bech joli ‘ik’ 7E.

become: pas 2; pas ba 2.

bed: tem 22B; vayebal 22B.
bed canopy: tzatzajebal vayebal 22D.
bed hangings: nail pok’ 22D.

bedaub: oneself with dye or red ochre: naban 31E.

bedbug: *‘uk 6E; poch’ 6E.

bedspread: vayeb k’u‘ 22D; vayebal k’u‘ul 22D; vayebal pok’ 22D.

bedstead: bottom of a bedstead: tenal te’el tem 22B.

bedstraw: chib jobel 22D.

bee: (best species): ‘aja-pom 6E.
(generally): chanul pom 6E.
(other kind): ‘antzil pom 6E.
beautiful metallic green bee: xyax-’ich 6E.
large bee: Honon 6E.
swarm of bees: ‘epal pom 6E.

beef: beef fat: k’an-’ixmal vacas 15A9, 23A2; manteca vacas 15A9, 23A2.

beehive: na pom 25, 28C1; te’el pom 25, 28C1.

before: ba’yi 2; mo to 2.
shortly before: j-’ok’ ba’yi 2; juteb ba’yi 2; lajel to 2.

befuddle: bolibes 16L.

befuddled: bol 16L; mak-bol 16L; mak-bolil 16L; ton-kok [stone deaf] 14, 16L; ton-kokil 16L.
become befuddled: bolib 16L; ch’ay-tzaij [lose one’s thought] 14, 16L; mak-bolib 16L; ton-kokib 16L.
befuddled person: mak-bol vinik 16L; mak-bolil vinik 16L.

befuddlement: bolil 16L; mak-bolil 16L; ton-kokil 16L.

beg: (poor person): k’anoj 10B, 21D, 27; k’anvan 10B, 21D, 27.

beggar: jk’anojel 10B, 21D, 27; jk’anvanej 10B, 21D, 27.

beggary: k’anojel 10B, 21D, 27; k’anvanej 10B, 21D, 27.

begin: kaj 2; kajes 2; lik 2; likes 2; t’ab 2; t’abes 2.
begin something new: jut 2.

beginning: ba‘yitajel 2; kajeb 2; Iikebal 2.

behead: ch’uy jol 21C; ch’uybey jol 21C; ch’uybey nuk’ 21C; tup’ 21C.

behind: tz’akal 4; patil 4; ta patil 4.
put behind: tz’aklontas 9B.
toss behind: valak pat ch’ay 9B; valak-patin ch’ay 9B.

being: ‘ayanel 2.

belch: keban 7E; kebanil 7E.

belfry: na campana 15A1, 28D, 35B; na tak’in [bell or metal house] 14, 28D, 35B.

belief: ch’uunel 11.
be worthy of belief: tojol ‘oy ch’uuneyuk 11.
belief in God: ch’uunel dios 15A1, 35C.

believe: ch’uun 11; ch’uunvan 11.
believe in: ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton [put in one’s heart] 11, 14B6.
believe in a person: ch’uunbey k’op 11, 16D; muk’ta-yebey k’op 11, 16D.
believe mistakenly: ‘a’ 11.

believed: that which is believed: ch’uunej 11.
that which must be believed: ch’uunbol 11.

bell: campana 15A1, 32A1, 35B; tak’in 32A1, 35B.
bell ringer: jtij-tak’in 32A, 35A.
cattle bell: natil campana 15A9, 25B; natnat campana 15A9, 25B.
ring a bell: sobtiksobtik tij campana 15A1, 32A, 35C; ta tijel tijulan campana 15Al, 32A, 35C; tij campana 15A1, 32A, 35C; tij tak’in 32A, 35C.

bell-ringing: sobtikil tijel 32A, 35C; tijulanvanej 32A, 35C.

bellows: Hubob k’ok’ 1D, 22C, 28B, 29; Hubobil 1D, 22C, 28B, 29.

belly: tzukutzil 7A; ch’util 7A; ch’utul 7A; me‘ tzo‘il [mother of shit] 7A, 14H; me‘ pulom Ho‘ [mother of one’s chamberpot or water-filler] 7A, 14H.
belly button: mixik’il 7A.

belong: belong to: ‘at 10B; ta tojol 10B; ta tojol ‘atey 10B.

beloved: jalal 16D; jol 16D.

below: ta ‘olon 4; ta ‘olontik 4.

bench: banco 15A5, 22B; naklebal 22B; naklebal te’ 22B; *pakal 22B.
stone bench against a wall: lo’lo-k’opojebal [chatting place] 14J, 22B.

benchcloth: tas 22D.

bend: bend over: nijan ba 3; nijey 3.
bend over (willow, slender stick): pak 3.

beneath: ta ‘olon 4.

benefactor: j’utzil-pasvanej 10C, 16A.

benign: be benign: k’uxubin 16A.
benign person: jk’uxubinvanej 16A.

benignity: k’uxubinvanej [feeling sorry for people] 14, 16A.

bent: be bent over: patet 3.
bent over: nijil 3.

benumb: pek’aubtas 8E, 33.

benumbed: be benumbed: pek’aub 8E, 33.

bequeath: ‘al 10C, 18E; taki 10C, 18E.

bereave: k’uxubin 16J.

best: best in everything: ‘anilal jelavel 16C, 16E; ba 16C, 16E; ba’yitajel [be first] 14, 16C, 16E.

bet: *’aal 27, 32B; ‘ak’ 27, 32B; ‘al 27, 32B; ‘ale 27, 32B.
bet on: ‘ak’ ta ‘ale 27, 32B.
bet together: ‘aley ba 27, 32B.
lose bet: ‘ale 10D, 16L, 27, 32B.
win bet: ‘ale 10B, 16C, 27, 32B; ‘aleyvan 10B, 16C, 27, 32B.

better: ‘utz ‘ayan ‘u‘un 16C.
a little better: juteb ‘utz 16C.
be a little better: juteb jelav [pass by a little] 14, 16C.

between: ta *sap 4; ta *sapan 4.

bewitch: tz’i’ley 35F; k’oplay 35F; k’oplayvan 35F; labtay 35F; *paxi 35F; poxtay ta k’op [treat with words] 14J, 35F; poxtay ta k’oplayvanej [treat by speaking against] 14J, 35F.
bewitch with medicinal potions: poxtaj 35F; poxtay 35F.

bewitched: k’oplaybil [spoken against] 14J, 35F.

bewitcher: jlabtayvanej 35F.

bewitchment: k’in 35F; *paax 35F.

beyond: ta jech 4.

bid: bid again: cha’-’ak’ ta *’aal 2, 27; cha’-’ak’ ta ‘al 2, 27; cha’-’otes ta *’aal 2, 27.

bier: k’echobil chame-vinik 18E, 22B.

big: muk’ 12; muk’ul 12.
grow big: muk’ub 12.
how big?: k’u muk’ul 12; k’usi muk’ul 12.

big-bellied: pujel ch’ut 7C, 12; puju-ch’ut 7C, 12; pumel ch’ut 7C, 12; pumu-ch’ut 7C, 12.
be big-bellied (pregnant woman): benet 7C, 12, 18A; t’enet 7C, 12, 18A; t’uket 7C, 12, 18A.

big-breasted: pujel chu’ 7C, 12; pumel chu’ 7C, 12.
big-breasted woman: jpujel-chu’ul 7C, 12; jpumel chu’ul 7C, 12.

big-eared: leche-chikin 7C, 12; pok’-chikin 7C, 12; pok’o-chikin 7C, 12; vele-chikin 7C, 12.

big-footed: pumu-’ok 7C, 12.

big-headed: vo’o-jol 7C, 12; volo-jol 1C, 12.
be big-headed (insult): vo’oel jol 7C, 12.

big-hearted: muk’ ‘olonton 12, 16A, 16D.
big-hearted person: jmuk’ul-’olonton 12, 16A, 16D.

big-heartedness: muk’ta ‘olonton 12, 16A, 16D.

big-lipped: big-lipped person: pech’e-ti’ 1C, 12.

big-nosed: vo’o-ni’ 7C, 12; volo-ni’ 7C, 12.
be big-nosed (insult): vo’oel ni’ 7C, 12.

bigger: toj muk’ 12.
a little bigger: juteb muk’ 12.
be a little bigger: juteb jelav 12.
be bigger: jelav 12; jelav tuk 12.
be much bigger: toj batz’i muk’ tuk 12; toj jelav 12.

bilge: ‘ik’uyal jom [canoe filth or blackness] 9A2, 14; tzo’ jom [canoe shit] 9A2, 14B12; kux jom [canoe mildew] 9A2, 14.

bill: ni’ mut 6F; ti’ mut 6F.

billhook: billhook for firewood: p’asob si’ ‘ek’el 26B, 28B.

bind: k’am 9C.
(as when they bind the poles of their houses): jit’ 9C, 28.
(books): tz’isan9C, 11A.
bind (with vines or cords as they do with the smaller beams of their houses): jit’omaj 9C, 28.

biography: vokolil [difficulty] 11A, 14, 18.

bird: mut 6B1.
big bird: muk’ta mut 6B1.
bird nest: na mut 6B1.
hunting bird (generic term): jlikvanej-mut 6B1.
little bird: bik’tal mut 6B1.
person who dazes birds: jtup’beyej sat mut 24.
wading bird (generic term): Ha’al mut 6B1.

birdcage: kolol te’ 28C1.

birdlime: tzoyob 24; tzoyob xuch’ 24; nobo 24.
catching of birds in birdlime: tzoyob 24.

birth: ‘alajel 18A; vinkilayel 18A.
give birth: vinkilaj 7E, 18A.
give birth (woman): ‘alaj 7E, 18A; ‘alan 7E, 18A.
have a breech birth: va‘al vinkilaj 18A, 33.

biscuit: *naitzil 23A1.
(bread cooked twice): takes vaj 23Al.

bishop: obispo 15Al, 35A.
deputy bishop: jlok’tay-obispo 15A1, 35A.

bite: jech’ 7E; jech’benal 33.
(something poisonous): komes kola‘al ‘e 33; komes kola‘al ti‘ 33.
with mosquito bite: ta petlej 33.

bitter: ch’a 8D.
become bitter: ch’aub 8D.
make bitter: ch’aubes 8D; ch’aubtas 8D.

bitterness: ch’ail 8D; ch’aubel 8D.

black: ‘ik’-votzan 8F1; ‘ik’-volan 8F1; ‘ik’al 8F1; ‘ik’‘ik’ 8F1.
(abyss): ‘ik’-’oman 1B, 8F1; ‘ik’-pulan 1B, 8F1.
(abyss, backwater): ‘ik’-’otz’tay 1B, 1C, 8F1;’ik’-loman 1B, 1C, 8F1.
(backwater): ‘ik’-t’uban 1C.

blackberry: makum 5A.

blacken: ‘ik’ubtas 8F1.

blackened: ‘ik’al 8F1.

blackish: ‘ik’’ik’ 8F1.

blackness: ‘ik’al‘ik’al 8F1; ‘ik’ubel 8F1.

blacksmith: jten-‘ek’el 29A; jten-tak’in 29A.

blade: ‘e [mouth or tooth] 14B5, 26B.

blame: ‘albey kola’al 16H; ‘ut 16H; ‘utel 16H, 16M; ‘utvanej 16H, 16M; nap’an 16H.

blamed: ‘utbil 16H, 16M.

blanch: blanch from fright: sak-liktay 7E, 16J; sak-liktay ba 7E, 16J.
have one’s face blanched from fright: sak-likan ba 7E, 16J.

blaspheme: ‘ut dios 15A1, 35C; ‘ut santo 15A1, 35C; kola‘al-‘al 35C; ti‘oltay 35C.

blasphemer: j‘ut-dios 15A1, 35F; jkola‘al ‘al dios 15A1, 35F; jti‘ol-k’op 35F; jti‘oltayvanej 35F.

blaze: ‘etelil 12; ‘eteltas 12.

bleach: (cloth with lye): pataxin 31A.
bleach one’s hair: k’anubtas tzotz jol 7C.

blear-eyed: be blear-eyed: pik’ixtik sat 7F.

bleat: ‘avan 8C1; ‘avanel 8C1; ‘ov 8C1.

bleed: jisulan 7B, 34; jul [prick] 7B, 14, 34; kupilan 7B, 34; lok’esbey ch’ich’el [take out one’s blood] 7B, 14B11, 34.

bless: ‘al 35C; “utzil-’al 35C.
(meal, water): ch’uiltas 23A, 35C.

blessing: ch’uiltasvanej 35C.

blind: ma‘-sat 8F, 33.
blind chicken: ‘ik’al moy tuluk’ 6B2, 8F, 33; ma’-sat tuluk’ 6B2, 8F, 33.
blind with pale eyes: ‘ik’al moy [black tobacco] 8F, 14D4, 33.
go blind: ma’-satij 8F, 33; tup’ sat 8F, 33.
go blind in one eye: tz’e’ub sat 8F, 33; tup’ sat 8F, 33.
go blind with pale eyes: taot ta ‘ik’al moy 8F, 33.

blink: mik’mon sat 7E; mik’ulan sat 7E; mutz’ilan sat 7E; mutz’monet sat 7E; vik’ulan sat 7E.
get nervous blink: mutz’uy sat 16J, 33; mutz’uyel ‘a’i 16J, 33.
nervous blink: mutz’uyel 16J, 33.

bliss: ‘utzibel 16B.

blister: petel 33; sitel 33; situb 33.
with blisters: j-p’ej t’elel 33.

blistered: petel 33; petetik 33; ta petlej 33.

blonde: k’anal tzotz jol 7C, 8F1.
grow blonde: k’anub tzotzil jol 7C, 8F1.

blood: ch’ich’ 7B; ch’ich’el 7B.
be stained with blood: ‘atin ch’ich’ 7B, 33; ‘atin ta ch’ich’ 7B, 33.
blood pudding: panbil ch’ich’ 23A2; tik’bil ch’ich’ 23A2.
serous blood: ch’ich’ pojov 7B.

bloodied: ‘atnej ch’ich’ 7B, 33.
be bloodied: baley ta ch’ich’ 7B, 33.

bloodletter: jjulvanej 34.

bloodletting: julvanej 34.

bloody: ‘atinej ch’ich’ 7B, 33; balem ch’ich’ 7B, 33.

blossom: k’exbonaj nichim 5; tuk 5.

blot: ‘uley 1C.

blow (1): Hupan 1A, 7E.
(bellows): Hub 1A, 1D; Hubvan 1A, 1D.
blow off (dust): vuch’ 1A.
blow on (food to cool it, head wound or tumor to cure it): vuch’i 1A, 23A, 34.
blow on fire: Hub 1A, 1D; Hub k’ok’ 1A, 1D.
blow through (reed, blowgun): Hupan 1A, 21E2, 24.

blow (2): k’oj 9D, 20A; tij 9D, 20A; yalel 9D, 20A.
blow (counting): j-likel majel 9D, 20A.
come to blows: maj ba 9D, 20A.
fist blow: tij 9D, 20A.

blowgunner: tuk’avil 21E1.

blubber-lipped: peve-ti’ 7C.
(said as an insult): pevel ti’ 7C.

blue: yax-‘otz’an 8F1; yoxyox 8F1.
make blue: yax-‘otz’an pas 8F1; yaxubtas 8F1.

blue-eyed: k’an-kolan satil 7C, 8F1; yax-kolan satil 1C, 8F1.
blue-eyed person: jyax kolan sat 1C, 8F1; jk’an kolan sat 7C, 8F1.

blunderbuss: tuk’ 21E2.

blush: tzajal 7E; tzajub 7E; tzojtzoj ‘ayan 7E.

board: jayal te’ 28; tenal te’ 28.
lay boards: ‘ak’ tenal te’al 28.

boast: natil-k’opoj 16Q.
boast angrily: vulvonet k’op 16H, 16Q.

boat: jom 9A2.

body: takupalil 7A.

bog: ‘ach’eltik 1B.

boil (1): ‘apon 33; chakal 33; petey 33.
get a boil: petey 33.
with boils: petcl 33; petetik 33; petlej 33; ta petlej 33.

boil (2): vokan 1C, 1D, 23A3.
boiling: k’ok’ 1C, 1D, 23A3; toj k’ok’ 1C, 1D, 23A3.

bond: make a bond: ‘ak’ ta Hun k’op [put words on paper] 14J, 16D.

bone: bak 7A1; bakel 7A1.
bone marrow: chin-bak 7A1; chin-bakel 7A1; chin-bakelal 7A1.

bonfire: muk’ta k’ok’ 1D.

book: tz’isbil Hun [written paper] 11A, 14; Hun 11A.
back of a book: pat Hun 11A.
book margin: sakil Hun [white paper] 11A, 14D5; ti’il Hun 11A.
book title: bi Hun 11A; vinajeb Hun 11A.
illuminate a book: p’is Hun 11A.
illuminate books: tz’ibay Hun 11A.

bookseller: jchon-Hun 11A, 27A.

borage: ch’ixal ‘itaj 5A.

bore: *vatz 9E.
bore through: Hot 9E; Hotes 9E.

bored: be bored by: tavan ‘ilel ‘a’i 11; tavan ba ‘a’i 11.

borer: *vatzob te’ 26B, 28B.

born: be born: ‘ayan 18A; ‘osilaj 18A; vinkilay 18A.
born of a woman: ‘alanbil 7E, 18A.

borrow: ch’amun 10B, 27.

borrowed: ch’amunbil 10B, 27.
article to be borrowed: ch’amunabil 10B, 27.
borrowed article: ch’amunej 10B, 27; ch’om 10B, 27.

borrowing: ch’amunel 10B, 27.

both: (animals): cha‘-kotol 6, 12A.
(long objects as bananas, flutes): cha‘-ch’ixil’ 5B, 12A, 23A.
(people): cha’-va’al 12A.
(round objects): cha’-pisil 12A.
(towns): cha’-tek 12A, 19.

bother: tzajal-’ik’ 16I, 20A; me’anajes 16I, 20A; yayaubes 161, 20A.

bothersome: toj ya 16I.

bottle: vinegar bottle: ‘av vinagre 15A5, 22C.

bottom: chak 4.

bought: be bought quickly: pojel maney 27.

boulder: expanse of boulders: *chaj tontik 1B.

bound: object that is bound: k’amoj 9C.

boundary: tz’ak lum 10B, 19B.
boundary between properties: tz’ak ‘osil 10B, 19B.
boundary marker: tz’ak 10B, 19B; ch’akobil lum 10B, 19B; vok’obil lum 10B, 19B.
mark boundaries of inherited land: ch’ak lum 10B, 18E, 19B.
move in boundary markers on another’s corn field: vetz’ chobtik 10B, 19B; vetz’bey chob 10B, 19B.
move in boundary markers on another’s property: vetz’ lum 10B, 19B; vetz’bey lum 10B, 19B.

bow (1): t’in 21E2; yolobil 21E2.

bow (2): (ship, canoe): ni’ jom [tip or nose of canoe] 9A2, 14B4.

bow (3): kejan ba 3; kejey 4, 16F; nijey 4, 16F.
(head, body): nijan ba 4, 7E, 16F.
make person bow: nijan 4, 16E.

bowed: nijil 4, 16F.
bowed over (by someone else): nijanbil 4, 7E, 16F, 21C.

bowing: nijanel 4, 16F; nijlej 4, 16F.

bowl (1): escudilla 15A5, 22C; sctz’ 22C.

bowl (2): *tzul 32B; ten bola 15A6, 32B; ten te’ 32B.

bowler: jten-te’ 32B.

bowling: ten-te’ 32B; tenel te’ 32B.

bowman: jyalbajel 21E1, 24; jyalvanej 21E1, 24; yalom 21E1, 24.

box: *pun-te‘ 22C.

boy: kelem 18B.
be a full-grown boy: paj ch’iel kelem 18B.
become a full-grown boy: ta ‘okel kelmal 18B.
boy with changing voice: vok’ nuk’ul kelem [boy with broken neck or throat] 14B5, 18B.
grown boy: tzatzal kelem 18B; muk’ta kelem 18B; yijil kelem 18B.
young boy: bik’tal kelem 18B; ch’iom kelem 18B.

boyhood: reach boyhood: kelmay 18B.

bracelet: natz’ 29, 31E.
gold bracelet: natz’il k’anal tak’in 29, 31E.

brag: natil-k’opoj [talk far] 14J, 16Q.

braggart: jnatil-k’op 16Q.

braid: chukobil jolol 7A, 31E; ch’al jol 7A, 31E; ch’alobil tzotzil jol 7A, 31E; ch’alobil jol 7A, 31E; ti‘ pok’ 7A, 31E.

brains: chinamil 7A1.

brambles: tz’i’lel ‘osil 5; tz’i ‘leltik 5.

bran: sol 23A1; sol castillan ‘ixim 15A10, 23A1.

branch: k’ob te’ [tree arm] 5, 14B10.

branchy: ‘atal jetav 5; ‘atal k’elom 5; ‘epal k’ob 5.

brand: ‘etelil 25B; ‘eteltas 25; ‘och k’inajel ‘u‘un 25; chik’ob caballo 15A9, 25B.
(cattle, horses): chik’ ta tak’in 25.
branding iron: ‘eteltasab tak’in 25B.

branded: ‘ak’bil vinajeb 25; ‘eteltasbil 25; chik’bil 25.

brandish: (lance): la’ulan 7E, 21E2; nikulan 7E, 21E2.
brandish or shake (lance): velulan 7E, 21E2; vesulan 7E, 21E2.

brass: k’anal tak’in 29.

brave: become brave: ‘ich’ ch’ulel [receive one’s soul] 14B7, 16E; tzatzub ‘olonton [have one’s heart strengthen] 14B6, 16E; muk’ub ‘olonton [have one’s heart grow big] 14B6, 14F1, 16E.
brave man: ch‘ilom 16E; ch’ilom vinik 16E.
brave person: jyijil-‘olonton 16E; jmuk’ul-‘olonton 16E; jmuk’ul-’olontonil 16E.

bravery: yijil ‘olonton [sturdy heart] 14B6, 16E.

bray: (donkey): jik’jon ta ‘ok’el 8C1; jik’jonet ‘ok’ 8C1; vovet 8C1.

brazier: lechob ‘ak’al 1D, 22C.

brazilwood: chak-te‘ 5A.

breach: ch’ojolil tenam ton 1B, 10E, 15B, 28D1.

bread: ‘ot 23A1; vaj 23A1.
a quarter of bread, etc.: j-xut vaj 23A1.
barley bread: cebada vaj 15A10, 23A1.
bran bread: tzo‘ vaj 23A1; matz’ vaj 23A1.
bread baked under the ashes: muk-tanibil vaj 23Al, 23A3.
bread cooked in a pit: bontaybil vaj 23A1, 23A3.
bread crumbs: xutul vaj 23A1.
bread roasted on the coals: leb-tanibil vaj 23Al, 23A3.
bread soaked in wine: tz’ajbil ta chi‘ vaj 23A1, 23A3; vaj tz’ajbil ta chi‘ 23A1, 23A3.
broken piece of bread: xut 23Al.
broken piece of bread given to beggars: xut 10C, 23A1, 27; xutulil vaj 10C, 23A1, 27.
hard bread (bisquits, hardtack): *naitzil 23A1.
make bread: vajiv 23A3.
ring-shaped bread: xotbil vaj 23Al; xotol vaj 23A1; xotxot vaj 23Al.
small ring-shaped bread: bik’tal xotxot vaj 23A1.
sop bread in water tz’aj vaj ta Ho‘ 23A3.
sop bread in wine: tz’aj vaj ta chi‘ 23A3.
sour bread: pajal vaj 23Al.
stale bread: takes vaj 23Al.
wheat bread: castillan vaj 15A10, 23A1.

bread-making: vajivej 23A3.

breadcrumb: ch’uch’ul vaj 23A1.

break: ch’ijbenal 10E; javalul 10E; k’ojbenal 10E; k’okolil 10E; t’us 10E; t’usulil 10E; vok’benal 10E; vok’olil 10E.
(cord, fiber, thread): tuch’ 10E.
break cord or thread: ch’ak 10E.
break in two: cha‘-jech ‘ayan 10E; cha‘-jot ‘ayan ‘u‘un 10E; cha‘-vok’ ‘ayan 10E; ta ‘o‘loljat 10E, 12.
break into pieces: jav 10E.
break into pieces with the whole hand: jav 7E1, 10E.
break loudly (beam, support): k’aslaj 10E.
break off (legs of the benches they sit on, squashes or other objects with a thick stem): k’ok 10E.
break one thing against another: ch’ij 10E; k’oj 10E.
break open (pomegranates, cotton): jav 5, 10E; vok’ 5, 10E.
break or cut roots or vines with which they bind the wood of their houses: ch’ak 5, 9C, 10E, 28; tuch’ 9C, 10E, 28.
break or smash (eggs, avocados, head, pot, boards, tiles): vok’ 10E, 22C, 28.
break or snap (stick, pole, candle, long object): k’as 1D, 10E; k’av 1D, 10E.
break the end off: ch’uy 10E.
break up (ship): jav 9A2, 10E; vok’ 9A2, 10E.
break with one’s fingers: xut 7E1, 10E.

breast: chu’ul 7A; na ‘olontonil [heart house] 7A, 14B6.

breath: ‘ik’al 1A; Hobil 1A.
bad breath: tu ti’ 1A, 33; tuil ti’ [stinky mouth] 1A, 14B5, 33.

breathe: *‘e‘et 1A, 7E; *‘e‘onet 1A, 7E; *‘i‘et 1A, 7E; *‘i‘onet 1A, 7E.
breathe in smoke or perfume: tas ‘ik’ 1A, 7E, 8D.

breeze: refreshing breeze: k’un-yaman ‘ik’ 1A, 8A.
sea breeze: ‘ik’al nab 1A, 1C; nab ‘ik’ 1A, 1C.

brevity: bik’tal 2C; tik’il k’op [inserted word] 2C, 14J; t’abeltik 2C; va‘alva‘al k’op [erect word] 2C, 14J.

bribe: tzajal-‘ak’bey [give to with red] 14D1, 16N, 20, 21A, 27; tzajal-tzitz [persuade with red] 14D1, 16N, 20, 21A, 27; *votol-tzitz 16N, 20, 21A, 27.

bribery: tzajal ‘ak’beyel k’op [red given words] 14J, 16N, 20, 21A, 27; tzajal tzitzvanej [red persuasion] 14J, 16N, 20, 21A, 27.

brick: ‘otes chik’bil xamitl 15B, 28; bik’tal ch’ubil xamitl 15B, 28; tzajal xamitl 15B, 28; chik’bil xamitl 28.
brick maker: jpat-xamitl 15B, 28A.
lay or make bricks: ch’ubaj 28; ch’uban 28; ch’ubay 28.

brick works: patobil chik’bil xamitl 15B, 28, 28C2;
putvanab chik’bil xamitl 15B, 28, 28C2.

bridal: bridal chamber: tz’alav na jnupunel 18D, 28D; nail pop [mat house] 14, 18D, 28D; vayeb jnupunel 18D, 28D.

bride: ‘ach’ j’ich’el [person newly received] 14, 18D.

bridge: k’o 9A1.
brick or stone bridge: castillan k’o 9A1, 15A8; ka‘al ton 9A1.
wooden bridge: ka‘al te‘el k’o 9A1; te‘el k‘o 9A1.

bridle: ‘ak’ freno 9A1, 15A9, 25; ‘ak’bey freno 9A1, 15A9, 25; ‘otes freno 9A1, 15A9, 25.

bridled: ‘ak’ebil freno 9A1, 15A9, 25.
be bridled: ‘och freno 9A1, 15A9, 25.

brief: mo Haluk 2C.

bright: ch’ulul 8F; k’an-ch’ulan 8F1; sak-jaman 8F1; sak-kepan 8F1; saksak 8F1.
(moonlit night): sak-mesan 2A, 8F1.
become bright: sakub 8F1.
become bright (moonlit night): sak-mestay ‘osil 2A, 8F1.

brightness: sakubel 8F1.

brimful: jaxal nojel 12; nojel 12; *titzaajel nojel 12; *titzil nojel 12.

brine: ‘atz’amil Ho‘ 1C.

bring: bring by force: joch’ 9D, 10B, 13B.
bring forcibly: tzajal-‘ik’ 9D, 10B, 13B.

bristle: new bristles: k’un tzotzil 6F.
pig’s bristle: tzotzilal chitom 6F.

bristling: (cat): ta tz’ablej 6G.

britches: wide and short plaited britches: vexil 31C.

broken: ch’ijbil 10E; javbil 10E; k’asal 10E; k’asbil 10E; k’aval 10E; k’avbil 10E; k’ojbil 10E; k’okbil 10E; k’okol 10E; tuch’bil 10E; tuch’ul 10E; t’usul 10E; voch’bil 10E; vok’bil 10E; vok’ol 10E.
be broken in two: cha‘-k’os k’asey 10E; cha’-vok’ vok’ey 10E.
be broken open: voch’ 10E.
broken open: vok’ol 10E.
broken piece: ch’uyulil 10E; xutulil 10E; tuch’ 10E; tuch’ulil 10E; t’usulil 10E; vok’olil 10E.
with the end broken off: ch’uybil jol 10E; ch’uyul 10E.

broody: be broody (hen): k’an patlej [want to lie down] 6B2, 14, 25.

brook: bik’tal Ho‘ 1C.

broom: mesob na 22E; mesojeb 22E; mesojebal 22E; mesvanab 22E.

broth: ‘a’lel 23A2; ti’bol 23A2.
fat of broth: lam 23A2.

brothel: mul na [house of sin] 14, 18C, 28C2; mulaveb na 18C, 28C2; mulavil na 18C, 28C2.

brother: man’s elder brother: bankilal 18F.
man’s younger brother: ‘itz’inal 18F.
mother’s brother: Horn 18F.
woman’s elder brother: xibnelil 18F.
woman’s younger brother: mukil 18F.

brown: ‘ik’-yaman 8F1.

bruise: petey 33; voch 33.
with bruises: j-p’ej t’elel 33.

bruised: petel 33; petetik 33; petpet 33; ta petlej 33; vochol 33.
badly bruised: vochochtik 33.

brush: ch’ul 9D; ch’ulvan 9D; ju‘obil 9D.
brush one’s teeth: josilan ‘e 7G; jot’ilan ‘eal 7G.
carding brush: jach’ubtayabil 28B, 31A; jach’ubtayabil tux-nok’ chij 28B, 31A.

brushwood: brushwood for an oven: ‘unen te‘ 1D, 22C; bik’tal te‘ 1D, 22C; ch’ilob vaj 1D, 22C.

brutish: brutish person: chijil vinik 16P.

bubble: bubble up: bulbon 1A, 1C.

bubo: *xu 33.
buboes that spread from one part of the body to another: ‘anil ‘apon 33.
large and very serious bubo: tzajal ‘apon 33.
small bubo: ton ‘apon 33.

bucket: water bucket: likobil Ho‘ 1C, 22C.
water bucket or jug: likob Ho‘ 1C, 22C.

bud: lok’ 5.

buffoon: k’oj te‘ vinik [mask or carved wood person] 14; lo‘il vinik 32; lo‘lo vinik 32; tuli-‘atil vinik 32; *Hona vinik 32.
play the buffoon: tuli-’atij 16N.

buffoonery: lo‘loyel 32; tuli-‘atil 32.

build: ‘ak’ te‘el 28; ch’uban 28; ch’ubay 28; nop te‘el 28; tojobtas te’el 28.

builder: jch’ubayej-na 28A; naivil 28A; jnaivej 28A.
official builder: jch’ubajel 20, 28A.

building: support building with posts or buttresses: xok’i 28.

bull: xinch’ok vacas 6A2; xinch’okil vakax 6A2, 15A9.
ferocious bull: k’ak’al vacas [hot bull] 6A2, 14G, 15A9.
young bull: kelem vacas 6A2, 15A9.
young bull or ox: ‘ach’ vacas 6A2, 15A9.

bullying: k’ak’al [hot] 14G, 161; te‘te‘il 16I.

bump: bump into (door): tij ba 9A1.
bump or knock into: tij 9A1.
with bumps: j-p’ej t’elel 3.

bunch: j-chuk 12A.
(bananas, dates, grapes): j-choj 5B, 12A; j-lik 5B, 12A.
bunch by bunch: ju-jun chuk batel 12A.

bundle: bundle of stitched pages: j-lotz 11A, 12A.
bundle of torch faggots or plants: j-‘ikatz 5, 12A; j-k’ech 5, 12A; j-meylej 5, 12A.

bundled: volbil 9C.

burden: ‘ikatzil 9A1; kojobil 9A1.

buried: but’ibil ta lum 1B, 9C; but’ibil ta lumtik 1B, 9C; but’ijesbil 1B, 9C; but’ul 1B, 9C.
buried object’ but’iej 1B, 9C; but’oj 1B, 9C.

burlap: flax or maguey burlap: jotz’bil chi 22D, 31A.

burn: tzan 1D; chik’ 1D; k’ak’ 1D; k’ak’es 1D; k’ak’etal 1D; nop’ 1D.
(coals): ‘ak’lin 1D; ‘an 1D.
(turning the firebrand or embers and scattering them): balax-k’ak’tay 1D.
burn around: joy-chik’ 1D; joy-k’ak’ay 1D;
pat-k’ak’ay 1D.
burn beneath the trees as when they burn thickets for cornfields, leaving large trees standing: tokal-te‘ 1D, 26.
burn the fields: chik’ ‘osil 1D, 26.
burn with flames: til 1D; tilet 1D.

burning: burning of underbrush: tokal te‘ 1D, 26; tokal-te‘ivanej 1D, 26; tokavej 1D, 26.

burnish: jux 29; t’ab 29.

burnished: t’abbil 29.

burnisher: juxob 22E; juxobil 29; t’abob 29; t’abob ton 29.

burnt: chik’bil 1D; k’ak esbil 1D.
burnt area: chik’benal 1D.
burnt field: k’ak’etal 1D, 26; k’ak’etallik 1D, 26.
burnt patch: chik’il k’ok’ 1D.

burrow: ch’en 1B, 6A1; na 1B, 6A1.
rabbit burrow: ch’en t’ul 6A1; mukeb t’ul 6A1; mukleb 6A1.

burst: tuch’ 9E, 10E; t’us 9E, 10E.

bury: but’ ta lum 1B, 9C; muk 9C.
bury dead person: muk jchamel 9C, 18E.
bury under: but’ 9C.

business: ‘abtel 27; patan 27.
be one’s business: na‘ ta tojol 27; patan ‘ojov 27.
new business: ‘okel 2, 27.
new business (of outsider or person who starts new enterprise): be [path] 2, 14, 27.

buskin: xoj ‘ok 31C; xojobil ‘ok 31C.

bustle: bustle about: kankonet 16C; voch’vonet 16C.

busy: be busy: ‘oy patan 27D; jok’tzaj 27D.
be too busy: mu Hu‘ ‘a‘i [feel that one can’t do it] 14C, 16C, 27D.
be too busy (to do something because of disturbances): mo ‘elmaj k’in 16C, 27D.
be very busy: ‘ep patan 16C, 27D.
keep busy: ‘abtejes 16C, 27D; ‘ak’ patan 16C, 27D.
state of being busy: patan 16C, 27D.

but: -ey 36.

butcher: jchon-bek’et 27A.

butcher shop: chonob bek’et 27, 28C2.

butler: butler who guards silver and gold platters: jchabi bel nail 22A; jchabi ve‘ebal tak’in 22A.
butler who lays out the tablecloth: jk’i-tasil 22A.

butt: t’is jol 9D.
(rams, cows): xulbay ba 6G, 9D.
butt heads together (boys): t’is-joli ba 9D, 18B.

butterfly: (general term): pepen 6E.
green butterfly eaten by the Indians: tz’unun pepen 6E.
large spotted butterfly: xjojoch’ pepen 6E.

buttocks: chak 7A; chakil 7A; naklebal 7A; patil 7A.

buttress: ‘ipajeb ch’ub 28D1; ‘ipajebal 28D1; ‘ipan 28D1; ‘oy ch’ub 28D1; xokon ch’ub 28D1; xok’ ch’ub 28D1.

buttressed: be buttressed: ‘ipaj 28D1.

buy: man 27; manoj 27.
buy corn: ‘ekelaj 27; ‘ekeltay 27.
buy on a large scale: p’olmaj 12, 27.
buy small objects in small amounts: tukul man 12, 27; tukul-man 12, 27; tukultukul man 12, 27.
person who buys at market: jch’ivitajel 27.

buyer: jmanojel 27.

C

cabbage: coles 5B, 15A10.
cabbage broth: ‘a‘lel ‘itaj 23A1.
cabbage stock: te’el coles 5B, 15A10; tomal 5B.
head: baloj ba coles 5B, 15A10.

cackle: k’ayk’onet 8C1.
(goose): ‘a‘onet8Cl; ‘avalet 8C1.

cake: Easter cake: ton tuluk’il vaj 23A1, 35E.

calamitous: ma‘-ba 21B; pek’a 21B; tenkex 21B.

calamity: ma‘-‘olal 21B; ma‘-bail 21B; pek’ail 21B; tenkexil 21B.

calendar: calendar of saints’ days: ‘atob ‘osil [time counter] 2B, 14E, 35E; ‘atob k’ak’al 2B, 14E, 35E; ‘atob k’in 2B, 14E, 35E.

calf: calf of the leg: tzo’ ‘okil 7A.

call: ‘ik’ 13B.
call again: cha‘-‘ik’ 13B.
call frequently or importunately: *votol-‘ik’ 16K.
call repeatedly: tzajal-‘ik’ 13B.

callous: pimil nukul 7C.
become calloused: me‘in nukulil 7E; pimub
nukulil 7E.

calloused: (foot, hand): pim-letan 7C.

calm: ch’anantas 16G; lamal 16G; lamtzan 16G; nakanbey ‘olonton [seat one’s heart] 14B6, 16G.
(wind): ch’anol 1A.
(without wind): ch’an chi ‘osil [silent time] 1A, 14E; laaet ‘osil [calm time] 1A, 14E.
be calm: ch’an chi 16G; ch’an-chi 16G; laanej 16G; nakal ‘olonton 16G; nakan ‘olonton 16G.
become calm and clear (weather): k’ep ‘osil 1A.

calmness: laanil ‘olonton [tame heart] 14B6, 16G; nakanel ‘olonton 16G.

came: ‘ay 9A1.

camp: establish camp (as the captain ordered them to establish camp): nakan jch’ilom 21E1.

can: Hu‘ 16C; Hu‘ ‘u‘un 16C.

canal: be Ho‘ 9A2; tz’anal Ho‘ 9A2; Ho’ 9A2.
filled with water): bik’tal ‘uk’um 9A2.
dry canal: be-o‘ 9A2; taki-‘uk’um 9A2.

candle: (candela 1D, 15A5, 22C; tajleyabil 1D, 22C.

candlestick: ‘av japbalal 22B; ‘av naul 22B; candelero 15A5, 22B; kajanab candela 15A5, 22B; kajleb candela 15A1, 15A5, 22B; kuxanab candela 15A5, 22B; kuxanabil candela 15A5, 22B.

cane (1): canefield: ch’ieb vale‘ 26.

cane (2): maj ta te’ 20A, 21C; majob te’ 20A, 21C; majvan ta te’ 20A, 21C.

caned: majbil ta te‘ 20A, 21C, 33.

canefield: vale‘tik 26.

canoe: jom 9A2.

cap: cap strap: chukobil 31C.
flap of a montero cap that covers the face and neck: mukobil ni‘ 31C; pixobil sat 31C.

capacity: pasel 12; pasel ba 12.

capricious: capricious person: j’epal-’olonton [many-hearted person] 14B6, 16K; j’epal-tza [person of many thoughts] 14, 16K.

captain: ba ch’iloni 21E1.

captive: tzokil 20, 21E.
bought captive: manbil mu‘nat 20, 21E, 27; mu‘nat 20, 21E, 27.

captivity: mu’natil 21E; mu’natinel 21E.

capture: tzak 21E; tzakolaj 21E; tzakolajel 21E; tzokil 21E; chukel 21E; chukvanej 21E.

carat: ‘etel k’anal tak’in 12, 29; jul k’anal tak’in 12, 29; tojol k’anal tak’in 12, 29.
mark the carats: ‘eteltas k’anal tak’in 12, 29; jul k’anal tak’in 12, 29.

card (1): jach’ubtay 31A; tus tux-nok’ chij 31A.
card wool: ch’ul tux-nok’ chij 31A; jach’ubtay tux-nok’ chij 31A.
carding brush: tak’in jach’ub 28B, 31A.

card (2): card game: Hunal bul 32B.
card player: bulinom ta Hun 32B.
play cards: bulin 32B; bulin ta Hun 32B.
playing cards: Hunal bul 32B.

care: muk’ta ‘ich’el [big receiving] 14F1, 16C.

careful: be careful: ‘ak’ ‘olonton [give or put one’s heart] 14B6, 16C; bak’ ‘olonton [have one’s heart move] 14B6, 16C; muk’ta-‘ich’ 16C.

caress: jax 7E, 16D; jaxbey 7E, 16D; jaxulan 7E, 16D.

carpenter: j‘an-te‘ 28A; jch’ul-te‘ 28A.

carried: carried off: pojbil 9B.
object carried in one’s arms: petoj 9B.
object carried in one’s mouth: katz’oj 9B.
object carried on one’s back: kuchoj 9B.
object carried on one’s shoulders: k’echoj 9B.

carry: ‘ean 9B.
carry bundle under one’s arm: latz’apuy ta lotz’op 9B.

can: carry crosswise in one’s mouth or teeth: katz’ 9B.
carry dangling: lik 9B; likoj 9B.
carry in one’s arms as children: pet 9B, 18B.
carry off: poj 9B, 10D; pojvan 9B, 10D.
carry on one’s back: kuch 9B; kuch batel 9B.
carry on one’s shoulders as a litter: k’ech 9B.
carry out: vesan 9B.
carry under one’s arm: ‘ak’ ta lotz’op 9B.

cart: cart driver: jchabi setet te’ 9A1, 27A.

cartwheel: setet te‘ carreta 9A1, 15A9, 25B.
cartwheel hub: balbal te‘ 9A1, 25B; setset te‘ 9A1, 25B.

cartwright: jchabi setet te’ 9A1, 30A.

carve: ‘an 28.
(not with a chisel, but as trimming a beam or carving wood): joch’ 28.
carve mouldings: joch’ 28.
carve stone: ‘an ton 28.
carve stone image: k’oj 28, 30.
carve with a chisel or other thing by hitting it: k’oj 28.
carve wood: ‘an te‘ 28.

carved: joch’bil 30.

carver: jjoch’- _____ 28A, 30A; jjoch’vanej 28A, 30A carver at table: jjis-ti’bol 22A; jkup-ti‘bol 22A.

carving: joch’el 30; joch’el 30.

castle: tzatzal na 28C3.

castrate: lok’es tonil 25, 33.

castrated: lok’bil tonil 25, 33; mo ‘oyuk tonil 25, 33.

cat: gato 6A2, 15A9; misto 6A2, 15A9.

cataract: pixobil ch’ulel sat [covering of the iris or soul of the eye] 14B7, 33.

catch: (live animal): tzak 24.
catch with a hook: lukbay 24.

caterpillar: chanul 6E; chon 6E; xuvit 6E.

cattle: vacas 6A2, 15A9.
cattle pen: tzobleb 28C1; kunleb 28C1; vayeb 28C1.
grazing cattle: lo‘obtasbil chij 6A2.
herd of cattle: j-tek tzobbilej vacas 6A2, 15A9.
tend grazing cattle: lo‘bajes 25; lo‘obtas 25.

caught: kakal 9D.
be caught between two objects: kaktzaj 9D.

cauldron: p’inal tak’in 22C; tak’in 22C.

cause: ‘ak’ 17; *tze 17; k’alal 17; ya 17.

cautious: tzaibil 16C; p’ij 16C.
be cautious: ‘ich’ tza 16C; jik’ abtel 16C; julan xanav 16C.
be cautious (in expectation of the lashing one will receive): jik’majel 16C.
cautious person: jtzainom 16C; julan vinik [awake person] 14C, 16C; p’ijil vinik [clever person] 14, 16C; vik’il sat vinik [open-eyed person] 14B2, 16C.

cave: xojob ch’en 1B; xojxoj ch’en 1B.

cavern: (hole in rock): ‘ok’och 1B.

cedar: (with a bigger leaf, lighter wood and reddish): ch‘u te‘ [holy wood] 5A, 14.
small-leaved cedar: k’isis 5A.

cense: ch’ailay 8D, 35C; ch’ailtas 8D, 35C; ch’atay 8D, 35C; k’ojojib 8D, 35C; muib-ch’atay 8D, 35C; muibtay ta ch’ail 8D, 35C.

censer: ‘av ‘incienso 15A1, 22C, 35B; ‘av castillan pom 15A1, 22C, 35B; ch’atayabil 22C, 35B; jomal ‘av castillan pom 15A1, 22C, 35B.
censer with which they cense: muib-ch’atayabil 22C, 35B.

censure: ‘ut 16H

census: take census: ‘ak’ ta Hun bi 19, 20; ‘otes ta Hun biil [enter names on paper] 14, 19, 20.

certain: batz’ik’op [real word] 14J, 17; batz’iltik 17; toj Hech 17.

chafe: tuch’uch’tik pas 9D, 33.

chafed: tuch’uch’tik pasel 9D, 33.
(by cloth): tuch’uch’tik 9D, 33.

chain: chuk ta ch’ojon tak’in 9C; ch’ojon tak’in 26B.

chair: tz’omol 22B; naklebal 22B; *pakal 22B; silla 15A5, 22B.
leather chair: nukulil tz’omol 22B.

challenge: ‘ik’ ta tzamesel [call to kill] 14, 21E; ‘ik’ ta majel [call to beat] 14, 21E.
tza’nabil 22C;

chamberpot: tza‘nabil p‘in 22C; tza‘neb p’in 22C; pulom Ho‘ 22C.
large chamberpot: jayal tak’in 22C.

Chamula: Chamo‘ 19; San Juan 15A2, 19.

chance: by chance: Ha’ no ‘ox yalal 17.
by chance?: me 17.

change: change one’s clothes: k’ex 31E.
change one’s ways: k’ex 16A, 16P; k’ex ba 16A, 16P.

charcoal: ‘ak’al 1D, 22C.
charcoal maker: jchik’-‘ak’al 27A.

charge: take charge of: tak 10A, 16E; takbey 10A, 16E.

charitable: charitable person: j’aboltayvanej 10C, 16A, 27.

charity: ‘aboltayel 10C, 27; ‘aboltayvanej 10C, 27; jalal ‘ilel 10C, 27; jalal ‘ilvanej 10C, 27; jol ‘ilvanej 10C, 27.
do charity: ‘aboltay 10C, 16A, 27.

chase: nutz 9A1.

chaste: be chaste: ‘utz chabi bek’tal 16A, 18C.
chaste woman: pokbil xanav ‘antz [woman who lives or walks washed] 14, 16A, 18C; t‘ujum xanav ‘antz 16A, 18C.

chastise: *‘akan-‘oltay 16H, 21C.

chastisement: *‘akan-‘oltayvanej 16H, 21C.

chastiser: j‘akan-‘oltayvanej 16H, 21C.

chastity: pokbil xanbal 16A, 18C; t’ujum xanbal 16A, 18C.

cheap: mo joluk 27B; yalel tojol 27B.
be cheap: mo ‘oyuk tojol 27B.

cheat: jpak’tayej 27B.

cheek: cho 7A.

cheese: queso 15A9, 23A2.
fresh cheese: yaxal queso 15A9, 23A2.

Chenalho: San Pedro 15A2, 19.

cherry: chix-te‘ 5B.

chess: bul 32B; te’el bul 32B.
chess player: bulinom 32B; jbul 32B.

chest: caja 15A5, 22C; ni‘ ‘olontonil 7A; *pun-te‘ 22C.

chew: xax 7E, 23A4.
chew a lot: xaxulan 7E, 23A4.
chew or gnaw (as clothes moths or mice eat clothing): k’ux 6G, 10E.
chew wood (worms): joch’ 10E.

chewed: xaxbil 10E.

Chiapa: Soktom 19.

chick: ‘ol tuluk’ 6B2.
hatch chicks: vok’es ‘alab 6B2, 25.

chicken: castillan tuluk’ 6B2, 15A9.
blind chicken: mo k’ot sat tuluk’ 6B2, 33.
chicken broth: ‘a‘lel tuluk’ 23A2.
chicken pen: na tuluk’ 28C1.
chicken tender: jyo-tuluk’ 25A.

chief: ‘ajvetik 16E, 20; ba‘yitajel 16E, 20; ba‘yita-jel vinik 16E, 20; jba‘yitajel 16E, 20.

chigger: ‘ochem ch’ak 6E.

chilblain: ‘esel 33; ‘eselul 33.
afflicted with many chilblains: ‘eseltik 33.

child: ‘unen 18B; ‘unen ‘olol 18B.
(metaphorically): ch’ich’el [blood] 14B11, 14H, 18B; k’elom [sprout] 14H, 18B; nich [flower] 14H, 18B; sat [eye or face] 14B2, 14H, 18B.
child whose father died before he was born: nich k’ok’ 18B, 21B.
father’s sister’s child, mother’s sister’s child: ‘ix me’elil 18F.
fatherless child: jcham-tot [dead father person] 14, 18B, 21B.
legitimized bastard child: melel nich’nab 18F, 21B.
man’s bastard child: mulal nich’nal 18F, 21B; mulal nich’on 18F, 21B.
man’s child: nich’nal 18F; nich’onil 18F.
man’s firstborn: ba’yi nich’nal 18F; ba’yi nich’onil 18F.
man’s only child: juyinom nich’nal 18F; juyinom nich’on 18F.
man’s second child: cha’-va’al nich’nal 18F; cha’-va’al nich’on 18F.
man’s youngest child: k’oxil nich’nal 18F; k’oxil nich’non 18F.
motherless child: jcham-me’ 18B, 21B.
newborn: chu’uneb ‘olol 18B.
nursing child: chu’unom 18B.
woman’s brother’s child (if older than ego): xibnelil 18F.
woman’s brother’s child (if younger than ego): mukil 18F.
woman’s child: ‘alal 18F; ‘olol 18F.
woman’s first child: ba ‘ol 18F; tzebal ‘olol 18F.
woman’s last child: k’oxil ‘olol 18F.
woman’s only child: juyinom ‘olol 18F.
woman’s second child: cha’-va’al ‘olol 18F.

childhood: ‘unetikil 18B.
childhood companion: ‘ix ta kelmal 18B.

childish: act childish: ‘unetiki ba 16L, 18B; tajim 16L, 18B.
childish act: ‘unetikil pasnej 16L, 18B.

childishness: ‘unetikil 16L, 18B.

chili: ‘ich 5B.
chili sauce: p’uyum ‘ich 23A1.

chill: sikubes 7E, 8A; sikubtas 8A.

chilled: become chilled: sikub 7E, 8A.

chimney: lok’eb ch’ail 1D, 28D.
chimney shaft lok’eb ch’ail 1D, 28D.

chin: kolomil 7A.
double chin: kutz’av nuk’ 1C.
pig’s double chin: kutz’om nuk’ chitom 6F.

chip: jep 9D; jepelul 9D; voch’ 9D; voch’olil 9D.
(glass): voch’ 9D.
chips or chunks of wood: p’asalul te‘ 5; p’asben te‘ 5.
metal chip: kamul tak’in 29.
stone chip: ‘anben ton 1B; ch’uch’ul ton 1B.
wood chip: ‘anben te’ 5; ch’uch’ul te‘ 5; kamul 5; kamul te’ 5.

chipped: jepbil 10E; jepel 10E; voch’bil 10E; voch’ol 10E.
badly chipped: voch’voch’tik 10E.
chipped badly: voch’oltik 10E.

chisel: ‘eteltas 28; ch’oj 28; ch’ojob te’ 26B; ch’ojobil te’ 26B; ch’ojvan 28; joch’ob ton 26B; jul 28; julob 26B; Hotob 26B; Hotob te‘ 26B; Hotob ton 26B.

chocolate: pure chocolate: tzeel kokov 23A1.

choice: tamol 17; tamolajel 17.

choir: coro 15A1, 32A.
(of the church): k’eyojinebal 28D, 32A, 35B.

choke: jik’av 33.

choking: jik’avel 33.

cholera: charnel 33; simal 33.

choleric: k’an-k’uyan 33; yax-k’uyan 33.

choose: nakan 17; t’uj 17.
choose the best: t’uj 16C, 17.
person who chooses: jtamanej 17; jtamvanej 17.

chooser: jt’ujom 17; jt’ujvanej 17.

chop: bajbonet 10E, 26; baj 10E, 26; boj 10E, 26; p’as 10E, 26.

chopping: chopping sound: bajbonetel 8C.

Christmas: ‘ayanel 35E; k’in navidad 15A1, 35E; k’in pascua 15A1, 35E; navidad 15A1, 35E; pascua 15A1, 35E; vinkilayel 35E; vinkilayel pascua 15A1, 35E.

church: ch’uul na 28C3, 35B; iglesia 15A1, 28C3, 35B; na dios 15A1, 28C3, 35B.

ciborium: na lomajebal sacramento 15A1, 35B; nak’obil sacramento 15A1, 35B.

cicada: xikitin 6E.

circle: lying in a circle: joyoj ta ta‘lej 3, 4; joyol ta ta‘lej 3, 4.
seated in a circle: joynej ta naklej 3, 4; joyoj
ta naklej 3, 4; joyol ta naklej 3, 4.
standing in a circle: joyoj ta va‘lej 3, 4; joyol
ta va‘lej 3, 4.

circumcise: jos xinch’okil bek’tal 7G, 34, 35C; kup nukul xinch’okil bek’tal 7G, 34, 35C.

city: muk’ta j-tek lum [big piece of ground] 14F1, 19; muk’ta k’ulej 19; muk’ta lum [big ground] 14F1, 19.

civil: request civil action (from the alcalde): k’anbey ch’akel 20.

clamp: net’ob 9D; net’obil 9D.

clang: bajlaj 8C; bajluj 8C; tzanlaj 8C.
(copper or silver platter falling to ground): bajlajetel 8C, 22C, 29; tzanlajetel 8C, 22C, 29.

clap: clap hands as when rejoicing or dancing: pak’ponet 8C1, 32, 32A; pak’ulan 8C1, 32, 32A.

clarity: tzaijel 11.

clasp: nap’an ta chukel 9D; nop’-chuk 9D.

clasped: nap’anbil ta chukel 9D; nop’-chukbil 9D.
object being clasped: nap’anej ta chukel 9D; nop’-chukoj 9D.

clean: ch’ul 7G, 22E; ch’ulbil 7G, 22E; ch’ulomaj 7G, 22E; pok 7G, 22E; pokbil 7G, 22E; pokomaj 7G, 22E.
(well-swept house): sak-mesan 22E.
absolutely clean (God): pokpokbil 7G, 35D.
clean a second time (scraping): cha‘-cho‘ 22E; cha’-jos 22E.
clean by rubbing off (mucous): kusilan 7G.
clean by rubbing off (mud, or as when they remove mucous from their children’s noses): kus 7G.

cleaner: ch’ulobil 22E; pokobil 22E.

cleanliness: ch’ulel 7G, 22E; pokel 7G, 22E.

cleanse: ch’ul 7G, 22E; pok 7G, 22E; tojobtas 7G, 22E.

clear: tzaibil 11; k’epel 1A; nopbil 11; sutesbil 11.
(not difficult): mo tzotzuk 11.
(sky): sakub ‘osil 1A.
clear and without sediment pokbil 1C; t’ujum 1C.
clear or fair weather k’epel ‘osil 1A.
have sky clear: jam ‘osil [have sky open] 1A, 14E.

clemency: ‘aboltayvanej 16A, 20A; k’uxubinvanej 16A, 20A; laanejel 16A, 20A.

clench: clench one’s teeth: k’ux ‘e 33.
clench one’s teeth (in pain): matz’ ti’ 33.

clever: ch’ulum ti‘ 16C; p’ij 16C.
be clever: ‘ak’bey tza 16C; ‘oy tza 16C; ‘oy tzaijel 16C; ‘oy p’ijil 16C.
become clever: tzaij 16C; tz’ib ‘olonton [have a heart of writing] 14B6, 16C; ch’ulum-ti‘ij 16C; p’ijub 16C.
clever person: jtzainom 16C.

cleverness: tza 16C; tzaijel 16C; ch’ulum-ti‘il 16C; p’ijil 16C.

cliff: tz’i‘lel ch’en 1B; sak-bajan ch’en 1B; va‘al ch’en 1B; *vekel ch’en 1B.
expanse of cliffs: *chaj tontik 1B.

climate: ‘osil [world or time] 1A, 14E.
mild climate: laan ‘osil 1A.
temperate climate: laan 1A.
with a mild climate: laan k’epel 1A.

climb: muy 9A1.

clink: (falling metal or money): tzanlaj 8C, 27C, 29; t’ijlajet 8C, 27C, 29.

cloak: capa 15A4, 31C.

clock: ‘atob ‘osil [time counter] 2, 14E, 22C; reloj 2, 15A5, 22C.

clod: volvol lum 1B.

clomp: t’int’onet 8C.

closed: makal 9C; makbil 9C.
(eyes): mutz’bil 7C, 9C; mutz’ul 1C, 9C.
object that has been closed: makben 9C.

closet: nak’nak’eb 22C; nak’obil 22C.

cloth: nok’ 31D; pak’al 31D; pafio 31D.
(general term): pok’ 31D.
any cloth covering: but’iabil 9C, 31D.
any cloth that object is placed on: tas 9C.
bench cloth: but’iabil 22D.
carrying cloth: pech’ech’il 22C, 22D.
cloth gusset: muk’ubeb 31D; p’oleb 31D.
cover one’s head with a cloth: panolin 9C, 31.
cover with a cloth: tasi 9C, 31.
cover with cloth or clothing: lutz’ 9C, 31.
embroidered cloth: luchbil pok’ 31D.
goat’s hair cloth: pimil pok’ 31D; tux-nok’ chij pok’ 31D.
green cloth: yaxal pok’ 8F1, 31D.
gray (mixture of black and white): sak-tanan 8F1, 31D.
heavy cloth: muk’ naul 31D; pim naul 31D; pimil nok’ 31D.
mend cloth: xoj 31D.
object being covered with cloth: lutz’oj 9C.
piece of cloth removed to narrow suit: yubeb 31D.
small cloth: bik’tal pok’ 31D.
thin cloth: bik’it naul 31D; jayal nok’ 31D; jayal pok’ 31D; pativil 31D; pativil pok’ 31D.
warp cloth: mel te‘om 31D.
warper of cloth: jtijvanej 31B.
woven cloth: jolob 31D; jolobil 31D.

clothe: k’u‘un 31.
(give person clothing): k’u’ultas 31.
clothe oneself: pix ba 31.

clothes: change one’s clothes: k’exoj 31.
clothes iron: net’ob pok’ 22C; net’obil 22C.
remove mourning clothes: ‘olan ta ch’ob 18E, 31.

clothing: k’u‘ul 31C.
clothing being worn: k’u‘unej 31.
clothing with embroidered hem: jochbil ti‘ k’u‘ul 31C; luchbil ti‘ k’u‘ul 31C.
edge of clothing: ti’ k’u‘ul 31.
object being covered with clothing: pixoj 9C, 31.
own clothing: k’u‘un 31.
piece of clothing: k’u’unej 31.
ragged clothing: lo’ol k’u’ 10E, 21D, 31.
undulating trim of clothing: puxil 31; puxux-tikk’u* 31.
use clothing: k’u‘un 31.
wrinkle in clothing: pux 10E, 31.

cloud: tok 1C.
cloud over: ‘ik’-pultay 1C; ‘ik’-pultay osil ta tok 1A; tz’i‘lej ta tok [change color or become ugly with clouds] 1C, 14E; lik tok 1C; naka tok ‘ayan [have just clouds be born] 1C, 14; nupij tok 1C; taot ta tok 1C.
rain cloud: tatal tok 1C.
storm cloud: chaukil tok 1C.

cloud-covered: be cloud-covered: tok ‘a‘i 1C.

cloudy: ‘ik’-pulan ‘osil ta tok 1C; makal ‘osil [covered weather or sky] 1C, 14E; toktik 1C.

cloven-foot: voy 6F.

cloven-footed: ‘oy voy 6F; loch’ol voy 6F.

clover: trebol 5A.

cluck: t’okt’onet 6B2, 8C1.
(hen): kokkonet 6B2, 8C1.

clutch: kik 9D.

coagulate: pat ba 3; tatub 3.

coal: red hot coal: ‘ak’al 1D.

coarse: coarse person: naka vinik 16L; p’onko‘tik no ‘ox 16L; tenkex vinik 16L.

coat: coat of mail: cholol tak’in 21E2, 31C.
large wide coat without buttons: sayo 15A4, 31C; xojobil 31.

coatimundi: koktom 6A1.

cobweb: na ‘om [spider house] 6E, 14.

coccyx: koj chak 7A1.

cochineal: bon 6E; ch’uj 6E.
cochineal cactus: ch’ieb ch’uj 5A, 6E; te‘el ch’uj 5A, 6E.
covered with cochineal bugs: pim ch’uj 6E, 9C; toj ch’ujch’ujtik 6E, 9C.

cockscomb: tzalub 6F.

cocoa: cocoa pod: patkokov [cocoa back] 5B, 14B8.
counterfeiting of cocoa beans: p’isel ta kokov 5B, 27C.
dilute cocoa: puk’ kokov 23A3.
forge cocoa: pak’tay ta kokov 27C.
forged cocoa: pak’taybil ta kokov 27C.
make cocoa by grinding it: juch’ kokov 23A3.
pour cocoa from bowl to bowl (as when they pour a gourd of cocoa into another to make foam): t’oj 23A3; t’oj kokov 23A3.

cognizance: tza 11, 16C.

coil: k’amam 3; xotey 3.
coil up (snake): xot ba 3, 6G.

coiled: xotbil 3; xotoj ba 3; xotol 3.

coin: tomin 15A3, 27C.
copper coin (quarter): ‘ek’el tomin 15A3, 27C, 29.
gold coin: k’anal tak’in tomin 15A3, 27C, 29; tak’in 27C, 29; tonal tak’in 27C, 29.
silver coin: batz’i tomin 15A3, 27C, 29.

cold: sik 8A; sikil 8A.
be cold: sik ‘a‘i 8A.
be very cold: cham ta sik [die of the cold] 8A, 14G.
become cold: sikub 8A.
bristle with cold: ch’ix-majtay 8A.
bristling with cold: ch’ix-majan 8A.
catch a cold: ‘obal ‘a’i 33; ‘oban 33.
feel cold: sik ‘a’i 7E, 8A.
head cold: ‘obal 33.
make cold: sikubes 8A; sikubtas 8A.
post-partum cold or cold sickness that women frequently suffer: yax-chelul 18A, 33.

coldly: siksik 8A.

collar: iron collar: xotot tak’in 21C; xotxot tak’in 21C.

color: bon 8F1; bonobil 8F1.
change color (face): tz’i‘lej 7E, 8F1.
change color or complexion: ch’ay 7E, 8F1; k’un-kola‘aj 7E, 8F1.

colored: bonbil 8F1.

colt: ‘ol caballo 6A2, 15A9; ch’iom caballo 6A2, 15A9.

column: nakleb chikin te‘ [seat of wooden ear or ear tree] 14B6, 28D.
marble column: chikin bax 1B, 28D.
stone column: chikin ton 1B, 28D.
stone column or pillar: ‘oy tonal 1B, 28D.
wooden column: chikin te‘ 28D.
wooden column or pillar: ‘oy te‘el 28D.

comb: jach’ub 31E; jach’ubtay 31E; jach’ubtayabil 31E; tus 31E
comb of hen: tzalub 6F.
curry comb: almohasa 15A9, 25B; ch’ulob chij 25B.
grow a comb: ‘ayan tzalub 6G.
have a comb: ‘oy tzalub 6F.

combat: tuk’ay 21E.

combed: jach’ubtasbil 31E; tusbil 31E.

come: tal 9A1; Hul 9A1.
come this way: li‘ tal 9A1.
come to: kuxol 7E, 34.
have just come: Hulel ‘oy 2, 9A1; Hulel to 2, 9A1.

comet: fiery comet: xojob k’ak’al [sunbeam] 1A, 14G.

comfort: patbey ‘olonton [mold one’s heart] 14B6, 16A.

command: taki 16E; takiej 16E; takivan 16E.

commemoration: na‘obil 2.

comment: suteb 13A; sutejeb 13A; sutejes 13A; sutes [return] 11, 14; sutesabil 13A; sutp’ijeb 13A; sutp’in 13A; sutp’inabil 13A; valk’un [turnover] 11, 14; valk’unabil 13A.
(in book): valk’ujeb 11A.

commercial: commercial deal: vinajesabil ve‘el [identification meal] 14, 27.

commit: commit oneself: k’uban ba 16D.

committed: k’ubanbil 16D.

common: ‘oy no ‘ox buyuk 12; jilom no ‘ox ‘oy 12; naka k’op no ‘ox 12; naka Ha‘ no ‘ox 12; ta sut 12.

communal: ‘ol [heart] 14B6, 20.

community: ‘ol 19.

companion: chi‘il 16D; lak’ 16D; nup 16D.

compare: nop 8G; p’is 8G; tij 8G.

comparison: joy-k’op [roundabout word] 8G, 14J; nop-k’op [thought up word] 8G, 14J; nopel 8G; p’isbil k’op [measured word] 8G, 14J.
comparison of person: djel 8G.

compass: p’is 26B.

compassion: k’uxubinvanej 16A.

compete: compete with: k’exvan 16C; nak 16C.

complain: complain of pain or sickness: ‘akanaj 33; ‘aket 33.

complete: tz’akal 2; tz’aki ‘u‘un 2; tz’akubtas 2.

completed: tz’akubtasbil 2.
be completed: tz’aki 2.
particle expressing completed time: ‘ox 2; ‘oy 2.

completion: tzutzeb 2; lak’eb 2.

compliance: ‘ak’el ta ‘olontonil 16F.

comply: comply with the ordinances or mandates of the king or courthouse: chabi k’oplal [guard the talk] 14J, 16F, 20.

compose: (couplets, song, words): nop 11, 11A, 32, 3 2A.

compulsory: tzajal [red] 14D1, 17.

conceal: muk 9C.
conceal one’s anger or grief: tz’ik 9C, 16H, 16J.

concealment: mukvanej 9C.
concealment of anger or grief: tz’ikel 9C, 16H, 16J; tz’ikvanej 9C, 16H, 16J.

conceive: (woman): ‘alaj 7E, 18A.

conciliate: ch’anantas 20A.

conclude: Hu’ ‘u‘un 2.

concubine: ‘ajmul 18C; ‘ix ta majel 18C.
have a concubine: ‘ajmulin 18C; ‘oy ‘ajmul 18C; majav 18C.

condition: pasel 4; talel 4.

confess: ‘al mul 20A, 35C; ch’ay mul 20A, 35C; james 20A, 35C; vinajes 20A, 35C.

confessed: publicly confessed: Hapbil ti‘ 20A, 35C.

confession: confesion 15A1, 20A, 35C; tojobtasabil 20A, 35C; tojobtasabil ‘olontonil 20A, 35C; tojobtasel ‘olontonil [heart correction] 14B6, 20A, 35C.
hear confession: tojobtas 20A, 35C; tojobtasbey ‘olonton 20A, 35C.
make one’s confession: meltzajes ‘olonton 20A, 35C; tojobes ‘olonton 20A, 35C; tojobtas ‘olonton 20A, 35C.
make public confession: Hap ti’il 20A, 35C.
public confession: Hap ti’ 20A, 35C; Hap ti’il 20A, 35C.
take confession: pas confesion 15A1, 20A, 35C.

confessor: (priest): jtojobtasej-‘olontonil 35A.
confessor who confesses his sins: j‘al-mul 20A, 35A, 35C; jjam-mul 20A, 35A, 35C.

confidant: jmak muktal k’op 16D.

confide: confide in: tzoy ba [tether oneself] 14, 16D; jok’an ba [hang oneself] 14, 16D; k’uban ba [entrust oneself to] 14, 16D; man ba [buy oneself] 14, 16D.

confidence: source of confidence: jok’leb 16D.

confident: jok’ol 16C.
confident person: jjok’anej ba 16C

confiding: jok’anej ba 16D; k’ubanej ba 16D.

confirmation: confirmacion 15A1, 35C.

confiscate: tzajal-poj 10D, 21C; pojbey 10D, 21C.
confiscate another’s property in a dispute: lekbey 10D, 20A, 21C.

confused: sokoltik 11.
be confused in conversation, speech, or the doctrine: sok ‘u‘un 11, 13A, 35C.

confusion: jinel 11; sa‘el 11; sokel 11.

conquer: nak 21E; pas yabut 21E; yabutij 21E; yabutin 21E.

conqueror: jyabutijel 21E; nakmal 21E.

conquest: yabutil 21E.

conscience: act in good conscience: jok’an ta ch’ulel 16A, 16D.
throw the burden of one’s conscience upon others: jok’an ta ch’ulel 16F.

consecrate: ch’uiltas 35C.

consent: ‘a‘i 16F; k’an ‘a‘i 16F; k’op 16F.
do with everyone’s consent: patob ‘utz ‘a‘i pas 16F.
do without one’s consent: mo ‘utzuk ‘a’i pas 16K.

consider: ‘at ‘olonton [have one’s heart count] 11, 14B6; ‘at ta ‘olonton 11; na‘ ta ‘olonton [know in one’s heart] 11, 14B6.

consolation: ‘et’esab ‘osil 16A; ch’ubayel ‘olonton [build ing of one’s heart] 14B6, 16A; laanejesabil 16A; patel ‘olonton [molding of the heart] 14B6, 16A.
consolation in one’s grief: laanejesabil me‘anajel 16A, 16J.

console: ch’ubay 16A; ch’ubay ‘olontonil 16A; pat ‘olontonil 16A; patbey ‘olonton 16A.

consoler: jch’ubayej-‘olontonil 16A; jpat-‘olontonil 16A.

constable: jnam-te‘ 20.

constipated: be constipated: mak 33; paj 33.

construction: ch’ubajel 28; ch’ubanej 28; ch’ubayej 28; naivej 28.

consult: k’opon ba 11.
consult with many: tzobol-k’opon ba 11; *chanul-k’opoj 11; *chanul-k’opon ba 11.
consult with many (as in the courthouse): tzobol-k’opoj 20A; cha‘ mel k’opoj 20A; cha‘ mel k’opon ba 20A; jak’bey ba k’op 20A.

consumptive: *kinich ‘ojov 33.

contagious: ch’ambil 33.
be contagious: ch’amet 33.

contend: nak 20A; nakav 20A; tup’bey ba k’op 20A.

contender: nakbal 20A.

content: ‘ak’ ta‘aluk ‘a‘i 16B; ‘ak’ ta‘aluk ‘oy ‘a‘i 16B; ta‘al ‘oy ‘a‘i ‘u‘un 16B.
be content: ta’al ‘oy ‘a’i 16B.

continent: batz’i balumil 1B; batz’i lum 1B; lajel bat 1B.

continually: Ha‘ no ‘ox 2.

continue: Ha‘al ‘ech’ 2; Halejes 2.
continue doing: naka Ha’ no ‘ox pas 2.

continuous: jilol ‘osil [length of time] 2, 14E.

contract: ch’akeb k’op [division of words] 14J, 27; kak ba 27; nopeb k’op [agreement of words] 14J, 27.
(as when a snake contracts and coils): tz’al ba 9D.

contradict: tup’ k’op 13A; valak-patin k’op 13A; yan ‘al 13A; yan k’opoj 13A.

contrary: on the contrary: ta valak-pat 13A.

convalesce: ‘ich’ ‘ip 33; ‘ipaj 33.

conversation: be confused in conversation: sok k’op 13A, 16L.
cut short one’s conversation: ch’ak ta be k’op 2, 13A; yales k’op 2, 13A.

conversion: (as of St. Paul): sutel ‘olontonil [return of the heart] 14B6, 35C.

convert: k’atajes 35C.

converted: be converted: k’ataj 35C; sut ‘olonton 35C; suttzaj 35C; sutp’ij 35C.
be converted (from sinful ways): Hul ‘olonton [have one’s heart return] 14B6, 16A, 35C.

convulsion: jik’avel chamel 33.

cook: pan 23A3; pas ve‘el 23A3.

cooked: panbil 23A3.

cool: k’un-sikub 8A; sik 8A; sikubes 8A; sikubtas 8A.
cool off (weather): k’un-sikub ‘osil [have weather cool slowly] 1A, 8A, 14E.
cool water: k’un-yaman sikil Ho‘ 1C, 8A.

cooled: k’un sik 8A.

coolness: k’un-yamajel 8A.
refreshing coolness as in the lowlands: k’un-yaman sik 1A, 8A.

copper: copper vein: lok’eb ‘ek’el 29.

copy: chanbey 11, 16N; lok’tay 11, 16N.
copy or imitate (writing, work): k’elubey 11A, 16N; k’eluy 11A, 16N; lok’taybey 11A, 16N.

cord: ch’ajnul 26B; ch’ojon 26B.

cordage: ‘ak’il 26B.

corn: ‘ixim 5B, 26.
attachment point of corn kernel or attachment stem of ear of corn: ‘uxub ‘ixim 5B.
be threshed (corn): tek’ey ‘ixim 26.
corn field laborer: jchob-’abtel 26.
corn field weeder: jtukesej-lum 26; jtukiej-chobtik 26; jtukiej-lum 26.
corn flour: ch’ilim 23A1.
corn husk: jojoch’ 5B.
corn stalk: vale‘ 5B.
corn stubble: k’ajben 5B, 26.
corn that has been bought: ‘ekel 27.
corn that matures in sixty days: ‘ox-vinik k’in ‘ixim 5B, 26.
dry ear of corn: vojton 5B, 26.
ear of corn (when the kernels are beginning to develop): yi batel 5B, 26.
ear of corn (when the kernels are large and soft): ‘ajan 5B, 26.
ear of young corn (milky with undeveloped kernels): yi 5B, 26.
painted corn: tz’ibal ‘ixim [written corn] 5B, 14, 26.
person who spends many days in the cornfield: jk’ulej ta chobtik 26.
rainy season corn: Ho’tikil ‘ixim 5B, 26.
sour corn gruel: pajal ‘uch’om-o‘ 23A1.
summer corn: k’ak’altikil ‘ixim 5B, 26; k’ak’altikil ‘osil ‘ixim 5B, 26.
thresh corn: tek’ ‘ixim 26.
white corn: sakil ‘ixim 5B, 26.

corncob: (after it has been shelled): bakal 5B; baklej ‘ixim 5B.

corner: xuk’av 3, 28D; xuk’lej 3, 28D; xuk’ultik 3, 28D.
corner of house: chikin na [house ear] 3, 14B3, 28D; xokon na 3, 28D.
form a point or corner (cliff): tz’e’p’uj 1B, 3.
go by a cliff that forms a point or corner tz’e‘el batel 1B, 3, 9A1.

correct: ‘utz 11.
(person, writing): tojobes 11, 16C; tojobtas 11, 16C.

corrector: (of unspecified subject): jtojobtasvanej 11, 16C.
corrector of ______: jtojobtasej- ______ 11, 16C.

corridor: wooden corridor: chikin te‘ 28D.

corrupt: tz’i‘lejes 16P; tz’i‘ley 16P.
become corrupt: kola’aj 16P.

corrupted: tz’i‘lejesbil 16P; tz’i‘leybil 16P.
be corrupted: tz’i’lej 16P.

corruption: tz’i‘lejel 16P, 20; kola‘al 16P, 20; ma‘-bail 16P, 20.

cost: tam tojol 27.
cost more: jelav tojol 27, 27B; muy tojol 27, 27B.
cost so much: Hech ‘ak’ tojol 27B; Hech ‘epal tojol 27B.

costly: more costly: muyesbil tojol 27B.

cotton: tux-nok’ 5B.
card cotton: sivuj 5B, 31A.
clean and pick cotton: sivuj 5B, 26.

cough: ‘obal 33; ‘oban 33.
have a cough: ‘obal ‘a’i 33.
person with a bad cough: j’obal 33.

council: ch’akebal na 20; jch’akel 20.

counsel: ‘ol 11; tzitz 11; tzitza‘aj 11; tzitzel 11; tzitzo‘ 11.
take counsel seriously: ta ta ‘olonton [find in one’s heart] 14B6.

counselor: jtzitza‘ajel 11; jtzitzvanej 11.

count: ‘at 12; ‘atolaj 12; *‘elo 12; ‘otol 12.

counter: (person): j’atolayel 12; j‘atvanej 12; j‘otol 12.

counterfeit: counterfeit cocoa bean: k’axtok kokov 27C.

counterfeiter: jpak’tayvanej 11A, 16N, 27C; jpak’tayvanej ta tz’ib 11A, 16N, 27C.

country: native country: lumal [ground] 14E, 19; na 19; yo‘ ‘oy ch’i [where one grows up] 14, 19; yo‘ ‘oy vinkilay [where one is born] 14, 19.

couple: one of a couple: nup 12.

courage: tzatzal ‘olonton [strong heart] 14B6, 16E; tzatzalil 16E; tzatzubel 16E; ch’ilomal 16E; muk’ul ‘olontonil [big heart] 14B6, 14F1, 16E.

courageous: courageous person: jtzatzal-‘olonton 16E.

court: tz’omol yo’ ‘oy Hu’ ch’akel [stool where decisions are made] 14, 20, 20A.
court of justice: nakleb yo’ ‘oy pas ch’akel 20, 20A; nak’ob k’op [word repository] 14J, 20, 20A.

courtesan: ta tz’el ‘ojov xanav [he who lives or walks beside the lord] 14, 20; ta na ‘ojov xanav [he who lives or walks in the lord’s house] 14, 20.

courthouse: ‘ol na [house of the heart] 14B6, 20A, 28C3; ch’akebal ‘ol [judgment place of the heart] 14B6, 20A, 28C3; ch’akob k’op [where words are judged or divided] 14J, 20A, 28C3.

cousin: ‘ix me‘elil 18F.

cover: balobil 9C; but’i 90, nuj-maki 9C.
(bowl, pitcher, pot, waterjug): mak 9C, 22C.
cover one’s nakedness: pix 7E, 9C, 31.
cover up: but’ 9C.
cover with clothing: pix 7E, 9C, 31.

covered: makal 9C.
be covered up: but’ij 9C.
covered object: but’iej 9C; but’oj 9C.
object being covered as a pitcher or pot: makoj 9C, 22C.

covet: k’upin 16O.

covetousness: k’upinvanej 16O.
covetousness that one receives: k’upinel 16O.

cow: vacas6A2, 15A9.
cow barn: na vacas 15A9, 28C1.
cow or mare, etc. that has given birth: ‘alnom 6A2.
ferocious cow: k’ak’al vacas 6A2, 15A9.

coward: jxi‘el 16J.

cowardly: ‘unen ‘olonton [baby heart] 14B6, 14F2, 16J; bik’tal ‘olonton [small heart] 14B6, 14F2, 16J.

cowherd: jchabi-vacas 15A9, 26A.

cowlick: tzukutz 7C.
with a cowlick: tzukumtik 7C.

coyote: ‘ok’il 6A1.

crab: yox 6D.

crack: ‘ap’al 3, 10E; ‘ap’el 3, 10E; tzik’el 3, 10E; tzik’ilul 3, 10E; t’aj 3, 10E; t’ajalil 3, 10E; t’ajel 3, 10E; vok’benal 3; vok’olil 3, 10E.
(as earth, fresh tile or wood cracks in the sun): jat 1B, 10E.
(board, window, door): ‘ap’alul 10E, 28.
bad crack: ‘up’el 10E; ‘up’ulil 10E.
crack badly: ‘up’ 10E.
crack open: tzik’ 10E.
crack open (ground): ‘ap’ 1B, 10E.

cracked: ‘ap’al 10E; jatal 10E; t’ajal 10E; vok’bil 10E; vok’ol 10E.
(heels): t’ajaltik 33.
badly cracked: ‘ap’ap’tik 10E; t’ajajtik 10E.
cracked in many places: ‘ap’ap’tik 10E; ‘up’up’tik 10E; tzik’ik’tik 10E.
cracked open: tzik’il 10E.
cracked wall: ‘up’ul 10E, 28D1.

craft: ‘abtel 30; ‘abtelanel 30.

craftsman: jna‘vanej 30A.
master craftsman: jtza-‘abtel 30A.

craftsmanship: ‘utzil pasvanej 30; tza 30.

craggy: craggy area: va‘al ch’en 1B.

cram: lom ta tek’el 9E.
cram in (with one’s feet): pak’ ta tek’el 9E.

cramp: tzeluyel 33.

crash: (falling rocks): p’ajlajet 1B, 8C.
(support or beam when breaking): voch’laj ‘ 8C, 10E.

crashing: crashing sound (support, beam): voch’lajel 8C, 10E; voch’latel 8C, 10E.

crave: sitz’et ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel craving time] 14E.

craziness: ma’-’olal 33; ma’-ba ‘olal [calamitous heart] 14B6, 33; Hoviel 33; Hovil 33.

crazy: Hov 33.

creak: tz’iet 8C; jo‘et 8C.

cream: lam 23A2.

create: (as God made the world): pas 10A, 35D.

created: be created: ‘ayan 10A.

credit: bought on credit: Hatzinbil 10B, 27.
give on credit: ‘ak’ ta ch’amol 10C, 27; ‘ak’ ta Hatzil 10C, 27.
lose one’s credit: mu k’ot k’op [one’s word does not arrive] 10D, 14J, 27.
receive on credit: k’ex 10B, 27.
take on credit: Hatzin 10B, 27.
that taken on credit: Hatzinej 10B, 27.

crest: feather crest: butzuy 6F.
grow feather crest: ‘ayan butzuy 6G.
have feather crest: ‘oy butzuy 6F.

cricket: chil 6E.

crier: town crier: j‘ov 20.

criminal: criminal process: Hun [paper] 14, 20A.

cripple: pek’aubes 33; pek’aubtas 33.

crippled: *‘anibtasbil 33; pek’a 33.
be crippled: *‘ani 33.
become crippled: pek’aub 33.

crocodile: ‘ain 6C.

crooked: lukluk 3, 10E; nelnel 3, 10E.
become crooked (line, edge, road): k’ejp’uj 3, 10E.
go crooked (line, path): nelp’uj 3, 10E.

crooked-mouthed: tz’oto-ti‘ 1C.

crookedly: sitting crookedly: t’ocht’och 7D.

cross (1): cruz 15A1, 35B.
arm of the cross: manga de cruz 15A1, 35B.

cross (2): k’atey 9A1; poyey 9A1.
(ocean, river): p’as 9A1, 9A2.
cross over: jelav 9A1.

cross-eyed: xiji-sat 33.

crossbar: makobil mak na 28D; makobil puerta 15A8, 28D.

crossbow: t’in tak’in 21E2; t’inal tak’in 21E2; vallesta 15A7, 21E2; yolob tak’in 21E2.
crossbow bolt: yolobil 21E2.
crossbow pellet mould: ch’ulobil tuk’al lum 21E2; pasobil tuk’al lum 21E2.

crossbowman: jyalbayvanej 21E1; jyalvanej 21E1; yalom 21E1.

crossroads: yo‘ ‘oy nup ba be [where roads meet] 9A1, 14.

crosswise: k’atal 3; poyol 3.
object being placed crosswise: k’atanej 9B.
place crosswise: k’atan 9B.
set down crosswise: poyan 9B.

crowd: ‘epal vinik 12; *chanul vinik 12; pisil vinik 12.
crowd forward: vetz’ ba talel 9A1.
crowd in or towards: *tekel tal 9A1

crown: nit-baijes 31E; nit-bain 31E.
(with which they dance): nit-bail 31E, 32A.
feather crown: nit-ba k’uk’um 6F, 31E.
flower crown: nit-ba nichim 31E.
put on a crown: nit-baij 31E.

crozier: xotxot tak’in 31C, 35B; xotxot te‘ 31C, 35B.

crucify: baj ta cruz 15A1, 35C.

cruel: ch’ilom ‘olonton [warrior heart] 14B6, 16I; k’ok‘ ‘olonton [hot or fire heart] 14B6, 14G, 16I.
be cruel: mo k’uxubinvan 16I.
become cruel: k’ak’ub [become hot] 14G, 16I; lek’-ti’ub 16I; te’te’ub 16I.
cruel person: k’ak’al vinik [hot person] 14G, 161; lek’-ti’il vinik 16I; te’te’ vinik 16I; te’te’il vinik 16I.

cruelty: k’ak’al [heat] 14G, 16I; k’ak’ubel 16I; lek’-ti’il [lip-licking] 14B5, 161; te’te’il [woodenness] 14C, 16I.

crumb: p’uyulil 12, 23A1; p’uyulil vaj 12, 23A1; xut 12, 23A1.
tiny crumb: sesenbil vaj 12, 23A1.

crumble: p’uyilan 10E.
(bread): xut 10E, 23A4.
crumble with the fingers or as parrots crumbling bread into large crumbs or small pieces: sesen 6B1, 7E1, 10E, 23A4.
crumble with the hands: ju‘ 7E1, 10E, 23A4.
crumble with the hands (lumps of sugar): p’uy 7E1, 10E, 23A4.

crumbled: p’uybil 10E; p’uyul 10E; xutbil 10E; xutul 10E.
crumbled object ju‘ben 10E; p’uyben 10E.
object being crumbled: ju’oj 10E; p’uyoj 10E.

cry: ‘avalet 16J; ‘avan 16J; ‘ok’ 16J; ‘ok’olet 16J.
cry over person: ‘ok’etay 16J.

crying: ‘ok’el 16J.
be worth crying over: tojol ‘aboltay 16A; tojol ‘oy ‘ok’etayuk 16A; tojol vokoltas 16A.

cubit: chumay 12.

cudgel: chin-te’ 21E2; majob te’ 21E2; volvol jol te* 21E2.

cultivate: chabaj 26; chaban 26; chaban chob 26.

cultivated: cultivated field: chabajeb 26; chob 26.
cultivated ground: chabanbil ‘osil 26; chabanbil lum 26.

cultivating: cultivating tool: chabajeb 26B.

cultivation: chabajel 26; chabjomal 26.

cultivator: chabjom 26A.

cunning: ‘ip tza 16N; tzaibil 16N; tz’ib ‘olonton [writing heart] 14B6, 16N; p’ij 16N.
cunning person: jtzainom 16N.
make cunning: tz’i’lej ‘u‘un 16N; tz’i’lejes 16N; tz’i‘ley 16N; kola‘ajes 16N.
make person cunning: kola’aj ‘u‘un 16N.

cup: ‘uch’obil 22C; taza 15A5, 22C.
cup one’s hand (as when we take water): k’et 7E1.
glazed cup: ch’ulul taza 15A5, 22C.
pottery cup: chik’bil lum 22C.

cupbearer: jp’is-chi‘ 22A.

cupboard: nak’nak’eb 22C; nak’obil 22C.

cupped: object cupped in the hand: k’etoj 7E1.

cur: bik‘tal tz‘i’ 6A2.

curable: be curable: ‘utz kol ‘u‘un 34.

curassow: great curassow: j‘is 6B1.

curd: tatubtasbil chu‘ chij 23A2; tatubtasbil chu‘ul 23A2.

curdle: pat ba 23A3; tatub 23A3.

cure: ‘utzibtas 34; poxtaj 34.

curer: jpoxil 34; jpoxtayej 34.

curl: mutzib 7C.
curl up (as do some caterpillars or bugs when touched): tzub ba 6G, 9C.

curly: become curly: mutzepay 7C; mutzib 7C.

curly-haired: mutzeptik jol 7C; mutzey jol 7C; mutzutztik jol 1C.

current: Ha‘ te ‘oy 2; Ha‘ te tana ‘ech’ 2.
be current: tana to ‘ayan 2.
stem the current kiktzaj 9A2, 10D.

currish: currish act: tz’i‘il pasel 16P.

currishness: tz‘i’il 16P.

curse: ‘ut 16H; ‘ut dios 15A1, 16H, 35D; ‘ut santo 15A1, 16H, 35D; ‘utvan 16H; chakanol k’op [words of hate] 14J, 16H; chakanoltay 16H; chakanoltayvanej 16H; kola‘al-‘al [speak wickedly] 14J, 16H; ti‘ol k’op [words of hate] 14J, 16H; ti‘oltay 16H; ti‘oltayvanej 16H.
person who curses: jchakanoltayvanej 16H.
person who curses another: jchakanol-k’op 16H.

cursed: chakanoltaybil 16H; ti‘oltaybil 16H.

custodian: jchabiomal 20; jchabivanej 20.
(of an orphan): jchabiomal-me‘on 18B, 20, 21B.

custody: chabiel 10B, 20A; chabiomal 10B, 20A; chabivanej 10B, 20A.

custom: pasel [doing] 11, 14; talel [coming] 11, 14; Hech talel 11.

cut: jis 10E;jisbenal 10E; jos 10E; josbenal 10E.
(cloth into many pieces): kupilan 10E, 31A.
(upright object as a tree): tz’et 10E, 26.
(with scissors, etc.): lotz’oj 10E.
(with two things, as scissors or as they cut the thatch for their houses with an ax and a stick): lotz’ 10E, 28; sep’ 10E, 28.
cut in strips: jis 10E.
cut into pieces: t’ol 10E.
cut off: k’okbil 10E; k’okol 10E.
cut off one’s escape: joy 21E; mak 21E.
cut or pick melon or mushroom cap: k’ok 26.
cut or slice of beef, veal, fish: t’ol 23A3.
cut short: komes 10E.
cut the end off: ch’uy 10E.
cut to pieces (cloth): jisulan 10E, 31A.
cut with scissors: kup 10E.
object being cut: sep’oj 10E.

cypress: ‘ok’il te‘ [coyote tree] 5A, 14A; nukul pat [leather back] 5A, 14B8.

D

dagger: julob tak’in 21E2; puñal 15A6, 21E2; xenob tak’in 21E2.

daily: ‘ok’om‘ok’om 2A; ta ju-jun k’in 2A.

damage: kola‘ajes 10E.

damaged: be damaged: tz‘i’lej 10E; kola‘aj 10E.

dammed: be dammed up: komtzaj 1C, 10A, 28E; liktzaj 1C, 10A, 28E; naktzaj 1C, 10A, 28E.

dance: ‘ak’ot 32A; ‘ak’otaj 32A; ‘ak’otal 32A.
make dance: ‘ak’otajes 16N, 32A; ‘ak’ottas 16N, 32A.
make dance (cat): ‘ak’otan 6A2, 32A.

dancer: j‘ak’ot 32A; j‘ak’otal 32A.

danger: tz‘i’lejel 21A; tz‘i’leyel 21A.
be in danger: tz’i’lej 21A; tz’i’ley 21A.
be out of danger: mo k’u na’ [not know anything] 14C, 16G.
free from danger: koles 16G; koltay 16G.

dangerous: t’i‘lelal 21A.
be dangerous: ‘ip tz’i’lelal 21A.
dangerous sickness: tz‘i’lelal chamel 33.

dare: ‘ak’ ch’ilomal 16E.

daring: be daring: mo k’usi xi’ [be afraid of nothing] 14, 16E.

dark: ‘ik’-pulan 8F1; ‘ik’-pulantik 8F1; ‘ik’‘ik’ 8F1.
grow dark: ‘ik’ub 8F1; *sapet ‘osil 8F1; *sapoj ‘osil 8F1.
grow dark (sky): ‘ik’-pultay 1C, 8F1.
grow dark (trees in the distance): ‘ik’-‘otz’tay 5, 8F1; ‘ik’-lomtay 5, 8F1.
have sky grow dark: ‘ik’-pultay ‘osil 1C, 8F1.

dark-skinned: dark-skinned person: ‘ik’al vinik 7C, 8F1.

darkness: ‘ik’ubel 8F1.

darn: ch’ik 31A; ch’ik ta sitz’el 31A.

darner: jch’ikvanej ta sitz’el 31B.

date: k’inal 2A, 12; k’inil 2A, 12.

daughter: man’s father’s brother’s daughter when younger than he, mother’s brother’s daughter when younger than he: ‘ixlel ‘ixlel tot 18F; ‘ixlelil 18F.
man’s father’s or mother’s brother’s daughter when older than he: vixil 18F.
woman’s daughter ‘antzil ‘olol 18F.

daughter-in-law: ‘alib 18F.

dawn: ‘ik’-luman 2A; ‘ik’-numan 2A; ‘oy to ‘ak’abal 2A; *jich’aj ‘osil 2A; *jich’ajel 2A; k’inaj ‘osil [have sky become day] 2A, 14E; k’inajel 2A; k’inil ‘osil 2A; sak-jaman ‘osil 2A; sakub ‘osil 2A.
at dawn: ‘ik’-lumantik 2A; ‘ik’-numantik 2A.
early dawn: k’inilk’inil ‘osil 2A.

dawning: sak-kepan 2A.

day: k’ak’al [heat] 2A, 14G; k’in 2A.
by day: ta k’ak’altik 2A; ta tumuchultik 2A, 15C.
day after tomorrow: cha‘ej 2A.
day before yesterday: chabjey 2A.
each day: ta ju-jun k’in 2A.
holy day: chabiat k’in 2A, 35E.
on the first day: ta ba k’in 2A.
set a day: ch’ak k’in 2A; ch’akbey k’in 2A; paj 2A.
the day before: ‘ok’ob xa ‘oy 2A.
what day?: buy k’ak’al 2A; buy k’ak’al k’in 2A.

daytime: in the daytime: ta k’ak’altik 2A, 15C; ta tumuchultik 2A.

daze: ma’-sati 33.
(as when they daze birds): ma’-satij 24.
(birds): ma’-satijes 24; tup’bey sat 24.

dazed: be dazed: tup’ sat 33.

dead: chamal 18E.
be absolutely dead: lajel cham 18E.
be dead: ch’ay [lose] 14, 18E; ch’ay ‘ik’ [lose one’s breath] 14B5, 14C, 18E; laj 18E.
dead person: chame-vinik 18E; jchamel 18E; jch’ayel 18E; jlajel 18E.
half-dead: ‘olbaj chamuk 18E, 33; k’an charnel 18E, 33.
nearly dead person: lut’um-‘e vinik [scar mouth person] 14B5, 18E, 33.

deadfall: deadfall for birds or mice: petz’ 24.
hunting with a deadfall: petz’ayej 24.
trap mice or birds that are taken with a deadfall: petz’ay 24.

deadline: ch’akbil k’in 2.
set (deadline): ch’akbil 2.
set a deadline: ch’ak k’in 2.

deadly: deadly herb: jtzamesvanej pox 5, 18E.
deadly thing: jtzamesvanej 18E.

deaf: kok 8C1, 33.
deaf person: kokil vinik 8C1, 33.
grow deaf: kokib 8C1, 33.

deafen: kokibes 8C, 33; kokibtas 8C, 33.

deafness: kokibel 8C1, 33; kokil 8C1, 33.

dealer: jk’opojel 27A.

death: ‘olanel 18E; chamel 18E; ch’ayel 18E; lajel 18E.
be sentenced to death: cham ta yan 18E, 20A, 21C.
cruel death: tzelel chamel 21C; k’uxul chamel 18E, 21C; ma‘-ba chamel 18E, 21C.
feign death: pak’tay ba ta jchamel 16N, 18E.
near death: ch’akebal ‘ik’ [moment before breath, air or wind is divided] 14, 18E; lajebal 18E; tas ‘olonton [have one’s heart pulled] 14B6, 18E.
passage of death: ‘olanebal 18E; chamebal 18E.
person who feigns death: Ha‘ te pak’tay ba ta tup’el ‘ik’ 16N, 18E.
put to death: ‘olantas 18E, 21C.

debenture: tzakobil tak’in Hun 21D, 27; lok’esabil tak’in 21D, 27.

debt: ‘il 21D, 27.
free from debt: ch’ay 21D, 27; ch’aybey 21D, 27.
oblige one to pay his debts: sutes 21D, 27.
pay a debt with money received from another’s debt: pakojbey 21D, 27.
pay one’s debts in full: lok’ 27; toj 21D, 27.
payment of debt; lok’el 21D, 27; lok’vanej 21D, 27; tojel 21D, 27; tojvanej 27.
pledge security for a debt: tasey 16D, 21D, 27.
take, a pledge of security for a debt: tas 16D, 21D, 27; tasbey 16D, 21D, 27.

debtor: jHatzinvanej 21D, 27.

decay: joch’ib 10E.

deceit: tzail k’op [imagined words] 14J, 16N; cha‘-lom k’op [two time words] 14J, 16N.

deceitful: deceitful person: jtzainom 16N; jchibal-k‘op [he of two words] 14J, 16N.
deceitful questioning: jotz’-k’op [word dragging] 14J, 16N.
make deceitful: tz’i‘lej ‘u‘un 16N; tz’i‘lejes 16N; tz’i‘ley 16N; kola‘ajes 16N.
make person deceitful: kola‘aj ‘u‘un 16N; Hovi ‘u‘un 16N.

deceitfully: ta tzail k’op 16N; ta cha‘-lom k’op 16N; ta lo‘loyel 16N; ta lo‘loyvanej 16N.

deceive: deceive oneself: ch’ay ‘olonton 16N; Hovi 16N.
deceive person about the price of something: lo‘loy 16N, 27, 27B.
deceive with fair-seeming words: cha‘ lom k’optay 16N; tasley-k‘optay [cover and speak against] 14J, 16N.
deceive with plots: yakubes 16N; Hovintas 16N.

deceived: person deceived by others: jlo‘loyel 16L.

deceiver: jtzail-k’op 16N; jcha‘ lom k’op 16N.

declare: declare oneself: vinajes ‘ik’ [display one’s breath, air or wind] 14B5, 16N.

decline: (in number, population, property or rank): vetz’ 10D, 12, 16L, 20, 21B.
(person, property): jayub 10D, 16L.

decorate: decorate with branches: ‘ak’ k’ob te’ [put tree arms] 14B10, 16R.
decorate with pine needles: ‘ak’ xak-toj 5A, 16R; ‘otes xak-toj 5A, 16R.
decorate with planted branches: tz’un k’ob te‘ 16R; paj k’ob te‘ 16R.

decoy: chanbey ‘ok 16N, 24; chanbey ti‘ 16N, 24.
bird decoy: ‘ik’ob mut 16N, 24.
decoy bird with a whistle: ‘ik’ mut 16N, 24.
decoy deer with a whistle: ‘ik’ chij 16N, 24.
decoy with a whistle: ‘ik’van 16N, 24.
deer decoy: ‘ik’ob chij 16N, 24.

decrease: ‘ul 10D, 12; ‘ulel 10D, 12; k’oxib 10D, 12; tup’ 10D, 12; vetz’ 10D, 12; vetz’es 10D, 12.
(water): bik’taj 1C, 10D, 12.
decrease in number: jayub 10D, 12; jutebaj 10D, 12.

decreased: tup’ul 10D, 12; vetz’el 10D, 12.

deed: pasnej 16A.
(as when we say, “a good deed”): pasojel 16A.

deep: ‘ip natil 12; pulpul 12.
(ravine, valley): nat 1B, 12.
(water): nab 1C, 12; toj nab 1C, 12; toj nat 1C, 12.

deer: chij 6A1.

defame: ‘ules 16H, 16N; ‘utvan 16H, 16N; puk ‘a’yejal [spread stories] 14, 16H, 16N; pukbey ‘a’yejlal 16H, 16N; tup’ 16H, 16N.

defamed: pukbil ‘a’yejlal 16H, 16N.
be defamed: pukbeat ‘a‘yejlal 16H, 16N.

defamer: jpuk-’a’yejlal 16H, 16N; jpuk-k’op [word-spreader] 14J, 16H, 16N; jvinajesej-‘a’yejlal [person who displays stories] 14, 16H, 16N.

defect: komenalil 10E; pajbenal 10E.

defend: koltay 20A, 21E; mak-pati 20A, 21E.

defender: jkoltayvanej 20A, 21E; jk’op 20A, 21E.

defense: object of one’s defense: koltayej 20A, 21E.

defiled: be defiled: kola’aj 16M.

deflower: jambey bek’tal [open one’s flesh] 7E, 14B11, 18C, 18D; jat 7E, 18C, 18D.

deformed: toj kolo’ 33.
(hand, foot): chubbil 33.
be deformed (person, animal): xi’benaj ba 6, 33.
become deformed (head, foot): chub ba 33.

degrade: kolo‘ ‘ut 16H, 16M, 16P; lob ‘ut 16H, 16M, 16P.

degree: to some degree: juteb 12.

delay: jok’tzajel 2C; jok’tzajes 2C; natijel 2C; Halej 2C; Halejel 2C; Halejes 2C.

delayed: be delayed: jok’tzaj 2C.

delayer: jjok’tzajel 2C; jHa’al 2C; jHalejel 2C.

deliberate: ch’ak ‘ olonton [divide one’s heart] 11, 14B6; pas ‘olonton [one’s heart does] 11, 14B6.

deliberation: ch’akel ‘olonton 11, 16C; pasel ‘olonton 11. 16C.

delicacy: muil 8D.

delicious: chi‘ 8D; mu 8D; toj ‘utz 8D.

delight: ‘utzil 16B; mu ‘osil chi ‘u‘un [have fragrant time] 14E, 16B; muibel 16B; muil 16B.
bring delight to: muibes 16B; muibtas 16B.
delight in: muib 16B; muib ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel the time become fragrant] 14E, 16B.
take delight in: ‘utzib 16B; tzatzub 16B; nichimaj 16B; nichimaj ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel the time flower] 14E, 16B.

delighted: be delighted: mu ‘osil ‘a‘i 16B.

delivered: ‘ak’ebil 9B; ‘et’esbil 9B.

demand: k’anoj 13B; k’anojel 13B.
become hard hearted or persistent in one’s demands: tonib ‘olonton 13B.

demanded: article to be demanded: k’anbol 13B.

demander: jk’anojel 13B.

demanding: persistent demanding: k’anvanej 13B.

demolish: jines 10E.
(house, building): jin 10E, 28.
demolish or pull down (house, building): tuk 10E, 28; tukes 10E, 28.

denier: jyail 16N; jmuk-k’op [word-burier] 14J,; 16N.

denounce: ‘ilan 16H.

dented: lom 3, 10E; lomol 3, 10E; potz’ 3, 10E; potz’ol 3, 10E; *vuch 3, 10E; *vuchul 3, 10E.
be dented: ‘och lomluk 3, 10E; ‘och potz’luk 3, 10E; potz’aj 3, 10E.
become dented: lomtzaj 3, 10E.
dented in many places: lomomtik 3, 10E.
slightly dented: lomlom 3, 10E; lomollomol 3, 10E; potz’olpotz’ol 3, 10E; potz’potz’ 3, 10E; *vuchulvuchul 3, 10E; *vuchvuch 3, 10E.

deny: ‘ilan 16N; mu ‘al 16N; mu jam 16N; mu meltzajes 16N; mu vinajes [not reveal] 11, 14, 16N; muk [bury] 11, 14, 16N; ya tiȘ 11, 16N.
deny one’s guilt (legal case): muktal-net’bey 16N, 20A; net’ k’op [push one’s words] 14J, 16N, 20A; net’ ta ‘alel 16N, 20A.

depart: lik 9A1; lok’ 9A1.

departure: ‘ech’el 9A1; batel 9A1; likel 9A1.
moment of departure: batel ‘oy 9A1.
recent departure: batel to 9A1.

depopulate: kom ta na 21B; *lu 21B.

depopulated: be depopulated by famine or sickness: vetz’ 21B.
be depopulated in war: ch’ay 21B, 21E; laj 21B, 21E.
become depopulated by famine or sickness: jayub 21B; jutebaj 21B.

deposit: deposit on bottom of evaporation pots: ton ‘atz’am 23A3.

deposited: k’ubanbil 9B.

depraver: jtz’i‘lejesvanej 16P; jtz’i‘leyvanej 16P.

depressed: lom 3; lomol 3; potz’ 3; potz’ol 3; *vuch 3; *vuchul 3; *vuchulvuchul 3; *vuchvuch 3.
slightly depressed: lomlom 3; lomollomol 3; potz’olpotz’ol 3; potz’potz’ 3.

depression: chaklej 1B, 3.
form a depression or hollow: chaktzaj 1B, 3.
with a depression or hollow (land): chakchak 1B, 3.

deprive: ‘alantas 10D; jel 10D.

depth: natil 12.

deputy: jlok’tay 20.
(of warden or governor): k’exol 20.

descend: yal 3, 9A1.

descent: gradual descent: nelel 1B, 3, 9A1; nellej vitz 1B, 3, 9A1.
gradual descent (path): nelel batel 1B, 3, 9A1.

desert: ‘ol ‘osil [heart land] 1B, 14E.

deserve: lekoj ‘oy 16C, 16D; tojol ‘oy 16C.

desire: k’an 16D; k’anoj 16D; k’anvanej 16D; k’upin 16D, 18C.
arouse another’s desire: ‘ak’ k’upin 16D, 18C.
desire that one feels: k’upinvanej 16D, 18C.
lustful desire: mulal k’upinvanej 16P, 18C.
object of one’s desire: k’upinej 16D, 18C.

despair: chakanoltay ba 16J; ti‘ol 16J; ti‘oltas ‘osil [make time despair] 14E, 16J; ti‘oltas ba 16J.

desperation: chakanol 16J.

despise: ten ch’ay [throw away] 14, 16H.

despondency: bik’tal ‘olonton [small heart] 14B6, 14F2, 16J; bik’tal ‘olontonil 16J.

despondent: despondent person: jbik’tal-‘olonton 16J.

destination: turn back without reaching destination: paj 9A1.

destroy: lajes 10E; sok 10E; sokes 10E.

destroyed: be destroyed: ch’ay 10E.

detain: maktzajes 2C; maktzan 2C.
(as when the alcalde does not let them go somewhere or a friend detains them): nakan 2C, 20.

detained: nakanbil 2C.
be detained: sa‘ ‘olonton 2C, 9A1.
be detained as by rain or a full river: maktzaj 1C, 2C, 9A1.
be greatly detained in talking or walking: sa‘lej 2C, 9A1; Ha‘bej 2C, 9A1.
person detained: nakanej 2C.

deterioration: ‘ulel 10E.

determine: ch’akoj 16C.

detest: ‘ilan 16H; chakanoltay 16H; ti‘oltay 16H.

detestation: ‘ila‘alil 16H; chakanol 16H; chakanol k’op [words of hate] 14J, 16H; ti’ol 16H; ti’ol k’op [words of hate] 14J, 16H.

detested: chakanoltaybil 16H; ti‘oltaybil 16H.

detester: j’ila‘ajel 16H; j‘ilanvanej 16H.

devastate: ch’ay 10E, 21E; lajes 10E, 21E.

devastated: be devastated: ch’ay 10E, 21E.
be devastated in war: laj 10E, 21E.

deviate: jak 3.

devil: kisin 15C, 35F; pukuj 35F.
call person a devil: ‘albey pukuj 16H, 35F; p’is ta pukuj 16H, 35F.
kind of devil: poslom 35F.

devilish: pukujil 16P, 35F.
devilish deed: pukujil pasnej 16P, 35F.

devise: nop 11; nop ta ‘olonton [think in one’s heart] 11, 14B6.

dew: ‘ov ‘ak’abal 1C; tz’ujul 1C.
(on plants or trees): tz’ujubal 1C, 5.
have dew fall: k’un-vitz’et Ho‘ 1C.
night dew: ‘ik’ ‘ak’abal 1C, 2A; ‘ik’al ‘ak’abal 1C, 2A.

dewlap: rooster’s dewlap: ch’utjkotz 6F; lokom jkotz 6F.

dewy: tz’ujultik 1C.

diapers: balobil ‘unen 31C; k’a‘-k’u‘ ‘unen 31C; k’a‘-lo’ol k’u‘ ‘unen 31C; lutz’obil ‘unen 31C.

dice: bul 32B.

die: ‘olan 18E; cham 18E; ch’ay 18E; ch’ay ‘ik’ 18E; laj 18E.
die of starvation: cham ta vi‘nal 18E, 21D, 33.
die of the cold: cham ta sik 8A, 18E, 33.
die of thirst: cham ta taki-ti‘il 18E, 33.

diet: ‘iktay ‘ixim [abandon corn] 14, 23A4; ‘iktayel ‘ixim 23A4; bik’it ch’amal ve‘ 23A4; tojol ve‘el 23A4.

different: j-tek 8G; j-tekuk 8G; mo chi‘iluk 8G; mo ko‘oluk 8G; mo nupuk 8G; mu junjunuk 8G; yan 8G.
(especially coundng lineages): k’ejel 8G, 18F.
be different: yan ‘ilel 8G; yan tuk 8G.

differently: mo ko’oluk 8G; yan 8G; yantik 8G.

difficult: ‘ip tzatzal 11; tzotz 11; tzotz ‘abtelanel 11; tz’i‘lel 11.
be difficult: ‘ip ‘abtel ‘a‘i [feel a lot of work] 11, 14C; ‘ip tz’i‘lelal [a lot of danger] 11, 14.
become difficult: tzatzub 11; tzotz ‘ayan 11.
seem difficult: ‘ip tzatzal ‘a‘i [feel it to be very hard] 11, 14C; ‘ip tz’i’lelal ‘a‘i 11.

difficulty: ‘abtel 11; ‘abtelanel 11.
with difficulty: ‘ok’elal 11.

dig: (as they dig with poles): jok’ 9E, 28.
dig a hole: jok’ ch’en 9E.
dig up (jicama, potato): jotz’ 9E, 26.
dig with blows as with a hoe: vok’ 9E, 26.

digest: ‘et’es ve‘el 7E; yal 7E; yales ve‘el 7E.

digested: be digested: ‘ech’ 23A.

diligence: baxbolal 16C.

diligent: baxbol 16C; julan 16C; kuxul 16C.
become diligent: baxbolaj 16C; kux ‘olonton 16C.
diligent person: *j‘akan-‘ol 16C; baxbolal vinik 16C.
treat diligently or prudently: ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton ‘u‘un [put in one’s heart because of it] 14B6, 16C.

dill: tzitz 5B.

diluted: ‘oy kap 1C.
(wine): kapbil ta Ho‘ 1C, 23B.

diminish: ‘ules 10D, 12; ch’ay 10D, 12; tup’ 10D, 12.

diminished: ch’ayal 10D, 12.

diminishment: time or place of diminishment (of one’s sins): ch’ayeb 10D, 12, 35C.
make a din: voet 8C; vovonet 8C.

dining: dining hall: na ve‘el 28C2, 28D.

dinner: (principal meal eaten at midday): kamel tik’el ve‘el [sticking in and stuffing meal] 14, 23A4.
eat dinner: kamkonel tik’el ve‘ 23A4.

director: (who lines up people): jmel-vinik 20; jmelt-zajesvanej 20.

dirt: nokoxil 1B, 7G, 22E1.
(as on old clothes): ‘ik’uyal 7G, 22E1, 31C.

dirtiness: pik’ixil 22E1.

dirty: ‘ik’ubes 22E1; ‘ik’ubtas 22E1; ‘ik’uyal ba 22E1; ‘ip ‘ik’uyal 22E1; tz’i‘lejes 22E1; kola‘ajes 22E1; nokoxtik 22E1; pik’ixtik 22E1.
be dirty: nokoxtik ba 22E1; pik’ixtik ba 22E1.
get dirty: ‘ik’ub 22E1; tz’i‘lej 22E1; nokoxib 22E1; pik’ixub 22E1.

disagree: mu junjunuk k’op [not have a single word] 14J, 20A.

disagreement: ‘epal k’op [many words] 14J, 20A.
have a disagreement: ‘ep k’op 20A; ‘ep k’op ta tojol [have many words about] 14J, 20A.

discard: jip ch’ay 10D; yokin ch’ay 10D.

discarded: jipbil 10D; yokinbil 10D.
object being discarded: jipoj 10D; yokinej 10D.

disciple: jchan-k’op 35A; Ha’ te chanantasbil ‘u‘un ‘ajval [he who is taught by Our Lord] 14, 35A.

discord: ‘epal k’op [many words] 14J, 20A; ch’ijetel 20A; k’uletel 20A.

discover: vinaj 10B; vinajes [reveal] 10B, 14.

discreet: be discreet: ‘oy tzaitzaibil 16C.
discreet person: jtzainom 16C; jtojol-tzainom 16C.

discretion: tzaijel 16C; p’ijil 16C.

discuss: pas k’oplal 11.

discussion: have a discussion set in order: choley k’op [line up words] 11, 14J.
propose a discussion: mel 11; *pochan k’op 11; ta‘an 11.
theme of a discussion: likeb t’abbil k’op 11.

disease: chamel 33.
catch a contagious disease: ch’am 10B, 33; *ch’amtan 10B, 33.

disesteem: ten ch’ay 16H.

disgrace: k’exlal 16H, 16M.

disguise: ch’ayel 16N; yanijel 16N.
disguise oneself: ch’ay 16N; ch’ay ba 16N; yanij 16N; yanijes ba 16N.

disguised: ch’aybil ba 16N; yanijesbil ba 16N.
be disguised: ch’ay 16N.
disguised in speech: yanijesbil ta k’op 16N.

disgust: ‘ila‘alil 16H; koj 16H.

disgusted: be disgusted by: ‘ila‘aj 16H; ‘ila‘al ‘a‘i 16H; koj ‘a‘i 16H; koj ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel disgusting time] 14E, 16H; tavan ‘a‘i 16H; tavan ‘ilel ‘a‘i 16H; tavan ‘osil ‘a‘i 16H; yaya ‘a‘i 16H.
be disgusted by the sight of: tavan ‘ilel ‘a‘i 16H.
be disgusted by the sound of: tavan ‘a‘iel ‘a’i 16H.

disgusting: become disgusting: ‘ila’aj 16H.
disgusting person: j‘ilanvanej 16H.

dish: plato 15A5, 22C.
wash dishes: suk’ 22E; suk’ilan 22E.

dishcloth: suk’ob plato 15A5, 22E; suk’obil escudilla 15A5, 22E; suk’obil plato 15A5, 22E.

disheveled: disheveled hair: ch’etel tzaval jol 7G.
with disheveled hair: ta ch’etlej jol 7G.

dishonor: dishonor that one brings: k’exavesvanej 16M; k’exlaltasvanej 16P.

dishorned: t’ijt’ij 6F, 10D, 25.

disinter: jotz’ 9E, 18E.

disk: tenobil te‘ 3, 32B.
metal disk: setet tak‘in 3, 26B.
wooden disk: setet te’ 3, 26B.

dislike: tzoj ‘il [see red] 14D1, 141, 16H; koj ‘ilel ‘a‘i [feel disgusted with the sight of] 141, 16H; kolo’ ‘a‘i 16H; mo joluk ‘il [not see as precious] 141, 16H; tavan ‘ilel ‘a‘i [feel disgusted with the sight of] 141, 16H.

disliked: mo joluk ‘aley 16H.

dismay: sa‘bey ‘olonton [look for one’s heart] 14B6, 16J.

dismount: ‘olan 6, 9A1; yal 6, 9A1.

disobedient: be disobedient: mo ch’uunvan 16K.
disobedient person: Ha‘ te mo ‘a‘ivan ta vinike [he who does not feel a person] 14C, 16K; Ha‘ te mu ‘a‘i k’ope [he who does not hear words] 14J, 16K; Ha‘ te mu ch’uunvan 16K.

disorder: jinel 10E.
throw into disorder: sok 10E; sokes 10E.

dispute: ch’ijetel 20A; labal k’op [evil words] 14J, 20A; nakel vinik [against person] 14, 20A; naknak ba ta k‘op [repel with words] 14J, 20A; pakpak ba ta k’op [double back with words] 14J, 20A; pakpakbey ba k’op 20A; pakpakel ta k’op 20A.
legal dispute: k’op ta tz’el jch’akel [words beside the judge or divider] 14J, 20A.
person who settles disputes: jmeltzajel 20A; jmeltzajesej-k’op [word maker or settler] 14J, 20A; jmeltzajesvanej 20A; jtojobel 20A; jtojobesvanej 20A.
settle disputes: meltzajes ba 20A.
start a dispute: likes 2, 20A.
subject of dispute: nakoj 20A.

dissembled: pak’taybil ba 16N.

dissembling: cha‘leyel ba 16N.

dissension: stir up dissension: ‘ixtalaj 16H, 20A, 21E; ‘ixtalan 16H, 20A, 21E.

dissipated: be dissipated: ch’ay 16P.

dissolute: mulmultik ba 16P.
be dissolute: ch’ay ‘olonton [lose one’s heart] 14B6, 16P; HovHovtik xanav [live or walk crazily] 14, 16P.
dissolute man: Hovil xinch’ok 16P.
dissolute person: jch’ay ‘ol vinik [person who loses his heart] 14B6, 16P; jma’ ‘ol vinik [heartless person] 14B6, 16P.
dissolute woman: Hovil ‘antz 16P.

dissolution: bak’el 10E.

distance: ‘ok’ 9A1, 12; namal 9A1, 12.
keep one’s distance: batbates ba 16F; namaj 16F; namajes ba 16F; tas ba 16F.
remove to a greater distance: jakes 9A1, 9B, 10D; namajes 9B, 10D.

distant: jakal 9A1, 12; nom 9A1, 12; nomnomtik 9A1, 12; nomtik 9A1, 12.

distill: kumay 23B.

distilling: kumayej 23B.

distinctly: tzaibil 8G; lekojlekoj 8G; tojoltojol 8G.

distinguished: jelel 16A, 16C; p’ilil ba 16A, 16C.

distress: k’uxul ‘osil [painful time] 14E, 16J; me‘anajel
‘osil [sorrowful time] 14E, 16J.

distressed: be distressed: ‘ok’ ‘olonton [one’s heart cries] 14B6, 16J; bik’taj ‘olonton [have one’s heart grow small] 14B6, 14F2, 16J; me’anaj ‘osil ‘a’i 16J; me‘anajel ‘osil ‘a‘i 16J.

distribute: puk 10C; vok’ 10C; vok’ilan 10C.
distribute among selves: ‘ak’bey ba 10C.
distribute to: ‘ak’bey 10C; pukbey 10C.

distrust: k’op ‘olonton [word of one’s heart] 14B6, 14J, 16N.

distrustful: chib ‘olonton [two-hearted] 14B6, 16N.

disturb: bak’es 10E; sok 10E; sokes 10E.

disturbance: ‘ok’el ‘osil [crying of the earth] 10E, 14, 14E, 21E; ch’ijetel 10E, 21E.
excite disturbances: ch’ijet ‘osil ‘u‘un 10E, 14E, 21E; k’oplay ‘osil [speak against the world] 10E, 14E, 14J, 21E; k’ulet ‘osil ‘u‘un [make ground growl] 10E, 14E, 21E; nikes ‘osil [move time] 10E, 14E, 21E; sokes ‘osil [disturb time] 10E, 14E, 21E.

disturbed: be disturbed: bak’ ‘olonton [one’s heart moves] 14B6, 16J; nik ‘olonton [one’s heart moves] 14B6, 16J; sok ‘olonton [one’s heart is disturbed] 14B6, 16J; sokol ‘olonton 16J.
thoroughly disturbed (person, speech, house): sokoktik 13A, 16J, 28C.

disturber: jsok-‘osil 16J, 21E; jsok-lum [ground disturber] 14E, 16J, 21E; jsokvanej 16J, 21E.

ditch: drainage ditch: be Ho’ 1C, 28E; *sapav be Ho‘ 1C, 28E.

divert: ‘ak’ maxilajuk 16B, 32; ‘ak’ muibuk [let become fragrant] 14C, 16B, 32; ‘et’esbey ‘osil 16B, 32; lo‘iltay 16B, 32; maxiltay 16B, 32.
divert oneself: ‘ech’ ‘osil ‘u‘un [have time pass] 14E, 16B, 32; ‘et’es ‘osil [make time pass] 14E, 16B, 32; kol ta lubel 16B, 32; lo‘ilaj 16B, 32; maxilaj 16B, 32.

divide: ch’akes 12; puk 12.
divide up: vok’ 12; vok’ilan 12.
divide up among selves: ‘ak’bey ba 10C, 12.

divided: be divided into parts (rosary, sermon, talk): lok’ 12, 35C.
be divided up: vok’ 12.
divided up: vok’bil 10B, 12; vok’ol 12.
objects one has divided up: pukben 12; vok’ben 12.

divine: k’inij 35F; mel k’in 35F.
divine by lots: k’intay 35F.
divine in water: k’inij ta Ho‘ 1C, 35F.

diviner: jk’ina 35F; jk’inij 35F; jk’inijel 35F; jk’in-tayvanej 35F; jtoj ti‘iej k’op [speaker of straight lipped or mouthed words] 14J, 35F; jtoj-ti‘iel 35F; jtoj-ti‘ivanej 35F.
knowledge or prophecy of diviner: k’in 35F.

divinity: ch’ual 35D; diosil 15A1, 35D.

division: pukel 12; vok’el 12.

divulge: puk 11, 16D; puk ‘a’yejal 11, 16D.

dizziness: ‘ip ma’ 33; nakbal 33.

dizzy: grow dizzy: ‘ik’-pultay ‘osil ‘a’i [feel world grow dark] 14E, 33; samet ‘osil 33; sutet ‘osil ‘a’i [feel ground whirl around] 14E, 33.

do: ‘ut 10A; *chetan 10A; *cheyan 10A; pas 10A; vesan 10A.
do over and over: *‘oyo pas 2; *‘oyo‘oyo pas 2; naka no ‘ox pas 2.

doctor: jpoxil 34; jpoxtayvanej 34.
doctor who teaches: jchanantasvanej 11, 34.
doctor’s instrument: poxtayab tak’in 34.
ear doctor: jpoxtayej-chikinil 34.
experienced doctor: jk’otel-poxil 16C, 34; jna’vanej-poxil 16C, 34.
eye doctor: jpoxtayej-satil 34.

doctrine: chanob k’op [word learner] 11, 14J, 35C.
make a mistake in the doctrine: sa’ ‘u‘un 11, 35C.

document: false document: pak’-Hun 20.
forge an official document: p’is ta Hun ‘ojov [mark or measure as the lord’s paper] 14, 20.
forged official document: pak’taybil ta Hun ‘ojov 20.
forgery of an official document: pak’tayel ta Hun ‘ojov 20; p’isel ta Hun ‘ojov 20.

doe: j’inam 6A1.

dog: tz’i‘ 6A2.
angry dog: k’ak’al tz’i‘ [hot dog] 6A2, 14G, 16H.
dangerous or monstrous dog: labal tz’i‘ 6A2.
partridge dog: jle-‘ub 6A2, 24; jle-kuich’ 6A2, 24; jlikesej-‘ub 6A2, 24; jlikesej-kuich’ 6A2, 24.
sheep dog: jchabi tux-nok’ chij tz’i’ 6A2, 25.

doggishness: tz’i’il 6A2, 16P.

doleful: k’uxob ‘olal ba [heart pain] 14B6, 16J.

doll: child’s doll: ‘ixtol 32B.

dominate: bet’ 16E.

dominated: bet’bil 16F, 16L.

done: pasbil 2.

donkey: asna 6A2, 15A9.
young donkey: ‘ol asna 6A2, 15A9.

donor: jk’eel 10C; jk’elanvanej 10C.

door: puerta 15A8, 28D; ti‘ likeb [exit lips or mouth] 14B5, 28D; ti‘ lok’ebal [exit lips or mouth] 14B5, 28D; ti‘ na [house lips or mouth] 14B5, 28D.
back door: ti‘ pat na [lips or mouth of the back of the house] 14B5, 28D.
bar across door to hinder entrance: k’ux mak na 28D.
door latch: makobil 28D.
door pivot hole: va‘leb ‘ok mak na 28D.
french doors: cha‘-nup’ mak na 28D.
knock on the door: tij ti‘ na 8C1, 16F.
wooden door: mak na 28D; makobil na 28D.

doorway: xotav 28D; xotol 28D.

dormitory: vayebal 28D.

dot: (in writing): ‘etelil 11A.
(over a letter): punto 11A, 15A2.

double: (border, cornstalk, hem, sugarcane): pux 26, 31A.
bend double: nujet 9D.
double over: pakulan 9D.
double over (cornstalk, sugarcane): pak 9D, 26.

double-chinned: kutz’el nuk’ 7C; kutz’u-nuk’ 7C; kutz’ul nuk’ 7C; ta kutz’lej nuk’ 7C.

doubled: puxbil 3; puxul 3.
doubled over: pakaktik 3; pakal 3; pakbil 3; pakulanbil 3.
doubled section: pakalul 3; pakbenal 3.

doublet: jubon 15A4, 31C.
doublet maker: jtz’is-jubon 15A4, 31B; jpas-jubon 15A4, 31B.

doubling: puxulil 12.

doubt: chib ‘olonion [two hearts] 11, 14B6; nop ta ‘olonton [think in one’s heart] 11, 14B6.

doubtful: be doubtful: mu to jaka na’ot 11; mu to jaka vinaj [not yet be seen] 11; sa’al ‘olonton [have searching heart] 11, 14B6.
become doubtful of: chibaj ‘olonton 11.

dough: patax 23Al.
corn dough: ‘uch‘omo* 23A1; juch’bil ‘ixim 23Al.
wheat dough: tzeel castillan vaj 15A10, 23A1.

dove: stzu 6B1.

dovecote: na xch’ach’ak 28C1.

down (1): k’un tzotzil 6F.

down (2): ta ‘olon 4.
get down: yales 9A1.
go down: yal 9A1.

downbeaten: raise the downbeaten: toyes 16A.

downhill: approaching downhill: yalel talel 9A1.
departing downhill: yalel batel 9A1.

downwards: yo’ ‘oy tojol ‘olon 9A1.

dowry: yolob te’ [arrow] 10C, 14, 18D.
give a dowry to: ‘ak‘bey yolob te‘ 10C, 18D.

doze: nikav 7F; vayet 7F.

drag: chech 9D; joch 9D; kil 9D; xij 9D; tas 9D.

dragged: chechbil 9D; xijbil 9D.
object that is dragged: xijoj 9D.

drain: drain off: ‘ules 1C, 10D.

drained: be drained: takij 1C, 10D.
be drained off (strength, water): ‘ul 1C, 10D, 33.

draw (1): tz’ibay 11; p’is 11.
draw in ink: tz’ibaj 11.

draw (2): person who draws one out: jjoy-k’optayvanej [he who talks circles around one] 14J, 16D.

drawn: tz’ibaybil 11; p’isbil 11.

dream: vayichil 7F, 11; vayichin 7F, 11.
dream up: na‘-tzai 11; na‘-tzaij 11; nop ta ‘olonton [think in one’s heart] 11, 14B6.
figure out a dream: nop vayichil 7F, 11.
vision: ‘ilben ta vayichil 11.

dregs: tzo’ vino [wine shit] 14B12, 15A10, 23B; lajeb 23B; lajeb vino 15A10, 23B; pajbenal 23B; pajbenal vino 15A10, 23B.

dress: tzatzajel 31C; pas 31; pix ba 31.
(beam): tojobtas 28.
dress up: tzatzaj 31, 31E.
dress with finery: tzatzajes 31, 31E.
place where one dresses or puts on armor: tzatzajebal 21E2, 28C3, 31.

dressed: get dressed: pas ba 31.

dried: takijesbil 1A, 8B.

drill (1): ‘ak’ pas 9E.

drill (2): ch’oj 28; ch’ojobil 26B; joch’ob te‘ 26B; joch’obil 26B; julob 26B; Hotob 26B; Hotob te‘ 26B.

drilled: drilled article: joch’ben 9E.

drink: ‘uch’ 23A4; ‘uch’abal 23A4; ‘uch’om 23A4.
drink moderately: ta‘al ‘oy ‘uch’ Ho‘ 23A4, 23B.
serve drink to: ‘ak’bey ‘uch’ chi‘ 23A4.
serve drinks: p’is chi‘ 23A4.

drinker: j‘uch’-Ho‘ 23A4, 23B.
moderate drinker: jtojol ‘uch’ H0’ 23A4, 23B.

drip: vijet 1C.

drive (1): drive horses: ‘ux ‘ut 9A1, 9D, 25.

drive (2): (nails or stakes in a wall): baj 9D, 9E, 28.
drive in with rock or sledgehammer: pajchuchuy 9D, 9E, 28.

drivelling: ‘ip likok 7E; Ho‘ ti‘ [watery mouth] 7C, 14B5.

driver: oxcart driver jchabi-vacas 9A1, 15A9, 25A; jva‘anej-vacas 9A1, 15A9, 25A; jva‘antasej-vacas chi‘uk setet te’ 9A1, 15A9, 25A.

drizzle: vitz’ k’inabal 1C; vitz’ub Ho‘ 1C.
drizzle in a nor’easter: yal ‘ak’ol Ho‘ [have upper water descend] 1C, 14E; yal k’inabal 1C.

drop: drop by drop: p’ajajtik 1C, 12.

droppings: chicken droppings: tzo’ tuluk’ 6B2.

dropsical: sit 33.
dropsical person: jsitubel 33.

drought: takijel 1A, 8B; takijel ‘osil 1A, 8B.
have a drought: va‘i k’ak’al [have sun stand up] 1A, 8B, 14G.

drove: ‘ikatzinom caballo 15A9, 25; ‘ikatznom caballo 15A9, 25.

drover: j’i]-chij 25A; jchabi-chij 25; jva‘anej-chij 25A.

drown: jik’av 1C, 7E, 18E.

drowning: jik’avel 1C, 7E, 18E.

drowsy: be drowsy: ch’ay sat [lose one’s eyes] 7F, 14B2; vayet 7F.
drowsy person: jlaal-vayel 7F.

drub: maj ta te‘ 9D.

drubbed: majbil ta te‘ 9D.

drum: k’ulk’ul te‘ 32A1.
(using hands or sticks): baj nukulil vob 32A.
skin drum: nukulil vob 32A1.
wooden drum (all wood): vob 32A1.

drunk: yakyak 23B.
get drunk: yakub 23B.
make drunk: yakubes 23B.

drunkard: jyakil-chi’ 23B; jyakubel 23B.

drunkenness: yakil 23B; yakil chi‘ 23B; yakubel 23B.

dry: k’epel 1A, 8B; takijes 8B; takin 1A, 8B.
dry before the fire: takijes 8B; vo 8B.
dry off or out: takij 8B.
slightly dry: k’un-takin 8B; laan to 8B.

dryness: takijel 8B.

duck: ‘umum 6B1; castillan ‘umum 6B1, 15A9; patox 6B1, 15A9.

dugout: jomal te‘ 9A2.

dull: naka k’op [just words] 11, 14J, 16L.
become dull: tijub ‘e [have mouth or tooth thicken] 8E, MBS.
become dull (knife or sword): *pimpoktay ‘e 8E; pimub ‘e [its mouth or tooth grows thick] 8E, MBS.
make dull: *pimpoktaybey ‘e 8E; pimubtasbey ‘e 8E.

dull-witted: dull-witted person: bolil vinik 11, 16L; pek’a vinik 11, 16L.

dump: ‘av k’a‘-‘ep 28E; ch’ayeb k’a‘-‘ep 28E; na tzo‘ [shit house] 14B12, 28E.

dunce: lo‘il vinik [amusement person] 11, 14J.

dung: k’a‘-‘ep 7B.

dungeon: chukvanab ch’en [jail cave] 14, 21C, 28C3; chukvanab ta ‘ut lum 21C, 28C3; lumal chukvanab 21C, 28C3; mak-naiabil 21C, 28C3; mak-naivanab 21C, 28C3.

dungheap: k’a’-’ep 7G, 22E1.

duo: (in singing): chibal ‘avanab 12, 32A; chibal ‘avanabal 12, 32A.

dupe: tzitz 16N; ch’aybey ‘olonton [discard one’s heart] 14B6, 16N; Hovintas 16N.

duped: tzitzbil 16L; yakubesbil 16L; yakyak 16L; yakyaktik 16L; Hovintasbil 16L.
be duped: Hovi 16L.

durable: nat 2.

duration: natijel 2; Halejel 2.

dust: pukuk 1B.
dust of ground rock or brick: juxbenal 1B.

dusty: ‘ip pukuk 1B; laal pukuk 1B; naka pukuk 1B.
become dusty: pukukib 1B.

duty: jamob bail 16C.

dwarf: komkom vinik 33; pek’pek’ vinik 33.
hunchbacked dwarf: p’us 33.

dwelling: k’ulebal 28C.

dye: bon 8F1, 31A; bonobil 8F1, 31A; bonoj 8F1, 31A; bond 8F1, 31A.
yellow dye: k’anal bon 8F1, 31A; k’anal bonojeb 8F1, 31A.

dyed: bonbil 8F1, 31A.

dyer: jbon 31B; jbonojel 31B.

dysentery: have dysentery: ch’ut ‘a‘i [feel one’s stom ach] 14B, 33; sim-nak’al ‘a‘i 33.
suffer from bloody dysentery: ch’ich’-nak’al ‘a‘i 33.

E

each: each one: junjun vinik 12.
one each: ju-jun 12.

eagle: t’iv 6B1.

ear: chikinil 7A.
cut off one’s ear jotz’ chikin 10D, 21C; lok’es chikin 10D, 21C.
ear wax: tzo‘ chikin [ear shit] 7B, 14B12.
flap one’s ears (when they are so large they flap like leaves or when dogs shake their ears): lechlonet 6G, 7C.
prick up one’s ears: tz’e‘ chikin 8C1.
twitch one’s ears (when they are so large they flap like leaves or when dogs shake their ears): much’monet 6G, 7C.
with an ear cut off: jotz’bil chikin 33; ma’-chikin 33.

early: mu to k’inal 2; sob 2.
be early (fruiting): ba’yi––––2, 5B, 26.

early-fruiting: (figs, quinces, etc.): ba‘yi nach’el 2, 5B, 26; ba’yitajel 2, 5B, 26.

earn: ‘elmaj 27; toj ‘abtel 27.

earpick: jot’ob chikin 31E; pokobil chikinil 31E; xenob chikin 31E; xenobil chikinil 31E.

earth: black earth: ‘ik’al lum 1B.
fuller’s earth: sakil lum 1B, 31A.

earthly: balumilal 35C.

ease: muibel [fragrance] 14, 16B; sabubel 16B; sabubes 16A; sabubtas 16A; yamajes 16A.
(sickness): yamaj 34.

eased: yamalyamal 34.
be eased: sabaj 34; sabub 34.
be eased (sickness): yamaj ‘a‘i 34.

easily: sob 11.

east: lok’eb k’ak’al [where the sun or heat comes out] 14E; lum yo‘ ‘oy lok’ talel k’ak’al [land or place where the sun or heat comes out] 14E.

Easter: kuxel pascua 15A1, 35E; muk’ pascua 15A1, 35E; pascua 15A1, 35E.

easy: mo ‘ipalajuk 11.
be easy: mo tz’i‘leluk 11; mu tzailajuk 11.
easy to do: mo tzotzuk pasel 11.
easy to learn: mo tzotzuk na‘el 11.

eat: ve‘ 23A4.
(eggs or fruit without pits): lo‘ 23A1, 23A2, 23A4.
(eggs or fruit): lo’baj 23Al, 23A2, 23A4.
(fresh corn, greens): k’ux 23A1, 23A4; k’uxbaj 23A1, 23A4.
(meat, fish, mushrooms or beans): ti’ 23A1, 23A2, 23A4; ti’baj 23A1, 23A2, 23A4.
begin to eat (break bread): jav k’as xut 23A4; xut 23A4.
eat in secret: mu’natij 16N, 23A4; muktal-ve‘ 16N, 23A4.
eat moderately: ta’al ‘oy ve‘ 16C, 23A4.

eater: j‘ipal-ve‘el 23A4; jve‘el 23A4.
moderate eater: jtojol-ve‘el 16C, 23A4.

eating: delight in eating: muib ta tojol 16B, 23A4.

eclipse: have eclipse of the moon: ‘ik’ub ‘u [the moon blackens] 1A, 14D4, 14E; cham ‘u [the moon dies] 1A, 14E.
have eclipse of the sun: ‘ik’ub k’ak’al 1A; cham k’ak’al 1A.

edge: ti’il 3.

edict: nopben 20.

edify: ‘ak’ ba ta k’el vinik 11.
edify oneself: tz’ak-pati 11; chan 11; k’eluy 11.

eel: chon choy [snake fish] 6D, 14A.

effort: make an effort: ‘ich’ ‘ip 16C.

egg: ton 6F.
addled egg: vinik 23A2.
animal that is laying eggs: toninom 6G; jtoninom 6G.
chicken egg yolk: k’anal ton tuluk’ [yellow of the chicken’s egg or stone] 6F, 14D3.
egg shell: pat ton tuluk’ [back of the chicken stone] 6F, 14B8.
egg white: sakil ton tuluk’ 6F.
egg yolk: k’anal ton mut 6F.
eggs cooked on the coals: leb-tanibil ton tuluk’ 1D, 23A2.
lay an egg: tonin 6G.
nest egg: ‘ilobil 6F; toninab 6F.
rotten egg: k’a’al ton tuluk’ 6F.
set on eggs: patey 6G.

egret: sak-‘ichi 6B1.
baby egret: ‘ol sak-‘ichi 6B1.
baby or young egret: bik’tal sak-’ichi 6B1.
young egret: ch’iom sak-’ichi 6B1.

eight: vaxak 12; vaxakib 12.

eight-sided: vaxak-xuk’ 3, 12A; vaxak-xuk’bel 3, 12A.

eighty: chan-vinik 12.

elbow: xuk’ubil 7A.

elector: jt’ujom 20; jva‘anvanej 20.

elegant: ‘utz 16R; lek 16R; t’ujum 16R.

elephant: elefante chij 6A1, 15A9.

elsewhere: yanyanuk 4.

elusive: be elusive: mo jaka tak’ ‘ilel 16N; mo jaka tak’ k’oponel 16N.

emaciate: toj-lajes 33.

emaciated: naka bak 33.
become emaciated: toj-jayaub 33; toj-laj 33; toj-takij 33.

emaciation: jayubel 33; taki-batel 33.

embark: ‘och ta jom 9A2; ‘otes ta jom 9A2.

embarrassed: k’exlaltik 16M.

embarrassment: dread with embarrassment: k’exav 16M.

embellish: tzatzajes 11.

embellished: ‘oy tzatzajel 11.

ember: ‘ak’al 1D.

embitter: ch’aubes 16H; ch’aubtas 16H.

emblem: vinajebal 11.

embolden: tzatzubes 16E; tzatzubes ‘olonton [strengthen one’s heart] 14B6, 16E; tzatzubtas 16E; tzatzubtas ‘olonton 16E; tzatzubtasbey ‘olonton 16E; muk’ubes ‘olonton [enlarge one’s heart] 14B6, 14F1, 16E; muk’ubtasbey ‘olonton 16E.

embrace: mey 7E, 9D, 16D; meylej 7E, 9D, 16D.

embraced: object or person being embraced: meyoj 7E, 9D, 16D.
object or person that was embraced: meyben 7E, 9D, 16D.

embrasure: jom 28D.

embroider: (with needle or weaving): luch 31A; luchoj 31A; luchomaj 31A.

embroiderer: jluch 31B; jluchojel 31B; jluchomajel 31B.

embroidery: luch 31D; luchojel 31D; luchomajel 31D; luchul 31D.

emerald: yaxal ton 29; yaxib ton 29.

empire: ‘ajvalel emperador 19.

empty: mo ‘oyuk bel 12.

enchant: (with words): k’oplay [speak against] 14J, 35F.
enchant or bewitch so as to fall in love: yakubes 16D, 35F.

enchanter: jk’oplayvanej 35F; jlabtayvanej 35F.

enchantment: enchantment one suffers: k’oplayel 35F.
enchantment one works: k’oplayvanej 35F.
evil enchantment: labanej 35F; labtayvanej k’op [words of evil enchantment] 14J, 35F.
love enchantment: yakil 35F; yakubel 35F.

enchase: (leather): bon 31A.

enchasing: bon k 31D.

encircle: joy 3, 9C; joyij 3, 9C; joyin 3, 9C.

encircled: joyinbil 3, 9C; joyol 3, 9C.

enclose: joy 9C, 28.

enclosed: joybil 9C, 28D1.
area or object being enclosed: joyoj 9C, 28D1.
enclosed area or object: joyben 9C, 28D1.

enclosure: joy-te‘ 28D1.

end: ‘olanebal 2; ‘ulebal 2; tzutzeb 2; tzutzel 2; tzutzes 2; chak 4; ch’aniab 2; ch’anieb 2; ch’aniel 2; ch’ay 2; laj 2; lajeb 2; lajel 2; lok’eb 2; ni’ [nose] 14B4.
Board, table): ti’il 4.
do to the very end: lajel pas 2; lok’el pas 2.
end of negotiation: tzutzeb k’op [end of words] 2, 14J, 20A.
follow to the very end: lajel tz’ak-pati 2; lok’el tz’ak-pati 2.
in the end: ta ‘olaneb 2; ta tzutzeb 2; ta lajeb 2.

ended: be ended: ‘ul 2.

endurance: Kuchvanej 16J.

endure: tz’ik 16J; kup ‘ik’ 16J; kupul-’ik’tay 16J; kupul-’ik’tayvan 16J.
(labor, pain, whiplashes): kuch 16J.

enemy: jbak’el 16H; nakbal 16H; nakmal 16H; yabutil 16H.
become enemies: yabutij 16H; yabutin 16H.
make an enemy of: nak 16H; nakav 16H.

energetic: become energetic: tzatzub ‘ok [have one’s legs strengthen] 7E, 14B10.

engender: vinkillas 18A, 18C.
(man): nich’naj 18A, 18C; nich’nan 18A, 18C.

engenderer: nich’najon 18A, 18C; jvinkiltasvanej 18A, 18C.

engrave: ‘eteltas 30; tz’ibay 30; ch’oj 30; jut 30.

enlarge: muk’ubes 12; muk’ubtas 12.

enlargement: muk’ubel 12; muk’ul 12.

enough: nakatik 12; noj 12; yalal 12; Ha’ no ‘ox 12.

enough!: ta’luke 13A; Hechuk 12, 13A.

enrage: k’ak’ubes [heat up] 14G, 16H; lek’-ti’ijes 16H; Iupes 16H; tiles [set fire to] 14G, 16H.

enraged: ‘ip k’ak’al [much heat] 14C, 14G, 16H; laal k’ak’al [abundant heat] 14G, 16H; toj k’ok’ [very hot] 14G, 16H.
be enraged: ch’ach’on ‘olonton [have one’s heart swarming] 14B6, 16H; k’ak’ub ‘olonton [have one’s heart heat up] 14B6, 14G, 16H; k’uxey ‘olonton [have one’s heart hurt] 14B6, 16H; vokan ‘olonton [have one’s heart boil] 14B6, 16H.

enrich: ‘ayik’lejes 15C, 27B; ‘ayik’leltas 15C, 27B; vokolijes 27B.

enriched: ‘ayik’lejesbil 15C, 27B.

enrichment: ‘ayik’lejel 15C, 27B; vokolijel 27B.

ensign: lok’om 20, 21E2, 35B.

entablature: na te’el 28D.

entangle: sokes 10E; yakubes 10E.

entangled: become entangled: sokes ba 10E.

enter: ‘och 9E.
enter secretly: muktal-’och 9E, 16N.

entertain: ‘ak’ maxilajuk [give monkeyness] 14Al, 32; ‘ak’ muibuk 32; ‘utzibtas 32.
entertain taking care to provide all that is needed: chu’un 16C, 32.

entire: batz’i jun 12; toj jun 12.

entirely: lajel 2; lajeluk 2; lok’el 2; lok’eluk 2.

entrails: sekubil 7A1.

entrance: ‘ochebal 28D; ‘ochel 28D.

entrust: tzoyan ta tojol 16D.
entrust object to (as when entrusting one’s house to someone when going to trade): tzoyan ba ta tojol 16D, 27, 28C; jok’an ba ta tojol 16D, 27, 28C.
entrust to: tzoyanbey 16D; jok’an ta tojol 16D; jok’anbey 16D; k’ubanbey 16D.

entrusted: object entrusted: k’ubul 16D; k’ubul ‘u‘un 16D.

envious: be envious: ‘it’ixaj 16H.
be envious of: ‘it’ixan 16H.
envious person: ‘it’ix 16H; j‘it’ixajel 16H.

enviously: ‘it’ix’it’ix 16H.

envy: ‘it’ixajel 16H; ‘it’ixal 16H.

epidemic: ‘ipal chamel 33.
have epidemic strike: ch’am 33; ch’am ch’enal 33.

epilepsy: *chiton chuHaj 33.

episcopal: ‘u‘un obispo 15A1, 35C; lekoj obispo 15A1, 35C.

epitaph: tz’ib 11A, 18E; k’oplal 11A, 18E.

equal: ko‘ol 8G, 12; melol 8G, 12.

equality: (true weight): meltzajel 8G, 12.

equally: ko‘ol 8G, 12.

errand: errand boy: ‘abatil 22A.

escape: jatanel 10D; jatav 10D; jatavel 10D; jatval 10D; jin 10D; kol 10D.
escape capture: kol ta tzakel 21E.
escape death: kol ta chamel 10D, 18E.
escape from danger: koles ba 10D.
escape from person: jatviltay 10D; kol-miluk 10D, 18E.

escaped: kol-kom 10D; koluk 10D.
escaped from being killed: kol-majuk 10D, 18E.
escaped from capture: kol-japiuk 10D, 21E.
escaped from death: kol-chamuk 10D, 18E.

escort: ‘ak’ 9Al;j‘ak’ol9Al; va‘an9Al;jva‘anvanej 9A1; jvol 9A1.

especially: jelel 8G.

establish: lok’ takiej 20.

estimator: jnop-tojolil 27A; jnopvanej 27A.

even (1): toj melel 8G, 12; toj tojol 8G, 12.
make even: meltzajes 8G, 12; tojobtas 8G, 12.

even (2): even if not: pisil 36.
not even: k’alal 36.

every: tz’akaJ 12; *kepel 12; k’otbaj 12; pisil 12.

everywhere: jilom 4; ta sut4.
from everywhere: ta ‘ut ‘ilob 4; ta ju-jech ‘osil [from each side of the world] 14E.

evil: kolo‘ 16P; mo batz’iluk 16P; mo tojoluk 16P.
be especially evil: jelel kola‘al tuk 16P.
be evil: toj mo vinikuk [very inhuman] 14, 16P.
be persistently evil: lajel kola’aj 2, 16P.
consider evil: kolo‘ ‘a‘i 16H, 16P; k’ux ‘a’i [feel pain] 14C, 16H, 16P; mo ‘utzuk ‘a‘i 16H, 16P.
do evil: pasbey kolo’ 16P.
especially evil: mo ‘oyuk bu Hech kolo’ 16P.
evil action: kola’al pasnej 16P; kola’al pasojel 16P.
evil or bad person or vision: lob 16P, 35F.
evil person: labal vinik 16P, 35F.
harden in evil: tzatzubes ta kola’al 16P.
obstruct evil: tojobtas 16A.

evildoer: jtz’i’leyvanej 16P.

ewe: ‘antzil tux-nok’ chij 6A2.
ewe that has given birth: ‘alnom tux-nok’ chij 6A2, 18A; tux-nok’ chiiil ‘alnom 6A2, 18A.

exact: toj ko‘ol 8G, 12.
be exact: nup ba 8G, 12.

exactly: tojol 8G, 12.

example: lok’ob 11; lok’tayab 11.
example being followed: chanob 11.
example one follows: tz’ak-pativanej 11; k’eluyab 11.
example one gives: tz’ak-patianab 10C, 11; tz’ak-patiel 10C, 11; k’eluyanab 10C, 11; k’eluyel 10C, 11.
follow an example: tz’ak-pati 11; chan 11; k’eluy 11.
give an example: ‘al nopobil 10C, 11; ‘al p’isobil 10C, 11; nop 10C, 11; p’is 10C, 11.
person who follows an example: jk’eluyva-nej 11.
person who sets an example: jchanvanej 11, 16A; jk’eluyan 11, 16A.
set an example: ‘ak’ ba ta k’el vinik [give oneself to be seen by people] 11, 141, 16A.

exceed: ‘ech’ 12; ‘ich’ 12.

exceeded: jelbil 12.

excellent: (person): lek t’ujum 16C; toj ch’ulul ba 16C.
be excellent (person): toj *’ulubalal ba 16C.
excellent person: saksak vinik 16C; t’ujum vinik 16C.

except: Ha‘uk manchuk 36.

excess: ‘elov 12; jelaveb 12; p’ilemal 12.

exchange: k’ex 10C, 27; k’extay 10C, 27.

excite: ‘ak’ pas 11; ‘ak’bey k’op [give words to] 11, 14J.

excrement: human or other: tzo’il 7B.

excuse (1): metz’ 10D, 16F; taki 10D, 16F.
be one who excuses himself: yauk ‘oy 10D, 16F.
excuse oneself: ya ti‘ 10D, 16F.
excuse oneself even though truthfully: pok ba 10D, 16F.
keep excused: takibil 10D, 16F.
person who excuses himself: jya-ti‘il 10D, 16F.

excuse (2): metz’ajel 11; pom [incense] 11, 14J; yati‘il 11; yaob ti’il 11.
wordy excuse: pamijel 11.

executioner: j‘ak’-vokol 21C; jyaijesvanej 21C.

exemplar: jtz’ak-patian 16A, 16C; jtz’ak-pativanej 16A, 16C.

exempt: lekoj ba tuk 4; taki 4; takibil 4.

exercise: ‘abtel 9A1; pasnej 9A1; pasojel 9A1.

exhale: ‘oban 7E; jak ‘ik’ 7E.
(as when they drink something sour or foul smelling and so as not to perceive the odor they exhale): jak ‘ik’ 7E, 8D.
exhale on: Habtay 7E.

exhaust: ‘ak’ vokol 33; ‘il vokol ‘u‘un [see difficulty because of] 141, 33; toj-lub ‘u‘un 33.
exhaust person: ‘ip vokol ‘u‘un 33; vokolin 33.

exhausted: ‘ulesbil 33.
be exhausted (person): bik’taj [grow small] 14F2, 33.
be exhausted by: kisnan 15C, 33.
become exhausted: toj-lub 33.

exhaustion: ‘ulebal 33; kisin 15C, 33; lajebal 33.

exit: lok’eb 28D; lok’el 28D.
quick exit: soblajel lok’el 2C, 9A1; tiklajel 2C, 9A1; *votol lok’el 2C, 9A1.

expand: muk’ub 12; muk’ubes 12; muk’ubtas 12.

expect: event that one expects to happen: malayej 2.

expedite: expedite a matter: tzutzesbey k’oplal 10A, 16C.
expedite what has been impeded: tak 10A, 16C.

expensive: jol 27B; toyol tojol 27B.
be expensive: ‘ep tojol 27B.

experience: ‘a‘i 11; ‘a‘iel 11.

experienced: ‘a’ibil 11.

experiment: be experienced: ‘oy pas 11.
‘il 11.

expert: jna’vanej 16C.

explain: ‘ak’ ‘a‘i 11; tzaibil k’opoj 11; lekojlekoj k’opoj 11; nopbil k’opoj 11; sut k’opoj 11; sutejes [return] 11, 14J; sutes 11; sutp’in 11; tojol-k’opoj 11.
explain at length: metz’aj 2, 11; pamij [cense] 2, 11, 14J.
person who explains at length: jmetz’ajel 2C, 11; jpamijel 2, 11.

explanation: suteb 11; sutejeb 11; sutp’ijeb 11.
wordy explanation: metz’ 11; metz’ajel 11; pamijel 11; pom 11.

explode: jinet 8C, 10E.

explosion: jinetel 8C, 10E.

expose: expose oneself: vinaj bek’tal 7E.
expose to the night air: ‘ak’ ‘a’i sikil ak’abal 1A.

extinguish: tup’es 1D.

extinguished: be extinguished: tup’ 1D.

extraordinary: jelel tuk 16C.
be extraordinary: jelav tuk [pass by alone] 14, 16C.

eye: satil 7A.
close one’s eyes: mutz’ sat 7E.
eyes being closed: mutz’oj 7E.
get circle under one’s eyes: ‘och lapluk sat 33.
pupil of the eye: maxil satil [monkey of the eye] 7A, 14A1.
put person’s eye out: lomtz’inbey sat 21C, 33; tup’bey sat 21C, 33.
with bloodshot eyes: ma‘-satijel 33; ma‘-satil 33.

eyelash: tzotzil satil 7A.

eyelid: k’u‘ satil 7A; pak’al satil 7A.

eyesight: ‘ilvanab 7C.

F

fable: ‘ik’ti‘ 11; lo‘lo k’op 11; vokol 11; vokolil k’op 11.
tell fables: ‘ik’ti’ij 11; ‘ik’ti’in 11; vokolij 11; vokolin 11.
teller of fables; ‘ik’ti’il k’op 11.

façade: ‘elov 28D; ‘ichon na 28D; ti’ na [house mouth] 14B5, 28D.

face: ‘elan 4; ‘elovil 7A; bail 7A; satil 7A.
be lying face down: patey 4, 7D.
be lying face up: javey 4, 7D.
be set or turned face down: nujey 4, 7D, 9B.
lay face up: javan 4, 7D, 9B.
lying face down: patal 4, 7D.
lying face up: javal 4, 7D.
make a face: bili-baij 7E.
make a face at someone: bili-batay 7E.
make a wry face (with one’s eyes): lev sat 7E.
make a wry face (with one’s mouth): lev ti’ 7E.
person who makes a face: jbili-baijel 7E, 16N; jbili-batayvanej 7E, 16N.
set or turn face down (bowls, tiles, baskets): nujan 9B.
set or turned face down: nujanbil 9B; nujul 9B.
show in one’s face: vinaj ta ba ta sat 7E.
wry face: bili-baijel 7E, 16J; bili-batik 7E, 16J.

facial: facial expression: vinajeb ta sat 7E.

facing: ‘elanej ba 4.
facing the house of …: ‘ichoninej ba chi’uk na 4, 28C.

faction: jechjech k’op [partisan words] 14J, 20, 20A; tasal k’op [words of allies] 14J, 20, 20A.
head of a faction: jtasal-k’op 20, 20A.
member of a faction: jechel vinik 20, 20A.

faint: ‘uch’p’ij 33; ‘uch’uy 33; tup’ ‘ik’ 33.
make person faint: tup’es 21C, 33; tup’es ‘ik’ 21C, 33.
person who faints: *jchiton-chuHaj 33.
person who is made to faint: tup’oj 21C, 33.

fainting: fainting person: jtup’-’ik’ 33.

fair (1): ch’ivit 27; ch’ivitajebal 27; p’olmajeb 27; p’olmajebal 27.

fair (2): fair person: toj jmeltzajesvanej 16A; toj jtojobesvanej 16A.

faith: ch’uunvanej 35C.
be without faith: mo ‘oyuk ch’uunvanej 35C.
faith that one received: ch’uunel 35C.
one of the articles of the faith: ch’uunel dios 15A1, 35C.

faithful: faithful person: ‘utzil vinik 16A, 16D; jch’uunvanej 16A, 16D; tojol vinik 16A, 16D.

faithfully: ‘utz 16A, 16D.
act faithfully: ‘utz pas 16A, 16D.

faithfulness: ‘utzil 16A, 16D; batz’il 16A, 16D.

falcon: jun xulub [one horn] 6B1, 14; xik 6B1; yax-liklik 6B1; Hov 6B1; Hov xik 6B1.

fall: (beads from a ribbon, cloth): kol 10D, 10E, 31.
(leaves, fruit): lilij 5, 10D; titij 5, 10D.
a second time: cha’-jach’ 9A1, 12.
fall a second time: cha’-yal 9A1, 12.
fall from a height: ch’ay 9A1; yal 9A1.
fall off a cliff: ch’ay ta ch’en 1B, 9A1; yal ta ch’en 1B, 9A1.
fall out (hair): lilij 10D, 33; titij 10D, 33.
fall when walking: jach’ 9A1, 33.

falling: stop falling: kiktzaj 2, 9A1.

false: mo batz’iluk 16N; mo tojoluk 16N.

falsehood: pak’tayej 16N.
tell falsehood unknowingly: mu tzailuk ‘u‘un pak’tay 16N.

falsely: pak’tayej tik 16N.

falsifier: jpak’tayej 16H, 16N.

falsify: lok’tay 16N; pak’tay 16N; p’is 16N.

fame: ‘a’yej 20; ‘a’yejlal 20; na’el 20.

familiar: be familiar with: chi’in 11.
familiar thing: chi’il 11.

family: k’ulej 18; k’uyul 18; nail 18; naklej 18; vinkilel 18.
have a good family: ‘utz ta nail 16A, 16D, 18; ‘utz te vinik chi’il ta naklej 16A, 16D, 18; ‘utz te vinik chi’uk ta naklej 16A, 16D, 18; ‘utz te vinik junjun na chi’uk 16A, 16D, 18; familia 18.

famine: ‘uch’uyel 21D.

famous: ‘a’ibil 16C, 20; ‘ip ‘ik’ [much breath, air or wind] 14B5, 16C, 20; biiltasbil [named] 14, 16C, 20; biinem 16C, 20; na’bil 16C, 20.
be famous: ‘ip ‘a’iel 16C, 20; ‘ip ‘a’yejlal 16C, 20; ‘ip ‘aley 16C, 20; ‘ip na’el 16C, 20.
become famous: ‘ip na’ey 16C, 20; japjonet ‘ik’ 16C, 20; japluj ‘ik’ [shining breath, air or wind] 14B5, 16C, 20.
become famous or illustrious: bain 16C, 20.

fan: pech’ veluyab 22C; veluy 9F; veluyab pech’ 22C.

fanned: object being fanned: veluyej 9F.

far: as far as: k’alal 4, 12; k’alal te ‘oy 4, 12; te k’alal 4, 12.
far apart: nomtik 4, 12; nomtiknomtik 4, 12; nomtuk 4, 12.
far away: nom 4, 12.
from far away: jakal 4, 12; nom talel 4, 12.
how far?: k’u namal 4, 12; k’usi namal 4, 12.
that far: te k’alal 4, 12.
this far: li’ k’alal li’ 4, 12.

farmhand: jchabatal 26A.

fart: tzisin 7E; tzisinet 7E.
fart at ungraciously or mockingly: tzistay 7E, 16K.
person who farts frequently: jtzisnom 7E, 16K.

fast (1): ayuno 15A1, 23A4; ‘iktay ‘ixim [abandon corn] 14, 23A4; ch’abaj 23A4; ch’abajel 23A4; ch’ob 23A4; juju-ti‘ ve‘ 23A4; *k’exma ve‘el 23A4; pas ayuno 15A1, 23A4.
compulsory fast: tzajal ch’abajel 23A4, 35C.
compulsory Lenten fast: tzajal ch’abajel ta cuaresmatik 15A1, 23A4, 35E.

fast (2): ‘ik 3, 8E, 16E; ‘ip 3, 8E, 16E; tzatzubesbil 3, 8E, 16E; tzotz 3, 8E, 16E.

fasten: tz’ak 9C; chuk 9C.
fasten hat strap: ‘och ‘ak’il ‘u‘un 9C, 31.

fat: ‘it’it’ 7C; ‘it’it’ul 7C; k’an-’ixmal 7C; muk’ 3, 7C, 12; pumumet 3, 7C, 12.
grow fat: jup’ 3, 7E, 12; k’an-‘ixmay 3, 7E, 12; muk’ub 3, 7E, 12.

fate: balam 17; ch’ulelil [soul] 14B7, 17; k’in [day] 14, 17; Hech ch’ulel 17.
person’s fate: k’inal 17.

father: totil 18F.

father-in-law: man’s father-in-law: ni‘ 18F.

fatigued: yatikyatik 33.
be fatigued: yatik ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel suffering world] 14E, 33; yatikil ‘a‘i 33; yatikil ‘osil ‘a‘i 33.

fatness: muk’ul 7C.

fatten: jup’es 7E; muk’ubes 7E; muk’ubtas 7E.

fault: mul 16L; mulil 16L; pajbenal 16L.
find fault with: bik’tajes [make small] 14F2, 16H; komojes 16H; paj 16H; yales [lower] 14, 16H.

favor: ‘aboltay 16A; ‘aboltayel 16A.

favorably: be favorably disposed to: ta tojol bat ‘olonton [one’s heart goes to] 14B6, 16A.

fear: xi‘ 16J; xi‘el 16J.
be white with fear: sak pak’an ba 8F1, 16J.

fearful: be fearful: ‘ip xi‘ 16J.
fearful person: jxi’el 16J.

fearsome: be fearsome: ‘oy ‘ik’ 16J, 16R.
be fearsome (animal’s or human’s horrifying face or appearance): xi‘benaj ba 6F, 16J, 16R.

feast: ve‘el 23A.
pay one’s share for a feast: toj ve‘el 23A, 27.
share in payment of feast: tojol ve‘el 23A, 27.

feather: k’uk’um 6F.
(cover with feathers): bal ta k’uk’um 31A, 31E; bon ta k’uk’um 31A, 31E.
fledged with very small or young feathers: ‘ajil k’uk’um 6F.
make feathers stand on end (chicken): tz’abub 6G.

feeble: vuyul 33.
(unable to fight or act vigorously): mo ch’ilomuk 33.
feeble person: yayail vinik 33.
feel feeble (from sickness or age): yayatik ‘osil ‘a‘i feel suffering world] 14E, 33.

feebleness: yayail 33.

feed: ve‘eltas 23A.
feed cattle: lo‘obtas 25.

feel: ‘a‘i 8.
feel out of place: mu nop ‘osil ‘a‘i [not feel world to fit in] 14E, 16J.

feign: p’is ba 16N.
person feigning sleep: jkulil-vayel 7F, 16N; jmaxil-vayel [person who monkey sleeps] 7F, 14A1, 16N.

fell: fell trees: tz’et te‘ 26.

felled: tz’etbil 10E, 26.
felled tree: tz’etob 10E, 26.
tree being felled: tz’etoj 10E, 26.

felling: be engaged in felling trees: tz’etav 10E, 26.
felling of trees: tz’etob 10E, 26.

female: female of any species: ‘antz 18C.

fence (1): chan ch’ilomajel 21E2, 32B; chan yabutil 21E2, 32B; esgrimir 15A6, 21E2, 32B.

fence (2): joy-te‘ 28D1; joyol 28D1; makol 28D1; mok 28D1.
fence in: mak 9B, 28D1.

fencer: jchanantasej-ch’ilomajel 21E1, 32B; jcha-nantasej-yabutil 21E1, 32B.

fennel: castillan tzitz 5B.
wild fennel: batz’i tzitz 5A; tzitz 5A.

fer-de-lance: jchan ‘ut ni‘ chon 6C.

ferocious: bolom [jaguar] 6, 14A; k’ok’ [hot] 6, 14G, 16H.
ferocious person: k’ak’al vinik [hot person] 14G, 16I; k’ok’ vinik [hot person] 14G, 16I.

ferocity: k’ak’al [heat] 14G, 16I.

fertilize: ‘ak’ tzo‘ caballo 15A9, 26; ‘och ‘u‘un tzo‘ caballo 15A9, 26; Iumtay ta tzo‘ 26.

fertilized: lumtaybil ta tzo‘ 26.

fester: ‘ipaj 33; ‘uch’ ‘a‘lel 33; nipaj 33; pojovin 33.

fetters: tak’in chukobil ‘okil 21C.
(horse, mule): chukobil caballo 15A9, 25B.
copper fetters: tak’in 21C.
falcon’s fetters: tzoyobil 24; chukobil 24.
leg fetters: chukobil ‘okil tak’in 21C.

fever: k’ak’al [heat] 14G, 33; k’ok’ [fire] 14G, 33.
tertian fever: chabjeychabjey ‘oy k’ak’altik 33.

fickle: ‘ep ‘olonton [many-hearted] 14B6, 16K; ‘ep tza 16K; ‘epal ‘olonton 16K; yantikyantik ‘olonton [different hearted] 14B6, 16K.
be fickle: sob yanij ‘olonton [quickly change one’s heart] 14B6, 16K; t’abtikt’abtik tza 16K.

fickleness: ‘epal ‘olontonil 16K; ‘epal tzaijel 16K.

field: jobel 5, 26; tenlej jobel 5, 26.

fieldhand: chobtikil vinik 26A; voymoltikil vinik 26A.

fierce: ‘ip lek’-ti‘il 16I; ‘ip te‘te‘il 16I; xi‘benal 16I; toj k’ok’ [very hot] 14G, 16I.

fierceness: lek’-ti‘il [lip-licking] 14B5, 16I.

fiesta: k’in 35E.
hold a fiesta: ‘al te k’in 35E; k’in ta ‘al 35E; pas k’in 35E; pasbey k’in 35E.

fifth: ‘o‘ob 12.

fifty: lajuneb ‘ox-vinik 12, 12A.

fig(l): higos 5B, 15A10.
candied fig: matz’ubtasbil higo 15A10, 23A1; panbil higo 15A10, 23A1; poxtaybil higo 15A10, 23A1; takijesbil higo 15A10, 23A1.

fig (2): bet’anel k’obil 16K; bet’anel k’obol 16K; bet’el k’obil 16K; bet’el k’obol 16K.
give a fig to (thumb placed between other fingers): bet’anbey k’ob 16K.
give a fig to someone: katz’anbey k’ob 16K.
giver of figs: jbet’anej-k’obol 16K.
person who gives a fig: jkatz’anej-k’obil 16K.

fight: *’ikoy 21E; *’ikoyaj 21E; *’ikoyajel 21E; ch’ilom 20A; ch’ilomaj 21E; ch’ilomajel 21E; ch’ilomay 21E; tuk’ay 21E.
fight in a contest: *’ikoyaj 32B; *’ikoyan 21E, 32B; nak 21E, 32B; nakav 21E, 32B; yabutij 21E, 32B; yabutin 21E, 32B.

fighter: *j’ikoyajel 21E1; ch’ilom 21E1.

figuratively: ta tzail k’op 13A; ta tz’ib 13A; ta p’is 13A.
speak figuratively: ta nop k’opoj 13A.

figure: lok’obil 30; lok’ol 30.
figure out (as when we figure out a price or how a thing is made): nop 11, 27B.

filch: tas 10D, 21A; tasbey 10D, 21A.

file: ch’ul tak’in 28; ch’ulob tak’in 26B; ch’ulobil
tak’in 26B; jos tak’in 28; josobil tak’in 26B; kupob tak’in 26B; lima 15A8, 26B.

filings: juxbenal 29, 30.
metal filings: ch’uch’ul tak’in 29, 30.

fill: amount added to fill container: nojeb 9E, 12.
fill by sinking, as when they fill the waterjug by sinking it in the water: pul 1C, 9E, 22C.
fill up: noj 9E; nojes 9E.
fill up by blowing: nojes ta Hupanel 1A, 9E.

filled: nojesbil 9E.

filling: pulel 9E.

fillip: t’isluy 7E; t’isluyvanej 7E.

filly: tzeb caballo 6A2, 15A9, 18C.

filmy: be filmy: tok ‘a‘i 3.

finally: ta ‘olaneb 2; ta tzutzeb 2; ta ch’anieb 2; ta lajeb 2.

find: (lost object as money, feathers): tam 6F, 10B, 27C; tamolaj 6F, 10B, 27C.
find what one was looking for: ‘il 10B; ta 10B.
find what one was searching for or that suits the purpose: nuptan 10B.

fine (1): batz’i 16A, 16R; batz’i ‘utz 16A, 16R.
be fine: ‘utz ‘oy 16A, 16R.

fine (2): ‘ak’ chabajuk 21C; chabajes 21C; tojel 21C.
fine of money or property: chabajel 21C, 27, 27C.

fined: be fined: ch’ak 21C.

finery: tzatzajel 31E.

finger: ‘ol k’ob 7A.
middle finger: ‘o‘lol k’ob 7A.

finish: tzutzes 2.
(work): tzutz 2.
finish off: ‘ules 2.

finished: ‘ulesbil 2.
be finished: tz’aki 2.

fire: k’ak’ubel 1D; k’ok’ 1D.
(with embers scattered far and wide): balax k’ok’ 1D.
fire in patches: chik’il k’ok’ 1D.
light a fire: nop’ k’ok’ 1D.
person who sets fire to something: jsuj-k’ok’ 1D.
set fire in patches: chik’il-k’ak’tay 1D.
set fire to: sujbey k’ok’ 1D; suj k’ok’ 1D.
steel for striking fire with a flint tak’in 1D, 26B.

firebrand: xupet k’ok’ 1D.

firewood: si‘ 1D, 5, 22C.
gathering of firewood: si‘bej 22E.
stack of firewood: j-vutz’ si‘ 1D, 12A, 22C.
stacked firewood: ch’ubaybil si‘ 1D, 22C.

firm: ‘ip 3, 8E, 16E; tzatzubesbil 3, 8E, 16E; tzotz 3, 8E, 16E.
instrument for making firm: ‘ipajebal 26B; tzatzubesab 26B.

firmly: ‘ip 3, 8E, 16E; tzotz 3, 8E, 16E.

firmness: ‘ip 3, 8E, 16E; ‘ipajel 3, 8E, 16E; tzatzal 3, 8E, 16E; tzatzubel 3, 8E, 16E.

first: ba‘yi 4, 12; ba‘yitajel 4, 12; ba‘yitajel 4, 12; pisil ba chi‘uk ba‘yi-tajel 4, 12.
be the first: ba‘yi 4, 12.
do or use for the first time: likes 2.
first in rank: ba ta ‘ajvalel 16C, 20.
first row: ba kajal 4.
first step: ba kajal 4.
first time: ba kajal 2.
for the first time: ba‘yi 2.
the first: ba 12.
the first in sitting order: ba jnaklej 4.
the first in standing order: ba jva‘lej 4.

firstborn: (of a man): ba nich’nal 18A, 18C; ba nich’on 18A, 18C.
(of a woman): ba j‘alanel 18A, 18C; ba ta ‘alanel 18A, 18C.

fish: tzak choy 24; tzames choy 24; choy 6D; sa‘ choy 24; vinik choy 6D.
bony fish: ch’ixal choy 6D.
fish hook: lukum tak’in 24.
Fish market: chonob choy 27, 28C2.
fish spear: yalbayab 24.
fish with a hook: lukbay choy 24.
fish with hook or pole: lukbaj 24.
fish with roots making the fish drunk: maj-‘ak’i [beat vines] 5, 14, 24.
fresh fish: yaxal choy [blue-green fish] 6D, 14D2.
weigher of fish: jp’is-choy 12, 27A.

fishbone: bakel choy 6F; ch’ix choy 6F.

fisherman: jtzamesej-choy 24; jsa’-choy 24.
fisherman who fishes with poison: jmaj ‘ak’ choy 24; jmaj ‘ak’iej choy 24.

fishing: tzamesej choy 24.
fishing line: lukbayabil choy 24.
fishing with a hook: lukbayej-choy 24; lukum choy 24.
fishing with poison: maj-‘ak’ 24; maj-’ak’iej 24.

fishline: ch’ajnul 24.

fishmonger: jchon-choy 27A.

fishpond: ch’ivitajeb choy 1C, 24; junejeb choy 1A, 24; lekbil 1C, 24.

fishscale: sol 6F.

fist: voloj k’obil 7A.

fistful: j-mich’ 12A.

fit: ‘och 4.
fit in: ‘ak’ k’ux ba 4; ‘ak’ nop ba 4; ‘ak’ tik’ ba 4; nop 4; nopoj ba ‘u‘un 4.
fit in or together (beams): nup 4, 28.
fit into or together (door and doorjamb): nop 4, 28.
fit tightly: nup ba 4.
fit together nop ba 4.

fitted: fitted in or together: nopbil 4.

fitting: lek ‘oy 16A, 16C, 16R; nup ‘oy 16A, 16C, 16R.
act of fitting one thing into another: nopen 4, 9B, 9E.

five: Ho‘ob 12.

fix: meltzajes 10A, 16C; tojobes 10A, 16C; tojobtas 10A, 16C.
be able to fix: meltzaj 7E1, 10A, 16C; tojob 7E1.

flaccid: become flaccid: matz’ub 3.

flag: lok’om 20, 21E2, 35B; lok’om pok’ 20, 21E2, 35B.

flame: ‘at k’ok’ [fire penis] 1D, 14B9.
flame up: til 1D; tilet 1D; tililet 1D.

flank: ‘o‘il 6F; xokonil 6F.

flash: (lightning): leblajet ‘osil 1D; leblon ‘osil [flashing sky] 1D, 14E.

flat: tenel 1B, 3; tenten 1B, 3.
flat and treeless: pik’pik’ 1B, 12; pik’pik’ ‘osil [bald land] 1B, 12, 14E.
flat field: pik’pik’ tenlej 1B, 3.

flat-nosed: vo‘o-ni‘ 7C.
be flat-nosed: pech’el ni‘ 7C; vo‘ol ni‘ 7C.

flatter: ‘utzibtas 16N; ‘utzin 16N; k’an ch’ulel k’opoj 16N; k’an ch’ulel k’opon 16N; maxilan [monkey] 14A1, 16N; pas-k’opoj 16N.

flatterer: j’utzinvanej 16N; jk’an ch’ulel k’op [he who asks for the
soul with words] 14B7, 14J, 16N; jk’anch’ulel 16N;
jpas-k’op 16N.

flattery: ‘utzinvanej 16N; k’an-ch’ulel k’op 16N; pas-k’op 16N.

flavor: muil ‘ik’ 8D.

flavorsome: become flavorsome: mu ‘ayan 8D.

flax: lino 5B, 31A.

flea: ch’ak 6E.

fledge: ch’i k’uk’umal 6G; lok’ k’uk’um 6G.

flee: jin 9A1, 10D; kol ta jatval 9A1, 10D; kol ta jinel 9A1, 10D.
flee to the hills: jatav 9A1, 10D.
make flee to the hills: jatviltas 9A1, 10D, 20A.
make person flee: jines 9A1, 10D, 20A.
wish to flee from: mo ‘utzuk ‘a‘i [not feel good] 14C, 16J.

fleeing: prevent from fleeing: ch’anantas 10D; ch’anies 10D.

fleet: ‘epal jom 9A2, 21E1; tzobol jom 9A2, 21E1; *chanul jom 9A2, 21E1.

flesh: bek’tal 7A; mo ‘oyuk bakel 7A.

fletcher: j’an-yolobil 21E2, 29A.

flight: jatanel 9A1, 21E; jatavel 9A1, 21E; jatval 9A1, 21E; jinel 9A1, 21E.

flint: suy 1B; suy ton 1B.
black flint (with which they make razor blades): to 1B, 26B.

flinty: sharp flinty place: suy tontik 1B.

flock: tos 6B1.
(cattle): ‘ep ta kot 6A2.
flock of birds: j-tasal 6B1.
flock of horses: ‘epal caballo 6A2, 15A9.
flock of sheep: ‘epal tux-nok’ chij 6A2.

flood: ‘ipal Ho’ 1C; komel 1C.
flood widely: kom 1C.

flooded: tz’ajal ta Ho‘ 1C; chik’il ta Ho‘ 1C.
be flooded: ‘ach’elay 1C; chik’ey 1C.

floor: lumtik ta na 28D.
brick floor chik’bil xamitl ta lumtik 28D; chik’bil xuch’ 28D; lamanbil xamit ta lumtik 15B, 28D; melbil chik’bil xamitl 15B, 28D.
cement floor: t’abbil tan ta lumtik 28D.
lay a brick floor ‘ak’ chik’bil xamitl ta lumtik 15B, 28; chol chik’bil xamitl 15B, 28; laman xamitl 15B, 28.
lay an earth floor: but’ na ta lum 28.
lay cement floor: ‘ak’ tan na 28.
stone floor: lamanbil ton ta lumtik 28D.

flour: wheat flour castillan ch’ilim 15A3, 23A1.

flow: flow out without bubbles: lok’ 1C, 10D.

flower: nich 5; nichin 5.
(generally); nichim 5.
flower painted like a tiger with the image of a dragon inside: ‘utz’ob bolom [jaguar’s nosegay] 6A1, 14B, 35F.
flower spray: k’ob nichim [flower arm] 5, 14B10.

flowery: ‘oy nichim 5.
flowery field: nichimtik 5.

fluff: sivu 31A.
fluff the bed: sokilan vayebal 22E.

fluffed: (bed): sokilanbil 22E; toj k’un 22E.

fluffing: sijel 31A.

flute: ‘amay 32A1.
flute case: ‘av ‘amay 32A; na ‘amay [flute house] 14, 32A.
play the flute: ‘amayain 32A.

flutist: j’amay 32A.

fly (1): Ho 6E.
fly that oxen drive away: xkoch 6E.
large fly: Honon 6E.

fly (2): vil 9A1.

flyswatter: pech’ 22C; veluyab pech’ 22C.

foam: vok 1C; vokan 1C.
foam of boiling water: tzo‘ k’ak’al Ho‘ [hot water shit] 1C, 14B12; vok k’ak’al Ho‘ 1C.

foamy: foamy material (cocoa): jvokanel 23A.

fodder: ‘ipajeb chij 25; lo‘bol chij 25.

fog: balumil tok 1C; tok 1C.

foggy: ‘ip tok 1C; tz’anal tok 1C.
become foggy: yal tok 1C.

fold: pakbenal 3; puxbenal 3.
(cloth, clothing): pak 3, 22E, 31; pux 3, 22E, 31.

folded: pakbil 3; puxbil 3.
not folded: j-lomlom 3, 31; k’olk’ol 3, 31; mu cha‘-k’oluk 3, 31; mu cha‘-lomuk 3, 31.

follow: tz’ak-pati 9A1; tz’ak-patibey 9A1; tz’ak-pativan 9A1.
follow enemies: nutz 21E.
follow in the company of: tz’ak-pati 9A1; va‘an 9A1.

followed: be followed: k’exey batel 9A1.

follower: jvol 16D.

fontanel: ‘a‘alil 7A.

food: ‘ipajebal 23A; ve‘el 23A.
(eggs or fruit): lo‘bol 23A, 23Al, 23A2.
(fresh corn, greens): k’uxbol 23A, 23A1.
(meat, fish, mushrooms, beans): ti‘bol 23A, 23Al, 23A2.
baby food: ‘ulil vaj 23Al; vajil ‘ul 23Al.
base or cold food: sik-t’ojol ve‘el 8A, 8D, 23A.
crave food: sitz’ij 23A4: sitz’il ‘a‘i 23A4.
craving of food: sitz’ijel 23A4.
daily food given to horses: lo‘bol chij 25.
eat cold food: sik-t’ojan ve‘ 8A, 23A4.
filch food: tas ve‘el 10B, 21A, 23A; tasbey ve‘el 10B, 21A, 23A.
food pickled with sauce, or spiced: p’uyum 23A, 23A3.
food that must be eaten: ve‘bol 23A.
food that one has cooked: paneb 23A.
one day’s ration of food: jun k’ak’al ve‘el 12, 23A.
pestilential food: ‘ipal chamelal ve‘el 23A, 33.
pilferer of food: jtasol-ve‘el 10B, 21A, 23A.
serve food: ve‘eltas 23A.

fool: Hovil vinik 16L, 33.

foolish: mo ‘oyuk ‘olonton [not have a heart] 14B6, 16L; HovHovtik 16L.

foolishly: act foolishly: Hovi 16L.

foolishness: Hoviel 16L.

foot: ‘okil 7A.
(tree with branches): ‘ibel 5.
foot of mountain: ‘ibel vitz 1B.
foot of tree: ‘ibel te‘ 5.
foot of wall: ‘ibel ch’ub 28D1.
go on foot: xanav ta ‘ok 9A1; ta ‘ok xanav 9A1.

footnote: meltzajes 11A; sutejes 11A.

footprint: ‘av ‘okil 7C, 9D; tek’ben ‘ok 7C, 9D; tek’leb ‘ok 7C 9D.

force: force on: tek’tek’-‘ak’ 16E.

ford: ‘ech’eb 9A2; p’asob ‘uk’um 9A2; p’asojel 9A2.

forearm: (ventral surface): ch’ut k’obil [stomach of the arm] 7A, 14B.

forefinger: ch’utub 7A.

forehead: ti‘ bail 7A.

foreign: bet’bil 19; j-tek ta lum talel 19; jakal 19; jakal talel 19; lekbil 19; nom 19; nom na 19; nom talel 19.

foreigner: bet’oj vinik 19; lekoj vinik 19; nam-tal vinik 19.

foreleg: k’obil 7A.

forelock: j-mich’ tzotzil 7A.

foremost: ba‘yitajel 4; ba‘yitajel 4; pisil ba chi‘uk ba‘yi-tajel 4.
foremost in rank: ba‘yitajel 16C, 20.

forest: ‘abnaltik 5; te‘tik 5.
forest dweller: jk’ulej ta te‘tik 19, 20; te‘tikil vinik 19, 20.
tall forest: toyol ‘osil 5.

foretold: toj-ti‘ibil 17.

forever: jilol ‘osil [length of time] 2, 14E.

forewarn: ba‘yi ‘albey 17.

forge: lok’tay 27C, 29; pak’tay 27C, 29; p’is 27C, 29.

forged: pak’taybil 27C, 29.

forger: jpak’tayvanej 16N, 27C; jpak’tayvanej ta tz’ib 11A, 21A.
cocoa bean forger: jpak’tayej ta kokov 16N, 21A, 27C.

forgery: lok’tayel 11A, 21A; pak’tayel 11A, 21A; p’isel 11A, 21A.

forget: ch’ay ‘a‘i 11.
make forget: ‘ak’ ch’ayuk ta ‘olonton [have lost from one’s heart] 11, 14B6.
make person forget: ch’ay ‘olonton ‘u‘un 11.

forgetful: forgetful person: jch’ay-‘olonton 11, 16L.

forgotten: be forgotten: ch’ay ‘olonton [lose one’s heart] 11, 14B6; mu na‘ot 11.

fork: (river): chib ‘ayan 9A2.
(river, road): k’ej ba 1C; k’ejey 1C.
fork in a river: tz’akav ‘uk’um 1C.

form: ‘ilel 3; pasel 3.

forsake: forsake God: ‘iktay dios 15A1, 35C; paj ta ch’uunel dios 15A1, 35C; ti‘oltay dios 15A1, 35C.

fortification: ‘ipajel 28C3; ‘ipajesel 28C3; tzatzubtasel 28C3.

fortified: ‘ip 28C3; ‘ipajesbil 28C3; tzatzubesbil 28C3; tzotz 28C3; yijubesbil 28C3.
be fortified: ‘ipaj 28C3.
that which is to be fortified: tzatzubesbol 28C3.

fortify: ‘ipajes 28C3; ‘ipaltas 28C3; ‘och tzatzubeb ‘u‘un 28C3; ‘och tzatzubesabil ‘u‘un 28C3; tzatzubes 28C3; tzatzubtas 28C3; yijubes 28C3.

fortress: tzatzal na 28C3; tonal na 28C3; yabutinab na 28C3.

fortunate: be fortunate: ‘utzib 16C.

fortune: rise in fortune: toy jol [raise one’s head] 14B1, 16C; vik’ sat [open one’s eyes] 14B2, 141, 16C.

forty: cha‘-vinik 12, 12A.

found: likes 10A.

foundation: ‘ibel ch’ub 28D; likeb ch’ub 28D.
foundation ditch: likeb ch’ub 28D.
foundation maker: j‘ak’ ton ta likeb ch’ub 28A; j‘ibeltasej-ch’ub 28A.
lay a foundation: ‘ak’ tanal 28; ‘ak’ tanal likeb ch’ub 28; ‘ibeltas 28; ‘och ‘u‘un ton ta likeb ch’ub 28; likes ch’ub 28.
person who lays a foundation: jlikesej-ch’ub 28A.

founder: town founders: ba‘yi vinik 19; yanilalik vinik 19.

fountain: ‘av Ho’ 1C, 28D; lok’eb Ho‘ 1C, 28D.

four: chanib 12.
(animals): chan-kot 12A.
(people): chan-vo‘ 12A.
four hundred: j-bok’ 12A.

fourteen: chan-lajuneb 12.
fourteen times: chan lajun mek 12A.

fox: ‘ajval tuluk’ [lord or enemy of the chickens] 6A1, 14A; vet 6Al.

fragrance: have fragrance spread: k’epet muil 8D.

fragrant: mu 8D; mumutik 8D.

framework: make framework with small pole: xulay 28.

France: Francia 15A2, 19.

frank: frank person: ‘utzil vinik 16A; j‘aboltayvanej 16A; tojol vinik 16A.

frankness: ‘atil 16A.

free: kuxes 9A1, 10D; yaxubes [to make blue-green] 9A1, 10D, 14D2; Hitun 9A1, 10D.
(captive or prisoner): lok’ 20A, 21E; loK’es 21E.
free person from his oath: ch’aybey k’op juramento 10D, 15A2.
free time: naka ‘osil [just time] 2, 14E; naka ‘osiltik 2.
free will: kuxul tza 17; na‘ben tza 17.

freedman: kuxul vinik 20, 22A; te‘el vinik [wooden freedman man] 14, 20; yaxal vinik [blue-green person] 14D2, 20.

freeze: pat ba 1C, 8A.

frequently: ‘atal mek 2, 12; ‘ep ta mek 2, 12; *‘oyo‘oyo 2, 12; likel kajel 2, 12; likel likel 2, 12; likel t’abel 2; naka no ‘ox 2, 12.
quite frequently: ‘ep‘ep 2, 12.

fresh: ‘ach’ 12; yaxal 12.
(fish, cheese): yox 6D, 12, 23A2.
become fresh: yaxub [become blue-green] 12, 14D2.
make fresh: yaxubtas 12.

fret: (cloth, silk): laj 31A; naka ‘ak’il ‘ayan 31A.

fretted: naka ‘ak’il no ‘ox 31A.
be fretted: laj 31A.

friar: ch’uul vinik 35A; jch’uul-xanbal 35A; domi nico 15A1, 35A; padre 15A1, 35A.

Friday: cha‘ej xa ‘oy domingo 2B, 15A3; viernes 2B, 15A3.

friend: chi’il 16D; tasal 16D; *val-te‘ 16D.
become friends with: pas ba chi‘uk 16D; pas chi‘uk 16D.

friendliness: ‘atil 16D.

friendly: ‘atil vinik 16D; laal ‘atil 16D; laal ‘utzil 16D.
friendly person: ‘utzil vinik 16D.

friendship: pasel 16D.
league of friendship: nopeb k’op [agreement of words] 14J, 16D; sikubenal k’op [cooling of words] 14G, 14J, 16D.

fright: sibtasel 16J; sibtasvanej 16J; tijluyel 16J.
blanch from fright: sak-pak’tay 7E, 16J; sak-pak’tay ba 7E, 16J.
take fright: lik 16J.

frighten: sibtas 16J; xi‘es 16J; tij 16J.
frighten person from carrying out a plan: k’asbey ‘olonton [break one’s heart] 10D, 14B6, 16J.

frightened: be frightened: ‘ip xi’ 16J.
be frightened by having seen or heard a miracle: laban 16J, 35C.

frightful: be frightful (person, animal): xi’benaj ba 6, 16J, 16R.

frog: ‘amoch 6C; ch’uch’ 6C; jenjen 6C; *tulul 6C.

frolic: ‘utzin 32.

from: lik ta 4.
(the city, the garden): ta 4.
from now on: batel 2.

front: ‘elov 4; ‘ichon 4.
be in front of: ‘elan 4.
in front of: ta ‘ichonil 4.
in front of (one house or another): ‘elanej ba 4, 28C.

frost: ‘ob 1C, 8A; ‘ov 1C, 8A.

frostbitten: be frostbitten: laj ta taiv 33.

frown: *keman sat 7E, 16H; kotzan sat 7E, 16H.
fierce frown: pak’al-baijel 7E, 16H.
frown at: *kemanbey sat 7E, 16H.
frown fiercely: pak’al-baij 7E, 16H; pak’alin ba 7E, 16H.
look with a frown: kotzan sat k’el 7E, 16H.

frowning: be frowning: *kemel sat 7E, 16H.
person who is frowning fiercely: jpak’al-baijel 7E, 16H.

fruit: lo‘bol 5.
(general term): sat [eye or face] 5, 14B2.
after fruit: matz’epal 5; p’ajbenal 5.
fresh fruit: ‘ach’ lo‘bol [new fruit] 5B, 12, 14, 23A.
fruit tree: te‘el lo‘bol 5.
summer fruit: k’ak’altikil lo‘bol [hot season fruit] 5, 14G; k’ak’altikil sat [hot season fruit] 5, 14G.
wild fruit: te‘tikil lo‘bol 5; voymoltikil lo‘bol 5.

fry: ch’il 23A3.

fuck: (have relations, a man with a woman, using a clear term): kob 18C.

fugitive: ‘ay ta muk’ta ‘anil 10D, 21E; jjatanel 10D, 21E; jjatavel 10D, 21E; jjatvil 10D, 21E; jjinel 10D, 21E.

full: ‘oy bel 9E, 12; noj 9E, 12.
be full: noj 9E, 12, 23A4; sit 9E, 23A4; sitel 9E, 23A4.

fungus: fungus that grows on trees: cheche 5A; sak-‘itaj [white greens] 5A, 14D5.

furious: ‘ip k’ak’al [very hot] 14G, 16H; k’ok’ [hot] 14G, 16H; laal te‘te‘il 16H; te‘te‘ub 16H; toj lek’-ti‘ 16H; toj te‘te‘ 16H.
become furious: k’ak’ub 16H; lek’-ti‘ub 16H.

furnishings: household furnishings: bel nail 22B; tzatzajeb na 22B.

furniture: *‘ichinalil 22B; bel nail 22B.
precious furniture: bel nail 22B.

furrow: vok’ 9D, 26.
(either plowed or as in the Mexicans’ cornfields or as we do when we plant radishes): tz’alav 9D, 26.
(not plowing, but as the Mexicans prepare their cornfields): tz’al 9D, 26.
plow a furrow: xoj ta vok’el 9D, 26; xoj vok’el 9D, 26.
plowed furrow: xojbenal 9D, 26; xojbenal ta vok’el 9D, 26.

fury: k’ak’al 16H; k’ak’al ‘olonton [hot heart] 14B6, 14G, 16H; k’ak’alil [heat] 14G, 16H.

future: sometime in the future: bak’inuk to 2.

G

gag: lotz’ob ‘ok’il 21C.

gallantly: lek 16F.

gallantry: ‘utzil 16F; lekil 16F; t’ujumal 16F.

gallery: sun gallery: ‘a‘iab k’ak’al 28D; k’atinab k’ak’al 28D.

galley: yabutinab castillan jom 9A2, 15A7, 21E1; yabutinajeb jom 9A2, 21E1.

gallows: milob 21C; milob vinik 21C; milobil 21C; milvanab 21C; picota 15A2, 21C.

game: tajimol 32B.
game of fortune (that they used to play with beans): chenek’ bul 32B.
lose game: ‘ale 16L, 32B.
play games of fortune: bulin 32B.
player of games of fortune: bulinom 32B.
win game: ‘ale 16C, 32B; ‘aleyvan 16C, 32B.

gameboard: bulinab 32B; bulinabil 32B; tenal te‘el bul 32B.

gameroom: (where they play): ch’akob k’op 28D, 32B; nakleb ‘ojov [lord’s room] 14, 28D, 32B.

garden: ‘av ‘itaj 26; ‘av tz’unbaltik 26; ‘av tz’unubil 26; tz’unbaltik 26; lum nichim 26.
flower garden: ‘av nichim 26; nichimtik 5B, 26.

gardener: jchabi-‘itaj 26A; jpas-’itaj 26A.

gargle: pas pox 7G, 34; pas pox pokobil ‘eal 7G, 34; pokobil ‘eal 7G, 34; pox jamobil nuk’ 7G, 34; pox pokobil ‘eal 7G, 34.
make gargle: pas pox jamobil nuk’il 7G, 34.

garland: j-‘ak’ nichim 31E; j-choj nichim 31E; j-jil nichim 31E; nit-bail 31E.
place garland on person’s head: ‘ak’ nit-bail ta jol 9B, 31E.
put on a garland: nit-baij 9B, 31E.

garlic: ajos 5B, 15A10.

garrison: j-tos j‘antzil ti‘ 21E1; j-tos jyabutil 21E1.
garrison a fortress: ‘ipajes yabutinab na 21E1, 28C3; tzatzubtas yabutinab na 21E1, 28C3.

gas: produce gas in one’s stomach (food): ‘u‘un lik ch’ut 7E, 23A, 33; lik ch’utul 7E, 23A, 33.

gate: town gate: ‘ocheb j-tek lum 28D1; ti‘ nanatik 28D1.

gatekeeper: jchabi ti‘ na 22A.

gateman: jjam-na 22A.

gather: tzob 9B, 10B; kunaj 9B, 10B; kunan 9B, 10B; kuntzaj 9B, 10B.
gather together: busan 9B, 10B; tzob 9B, 10B; tzobaj 9B, 10B; tzobajes 9B, 10B; tzoban 9B, 10B; tzobey 9B, 10B; tzobvan 9B, 10B.

gathered: tzobol 9B, 10B; *chanul 9B, 10B.
gathered together: tzobanbil 9B, 9C, 10B; tzobbil 9B, 9C, 10B.
objects being gathered: tzoboj 9B, 10B.
objects gathered together: tzobben 9B, 9C, 10B.

gauntlet: tak’in xojob k’ob 21E2; tak’in xojobil k’obil 21E2.

genealogy: tz’unbal 18F; chojol 18F; j-choj ta vinik [a string of people] 14, 18F; j-tos ta vinik [a group of people] 14, 18F; j-vol ta vinik 18F; tasal 18F; valel 18F.

general: ta sut 4.

generation: be of the same generation: jun ta maletik 18F; jun ta mool 18F.
first generation: j-tz’ok maletik 18F.
second generation: cha‘-tz’akal maletik 18.

generosity: tekpanijel 15B, 16A; tekpanil 15B, 16A.

generous: mok’usi jol ‘u‘un 16A; tekpan 15B, 16A.
be generous: mo k’usi jalan 16A.
generous person: ‘atil vinik 16A; tekpan vinik [princely person] 14, 15B, 16A; tekpanil vinik 15B, 16A.

genius: na‘vanej 16C.

gentleman: tekpan vinik 15B, 16A, 20.

gently: tzaibil 8E; k’unk’un 8E; k’unuk 8E; nopbil 8E.

genuflect: *kekubaj 7D, 35C; *kekuban 7D, 35C.

gesture: gesture with one’s hands: bech-k’abay 7E.
gesture with one’s head: bech-joli 7E.

get: ta 10B.
get with insistence: tzob ‘ikatz [gather burdens] 10B, 14.
go to get something: bein 9A1, 10B.

giant: muk’ vinik 7C; t’inel 7C; vatal ‘akan 7C.

giddap!: ‘ux 25.

gift: k’eelil 10C; tekpanil 10C, 15B.
favor with a gift: matanijes 10C.
receive a gift: ‘ich’ moton 10B; matantay 10B.
reciprocal gift: pakol k’eel 10C; pakol moton 10C.

gild: ‘ak’bey tak’in 29, 30; ‘otesbey tak’in 29, 30.

gilded: ‘oy tak’in 8F1, 29, 30; but’bil ta k’anal tak’in 8F1, 29, 30.

gilder: j’ak’ k’anal tak’in 29A; jnap’ k’anal tak’in 29A.

gird: bal 31.

girl: tzeb 18B.
be a full-grown girl: paj ch’iel tzeb 18B.
become a full-grown girl: ta ‘okel tzeb 18B.
young girl: bik’tal tzeb 18B; ch’iom tzeb 18B.

girlfriend: ‘ajmul 18B, 18D.

girlhood: tzebal 18B.
reach girlhood: tzebay 18B.

give: ‘ak’ 10C; ‘ak’bey 10C; ‘et’esbey 10C; k’elan 10C.
give away: k’elan 10C.
give for free: k’elan 10C.
give to: ‘ak’bey 10C; k’elanbey 10C.
give without charge: ‘ak’ ta k’elanel 10C.

given: given for free: k’elanbil 10C.

giver: jk’eel 10C; jk’elanvanej 10C.

gizzard: cho‘il [grinder or metate] 6F, 14B; chukleb ve‘el 6F.

gladden: ‘utzibes 16A, 16B; ‘utzibtas 16A, 16B; muibes [perfume] 14C, 16A, 16B; t’ujumajes 16A, 16B.

glanders: chamel chij 33; chijil chamel 33.

glands: fatal swelling of the glands: jtzamesvanej chamel 18E, 33.
swelling of the glands: bik’tal chamel 33.

glass: *puk 30.
drinking glass: bochil *puk 22C.

glazed: ch’ulul 30.

glazier: *jpas-puk 30A.

gleam: xojob yan 1D.

glean: k’uxk’ultay 10B, 26.
corn: k’uxk’ulaj 10B, 26.

gleaning: k’uxk’ulajel 10B, 26.
gleaning of corn after harvest: k’uxk’ul 10B, 26.

gleanings: corn gleanings: tzo‘ vojton [corncob shit] 10B, 14B12, 26.

gloomy: ‘ik’-pulan 1A.
(sky): ‘ik’-pulantik 1C.

glorification: ‘utzibtasel 16C, 35C; ‘utzibtasvanej 16C, 35C; muibtasel 16C, 35C; muibtasvanej 16C, 35C.

glorified: ‘utzibtasbil 16C, 35C; muibtasbil 16C, 35C; nichimajesbil 35C.

glorifier: j’utzintasvanej 16C, 35A; jmuibtasvanej 16C, 35A.

glorify: ‘utzibtas [make good] 14, 16C, 35C; tzatzubes [make strong] 14, 16C, 35C; muibes [perfume] 14, 16C, 35C; muibtas 16C, 35C; muk’ubtas [make big] 14F1, 16C, 35C; nichimajes 16C, 35C; toy [raise] 14, 16C, 35C.

glory: ‘utzibeb 35C; ‘utzibebal 35C; *mi-bail 35C; muibel 35C; nichimajel [flowering] 14, 35C.
true glory: batz’i muibel 35C; tojol muibel 35C.

glove: xoj k’ob 31C; xojobil k’obil 31C.

glue: castillan chak 10A, 15A2; chak 10A; chaki 9B, 10A.

glued: chakibil 9B, 10A.

glutton: *tzaom 16O, 23A4; *tzaomal vinik 16O, 23A4; jkamojel 16O, 23A4; mu‘natil vinik [base or slave person] 14, 16O, 23A4.

gluttony: *tzaomal 16O, 23A4; tz’i‘il ve‘el [dog meal] 14A2, 16O, 23A4; k’a‘al ve‘el [rotten meal] 14, 16O, 23A4; mo tojol ve‘eluk 16O, 23A4; mu‘natil 16O, 23A4; mulal ve‘el [sinful meal] 14, 16O, 23A4; tuluk’il ve‘el [chicken meal] 14A, 16O, 23A4.

gnat: ‘us 6E.
gnat that gets in one’s eyes: lo‘lo‘ 6G, 33.

gnaw: (as clothes moths or mice eat clothing): k’ux 6G, 10E, 23A4, 31.
(as dogs with a bone): nulilan 6G, 23A4.

gnawed: area gnawed by a mouse: joch’ben ch’o 10E, 23A4.
gnawed area: joch’benal 10E.

go: bat 9A1.
go out: lok’ 9A1; lok’es ba 9A1.
go through (needle in clothes, drill in a board): jelav 9E, 28, 31A.
go through streets or gardens: ‘ech’ 9A1.

go-between: jtzitzvanej ta ‘utzil k’op 20A.

goad: yalbay 25.
goad stick: yalbayabil 25B; yolobil 25B.

God: ch’u 35D; dios 15A1, 35D.
follow God’s commands or persevere in that effort: batz’itay chabiel k’op dios 15A1, 35C; batz’itay pasel k’op dios 15A1, 35C.
God grant: *jey 13A; *jeye 13A.
remember God frequently: tamtamuk dios ta ‘olonton 15Al, 35C.

god: false god: pak’tayej ch’u 16N, 35F; patol dios 15A1, 16N, 35F; tajimol ch’u 16N, 35F.

goddess: principal goddess: ‘alajom 35F.

godmother: baptismal godmother: me‘ ta ‘a‘al dios 15A1, 18C, 18F, 35C; me‘il ta bautismo 15A1, 18F, 35C.
wedding godmother: me‘il ta nupunel 18D, 35C.

goiter: (in animals): sit nuk’ 6, 33.

gold: k’anal tak’in [yellow metal] 14D3, 29.
gold dross: tzo‘ k’anal tak’in 29.
gold dust: yi‘al k’anal tak’in 29.
gold leaf: jayal k’anal tak’in 29.
gold nugget: ton k’anal tak’in 29.
gold vein: ch’en k’anal tak’in 29; lok’eb k’anal tak’in 29.

goldsmith: jten k’anal tak’in 29A.

good: ‘utz 16A; patel ‘olonton 16A; patob ‘utz 16A.
be especially good: toj ‘utz tuk 14, 16A; toyol tuk ta ‘utzil [be uniquely high in goodness] 14, 16A.
be on good terms with: laal ‘il ba 16A, 16D; laal ‘il ba chi’uk 16A, 16D; laal ‘utzil k’opoj [speak abundant good] 14J, 16A, 16D; laal k’opon ba 16A, 16D.
become good: ‘utzib 16A; ‘utzin 16A.
do good: ‘aboltay 16A; ‘aboltayvan 16A; ‘utz pas 16A; ‘utzil-pas 16A; vokoltasvan 16A.
do good or merciful acts: vokoltas 16A.
especially good: jelel tuk 16A; toj ‘utz 16A.
good deed: ‘utzil pasvanej 16A.
live a good life: ch’uun ba 16A.
make good: ‘utzibes 16A; ‘ utzibtas 16A.
moderately good: ‘utz’*utz’ nopbil 16A; tzakbil ta ‘utz’il 16A.
not very good: yalul ‘utz’ 16A.
sound good: ‘utz ‘a‘i 8C; ‘utz ‘a‘iel 8C.

goodness: ‘utzil 16A; ‘utzilal 16A.

goods: goods being transported: ‘eanbol 9A1.
stolen goods: ‘elek’ 21A; ‘ochol 21A.

goose: ‘umum 6B2; castillan ‘umum 6B2, 15A9; castillan vinik pato 6B2, 15A9; patox 6B2.

gopher: ba 6A1.
gopher mound: bus ba 1B, 6A1.

gorge: with gorges: *Hopol 1B.

gormandize: tz’i‘tz’i‘ ve‘ 16O, 23A4; tz’i‘il-ve‘ 16O, 23A4.

gossip: j‘ich’-k’op [word-receiver] 13A, 14J, 16H; chibal-k’opoj 13A, 16H; jcha‘ lom k’op [he of two time talk] 13A, 14J, 16H; jchibal-k’op [he of two words] 13A, 14J, 16H; jotz’-k’optay [drag out and speak against] 13A, 14J, 16H; joyjoy-k’optay [speak around and against] 13A, 14J, 16H; jjoy-k’optayvanej 13A, 16H; lob-k’optay 13A, 16H.
gossip intended to arouse discord: cha‘-lom k’op 13A, 16H, 20A.
gossip intending to arouse discord: cha‘ lom k’opoj 13A, 16H, 20A.
gossip, person who draws one out: jjoy-k’op 13A, 16N.
listen to backbiting or gossip: ‘ich’ lot 13A, 16H.

gourd: tzu 5B.
water gourd (half gourd): ‘uch’ob Ho’ 5B, 22C.
wine gourd: ‘uch’ob chi‘ 5B, 22C.

gout: ‘ik’al chamel 33; ‘ik’al la ‘ok 33.

gouty: ‘ik’altik 33.

govern: chabi 20; ch’ak 20; k’opoj 20; pas patan 20.
govern self: tza pas [do intelligently] 16C; k’op ‘olonton tuk pas [do only the word of one’s heart] 14B6, 14C, 16C.

government: chabiomal 20; jchabiomal 20; jk’opojel 20; pasel ch’akel 20.
good government: melel ‘osil [lined-up time] 14E, 20; tojol ‘osil [straight time] 14E, 20.

governor: jchabiomal 16E, 20; jch’akel 16E, 20; jch’akel ta ‘ol 16E, 20; jk’opojel ta ‘ol [speaker at the heart] 14J, 20.

grace: ‘utzibel 16A, 35C; ‘utzil 16A, 35C.
endowed with grace: ‘ep ‘utzil 16A, 16R, 35C; ‘ep gracia 15A1, 16A, 16R, 35C.

graceful: ‘utz 16R; *’ulubalal 16R; lek 16R; t’ujum 16R.

gracefulness: ‘utzil 16R; lekil 16R; t’ujumal 16R.

graciously: act graciously: t’ujum pas 16F, 16R.
speak graciously: ‘utz k’opoj 16F, 16R.

grackle: boat-tailed grackle: bak mut [bone or thin bird] 6B1, 14A.

gradually: tzaibiltzaibil 2C; tzaibiluk no ‘ox 2C; k’unk’un no ‘ox 2C; k’unk’unuk no ‘ox 2C; nopbilnopbil 2C; nopbiluk no ‘ox 2C.

graduate: (priest): lik ‘u‘un sacerdoteal 11, 15A1, 35A.
graduate from priestly order: ‘ich’ padreil 11, 15A1, 35A.

graft: (tree): ‘unen k’exbon 5, 26.

grafted: shoot grafted onto a tree: ‘unen ni‘ 5, 26.

grammar: chanob latin k’op 11A, 15A2.

granary: ‘av ‘ixim 28C2; na ‘ixim 28C2; ten 28C2; ten ‘ixim 28C2.
store in a granary: tenay 9B, 10B, 28C2.
underground granary for wheat: lumal ten 28C2; ta ‘ut lum ten 28C2.

grand: toj labajel 12.
be grand: labaney 12.

grandchild: man’s grandchild: mom 18F.
woman’s grandchild: ‘i 18F.

grandeur: labanel 12.

grandfather: muk’ta tot [big father] 14F1, 14H, 18F.

grandmother: muk’tame‘ [big mother] 14F1, 14H, 18F.

grape: tz’usub 5B.
grapevine: ‘ak’il tz’usub 5B.
grapevine prop: ‘ipajebal 26; xok’ 5B; xok’il 5B.
grapevine runner: ‘ak’il tz’usub 5B.
grapevine stock: te‘el tz’usub 5B.
main trunk of the grapevine: muk’ta ‘ibel tz’usub 5B.
unripe grape: tzeel tz’usub 5B.

grapple: japi 9D; japi ch’ay 9D; vol 9D; vol ch’ay 9D.

grappled: volbil 9D.

grappling: japivanej 9D.

grasp: ‘ik 9D.

grasped: object being grasped: kikoj 9D.

grass: jobel 5A; si‘vilon 5A.
dry grass: taki-jobel 5, 8B.

grasshopper: (small locust): p’ilix 6E.

grate: jos 28D.
(term now used): reja 15A8, 28D; verja 15A8, 28D.
iron window grate: kolol tak’in 28D.
wooden grate: cholbil te‘ 28D; mak te‘ 28D; melbil chikin te‘ 28D; melbil te‘ 28D.
wooden window grate: kolol te‘ 28D.

grateful: be grateful: na‘ ‘aboltayel [remember the favor or suffering] 14, 16A; vokoltasel ‘a‘i 16A.
be grateful to: na‘el ‘u‘un 16A.

grater: josob tak’in 22C; josvanab 22C.

gratitude: na‘el ‘aboltayvanej 16A.

grave (1): ‘ip 12; ‘ol [heavy] 12, 14; tzotz 12; yaya 12.

grave (2): mukenal 18E.
have one’s grave removed: k’exbil mukenal 10D, 18E.
move one’s grave: k’exbey muk’nal 10D, 18E.

gravel: bik’tal ton 1B.

gravelly: gravelly place: pitavul tontik 1B; tontik 1B.

gravestone: popol ton [mat stone] 14, 18E.

gray: dark gray (cloth): ‘ik’-yaman 8F1, 31A.

graze: lo‘baj 6G, 25; lo‘ov 6G, 25.

grease: ‘it’it’ul 6F; k’an-‘ixmal 6F.
(as on old clothes): ‘ik’uyal 7G, 31.
animal grease: k’an-’ixim 6F.

greasy: ‘ep ‘ik’uyal 7G, 8E; ‘it’it’ 8E; k’an-‘iximtik 8E; noj ta ‘ik’uyal 7G, 8E; pim ‘ik’uyal 7G, 8E.
be greasy: ‘ip ‘it’et 8E; ‘ip ‘olet 8E; pim ‘it’it’ul 8E.
become greasy: ‘it’et 8E; ‘olet 8E.
very greasy: laal ‘it’it’ 8E; laal ‘it’it’ul 8E.

great: a great deal: toj pim 12.

great-grandchild: man’s great grandchild: cha‘-mom 18F.
woman’s great grandchild: cha‘-‘i 18F.

great-grand-father: cha‘ muk’ta tot [second big father] 14F1, 14H, 18F; cha‘-va‘al muk’ta tot [second standing big father] 14F1, 14H, 18F.

great-grand mother: cha‘ muk’ta me’ [second big mother] 14F1, 14H, 18F; cha‘-va‘al muk’ta me‘ [second standing big mother] 14F1, 14H, 18F.

greater: muk’ 12.

greed: t’ut’ibel 16O; t’ut’il 16O.

greedy: t’ut’ 16O; t’ut’il 16O.
be greedy: t’ut’ib 16O.
become greedy: yavajib 16O.
greedy person: t’ut’il vinik 16O.

green: tze 5, 26; tzeel 5, 26; yox 8F1; yoxyox 8F1.
(corn, etc.that is not dry or well-cured): yox to 5B, 8F1, 26.
dark green (backwater): yax-joman 1C, 8F1.
green again (grain field, grass): yax-balan 5, 5B, 8F1; yax-k’utan 5, 5B, 8F1.
grow green: yax-bajtay 8F1; yax-tz’antay 8F1; yax-k’uttay 8F1; yaxub 8F1.
light, bright green: yax-bajan 8F1; yax-tz’anan 8F1.

greens: edible greens: ‘itaj 5.

greet: tzames 16F; k’ejan ba ta tz’el [step aside] 14, 16F; k’opon 16F.
(by doffing one’s hat): jambey pix jol 16F.
greet one another: tzames ba 16F; k’ejan ba 16F.

greeting: angel’s greeting: tzamesvanej Angel 15A1, 35D.
greeting of the Virgin by the angel: tzamesel jalal xeptik ‘u‘un Angel 15A1, 35D.

greyhound: ‘ipal j’anil-tz’i’ [racing dog] 6A2, 14A2; bakbak tz’i’ [bony or thin dog] 6A2, 14A2.

grief: k’uxubinvanej 16J.
conceal one’s grief: muk 16J, 16N; ten 16J, 16N.
have grief doubled: ‘ipaj me’anajel 16J.

grieve: k’ux ‘a‘i 16J.

grievous: be grievous: ta ‘olonton [reach one’s heart] 14B6, 16J; taoj ‘olonton [reached one’s heart] 14B6, 16J; tij ‘olonton [strike one’s heart] 14B6, 16J.

grimace: ‘ilel ‘ilel pasel satil 7E, 16J; ‘ilel ‘ilel p’isel satil 7E, 16J; tz’e‘el satil 7E, 16J; sak-*toan satil 7E, 16J; sak-*tosan satil 7E, 16J.
make grimaces: ‘ilel ‘ilel k’elay 7E, 16J; ‘ilel ‘ilel lok’tay 7E, 16J; ‘ilel ‘ilel p’is 7E, 16J; maxil-lok’tay [monkey create] 7E, 14A1, 16J, 32; maxil-p’is [monkey measure] 7E, 14A1, 16J, 32.

grind: juch’un 9D, 23A3.
female servant who grinds the corn: jjuch’nom 22A.
grind dyes: noyilan bon 9D, 31A.
grind flour: juch’ ch’ilim 9D, 23A3.
grind for the first time: voch’ 9D.
grind more: tek’ 9D.
grind very fine: noyilan 9D.
grind very fine (cacao): noy 9D, 23A3.

grinding: stone for grinding dyes: juch’obil bon 9D, 31A; noyob bon 9D, 31A; noyobil bon 9D, 31A.

gristle: ‘unen bakel [baby bone] 6F, 14B10; k’unil bakel [soft bone] 6F, 14B1.

groan: voet 8C1; voetel 8C1.
groan with pain or sickness: ‘akanaj 8C1, 33; ‘aket 8C1, 33.

groom: ‘ach’ ni‘atz 18D; ‘ach’ ni‘atzil 18D.

ground: balumilal 1B.
(not sky): balumil 1B.
hard ground: *chaj tontik 1B, 8E.

group: (object): tzob 9B.
group of two, three or four j-lotol 12A; lot 12A.
in a group: lotol 9B.

grouped: grouped together: pisil 9B.

grove: te‘tik 5.

grow: ch’i 18B; pas ba 18B.
(town): ‘epaj na 19.
grow up: ch’i batel 18B.
have dog’s hair grow back: pukin tzotzilal tz’i‘ 6G.

growl: (stomach): jubet 7E, 8C1; k’ulet 7E, 8CI.
have one’s stomach growl: ch’o‘et 7E, 8C1.

growth: pus-filled growth: ‘apon 33.

grub: corn grub: chanul ‘ixim 6E, 26.

grumble: (as women do with maids or daughters): tukuk 13A, 16H, 16J; vulul 13A, 16H, 16J.
(as women do): tukuket 13A, 16H, 16J.
(women): vululet 13A, 16H, 16J; vulvon 13A, 16H, 16J; vulvonet 13A, 16H, 16J.

grumbling: tuketel 13A, 16H, 16J; tukuketel 13A, 16H, 16J; vululel 13A, 16H, 16J; vululetel 13A, 16H, 16J.

grunt: jokjonetel 8C1.
(pig): jokjonet 6G, 8C1; jokjonet ni‘ 6G, 8C1.

grunter: ‘ipal jjokjonetel 8C1; jjokjonetel 8C1.

guarantor: jlok’tayvanej 27; jlok’vanej 27.
stand as guarantor: lok’ 27; lok’tay 27; va‘an ba ta tojol [stand up for one] 14, 27.

guard: chabi 8F, 10B; jchabiomal 10B, 20, 21E; jchabivanej 10B, 20, 21E.

guardian: jchabivanej 16D, 18B, 20.

guess: tza 11; tzai ‘olonton [have one’s heart think] 11, 14B6, 14C; na‘-tzai 11; na‘-tzaij 11; na‘non 11; na‘nonet 11; nop ta ‘olonton [think in one‘s heart] 11, 14B6.
guess right: na‘ 11.

guest: ‘ulo‘ 19A; ‘ulovil 19A; pa‘i 19A.
guest who lodges in one’s house: ‘ix kelemil 19A, 28C.
receive a guest: ‘ula’an 10B, 19A; ‘ulo‘in 10B, 19A.

guffaw: k’ojk’on ‘e ta tze‘ej 8C1.

guide: ba‘yi 9A1, 9B, 11; ba‘yitas 9A1, 9B, 11; jba‘yi 9A1, 11; chanantas ta be 9A1, 9B, 11; vesan 9A1, 9B, 11.
take as one’s guide: ba‘yi 9A1, 10B, 11.

guilt: *‘aal 16M; ‘al 16M; mul 16M; mulil 16M.
rid oneself of guilt: pok ba [wash oneself] 10D, 14, 16M.

guitar: ch’ajnul vob 32A1.
play a guitar: tij ch’ajnul vob 32A; timulan 32A.

gulf: ta ‘o’lol nab 1C; ta ‘ut nab 1C.

gum: xuch’ 5.

gummy: laal xuch’ 5, 8E; xuch’tik 5, 8E.

gun: firing of lombard gun, etc.: tuk’avej 21E2.
lombard gun: muk’ta tuk’ 21E2; tuk’ 21E2.

gunpowder: sibak 21E2.

gush: gush up: bulin 9E.
gush up in many places: bullajet 9E.

gyrfalcon: xik 6B1; Hov xik 6B1.

H

hail: bot 1C; p’aj bot 1C; yal bot 1C.

hair: tzon tzotzil 7A.
(head): tzotzil 7A; tzotzil jol 7A; tzotzilal 7A; tzotzilal jol 7A.
clip one’s hair: pasbey ‘isim 10D, 31E; pasbey jol 10D, 31E.
clip or crop hair (of criminals): tulbey jol 10D, 21C.
crop hair (of those who have committed some crime): tul jol 10D, 21C.
goat hair: tzotzil ‘isim chij 6F; tzotzil tentzun 6F.
have one’s hair fall out: lilij tzotzil jol 33; lub tzotzil jol 33.
have one’s hair stand on end: tzavet tzotzil 7E; tzavub 7E; potzet tzotzil 7E.
have one’s hair turn white: sakub jol 8F1.
make hair stand on end (cat): tz’abub 6G.
part one’s hair: p’ev tzotzil 31E; p’ev jol 31E.
pubic hair: tzisanil 7A, 18C.
pull one’s hair out: jotz 9D, 10D.
tear one’s hair: bul tzotzil jol 10E; jotz jol 9D, 10D.
white hair: sak-tzotzil 7C, 8F1; sakil tzotz 7C, 8F1.
with hair standing on end: ta tzavlej tzotzil 7C.
with one’s hair torn out: jotzbil jol 1C, 9D, 10D.

hairy: ‘ip tzon tzotz 7C; ‘ip tzon tzotzil 1C.

half: j-jech 12A; j-jov 12A; medio 12, 15A3.
break in half: ta ‘o‘lol jat 10E, 12.
half a pound: ‘o’lol libra 12, 15A3.
half pay: ‘o‘lol tojol 12, 27.

half-broiled: tze to ta voel 23A3; mo to jaka ta‘aj ta voel 23A3.

half-burnt: k’ak’tik 1D, 23A3; k’an k’ak’el 1D, 23A3.

half-cooked: tze to 23A3; mo to jaka ta‘aj 23A3.

half-eaten: jech’eltik 23A4.

halfway: ‘o‘lol 12; k’alal ta ‘o‘lol 12.
reach halfway: po‘otaj 9A1, 12; ta ‘o’lol 9A1, 12.

hall: jiljil na 28C; muk’ta na 28C; tastas na 28C.

halter: ch’ajnul 25B; ch’ojon 25B.
halter maker: jch’ajnujel 30A; jpas-ch’ojon 30A.
make a halter: ch’ajnuj 30; ch’ajnuy 30.

hamlet: ‘alal j-tek lum 19; bik’tal lum 19; nich’nal j-tek lum 19.
hamlet dweller: ‘alal vinik 19; nich’nal vinik 19.

hammer: bajobil 26B, 28B; maj ta martillo 15A8, 28; majob 26B, 28B; majobil 26B, 28B; majulan 28; martillo 15A8, 26B, 28B; tenob 26B, 28B; tij 28; tij ta martillo 15A8, 28; tijob 26B, 28B; tijobil 26B; tijulan 28.
(stone): k’ojk’onet 28.
blacksmith’s hammer tenob tak’in 28B, 29; tenobil 28B, 29; tenobil tak’in 28B, 29.
hammer (with which to wound): tenob te‘ 9D, 21E2, 33.
hammer as on the anvil: ten tak’in 9D, 29.
hammer or rammer (with which to ram or wound): tenobil 9D, 21E2, 33.
stonecutter’s hammer: ‘anob ton 26B

hammered: bajulanbil 9D; majulanbil 9D; tenbil 9D; tijbil 9D; tijulanbil 9D.

hammering: k’ojk’onetel 9D.

hand: k’obil 7A.
left hand: tz’et k’obil 7A; tz’et k’obol 7A.
object held in hand: yomoj 7A, 10B.
palm of the hand: pach’omal k’obil 7A.
put one’s hand over one’s heart (inside one’s shirt): lap k’ob ta k’u‘ [wear one’s hand in one’s clothing] 7D, 14B10.
right hand: batz’i k’ob [real hand] 4, 7A, 14B10; noj k’ob 4, 7A.

hand-barrow: k’echobil 25B.
(for mud, rocks, lime): k’echo _______ 1B, 25B.

handball: p’os 32B.
handball player: p’osinom 32B.
play handball: p’os 32B; p’osin 32B.

handful: j-jop 12A; j-k’et 12A; j-k’etlej 12A; j-mich’ 12A; j-yomlej 12A.
(candles): yomben 7E1, 10B.
(of long objects, like straws): j-mich’lej 12A.
(of long untied objects like straws): j-yom 12A.
(tied bunch of herbs, torch sticks): j-chuk 12A, 23A.
hold or take a handful to put it down: jop 9B, 12A.
object being held or taken in handfuls: jopoj 9B.
single handful: j-mich’mich’ 12A; j-yomyom no ‘ox 12A.

handkerchief: kusob ni‘il 31C; kusobil ni‘il 31C; simtayabil ni‘il 31C.
handkerchief for removing sweat: kusobil chik’il 31C.

handle: ‘ikobal 22C, 25B; ‘ikobil 22C, 25B; likobil 22C, 25B.

handprint: ‘av k’obil 9D; ‘av k’obol 9D.

handsome: ‘utz 16R; lek 16R; t’ujum 16R.
handsome person: lek vinik 16R.

handsomeness: lekil 16R.

handy: jilom no ‘ox 27B.
be handy: ‘ep ta mek tuuney 27B; buytikuk ‘ep ta mek tuun [be everywhere when needed] 14, 27B; tuun no ‘ox tuk 27B; tuun tuk 27B.

hang: jiban 9B; jok’an 9B; jok’ey 9B; likan 9B; likey 9B; mil 9B.
place where clothing is hung: k’ianabil 9B, 31; k’iebal 9B, 31.

hanging: tzoyol 9B; likanbil 9B.
(said of a poor person, an orphan): lich’il 18E, 21B, 21D.
place of hanging: jok’anab 4, 21C; jok’anabil 4, 21C.

happiness: ch’ulel 16B; ch’ulelil 16B.

happy: be happy: ‘il ch’ulel 16B; ‘oy ch’ulel [have a soul] 14B7, 16B.

hard: tzotz 8E; k’oxox 8E.
grow hard: yijub 8E.
grow hard (bread): k’oxoxib 8E, 23A; takij 8E, 23A.

hard-hearted: become hard-hearted or persist in one’s demands: tonib ‘olonton [have one’s heart turn to stone] 14B6, 16I.

harden: yijub 8E.
(bread, mud): tzatzub 1B, 8E, 23A; tonib 1B, 8E, 23A.

hardly: ‘ok’elal 12.

hardness: tzatzal 8E.

hardship: have hardships: ‘ip vokol 16J.

harmonize: nup 32A.
(discordant song): meltzan 32A; nopes 32A; tojobtas 32A.

harmony: be in harmony (voices): nop 32A.

harp: ‘ak’il vob 32A1; ch’ojon vob 32A1.

harquebus: tuk’ 21E2.
stick ramrod in harquebus: xoj te‘ ta tuk’ 21E2; xoj tuk’ 21E2.

harsh: toj tzotz 16I.
harsh judge: tzatzal juez 15A2, 16I, 20A.
harsh person: k’ak’al vinik [hot person] 14G, 16I.

harshly: tzotz 16I.

harvest: corn harvest: k’ajoj 26.
harvest corn: k’aj 26.
harvest time: vojtontik 2B, 26.

hat: pix jolol 31C; sombrero 15A4, 31C.
hat strap: chukobil 31C.

hatch: ‘och 6G, 18A; ‘oy vinik 6G, 18A.

hatched: patlebinbil 6G, 18A.
be hatched: ‘oy vinkilel 6G, 18A.

hatchet: hatchet used by the Indians: ‘ek’el 26B; batz’i ‘ek’el 26B.
iron hatchet: castillan ‘ek’cl 15A8, 26B.
weeding hatchet: ‘ak’inajeb 26B; ‘ak’inaje-bal 26.

hate: ‘ilet ‘il [see anger] 141, 16H; tzoj ‘il [see red] 14D1, 141, 16H; tzoj ‘olonton ‘u‘un [have a red heart towards] 14B6, 14D1, 16H; kola‘al-‘il [see evil] 141, 16H; kolo‘ ‘il [see as wicked] 141; k’ok’ ba ‘a‘i [feel hot] 14G, 16H; tavan ‘ilel ‘a‘i [feel] 14C, 16H.

hateful: be hateful: ‘ilet ‘iley 16H; tzoj ‘iley 16H; kolo‘ ‘iley 16H.

hatred: tzajal ‘ilvanej 16H; kola‘al ‘ilvanej 16H.
hatred one receives: ‘iletel 10B, 16H; ‘iletel ‘ilel 10B, 16H; tzajal ‘ilel [red sight] 10B, 14D1, 14I, 16H; kola’al ‘ilel [wicked sight] 10B, 14I, 16H.
hatred one receives: ‘iletel ‘ilvanej [sight of hatred] 141, 16H.

haughtily: walk haughtily: machet 7D, 16Q.

haughtiness: muk’ cha‘ley-bail [acting big] 14F1, 16Q; muk’ cha‘leyel ba 16Q; *pometel 16Q; p’onko‘il 16Q; toy-bail 16Q; toyob-bail 16Q.

haughty: be haughty (person of authority): namal ba [be distant] 14, 16Q.
become haughty: muk’ cha‘ley ba 16Q; muk’ cha‘leybil 16Q; toy ba [raise oneself] 14, 16Q.
haughty person: jmachetel 16Q; *jpometel 16Q; p’onko‘ vinik 16Q; jtoy-bail 16Q.

haunch: kubil 7A.

have: ‘oy 10B; ‘oy ‘u‘un 10B.

hawk (1): me’ kotz [mother of roosters] 6B1, 14A.

hawk (2): ‘oban 7E.
hawk on: ‘obtay 7E.

he: Ha‘ 18C.
he himself: toj tuk 18C; toj Ha‘ 18C.

head: jolol 7A.
back of the head: pat jolol 7A.
toss one’s head: sutilan jol TE.

head cloth: pech’ech’il 31C.

headache: have a headache: k’ux jol 33.
have a splitting headache: k’uxul jol 34.

headcloth: volobil jolol 31C.

headdress: woman’s headdress: toca 15A4, 31C.

heal: but’ 34; tzepenub 34.

health: tzatzal ‘osil [strong season] 7C, 14E.

healthy: mo k’aluk 7C; toj ‘utz 7C.
be healthy: ‘utz ‘a‘i ba [feel good] 7C; tzotz ‘osil ‘a‘i ‘u‘un 7C; kuxul ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel lively time]7C, 14E; mo vokoluk 7C.
be healthy (person): tzotz ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel strong time] 7C, 14E.

heap: bus 3, 9B; bustzaj 3, 9B; bustzajel 3, 9B; tzob 3, 9B; lotz 3, 9B.
be in heaps: busbonet 3, 12.
heap up: busan 3, 9B.

heaped: busul 3, 9B.

hear: ‘a‘i 8C1.
hear approvingly or with pleasure: talel ta ‘olonton ‘a‘i [feel it come to one’s heart] 8C1, 14B6, 16B.

hearing: sense of hearing: ‘a‘iabil 8C1; ‘a‘ivanab 8C1.

heart: ‘olal 7A1; ‘olil 7A1; ‘olontonil 7A1.
skin covering the heart: k’u‘ ‘olonton [heart clothing] 7A1, 14B6.

hearth: ‘av k’ok’ 1D, 22C; tzaneb k’ok 1D, 22B; nop’eb k’ok’ 1D, 22B.

heat: k’ixnajes 8A; k’ixnay 8A.

heated: k’ixnaybil 8A.
warmed: k’ixnajesbil 8A.

heater: k’ixnajesab 8A, 22C; k’ixnajesabil 8A, 22C; k’ixnayabil 8A, 22C.

heathen: heathen custom: pasnej te mo ch’uunvan vinike 35F.

heaven: ‘utzibeb [place of increasing goodness] 14E, 18E, 35C; ‘utzibebal 18E, 35C; muibeb [place of increasing fragrance] 14E, 18E, 35C; muibebal 18E, 35C; nichimajeb [flowering place] 14E, 18E, 35C; nichimajebal 18E, 35C.

heavy: ‘ol 12.
become heavy: ‘alub 12.

heel: chak ‘okil 7A.
badly cracked (heels): varvuxtik 7A, 33.
cracking of heels: vax-t’ajel 33.

heifer: ‘ol vacas 6A2, 15A9; bik’tal vacas 6A2.
15A9.

height: natil 12.
be of the same height: ko‘ol natil 8G, 12.
make the same height: ko‘ol natil pas 12.

held: object being held in one’s hand: mich’oj 7E1, 10B.
object held: japiej 10B.
object held in one’s hand: mich’ben 7E1, 10B.

hell: chamebal 18E, 35C.
(particularly of the damned): chan-kajal na [four-storied house] 14, 18E, 35C.
(where the bones are burnt): k’atin-bak 1D, 18E, 35C.
person in hell: k’atin-bakil vinik ID, 18E, 35C.

hellfire: k’atin-bakil ‘ik’ti‘ 1D, 18E, 35C; k’atin-bakil ‘il ya 1D, 18E, 35C; k’atin-bakil vokol 1D, 18E, 35C; k’atin-bakil ya 1D, 18E, 35C.

helmet: ‘axina 21E2; kovov tak’in 21E2; pix jol tak’in 21E2.

help: koltay 10C; koltayvan 10C; koltayvanej 10C; nintay 10C.
help one receives: koltayabil 10B; koltay el 10B.
object of one’s help: koltayben 10B.

hem: ti‘ k’u’ul 31A.

hemorrhaging: uterine hemorrhaging: ta xa ch’ich’ yaxaub 18C, 33.

hen: ‘antzil tuluk’ 6B2; tuluk’ 6B2.
laying hen: tonin tuluk’ 6B2.

henequen: henequen fiber: chi 5B, 31A.
henequen fiber (counting): j-lik chi 5B, 12A, 31A.

her: by or for her: ‘u‘un 18C.

herbman: j‘ojtakin-‘abnal 34; j‘ojtakin-pox 34.

herd: j-tzob 6A2, 12A, 25; j-tek 6A2, 12A, 25; j-tos 6A2, 12A, 25.
herd by herd: tasaltasal 6A2, 12A, 25; tekeltekel 6A2, 12A, 25.

herdsman: jlo‘bajesej 25A.

here: *‘eno 4; ‘ito4; li‘ 4.
It is here: li’ ‘oye 4; li’ nakal li’ 4; li’ to 4;
li’ toe 4. to here: li’ k’alal li’ 4, 12.

hermaphrodite: ‘antzil xinch’ok 18C; ‘atil ‘antz 18C; xinch’okil ‘antz 18C.

hernia: (one testicle): xulub tonil [horn stone] 14B, 33.
worm used to cure hernia: xulub chon 33, 34.

heroic: ‘ep labanel 16E; toj labanat 16E.
heroic feat: labajel 16E; labanel 16E; tup’olajel 16E; tup’olanel 16E.

hers: ‘u‘un 18C.

hew: ‘an 9D, 28.
(stone): ‘an ton 1B, 9D, 28.
(wood): ‘an te‘ 9D, 10A, 28.

hey: (adverb to awaken or incite): *kuy 13A; *kuyik 13A.

hiccup: xuk’ayvan 7E; xuk’ayvan ch’ut 7E; xuk’ayvanel 7E; xuk’xonel 7E; xuk’xonet 7E; xuk’xonet ch’ut 7E.

hidden: mukbil 9C; muktal 9C.

hide (1): muk 9C.
hide in one’s house: mak-nai ba 9C, 16N, 28C.
hide oneself: muk ba 9C, 16N.

hide (2): nukulal 6F.

hiding: hiding place: mukebal 9C, 16N.

high: nat natil 12.

highwayman: jmakvanej [obstructor] 14, 21A; jpojvanej [snatcher] 14, 21A; jp’asvanej [obstructor] 14, 21A.

hill: vitz 1B.
brow of a hill: jobeltik 1B; toyol tenlej 1B.

hilltop: ba vitz 1B.

him: by or for him: ‘u‘un 18C.

hinder: hinder by digressing from the subject: p’as ta be k’op [hinder the words on their path] 14J, 16K.

hindpart: chakil 7A.

hip: kubil 7A.

his: ‘u‘un 18C.

historian: jmel-vokol [liner-up of difficulties] 2, 11, 14; jvokolinom 2, 11.

historic: vokolil 2.
historic deeds: vokolil pasnej 2, 11.
tell historical accounts: vokolij 2, 11.

history: ‘ik’ti‘il [difficulty] 2, 11, 14; vokol [difficulty] 2, 11, 14; vokolil 2, 11.
(written): tz’ibaybil ‘ik’ti‘ 2, 11, 11A.
ancient history: poko’ ‘ik’ti‘ 2, 11; poko’ vokol 2, 11.
annual history: ju-jun ‘abil vokol 2, 11; ta ju-jun ‘abil vokol 2, 11.
contemporary history: nax to ‘ik’ti‘ 2, 11; nax to vokol 2, 11.
current history: Ha‘ to vokol 2, 11.
daily history: ju-jun k’ak’al vokol 2, 11.
history in writing: Hun ‘ik’ti‘ 2, 11, 11A; Hun vokol 2, 11, 11A.
history or legend (written): tz’ibaybil vokol 2, 11, 11A.
recent history: ‘ach’ to ‘ik’ti‘ 2, 11; ‘ach’ to vokol 2, 11.
relate person’s history: ‘al 2, 11; vokolin 2, 11.
relate personal histories (especially the old people): kuy 2, 11.

hit: hit lightly: k’ojilan 9D; maxil-baj [monkey hit] 9D, 14A1; maxil-maj [monkey hit] 9D, 14A1.
hit or wound lightly: tij 9D, 33.

hoarse: be hoarse: makal nuk’ 33.
become hoarse: mak nuk’ 33.
make person hoarse: mak nuk’ 33; makbey nuk’ 33.

hoarseness: make! nuk’il 33.

hobble: chukbey k’ob 9C, 25.
(for horses, etc.): lotz’ob te‘ 9C, 25B; te‘el 9C, 25B.

hoe: boj ‘osil 26; bojob lum 26B; jotz’ob lum 26B; jok’ob lum 26B; tukesbey 26; tuki lum 26; tukiab lum 26B;
valk’unabil lum 26B.

hoeing: bojel ‘osil 26.

hoer: jboj-lum 26A.

hold: japi 10B.
(alcalde’s staff, fly swatter): *chox 10B, 20.
hold a candle: jap 10B.
hold a handful: jopopan 10B, 12.
hold a sword: japi 10B, 21E2.
hold dangling: lik 10B; likoj 10B.
hold in the fist: yom 7E1, 10B.
hold in the hand: ‘ik 7E1, 10B.
hold upright a handful in one’s fist (beans, corn, untied object): mich’ 5B, 10B.
object held: *choxoj 10B.

hole: ch’en 3; ch’ojobil 3; Hotob 3; Hotol 3.
deep hole: chak 3.
dig a hole: pas ch’en 9E; vok’ ch’en 9E.
hole gnawed by a mouse: k’uxben ch’o 6A1.
make a hole: ch’oj ch’en 3.
many holes: ch’ench’entik 3.
pivot hole (door): ch’ojbenal ‘ok mak na ‘ 28D.
place with many holes: ch’ench’entik 3.
put in a hole: lap 3.
with a hole: ch’ojol 3; Hotol 3.
with many holes: ch’ojoltik 3; ch’ojojtik 3; Hotoltik 3; Hotottik 3.

holiday: naka ‘osil [just time] 14E, 35E; naka ‘osiltik 35E.

holiness: ‘utzil 35C; ch’uulil 35C.

hollow: chaklej 3; jom ta ‘ut 3; jomjom 3; jom jom ta ‘ut 3; naka jom 3.
peach pit or almond whose nut has shrunken: potz’om 3, 5B.
with hollow pits or seeds: laal potz’omal 3, 5; potz’omtik 3, 5.

hollowed: hollowed out (embrasure, loophole): jomjom 3.

holy: ‘utz 35C; ch’uul 35C.
become holy: ‘utzib 35C; ch’uulib 35C.
holy father: ch’uul tot 35A.
holy orders: sacerdoteil 15A1, 35C.
holy person: ‘utz’utz vinik 16A, 35A.
make holy: ch’uulibtas 35C.
take holy orders: ‘och ta padre 15A1, 35C; ‘och ta sacerdote 15A1, 35C; pas ba ta padre 15Al, 35C.

home: vinkilel 19A.
feel at home: nop ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel world fit] 14E, 19A.
feel right at home: toj nopel ‘osil ‘a‘i 19A.

homosexual: active homosexual: jkob-xinch’ok 18C; *jxap-xinch’ok 18C.
have homosexual relations with another woman: patan ba chi‘uk ‘antz 18C; patlebin ‘antz 18C.
having homosexual relations with another woman: patan 18C.
passive homosexual: jkobel-xinch’ok 18C.

honest: k’exlal ti‘ [shame mouth] 14B5, 16D.
honest person: belel vinik 16D; k’exlal ti‘ vinik 16D; jmayayetel-vinik 16D; tojol vinik 16D.

honestly: live honesdy: tojol-xanav 16D.

honesty: mayayetel 16D; tojolil 16D.

honey: pamal nichim 5, 6E, 23A2; pom 5, 6E, 23A2.
make honey (bees): paman 5, 6G.

honeycomb: chabil pom 5, 6E, 23A2.

honor: ch’uun [believe] 14C, 16C; ch’uunvan 16C; k’exavel [shame] 14C, 16C; k’exvan 16C; xi‘ [fear] 14C, 16C; xi‘el 16C; xi‘van 16C; ta ‘olonton [in one’s heart] 14B6, 16C; ta ti‘ 16C; toy [raise] 14C, 16C; toyes 16C.
honor that one has: ch’uunvanej 16C

honorable: be honorable: tojol ‘oy 16A.

honored: ‘ep ch’uunat 16C; ch’uunbil 16C; k’exbil 16C; xi‘bil 16C.
be honored: ‘ep xi‘ey 16C; ‘utzib 16C; tzatzub 16C; muib [become fragrant] 14C, 16C; nichimaj [flower] 14C, 16C; nichimaj ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel world flowering] 14E, 16C.
feel honored: toyel ‘a‘i 16C.
feel honored (as when we say we feel honored to be visited): ch’uunel ‘a‘i 16C, 19A.

hood: pasteboard hood of infamy: nit-bail 21C.
put on one’s hood: ‘ak’ paño 9B, 15A4, 31; tzatzajesbey jol 9B, 31; pas paño 9B, 15A4, 31.
put on pasteboard hood of infamy: ‘ak’ pix jol Hun 16M, 31; ‘ak’bey pix jol Hun 16M, 31.
woman’s hood: toca 15A4, 18C, 31C.

hoof: (as of a horse): sepsep ‘ok 6F.
hoof parer: tak’in jotz’obil voy caballo 15A9, 25B.

hook: lukbay 26; lukuchtay 26.
meat hook: lukbayabil bek’et 22C.
metal hook: lukuch tak’in 26B.
wooden hook: lukuch te‘ 26B.

hoop: metal hoop for playing: xotxot tak’in 32B.

hope: tzoyleb 17; tzoylej [tethering] 14C, 17; jok’lej [hanging] 14C, 17; malayej 17; malayvanej 17.

horrifying: be horrifying: xi‘benal ba 16J, 16R.
be horrifying (person, animal): xi’benaj ba 16J, 16R.

horse: caballo 6A2, 15A9; chij 6A2.
angry horse (that bares its teeth): k’ak’al caballo [hot horse] 6A2, 14G, 15A9.
horse’s forelock: j-yom tzotzil 6F.
small horse: bik’tal caballo 6A2, 12, 15A9.
strong horse: yijil caballo 6A2, 15A9.

horseback: know how to ride horseback: na‘ chij 9A1.
mount on horseback: muy ta pat chij 9A1.
ride horseback: ta pat caballo xanav 9A1, 15A9.

horsehair: tzotzilal caballo 6F, 15A9.

horseshoe: xonob chij 25B.

horseshoer: j‘ak’ xonob chij 25A.

host: sacramento 15A1, 35B.
banquet host: jba‘yitajel ta ve‘el 19A, 23A.
host who gives lodgings: j‘ix-kelmajel 19A, 23A.

hostage: lok’ob k’op [word of example] 14J, 21E.
give hostages: ‘ak’ jlok’ob k’op 10C, 21E;
lok’ob-k’optay 10C, 21E.
giving of hostages: lok’ob-k’optayel 10C, 21E.

hostel: ‘ix-kelmajebal 9A1, 19A, 28C2; vayebal 9A1, 19A.

hot: k’ixin 8A.
become hot: k’ixnaj 8A.
burn red hot (metal on the forge): chak-luptay 8A, 29.
very hot: ‘ip k’ak’al 8A.

hot-tempered: hot-tempered person: k’ak’al vinik [hot person] 14G, 16H.

hound: tz’i‘ 6A2.

hour: tij 2.

house: na 28C.
build a house: naiv 28, 28C.
dry house: taki-na 8B, 28C.
house framework: te‘el 28D.
house supplies: Ha‘ te tuun ta nae 22C.
old house: k’a‘-na 2, 12, 28C; k’a‘al na 2, 12, 28C.
person who lives in another’s house: jch’am-na 19A.
small house: bik’tal na 12, 28C.
small poles for house construction: xul 12, 28, 28D.
use as a house: nain 28C.

household: live in the same household with: lak’-nain ba 18, 19A; jlak’-na ba 18, 19A.
member of the same household: jlak’-na 18, 19A.

how?: k’usi cha‘leybil 36.

however: -ey 36.

howl: (dog): ‘ok’ 6G, 8C1.
howl like a crying dog: ‘a‘onet 8C1.
howl like a dog: ‘avalet 8C1; ‘i’onet 8C1.

howling: ‘a‘onetel 8C1; ‘i‘onetel 8C1.

huckster: jcha‘-chonojel 27A; jlo‘loyvanej 27A; jtasol-man 27A; jtasol-manvanej 27A; jtasvanej ta p’olmal 27A.

human: vinik 6.

humble: ‘olantas 16M; ‘ules [drain or melt] 14, 16M; bik’tajes 16M; tup’ [extinguish] 14, 16M.
humble oneself: ‘itz’intas ba ta lum [make oneself a younger brother or a junior on the earth] 14, 14C, 14E, 16F; bik’it cha‘ley ba 16F; bik’taj [grow small] 14F2, 16F; bik’tajes ba 16F; tup’ 16F; yal 16F; yales ba [lower oneself] 14, 16F.
humble person: jbik’tajesej-bail 16F; jyalesej-bail 16F; jtup’-bail [person who extinguishes himself] 14, 16F.

humiliate: ‘ak’ ta k’exlal 16M; ‘ak’ ta namal 16M; k’exaves 16M; k’exlaltas 16M; namajes 16M.
humiliate oneself: tup’es ba 16M.
moment when or place where one humiliates self: bik’tajebal 16M; tup’ebal 16M.

humiliated: k’exlaltasbil 16M; namajesbil 16M.
be humiliated; k’exav 16M; namaj 16M; namnon 16M.

humiliating: humiliating act k’exlal pasnej 16M; namal pasnej 16M.

humiliation: k’exavel 16M; k’exlal 16M; namajel 16M; namal 16M.

humility: bik’it ‘a‘i bail 16F; bik’it cha‘ley bail 16F; bik’tajesej bail 16F.

hump: p’usil 3.

hunchback: p’us 33.

hunchbacked: ta p’uslej pat 33.
become hunchbacked: lok’ pat 33; p’usin 33.

hundred: Ho’-vinik 12, 12A.
two hundred: lajun-vinik 12, 12A.

hung: jibanbil 9B; jibbil 9B; likanbil 9B; likil 9B.
be hung: jibey 9B.
place where object or person is hung: likanab 9B, 18E, 21C; likanabil 9B, 18E, 21C.

hunger: vi‘najel 23A; vi‘nal 23A.
gnawing hunger: sitz’il 23A.

hungry: be hungry: cham ta vi‘nal [die of hunger] 14, 23A; vi‘naj 23A; vi‘nal ‘a‘i 23A.

hunt: le 24; leav 24.
hunt birds with birdlime: tzoy mut 24.
hunt quetzals with birdlime: tzoy k’uk’ 24.
hunt with a deadfall: pctz’aj 24; petz’ay 24.

hunter: jleom 24.
deadfall hunter: petz’avil 24; jpetz’ 24.
deer hunter: jtzamesej-chij 24.
hunter of birds with birdlime: tzoyom 24.
hunter who uses snares: xokom 24.
hunter with bow and arrows: yalom 24.

hunting: leoj 24.
hunting with a deadfall: petz’ 24.
hunting with snares: xokob 24.

hurl: ten 9B; yokin 9B.
(long objects, darts, staves, arrows): yal 9B, 21E2.
hurl off a cliff: ch’ay ta ch’en ‘u‘un 1B, 9A1.
hurl oneself off a cliff: yalp’un ba 1B, 9A1, 18E, 21E; yokin ba 1B, 9A1, 18E, 21E.
hurl person off a cliff: yalp’un ta ch’en 1B, 9A1, 18E, 21E; yokin ta ch’en 1B, 9A1, 18E, 21E.

hurried: sabajesbil 2C; sabaltasbil 2C.

hurry: ‘anilaj 2C; sabaj 2C; sabajel 2C, sabajes 2C, sabal 2C, sabaltas 2C, sabantas 2C.
do in a hurry: sabal-pas 2C.
hurry a person: sabaltas 2C.
in a hurry: j-t’abel 2C, sob 2C.
person who hurries others: jsabal-vinik 2C, jsabaltasvanej 2C.
person who is made to hurry: sababil vinik 2C.

hurt: kolo‘ pasbey 33; k’uxubtas 33.
hurt with a spur: jul 33.

husband: malalil 18C, 18F; xinch’okil 18C, 18F; val-te‘ 18C, 18F.
girlhood husband: tzebal malal 18C, 18F.
take a husband: val-te‘in 10B, 18C, 18D.
take a husband (before celebrating the wedding): val-te‘ij 18C, 18D.

husk: cho‘benal 5, 23A3; solbenal 5, 23A3.
(beans, broad beans): sol 10D, 23A3.
(broad beans): cho‘ 10D, 23A3.

hut: lecho-pat 28C.

hymnal: Hun k’eyoj 11A, 32A, 35C.

hypocrisy: pak’tayej ba 16N; pak’tayel ba 16N.

hypocrite: be a hypocrite: pas ba ta ‘utz vinik [pretend to be a good person] 14, 16N.

hypocritical: be hypocritical: cha‘ley ba ta ‘utz vinik [act like a good person] 14, 16N; pak’tay ba ta ‘utz vinik 16N; pak’tayej ba ta ‘utz vinik 16N.

hyssop: vitz’esab Ho‘ 35B; vitz’esabil Ho‘ 35B.

I

I: Ho‘on 36.

ice: ‘ob 1C, 8A; ‘ov 1C, 8A.

icicle: patbil Ho’ ‘u‘un taiv 1C, 8A; taiv 1C, 8A.
form icicles: pas ba Ho’ ta taiv 1C, 8A.

identification: mark of identification: vinajesabil 7C, 11.

idiot: joch’bil te‘ [carved wood] 14, 16L, 33.

idle: nakalnakal 16O; nakanaka 16O.
idle person: jnaka ‘altik naklej 16O; jnaka-naklej 16O.

idleness: naka ‘altik naklej 16O; naka naklej 16O.

idol: (of stone): vinik ton 35F.
(of wood): vinik te‘ 35F.
stone idol (that was made with a chisel): k’ojbil ton 35F.
worship idols: ch’uun vinik ton 35F.

idolater: jch’uun vinik ton 35F; jk’opon vinik ton 35F.

idolatry: ch’uunel vinik ton [belief in stone people] 14, 35F; k’oponel vinik ton 35F.

if: ‘a ma ti 17; Ha‘uk te 17.

ignored: be ignored: mu tabat 16L.

iguana: (that they eat): ‘inatab 6C, 23A2.

ill: be fatally ill: batz’i ch’ay 18E, 33; batz’i laj 18E, 33.
become gravely ill: toj ‘ip ‘a‘i 33; yakub 33.
become less ill: mak 33.
feel ill: k’unk’un ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel gradual time] 14E, 33; mo ch’i ‘a‘i 33.

illicit: be illicit: mo Hu‘ 16P.

illness: dangerous illness: xi‘ebal chamel [frightening illness] 14, 33.
feign illness: ‘ip to ba ta jchamel 16N; pak’tay ba ta chamel 16N, 33; p’is ba ta chamel 16N, 33.
person who feigns illness: Ha‘ te pak’tay ba ta chamel 16N, 33.

illustrious: ‘ip ‘ik’ [with lots of breath, air or wind] 14B5, 16C.
become illustrious: japjonet ‘ik’ 16C; japluj ‘ik’ 16C.

image: joch’bil lok’ob-bail 3, 11, 30; k’eluyabil 3, 11, 30; lok’ob 3, 11, 30; lok’ob-bail 3, 11, 30; p’isobil 3, 11, 30.
image maker: jk’oj lok’ob bail 11, 30A.

imagine: ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton [put in one’s heart] 11, 14B6; tzai 11; na‘-tzai 11; nop 11; nop ta ‘olonton [think in one’s heart] 11, 14B6.

imagined: tzaibil 11; tz’ibaybil 11; nopbil 11.

imitate: chanbey 16N.
(writing, work): lok’tay 11A, 16N.
imitate or mimic one’s gait: chanbey ‘ok 7E, 9A1, 16N.
imitate or mimic one’s speech: chanbey ti‘ 13A, 16N.

immediately: likel 2C; toj likel 2C; toj likeluk 2C.

immortal: kuxul batel ‘osil [alive as time goes] 14E, 35C; mo no ‘ox bak’in cham 35C; mo no ‘ox cham bak’in 35C; mu cham batel ‘osil [not die as time goes] 14E, 35C.

immortality: batel ‘osil mo ‘oyuk chamel 35C.

impatience: lek’-ti‘il [lip-licking] 14B5, 16K.

impatient: ‘ip k’ak’al [very hot] 14G, 16K; ‘ip lek’-ti‘il 16K; ‘ip te‘te‘il [very cruel or wooden] 16K.
be impatient: mo jtz’ikomuk 16K.

imperious: imperious person: ‘eptakiej 16Q; j‘epal-k’op 16Q.

importance: assume air of importance: muk’ub 16N, 16Q.

important: ‘ip muk’ul [very big] 14F1.
(official): ‘ip ‘ik’al [with lots of breath, air or wind] 14B5, 16E, 20.
be important (person of authority): namal ba [be distant] 14, 16E, 20.

importunate: mo na‘ k’in [not know the day or time] 14, 16K, 16Q.
be importuante: mo malayej ‘a‘i 16K, 16Q.
be importunate: bak’ ‘olal [have one’s heart move] 14B6, 16K, 16Q; mo ‘oyuk ‘olonton [not have a heart] 14B6, 16K, 16Q; mo ‘oyuk ‘olonton [not have a heart] 14B6, 16K, 16Q; mo malay k’in 16K, 16Q; toj tavan ‘a‘iel 16K, 16Q; toj tavan ‘ilel 16K, 16Q.
importunate person: jyayaubtasvanej 16K, 16Q; ma‘-ba vinik 16K, 16Q; jme‘antasvanej 16K, 16Q.

importunity: ma‘-‘olal 16K, 16Q; ma‘-ba k’anvanej 16K, 16Q; ma’-bail 16K, 16Q; ya ch’iel 16K, 16Q; yaya 16K, 16Q.

impossible: be impossible: mo Hu‘ 17.

impostor: *kata vinik 16N.

impotent: be impotent: mo Hu‘ ‘u‘un 16L, 18C.

impound: ‘a‘i ta k’ubul 10D, 21C.
impound one’s possessions: ‘ak’ ta k’ubul bel na 10D, 21C; k’uban bel na 10D, 21C; nak’bey bel na 10D, 21C.

impoundment: k’ubanel bel nail 10D, 21C; nak’beyel bel nail 10D, 21C.

impoverish: me‘anajes 21D.

impoverishment: me‘anajel 21D; me‘anal 21D.

impregnate: kola‘ajes [make wicked] 14, 18A, 18C.

impregnated: be impregnated: kola‘aj 18A, 18C.

improve: ‘utz ‘ayan ‘u‘un 16C.
improve slightly (sick person): pak’tzaj juteb 33.

improved: yamalyamal 16C.
be improved (health): laan jutcb 33.
improved (in health): yamal pasal 34.
slightly improved (in health): chabal juteb 33; pasal juteb 34.

improvement: ‘ik’ti‘il 16C; jelaveb ta ‘utz 16C; p’ilemal ta ‘utzil 16C; vokol 16C; vokolil 16C.
(in health): chabal 33.

imprudence: ma‘-ba k’op 16L; ma‘-ba pasnej 16L.

imprudent: be imprudent: mo ‘oyuk ‘olonton [not have a heart] 14B6, 16L.
imprudent person: ma‘-ba vinik 16L.

impudence: tenkex pasnej 16K.

impute: ‘albey 13A, 20A; na‘-tzaibey 13A, 20A; nopbey 13A, 20A.

inability: ma‘-‘olal [heartless] 14B6, 16L.

inadvertently: do inadvertently: k’ak’alk’ak’al pas [do hotly] 14G, 16L; ma‘-ba pas 16L; naka ‘altik pas 16L.

incapable: incapable person: bolil vinik 16L.

incense: castillan pom 8D, 15A1, 35B; incienso 8D, 15A1, 35B.

inch: nob ta ‘ol k’ob 12.

incite: ‘ak’ pas 16K, 21E; ‘ak’bey k’op [give words to] 14J, 16K, 21E; bak’es ‘osil [move the world] 14E, 16K, 21E; tzitz 16K, 21E; k’as 16K, 21E.

incited: ‘ak’ebil k’op [given words] 14J, 21E; tzitzbil 21E.

incitement: ‘ak’beyel k’op 21E; tzitzel 21E.

inciter: jtzitzvanej 21E.

include: include person in an activity: ‘ak’ lek ekuk 10B; lek ‘u‘un ‘ekuk 10B.

income: patan 27.

incompetence: pek’ail 16L.

incompetent: mo ‘oyuk ‘olonton [not have a heart] 14B6, 16L; mo ‘oyuk p’ijil 16L.
be incompetent: mo ‘oyuk ch’ulum-ti‘il 16L.
incompetent person: ma’-tuul vinik [useless person] 14, 16L; pek’a vinik 16L.

incomplete: mo tz’akluk 2.

inconstancy: ‘epal ‘olontonil [with many hearts] 14B6, 16K; ‘epal tzaijel 16K; sutelsutel ‘olontonil [frequent return of the heart] 14B6, 16K.

inconstant: mo to jaka ‘oyuk ‘olonton [not yet have a heart] 14B6, 16K; yantikyantik ‘olonton [different-hearted] 14B6, 16K; yantikyantik tza [changing thoughts] 14C, 16K.
be inconstant: mo tzotzuk ‘olonton [not have a strong heart] 14B6, 16K.

incontinence: mo lekuk xanbal 16P, 18C; mulal xanbal 16P, 18C.

incontinent: mo to jaka ‘iktayvan 16P, 18C; Ha‘ ta mo yokbiluk xanave 28; Ha‘ te mo lekuk xanav 16P, 18C; Ha‘ te mo pokbiluk xanave 16F, 18C.
be incontinent: mu t’ujumuk xanbal 16P, 18C.

inconvenient: mo ‘utzuk 16L; mo tojoluk 16L.

increase: ‘epaj 12; ‘epajes 12; pimij 12; p’il 12; p’iles 12; p’ol 12; p’oles 12.

increased: p’ilesbil 12; p’ilil 12; p’olesbil 12.

indigestible: be indigestible: mu to yal ch’ut 23A.

indulgence: ‘abolajel 35C; ‘aboltayvanej 35C.
concession of plenary indulgence: ch’ayob mul 35C; ch’ayobil mul 35C; jubileo 15A1, 35C.

industrious: jna‘vancj 16C; toj ‘utz tza 16C.
industrious person: jtzainom 16C.

indus triousness: *‘akan-‘ol ba 16C; tza 16C; tzaijel 16C; mak’linej 16C; na‘vanej 16C.

infamy: kola’al ‘a‘yejlal 16P; namajel [distance] 14, 16P.

infancy: tzajal ‘unetikil [red babyhood] 14D1, 18B.
fellow in infancy: ‘ix la ‘unetikil 18B.

infant: ‘unen 18B.

infernal: k’atin-bakil 35C.

infidel: mo ch’uunvan vinik 35F; Ha‘ te mo ch’uun-vanej 35F.

infinite: infinite in number: mo no ‘ox jay 12.

inflate: Hupan 1A, 9E.

inform: w‘ak’ ‘a‘i tojol 11; meltzajesbey k’op [make or settle words] 11, 14J; meltzajesbey tojol 11.

informed: be informed: laj ‘a‘i k’oplal [end hearing the words] 11, 14J; laj ‘a‘i tojol 11.

ingenious: ‘ip tza 16C; p’ij 16C.
ingenious person: jtzainom 16C; jtzaivanej 16C.

ingenuous: tojol 16A.

ingenuously: speak ingenuously: tuk’avil k’opoj [speak shooting straight] 14J, 16D.

inhabit: k’ulebin 19A; k’uyey 19A; nain 19A; naiv 19A; nakey 19A; naklebin 19A.

inhabitant: jnaklej 19A.

inhale: tas ‘ik’ 1A, 7E.

inheritance: poko‘ bel nail 10B, 18E, 27.

inhuman: be inhuman: mo k’uxubinvan 16I; mo vinikuk 16I.

inhumanity: lek’-ti‘il [lip-licking] 14B5, 16I.

injure: ‘anibtas 33.

injured: *‘anibtasbil 33.
be injured: *‘ani 33.

injury: (caused by blow of hands or feet): bajben 9D, 33.

ink: ‘a‘lel sibak 11A; sibak 11A.
ink paste: xuch’ 11A; xuch’ chenek’ te‘ [bean tree resin] 11A, 14.

inkstand: tz’ibajeb 11A; tz’ibajebal 11A.

inkwell: ‘av sibak 11A; na sibak 11A.

inn: ‘ix-kelmajebal 19A, 28C2; vayebal 19A, 28C2; vayebal na 19A, 28C2.

innards: sekubil 7A1; sot’ot’il 7A1.

innkeeper: ‘ix-kelmajeb vinik 19A.

innocent: mo ‘oyuk kola‘al 16A; mo ‘oyuk mul 16A; mo k’usi kola’al 16A.
be innocent: ‘utz ‘olonton [have a good heart] 14B6, 16A.
innocent person: j’utzil-’olonton 16A; tzeel vinik [unripe person] 14, 16A.

inscription: tz’ib 11A; letratik 11A, 15A2.

insert: latz’an 9E; ta *sapav ‘ak’ 9E; la *sapav ‘otes 9E; tik’ 9E; vajajtik ‘ak’ 9E.
insert in many places: ‘ap’ap’tik ‘ak’ 9E; lapaptik ‘ak’ 9E.
insert in pile (board, book): latz’ 9E, 11A.
insert with a rammer or long object as a lance or stick: xen 9E.

inserted: lapal 9E; lapbil 9E.
be inserted: latz’ey 9E.
inserted in many places: latz’atz’tik 9E; latz’allatz’al 9E; lapaptik 9E.
inserted in pile: latz’al 9E; latz’bil 9E.

insertion: lapel 9E.

inside: ‘util 4.

insignia: vinajebal 11.

insolent: insolent person: jpimil-ba [thick person] 14, 16K, 16Q; jpimil-bail 16K, 16Q.

insolently: speak or act insolently: pimil-baij 13A, 16K, 16Q; pimub ba 13A, 16K, 16Q.

instigator: j‘ak’-k’op [word-giver] 14J, 21E.

instinct: talel 6.

instrument: pasobil 26B.

insult: ‘ut 16H, 16K; ‘utel 16H, 16K; ‘utvanej 16H, 16K.
reciprocal insult: pakol ‘utel 16H, 16K.

insulted: ‘utbil 16H, 16K.

intelligence: tza 16C; tzail 16C.

intend: intend to do: ‘ak’ ‘olonton [give or put one’s heart] 14B6, 17; ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton 17; jak’ ta ‘olonton [ask one’s heart] 14B6.

intention: ch’akel ‘olonton [division or judgment of one’s heart] 14B6, 17.

intercede: k’opoj ‘u‘un 20A; k’oponvan 20A; Hu‘ k’opojel ‘u‘un 20A.

intermingled: tzobol 8G; tz’ibaltik 8G; kapalkapal 8G.

interpret: ‘ak’ ‘a‘i 11; ‘al tojol 11; ch’ambey k’op [receive one’s words] 11, 14J; jam [open] 11, 14; jambey 11; vinajesbey 11.
interpret favorably: ta ‘utzil k’op nop 11.

interpretation: ch’amel k’op 11; sutejesel k’op [word return] 11, 14J; vinajeb 11.

interpreted: sutejesbil 11.

interpreter: jtzul-ti‘ [he of submerged lips or mouth] 11, 14B5; jch’am-k’op 11; jsut-ti‘ [mouth returner] 11, 14B5; vayajom k’op [word sorcerer] 11, 14J.

interrogation: jotz’-k’optayvanej [dragging up and speaking against] 11, 14J.

intertwined: become intertwined: tz’aley 9C; jaley 9C.

interweave: tz’ales 31A; jal 31A.

interwoven: cha‘-lamanbil 31A; cha‘-lom 31A.

intestines: bikilil 7A1.

intimate: be on intimate terms with: jalaltay ba 16D; jol ‘il [see as precious] 141, 16D.

intimidate: sibtas 16Q; xi‘es 16Q; tij 16Q.

intone: likes k’eyoj 32A; lok’es k’eyoj 32A.

intoner: jlok’esej-k’eyoj 32A.

introduction: t’abeb k’op [original word] 2, 11A, 14J.
introduction of a book: likeb Hun 2, 11A.
introduction of a book or speech: likeb k’op [beginning words] 2, 11A, 13A, 14J.
introduction of a speech: kajeb k’op [beginning words] 13A, 14J.

intrude: lap ba 16K; tabentay k’ob 16K; *tanay k’op 16K.
intrude in a game: tabentay tajimol 16K, 32B; *tanay tajimol 16K, 32B.
intrude in a meal: tabentay ve‘el 16K.

intruder: intruder at a meal: *jtana-ve‘el 16K, 23A4.
intruder in a game: *jtana-tajimol 16K, 32B

invent: ba‘yi jut ta ‘olonton [do first in one’s heart] 11, 14B6; ba‘yi likes 11; ba‘yi nop ta ‘olonton [think first in one’s heart] 11, 14B6; ba‘yi vinajes 11; na‘ ba‘yi 11; nop ba‘yi 11.

invention: ba tza 11; ba tzaijel 11; ba vinajel 11; ba vinajesel 11; ba vinajesel 11; tzaijel 11; na‘-tzaijel 11.

inventor: jtzaijel 11, 16C.

inventoried: ‘ak’bil ta Hun 11A, 12; tz’ibaybil ta Hun 11A, 12; melbil ta Hun 11A, 12.

inventory: tz’ibayel ‘ayik’lelil 11A, 12.
inventory of possessions: ‘ak’el bel na ta Hun 11A, 12; melel bel na ta Hun 11A, 12.

investigate: ch’ak 20A; jak’ 20A; jak’oj 20A; jak’van 20A; jotz’-k’optay 11, 20A; jololtas 20A; muktal-jak’ 20A; muktal-sa‘ 20A.

investigated: jak’beat 20A; jak’beybil 20A; jak’ebil 20A.

investigation: jak’ 20A; jak’ojel 20A; jak’vanej 20A; jotz’-k’optayvanej 20A; k’oplayvanej 20A; muktal sa‘vanej 20A.
subject of investigation: ch’akoj 20A.

investigator: jjak’-k’op 20A; jjak’ojel 20A; jjak’vanej 20A; jjotz’ [dragger] 14, 20A; jmuktal-jak’vanej 20A; jmuktal-sa’vanej 20A.

invite: ‘ik’ 13B, 19A; pa‘i 13B, 19A.
invite to a meal: ‘ik’ ta ve‘el 13B, 19A, 23A.

invited: pa‘ibil 13B, 19A.
invited to a meal: ‘ik’bil 13B, 19A, 23A.

involuntarily: ‘ok’elal 17.

iron: ‘ik’al tak’in 29; tak’in 29.
iron slag: tzo‘ tak’in 29.

irrigate: (cornfields in the dry season): ‘ulbay 1C, 26.
irrigate with water from a draw well: ‘et’esbey ‘a‘lel 1C, 26.

irrigated: ‘ulbaybil 1C, 26.
land: ‘ulbal ‘osil 1C, 26; ‘ulbaltik 1C, 19B, 26.

irritation: bik’tal ‘il 16H; naka ‘il 16H.

island: joybil ta nab ‘osil 1B; joybil ta nab j-tek lum 1B; joybil ta nab lum 1B.

it: Ha‘ 36.
by or for it: ‘u‘un 36.

itch: ‘ich [chili] 14, 33; ch’inin ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel itchy time] 14E, 33; joch’jon ch’ininul 33; koplajet ch’ininul 33; vayajom 33.

its: ‘u‘un 10B.

ivory: ‘e elefante chij [elephant deer tooth] 6F, 14A, 14B5, 15A9.

J

jaguar: bolom 6A1; onza 6A1, 15A9.

jail: ‘ak’ ta chukvanab na 21C; ‘ak’ ta na te‘ 21C; chukvanab 21C, 28C3; mak-nai ta na 21C; mak-nai ta na te‘ 21C; na te‘ 21C, 28C3.
use house as a jail: mak-nai ta na 21C, 28C3.

jailed: chukbil 21C; mak-naibil ta chukvanab na 21C; nak’bil ta chukvanab na 21C.
jailed in someone’s house: mak-naibil ta na 21C, 28C3.

jailer: jchabi-chukvanab 21C; jchabi-te‘ [post-watcher or pillory-watcher] 14, 21C.

jar: earthenware jar: poket 22C.

jasmine: jazmin 5B, 15A10; nichim 5B.

jasper: ‘ik’al ton 29.

jaundice: k’anubel charnel 33.

jaw: ko‘ovil 7A; kolomil 7A.

jealous: be jealous: ‘it’ixaj 16H.
be jealous of: ‘it’ixan 16H.
jealous person: ‘it’ix 16H.

jeer: tze‘i 16H, 16K, 16Q; tzitzil k’op 16H, 16K, 16Q; tzitzil lo‘il k’op 16H, 16K, 16Q; sak-tze‘i [laugh at whitely] 14D5, 16H, 16K, 16Q.

jest: maxmonet [monkey] 13A, 14A1, 32; na‘nonet 13A, 32; tajimol 13A, 32; tuli-‘atij [pull out one’s penis] 13A, 14B9, 32.

jester: jmaxmonel 32; tuli-‘atil vinik 32; jtajimol 32; Hovil vinik 32.

jesting: tuli-‘atil 32.

jet: ‘ik’al ton 29.

jewel: ‘ual k’anal tak’in 29; ‘ual sakil tak’in 29; ‘utzil ton 29.

jeweler: jpas ‘u tak’in 29A.

job: ‘abtel 27D; patan 27D.

jog: jog along: choychoy-‘anilaj 9A1.

join: ‘ik ba 9A1; tz’ak ba 9A1; junajes 9B; nupultas 9B.
join together (two or three objects, people, animals): lotoj ba 6, 9A1.

joint: ‘akan k’ob 7A; tz’akav k’ob 7A.
with many joints: ‘akantik 7A.

joke: done as if it were a joke: *kajaltaybil 32; maxiltaybil 32.

journey: a week’s journey: Huk-k’in belel 2B, 9A1.
one day’s journey or march: jun k’ak’al xanbal 2B, 9A1.

joust: xen ba ta pat caballo ta tajimol 15A6, 32B; xen-bail ta pat caballo 15A6, 32B.

joy: ‘utzibel 16B; muibel [increasing fragrance] 14, 16B.

joyful: toj mu 16B.

judge: ch’ak 11, 20A; jch’akel 20A; jololtas 11, 20A; juez 15A2, 20A; jmeltzajesvanej 20A; jnam-te‘ [walking stick person] 14, 20A.

judged: ch’akbil 11, 20A.

judgment: ch’akel 11, 20A; ch’akvanej 11, 20A.
judgment or resolution that has been made: ch’akben 11, 20A; ch’akben k’op [divided or judged word] 11, 14J, 20A.

judicious: ‘ip tza 16C; tz’ib ‘olonton [writing-hearted] 14B6, 16C; p’ij ‘olonton [smart-hearted] 14B6, 16C.
be judicious: ‘utz ‘olonton [good-hearted] 14B6, 16C.
judicious person: j‘a‘ivanej 16C; jtzainom 16C; jna‘vanej 16C.

jug: water jug: lupob Ho‘ 22C.
wine jug: lupobil vino 15A5, 22C, 23B.

juggler: tz’i‘il vinik [doglike person] 14A2, 32B.

juice: ‘a‘lel 5, 23A.
get juice from roots or plants by squeezing or pressing them: pitz’ ‘a‘lel 23A3, 34; pitz’bey ‘a‘lel 23A3, 34.

jump: lut’ 9A1; lut’el 9A1; p’itel 9A1.
jump in the air: lut’lij 9A1.
jump in the river: ‘och ta ‘uk’um 1C, 9A1.
jump over (gulleys, ravines, wood, logs): lut’lon 1B, 9A1; lut’lonet 1B, 9A1.
jump up in the air: p’itp’on 9A1; p’itp’onet 9A1; p’ituj 9A1.
jump up in the air (as when dancing or when boys jump for joy): lut’ 9A1, 18B, 32; p’it 9A1, 18B, 32, 32A.

juniper: k’uk’ toj [quetzal pine] 5A, 14A.

jurisdiction: bet’oj 20; lekoj 20; t’ujoj 20.

just (1): ‘utz 16A, 16C; toj jmeltzajesvanej 16A, 16C.
just person: toj jtojobesvanej 16A, 16C.

just (2): lajel to 4, 12; Ha‘ no ‘ox 4, 12; Ha‘ to 4, 12.

justice: meltzajel 20, 20A.

justifiable: ‘oy belel 16A.

justly: ‘oy be [have a path] 14, 16A; tojol ‘oy 16A.

K

kept: place where something is kept: nak’obil 10B.

kettle: p’inal tak’in 22C; tak’in 22C.

key: jamob na 26B, 28D; jamobil na 26B, 28D.

kick: bet’ ta tek’el 9A1; lom ta tek’el 9A1; lom tatek’el 9A1; tek’ 9A1; tek’van 9A1.
make kicking sound: *p’asp’onet 8C1.

kicked: tek’bil 9A1; tik’bil 9A1.

kidney: k’in [day] 7A1, 14B.
coat of fat around the kidneys: yo‘ ‘oy nap’al k’in 7A1.

kill: tzames 10E, 18E, 21A; tzamesvan 10E, 18E, 21A; cham ‘u‘un 10E, 18E, 21A.
kill by cutting to pieces: ch’uyilan-tzames 10E, 18E, 21A; jatulan-tzames 10E, 18E, 21A; sesen-tzames 10E, 18E, 21A.
kill treacherously: muktal-tzames 10E, 16N, 18E, 21A.
person who kills us: ‘ajval [lord] 10E, 14, 18E, 21A.

killer: jtzamesej 10E, 18E, 21A; jtzamesvanej 10E, 18E, 21A.

killing: secret killing: mukulmukul tzamesvanej 16N, 18E, 21A.

kin: ritual kin of baptism: chi’il ta ‘a‘al dios [kin of God’s water] 14, 15A1, 18F, 35C.
ritual kin of baptism or confirmation: chi‘il ta na dios [kin of God’s house] 14, 15A1, 18F, 35C; jalal chi‘il 18F, 35C.
ritual kin of confirmation: chi‘il ta confirmacion 15A1, 18F, 35C.

kind: j-tek 12A; j-tos 12A.

kindle: ‘an 1D.

kindness: ‘aboltayvanej 16A.

king: ‘ojov 16E, 20; ba ‘ojov [first lord] 14, 16E, 20; batz’i ‘ojov [very lord] 14, 16E, 20; muk’ ‘ojov [big lord] 14F1, 16E, 20; rey 15A2, 16E, 20.
become king: ‘och ta ‘ojov 20.

kingdom: ‘ajvalel 19, 20.

kinkajou: ‘uyuj 6A1.

kinsman: ritual kinsman: ch’uul chi‘il 18F, 35A.

kiss: ‘utz’i ni‘ [sniff one’s nose] 9D, 14B4, 16D, 18C; ‘utz’ibey ni‘ 9D, 16D, 18C; ‘utz’iel ni‘ 9D, 16D, 18C; nup 9D, 16D, 18C.
kiss repeatedly (as mother to her child): nulilan 9D, 16D, 18B.

kissing: repeated kissing: nulilanel 9D, 16D, 18C.

kite: xik 6B1; Hov xik 6B1.

knapsack: chu‘uy 22C, 25B.

knead: biulan 7E1, 9D, 23A3; pak’tani 7E1, 9D, 23A3; pak’tanij 7E1, 9D, 23A3; votz’ilan 7E1, 9D, 23A3.
(dough, clay for pots): vol 7E1, 9D, 23A3; volilan 7E1, 9D, 23A3.
(dough, clay for pots, thick objects kneaded with the whole hand): votz’ 7E1, 9D, 23A3.
knead between the fingers or in hands (small object, wax): bi 7E1.
knead small object as wax with the fingers or with just the hands: pich’ 7E1

kneader: jpatan-vaj 7E1, 9D.

knee: ‘akanil 7A.

kneel: kejan ba 7D, 35C; kejey 7D, 35C.
make kneel: ‘ak’ kejluk 7D, 35C.

kneeling: *kekub 7D, 35C.
be kneeling: kejel 7D, 35C.

knife: pruning knife: k’abayabil 26B; k’okob 26B; k’okobil 26B; xotxot tak’in 26B

knock: knock against each other (sticks, stones, etc.): tij ba 9D.
knock one’s head on a rock: t’is-joli ton 9D, 33.

knot (1): tz’ak 9C; j-jis moch 9C; jis-moch 9C; moch 9C; mochobil 9C.
filled with knots: jis-mochochtik 9C.
make knots in string: moch 9C; mochilan 9C

knot (2): tree knot ‘uxub 5.

knotted: jis-mochbil 9C.
article being knotted: mochoj 9C.
become knotted: tz’akoj ba 9C; mochoj ba 9C
become knotted as when a thread or ribbon moves back and forth: mochli 9C.
knotted in many places: mochilanbiltik 9C; mochochtik 9C.
object being knotted: jis-mochoj 9C.

knotty: (wood): ‘uxubtik 5.

know: ‘ojtakin 11; ‘ojtakinvan 11; na‘ 11.

knowingly: tza ‘u‘un 11; talel ta ‘olonton [arrival at one’s heart] 11, 14B6.

knowledge: ‘ojtakinvanej 11, 16C; na‘el 11, 16C; na‘vanej 11, 16C.
knowledge of person: ‘ojtakinel 11, 16C

known: na‘ot 11.
(to be good or evil): ‘ilot 11.

knuckle: ‘akan k’ob 7A; tz’akav k’ob 7A.

L

labor: a week’s labor: Huk-k’in ‘abtel 2B, 27D.
be exempted from labor: kol ta ‘abtel 27D.
exempt from labor: kolesbil ta ‘abtel 27D; koltaybil ‘ok 27D; koltaybil k’ob 27D.

laborer: become a day laborer: ‘och ta na ‘ajval [enter the lord’s house] 14, 20, 27D; chon ba [sell oneself] 14, 20, 27D.
day laborer: j‘abtel 27D.

lack: mo ‘oyuk ‘u‘un 21D.

lacking: be lacking: ch’ay 21D; mo ‘oyuk 21D.

ladder: machul 26B; moch 26B.

ladle: large wooden ladle: likesabil 22C.
wooden ladle: juyob 22C.

lady: ‘ajvalel pop tz’omol [lord of the mat and stool] 14, 16E, 18C, 20; x‘ojov 16E, 18C, 20; xep 16E, 18C, 20.
honest lady: xep 16A.

lake: nab 1C.

lamb: ch’iom tux-nok’ chij 6A2.

lame: mek’an 33.
lame in one hand: kolo‘ k’ob 33.

lamp: lampara 1D, 15A5, 22B.
lamp socket: ‘av japbalal 1D, 22B; ‘av naul 1D, 22B

lance: xenob tak’in 21E2.
metal socket of a lance: tak’in chak xenob tak’in 21E2.

lancet: julob tak’in 34; julobil 34; julvanab 34.

land: lum 1B.
flat land: tenlej 1B, 3; tenlej ‘osil 1B, 3.
green land: yax-lum 1B, 8F1; yaxal lum 1B, 8F1.
land distribution (as the Spaniards of this land have repartimientos): vinkilel 1B, 19B.
measure land: p’is lum 1B, 12; vok’ lum 1B, 12.
narrow plot of land: bik’it lum 1B, 12, 19B; mo muk’uk popol 1B, 3, 19B; yubul ‘osil 1B, 3, 19B

language: native language (Tzotzil): batz’i k’op [real word] 13A, 14.
person who speaks a language fluently: jna‘-k’op 13A.

lantern: ‘av candela [candle place] 1D, 15A5, 22B; na candela [candle house] 1D, 15A5, 22B.

lap: ni‘ ‘olontonil [nose or end of the heart] 7A, 14B4, 14B6

lapidary: j‘ojtakinej-ton 29A.

larceny: ‘elek’ 21A.

lard: k’an-‘ixmal 23A2; k’an-‘ixmal chitom 23A2; manteca 15A9, 23A2.
covered with lard: naka k’an-‘ixmal 23A2.

lasso: ‘ak’ 24, 25B.
bird lasso: ‘ak’ol mut 24.
deer lasso: ‘ak’ol chij 24, 25B.

last: tz’aklon 2, 12; jok’ey 2, 12; k’oxil 2, 12; nat bat 2, 12; natij 2, 12; xutul 2, 12; Halej 2, 12.
at last: tz’akal 2; k’oxil 2.
last long: Ha‘al bat 2; Ha‘al laj 2.
put last: lajeb ‘ayan ‘u‘un 9B; xutul ‘ayan ‘u‘un 9B; xutultas 9B.
the last: lajeb 2, 12.

lasting: Ha‘al 2; Hal 2.

late: sameltikil 2A.
late at night: nax ‘ox ‘ak’abal 2A

later: tey-likel 12.
a little later: j-‘ok’ xa 2, 12A; j-‘ok’uk xa 2, 12; yalul ta 2, 12; yaluluk xa 2, 12.
a while later j-‘ok’ xa 2, 12A; j-‘ok’uk xa 2, 12A.

lathe: joch’obil te‘ 26B, 30; torno 15A8, 26B, 30.
shaped on a lathe: joch’bil ta torno 3, 15A8, 30.
turn on a lathe: joch’ te‘ ta torno 15A8, 30.

Latin: latin 13A, 15A2.

laugh: tze‘ej 8C1, 16B; tze‘in 8C1, 16B.
laugh at: tze‘i 8C1, 16H, 16K, 16Q.
laugh softly: ch’ivet ‘e ta tze‘ej 8C1, 16B; k’un-tze‘in 8C1, 16B; levet ‘e ta tze‘ej 8C1, 16B.

laughing: stop laughing: ch’ani ta tze‘ej 2, 8C1.

laughter: tze‘inel 8C1, 16B.

launder: chuk’ 22E; chuk’omaj 22E.

laundress: jchuk’om 22A, 22E.

laundry: laundry bundle: chuk’bol 22E.

laurel: tzis chauk [thunderbolt fart] 5A, 14B.

law: takiej ‘ojov 20.
abolish a law: pajes takiej 10D, 20.
administer a law: taki 20; takivan 20.
annul one’s law: lajes takiej 10D, 20.
make a law: meltzanbey xanbal 20.
natural law: talel 20; talel takiel 20.
town law: takiej 20; tekel lum takiej 20.

lawyer: jk’op [he of words] 14J, 20A; jk’opojel [he of words] 14J, 20A; jk’oponvanej [speaker] 14J, 20A.

lay: (adobes, bricks, stones as the officials do): tz’alp 9B, 20, 28.
(adobes, bricks, stones): tz‘aloj 9B, 28.
lay down: ta‘an 9B.

lazily: ch’ajch’aj 16O; maxilmaxil [monkey-like] 14A1, 16O; mu *‘akan-‘oltay 16O.

laziness: *cheyilal 16O; ch’ajil 16O; ch’ajilal 16O; ch’ajubel 16O; naka ‘altik naklej [just living in vain] 16O; va‘vonetel [swaying or staggering] 14C, 16O.

lazy: ch’aj 16O; ch’ajil 16O; nakalnakal 16O; pat jol ch’aj 16O; yaya 16O; yayail 16O.
be lazy: ch’ajilal ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel the laziness of time] 14E, 16O; ch’ajub 16O; naka ‘ech’ ‘osil ‘u‘un [just let time pass] 14E, 16O; naka no ‘ox xanav [just live or walk] 14, 16O; naka pas 16O.
be lazy or sluggish: ‘al-poman ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel numb time] 14E, 16O.
extremely lazy: ba ch’aj 16O.
lazy or sluggish person: ‘al-poman vinik 16O.
lazy person: *cheyil vinik 16O; ch’aj vinik 16O; ch’ajil vinik 16O; jva‘vonetel 16O; yayail vinik 16O.

lead (1): sakil tak’in 29.

lead (2): at the lead (on trail): ba‘yitajel 2, 4.
lead against one’s will: chech 9D.
lead by the halter: chuk ta ch’ojon 9D.

leaf: ‘analin 5.
(beans, squash, melons): jav ‘anal 5B.
(tree leaf and all other leaves except pine needles): ‘abnal 5.
cabbage leaf: ‘anal coles 5B, 15A10.
leaf by leaf: likillikil 5, 12A.
leek leaf: ‘anal tuix 5B.
lettuce leaf: ‘anal lechuga 5B, 15A10.
tree leaf: ‘anal te‘ 5.

leafy: ‘ik’-loman yanal 5; pirn ‘anal 5.

league (1): j-jil 9A1, 12A.

league (2): ‘olaneb k’op [ending words] 14J, 20.
(between allies): chukob k’op [binding word] 14J, 20, 21E; laanejeb k’op [peaceful words] 14J, 20, 21E.

leak: tz’ujebal 8B; tz’ujel 8B.
(glass): ‘uch’ 8B, 10D.
(glass, roof): tz’uj 8B, 10D.
leak one has mended: ch’ikben 10A.

lean (1): (meat): mo ‘oyuk k’an-‘ixmal 23A2.
lean person: jayal vinik 7C; takin vinik [dry person] 7C, 14.

lean (2): lean against: kikey 9B; xik’ey 9B.
lean against (lay object against wall): xik’an 9B.
lean against (long objects against a wall): kikan 9B.

leaned: xik’anbil 9B.
object that has been leaned against something: kikanej 9B; xik’anej 9B.

leaning: xik’il 4.

leap: vil [fly] 9A1, 14.

learn: chan 11.
learn by heart: chan ta ‘olonton [learn in one’s heart] 11, 14B6; chan ta ti‘ [learn with one’s lips or mouth] 11, 14B5, 14C.
learn the doctrine: chan k’op dios 11, 15A1, 35C.
learn to make bread: chan pat-vaj 11, 23A3.

learned: learned person: jna‘vanej 11.

leash: ‘ak’il tz’i’ 25B; chukobil tz’i‘ 25B.

leashes: provided with leashes (loom): jit’anubil 31A.

leather: cover with leather: ‘ak’bey nukul 9C.
covered with leather: ‘ak’ebil nukul 9C; ‘otesbil nukul 9C; ‘oy nukulil 9C.

leave: ‘iktay 9B, 10D; kom ‘u‘un 9B, 10D; komes 9B, 10D; lok’ 9A1, 10D; lok’es ba 9A1, 10D.
be forced to leave behind: tzajal-komes 10D.
leave object to be sold or bought: komesbey 10D.
leave quickly as from the church or school: soblaj lok’ 2C, 9A1, 11, 28C3, 35C; tiklaj lok’ 2C, 9A1, 11, 28C3, 35C; *votol-lok’ 2C, 9A1, 11, 28C3, 35C; *votolan lok’el 2C, 9A1, 11, 28C3, 35C.
want to leave: kolo‘ ‘a‘i [feel to be evil] 9A1, 14C.

leaven: pajub 23A3.

lecture: chanantasvan 11.

leech: ch’ich’ lukum 6E.

leek: castillan tuix 5B, 15A10; puerro 5B, 15A10;
tuix 5B

left: be left: kom 10D.

leftovers: kechel 23A; kechelil 23A; komenal ve‘el 23A; komenalil 23A; lajemal ve‘el 23A.

leg: leg of animal: ‘o‘il 6F.
leg of ham: ‘o‘ chitom 23A2.

legacy: takiej 18E.

legal: decide a legal case: ch’ak 11, 17, 20A.
legal case: choltajesbil k’op [lined-up words] 14J, 20A; choltajesbil Hun 20A.
legal title: koj 20A.

legate: papal legate: ‘abat papa 15A1, 35A; k’exol sancto padre 15A1, 35A; lok’ob-bail sancto padre 15A1, 35A; lok’ol papa 15A1, 35A.

legation: papal legation: jk’ubul k’op santo padre [he entrusted with the word of the holy father] 14J, 15A1, 35A.

legend: ‘ik’ti‘il 11; vokol 11.

legible: be legible: tak’ ‘ilel 11A.

legitimate: batz’i lekoj 16A; toj lekoj 16A.

legitimize: (man): nich’nan 18C.

leisure: ‘utzibel 32; lo‘il 32; maxil [monkeyness] 14A1, 32.

lend: ‘ak’ ta ch’amol 10C, 27; ‘ak’ ta ch’amunel 10C, 27; ‘ak’ ta ch’om 10C, 27

lender: j‘ak’ ta ch’amol 10C, 27, 27A; j‘ak’ ta ch’amunel 10C, 27, 27A

lending: ch’amol 10C, 27.

length: jilol 12; natil 12.
added length (rope): natijeb 12.
be of the same length: ko‘ol natil 8G, 12.
make the same length: ko‘ol natil pas 8G, 12

lengthen: natijes 12.

lengthy: nat 12; natik 12.

leniency: ‘abolajel 16A; ‘aboltayvanej 16A.

Lent: cuaresma 15A1, 35E; ch’ob 35E; k’inal ch’abajel [fasting fiesta] 14, 35E.

lentil: bik’tal chenek’ 5B; castillan chenek’ 5B, 15A10; castillan pech’pech’ 5B, 15A10.

leper: sal vinik 33.

leprous: sal 33; sal tz’i‘ [leprous dog] 14A2, 33; solsoltik 33.
become leprous: salub 33; solin 33; taot ta sal 33.

less: ‘olbaj Hechuk 12; mu ta 12; yalulyalul 12.
a little less: mu jaka Hechuk ‘epal 12.
be a little less: ch’amal xa mu ta 12; juteb xa mu ta 12; mu to jaka ta 12.

lessen: lessen self (by wicked deed): bik’tajes ba [make oneself small] 14F2, 16M; tup’ ba [extinguish oneself] 14, 16M; yales ba [lower oneself] 14, 16M.

let: ‘ak’ 17.
not let: mo ‘ipuk 17.

letter: ‘ak’balal Hun 11A; Hun 11A.
(of the alphabet): tz’ib 11A; letra 11A, 15A2.

lettuce: lechuga 5B, 15A10.
lettuce leaf (counting): j-lik ‘anal lechuga 5B, 15A10.
young lettuce: ‘alab lechuga [lettuce child] 5B, 14H, 15A10; bik’tal lechuga 5B, 15A10.

level: ch’ak nivel ‘u‘un 3, 15A8; meltzajes 3; nivel 15A8, 28; p’is ta nivel ‘oy 3; tenay 3; tentzajes 3; tojobtas 3; tojobtas ‘a‘i ta muk’e 3.
become level: tentzaj 3.
become level (cleared field): pach’tzaj 1B, 3, 26.
become level (valley): lok’tzaj 1B, 3.

leveled: be leveled: ‘och nivel ‘u‘un 1B, 3, 15A8.

lever: te‘ 26B.

liar: jpak’-k’op 16N; jpak’tayej-k’op 16N; jpak’tayvanej 16N.

libel: pukobil ‘a‘yejlal Hun 11A.

liberal: mo k’usi jol ‘u‘un 16A.
liberal person: ‘atil vinik [penis person] 14B9, 16A; j‘aboltayvanej 16A.

liberator: jlok’vanej 20, 21E.

iberty: kolel 20; kuxel 20; yaxubel [blue-greenness] 14D2, 20.

library: na Hun 28C3.

lick: butz’ 7E.
(as when they suck a finger or lick a cup): ‘ lek’ 7E, 23A4.
lick one’s lips: lek’ ni‘ 7E; lek’ ti‘ 7E.

lie (1): cha‘-lom k’op 13A, 16N; cha‘-lom k’opojel [two time talk] 13A, 14J, 16N; chibal k’op [two words] 13A, 14J, 16N; chibal k’opojel [two speech] 13A, 14J, 16N; chibal-k’opoj 13A, 16N; lot 13A, 16N; lotoj 13A, 16N; pak’-k’op [slap words] 13A, 14J, 16N; pak’tay 13A, 16N; pak’tayej 13A, 16N; pak’tayej k’op 13A, 16N; pak’tayvan 13A, 16N.
big lie: me‘ pak’-k’op [mother of slapped word] 13A, 14H, 14J, 16N; muk’ pak’tayej k’op [big slapping word] 13A, 14F1, 14J, 16N.
lie to: pak’taybey k’op 13A, 16N.

lie (2): lie down: ta‘i 7D.
lie down (as in bed): metzey 7D, 22B.
make a person lie down: metzan 7D; ta‘an 7D.

life: ‘ilel ‘osil [seeing the world] 14E, 18; xanbal [walk] 14, 18.
bring back to life: kuxan 10A, 18E, 34.
come back to life: kux 10A, 18E; kuxol 10A, 18E; kuxolaj 10A, 18E.
regulate one’s life: meltzajes xanbal 16A; tojobtas pasnej 16A.

lift: toy 9B.

lifted: toybil 9B; toyol 9B.
object being lifted or raised: toyoj 9B.

light (1): tzan 1D; tzan k’ok’ 1D; ch’am 8F; sakubel 8F1; tajley yan 8F; til 1D.
(candle, fire): kuxan 1D.
(sky): sak-pulan 1A, 8F1; sak-pulantik 1A, 8F1.
grow light: *sapet ‘osil 8F.
light up: jap 1D.
light up person with a torch or a candle: jap-tajley 1D; tajley 1D.

light (2): mo ‘oluk 12; sob 12; sobsob 12.

lighten: toy [lift] 12, 14.

lightning: chauk 1D; leblajetel 1D.
large lightning bug: *yamal 6E.
lightning bug: kukay 6E.
struck by lightning: majat ta chauk 1D, 33.

like: Hech chak 8G; Hechuk chak 8G.
just like: Hech no ‘ox 8G.
like that: Ha‘ Hech 8G; Hech 8G.
like this: Hech 8G; Hech ‘ilel 8G; Hechuk 8G.
like this too: Hech no ‘ox tok 8G.

liken: nop 8G.

lily: pech’e-‘ok castillan nichim 5B, 15A10; pech’e-‘ok nichim 5B.

limb: vinkilel 7A.
limb by limb: ju-jun vinkilel 7A, 12; lekojlekoj ju-jun vinkilel 7A, 12; tasaltasal vinkilel 7A, 12; yantikyantik vinkilel 7A, 12.

limbo: chamebal [place of death] 14, 18E, 35C.

lime (1): lime tree: te‘el limones 5B.
sweet lime tree: te‘el limas 5B.

lime (2): tan 1B, 23A3.
lime pit: chik’ob tan 1B; chik’obil tan 1B.

limit: set a limit: paj 12, 16E.

limp: kolo‘ xanav 9A1, 33; mek’aub 9A1, 33.

line: cha‘-laman 3.
line up: chol 3, 9B; chol ba 3, 9B; mel 3, 9B; mel ba 9B; tasay 9B; tasay ba 9B.
line up people: chol vinik 9B.
line up people as in a procession: mel vinik 9B, 20, 35C; meltzan vinik 9B, 20, 35C; pas vinik 9B, 20, 35C.

lineage: j-tek 18F; tasal 18F; tekel 18F; tos 18F.
lineage name: tasal biil 18F.

lined: cha‘lamanbil 9C; cha‘-lamanbil lum 9C; cha‘-lom 9C.
be lined up: choley 9B.
lined up: chololcholol 4; melelmelel 4; mellej 4; tasaltasal 4.

linen: castillan nok’ 15A4, 31D; castillan pok’ 15A4, 31D; lienzo 31D; sakil pok’ 8F1, 31D.
linen seller: jchon sakil pok’ 21A.

lining: cha‘-lamal 9C.

linseed: bek’ lino 5B, 15A10; sat lino [linseed eye or face] 5B, 14B2, 15A10.

lintel: ‘ak’ol ti‘ na 28D; ‘ak’ol va‘leb mak na 28D.

lion: mountain lion: tzajal bolom 6A1.

lip: pak’al ti‘il 7A; ti‘il 7A.
lower lip: ‘olon ti‘ 7A.
move one’s lips: puch’ilan ti‘ 7E; puch’pon ti‘ 1E.
upper lip: ‘ak’ol ti‘ 7A.

lips: blubber lips: ti‘ 1C.

lisp: sesentik k’opoj 13A, 33.

list: biiltas 11A, 12.
list in writing: tz’ibay biil 11A, 12.
list of names: ‘atob biil 11A, 12; ‘atob vinik 11A, 12; tz’ibaybil bi vinik 11A, 12.

listen: ‘a‘i 8C.
listen in secret: muktal-‘a‘i 8C1, 16N; muktal-‘a‘ivan 8C1.
listen to backbiting or gossip: ‘a‘i lot 8C1, 16H.

listener: j‘a‘i-k’op 8C1; j‘a‘ivanej 8C1; j‘a‘yej-k’op 8C1.

lit: object being lit up: japoj 1D, 8F.

litany: ‘aptayabil kotol sanctoetik 15A1, 35C; letanía 15A1, 35C.

litigant: j‘al-k’op ta tz’el jch’akel [word-sayer beside the judge or divider] 14J, 20A; j‘al-k’op ta tz’el juez 15A2, 20A.

litigate: ‘ak’ k’op ta tz’el juez 15A2, 20A; Hu‘ k’op ‘u‘un ta tz’elel juez 15A2, 20A.

litter: k’echolajebal 9A1.
feathered litter: *kemil 9A1, 35E.

little: bik’it 12; ch’amal 12; lajal 12; machal 12.
*yax *naan xa mu ta: *yax naan xa mu ta 12.
a little: juteb 12; jutebuk ‘oy 12; *yax *naan 12; *yax noch 12.
a little bit: juteb ‘epaluk ‘oy 12.
a little more: *yax *naan xa 12; *yax noch xa 12.
hold in little value: ‘olonil ‘a‘i 11, 12, 16H.
little person: p’osp’os vinik 7C, 12.

live: ‘il ‘osil 18.
live a long time: nat bat 2, 12, 18E; nat natij 2, 12, 18E.
live in: naiv 19A.
live with another: ‘oy chi‘il ta k’ulej 19A.

lively: *kata 16C.
lively person: bili-ba vinik 16C; *kata vinik 16C; *katail vinik 16C.

liver: sekubil 7A1.

living: be living: kuxul xanav 18.
precept for living: meltzajesabil xanbal 35C;
takiej 11, 35C; tojobtasabil pasnej 35C.

lizard: ‘okotz 6C.

load: ‘ak’ kojob 9B; kajan 9B; kajey 9B.

loan: return a loan: sutes 10C, 27.

loaned: ‘ak’ebil ta ch’amol 10C, 27.

loathe: ‘ilan 16H; koj ‘a‘i 16H; yaya ‘a‘i 16H.

loathesome: be loathesome: yaya ‘ilel 16H.

lock: makobil 9C.
house lock: makob na 9C, 28D.

locust: (that is eaten): k’ulub 6E.

lodge: vayantas 19A, 28C.

lodging: vayal na 19A, 28C2.
give lodgings to: ‘ix-kelman 10C, 19A.
provide lodging for: ‘ula‘an 10B, 10C.
take lodgings: ‘ix-kelmaj 10B, 19A; ‘ix-kelman 10B, 19A; ‘och 10B, 19A; vay 10B, 19A.

loft: construct loft: ‘ak’ tenal te‘al 28.

log: single large log for the fire: k’echob 1D.

loin: te‘el patil [tree of the back] 7A, 14B8.

long (1): nat 3, 12; natil 3, 12.
lying (long objects): tusul 3, 4.
set down (long objects): tusan 3, 9B.

long (2): long for: k’upin 16D; matz’et ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel the world clenching] 14C, 16D.

long-lasting: nat 2.
be long-lasting: mo sobuk ‘olan 2, 18E; mo sobuk laj 2, 18E.

long-lived: be long-lived: ‘ep ‘il ‘osil [see the world or time alot] 2, 14E, 141, 18E; nat ‘il ‘osil [see far in time or in the land] 2, 14E, 141, 18E; nat xanav 2, 18E; nat xanav ta balumil [walk far in the world] 2, 14E, 18E; nat xanbal 2, 18E; nat tal [come for a long way] 2, 14, 18E.
long-lived person: poko‘ vinik 2, 18E.

long-winded: be long-winded: ‘alej 13A; nat bat 13A; natij 13A.
long-winded person: j‘epal-k’op 13A, 16L; jk’opk’onetel 13A, 16L.

longing: na‘el 16D.

look: *‘eno 8F; ‘ito 8F.
look askance: xokon-sati 8F; xokon-sativan 8F.
look at: k’el 8F; k’elvan 8F.
look at while frowning or with wrinkled brow: tzukan sat k’el 7E, 8F.
look frequently: k’elelet 8F; k’elk’onet 8F.
look like: lok’bey 8F, 8G.
look like (one’s father or mother): lok’ 8F, 8G, 18F.
look up: k’el ta ‘ak’ol 8F.
look upwards with mouth agape: jam ba ta k’elvanej 7E, 8F; jol ta k’elanvanej 7E, 8F; jol ta k’elel 7E, 8F.

lookout: k’elvanab 21E1.

loom: te‘el jolob 31A.

loophole: ‘ocheb sakubel 28D; jom 28D; sakubeb ‘osil [whitening place of the sky] 14D5, 14E, 28D.

loose: chepel 8E, 9C; mu chukbiluk 8E, 9C; yochol 8E, 9C; Hi til 8E, 9C.

loosen: yoch 8E, 9C.

lop: lop off: k’abay 10D.

lord: ‘ojov 16E, 20.
be a sovereign lord: mo ‘oyuk buy nup [his match is nowhere] 14, 20.
become a lord: ‘ajvay 20; ch’ak 20; k’opoj [speak] 14J, 20; ta ‘ajvalel 16E, 20.
fellow lord: ‘ix ta ‘ajvalel 16E, 20; ‘ix ta ‘ajvetikil 16E, 20.
lord of slaves: ‘ajvetik 16E, 20.
sovereign: ba ‘ojov 16E, 20.
sovereign lord: junjun no ‘ox tuk [just one alone] 14, 16E, 20.
take as one’s lord or king: ‘ojovin 10B, 20.

lose: ch’ay ‘u‘un 10D.
lose bet (or) game: ‘aleyat 10D, 17, 32B.
lose one’s way: Hovi 9A1, 10D; Hovi ta be 9A1, 10D.

loss: ch’ayel 10D.

lost: ch’ayal 9A1, 10D.
be lost: ch’ay 9A1, 10D.
get lost: ch’ay 9A1, 10D.
get lost (on trail): k’ej be 9A1, 10D; k’ejey ta be 9A1, 10D.
lost person: jch’ayel vinik 9A1, 10D.
person who has lost his way: jHoviel [mad person] 9A1, 10D, 14.

lot (1): a lot of: *xol 12.
quite a lot: ‘ep‘ep 12; ta‘alta‘al ‘oy 12.

lot (2): cast lots: k’inij 32B; pas tza [do cleverness] 14, 32B.
cast or draw lots: ‘il ta lok’obil [see in the figures] 141, 32B; lok’ ba 32B.

loud: ‘ip 8C.

loudmouth: ‘ipal jov 13A, 16L; j‘ov 13A, 16L.

louse: ‘uch’ 6E.
crab louse: ‘atil ‘uch’ 6E; ‘atil chon 6E; chanul ‘atil 6E.

louse-ridden: na ‘uch’ [louse house] 6E, 7G, 14B.

lovable: jalal 16D; jol 16D.
lovable person: jalal vinik 16D.

love: jalal ‘ilel [precious sight] 14I, 16D; jalal ‘ilvanej 16D; jol ‘il [see as precious] 141, 16D; jol ‘ilel 16D; jol ‘ilvanej 16D; k’anbey 16D; k’uxul ‘olonton [heart pain] 14B6, 16D.
fall in love: jol 16D; k’ux ‘a‘i [feel pain] 14C, 16D; yakub ta jalal ‘ilel [get drunk with precious sight] 14I, 16D; yal-te‘in 16D.
fall in love (having a residence that one has not yet moved to): val-te‘ij 16D.
fall passionately in love: k’uxub ‘olonton [have one’s heart hurt] 14B6, 16D.
in love: yakyak 16D.
make fall in love: yakubes 16D.
person in love: jyakubel 16D; jk’uxul-‘olonton 16D.

loved: jalal ‘ilbil 16D; jol ‘ilbil 16D.

lover: jjol-‘ilvanej 16D, 18C.
(male or female): *val-te‘ 18C.
lover of: jjalal ‘il ______ 18C.
lover of God: jjalal ‘il dios 15A1, 35A.
lover of heaven: jjalal ‘il vinajel 35A.

low: mu‘natil 12.
(tide): ‘ulul 1C.
hold in low esteem: ‘olonil ‘a‘i [feel below] 14C, 16H; bik’it ‘a‘i [feel to be small] 14C, 16H; bik’it ch’amal ‘a‘i [feel to be small] 14C, 16H.
hold self in low esteem: bik’it ‘a‘i ba 16F.

lowborn: ch’ilom vinik [brave person or warrior] 14, 20; ch’ilomal vinik 20; voymoltikil vinik [wild or thicket person] 14, 20.

lower: yales 12.

lowlands: in the lowlands: ta ‘olon ‘osil [in the bottom land] 1B, 4, 14E.

loyal: loyal person: melel vinik 16D; tojol vinik 16D.

luck: ‘es 17; balam 17; ch’ulelil 17; Hech ch’ulel 17.
good luck: nuptanel ‘utz 16C.
have good luck: nuptan ‘utzil 10B, 16C; nuptanbey ‘utzil 10B, 16C.
have great luck: ‘ep ‘esomaj ‘u‘un 10B, 16C.
improve one’s luck: ‘ik’ti‘ij 10A, 16C.
lucky person: j‘esel 16C.

lucky: be lucky: ‘il ch’ulel [see one’s soul] 14B7, 14I, 16C; ‘oy ch’ulel 16C; ‘utz balam 16C; ‘utz ch’ulel 16C; lok’ 16C; lok’ ‘oy 16C; nuptan ‘utzil 16C; nuptanbey ‘utzil 16C.

lukewarm: k’ix-mukan 8A; k’un k’ixin 8A.
become lukewarm or tepid: k’un-k’ixnaj 8A.

lumbering: lok’-te‘ 9A1; lok’esej-te‘ 9A1.

luminous: ‘ip xojobil 8F; toj xojob yan 8F.

lump: petey 3.
(as on the face of a person afflicted with the pox): ch’okil 3, 33.
(as those on the faces of people afflicted with bubonic plague): ‘uxub 3, 33.
covered with lumps (pox): laal ch’okil 3, 33.
lump jaw: chamel 3, 33.
swell with large lumps: bujey 3, 33.
with lumps: petpet 3.
with many lumps: ch’okiltik 3.

lumpy: bujbuj 3; bujulbujul 3; bujujtik 3.
(face): ‘uxubtik 3, 33; laal ‘uxub 3, 33.

lungs: sot’ot’il 7A1.

lust: bek’tal mul [flesh sin] 14B11, 18C; bek’tal mulavej 18C; bek’tal mulil 18C; bek’tal-mulav 18C; mulal-xanav 18C.

lustful: toj mulavil 18C.
be lustful: majav 18C.

lute: castillan vob 15A6, 32A1; ch’ajnul vob 32A1.

lye: ‘anel Ho‘ [burning water] 1B, 14G.

lying (1): ta pak’-k’op 13A, 16N.

lying (2): (wide objects): ta‘al 4.
lying down: metzel 4.
lying down as in bed: ta‘al 4, 7D.
lying there: lum ta‘al 4.

M

macaw: mo‘och 6B1.

mace: (of beadle or gatcman): pispis tak’in 31E; volvol tak’in ta ba 31E.

mad: be mad: ch’ay ‘olonton 33.
go mad: ch’ay ‘olonton 33; Hovi 33.
make person go mad: Hovintas 33.

made: pasbil 30.
badly made: kolo‘ pasey 30.

madman: Hovil vinik 33; jHovil-vinik 33.

madness: ch’ayel ‘olontonil [loss of heart] 14B6, 33.

maggot: horsefly maggot: xuvit koch 6E.
maggot infesting meat, cheese, etc.: xuvit 6E, 23A2.
swell from maggots: xuvitan 6E, 9E.

magic: black magic: ‘ak’abal k’op [night words] 14J, 35F; pukuj k’op [devil words] 14J, 35F; vayajelal k’op [witchcraft words] 14J, 35F.
deed of black magic: vayajelal pasnej 35F.

magnanimity: muk’ta ‘olonton [big heart] 14B6, 14F1, 16A.

magnanimous: muk’ ‘olonton 16A.
magnanimous person: jtzatzal-‘olonton [strong-hearted person] 14B6, 16A; jmuk’ul-‘olonton 16A.

magnificence: muk’tikil 16C; muk’ul 16C.

magnificent: jelel ‘utz 16C; toj ‘utz 16C; toj muk’ 16C.

magnolia: very fragrant heart-shaped flower: ‘olonton nichim [heart flower] 5A, 14B6.

maguey: chi 5B.
maguey fiber: j-jil chi 5B, 31A.

maiden: tzeb 18B.

maidenhood: reach maidenhood: ta tzebal 18B.

mailbag: nakleb Hun 11A, 22C.

majesty: k’ak’al ‘ik’ [hot breath, air or wind] 14B5, 14G, 20; toj nom ‘ik’ [very distant breath, air or wind] 14B5, 20.

make: pas 30.

malaria: (three or four day fever with chills): k’ak’al sik [hot cold] 14G, 33.

male: xinch’ok 18C.

malefactor: jme‘anajesvanej 16P; jpas-kolo‘ 16P.

malice: kola‘al 16P; labal 16P; Hovil 16P.

malicious: ‘ep labal 16P; kolo‘ 16P; lob 16P; toj lob 16P.
malicious person: jcha‘ lom k’op [he of two time talk] 14J, 16P; jchibal-k’op [he of two words] 14J, 16P.

maliciously: ta cha‘-lom k’op 16P.

malignant: kolo‘ 16P.

mall: lajeb xanavebal 9A1, 28E; sutej xanavebal 9A1, 28E; sutej xanbal 9A1, 28E.

mallow: pak’ chak ‘abnal 5A.

man: xinch’ok 18C.
old man: mool 18C, 18E.
wrinkled old man: nukultik sat mool 18C, 18E.

manacles: chukob k’obil 21C; chukobil k’obil 21C.

manager: jnikesej-‘osil [world shaker] 14E, 16E, 20, 27; jnikesej-vinajel [sky shaker] 14E, 16E, 20, 27; jnikesvanej 16E, 20, 27.

mane: bonok’il 6F.

mange: chin 33; sol 33.

manger: lo‘bajeb chij 28C1; lo‘ob chij 28C1.

mangy: balem chin 33; chinchin 33; chinchintik 33.

manifest: be manifest: vinaj 4.

manliness: xinch’oklel 16E, 18C.

manner: pasel 11.

many: ‘ep 12; ‘epal 12; pim 12; *xol 12.
a great many: mo no ‘ox jay ‘at 12.
how many: jayib 12.
how many (objects): jay-tek 12A.
how many (people): jay-vo‘ 12A.
how many (times): jay-mek 2, 12A; jay-yalel 2, 12A.
how many?: k’u ‘epal ta tek 12A.
many times: ‘ep ta mek 2, 12A; *‘oyo‘oyo 2, 12.
so many: Hech ‘epal 12.
this many: Hech ‘epal 12.
very many: toj pim 12.

map: world map: lok’ob-ba kotol ’osil 11A.

marble: bax 1B, 29.

March: ‘oxib ‘u 2B; ‘u marzo 2B, 15A3; marzo 2B, 15A3.
referring to March: marzoil 2B, 15A3.

mare: ‘antzil caballo 6A2, 15A9, 18C.
keeper of breeding mares: j‘il ‘antzil chij 25; jchabi ‘antzil chij 25.

marine: ta nab ‘ayan 1C; ta nab pas 9A2.

mark: ‘etelaj 12; ‘etelil 12; pol 12; polol 12; p’is 12; p’isol 12; vinajeb 12.
(wood or stone for cutting or sawing): ‘eteltas 1B, 9D;joch’ 1B, 9D;jul 1B, 9D.
identification mark: ‘ojtakinabil 11.
mark left by blow of the fist or by a slap: ‘av k’obol 9D, 21C, 33.

marked: ‘eteltasbil 11.

market: ch’ivit 27, 28E; p’olmajeb 27, 28E; p’olma-jebal 27, 28E.
see the sights in the market: pa‘i ch’ivit 8F, 27.

marketplace: chonojebal 27, 28E; ch’ivitajebal 27, 28E; yo‘ ‘oy Hu‘ ch’ivit 27, 28E; yo‘ ‘oy Hu‘ ch’ivitajel 27, 28E.

marksman: satinom 21E1, 24.

marquess: marques 16E, 20.

marriage: nupunel 18D.
marriage book: Hun nupunel 11A, 18D.
marriage of a woman: malinel 18C, 18D.
marriage partner: ‘ix ta *tzaatil 18D.

marriageable: reach marriageable age: ta k’inal nupunel 18B, 18D.

married: *tzaat 18D.
be married: tojob 18D.
married woman, wife: ‘ajnilal 18C, 18D.

marry: nupultas 18D.
(man): ‘ajnilaj 18C, 18D; ‘ajnilan 18C, 18D;
ni‘atzij 18C, 18D.
(woman):h malin 18C, 18D.
marry in the church: nupun 18D, 35C.

martyr: jtzatzal-ch’uunvanej 18E, 35D.

martyrdom: ‘ilel vokol ‘u‘un dios [seeing difficulty because of God] 14I, 15A1, 18E, 35D; tzamesel ‘u‘un dios cham 15A1, 18E, 35D; yaijesel ‘u‘un dios 15A1, 18E, 35D.

martyrology: na‘obil k’ak’al 11, 35D; na‘obil k’in 11, 35D.

marvel: chamolajel 11; labanel 11; tup’olajel 11; tup’olanel 11.
marvel at: chamolaj 11.
marvel of the ceremony: labajel 35C, 35E.

mask: k’oj te‘ 31C, 32, 35F.
(once used during the sacrifices and worn by those who once kept the idols): taniab 31C, 35F.

mason: jtz’alojel 28A; ch’ubavail 28A; jch’ubajel 28A; jch’ul-na 28A; jch’ul-tan 28A; jt’ab-na 28A.
(adobe-layer): jtz’al-xamitl 15B, 28A.
official mason: j‘abtel 20, 28A; ch’ubavil 28A.

Mass: misa 15A1, 35C.
celebrate Mass: pas misa 15A1, 35C.
charge fee for the Mass: ‘ak’ pakobil misa 15A1, 27, 35C; pas altar 15A1, 27, 35C.
responder in the Mass: jtak’avel 35A.
serve as a responder in the Mass: tak’av 35A, 35C.

massage: ju‘ilanbey 9D, 34; nit 9D, 34.
(person’s painful belly): jaxulanbey 9D, 34;
ju‘ilan 9D, 34.

mast: natil te‘ pajal ta ‘ol jom 9A2.

master: ‘ajval 16E, 20.
(or mistress) of the house: ba jk’ulej 16E, 19A, 20; ba jk’ulej ta na 16E, 19A, 20.
become master: ‘ajvay 16E, 20.
master of slaves: ‘ojov 16E, 20, 22A.
take as one’s master: ‘ajvalej 10B, 20; ‘ajvalin 10B, 20.

masturbate: pik bek’tal 18C; *Hel ba 18C.
(man): ch’oj te‘ [chisel one’s stick] 14, 18C.
(woman): ch’op ba 18C; ch’op bek’tal 18C.

mat: papal 22B; pop 22B.
interweave mat: xoj 22B, 31A.
palm mat: xanil pop 22D.
reed mat: popol ‘aj 5, 22B.

match: junjun pajel 8G; junjun pajel pas 8G; junjun pajol 8G; junjun pajol ba pas 8G; meltzaj 8G.

matched: be matched: junjun pajol ba ‘ayan 8G.

matchmaker: jnupultasvanej 18D.

mate: (birds): tck’ ba 6G, 18C.
(horses, dogs): kuch ba 6G, 18C.

matins: maitines 15A1, 35C; tumuch ‘ak’abal ch’uivej 15C.

matrimonial: nupunebal 18D.

matron: xep 18C.

mattress: vayebal tux-nok’ 22D.

mature: nearly mature: k’otebal ta ‘okel 18B.

maturity: (age of discretion): k’inal 4ulel ‘olonton [day when the heart returns] 14B6, 18B.
(full grown): ‘okel 18B.
reach maturity: k’ot ta ‘okel 18B.

me: by or for me: ‘u‘un 10B.

meadow: jobeltik 5; tenlej jobel 5.

meal: ve‘el 8D, 23A.
base meal: mu‘natil ve‘el 8D, 23A.
cold or miserable meal: jech’ol ve‘el 8A, 8D, 23A.
eat a cold or miserable meal: jech’olaj 8A, 8D, 23A.
restrain oneself at meals: tojoltojol ve‘ 16C, 23A4.

mean: ‘al 11.
what does all this mean?: k’usi chak li‘ 11; k’usi chake 11; k’usi nop ‘oy 11.

meaning: sutejeb 11; tojol 11.

meanwhile: k’alal ta yo‘ ‘oy 2; yo‘ ‘oy 2.

measure: p’is 12.
foot (measure): j-tek’lej 12A.
measure of 1.85 yards: j-jov 12A.
measure of seed to be planted: j-te‘el 12A, 26.
true measure: melel p’is 12.

measured: pasal p’isel 12; p’isbil 12.

measurement: p’isobil 12.

meat: bek’et 23A2.
lean meat: batz’i bek’et [real meat] 14B11, 23A2.
meat without bones: batz’i bek’et 23A2.
weigher of meat: jp’is-bek’et 12, 27A.

mediate: meltzan 20A; nop 20A; pas 20A.

mediation: nopel k’op [thinking of words] 14J, 20A; pasel k’op [doing words] 14J, 20A.

mediator: j‘ak’ ‘utzil k’op [giver of good words] 14J, 20A; jk’op [he of words] 14J, 20A; jlaanesej-k’op [he of calming words] 14J, 20A; jnop-k’op 20A; jpas-k’op 20A; jsikubtasej-k’op [word cooler] 14G, 14J, 20A.

medical: medical aid: poxtayabil 34.

medicine: pox 34; poxtayabil 34.
administer medicines: poxtaj 10C, 34.
proven medicine: ‘utzil pox 34; k’otel pox 34.

medium-sized: ta‘al 12; ta‘al ‘oy 12.

meet: tzak 9A1; tzak ba 9A1; nup 9A1; nup ba 9A1.
meet unexpectedly: nup 17.
meet unexpectedly at work or at war: nuptan 17, 21E, 27D; nupul-bein 17, 21E, 27D.

meeting: tzoblej 20; tzobojel 20; *chanul k’op [abundant words] 14J, 20; ch’akob k’op [division or judgment of words] 14J, 20.
meeting place: tzoblebal 20; tzoblebal k’op 20; tzobojebal 20; pasob k’op [word-maker] 14J, 20.

megaphone: ‘ok’esol 8C.

melancholy: me‘anajel 16J; me‘anal 16J.
be melancholy: mo muib ‘osil ‘a‘i [not feel world becoming fragrant] 14E, 16J.
melancholy person: ch’anabal vinik 16J.

melon: castillan ch’um 5B, 15A10; melon 5B.
melon patch: castillan ch’umtik 5B, 15A10, 26; chabal castillan ch’um 5B, 15A10, 26.

melt: ‘ul 29; ‘ules 29; k’unij 29.
melt metal: ‘ules tak’in 29.

memorial: na‘obil k’usitikuk 11A, 18E.

memory: na‘obil 11; na‘vanab 11; na‘vanej 11.

mend: lak’u 31A; pak’an 31A.
(by fastening or sewing): tz’ak 31A.
(by fastening or sewing, bones): tz’ak ba 10A, 31A, 34.
(wound): but’ 10A, 34; tzepenub 10A, 34.
mend a broken bone: tz’ak bakel 10A, 34.
mend by sticking on: pak’tzaj 10A.
mend petates, etc., by inserting straw as if weaving: lap 31A.
mend with pitch (leather, wine jug): ‘ak’bey xuch’ 10A, 23B; juybey xuch’ 10A, 23B; xuch’ay 10A, 23B.

mended: tz’akbil 10A.
mended object: pak’anej 10A; xojben 10A.
mended with pitch: xuch’aybil 10A.

mender: jlak’uvanej 31B; jpak’anvanej 31B.

mending: tz’akbenal 31A.

menses: ch’ich’ 7B, 18C.

menstrual: have menstrual period: lok’ ch’ich’el ‘il [see one’s blood come out] 7E, 14B11, 141, 18C.

menstruate: ‘ilomaj [see] 7E, 14I, 18C.

menstruation: ‘ilomajel 7E, 18C; k’un ‘isim [soft beard] 7E, 14B, 18C.

mention: kuy 11; tij ta ‘alel 11.

merchandise: *‘ichinal 27; p’olmalil 27.

merchant: storekeeper: jchonojel 27A.

merciful: be merciful: ‘abolaj 16A; k’uxubin 16A; laanej 16A.
do merciful acts: ‘aboltay 16A; ‘aboltayvan 16A; vokoltasvan 16A.
merciful person: j‘aboltayvanej 16A; jk’uxu-binvanej 16A; jvokoltasvanej 16A.
order of merciful acts that the Audience performs: lok’eb ‘aboltayeb Hun 16A, 20.

merciless: ‘ip k’ak’al [very hot] 14G, 16I; ‘ip lek’-ti‘il [much lip-licking] 14C, 16I; ‘ip te‘te‘il 16I.

mercy: ‘abolajel 16A; ‘aboltayel 16A; ‘aboltayvanej 16A; vokol 16A.
have mercy: k’uxubinvan 10C, 16A.
mercy one receives: k’uxubinel 10B, 16A; vokoltasel 10B, 16A.

merit: tojel 16A; tojolil 16A.

mermaid: ‘antzil vinik 18C, 35D.

merrily: ‘utz 16B; mu 16B, 32.

merriment: t’ujumajel 16B, 32.

merry: be merry: ‘utzib 16B, 32; lo‘ilaj 16B, 32; maxilaj [monkey] 14A1, 16B, 32; muib ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel world becoming fragrant] 14E, 16B, 32; nichimaj [flower] 14, 16B, 32; tajim 16B, 32.
make merry: bak’es 16B, 32; tajim 16B, 32.

merrymaker: ‘atil vinik [penis person] 14B9, 16B, 32; ‘utzil vinik 16B, 32; muil vinik [fragrant person] 14C, 16B, 32; nichil vinik [flowery person] 14, 16B, 32.

message: ‘abatil k’op 11; ‘ak’balal Hun 11A; ‘ok’el 11; k’op 11; Hunbil k’op 11A.
give message: ‘al ‘a‘yej 10C, 11.

messenger: ‘abat 11; ‘abatil 11; ‘abatok 11; jtak-Hun 11A; Hunbil 11A.
send as a messenger: ‘abatij 9B, 11; ‘abatin 9B, 11; ‘abatokin 9B, 11.
trusted messenger: jtzul-ti‘ 11, 16D; vayajom k’op 11, 16D.

messy: (hair): tzotz ta tzavlej 7G, 31E; ch’a‘al 7G, 31E; vatzal 7G, 31E.

metal: metal filings: josbenal tak’in 29.
metal sheet: jay-latzan tak’in 29; jayal tak’in 29; joyjoy tak’in 29.
roundish piece of metal: volvol tak’in 3, 29.

metate: (used by women to grind corn): cho‘ 22C.

meteor: tzo‘ k’anal [star shit] 1A, 14B12; yolob vitz [mountain arrow] 1A, 14.

meteorite: tzo‘ k’anal [star shit] 1A, 14B12; yolob vitz [mountain arrow] 1A, 14.

Mexico: Mexico City: Tzekil 19.
native of Mexico City: ta Tzekil na 19.

middle: reach the middle: k’alal ta ‘o‘lol 2, 12; ta ‘o‘lol 2, 12.

middleman: jch’ak tojol 27A; jnop tojol 27A; jpas-k’op [he who does words] 14J, 27A.

midnight: ‘o‘lol ‘ak’abal 2A; tumuch ‘ak’abal 2A, 15C.

midpoint: midpoint in meal: ‘a‘iol ve‘el 2, 23A.

midwife: jtam-‘unen 18A, 18C, 34.

mildew: kux 5, 10E; kuxin 5, 10E.
(on bread): kux vaj 5, 10E, 23A.
mildew in wine: kux chi‘ 5, 10E, 23A, 23B.

mildewed: ‘ip kux 5, 10E.

mildly: (cure, rule, punish): k’un 16G, 20, 21C, 34; laan 16G, 20, 21C, 34.

mile: one mile: lajun-vinik ‘ox-bok’ ta ta‘lej 12A.

milk: chu‘il 23A2; leche 15A9, 23A2.
milk jar: p’in chu‘ chij 22C.
milk jug: pitz’obil chu‘ chij 22C.
milk jug or pail: pitz’eb chu‘ chij 22C; pitz’ob chu‘ chij 22C.
milk using the forefinger: pitz’ 7E1, 23A3, 25.
milk with the thumb: jisulan 7E1, 23A3, 25.
sheep’s milk: chu‘ tux-nok’ chij 23A2.
woman’s milk: chu‘ ‘antz 7B, 18A.

mill: juch’neb 23A3; juch’nebal na 28C2; juch’nebal ton 23A3, 28D.
mill wheel: rodezno 15A10, 23A3, 28D; tak’in 23A3, 28D; te‘el 28D.

miller: jjuch’-‘ixim 27A; jjuch’nom 27A.

million: Ho‘-pik’ 12, 12A; Huk-vinik ta pik’ 12, 12A.

mind: ‘a‘ivanab [feeler] 11, 14C; ‘a‘ivanej [feeling] 11, 14C; ‘olontonil [heart] 11, 14B6; ch’ulelil [soul] 11, 14B7; na‘vanab 11; na‘vanej 11.
change one’s mind: sut ‘olonton [have one’s heart return] 11, 14B6.
make up one’s mind: ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton [put in one’s heart] 11, 14B6; ch’ak ‘olonton [have one’s heart decide] 11, 14B6; ch’ak ta ‘olonton [decide in one’s heart] 11, 14B6; ch’akoj ‘olonton 11.
of one mind: junjun 11.
store in one’s mind (to do or say at a later date): na‘ ta ‘olonton [know or remember in one’s heart] 10B, 14B6.

mine (1): ‘u‘un 10B; Ho’on ‘u‘un 10B; Ho‘on lekoj 10B.

mine (2): joch’ ‘ilobil 29; joch’ ‘olon ch’en 29; joch’ ‘olon na 29; xojob ch’en 29; xojxoj ch’en 29.
gold or silver mine: masob tak’in 29.

mined: joch’bil 29.
be mined: joch’ey 29.

minor: ‘oy jchabiomal 18B; chabibil to 18B; ta ch’iel to 18B.
be a minor (having a guardian): mu to k’ot ta ‘okel 10B, 18B; mu to ta tak’in chabi ba tuk [he who does not yet care for himself with money] 10B, 14, 18B; mu to ta tak’in k’ulej tuk 10B, 18B.

mint: castillan tuil nichim 5B, 15A10.

minute: every few minutes: juju batel 2C, 12; likel kajel 2C, 12; va‘alva‘al no ‘ox 2C, 12.

miracle: chamolajel 35C; labajel 35C; tup’olajel 35C.

miraculous: be miraculous: labanat 35C; tup’olanat 35C.

mire: ‘ach’eltik 1B; tz’antzajeb ‘ach’el 1B; ch’ay ta ‘ach’el 1B; mul ta ‘ach’el 1B.

mirror: nen 22B.
large mirror: muk’ta nen 8F, 22B; muk’ul nen 8F, 22B.
small mirror: bik’tal nen 8F, 22B.

mischief: Hovil 16K.
mischief maker: jHovil-vinik 16K.

miserable: k’uxob ‘olal ba [painful-hearted] 14B6, 16J; me‘on 16J.

misery: k’uxob ‘olal ba 16J; ma‘-‘oIal 16J; ma‘-ba ‘olal [heartless] 14B6, 16J; ma‘-ba vinkilel 16J; ma‘-vinkilel 16J; me‘anajel 16J; me‘anal 16J.

miss: ‘ip na‘ [know or remember a lot] 11, 14C.
(arrow): koles yolobil ta k’ob 9E, 21E2.
(crossbow pellet, arrow): kol 9E, 21E2; toj kolel bat 9E, 21E2.
miss person (on trail): k’ej ta be 9A1, 10D.

missal: misal 15A1, 35B; Hun misa 15A1, 35B.

missed: be missed: jol ‘il [see as precious] 141.

mist: balumil tok 1C; tok 1C.

mistake: Hoviel 11, 16L.
(in speech): sok 11, 13A, 16L.
by mistake: yan ‘ich’ 11, 16L; yan ‘ik’ 11, 16L.
make a mistake in conversation, speech, or the doctrine: sok ‘u‘un 11, 13A, 16L, 35C.

mistress (1): mistress of slaves: x‘ojov 16E, 18C, 20, 22A.
mistress of the house: ba jk’ulej 16E, 18C, 20, 22A; ba jk’ulej ta na 16E, 18C, 20, 22A.

mistress (2): ‘ajmul 18C; ‘ix ta majel 18C.

mistrust: sa‘ ‘olonton [search one’s heart] 14B6.

mitre: tzatzajel jol obispo 15A1, 31C, 35B; mitra 15A1, 31C, 35B.

mix: kap 9B; kapij 9B; kapin 9B.
mix around: kapin ta juyel 9B; kapulan ta juyel 9B.

mixed: ‘och kap 9B; ‘oy kap 9B; kapal 9B; kapinbil 9B.
mixed in many places: kapaptik 9B.

mixture: mixture of a variety of colors: kap bon 8F1; kap tz’ib 8F1.

moat: chuk’ob 1C, 28D1.

mock: tze‘i 16H, 16K, 16Q, 32; lo‘ilaj 16H, 16K, 16Q, 32; maxilaj [monkey] 14A1, 16H, 16K, 16Q, 32; muib ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel world becoming fragrant] 14E, 16H, 16K, 16Q, 32; na‘Iey 16H, 16K, 16Q, 32; na‘leyvan 16H, 16K, 16Q, 32; sak-tze‘i 16H, 16K, 16Q, 32; tajim 16H, 16K, 16Q, 32.

mocked: ‘aptaybil [shouted at] 14, 16H, 16K, 16Q, 32; tze‘ibil 16H, 16K, 16Q, 32.

mocker: jtze‘ej 16H, 16K, 16Q, 32; jtze‘ivanej 16H, 16K, 16Q, 32; *jmi 16H, 16K, 16Q, 32; jna‘al 16H, 16K, 16Q, 32.

mockery: tze‘ej 32; tze‘ivanej 32; na‘al 32; na‘leyvanej 32; tajimol [game] 14, 32.

model: lok’obil 30; lok’tayabil 30.

moderate: (water or other cold material): laanejes 1C, 8A.
be moderate: tza pas 16C; k’op ‘olonton tuk pas [do only the word of one’s heart] 14B6, 14J, 16C.

moderation: laanil 16C.

modest: ‘utzil 16F; tojol 16F.
modest person: ‘utzil vinik 16F; machach vinik 16F; tojol vinik 16F.

modesty: ‘utzil 16F; laanil 16F; machachil 16F; tojol
k’op [straight words] 14J, 16F.
behave with modesty and prudence: pas ba 16C, 16F; tojob 16C, 16F.

molar: cho‘obil 7A1; mochil 7A1.

molasses: ‘a‘lel vale‘ 23A1.

mold: mold for bell or casting of other metal object:
‘av 3, 29, 32A.
mold for tiles, bricks, etc.: patobil xamit 3, 15B, 28B.

mole: tzo‘ *‘uk [bedbug shit] 14B12, 3q3.

molest: ‘ak’ ta ya 16I, 16P; yaijes 16I, 16P.
molest greatly: bet’ ta tek’el [trample on] 14, 16I, 16P; lom ta tek’el [trample on] 14, 16I, 16P.

molested: greatly molested: bet’bil ta tek’el 16J; lombil ta tek’el 16J.

molester: j‘ak’vanej ta ya 16I, 16P; jyaijesvanej 16I, 16P.

moment: j-‘ok’ 2, 12A; j-t’abelt’abel 2.
in a moment: t’ab chi 2.

monastery: monasterio 15A1, 28C3, 35B; na padre 15A1, 28C3, 35B.

money: manob 27C; manojeb 27C; tak’in 27C.
counterfeit money: k’axtok tak’in 27C; pak’tayej tak’in 21A, 27C.
forge money: pak’tay ta tak’in 21A, 27C; p’is ta tomin 15A3, 21A, 27C.
pilferer of money: jtas-tak’in 21A, 27C.

money-maker: jpas-tak’in 27C; jpas-tomin 15A3, 27C; jten-tomin 15A3, 27C.

monk: padre 15A1, 35A.

monkey: max 6A1; *xch’iv 6A1.
howler monkey: batz’ 6A1.
long-tailed monkey: max 6A1.

monochord: ch’ajnul vob 32A1; monocordio 15A6, 32A1; tenal vob 32Al.

monster: labal vinik 33.

month: ‘u2B, 12.

moon: ‘u 1A.
be full (moon): kol ta ‘ok’el [be freed of crying] 1A, 12, 14E; noj 1A, 12; yijub 1A, 12.
half moon: jovjov ‘u 1A, 12A; po‘ot ‘u 1A, 12.
have new moon appear: nach’ ‘u [have moon peer out] 1A, 12, 14E.
new moon: ‘ach’ ‘u 1A, 12.
waning of moon: bik’tajel ‘u 1A, 12; bik’tal ‘u 1A, 12; komojel ‘u 1A; komol ‘u 1A.

morals: looseness of manners and morals: mo tojoluk
xanbal [not a straight or honest life or walk] 14, 16P; mo tojoluk xanbaluk 16P.

more: ‘olbaj Hechuk 12; p’ilil 12; xa 12.
a litde more: ch’amal xa 12; juteb xa 12; jutebuk ‘oy xa 12.
a little more or less: toj juteb ‘a‘i 12.
more or less: ‘olbaj Hechuk ‘ep 12; juteb 12; juteb xa k’an 12.
the more: Ha‘uk xa te 12; Ha‘uk te 12.

morning: *jich’ajel 2A.

mortal: jchamel 18E.
be mortal: cham ‘u‘un 18E.
mortal creature: jlajel 18E.

mortality: chamel 18E.
(archaic term now replaced by chamel): pukuj 18E.

mortar: tz’alobil 28; kap 28; kap ‘a‘al tan 28; tan 28; tenobil 28.
good mortar: para asentar…28.
have good mortar: ‘utz ‘ach’el 28.

mosquito: xenen 6E.
mosquito net: mak ‘us 6E, 22D; mak xenen 6E, 22D; nail pok’ 6E, 22D.

moss: spanish moss: tzon te‘ [tree beard] 5A, 14B.

motet: k’eyoj 32A.
doleful motet: me‘anajel k’eyoj 16J, 32A; me‘anajel k’op 16J, 32A.

moth: clothes moth: chanul pok’ 6E, 10E; k’ux-pok’ 6E, 10E.

mother: me‘il 18C, 18F.

mother-in-law: man’s mother-in-law: ni‘ 18C, 18F.

motive: ba k’op [first word] 14J, 17; likeb k’op [beginning of words] 14J, 17; t’abeb k’op [original words] 14J, 17.
give the motive for: ‘ibeltas 10C, 17.

motto: lok’om 11.

mount: (mating animals, dogs, horses): lut’lij muyel 6G, 18C; ta lotz’el kuch ba 6G, 18C.

mountain: vitz 1B.
mountain chain: vitz 1B.
mountain dweller: ba-vitzil vinik 1B, 19.
mountain pass: pajal vitz 1B; tojol vitz 1B; vitz 1B.
mountain ridge: ba-vitzil ‘osil 1B; ba-vitzil lum 1B.

mountainous: fruit native to mountainous region: ba-vitzil lo‘bol 1B.
region: ba-vitzil ‘osil 1B; ba-vitzil lum 1B.
tree native to mountainous region: ba-vitzil te‘ 1B, 5.

mountain top: ba vitz 1B.
approach over mountain top: ba vitz talel 1B, 9A1.
ascend mountain top: ba-betzaj 1B, 9A1; ba-vitzaj 1B, 9A1.
departure over mountain top: ba vitz batel 1B, 9A1.
moment before completing ascent of mountain top: ba-betzajebal 1B, 9A1.
on the mountain top: ta jol ba vitz 1B; ta jol vitz [on the mountain head] 1B, 14B1.

mourning: dress in mourning: ‘ik’ub ‘u‘un chame-vinik [become black because of a dead person] 14D4, 18E, 31; chabaj ta ‘ik’al pok’ 18E, 31; lap ‘ik’al pok’ 18E, 31.
mourning clothes: ‘ik’al pok’ 18E, 31C; chabajeb k’u‘ul 18E, 31C; chabajebal k’u‘ul 18E, 31C; chabal k’u‘ul 18E, 31C.
remove mourning clothes: ‘iktay ‘ik’al pok’ 10D, 18E, 31; lok’ ta ‘ik’al pok’ 10D, 18E, 31.

mouse: field mouse: nap ch’o 6A1.

mouth: big-lipped mouth: ti‘ 7A.

mouthful: j-‘um 12A, 23A.
take a mouthful: ‘um ch’ay 10B, 12A, 23A.

movable: *‘oyo liklik 9A1; kajel lik 9A1.
be movable: lik 9A1; nik 9A1; tak’ likesel 9A1; tak’ nikesel 9A1.

move: kom ‘u‘un 9A1; lik 9A1; likes 9B.
make a deal move: na‘ *‘akan-‘oltay 9A1, 27.
move about: tik’ton 9A1.
move from one’s house: ‘iktay 19A; ‘iktay na 19A.
move object: ‘iktay ‘u‘un 9B; komel ‘u‘un 9B.

moved: object being moved aside: p’evoj 9B.

moving: moving frequently: *‘oyo liklik 2C, 9A1; kajel lik 2C, 9A1.

much: ‘ep 12; ‘epal 12.
as much again: Hech ‘epal 12; Hech xa ‘epal 12.
however much: k’usi ‘epal 12.
so much: Hech ‘epal 12.
this much: Hech ‘epal 12.

mucous: sim 7B; simil 7B.

mucous-covered: tom-sim 7B, 7G; tomol sim 7B, 7G.

mud: ‘ach’el 1B.

muddied: balbil ta ‘ach’el 1B.
be muddied: ‘atin ‘ach’el 1B; baley ta ‘ach’el 1B.

muddiness: tatal 1B; tatubel 1B.

muddy: ‘atintas ta ‘ach’el 1B; bal ta ‘ach’el 1B;
tatubes 1B; tot 1B.
be muddy: bal ta ‘ach’el 1B.
become muddy: tatub 1B.

mudhole: ‘ach’eltik 1B.

mulberry: castillan makum 5B, 15A10; makum saya-Hun 5B; sat saya-Hun 5B.
mulberry tree: saya-Hun 5B; te‘el makum 5B.

mule: chij 6A2; mula 6A2, 15A9.
mule keeper: jchabi-chij 25A.

muleteer: jchabi ‘ikatzinom caballo 9A1, 15A9, 25A; jchabi xanvil caballo 9A1, 15A9, 25A; jchabi xanvil chij 9A1, 25A.

multicolored: kapal bon 8F1; kapal naul 8F1.

multiplier: jp’olesej-k’op [word-multiplier] 12, 14J; jp’olesvanej 12, 18A, 18C.

multiply: ‘epaj 12; ‘epajes 12; pimij 12; pimijes 12; p’ol 12; p’oles 12.

multitude: ‘epal 12.

murder: man who murders his child: jtzamesej nich’on 18B, 18E, 21A.

murderer: jtzamesej 18E, 21A; jtzamesvanej 18E, 21A.
treacherous murderer: jmuktal-tzamesvanej 16N, 18E, 21A.

murky: grow murky (as when wine, etc.
is rolled down several slopes): ‘ik’ub 8F1, 23B; tatub likel 8F1, 23B.

mushroom: yuy 5A.
poisonous mushroom: yuy chauk 5A.
yellow mushroom: mana ‘ok 5A.

music: line sheet music: pol Hun 11A, 32A; polbey te‘el Hun 11A, 32A; p’is Hun 11A, 32A.
sheet music: k’oplal k’eyoj 11A, 32A.

musician: jna‘-k’eyoj 32A.
musician trained in harmony: jk’eyom 32A.

mussy: mussy or disheveled hair: ch’etel tzotzil jol 3, 7C, 31E.

must: mu to ta pas chi’ 23B.

mustard: mostaza 5B, 15A10.
mustard sauce: juch’bil mostaza 15A10, 23A1.

mute: ‘uma’ 33.
be mute: mu k’opoj 33.
become mute: ‘uma‘ib 33; ‘uma‘ij 33; taot ta ‘uma‘ 33.
make mute: ‘uma‘ijes 33.

muteness: ‘uma’ijel 33; ‘uma’il 33.

mutter: ‘a‘onet 13A; k’un-k’opoj 13A; vovet 13A.

muttering: ch’ijetel 13A; k’ojlajetel 13A; k’uletel 13A.

my: ‘u‘un 10B.

N

nail: baj 28; clavo 15A8, 26B, 28B.

naked: *chak-ban 7C, 31.

name: ‘ak’bey bi 18F; biil 18F; biiltas 18F; kuy 18F; tij ta ‘alel 18F.
call by name: biiltas-‘ik’ 18F.
family name: jol biil [head name] 14B1, 18F; iollmal biil 18F.

nape: nuk’il 7A; te‘ nuk’ [the wood of one’s neck] 7A, 14.

narrator: narrator who reports what he has seen or heard: jmel-k’op [he who lines up words] 11, 14J; jmeltzanej-k’op [word-settler] 11, 14J.

narrow: lotz’lotz’ 3; yub 3; yubes 3, 12; yubtas 3; yubyub 3.
(beam, board, container): bik’it 3, 22C.
(board, table): yubul 3, 22B.
(plot of land between cliffs): lotz’ol 1B, 3.
(region with many ravines): lotz’ol 1B, 3.
(room): lotz’ol 3.
(unable to contain something): chukul 3, 9E.
(valley): lotz’ol 1B, 3.
go or slip through narrow place as an iron railing: kakba ‘och 3, 9A1.
grow narrow: bik’taj 3.
put hand or finger in narrow place like mouth or nose: ch’op 3, 7E.
slip through narrow place as between iron gates: kuchoj ‘och 3, 9A1.

narrowed: yubesbil 3; yubtasbil 3.
narrowed article: yuboj 3.

narrowness: yubel 3.

nation: j-tek 19; tos 19.

natural: natural quality: pasel 8G.

nature: talel 8G; talel ‘osil [coming of the world] 1B, 14E.

navel: mixik’il 7A.

navigable: be navigable: tak’ ‘ech’el ta jom 9A2; tak’ p’asojel 9A2.

navigation: ‘ech’el ta jom 9A2; p’asojel ta jom 9A2; xanbal ta jom 9A2; xanel nab 9A2.

near: noch 12; nochnoch 12; nochol 12; nopol 12; tijil 12; Ha‘ tz’el 12.
bring near: nochojes 12; tijtzajes 12.
come near: noptzaj 9A1, 12; nopoj 9A1, 12.

nearly: juteb 12; juteb xa 12.

necessary: be necessary: ‘ep tuun ‘u‘un k’usitik 27B; batz’i tuun [be very useful] 14, 27B; toj ‘oy tu 27B; toj ‘oy tuul 27B; toj tuun 27B; tuun 27B.
necessary object: Ha‘ te tuune 27B; Ha‘ te tuuneye 27B.

neck: nuk’il 7A; te‘ nuk’ 7A.
fleshy back of the neck: pat chikinil 7A.

necklace: ‘ual 31E.
wear a necklace: ‘uan 31E.

need: ‘oy tu ‘u‘un 27B; ‘oy tuul ‘u‘un 27B; k’anbey 27B; tuun 27B; tuun ‘u‘un 27B.

needed: be needed: ‘oy tu 27B; tuul 27B; tuun 27B.

needle: aguja 15A4, 31A.
large needle (that they sew with): tz’islajeb tak’in 31A.
thread a needle: lap no ta aguja 15A4, 31A.

negatively: react negatively towards: kola‘al-nop 16H; kola‘al-nop 16H.

neglect: ch’ajleytay 10E; mukul-‘oltay 10E.

negligence: *cheyilal 16O; ch’ajilal 16O; mukul ‘olonto-nil [buried heart] 14B6, 16O; yayail 16O.

negligent: ‘ok’elal 16O; ch’aj 16O; ch’ajil 16O; yayail 16O.
negligent person: ch’ajil vinik 16O; jmukul-‘olonton 16O; jmukul-‘olontonil 16O.

negligently: ch’ajch’aj 16L; maxilmaxil 16L.
do negligently: *kajal-pas 16O; *kajalkajal pas 16O; *kajaltay 16O; k’axtok pas 16O; k’axtoki 16O; maxil-pas [monkey do] 14A1, 16O; maxilmaxil pas 16O; maxiltay 16O; yayail-pas 16O.

negotiate: k’oplajes [talk noisily] 14J, 20A; k’oplaltay 20A; Hu‘ ‘u‘un 20A.

negotiation: end of negotiation: lajeb k’op [end of words] 14J, 20A.
interfere so as to obstruct a negotiation: xoj-k’optay [interweave words] 14J, 20A.

Negro: Negro from Guinea: j‘ik’al 19.

neigh: ‘i’onet 8C1; ‘i‘onet ‘ok’ 8C1; ‘i‘onet ta ‘ok’el 6G, 8C1; ‘i‘onetel 8C1.

neighbor: junjun no ‘ox chi’uk 19A; jlak’-na 19A; nap’al 19A; nochol 19A.
be a neighbor of: lak’-nain ba 19A; jlak’-na ba 19A.

neighboring: nochol 19A; nopol 19A.
(town): nap’al 19A.

neither: -uk 12; mo ‘ekuk 12; mo no ‘ox…tok 12; mu…tok 12.
neither here nor there: mo no ‘ox buy j-jechuk 4, 12A; mo no ‘ox buy junuk 4, 12; mo no ‘ox buyuk 4, 12.
neither one nor the other (people): mo no‘ox buch’uy junuk 12.
neither one nor the other (things): mo no ‘ox j-tekuk 4, 12A.

nephew: man’s nephew: ‘ichok’il 18C, 18F.
woman’s nephew (sister’s son): ‘aljun 18C, 18F.

nerve: ch’uxuv 7A1.
have nerves tauten: mutz ba 7E, 16J.

nervous: ch’uxuvtik 16J.

nest: pas pech’ech’ 6G.
make a nest: ‘ean tzo‘op 6G; naiv 6G.
rabbit nest: na t’ul 6A1.

net: bird net: leb 24.
hunting net: leb likil chij 24; lebal ‘ak’ 24.
large net: ‘ak’ 22C.
net for carrying corn: nuti‘ 22C, 26.

never: (in the future): mo no ‘ox bak’in 2; mo no ‘oxeuk bak’in 2.
(in the past): mo ‘oyuk bak’ni 2; mo no ‘ox bak’ni 2; mok bak’ni 2.

new: ‘ach’ 12.

newlywed: ‘ach’ j‘ich’el 18D; ‘ach’ ni‘atz 18D; ‘ach’ ni‘atzil 18D.

news: ‘a‘yej 11; ‘ach’ k’op [new words] 11, 14J.
bad news: kola‘al ‘a‘yej 11; kolo‘ ‘a‘yej 11.
report news to: tarn ta chikin [pick up for one’s ears] 11, 14B3; va‘an ta ‘a‘yej 11.
tell news: ‘a‘yej 11.

next: next to: tijel 4; Ha‘ tz’el 4.

nibbled: jech’eltik 23A4.

niece: man’s niece: ‘ichok’il 18C, 18F.
woman’s niece (sister’s daughter): ‘aljun 18C, 18F.

niggardly: t’ut’il 16O.
niggardly person: t’ut’il vinik 16O; yavajil vinik 16O.

night: ‘ak’abal 2A.
expose to the night air: ‘ak’ ‘a‘i ‘ik’al ‘ak’abal 1A.
first quarter of the night: ‘ochel ‘ak’abal 2A, 12.
night before last: chabjey ta ‘ak’abal 2A.
sit up a whole night: k’el ‘ak’abal [watch the night] 2A, 7F, 141.

nightingale: ‘utzil j‘ok’el mut [beautiful singing bird] 6B1, 14A; ruiseñor 6B1, 15A9.

nightly: ta ju-jun ‘ak’abal 2A.

nimble: nimble person: baxbolal vinik 16C.

nimble-handed: sobtiksobtik k’ob [quick-handed] 7E1, 14B10, 16C.

nimble-tongued: sobtiksobtik ‘ok’ [quick-tongued] 13A, 14B5, 16C

nine: baluneb 12.
nine hundred: Ho-‘vinik ‘ox-vinik 12, 12A.

ninth: balun-tekel 12A; baluneb 12.

nipple: jol chu‘ [head of the breast] 7A, 14B1.

nit: tzo‘ ‘uch’il 6E; tzo‘ uch’ [louse shit] 6E, 14B12.

nitridden: na tzo‘ ‘uch’ [louse shit house] 6E, 7G, 14B12.
be nitridden: toj ‘ip tzo‘ ‘uch’ 6E, 7G.

no: ma 316; manc huk 36; mo 36; mo‘oj 36; mu 36.
in no way: toj mo 17.
no one: mo ‘oyuk buch’uy 12; mo ‘oyuk much’uy 12; moL buch’uy vinik 12; mo much’uy 12; mok much’uy 12.
under no circumstances: toj mo 17.

nobility: ‘atil [penis] 14B9, 16E, 20; ‘ajvalel 16E, 20; ‘ajvetikil 16E, 20; ‘utzil 16E, 20; tekpanil 15B, 16E, 20.
rise to nobility: ‘ajvetikij 16E, 20.

noble: ‘atil vinik 16E, 20; ba vinik 16E, 20.
noble person: ‘utzil vinik 16A, 20.

nobleman: ‘ajvetik 16E, 20; ‘ajvetikil vinik 16E, 20.

node: sugarcane node: ‘akan vale‘ 5B.
with many nodes: ‘akantik 3, 5.

noise: make noise walking: lomlajet 8C1.
noise of people passing by: lomlajetel 8C1, 9A1.

noisily: pass by noisily (people): linlajet 8C1, 9A1; linlonet 8C1, 9A1.

noon: ‘o‘lol k’ak’al 2A; k’uxul k’ak’al [painful sun or heat] 2A, 14G; tumuch k’ak’al 2A, 15C.

nor: -uk 36.

nose: ni‘il 7A.
bad odor of one’s nose: tu ni‘ 7A, 8D; tuil ni‘ 7A, 8D.
blow or clean one’s nose: simtay ni‘ 7G.
cut off one’s nose: jotz’ ni‘ 21C.
flat nose: pech’e-ni‘ 7C.
hawk-nosed: *ju‘el ni‘ 7C; *ju‘ju‘ ni 7C; *ju‘ju‘-‘ni‘ 7C; matz’el ni‘ 7C.
with one’s nose cut off: jotz’bil ni‘ 33;
ma’-ni‘ 33.

nosegay: (odorous object that is sniffed): ‘utz’obil 8D.

not: mo 36; moyuk 36; mu 36.
not either: mo no ‘ox…tok 12; mu…tok 12.
not yet: mo to 2.

note: ‘a‘i vinajeb 8F.
take note of: ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton [put in one’s heart] 8F, 14B6.
take note of another person’s actions: komes ta ‘olonton [deposit in one’s heart] 8F, 14B6.

nothing: mo ‘oyuk k’usi 12; mo k’usi 12.

notify: ‘ak’ ‘a‘i 11; taki 11.

nougat: pamal sakil 23Al.

novel: vokolil 11A.

novelty: ‘ach’ k’op [new word] 12, 14J.

novena: baluneb k’ak’al 35C.

novice: ‘ach’ j‘abtel 35A; ‘ach’ padre 15A1, 35A.

now: tana 2; tana to 2.
even now: Ha‘ to li‘ 2; Ha‘ to li‘ tanae 2.
not long from now: mo nomuk 2.

nowhere: mok buy 4.

nuisance: jbik’tajesvanej-‘olontonil [heart diminisher] 14B6, 16K, 16L; jyayaubesvanej 16K; jme’anajesvanej 16K; jnakvanej 16K.

numb: grow numb: cham [die] 8E, 14C, 33; sik-potztay 8E, 33.

numbness: sik-potztayel 8E, 33.

nurse: ‘ak’bey chu‘ 7E, 18B, 23A4; chu‘un 7E.
18B, 23A4; chu‘untas 7E, 18B, 23A4.

O

o’clock: tij 2.

oak: chikin ‘ib 5A; tulan 5A.
evergreen oak: tulan 5A.
large-leaved oak: boch *ji tulan 5A; boch jay tulan 5A.
oak forest: chikin ‘ibtik 5A; tulantik 5A.
small-leaved oak: tzo‘ tulan 5A.

oar: jubob jom 9A2; jubobil jom 9A2.

oath: juramento 13A, 15A2; Hap ti‘il 13A.
make person swear an oath: ‘ak’ pas juramento 13A, 15A2.
make person swear an oath as creditor does to debtor who refuses to pay: naka no ‘ox ‘ich’ juramentu 13A, 15A2, 27.
take an oath: ‘ich’bey juramento 10B, 13A.

obedient: be obedient: ‘a‘i k’op [hear words] 14J, 16F; ‘a‘ivan 16F; ‘ak’van ta vinik [give oneself to a person] 14, 16F.
obedient person: j‘ak’vanej ta vinik 16F; jch’uunvanej 16F.

obey: ‘ak’ ta vinik 16F; ch’uun 16F; ch’uunvan 16F.

obeyed: ‘ak’bil ta vinik 16F.

obligate: obligate self to or for another: lok’ 10C; lok’tay 10C.

obligation: ‘ak’el ba 17.

obligatory: tzajal [red] 14D1, 17.

obsequies: ‘aboltayel chame-vinik 18E; ‘aboltayel ch’ulelil 18E.
perform obsequies: ‘aboltaybey ch’ulel 18E.

observation: observation point: pa’iab 8F.

obstinacy: tzatzal ‘olonton [hard-heartedness] 14B6, 16K.

obstinate: become obstinate: tonib [become stony] 14, 16K.

obstruct: mo ‘ipuk 10E.

obstructed: (no longer desired): xoj-k’optaybiluk 10E.
be obstructed: ‘oy patan 10E.
be obstructed in some matter: laj tza 10E; paj tza 10E.

obtain: ‘okelan 10B.

obvious: be obvious: toj vinaj 8F.

occupation: ‘abtel 27D.

occupied: ‘oy bel 9E; lekbil 10B.
be occupied: noj 9E.

object occupied: lekoj 10B.
occupied place: bet’oj 10B.

occupy: lek 10B.
occupy another’s property in a dispute: lekbey 19B, 20A.

ocean: nab 1C.
deep ocean: natil nab 1C; natil Ho’ 1C.

ochre: red ochre: *xuko IB, 31E.

octave: eight day fiesta: ch’akeb vaxakib k’ak’al 2B, 35E; ch’akel vaxakib k’ak’al 2B, 35E;
vaxakib k’ak’al 2B, 35E.

October: ‘u octubre 2B, 15A3; octubre 2B, 15A3.

odor: (good or bad): tuil 8D.

offend: mulaltas 16K; pan ta mul [cook with sin] 14, 16K.

offended: mulaltasbil 16J; panbil ta mul 16J.

offender: mo tojoluk jpasvanej 16P; jmulaltasvanej 16P; jpas-k’op [word-maker] 14J, 16P.

offense: offense that one causes: mulaltasvanej 16P; panvanej ta mul 16P.
offense that one receives: mulaltasel 10B, 16J; panel ta mul 10B, 16J.

offer: ‘al 10C; k’eelaj 10C; k’eelan 10C; k’op 10C; ti‘ 10C.

offering: k’eelil 10C.
give an offering: k’elaj 10C; k’elan 10C.

office: ‘abtel 20; patan 20.
be entrusted to an office: ‘albil patan 10B, 20.
be in office: ‘oy patan 20.
change office (one entering, one leaving): k’ex ba 20.
deprive of office: ch’anantas 10D, 20; jel 10D, 20; lok’es 10D, 20.
entrust office to: ‘ak’bey patan l0C, 20; ‘albey patan [speak about office to] 10C, 14J, 20.
entrust one’s office to another: va‘an k’exol [stand up one’s substitute] 10C, 14, 20.
entrusted with an office: ‘ak’beybil patan 10B, 20; ‘albil patan 10B, 20.
public office: ‘ol ‘abtel 20; ‘ol patan 20.
select for office: t’uj 20.
select person for office: va‘an 20.

official: j‘abtel 16E, 20; jpatan 16E, 20.
official who carries a staff of office: jnam-te‘ 16E, 20.
town official: jpatan ta j-tek lum 16E, 20.

often: ‘ep ta mek 2C.

oh!: ‘o 13A.

oil: aceite 15A10, 23Al.

ointment: pox 34.
colored ointment: nabnel 8F1, 34; nobo 8F1, 34.

old: ‘ech’om 12; k’o‘ 12; poko‘ 12; vo‘ney 12.
be old: ‘ep ‘il ‘osil [see a lot of time] 12, 14E, 141.
grow old (clothes): k’a‘ 12, 31.
grow old (man): malub 18C, 18E.
grow old (woman): me‘elub 18C, 18E.
old age: malelal 18E.
old age (of a man): malubel 18C, 18E.
old age (of a woman): me‘elal 18C, 18E.

old person: poko‘ vinik 18E; yijil vinik 18E.

olive: aceituna 5B, 15A10.
olive tree: te‘el aceite 5B, 15A10.

omen: k’in 17.

on: ‘ak’ol 4; ta ba 4.

once: bak’ni 2, 12; vo‘ney 2, 12.

one: jun 12.
one and a half months: ‘o‘lol chib ‘u 2B, 12.
one and a half pounds: ‘o‘lol chib p’is 12.
the one: Ha‘ 36.

one-armed: ma‘-k’ob 33.
one-armed person: jchamel k’ob 33.

one-eyed: tz’e‘-sat 33; tz’e‘tz’e‘ sat 33; tz’e‘el sat 33; lukluk 33.
become one-eyed: lukib 33.

one-eyedness: lukibel 33; luklukil 33.

one-handed: ma‘-k’ob 33.

onion: string of onions: tz’isbil tuix 5B.

open: jam 9D.

opened: article being opened: jamoj 9D.
opened article: jamben 9D.

opening: jamalul 3.

opine: tz’ak-pati 11.

opinion: tza 11; k’op 11.
follow the opinion of: ‘ich’bey tza 11.
have a high opinion of oneself: jalal ‘a‘i ba 16C, 16Q; jalan ba 16C, 16Q; tuun ‘a‘i ba 16C, 16Q.
have high opinion of: toj tuun ‘a‘i 16D.
hold low opinion of: lajal machal ‘a‘i 16H; mo tuul ‘a‘i 16H; mo tuuluk ‘a‘i 16H;
mo tuun ‘a‘i 16H.

opponent: nakbal 20A, 32B; nakmal 20A, 32B.

opportune: ta‘al ‘oy 17.
he opportune: tuun ‘oy 17.

opportunity: ‘a‘yej 17; k’inal tuunel 17.
provide the opportunity: kajes 10C 16A; likes 10C, 16A; t’abes 10C, 16A.
take the opportunity: kaj tuk 10B, 16C; lik tuk 10B, 16C; t’ab tuk 10B.

oppose: ‘ut 16H, 20A; nak 16H, 20A; nakav 16H, 20A.

opposite: say the opposite of: tup’ k’op [extinguish one’s word] 13A, 14J, 20A.

opposition: nakavel 20A; nakbal 20A; nakel 20A; nakvanej 20A.

or: or if: *jey 36; *jeye 36.

orange: naranjas 5B, 15A10.
orange peel or rind: pat naranja 5B, 15A10, 23A1.
orange tree: naranjo 5B, 15A10; te‘el na¬ranjas 5B, 15A10.

oratory: chanob tzitzo‘ 11.

orchard: ‘av tz’unbaltik 5B, 26; ‘av tz’unubil 5B, 26.

ordain: pas ta padre 15A1, 35C; pas ta sacerdote 15A1, 35C.

ordained: be ordained: ‘ich’ padreil 15A1, 35C; ‘ich’ sacerdoteil 15A1, 35C; pas ba ta padre 15A1, 35C; pas ta padre 15A1, 35C; pasey ta padre 15A1, 35C.

order: nopben 13B; taki 13B; takiej 13B; takivan 13B.
be set in order: nop k’op 9B.
order one receives: takiel 16E.
set in order: nop 9B.

ordered: nopbil 4.

orderly: nopbilnopbil 16R; tasaltasal 16R.

ordinary: naka k’op no ‘ox 16L; naka Ha‘ no ‘ox 16L.

origin: ‘ibel 2; likebal 2.

original: likebal 2; t’abeb 2.

orphan: me‘on 18F, 21B.
be an orphan: mo ‘oyuk tot mo ‘oyuk me‘ 18F, 21B.
fatherless orphan: ma‘-tot me‘on 18C, 18F, 21B.
guardianship of an orphan: chabiel me‘on 18F, 20, 21B.
motherless orphan: ma‘-me‘ me‘on 18C, 18F, 21B.

orphaned: person in charge of homeless women or widows: jtzoyleb 18E, 20, 21B; jjok’leb 18E, 21B.

ossuary: ‘ak’ob bak 18E; tzobob bak 18E; tzobojeb bak 18E.

other: j-tek 12A; yan 12; yantik 12.
the other Ha‘ te june 12.

outbidder: jtoy-p’olmal 27A.

outbuilding: nail 28D1.

outcome: tzutzeb 17.

outcry: ‘ok’el ‘osil [crying of the world] 14E.

outline: joch’ 3; joch’ben 3; joch’benal 3; joch’el 3.

outside: ta pana 4.

outskirts: ti‘ nanatik 19.

oven: panob vaj 22C; pus 22C; ta‘ajeb vaj 22C.

over: ‘ak’ol 4.
over there: taj ta jech 4; taj toe 4.

overflow: mal 1C, 10D; malemal 1C, 10D.

overgrown: but’ul tz’i‘leltik 5.

overlooked: be overlooked: mu tabat 8F.

overmatch: ‘alantas 16E; yales 16E.

overnight: overnight stay: vayebal 2A, 19A.

oversalty: ch’a‘ chi‘ [bitter sweet] 8D, 14C; naka ‘atz’am 8D.

overtake: overtake by using a shortcut: jel 9A1.

overturn: (bowl): valk’uj 4, 22C; valk’un 4, 22C.

owe: Hatzinbey 27.

owl: (smaller than a great-horned owl): xoch’ 6B1.
great horned owl: ‘ichin 6B1.
screech owl: yax-liklik 6B1.

own: ta tojol 10B, 27.
one’s own: leknej tuk 10B, 27; lekoj tuk 10B, 27.

owned: object owned: lekoj 10B, 27.

owner: bet’oj tuk ‘a‘i [feel one alone dominates it] 10B, 14C, 27.
be the owner: lekoj tuk ‘a‘i [feel one alone owns it] 10B, 14C, 27.

ox: chij 6A2.
young ox: kelem vacas 6A2, 15A9.

oxcart: setet te‘ 25B.

oyster: k’o‘ choy 6D.

P

pace: p’isbilp’isbil xanav 9A1.

pacified: be pacified: laaet 16G, 21E; laanej 16G, 21E.

pacify: ch’anantas 16E, 21E; laanejes 16E, 21E;
lamtzan 16E, 21E; pas 16E, 21E.

pack: ‘ikatzin 9E.
pack down: cha‘-tek’ 9E.
pack tight pressing with fist or stick: tonton-tik’ 9E.
pack tight pressing with the foot: tonton-tek’ [stamp solidly or like a rock] 9E, 14.
pack tight pressing with the hand: tonton-net’ 9E.

pact: Hap ti‘il 16D.

padlock: makob na 28D; makobil na 28D.
(for chest): makobil caja 15A5, 22B.

pagan: jch’uun pak’tayej ch’u [believer in counterfeit god] 14, 35F; Ha‘ te mo batz’i diosuk chu’unane [he who does not believe in a real god] 14, 15A1, 35F.

page (1): kelem 22A.
page who serves food, drink, towels: jve‘eltasvanej 22A.

page (2): lik 11A.

pain: k’uxul 33.
have pain doubled: ‘ipaj k’uxul 33.

painful: k’ux 33.
be very painful: t’omt’onet 33.

paint: ‘ak’bey bon 28, 30; bon 28, 30; bonoj 28, 30; bonol 28, 30; tz’ibaj 28, 30; tz’ibay 28, 30.
paint oneself with dye or red ochre: naban 31E.
paint oneself with red ochre: nabantas 31E.

painted: tz’ibaybil 28, 30.
(portrait): lok’taybil 30.

painter: tz’ibajom 28A, 30A; jtz’ib 28A, 30A; jtz’ibayvanej 28A, 30A.
first painter: ba tz’ibajom 28A, 30A; ba jtz’ib 28A, 30A; ba ta tz’ib 28A, 30A; ba ta tz’ibajel 28A, 30A.

painting: tz’ib 30.
painting on a board: lok’ob-ba 30; lok’ob-bail 30.

pair: ‘ak’ chi’il 12; ‘ak’ melol 12; nupulnupul 12; nupultas 12.
(sandals): j-choj 12A, 31; j-chop 12A, 31.
be in pairs: ‘oy nup 12; nupnup ba 12; nupulnupul ba 12.
in pairs: chabchab 12.
in pairs (animals): cha‘cha‘-kot 6, 12A.
in pairs (people): cha‘cha‘-vo‘ 12A.
leave in pairs: ‘oy nup lok’ 9A1, 12;d nupulnupul lok’ 9A1, 12.
one of a pair: nup 12.

paired: meltzanbil 12; nupultasbil 12.

palace: ‘ajvalel na 20, 28C3; ‘ajvayeb na 20, 28C3.
royal palace: na ‘ojov 20, 28C3; na tekpan 15B, 20, 28C3.

palate: ‘ak’ol ‘ut ‘e 7A1.

palm: xan 5A.
palm grove: xantik 5A.
palm with round fruits: nap 5A.

palmetto: xan 5A.

pan: frying pan: ch’ilob tak’in 22C; ch’ilobil 22C.

pancake: pamal lo‘bol 23A1; pamal vaj 23A1.

pander: ‘ik’van 16P, 18C; muktal-‘ik’van [escort secretly] 14, 16P, 18C; mukul-‘ik’van 16P, 18C.

pant: ‘ajulan 6G, 7E.

panting: ‘ajulanel 6G, 7E.

paper: sakil Hun 11A; Hun 11A.
paper clip: lotz’ob Hun 11A.

parable: joy-k’op [roundabout talk] 11, 14J.

paradise: muibel ‘osil [place of growing fragrance] 14E, 35C; nichimajebal ‘osil [place of flowering] 14E, 35C; paraiso 15A1, 35C.

paragraph: likeb tz’ib 11A; likeb k’op 11A; likesabil tz’ib 11A; likesabil k’op 11A.

parakeet: xch’el 6B1.

paralysis: sik-potz ‘ik’ 33.

paralyze: pek’aubes 33; pek’aubtas 33.

paralyzed: be paralyzed: sik-potztay 33.
become paralyzed: ‘och ta sik-potz ‘ik’ 33; pek’aub 33.
paralyzed person: jsik-potz ‘ik’ 33.

parchment: jotzbil nukul 11A; nukulil Hun 11A; pimil Hun 11A.

pardon: ch’aybey 16A, 20A; ch’aybey kola‘al 16A, 20A; ch’aybey mul [discard one’s sin] 14, 16A, 20A; ch’ayel 16A, 20A; Iajes 16A, 20A.

pardoned: ch’aybil 16D, 20A.

parents-in-law: (woman’s): ‘alib 18C, 18F.

parish: teklej 19, 35B.
native parish: jolimal 19, 35B.
parish house: muk’ta na 28C3, 35B; tanil na 28C3, 35B.
parish of origin: tasal 19, 35B; tos 19, 35B.

parishioner: jteklej 19, 35A.

parrot: *‘ova 6B1; chak-pan 6B1.
(smaller than a macaw, larger than a parakeet): puyuch’ 6B1.
(the common ones that talk): k’an-mut 6B1.

parsley: perejil 5B, 15A10.
parsley sauce: juch’bil perejil 5B, 15A10, 23A1.

part: j-*kem 12A; j-jech 12A.
(round object as a banana): j-k’os 3, 12A.
part or piece: j-jov 12A.

partisan: be partisan: jech ch’uun [believe in or obey a side] 14, 20A; jech k’ex 20A; jechjech k’opoj 20A; jechjech va‘an ba 20A.

partition: jayil *pok’omtik 28D; *pok’om 28D; *pok’omtik 28D; xamital *pok’omtik 15B, 28C.

partner: ‘atel 27; lekoj ‘ekuk 27.
be a partner of: ta tojol ‘atey [be counted as one’s] 14, 27.
make person one’s partner: ‘ak’ ‘atey 27.

partnership: be in partnership with: ‘at 27.

partridge: kuich’ 6B1.
large partridge: ‘ub 6B1.
young partridge: ‘ol ‘ub6Bl; ‘olkuich’ 6B1.

paschal: pascuail 15A1, 35E; ta pascuatik ‘ayan 15A1, 35E; ta pascuatik lok’ 15A1, 35E.

pass (1): mountain pass: ‘akan vitz [mountain leg] IB, 14B10.

pass (2): pass by: ‘ech’ 9A1.
pass by without meeting on the trail: jel 9A1, 10D; jel ba 9A1, 10D.
pass the time away: ‘et’es ‘osil 2.
that which now passes or had just passed: nax 2; nax lajel 2; nax lajel to 2.

passage: ‘ech’el ta jom 9A2; p’asojel ta jom 9A2.

passenger: jp’asojel 9A1, 9A2.

passerby: j‘ech’el-be 9A1.

passion: k’uxul ‘olonton [heart pain] 14B6, 16D.

paste: castillan chak 10A, 15A2; chab 10A; chak 10A; chaki 10A.

pasted: chakibil 10A.

pastime: ‘ech’eb ‘osil 32; maxilajel 32.

pasture: ‘abnaltik 5, 25, 26; jobeltik 5, 25, 26; lo‘bajeb chij 5, 25, 26; lo‘bajebal 5, 25, 26; lo‘ob 5, 25, 26; lo‘ob chij 5, 25, 26; voymoltik 5, 25, 26.

pat: pojilan 9D.

patch: tz’alal 31A; tz’ol 31A; k’alal 31A; k’ol 31A.

patched: tz’alaltik 31A; k’alaltik 31A.

paten: patena 15A1, 35B.

path: be 9A1; belel 9A1; mukul be 9A1; xojlej 9A1.
make a path: xojav 9A1, 28E.

patience: Iz’ikvanej 16G.

patient (1): poxlal 34.

patient (2): be patient: tz’ik 16G; tz’ikvan 16G.

patio: ‘amak’ 28D, 28D1; ‘amak’il 28D, 28D1.

patriarch: ‘ibel totil 16E, 20; likeb ‘epal ‘utzil vinik [beginning of many good people] 14, 16E, 20; patriarca 15A2, 16E, 20.

patricide: jtzamesej tot 18E, 21A.

patrimony: chamebal nail 18E.

patrol: night patrol: chabi-‘ak’abal 2A, 20, 21E; chabiej-‘ak’abal 2A, 20, 21E; joyeb j-tek lum [town circuit] 2A, 14, 20, 21E; joyeb na 2A, 20, 21E; joyvanej 2A, 20, 21E.

patron: jkoltayvanej 27; jk’op [he of words] 14J, 27.

pave: laman 28; pach’an ton 28.

paved: lamal ton 28; lamanbil 28.

paving: lamanbil ton 28; pach’anbil ton 28.

pay: pay in three installments: cha‘ ox toj toj 10C, 12A, 27.

payment: toj 27.
day set for payment: chonbil k’in 2B, 27.
deferred payment: Hatzil 27.
order of payment: tzakobil tak’in Hun 27; k’exobil tak’in Hun 27; lok’esabil tak’in 27.
order of payment for property: tzakobil p’olmal Hun 27; lok’esabil p’olmal Hun 19B, 27.

peace: ch’ an-chi xanbal 16G; laaet xanbal 16G; lam xanbal 16G.
be at peace: ch’an-chi xanav [walk or live quietly or mutely] 14, 16G; laaet 16G; laaet xanav 16G; laan xanav 16G.
feel at peace: laaet ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel the world to be calm] 14E, 16G.
make peace: lamtzan 16E.
peacemaker: jlamtzajel 16E, 20A.

peaceable: peaceable person: melel vinik [straight person] 14, 16G.

peaceful: lamal 16G.
be peaceful: ch’an-chi 16G.
become peaceful: lamtzaj 16G.
peaceful person: jlaaetel 16G.

peacetime: lamal ‘osil [calm world or time] 14E, 16G, 21E

peach: durasnos 5B, 15A10.
peach preserve: pamal durasnos 15A10, 23A1.

pear: peras 5B, 15A10.
pear tree: peras 5B, 15A10; te‘el peras 5B, 15A10.

pearl: ‘utzil ton [good stone] 6D, 14, 29; jalal ton [precious stone] 6D, 14, 29.

pebble: xixib ton IB.

pebbly: ‘ip xixib ton IB.
pebbly place: xixib tontik IB.
rough pebbly place: xixib tontik IB, 8E.

peccary: chak-chitom 6A1; te‘tikil chitom 6A1; voymoltikil chitom 6A1.

peck (1): *t’ojey 9D; *t’ojeyvanej 9D.

peck (2): half a peck (half a celemin): te‘el ta bik’tal te‘ 12.

pecked: *t’ojoltik 6G.

pedestal: nakleb chikin te‘ 28D.

peeking: keep peeking: nach’nonet 8F.

peel: patil 23A.
(cooked or roasted fruit): sol 23A3.
(pears or apples with a knife): cho‘ 10D, 23A3; jos 10D, 23A3.

peeling: cho‘benal 23A3; solbenal 23A3.

peep: (chick): ‘ok’ 8C1.

peer: peer at: pa‘i 8F.
peer over (stretching one’s neck): nat-nuk’i 7D, 8F.

Peg: peg for tightening or fastening: k’uxiabil 26B.
wooden peg: clavos te‘ 15A8, 26B.

pelt: nukul 6F.

penance: penitencia 15A1, 16F, 35C.

pencil: jutobil 11A.

pendant: lok’omil 31E.

penetrate: penetrate heavy growth: kuj ba ta jobel 9B, 9E; kuj ba ta voymol 9E; k’al ba ta jobel 9E; k’al ba ta voymol 9E.

penis: ‘atil 7A, 18C; xinch’okil bek’tal 7A, 18C.
(polite term): xinch’oklel 7A, 16F, 18C.
bull penis: ‘at xinch’ok vacas 6F, 15A9.

penitence: bik’tajel ‘olontonil [reduction of heart] 14B6, 14F2, 16J, 35C; me‘anajel ‘olonton [misery of one’s heart] 14B6, 16J, 35C; me‘anajel ‘olontonil 16J, 35C.

penitent: be penitent: bik’taj ‘olonton [have one’s heart grow small] 14F2, 16J, 35C; me’anaj ‘olonton 16J, 35C.

pensive: pensive person: ch’anabal vinik 16C.

pepper: castillan ‘ich 15A10, 23A1; especies 5B, 15A10, 23A1.
pepper weed: pich’ 5A.

perfect: t’ujum 16C.

perforate: ch’oj 9E; xen 9E.

perform: perform another’s functions: k’ex 16N.

perfume: ‘ak’ ta ch’ailtik [put in smoke] 8D, 14, 31E; muibtayab 8D, 31E; muibtayabil 8D, 31E; muil 8D, 31E.
(with incense): muibtas ta ch’ail 8D.
perfume of incense: muil ch’ail 8D.

perfumed: (with incense): ‘oy ta ch’ail muibtayat 8D; ch’ail muibtayat 8D.

perhaps: van 17.

permission: takel ta ‘ich’el tza 17; takivanej 17.
give permission: taki 17.
permission one gives: takiej 17.
permission one receives: takiel 17.

permit: ‘ak’ 17; mo komes 17; mo pajes 17; takbey 17.

perpetual: batel ‘osil ‘oy [have time go] 2, 14E; jilol ‘osil [length of time] 2, 14E; mu cham ‘oy 2; mu laj ‘oy 2.

perpetuate: muk’ubtas 2; Halejes 2.

perpetuity: jok’tzajel 2; natijel 2; Halejel 2.

perplex: ch’aybey ‘olonton [lose one’s heart] 11, 14B6.

persecution: nakavel 161, 21C; nakbal 161, 21C; nakel 161, 21C; nakvanej 161, 21C.

persevere: batz’itay 16C.

persist: bakal-k’opoj [speak with corncobs] 14J, 16C; tzatzal-k’opoj [speak strongly] 14J, 16C; jel-k’opoj [pass by speaking] 14J, 16C; yijil-k’opoj [speak strongly] 14J, 16C.
persist unreasonably: k’opk’on [talk noisely] 14J, 16K; ma‘ ba tzatzal k’opoj [speak strongly and calamitously] 14J. 16K; ma‘ ba yijil k’opoj [speak strongly and calamitously] 14J. 16K.

persistence: tzatzal k’op 16C; yijil k’op 16C.

person: vinik 6.

persuade: ‘a‘ibey k’op 17; tzitz 17; jut 17; likes 17; t’abes 17.

persuaded: be persuaded: t’ab 17.

persuader: jlikesvanej 17; jt’abesej-k’op [he of persuasive words] 14J, 17.

perverse: toj kolo‘ 16P; toj lob 16P.
be perverse: mo meleluk ‘ayan [not be born honest or straight] 14, 16P; valak-pat ‘ayan [be born backwards] 14B8, 16P; valak-patij [go backwards] 14B8, 16P.

perversely: act perversely: ‘ixtalaj 16P; tz’i‘lej 16P.

peso: peso 15A3, 27C.

pester: person who pesters: jme‘antasvanej 16K.

pestered: lom-tek’bil 16J.

pestilential: ‘ipal chamelal 16J.

pestle: juch’obil 22C.

petition: *‘akan-‘oltayvanej 18D; k’anoj 18D.

petitioner: jk’anbol 18D.

phial: redoma 15A5, 34.

philosopher: j‘ipal-metz’ [he of many excuses or wordy explanations] 11, 14; j‘ipal-pom [he of much incense] 11, 14.

phlegm: ‘obal 7B.

pick: (beans, chilis, cotton, flowers, fruit): tul 5, 5B, 10B, 26.
(flowers, fruit): tuch’ 10B, 26.
person who picks up object from the ground: jtamanej 10B; jtamvanej 10B.
pick out: ‘ap’ap’tik lok’es 10B; lapaptik lok’es 10B.
pick out or up (as when they pick up grains on the ground): tam 5B, 10B, 26.
pick up from the ground: tamolaj 10B.

picked: tuch’ul 26; tulbil 26.
object picked up from the ground: tamol 10B; tamolajel 10B.

picklock: ‘elk’ajebal tak’in 21A; jamob na 21A; jamobil ‘elek’ 21A.

picture: tz’ib 11, 30; k’eluy 11, 30; k’eluyabil 11, 30; p’is 11, 30; p’isobil 11, 30.

pie: pak’tanibil vaj 23A.
meat pie: bek’etal vaj 23A2.

piece: piece torn off a gown: bik’tajeb 10E, 31D.
single piece: j-jechjech 12A; j-kemkem 12A.

pierce: ch’oj 9E; ch’ojes 9E; jelaves 9E; Hot 9E; Hotes 9E.
(with an awl): jul 9E.

pierced: ch’ojbil 9E; Hotbil 9E; Hotol 9E.
be pierced: ch’oj 9E.
object to be pierced: ch’ojbol 9E; Hotbol 9E.
pierced object: Hotben 9E; Hotnej 9E.

pig: chitom 6A2.
suckling pig: ‘ol chitom 6A2; bik’tal chitom 6A2.

pigeon: xch’ach’ak 6B1.

pigherd: j‘il-chitom [pig-seer] 14I, 25A; jchabi-chitom 25A.

pigpen: na chitom 28C1; vayeb chitom 28C1.

pikeman: ch’ilom xanav ta ‘ok 21E1.

pile: bus 9B; bustzaj 9B; tzob 9B; kun 9B; kunan 9B; lotz 9B.
(firewood): busan 9B.
in many small piles: busustik 3, 12.
pile up: busi 9B; kuney 9B.
put in pile: *tekan 9B.

pile up: *tekey 9B.

piled: busul 3, 4; tzobol 3, 4; kunul 3, 4; *tekel 3, 4.
place where objects are piled: bustzajeb 4.

piles: ‘ichil chak [ass chili] 14B8, 33.

pilferer: jtasol 21A; jtasvanej 21A.

pilgrim: nam-tal vinik 35A; xanvil ta ‘ilel ch’uul mukenal [traveler to see holy cemetery] 14, 35A.
pilgrim who requests contributions for God (the Church): jk’anojel 27, 35A; jme‘anajel 27, 35A.

pilgrimage: ch’uul me‘anajel xanbal [sorrowful holy walk] 9A1, 14, 35C; nam-tal xanbal [distant walk] 9A1, 14, 35C.
go on a pilgrimage: ‘ech’te ‘ech’te 9A1, 35C; kom lumal xanav 9A1, 35C; kom na xanav 9A1, 35C.
make a pilgrimage: ‘ech’te ‘ech’te xanbal 9A1, 35C.
on a pilgrimage: nom talel 9A1, 35C.

pill: pisis 34; pisis pox 34; pox 34; poxlal 34.

pillage: tzak 10E, 2IE; tzakel bel na ta ch’ilomal k’op 10E, 21E; pojel na ta yabutil 10E, 21E.

pillar: chikin [ear] 14B3, 28D.
stone pillar: chikin ton 28D.
wooden pillar: chikin te‘ 28D.

pillory: majvanab 21C; milvanab 21C; picota 15A2, 21C; xotxot tak’in 21C; te‘ yo‘ majey vinik 21C.
iron pillory: xotot tak’in 21C.

pillow: xon jolol 22D.

pillowcase: chu‘uy 22D; tik’obil chu‘uy 22D; volobil 22D.

pilot: ba j‘il-jom 9A2; ba jchabi-jom 9A2.

pimp: j‘ik’vanej 16P, 18C; jili-‘atil vinik [strung out penis person] 14B9, 16P, 18C; mulal-xanav 16P, 18C; mulavil kelem 16P, kul-‘ik’vanej [secret escort] 14, 16P, 18C; Hovi-xanav 16P, 18C; Hovil kelem [crazy boy] 14, 16P, 18C.

pinch: set’el 9D; set’vanej 9D; xut’el 9D; xut’vanej 9D.
with the finger or fingers: xut’ 9D.

pine: tel toj 5A; ten toj 5A; toj 5A.
pine forest: tojOtik 5A.
pine needle: xak-toj 5A.
pine resin: xuch’ toj 5A.
pine torch: xuch’al toj 1D, 5A.

pineapple: jolom paxak’ 5B.

pinol: ch’ilim 23Al.

piñon: castillan toj 5A, 15A10.
piñon nut: lo‘balal castillan toj 5A, 15A10; lo‘balal toj 5A; sat toj [pine eye or face] 5A, 14B2.

pipe: be ‘a‘lel [water path] 14, 22C, 28E; be-o‘ [water path] 14, 22C, 28E; lok’eb Ho‘ [water exit] 14, 22C, 28E.

pit: cooking pit: bon 22C.
deep pit in the hills: xa‘ab 1B.
fruit pit: bek’ 5.

pitch: ‘ik’al ton 1B; bon 1B; bonobil 1B; chik’bil xuch’ 5; juybil xuch’ 5; kap 1B; xuch’ 5.

pitchfork: pitchfork for turning wheat: jetav te‘ 26B; payal te‘ 26B; paylej te‘ 26B.

pitted: (house floor): lomlom 3.

pity: chamolaj 16A; chamolan 16A; tup’olaj 16A; tup’olan 16A; vokol 16A; vokol ‘al ‘a‘i [feel one says difficulty or pities] 14C, 14J, 16A.
be moved to pity: ‘unenay [be baby-like] 14C, 14H, 16A; k’unij [soften] 14C, 16A.
pity one feels: k’uxubinvanej 16A.
pity one receives: k’uxubinel 10B, 16A; yail 10B, 16A; yainel 10B, 16A.
take pity on: ‘abolaj 16A; ‘aboltay 16A; k’uxubin 16A; vokol ‘al [say difficulty] 14J, 16A; vokol ‘albey 16A; vokoltas 16A; ya ‘a‘i 16A; yain 16A.

place: place against: ‘elanej ba ‘ak’ 9B; ‘ichoninej ba *ak’ 9B.
place where something is or is put: ‘av 9B.
take one’s place: k’ex 16N.
take one’s place (competing for a favor, a position): k’ex ba 16N.
take person’s place: k’ex ta k’op 16N.

placenta: k’u‘ 7A1, 18A, 18C; me‘ ‘olol [mother of child] 7A1, 14H, 18A, 18C.

plague: ‘ipal charnel 33.

plain: jobeltik 1B; lomlej 1B; tenav 1B; tenlej 1B, 5; tenlejil 1B.
form a plain in a hilly region: lomtzaj 1B.

plan: tzai 11; nopben 11.

plane: ch’ul 28; ch’ulob te‘ 26B; ch’ulobil te‘ 26B; ch’ulvan 28; t’abob te‘ 26B.

plank: ‘otes te‘el 28; tenal-te‘i 28.

planked: ‘ak’ebil tenal te‘al 28; tenal-te‘ibil 28.
be planked: ‘och tenal te‘ 28.

plant: tz’un 26; tz’unbaj 26.
(as they plant corn or we plant radishes): ‘av 26.
(post in the ground with one’s hands): paj 9B, 28.
appearance of plants: ch’iel 5, 26.
plant a vineyard: tz’un tz’usub 26.
plant stem (when sturdy): te‘el 5.

planting: ‘ovol 26; tz’unbajel 26.

plaster: kap 28; pak’ 28; pak’av 28; pox 28, 34; xokom 28.
(putting on quantities of plaster as with a trowel): ‘ak’ tan 28; juy tan 28; pas ta tan 28.
applied with plasters: ‘ak’ebil pox 34.
apply plasters: ‘ak’ pox 34; poxtay 34.
apply plasters to: ‘ak’bey pox 34.
plaster lightly with daub to fill cracks and to smooth surface: jus 28.

plastered: poxtaybil 28, 28D, 34.

plasterer: jjusnom 28A; pak’om 28A.

plate: pottery plate: jayil lum 22C.
silver plate: jayil tak’in 29.

platform: tem 28D.
platform or walkway beneath the roof around their houses: *poch’om 28D; *poch’omal na 28D.

platter: platel 15A5, 22C.

play: maxmonet [monkey] 14Al, 32B; na‘nonet 32B; tajim 32B.
(flute, trumpet): Hupan 32A.

player: jtajimol 32B.

playing: person playing: jva‘etel 32B.

plead: k’oponvan 10B; Hu‘ k’opojel ‘u‘un 10B.
plead a case: koltay 10B, 20A.

please: ‘ak’ muibuk 16A; ‘utz ‘a‘i ‘u‘un 16A; ‘utzibtas 16A; k’uxubes 16A; k’uxu-besbey ‘olonton [hurt one’s heart] 14B6, 16A; k’uxubtas 16A; lok’esbey ‘olonton [create one’s heart] 14B6, 16A; me 16F; mu ‘osil chi ‘u‘un [have time seem fragrant] 14E, 16A; muibes 16A; muibtas 16A; muibtasbey ‘olonton [perfume one’s heart] 14B6, 16A; t’ujum chi ‘u‘un 16A.

pleased: be pleased: ‘utz ‘a‘i [feel good] 14C, 16A; ‘utz ‘il [see good] 14I, 16A; ‘utzib 16A; mu ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel fragrant time] 14E, 16A; nop ‘a‘i [feel accustomed to] 14C, 16A.
be pleased by: ‘utz chi ‘u‘un 16A.

pleasing: mu 16A.

pleasurable: toj ‘utz 16A.

pleasure: ‘utzibel 16A; ‘utzil 16A; muibel [becoming fragrant] 14C, 16A; muil [fragrance] 14C, 16A.
carnal pleasure: muil bek’tal [fragrant flesh] 14B11, 14C, 18C.
indulge in carnal pleasure: bek’tal muib 18C.

pleat: *tzukli 31A; tz’alal 31A; tz’ol 31A; k’alal 31A; k’ol 31A.

pleated: tz’alaltik 31A; k’alaltik 31A.

pledge: (give something as security): Hatzin 27.

pliers: lotz’obil 26B; tasob clavos 15A8, 26B; tasobil clavos 15A8, 26B.

plot: plot of land: j-p’is lum 12A, 19B; j-t’ob lum 12A, 19B; j-t’ob lum 12A, 19B; lum 1B, 19B.

plow: boj ‘osil 26; chabaj 26; chaban 26; chaban chob 26; pitz ‘osil 26.
plowing: pitzel ‘osil 26.

plowed: extent of ground plowed by one yoke of oxen in a day: chabajeb j-choj vacas ta jun k’ak’al 12A, 15A9, 26.
plowed field: tz’alal batel 26; tz’alaltik 26.

plowhand: jchabatal 26A.

plowing: bojel ‘osil 26.

plowman: jboj-lum 26A.

plum: po’on 5B.
plum tree: po’on 5B.

plumb: plumb bob: liklik tak’in 26B, 28B; p’is 26B, 28B.

plume: k’uk’ 6F, 31E.

plump-cheeked: vo‘o-cho 7C.

plunder: tzokil 21A, 21E.

point: chak [ass] 3, 14B8; ni‘ [nose] 3, 14B4.
point at or to: ch’utubtay 7E.

pointed: become pointed: tz’ubey 3.
make pointed: tz’uban 3; tz’ubey ‘u‘un 3.
that which is being pointed at or to: ch’utubtayej 4.

pointer: ‘atob 4, 11.

poison: ‘ak’bey ‘uch’ kola‘alpox 18E, 21A; jtzamesvanej pox 18E, 21A; komes kola‘al ‘e 18E, 21A; komes kola‘al ti‘ 18E, 21A.
poison drink: kola‘al pox 18E, 21A, 23A.

poisoned: poxtaybil 18E, 21A, 33.
be poisoned: ‘uch’ kola‘al pox 18E, 21A, 33.

poisonous: ‘ip kola‘al 34; toj kolo‘ 34.
(venom): laal kola‘al ‘e 34.

poke: poke fire and stir flames: lupes 1D, 9E.
poke the fire: ji’ k’ok’ 1D, 9E.

poker: chuchob k’ok’ 22C; chuchobil k’ok’ 22C.
(for oven): ji’ob k’ok’ 22C.

pole: te‘ 28.
long pole: natil te‘ 28.
small pole: bik’it te‘ 28; bik’tal te‘ 28.

polish: ‘utz pas 22E; ‘utzil 22E; ch’ul 22E; ch’ulvan 22E; lek pas 22E; lekil 22E; tojobtas 22E; t’ab 22E.
polish roughly: jux 22E.

polished: ‘utz 22E; *‘ulubalal 22E; lek 22E; t’abbil 22E.
object being polished: juxoj 22E.

polisher: ch’ulob 22E; ch’ulobil 22E; juxob 22E; juxobil 22E; tojobtasabil 22E; t’abob 10A; t’abob tak’in 22E; t’abobil 22E; t’abobil tak’in 22E; t’abobil te‘ 22E.

polite: polite person: laan vinik 16F; tojol vinik 16F.

politely: lek 16F; t’ujum 16F.

politeness: k’unil k’op 16F; k’unil xanbal 16F; laanil k’op [calm words] 14J, 16F; laanil xanbal 16F; tojol k’op [straight words] 14J, 16F; tojol xanbal 16F.

pollywog: x’avob 6C.

pomegranate: castillan makum 5B, 15A10; granada 5B, 15A10.
pomegranate tree: granado 5B, 15A10.

pomp: be done with pomp: toj pasey 16Q.

pond: bik’tal nab 1C; tz’antzajeb Ho‘ 1C; tz’anleb Ho‘ 1C; Ho‘ 1C.

pontoon: bik’tal k’o 9A2.

pony: kelem caballo 6A2, 15A9.

poor: ‘abol ba 16J, 21D, 27; ‘utz’‘utz’ ba 16J, 21D, 27; jok’ol 16J, 21D, 27; k’uxob ‘olal ba [have painful heart] 14B6, 16J, 21D, 27; me’on 16J, 21D, 27; yavaj 16J, 21D, 27.
aid the poor in their needs: yain 10C, 16A, 16J, 21D, 27.
become poor: me‘anaj 16J, 21D, 27.
desperately poor person: batz’i me’on 16J, 21D, 27; ch’uul me‘on 16J, 21D, 27.
lift up the poor or downcast: p’iles 10C, 16A, 16J, 21D, 27.
raise the poor: toyes 10C, 16A, 16J, 21D, 27.

poorhouse: na me‘on 16J, 21D, 28C3; vayeb nich’on 16J, 21D, 28C3.

pope: papa 15A1, 35A; sancto padre 15A1, 35A; santo padre 15Al, 35A.

population: ‘epal na [many houses] 14, 19.

porch: ‘amak’ 28D; ti‘ na 28D.
sun porch: ‘a‘iab k’ak’al [sun or heat feeler] 14C, 14G, 28D.

porcupine: ch’ixal chitom 6A1.

port: ‘ocheb jom 9A2.

portal: ‘ichon na 28D.

porter: j‘abat 9A1, 22A; j‘eanvanej 9A1, 22A; j‘ikatznom 9A1, 22A; jchon-bail 9A1, 22A.

position: ‘ak’el 4; ‘ak’vanej 4; naklej 4.
high position: lekoj 20; patan 20.

positively: react positively towards: *utzil-nop 16D.

possess: ‘oy 10B; ‘oy ‘u‘un 10B.
become the property of: ‘ech’ ta lekom 10B.

possession: ‘otol 10B; chabiej 10B; chabiej ta na 10B; chabiel ta na 10B; kotol 10B.
be one’s possession: patan ‘ojov 10B.

possessor: jchabiej 10B.

possibility: vesvanej 17; Hu‘el 17.

possible: be possible: Hu‘ pasel 17; Hu‘ Hechukpasuk 17.

post: hitching post: tzoyleb 9A1, 25.
house post: ‘oy 28D.
post with a hook: jok’leb 28D.
supporting post: ‘ipajebal 28D; tzatzubeb 28D; tzatzubtasabil 28D; xok’ ch’ub 28D.

postage: tojol ‘ak’el Hun 11A; tojol ‘ochel Hun 11A.

postpone: ch’ak 2; jok’tzajes 2; k’oxibtas [make small] 2, 14F2; lajeb ‘ayan ‘u‘un 2; nop 2; paj 2; xutul ‘ayan ‘u‘un 2; xutultas 2; toy k’in [raise the day] 2, 14E; Halejes 2.

postponed: be postponed: jok’tzaj 2.

pot: earthenware pot: bik’tal poket 22C.
glazed earthen pot: bik’tal p’in 22C.
make pots: pat 22C, 30.

potato: ‘is-ak’ 5B.

pottery: chik’bil lum 30; patbil lum 30.

poultryman: j’il-tuluk’ 25A; jchabi-tuluk’ 25A.

pound (1): libra 12, 15A3; p’is 12.
half a pound: jechel libra 12, 15A3; medio libra 12, 15A3.

pound (2): juch’ 9D; juch’un 9D; ten 9D; tenulan 9D.
pound to pieces: voch’ 9D, 10E.

pounded: be pounded to pieces: voch’ 9D, 10E.

pour: pour from bowl to bowl: t’ojilan 9E.

poverty: ‘abol ba 16J, 27; ‘utz’*utz’il ba 16J, 27; k’uxob ‘olal ba 16J, 27; me’anal 16J, 27; yavaj 16J, 27; yavajil 16J, 27.
feign poverty: pak’tay ba ta me’on 16J, 16N, 27.

powder: (of ground dried material): p’up’ 1B.
(of sawed material): p’up’benal 1B.

power: lekoj 16C, 16E; Hu‘el 16C, 16E.
have power over: Hu‘ ‘u‘un 16C, 16E.
power over a person: bet’oj 16C, 16E.

powerful: be powerful: toj Hu‘ ‘u‘un 16C, 16E; ves 16C, 16E; Hu‘ ‘u‘un 16C, 16E.
powerful person: jvesej 16C, 16E, 20; jvesvanej 16C, 16E, 20; jHu‘el 16C, 16E, 20.

pozol: ‘uch’om-o‘ 23A1.

practice: chan 11; chanantas ba 11.

praise: ‘utz ‘al 16C; ‘utz ‘alvan 16C; ‘utzil ‘alvanej 16C; ‘utzil-‘al 16C; ‘utzil-‘alvan [say good of) 14J, 16C; pak 16C; toy [raise] 14, 16C.
praise directed towards person; ‘utzil ‘alel 16C, 16D.

praised: ‘utz ‘albil 16C, 16D.
be praised: ‘utz ‘a‘ibil [felt or known to be good] 14C, 16C, 16D; ‘utzil ‘albil 16C, 16D.

praiseworthy: ‘utz 16C.
be praiseworthy: ‘utz ‘aley 16C; ‘utzil-‘aley 16C.

prank: Hovil 32.

pray: ch’uiv 35C; k’an-k’opoj i speak with a request] 14J, 35C; k’an-k’opon 35C; k’opoj 35C; k’opon [speak] 14J, 35C.
person who prays: ch’uivil 35A.
pray aloud (as when we pray from the book of devotion or read): vixvon 11A, 35C; vixvonet 11A, 35C.
pray aloud with intonation: janjonet 35C.
pray for: k’opoj ‘u‘un [speak for] 14J, 35C; k’oponvan [speak for] 14J, 35C; Hu‘ k’opojel ‘u’un [have speech for] 14J, 35C.
pray to God: ‘aptay dios [shout to God] 14J, 15A1, 35C; ‘ik’ dios [call God] 14J, 15A1, 35C; k’opon dios [speak to God] 14J, 15A1, 35C.

prayer: ‘aptayel 35C; ch’uivej 35C; k’an-k’oponel 35C.

preach: tzitz 35C; tzitza‘aj 35C; tzitzvan 35C; tzitzvanejeb 28C, 35C.

preacher: jtzitza‘ajel 35A, 35C; jtzitzo‘ 35A; jtzitzvanej 35A.

preaching: preaching place: tzitza‘ajel, tzitzvanejeb 28C, 35C.

precious: be precious: toj jol 27B.

precipitately: tojtoj likel 2C.

predecessor: Ha‘ te ‘ech’e 20; Ha‘ te k’ex 2, 20; Ha‘ te k’extay 20.

predict: toj-ti‘i [straight-lip] 14B5, 35F; toj-ti‘i ‘u‘un 35F.

prediction: give ominous prediction: *paxi 35F.

prefect: jch’akel 16E, 20.

prefer: ba‘yin 16D; ba‘yitas 16D; labbey 16D; labtas 16D.

pregnant: kolo’ [wicked] 14, 18A, 18C.
become pregnant: kola‘aj 18A, 18C.
pregnant woman: kola‘al ‘antz 18A, 18C; yaya ‘antz 18A, 18C.

pregustation: ‘a‘ibeyel ve‘el ‘ojov 8D, 23A4.

prelacy: ‘ajvalel 35B.

prelate: ‘ojov 35A; ‘ojov padre 15A1, 35A; ‘ojov ta padreil 15Al, 35A; ba padre 15A1, 35A; jchabiomal-padre 15A1, 35A.

premise: indication or premise (for making a guess): na‘-tzaiabil 11; na‘obil 11.

prepare: pas 2, 10A; tojobes 2, 10A; tojobtas 2, 10A.
prepare in advance: ba‘yijes 2, 10A.
prepare oneself: meltzaj 2, 10A; pas ba 2, 10A.

presence: ‘ichon 7D; bail 7D; satil [eye or face] 7D, 14B2.
do in one’s presence: ta sat pas 7D.

present: k’eelil 10C; k’elan 10C.
present that is given: motonil 10C, 27.
send present in return: pak moton 9B, 10C, 27.

press: bet’an 9D; pitz’ 9D; pitz’obil 9D.
olive oil press: juch’obil aceituna 9D, 15A11, 22C.
press down on: katz’an 9D.

pressed: be pressed: bet’ey 9D.

presume: muk’ cha‘ley ba [pretend to be big] 14F1, 16K, 16N; toy ba [raise oneself] 14, 16K, 16N.

presumption: muk’ cha‘ley-bail 16K, 16N; toy-bail 16K, 16N; toyob-bail 16K, 16N.

presumptuous: presumptuous person: jmuk cha‘ley bail 16Q; jtoy-bail 16Q.

pretend: cha‘ley ba 16N; k’opuk ‘oy [have words] 14J, 16N; naka ‘al ba 16N; naka tal k’opuk [just come with words] 14J, 16N; pak’tay 16N; p’is ba 16N; Ha‘ 16N.
pretend to be: ‘elov cha‘ley ba [pretend to be its face] 14B2, 16N.
pretend to be someone else: cha‘ley ba ‘elov 16N.
pretend to eat: maxil-ve‘ [monkey eat] 14A1, 16N, 23A4.
pretend to go: maxil-bat [monkey go] 14Al, 16N.
pretend to kill: maxil-mil 16N, 18E, 21A.
pretend to scold: maxil-‘ilin 16N.
pretend to sleep: kulil-vay 7F, 16N; maxil-vay 7F, 16N.

pretender: jpak’tayej 16N.

pretext: on the pretext of: tzatza 16N.

prettiness: lekil 16R; t’ujumal 16R.

pretty: ‘utz 16R; *‘ulubalal 16R; ch’ulul 16R; ch’ululch’ulul ba 16R; lek 16R; lek ‘ilel 16R; t’ujum 16R; t’ujum ‘ilel 16R.
be pretty: ‘utz ‘ilel 16R; x‘ulubalal ‘ilel 16R.
sound pretty: ‘utz ‘a‘i 8C, 16R; ‘utz ‘a‘iel 8C, 16R.

prevent: prevent person from doing something good or bad: pajes 17; sa‘bey ‘olonton [search one’s heart] 14B6.

price: ch’ak tojol 27B; jak’ tojol 27B; nop ta 27B; nop tojol 27B; nopbey tojol 27B; tojolil 27B.
agree on a price: nop tojol 27B.
fall in price: ‘ech’olaj 27B; yal tojol 27B.
figure out a price: nop tojol 27B.
price tag (sign that purchase price has been agreed upon): liktzanabil 11A, 27B.
raise the price of: jalajes 27B; muyes tojol 27B.
rise in price: muy tojol 27B; p’il tojol 27B; toy tojol 27B.
set a price: ch’ak tojobil 27B; ch’ak tojol 27B.
settle on a price: ‘ak’ chon 27B; ‘ak’ ta chonel 27B.
with price set: ch’akbil tojol 27B.
with the price raised: jalajesbil 27B.

prick: jul 9E.

priest: jchabi-ch’u [God guardian] 14, 35A; jchabiej-ch’u 35A; ch’uul vinik 35A; jch’uulxanbal [he who lives or walks in holiness] 14, 35A; padre 15Al, 35A; sacerdote 15A1, 35A.

primogeniture: Ha‘ yal ta pop ta tz’omol tot [he who descends to his father’s mat and stool] 14, 16E, 18E.

prince: ba nich’on ‘ojov 16E, 18C, 20; nich’on ‘ojov 16E, 18C, 20.
be prince of the whole world: vinkilelbil kotol ‘osil ‘u‘un 16E, 20.
prince of the world: ‘alantasej kotol ‘osil 16E, 20; ‘ajvalinbil ta kotol ‘osil 16E, 20; ‘ojov kotol ‘osil 16E, 20; ‘ojov ta kotol 16E, 20; ‘ojovinbil ta kotol ‘osil 16E, 20.

princedom: princedom of the world: ‘ajvalel kotol ‘osil 19, 20; ‘ajvalel ta kotol ‘osil 19, 20; jolinej kotol ‘osil 19, 20.

princess: ba ‘antzil nich’on ‘ojov 16E, 18C, 20.

print: ‘och ‘u‘un ta tak’in 11A; tz’ibay ta tak’in 11A.

printed: tz’ibaybil ta tak’in 11A.
be printed: ‘och ta tak’in 11A.

printer: j‘otesej Hun ta tak’in 11A, 27A; jtz’ibay Hun ta tak’in 11A, 27A.

printing: tz’ibayab Hun 11A, 27.
printing press: tz’ibajeb tak’in 11A; tz’ibajebal tak’in 11A.

privilege: takiej ‘ojov 16C; Hun ‘ojov [lord’s paper] 14, 16C.
person who has been granted a privilege: ‘aboltaybil vinik 10B, 16C; jchabiej ‘aboltayabil Hun 10B, 16C; takibil vinik 10B, 16C.

privy: tza’nabil 28D1; tza’nabil na 28D1; na tzo’ 28D1.

prize: ‘aboltayel 16C.

proceed: batz’itay 2; tzutz ‘u‘un 2; xik’an 2; xik’ey 2.

procession: joyijel [walking in a circle] 9A1, 14, 35C; joyiiel xanbal 9A1, 35C; procesion 9A1, 15A1, 35C.

proclaim: ‘aptay 11; ‘avan 11.

procure: procure by one means or another: ‘esomaj 10B.

prodigal: prodigal person: jch’ay bel na 16P; jlajesel bel na [he who uses up the contents of his house] 14, 16P.

prodigality: ch’ayel bel nail 16P; lajesel bel nail 16P.

produce: produce with (corn, fruit): ‘utz ‘ayan 26, 27B.

profit: *‘elo 27B; ‘esomaj 27B; jelaveb 27B; p’ilemal 27B.
make a profit: ‘elmaj 27B; ‘elmaj p’olmal 27B; ‘ep tzak 27B; tojolin ‘u‘un 27B; vinaj ‘u’un 27B.
profit by: ‘a‘i 27B.

profitable: be profitable: ‘elmaj yo’ ‘oy 27B; ‘oy jelaveb ‘ich’ 27B; ‘oy p’ilemal ‘ich’ 27B; lok’ yo’ ‘oy 27B.

progress: make progress: batz’itay 16C; tzutz ‘u‘un 16C; laj ‘u‘un 16C; lajes 16C; xik’an 11, 16C; xik’ey 16C.

prolix: nat 11, 12.

prologue: jol k’op [head of the word] 11, 14B1, 14J; kajeb Hun 11A.

prolonged: be prolonged: natij 2.

promise: ‘ak’ k’op [give one’s word] 14J, 16D; ‘al [say] 14J, 16D; ‘al ta ti‘ [say with one’s mouth or lips] 14B5, 14J, 16D; Hap ti‘ [have one’s lips swear] 14B5, 16D; Hap ti‘il 16D; Hapbey k’op 16D.
break one’s promise: pak’tay 16N.
break one’s promise or word: mu k’ot k’op [one’s word does not arrive] 14J, 16N.
carry out one’s promise: pas te k’op [do one’s word] 14J, 16D.

promised: Hap-ti‘bil 16D.

pronounce: lok’es ta ti‘ 11; sutejes ta ti‘ [return in one’s lips or mouth] 11, 14B5.

pronunciation: lok’esvanej ta ti‘il 11; sutejesvanej ta ti‘il 11.

proof: ‘a‘iel 11, 16D.

prop: prop up (grapevine): ‘ipajes 26; xok’i 26.
prop up by putting stick or stone underneath: xoney 1B, 28.
wooden prop: xoneyabil te‘ 28.

proper: lek ‘oy 16A, 16C, 16R; nup ‘oy 16A, 16C, 16R.
be proper: tojol ‘oy 16A, 16C, 16R.

property: ‘ayik’lelil 15C, 27; *‘ichinal 27; bel na 27; p’olmal 27; p’olmalil 27.

prophecy: ‘il tun [see that it is needed] 14I, 35F.
person’s prophecy: k’inal 35F.
prophecy given: toj-ti‘ivanej 10C, 35F.
prophecy received: toj-ti‘ieI 10B, 35F.

prophesied: toj-ti‘ibil 35F.

prophesy: k’inij [mark the day] 14, 35F; toj-ti‘i [be straight-lipped or mouthed] 14B5, 35F; toj-ti‘ivan 35F.

prophet: prophesy another’s fate: k’intay 35F.
profeta 15A1, 16C, 35F; jti‘iej-k’op [mouther of words] 14B5, 14J, 16C, 35F; jtoj ti‘iej k’op [mouther of straight words] 14J, 16C, 35F; jtoj-ti‘iel 16C, 35F; jtoj-ti‘ivanej 16C, 35F.
(male or female): j’alal-k’op [word-sayer] 14J, 16C, 35F.
false prophet: jpak’tayej-profeta 15A1, 16N, 35F.

proposal: k’op [word] 13B, 14J; ti‘ 13B.

propose: propose willingly: ‘ak’ ‘olonton [give one’s heart] 13B, 14B6, 16C; ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton 13B, 16C; jak’ ta ‘olonton [ask with one’s heart] 13B, 14B6, 16C.

prosperity: ‘utzibel 27; ‘utzil 27; ch’ulelajel 27.

prosperous: toj ‘utz 16C, 27; toj nopbil 16C, 27.
be prosperous: ‘oy ch’ulel ta pasel [do with soul or luck] 14B7, 16C, 27; nopbilnopbil pas [do thoughtfully] 14, 16C, 27.

prostrate: prostrate self: patan ba 7D, 16F, 35C; patey 7D, 16F, 35C.

protect: koles 9C, 16A.
(with body or shield): mak-pati 7D, 21E2.

protected: protected by the lord: tojol 35C.

protection: commit oneself to another’s protection: tzoy ba [tether oneself] 14, 16D; jok’an ba [hang oneself] 14, 16D; likan ba [hang oneself] 14, 16D.

protege: be the protege of a lord: jalaltasbil 16A, 16D, 20; jalaltaybil 16A, 16D, 20.

protruding: katz’atz’tik 3.
(adobes or stones in ill-made wall): bet’et’ik 1B, 3, 28D1.

proud: become proud: muk’ cha‘leybil [pretending to be big] 14F1, 16Q.

provable: batz’ijesel ta j’ilojel [making real by the seer] 14I, 17.
‘ be provable: Hu‘ na‘el 17.

prove: prove with a witness: ‘elmaj j‘ilojel ‘u‘un 8F, 20A; batz’itay ta j‘ilojel 8F, 20A.

provide: ‘elmajes 10C, 16A, 19A, 21D, 27; vinajes 10C, 16A, 19A, 21D, 27.
provide clothes, food and lodging: mak’lin 10C, 16A, 19A, 21D, 27, 31.
provide for: tz’akubtas 10C, 16A, 19A, 21D, 27.
provide for person in want: makbey me‘anal 10C, 16A, 19A, 21D, 27.

provider: j‘ayanajesvanej 10C, 16A, 19A, 27; j‘elmajesvanej 10C, 16A, 19A, 27.

province: j-tek ta ‘osil [a piece of land] 12A, 14E, 19;
j-tek ta lumal [a piece of land] 12A, 14E, 19; j-tek ta vinik 12A, 19; j-tos ta vinik 12A, 19.

provision: make provision: makal ‘a‘i 16C; makal ‘aloj 16C; muk’ta-‘ich’van 16C; muk’ta-ye 16C.

provisions: *naitzil 23A.

provoke: k’ak’ubes [heat up] 14G, 16H, 20A.

provoked: k’ak’ubesbil 16H, 20A.

provoker: jk’ak’ubesvanej 16H, 20A.

prudence: belel tza [the road to cleverness] 14C, 16C; belel tzaijel 16C, tza 16C; tojol ‘olonton [straight heart] 14B6, 16C; tojol tza 16C; tojol tzaijel 16C.

prudent: be prudent at work or in business: *’akan-‘oltay 16C, 27.
prudent person: j’at-’olonton [heart counter] 14B6, 16C; jbclel-tza 16C; jbelel-tzainom 16C; jtojol-tza 16C; jtojol-tzainom 16C.
treat diligently or prudently: ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton ‘u‘un [put in one’s heart because of it] 14B6, 16C.

prune: k’abay 10D, 26; lok’esbey k’ob [take off the arms] 10D, 14B10, 26.

pruned: pruned part: k’okbenal 10D, 26.

pruner: jk’abayvanej 26A; jk’okvanej 26A.

pry: pry into: jak’ 9E.
pry into others’ affairs: jak’ mul [ask about one’s sin] 14, 16N; jak’ pasnej [ask about one’s deeds] 14, 16N; nach’itayvan 16N.
pry into others’ affairs watching where they go: nach’itay 8F, 16N.

public: na‘ot 20.
be public: vinaj 20.

publican: jvayantasvanej 19A, 27A; jvayijesvanej 19A, 27A

publication: publication of town crier: ‘ov 8C1, 11A.

publish: puk 11A; puk ‘a‘yejal 11A; puk k’op 11A; vinajes 11A.
publish aloud: k’eyojin 11A.

pucker: pucker up (as when sewing shrinks): *tzukli 3, 8E, 31A.

puckered: tzukbil 3; tzuktzuk 3.

puddle: tz’anal Ho‘ 1C.

puffed: puffed up (chicken): ta tz’ablej 6G.

puffed-lipped: t’ocho-ti‘ 7C.
be puffed-lipped (insult): t’ochel ti‘ 7C, 16H.

pull: chech 9D; kil 9D.
pull out: bul 9D; vajajtik lok’es 9D.
pull out (hair, feathers): tul 6F, 9D.
pull out (object without roots, pole, stake): botz’ 9D, 28.
pull out by the roots (as radishes, carrots, without digging): bul 9D, 26.
pull out leaving no trace: bulan 9D.
pull the hair out of: bul 9D.
pull up easily (as when they weed the garden): jotzan 9D, 26; jotz’ 9D, 26.
with pliers: lotz’ 9D.

pullet: tzebal tuluk’ 6B2; ch’iom tuluk’ 6B2.

pulley: setet te‘ 26B.

pulpit: tzitza‘ajebal 35B; yo‘ ‘oy Hu‘ tzitzo‘ 35B.

pulque: ‘a’lel chi 23B; pamal chi 23B.

pulse: ch’ich’ 7B; p’ilp’on ch’ich’ 7E.

punch: voloj k’ob maj 9D; yalel 21C.

puncture: jul 9E.

punctured: julbil 9E.

punish: ‘ak’bey ‘il vokol [make see difficulty] 14I, 21C; ‘ak’bey vokol 21C; ‘il vokol ‘u‘un [see difficulty because of] 14I, 21C; tzitz 21C; yaijes 21C.

punished: tzitzbil 21C; yaijesbil 21C.
be punished: ‘il vokol 21C.

punisher: j‘ak’-vokol 21C; jtzitzvanej 21C; jyaijesvanej 21C.

punishment: ‘ak’beyel vokol 21C; tzitzel 21C; tzitzvanej 21C; chabajel 21C; ch’akel 21C; tojel 21C.
be sentenced to corporal punishment: majey la 21C.
corporal punishment: tojel 21C.

pupil: (eye): ch’ulel satil [soul of the eye] 7A, 14B7.

puppy: bik’tal tz’i’ 6A2.

purchase: manojel 27.
corn purchase: ‘ekel 26, 27; man-‘ixim 26, 27.
outbid at purchase: toy tojol 27.
purchase of small objects in small amounts: tuku-man 12, 27.

pure: secure the purchase in competition: k’ex ta manel 27.
batz’i 16A; tzeel 16A; kuxul 16A; mo ‘oyuk kap 8G; toj t’ujum 16A; Ha‘ no ‘ox 8G.

purely: batz’i t’abel 16A; batz’i t’abeluk 16A; kuxluk 16A; kuxul 16A.

purgatory: chamebal 18E, 35C; purgatorio 15A1, 18E, 35C.
(where one’s sins are paid for after this life): ‘ox-kajal na ta chamebal [three story house in the place of death] 14, 18E, 35C; tojob mulil 18E, 35C.

purge: ‘et’esabil chamel pox 34; tza‘an 34; tza‘tayabil chamel pox 34; pok 34; pokobil 34; pox 34; tojobtas 34.
purge well: ‘ep tz’i‘ley ba 34.

purged: be purged: ‘uch’ tza‘tayabil chamel pox 34; ‘uch’ pox 34; kech ch’ut 34.

purifier: ch’ulobil 22E.

purify: ch’ul 22E; pok 22E.
purify by cooking, as sugar: mas 23A3.

purity: batz’il 16A; kuxlej 16A; ta ‘olonton 16A.

purple: yax-cho 8F1.

purpose: ‘ak’el ta ‘olonton [putting in one’s heart] 14B6.

pursue: pursue closely: tek’ 9A1; tek’van 9A1.
pursue enemies: tz’ak-pati 9A1, 21E; nutz 9A1, 21E.

pursued: nutzbil 9A1.

pursuer: nakbal 9A1; nakmal 9A1; jnutzvanej 9A1.

pursuit: nakavel 9A1; nakbal 9A1; nakel 9A1; nakvanej 9A1; nutzel 9A1; nutzvanej 9A1.
object of pursuit: nutzoj 9A1.

pus: k’a‘al 7B, 33; pojov 7B, 33; pojoval 7B, 33.
squeeze out pus: pitz’ lok’el pojov 7B, 34.

push: xij 9D; takultay 9D.
(as when they push or lift a beam): xij 9D, 28.
(as when they push the door open or closed): net’ 9D, 28.
push in with one’s feet: tik’ 7E, 9D.
push out of one’s place: valk’un 4, 9D.

pushed: xijbil 9D.
object that is pushed: xijoj 9D.

pussy: become pussy: pojovin 33.

pustule: t’elel 33.
become blemished with pustules: t’eley 33.
form a pustule: ta vajlej ‘ayan 33; vajey 33.

put: ‘ak’ 9B; ‘ak’van 9B.
be put in: ‘och 9B.
put in: ‘otes 9B; ‘otesbil 9B.
put in many places: ‘ep ta jech ‘ak’ 9B; jilom ‘ak’ 9B.

Q

quadrant: chan-xuk’esabil 12, 26B, 28B.

quail: kuich’ 6B1.

quantity: quantity of books: ‘epal tz’albil Hun 11A, 12.

quarrel: ‘ilin 20A; ‘ut 20A; bik’tal ‘il 20A; bik’tal jatal [small quarrel] 14F2, 20A; bik’tal k’opk’onel [small noisy talk] 13A, 14F2, 20A; jataj 20A; jatan 20A; k’opk’onel 13A, 20A.

quarreler: j‘ipal-‘osil [he of much time] 14E, 16H, 20A; j’ipal-k’op [he of many words] 14C, 14J, 16H, 20A; j’ipal-ti‘ [he of many lips or mouths] 14B5, 14C, 16H, 20A.

quarrelsome: ‘ip k’ak’al [very hot] 14C, 14G, 16H, 20A; ‘ip lek’-ti‘il [much lip-licking] 14B5, 14C, 16H, 20A.
be quarrelsome: ‘ip ti‘ ‘ok’ [one’s tongue eats a lot] 14B5, 16H, 20A.
quarrelsome person: j‘il 16H, 20A; jbik’taljalal 16H, 20A; jjatal 16H, 20A; jk’opk’onel [noisy talker] 14J, 16H, 20A.

quarrier: jlok’esej-ton 28A.

quarry: ‘anob tontik 1B, 28E; jok’ob ton 1B, 28E;
lok’eb ton 1B, 28E; lok’esab ton 1B, 28E; vinajeb ton 1B, 28E.

quarter: four quarters (mutton): chan-jechel 6F, 12A; chan-jekel 6F, 12A.
quarter of a sheep: j-jech 6F, 12A; j-jek 6F, 12A.

queen: x‘ojov 16E, 18C, 20; xep 16E, 18C, 20.

question: jak’beyel 11; jak’el 11; jak’ob k’op 11; jak’obil 11; jak’vanej 11; jotz’-k’optay 11; joy-k’optay 11.

questioning: extract information by indirect questioning and close examination: lok’esbey ta jotz’-k’optayel 11.
questioning on the rack: jak’obil ta xuk’ul k’op 11, 21C.
questioning under torture: jak’beyel ta k’uxul k’op 11, 21C; k’uxul k’op [painful words] 11, 14J, 21C.

quick: julan 2C.

quickly: sob 2C; sobsobuk 2C; t’abeluk 2C; va‘luk no ‘ox 2C.
make person do something quickly: ‘ak’ sobuk pas 2C.

quickly!: sobuk 2C.

quiet: be quiet: ch’an chi 8C; ch’an-chi 8C.

quietly: k’unk’un 8C.

quill: tz’ibajebal k’uk’um 6F, 11A; jotzbil k’uk’um 6F, 11A; jomjom k’uk’um 6F, 11A; k’uk’um 6F, 11A.

quince: membrillo 5B, 15A10.
quince preserve: pamal membrillos 15A10, 23A1.
quince tree: te‘el membrillo 5B, 15A10.
quinces baked under the ashes: muk-tanibil membrillo 15A10, 23A3.

quiver: chu‘uy yolobil 21E2.

R

rabbit: t’ul 6A1.
person who dazes rabbits: jtup’beyej sat t’ul 24.
young rabbit: ‘ol t’ul 6A1; bik’tal t’ul 6A1.

rabid: become rabid: tz’i‘il-k’ak’ub [become dog-gishly hot] 14A2, 14G, 33.

rabies: tz’i’il k’ak’al 33; k’ak’al tz’i’ [hot dog] 14A2, 14G, 33.

race: ‘anil 32B.

racetrack: racetrack where they run: ‘anilajebal 32B.

radiance: japetel 8F; tiletel 8F.

radiant: be radiant: ‘ip tajley yan 8F; ‘ip tilet 8F.

radish: rabanos 5B.

rafter: tz’am te‘ 28D.

rag: k’a‘-pok’ 31; k’a‘al pok’ 31.
cleaning rag: kusobil 22E.
rag dealer: jchon-pano 15A4, 27A, 31; jp’olmajel 27A, 31.

rage: ‘il ‘olonton [anger of one’s heart] 14B6, 16H; tzajal 16H; ch’ach’onel 16H; k’ak’al [heat] 14G, 16H; k’ak’al ‘olonton 16H; k’ak’ubel [heating up] 14G, 16H; k’ak’ubel ‘olonton [heat of one’s heart] 14B6, 14G, 16H; vokanel ‘olonton [boiling of one’s heart] 14B6, 16H.

ragged: ragged person: jk’a’al-k’u’ 21D.

railing: stone railing: chikin ton 28D1.
wooden railing: chikin te‘ 28D1.

rain: yal Ho‘ 1C; Ho‘ 1C.
constant rain: ‘ip Ho‘ 1C, 2; ‘ipal Ho‘ 1C, 2; toj ‘ip Ho‘ 1C, 2.
constant rain for many days: *votol Ho‘ 1C, 2.
cool rain: sik-Ho‘ 1C, 8A.
rain with big drops: p’aj Ho‘ 1C; p’ajlajet Ho‘ 1C.
use palm leaf rain cover: ‘axiban 1C, 9C; ‘axibin 1C, 9C.

rainbow: me’ k’inabal [mother of drizzle] 1A, 1C, 14H.

raincape: (woven palm leaves they carry for when it rains): ‘axibal 1C, 31C.

raindrop: p’ajp’aj 1C.

rainstorm: ‘ipal Ho‘ 1C; ‘omel 1C.

rainy: Ho‘tikil 1C.
rainy season, spring: bulbux 1C, 2B.

raise (1): muyes 9B; toy 9B; va’an 9B.
raise in order to take out from under: sabajes 9B.
raise the poor or downbeaten: jetobtay 2ID; latz’apuy 21D.

raise (2): (child, dog, horse): tz’itas 18B, 25; ch’itas 18B, 25.
(children, horses): mak’lin 18B, 25.

raised: muyesbil 9B; toj va’aluk 9B; toybil 9B; toyol
9B.

raisin: k’ibil tz’usub 5B, 23A1; takin tz’usub 5B, 23A1.

raising: toyel 9B.

rake (1): mulavil ch’iom kelem 16P.

rake (2): jotz’ob 26B; jotz’obil 26B.

ram: ram in with a rammer or long object as a lance or stick: xen 9D.

rammer: xenob tak’in 9D; xenob te‘ 9D; xenobil 9D.
rammer (with which to ram or wound): tenob te‘ 9D, 21E2.

rancid: *majmaj ‘ik’ 8D.

rank: be elevated in rank: muk’ub 16C, 20; toy 16C, 20.
entrust one’s office or rank to another: va‘i k’exol 16D, 20.
entrust one’s rank to another: va’an k’exol [stand up one’s substitute] 14, 16D, 20.
high rank: toyol ‘ak’el 16C, 20; toyol ‘ak’vanej 16C, 20.
lose rank: ‘iktay 10D, 16L, 20; ‘ilan ‘ajvalel 10D, 16L, 20; ‘ul 10D, 16L, 20; bik’taj [grow small] 10D, 14F2, 16L, 20; tup’ [extinguish] 10D, 14, 16L, 20.
person raised to high rank: jelel vinik 16C, 20; toybil vinik 16C, 20; toyol vinik 16C, 20.
raise one’s rank: p’iles 16C, 20.
renounce one’s rank: komes ‘ajvalel 10D, 20.

rape: tzajal-poch’i [struggle redly] 14D1, 18C, 21A; pojbil cha‘ley 18C, 21A; poch’i 18C, 21A; poch’ibil cha‘iey 18C, 21A; poj 18C, 21A.

raped: tzajal poch’ibil 18C, 21A.
be raped: tzajal pojbil cha‘leat 18C, 21A; pojbil cha‘leyat 18C, 21A; poch’ibil cha‘leat 18C, 21A.

rapist: jtzajal poch’i ‘antz 18C, 21A; jtzajal poj ‘antz [red woman snatcher] 14D1, 18C, 21A.

rascal: Hovil vinik 16P.

rascality: Hovil 16P.

rasher: rasher of bacon: j-jov tocino 12A, 15A9, 23A2.

ration: ch’akbil ve‘el 23A.
daily ration: lekoj ve‘el ta ju-jun k’ak’al 12, 23A.

rattle: chilol 32A1; chilol tak’in 32A1.

rattlesnake: ‘ajav chon 6C.

raven: (as those in Spain): joj 6B1.

ravine: deep ravine: natil ch’en 1B.
rocky ravine: tonil 1B.
with many ravines: laal *Hopolil 1B; *HopHoptik 1B.

raw: tze 23A.

razor: navaja 15A5, 26B.

reach: ta9Al.

reached: object that is being reached: taoj 9B.

reaching: instrument for reaching object: taobil 9B, 26B.

read: ‘il Hun 11A.
read to the end: sut ‘u‘un 11A.

reader: j‘il-Hun 11A.

readied: tzatzajesbil 2, 10A.

ready: pasbil 2, 10A.
get ready: tzatzajes ba 2, 10A; pas ba 2, 10A.
person who is ready: ch’albil vinik 2, 10A, 16C.

reality: batz’i k’op [real word] 11, 14J.
truth: batz’il 11.

ream: j-lotz sakil Hun 11A, 12A; resma 11A, 12, 15A3.

reap: reap wheat: luk 26.

reaper: jlukvanej 26A.

reason: ‘a‘yej 11; tzitza‘aj 11; k’alal 11.
give reason for: ‘a‘i 11.

reasonable: p’isol k’op [measured word] 11, 14J.
(anger): ‘oy belel 16H.

reasonableness: be reasonable: p’isol ‘oy 16C.
tojol k’op [straight word] 14J, 16C.

reasoning: enigmatic reasoning: lut’ilanbil k’op [basted words] 11, 14J.
make a muddle of reasoning: lut’lut’-k’opoj [speak and jump about] 14J, 16L.

rebellious: become rebellious: toy ba 16K, 21E.

rebelliousness: toy-bail 16K, 21E.

rebound: juyemal 9F.
(blade): juyp’ij ‘e [have its mouth or tooth rebound] 9F, 14B5, 21E2.
(with the blade turning): juy ‘e 9A1, 21E2.
make blade rebound and twist: tz’otp’inbey ‘e 9F, 21E2.
make rebound: tz’otp’in 9F, 21E2; juybey ‘e 9F, 21E2; juyp’in 9F, 21E2; juyp’in ‘e 9F, 21E2; juyp’inbey ‘e 9F, 21E2.
rebound with blade turning: tz’otp’ij 9F, 21E2; tz’otp’ij ‘e 9F, 21E2.

rebuff: mo ‘utzuk ‘a‘i 16K; paj 16K.

recall: na‘ 11.

recant: valak pat k’opoj [speak backwards] 14J, 35C; valak-patij k’op 35C; valak-patij ti‘ [have one’s lips or mouth go backwards] 14B8, 14J, 35C; valak-patin k’op 35C; valak-patin ti‘ 35C.

recantation: valak-patinel k’op 35C; valak-patinel ti‘il 35C.

recanter: jvalak pat k’op 35A.

receive: ‘ich’ 10B.
receive or welcome visitor: nup 10B, 16D, 19A.

received: be received or welcomed with great pomp: toj ‘utz nupey 10B, 16D, 19A.

receiver: jnupol 10B.

recent: ‘ach’ 2; ‘ach’ to 2; yaxal [blue-green] 2, 14D2.

recently: ‘ach’ 2; ‘ach’ to 2; j-‘ok’ to 2; li‘li‘ to 2; mu vo‘neyuk 2.

reception: nupol 10B, 19A.

reclaim: cha-‘k’opoj [speak twice] 10B, 14J; cha‘-likes k’op [reintroduce word] 10B, 14J.

recognition: ‘ojtakinvanej 8F, 11.
recognition of person: ‘ojtakinel 8F, 11.

recognize: ‘ojtakin 8F, 11; ‘ojtakinvan 8F, 11; chak ‘oy ‘il ‘a‘i [feel as if one has seen] 8F, 11, 14C, 14I; juteb ‘ojtakin 8F, 11; juteb na‘bey ba 8F, 11; juteb tam sat 8F, 11.

recommend: k’oponbey 16A, 16D.

recompense: ‘ak’ pakol ‘aboltayel 10C, 27; pak ‘aboltayel 10C, 27; pakbey ‘aboltayel ‘u‘un 10C, 27; pakbey ‘utzil 10C, 27; pakol 10B, 27; pakol ‘aboltayvanej 10B, 27.

reconcile: lamtzajes 16D, 20A; paktzajes 16D, 20A; paktzan 16D, 20A.

reconciled: be reconciled: laanej ‘olonton [have one’s heart be tame] 14B6, 16D, 20A; pas ba 16D, 20A; Hul ‘olonton ta tojol [have one’s heart come to] 14B6, 16D, 20A.

recovered: recovered object: tamol 10B; tamolajel 10B.

recreation: ‘et’esej ‘osil [time-passer] 14E, 32; ‘utzibel 32; lo’il 32; maxil [monkeyness] 14A1, 32.
amuse oneself with recreation: va‘et 32.

recuperate: ‘utz‘utz ‘a‘i 34; yamaj 34.

recuperation: ‘utzil 34.

red: tzojtzoj 8F1; k’an-*‘opan 8F1; k’an-‘oban 8F1.
(bald pate, metal on the forge): chak-lupan 7C, 8F1, 29.
(chili or blood): chak-loman 5B, 7B, 8F1, 23A.
(hair): k’an-tzikan 7C, 8F1.
(sky at dawn or dusk): chak-*jutan 2A, 8F1.
bright red: batz’i tzoj 8F1.

redden: make red: tzajubes 8F1; tzajubtas 8F1.
tzajub 8F1; tzajub ‘u‘un 8F1; tzajubes 8F1; tzajubtas 8F1; tzojtzoj ‘ayan 8F1.
(chili or blood): chak-lomtay 5B, 7B, 8F1, ‘ 23A.
(sky at dawn or dusk): chak-*juttay 2A, 8F1.

reddishness: tzajal 8F1.

redo: cha‘-pas 10A.

reduced: be reduced to: lok’ 21D.

reed: ‘aj 5A; chanib [four] 5A, 14.
(with which they make petates): puj 5A, 22B.
reed field: ‘ajtik 5A; ch’ieb ‘aj 5A.

reflective: reflective person: j‘at-‘olonton [heart counter] 14B6, 16C.

reform: meltzajel ‘olontonil [making of the heart] 14B6; sut ‘olonton [have one’s heart return] 14B6; sutejes xanbal 16A; sutel ‘olontonil 16A; ta tojol ‘u‘un 16A; tojob 16A; tojobes 16A; tojobtas 16A.

reformed: sutesbil xanbal 16A; tojobtasbil 16A.
be reformed: tojob 16A.

refresh: laanej ‘osil [time-calmer] 1A, 14E; sikubes 1A.

refreshed: be refreshed: k’un-sikub 1A; sikub 1A.
be refreshed by: laanej ‘u‘un 1A.

refreshing: be refreshing (cold water): laaet ‘uch’et 1C, 8A.

refreshment: ‘et’esab ‘osil [time-passer] 14E, 23A; laanejesabil 23A.

refuge: jinebal 21E; kolebal 21E.
take refuge: koltay ba 21E.
take refuge in the church: koltay ba 21E, 35C.

refund: ‘ak’ k’exol 10C, 27.

refuse: mo tak’ 16K; paj 16K.

region: ‘osil 19.

register: ‘atob biil 11A, 12, 20; ‘atob vinik 11A, 12, 20; ‘otes biil ta Hun 11A, 12, 20; meltzajesabil lok’ob 11A, 12, 20.

registered: be registered: ‘och ta Hun 11A, 12, 20.

regret: k’uxub ‘olonton [have one’s heart hurt] 14B6, 16J; yanij ‘olonton [have one’s heart disguise itself] 14B6, 16J.

rein: rein in a horse: ‘olantas 9A1, 25; ch’anantas 9A1, 25; laanejes 9A1, 25.

reins: ‘ak’il freno 15A9, 25B; nukul freno 15A9, 25B; rienda 15A9, 25B.

reject: mo ‘utzuk ‘a‘i 16H; paj 16H.

rejoice: ‘utzib 16B; muib 16B; muib ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel time growing fragrant] 14E, 16B; t’ujumaj 16B.

relapse: have a relapse: cham cha‘-’atel 33; nipaj 33.

related: closely related: nap’al 18F.

relationship: blood relationship: ‘ibel [root] 14, 18F; chi‘il k’el ‘oy 18F; chojol 18F; likebal 18F; talel 18F; tasal 18F; valal 18F.

relative: ‘alal 18F; nap’al 18F; nochol 18F.
be a close relative of: ‘utz’ ba 18F.
close relative (descended from a single stock or lineage): ‘utz’ 18F.

relax: ‘ich’ ‘olonton [receive one’s heart] 14B6, 16B, 16G, 32; ch’an chi 16B, 16G, 32; yamaj 16B, 16G, 32.

relaxed: machachal 16B, 16G, 32.

relent: be relaxed: nakal ‘olonton 16B, 16G, 32.
make person relent k’asbey ‘olonton [break one’s heart] 14B6, 16M; sa‘bey ‘olonton [search one’s heart] 14B6, 16M.

relic: relic of saint: ch’uul komenalil 35D; komenal santo 15A1, 35D.

religion: ‘utzil xanbal [good life or walk] 14, 35C;
ch’uul xanbal [holy life or walk] 14, 35C.
false religion: pak’tayej ch’uul xanbal 16N, 35F.

reliquary: chabiabil ch’uul komenalil 35B; nak’obil ch’uul komenal santo 15A1, 35B.

reluctantly: mu ta jamuk 16K; ta valak-pat [behind] 14B8, 16K.

remain: kom 4.

remedy: ‘utzintas 34; makel 34; tojobtas 34.

remember: na‘ 11; tam ta ‘olonton [pick up in one’s heart] 11, 14B6; Hul ta ‘olonton [return to one’s heart] 11, 14B6.
be sure to remember to have someone do something good or bad: na‘u 11.
person to be remembered for doing something: na‘uej 11, 20.
remember frequently: tam ta ‘olonton 2, 11.

remembered: remembered object: na‘oj 11.

remind: ‘ak’ t’abuk ta ‘olonton [have one’s heart be persuaded] 14B6; na‘bey 11.

remove: batates 10D; jakes 10D; likes 10D; lok’es 10D.
remove chiggers, mites, or thorn from one’s flesh: luch 6E, 10D.
remove to a greater distance: jakes 10D.

removed: lok’esbil 10D; lok’ol 10D.

renegade: j‘iktayej 16K, 21E1.

rennet: tatubtasabil cHu‘ul 23A2.

renounce: renounce one’s religion: ‘iktay ch’uunel dios 15A1, 35C; ‘iktay dios 15A1, 35C.

renovate: ‘ach’ ‘ayan ‘u‘un 10A; cha‘-kuxes 10A.

rent: ‘ak’ ta ch’amunel 19A, 27; ‘ak’ ta ch’om 19A, 27; ch’amun 19A, 27; ch’amunabil 19A, 27; tojolil 19A, 27.
apply rent: ‘ak’ patan 19A, 27; k’ot ‘ak’ patan 19A, 2D7; k’otk’otes patan 19A, 27D.
pay rent: ‘och patan ‘u‘un 10C, 19A, 27.
rent of 1⁄5 of harvest: ‘otol 12, 27.
rent out: ch’amun 19A, 27.

rented: rented article: ch’om 27.

repair: ‘utz ‘ayan ‘u‘un 10A; cha‘-pas 10A; pas 10A.
(faulty construction): mak 10A, 28.
(leaking roof): ch’ik 10A, 28.

repartimiento: lekoj 19B, 20, 27.

repay: repay in kind: pak 10C, 27.

repeat: cha‘-‘al 13A.

repel: nak 9D, 21E; nakav 9D, 21E.

repent: ‘ok’ ‘olonton [have one’s heart cry] 14B6, 16J, 35C; bik’taj ‘olonton [have one’s heart grow small] 14B6, 14F2, 16J, 35C; chibaj ‘olonton [have one’s heart become two] 14B6, 16J, 35C; k’ux ‘a‘i [feel pain] 14C, 16J, 35C; k’uxub ‘olonton [have one’s heart hurt] 14B6, 16J, 35C; yanij ‘olonton [have one’s heart withdraw] 14B6, 16J, 35C.
moment when or place where one repents: bik’tajebal 2, 16J, 35C; tup’ebal 2, 16J, 35C.
repent one’s sins: me’anaj ‘olonton ‘u‘un mul [have one’s heart be miserable over one’s sins] 14B6, 16J, 35C.

repentance: bik’tajel ‘olontonil 16J, 35C; mich’el ‘olonton [holding one’s heart aloft] 14B6, 16J, 35C; yanijel ‘olontonil 16J, 35C.

replace: ‘ak’ k’exol 9B; ‘ak’ lok’ol 9B.

reply: ‘al ti‘ [have one’s lips or mouth say] 11, 14B5, 14J; sutejes k’op [return one’s words] 11, 14J; tak’ 11; tak’av 11.
reply many times: bichbonet tak’av 2, 11, 16K.
reply shamelessly or repeatedly: bichbonet tak’av 2, 11, 16K; jatbil ‘abnal ti‘ tak’av [reply with torn leaves of the mouth] 2, 11, 14B5, 16K; jik’jonet tak’av 2, 11, 16K; ti‘inej ba tak’av 2, 11, 16K.

report: mel k’op [line up words] 11, 14J; meltzajes k’op 11; meltzan k’op [make or arrange words] 11, 14J; meltzanel k’op [arrangement of words] 11, 14J; melel k’op 11; *pochan k’op 11; ta’an k’op [lay down words] 11, 14J; ta’anelk’op 11.
report news to: jam ta chikin [open one’s ears] 11, 14B3, 14J; jambey ta chikin 11.
report that one has heard: chikin [ear] 8C1, 11, 14B3, 14J.

reporter: (of lawsuit): j‘il-Hun 20A.
reporter who reports what he has heard or seen: jta‘anej-k’op 8C1, 8F1, 11.

repose: muibel 7F.

represent: k’eluy 16N, 30; lok’tay 16N, 30; pas lok’ob 16N, 30; p’is 16N, 30.

representation: k’elul 16N, 30; lok’ob 16N, 30; lok’tayabil 16N, 30.

reproach: ‘ilan 16H; mo ‘utzuk ‘a‘i 16H; paj 16H.

reputation: ‘a‘yejlal 20; ‘ik’al 20.
bad reputation: kola‘al ‘a‘yejlal 20; kolo‘ ‘a‘yejlal 20.
destroy one’s reputation: ch’ay na‘el ‘u‘un 10E, 16P, 20; ch’ay xi‘el ‘u‘un 10E, 16P, 20.
have a bad reputation: vinaj kola‘al 16P, 20; vinaj kola‘al ‘a‘yejlal 16P, 20.
have a good reputation: ‘utz ‘a‘yejlal 16C, 20; ‘utzil ‘a‘yej 16C, 20; ‘utzil ‘a‘yejlal 16C, 20; vinaj ‘utzil ‘a‘yejlal 16D, 20.
have a reputation (particularly a bad one): vinaj ‘a‘yejlal 16P, 20.

request: be granted a request: ‘ak’beat 10B; takbeat 10B; Hu‘ ‘u‘un 10B.
deny or refuse a request: mu tak’bey 11.
persistent or demanding request: k’anojel 10B, 13B, 16K, 16Q.
request importunately: bot’ol-k’an 10B, 13B, 16K, 16Q.
request repeated (with supplications or threats): tzajal-k’an [request red] 10B, 13B, 14D1, 16K, 16Q.

requite: pak 27.

reread: cha‘-‘il 11A.

rescue: koles 10A, 16A; koltay 10A, 16A.
rescue of oneself: kolesel 10A, 16A.

rescuer: jkolesvanej 10A, 16A; jkoltayvanej 10A, 16A.

reseed: cha‘ lom ‘av 26; cha‘ lom vaj 26; cha‘-‘av 26; cha‘-tz’un 26; cha‘-vaj 26.

resell: lo‘loyvan 27; tasvan ta p’olmal 27.

resemblance: nop-k’op [thought up word] 8G, 14J; nopbil k’op 8G.

resemble: j-tektek ba 8G; j-tektek pasel 8G; jun pasel 8G; junjun ba 8G; ko‘ol ba 8G; ko‘ol pasel 8G; lok’bey 8G; lok’bey ba 8G.

reserved: mo jakak’opoj 16C, 16G.
be a reserved person: ‘o‘lol k’opoj [speak one half] 14J, 16C, 16G.

reservoir: tz’antzajeb 1C, 28E; tz’antzajeb Ho‘ 1C, 28E; tz’anleb Ho‘ 1C, 28E.

reside: k’ulebin 19A; k’uyey 19A; nain 19A; naiv 19A; nakav 19A; nakey 19A; naklebin 19A.

residence: k’ulebal 19A; k’ulej 19A; naklebal 19A; naklej 19A.
change residence: k’ex-nai 19A; k’ex-naij 19A; k’ex-naijcl 19A; lik 19A; likes 19A.

resident: k’ulej 19A;jnaklej 19A.
populator (as the Spaniards say they are the populators of this land): jk’ulej 19A.

residing: nakal 19A.

resin: xuch’ 5.

resist: nak 16K; nakav 16K.
resist as temptations: pajbey k’op [reject word] 14J, 16A, 35C.

resistant: tzotz 16E.

resolve: na‘ 16C, 17; pas 16C, 17.
weaken in one’s resolve: chibaj ‘olonton [be two-hearted] 14B6, 17; k’un-yamaj ‘olonton [have one’s heart slacken] 14B6, 17.

resound: janet 8C.

respect: ‘ak’ ta vinik [treat or give as a person] 14, 16D; ‘oy ‘ik’ ‘a‘i [feel there is breath, air or wind] 14B5, 14C, 16D; tzamesvan 16D; ch’uun 16D; ch’uunvan 16D; k’ex 16D; k’exel 16D; na‘bey muk’ul 16D; na‘el 16D; xi‘ 16D; xi‘el 16D.
be worthy of respect: tojol ‘oy k’exel 16C; tojol ‘oy xi‘euk 16C.
respect God: tzames dios 15A1, 16F, 35C.
respect person: muk’ ‘a‘i 16F.
respect that one has: ch’uunvanej 16C.
respect that one receives: ch’uunel 10B, 16C.
respect the king: tzames rey 15A2, 16F, 20.
worthy of respect: tojol xi‘el 16C.

respected: be respected: ‘oy tza 16C; k’exey 16C.

respite: enjoy a respite from sickness or work: k’un-yamaj ‘a‘i 16B, 27D, 33; laanlaan ‘a‘i 16B, 27D, 33; lamallamal ‘a‘i 16B, 27D, 33.
respite from sickness or work: k’un-yamanil 16B, 27D, 33.
respite from the heat: laanejesabil k’ak’al 8A, 16B.

respond: respond to enigmatic questions or signs: jambey toj-ti‘iel 11; lok’es k’op [take out words] 14J.
respond to riddles or signs: nop k’op [think up words] 14J; nopbey 11; satibil nop [aim and think] 14B2; satibil tak’av [aim and reply] 14B2.

responder: j‘al-ti‘il 11.

response: response to enigmatic questions or signs: tzatzal k’op [strong words] 14J.

responsibility: take responsibility for: jok’an ta tojol 16C.

rest: ‘ich’ ‘ip 7F; kol ta lubel 7F.
(patient): laanej 7F, 34.
be given a rest: tzatzub 7F, 10B, 34; muib [become fragrant] 7F, 10B, 14, 34; nichimaj [flower] 7F, 10B, 14, 34; nichimaj ‘osil ‘a‘i 7F, 10B, 34.
take a rest: ‘utzib 7F.

restitution: ‘ak’el k’exol 10B, 16C, 27; *pakxinel 10B, 16C, 27.

restless: be restless: bak’ ‘olal 16K; mo ‘il naklej 16K.
be restless (horse): bak’es ba 6G; ti‘ ba 6G.
restless horse: jbak’el-caballo 6G, 15A9.
restless person: jbak’el-vinik 16K; jk’otk’onel-vinik 16K.

restlessness: bak’el 16K; Hoviel 16K; jtalel-batel 16K.

restore: restore to former shape or beauty: ‘ich’ tojol ‘u‘un 3, 10A; meltzajes 3, 10A; tojobes 3, 10A; tojobtas 3, 10A.

restrain: restrain ones’ appetite: *nabenabe ba ve‘ 16C, 23A4.
restrain oneself: *nabenabe ba 16C.

restrainer: pajeb 16C.

resurrection: kuxel 35C; kuxlej 35C.

retablo: tz’ib 11, 30, 35D.
canvas retablo: tz’ibaybil pok’ 11, 30, 35D.
wooden retablo: tz’ibaybil te‘ 11, 30, 35D.

retaliate: sut ta tojol tuk 10C, 161; sutejes ta tojol tuk 10C, 161; sutejesbey ta tojol tuk 10C, 161.

retired: ch’aybil ‘abtel [discarded work] 14, 27D; ch’aybil patan [discarded tribute] 14, 27D; ch’aybil ta ‘abtel 27D; ch’aybil ta patan 27D.
be retired: ch’ay patan 27D.

return: *pakax 10C; *pakxin 10C; sut 9A1.
return a loan: *pakxin 10C, 27.
return of gift or insult: pakol 10C, 16K, 27.

reveal: jambey 11; james 11; tambey ta ‘olonton [pick up for one’s heart] 11, 14B6; vinajes 11; vinajesbey 11; ye 11.

revealed: jambeybil 11; tabeybil 11; tambeybil 11; vinajesbeybil 11.

revealer: jjambeyvanej 11; jjamvanej 11; jtamanej 11;
jtambeyvanej 11; jtamvanej 11.

revelation: jambeyel 11; javayesej-k’op [word of affront] 11.
divine revelation: jamvanej dios 11, 15A1, 35C; tamvanej dios 11, 15A1, 35C.
have a revelation: na‘ ta jambeyel ta ‘olonton ‘u‘un dios [know by having one’s heart opened by God] 11, 14B6, 15A1, 35C; na‘ ta tambeyel ta ‘olonton ‘u‘un dios [know by picking up in one’s heart because of God] 11, 14B6, 15Al, 35C; tambeat ‘u‘un dios 11, 15A1, 35C.
known by revelation: jambeat ‘u‘un dios 11, 15A1, 35C.

reveler: j‘utzinvanej 32; jbak’esvanej 32.

revere: ‘ak’ ta vinik 35C; ‘ipuk ‘ik ’‘a‘i 35C; tzamesvan 35C; ch’uun 35C; k’ex 35C; k’exvan 35C; xi’ 35C.
revere God: tzames dios 15A1, 35C.
revere the king: tzames rey 15A2, 16F, 20, 35C.

reverse: in reverse: ta patil 9A1.

revive: cha‘-kux 34; kuxan 34; kuxes 34; kuxey 34; kuxol 34.
(plant, person, tree): kux 5, 34.
(tree or plant): lup 5.

revived: be revived: cha‘-kuxey 34.

revolve: (wheel): joyet xanav 9A1.

reward: ‘aboltay 10C, 16C, 27; ‘aboltayel 10B, 16C, 27; ‘aboltayvanej 10B, 16C, 27; ‘ak’ pakol ‘aboltayel 10C, 16C, 27; pak ‘aboltayel 10C, 16C, 27; pakbey ‘aboltayel ‘u‘un 10C, 16C, 27; pakbey ‘utzil [return goodness] 10C, 14, 16C, 27; pakol 10B, 16C, 27; pakol ‘aboltayvanej 10B, 16C, 27; pakol ‘utzil 10B, 16C, 27; toj [pay] 10C, 14, 16C, 27; tojolil 10B, 16C, 27.

rewarded: ‘aboltaybil 10B, 16C, 27; pakbil ‘utz 10B, 16C, 27; pakbil ‘utzil ‘u‘un 10B, 16C, 27; tojoltasbil 10B, 16C, 27.
be rewarded: tojoltasey 10B, 16C, 27.

rewarder: jpak ‘aboltayel 10C, 16C, 16D, 27; jpak-’utz 10C, 16C, 16D, 27.

rewrite: cha‘-tz’ibay 11A; cha‘-tz’ibay Hun 11A.

rhetoric: chanob tzitzo’ 11A.

rhubarb: ruibarbo 5B, 15A10.

rib: ch’elopil 7A.

rich: ‘ayik’al 15C, 16C, 27; ‘ayik’aletik 15C, 16C, 27.
become rich: vokolij 16C, 27.
grow rich: ‘ayik’lej 15C, 16C, 27.
rich man: ‘ayik’al chabjom 15C, 16C, 20, 27.
rich trader: ‘ayik’al xanvil 16C, 27A.

riddle: nopbil k’op [thought up word] 11, 13A, 14J, 16C.

ridge: make a ridge: tz’alan 3.
ridge between furrows: tz’alal 3, 26.

ridicule: jolom-k’optay [speak against with the skull] 14B1, 14J, 16H, 16K; lob-k’optay [speak against maliciously] 14J, 16H, 16J; na‘ley 16H, 16K.

right: ‘ibel [root] 14, 16A; melel 16A; meleluk 16A; tojol 16A; tojoluk 16A.
be right: tojol ‘oy 16A.
right away: *‘iliko 2C; toj likel 2C.
set right: meltzajes 10A; tojobes 10A.

rind: patil 23Al.

ring (1): iron ring: xotxot tak’in 21C; tak’in 21C.
wooden ring: xotxot te‘ 21C.

ring (2): tzanet 8C.
(anything that echoes, whether it is a bell or a blow on wood): tzantzon 8C, 32A.
(bell): kanet 8C.

ringworm: sol 33.
get ringworm: solin 33.

rip: ch’ak 10E; ch’akalul 10E; ch’i‘ 10E; ch’i‘ilul 10E; ch’utul 10E; jat 10E; jat 10E; jatalul 10E; lo’olil 10E; tuch’ 10E.
rip clothing: ch’ak 10E, 31A.

ripe: tok’on 5, 26.
become ripe: ta ta‘ajel 5, 26.

ripen: matz’ub 5, 26; ta’aj 5, 26.
on the tree (figs or other fruit): matz’ub ta te‘ 5, 5B, 26.
ripen on the tree: matz’ub ta te‘el 5, 26.

ripped: ch’akal 10E; ch’akbil 10E; ch’i’il 10E; jatal 10E; lo’ol 10E; tuch’bil 10E; tuch’ultik 10E.
ripped in many places: ch’akaltik 10E; ch’i’iltik 10E; lo’oltik 10E.

rise: muy 7D; muyel 7D.
rise early in the morning: ‘ak’abal julay 2A, 7F; ‘oy to ‘ak’abal julay 2A, 7F; toj ‘ik’-luman julay 2A, 7F.
rise in order to take out from under: sabaj 7D.
rise up: va‘i 7D.

rising: act of rising a little: sabajel 7D.

risk: tz’i‘lejel 16E, 21A; tz’i‘leyel 16E, 21A; k’an ‘il 16E, 21A.

river: ‘uk’um 1C.
dangerous river: tz’i‘lelal ‘uk’um 1C, 9A2; xi‘ebal ‘uk’um 1C, 9A2.
deep river: nab 1C; nab Ho‘ 1C; nat Ho‘ 1C; natil Ho‘ 1C.
have river overflow: noj ‘uk’um 1C.
sudden overflow of river: nojel ‘uk’um 1C.

road: be 9A1; belel 9A1.
on the wrong road: jakal 9A1.
put on the wrong road: jakes 9A1; jakesbil 9A1.

roar: vovet 8C1; vovetel 8C1.
(fire, hail, rain, turbulent river or ocean): loklonet 1C, 1D, 8C.
(fire, hail, rain, turbulent river or ocean, wind, large flute): ‘omet 1A, 1C, 1D, 8C, 32A.
(heavy rain, river, voices of many people, wind): t’inet 1A, 1C, 8C.
(river, wind): jinet 1A, 1C, 8C.

roast: vo 23A3.

rob: poj 21A.

robber: j‘ochol 21A; jpojvanej 21A; jp’asol 21A.
(who acts in secret): j‘elek’ 16N, 21A.

robbery: pojben 21A.

robust: muk’ bek’tal 7C; muk’muk’ bek’tal 7C; muk’muk’ takupal 7C; muk’ta bek’tal 1C.

rock (1): ton 1B.
blackened rock: ‘ik’al ton 1B, 8F1.
hard rock: tzatzal ton 1B.
pointed end of a rock: ni‘ ton 1B, 3.
rock in the ocean: *vekel ch’en ta nab 1B, 1C; Ha‘al ch’en 1B, 1C.

rock (2): round rock: volvol ton 1B, 3.
(cradle): jin 9D.
person who rocks another: jjuyvanej 9D.

rocky: ‘ip ton 1B.
rocky place: tontik 1B; tondkil ‘osil 1B.
sharp rocky place: ch’ix-tontik [thorny rocks] 1B, 14.

rod: rod with which boys at school are beaten on the hand: pok’ob k’obil 11, 21C; pok’ob k’obol 11, 21C; pok’obil 11, 21C.

roguery: kola‘al 16P, 21A; Iabal 16P, 21A.

role: fill another’s role: k’extay 16N; lok’ 16N.

roll: (as a ball): *tzul 9D.

roll (1): volbil vaj 23Al.
French roll: putzet vaj 23A1.

roll (2): (wheel, cart): xanantas 9A1; xanaves 9A1.
downhill: balaj 9F; balch’uj 9F.
roll around: balalij 9F; balch’un ba 9F.
roll around (like child with temper tantrum): balet 9F, 16H, 18B.
roll around (like children who throw themselves to the ground in a temper): balan ba 9F, 16H, 18B.

roof: ‘ak’ te‘el jol na 28; ‘ak’bey te‘el jol na 28; ‘och te‘al ‘u‘un 28; jol na [house head] 14B1, 28D; sik’av 28; sik’ay 28.
laid roof rods: sak-te‘ibil 28, 28D.
lay roof rods: sak-te‘i 28; sak-te‘ij 28.
lay small roof poles: xulav 28; xulay 28.
laying of roof rods: sak-te‘ivanej 28.
raise the roof purlins: chukav 28; chukay 28.
roof rod: sak-te‘ 28D; sak-te‘el 28D.
small roof jutting out from the wall to shelter people from the rain: ti‘ sik [lips, mouth or edge of the cold] 14B5, 28D.
tile roof: xamital jol na 15B, 28D.
uncover or remove thatch or tiles from a roof: jol 10D, 28.

room: bik’tal na 28D; tz’alav na 28D.
drawing room (where ladies are received): nakleb ‘antz 16F, 28D.

roommate: ‘ix ta k’ulej 19A.

rooster: jkotz 6B2; xinch’ok tuluk’ 6B2.
young rooster: ‘anil jkotz 6B2; ch’iom kelem 6B2; ch’iom jkotz 6B2.

root: take root: ‘ibelub 5, 26; ‘iben 5, 26; tzak lum 5, 26.
take root (plant): ‘isimay 5, 26.

rope: ch’ojon 26B.
bark rope: ‘ak’ 5, 26B.
grass rope: ch’ajnuybil jobel 5, 26B; ch’ojon jobel 5, 26B.
rope for pulling beams: tasob ch’ojon 26B.
rope made of tree bark: k’am-xoch’ 5A, 26B.

rose: ch’ixal nichim [thorny flower] 5B, 14; nich rosa 5B, 15A10; rosa 5B, 15A10.
rose honey: pamal rosa 5B, 15A10, 23A2.

rose-colored: k’un tzoj 8F1; k’un tzoj to 8F1; yalul to tzajal 8F1.

rosemary: romero 5B, 15A10.

rot: k’a‘ 10E; k’as 10E.

rotten: k’o‘ 10E.

rough: ‘ip tzatzal 8E; tontik 8E.
be rough (water): pumlajet 1C.
rough work: tenkextik pasel 27D.

roughen: roughen grinding stone: laj 8E; laj-‘ux 8E; lajulan 8E; vok’ilan-Hux 8E.

round: pisil 3; volvol 3.
(bread, hoop): xotol 3.
(hollow in the middle): xotxot 3.
(not spherical): setset 3.
(not spherical, but thin as table, tortilla, wheel): setel 3, 9A1, 22B.
(spherical or columnar): pispis 3.
become round: pistzaj 3; pisub 3; settzaj 3; setub 3; xottzaj 3; xotey 3; xotij 3; voltzaj 3.
make round: pistzan 3, 7E1; pisubes 3, 7E1; setubes 3, 7E1; xotzan 3, 7E1; xotan 3, 7E1; xottzajes 3, 7E1; voltzan 3, 7E1.
round about: ta joyobil 9A1.
round and long: balbal 3.
round object: pis 3.

roundabout: go a roundabout way: joy be 9A1; joyij 9A1; joyin be 9A1.
roundabout way: joyol be 9A1.

roundish: volvol 3.

roundness: pisilul 3; setel 3; volvolil 3.

row (1): chol 3; chollej 3; j-mel xa 3; koj 3.
(of stones, or adobe or anything laid on top of each other): j-kajal 1B, 3, 28.
row of soldiers in battle order: j-chol jyabutil 3, 21E.
set in a row: chol 3; choloj ba ‘ak’ 3; jit’ 3; jit’oj ba ‘ak’ 3; mel 3; meloj ba ‘ak’ 3.

row (2): jub 9A2; jub jom 9A2.

rower: jjub-jom 9A2; jjubvanej 9A2.

rub: ju‘ 9D.
rub together: jux ba ‘u‘un 9D.
rub together (bricks): jos ba ‘u‘un 9D, 28.
rub together (bricks, rocks): jux 1B, 9D, 28; juxilan 1B, 9D, 28.
rub together (two bricks): jos 1B, 9D, 28.
rub up and down: nib 9D; nibvan 9D.
rub with one’s hands: ju’ilan 7E1, 9D; jusilan 7E1, 9D.

rubbed: juybil 9D; juyilanbil 9D.

rubbing: rubbing instrument jusob 9D, 26B; jusobil 9D, 26B.

rubbish: ch’ulbenal 10D; pokbenal 10D.
rubbish heap: k’a‘-‘ep 10D; k’a‘-‘eptik 10D.

ruby: ‘utzil tzajal ton 29; jalal tzajal ton 29; rubi 15A4, 29.

rudder: jubob jom 9A2; sutejeb jom 9A2.

rue: ruda 5B, 15A10.

ruffianism: Hovil xanbal 16P, 21A.

ruin: ruin oneself: ch’ay 16L, 16P; laj 16L, 16P.

rule (1): ‘ajvay 20.
(town government): k’opoj 20.
rule a government or town: ch’ak 20.

ruler (2): p’is 12; p’isob te‘ 12; p’isob ton 12; p’isobil 12; regia 12, 15A8.

ruminate: pach’ ti‘ 6G.

rumor: rumor that one has heard: chikin [ear] 11, 14B3.

run: ‘anilaj 9A1.
make run: ‘aniltay 9A1.
run hard (deer, horse, bull): kuchoj ba ‘anil 6G, 9A1.
wish to run away: k’exav 9A1, 16M.

running: make (horse or ox) stop running: ch’ani ‘u‘un ta ‘anil 9A1.

rush: (with which they make petates): *Hi’it 5A.

rust: kux 10E; vok tak’in 10E.

rustic: (not noble): pata-vinik 20.

S

sack: ‘ikatzinab chu‘uy 22C; chu‘uy 22C.
large sack: me‘ chu‘uy [mother sack] 14H, 22C; muk’-chu‘uy 22C; muk’tik cHu‘uy 22C.
net sack: cHu‘uy nuti‘ 22C.
palm sack in which they carry or sell salt: mokan 22C, 27.

sackbut: (medieval trombone): sacabuche 15A6, 32A1.

sackcloth: pim tux-nok’ chij 31D; pimil tux-nok’ chij 31D.
sackcloth or any other heavy cloth such as they use for bedding: pimil pok’ 22D, 31D; tux-nok’ chij pok’ 22D, 31D.

sacking: pojel na ta yabutil 21E.

sacraments: sacramento 15A1, 35C.

sacrifice: k’eelil 10C, 35C; k’elaj 10C, 35C; k’elan 10C, 35C; motonil 10C, 35C.
human sacrifice: kupvanej ta moton ch’u [sawing of person as God’s gift] 10C, 14, 18E, 35F.
sacrifice birds: mil 10C, 35F.
sacrifice people: kup 10C, 18E, 35F; kupvan 10C, 18E, 35F.
stone on which they performed sacrifices:
ch’anob 10C, 35F; ch’anobil ton 10C, 35F.

sacrilege: commit a sacrilege: nak bel na dios 15A1, 16P, 35C.
commit a sacrilege (by stealing from the church): ‘elk’an bel na dios 15A1, 16P, 21A, 35C.

sacrilegious: be sacrilegious: mo ch’uun lum dios [not believe God’s ground] 14E, 15A1, 16P, 35C; mo ch’uun na dios [not believe in God’s house] 14, 15A1, 16P, 35C.

sacristy: tzatzajeb padre 15A1, 35B; tzatzajebal 35B; chabiabil bel na dios 15A1, 35B; nak’obil bel na dios 15A1, 35B; sachristia 15A1, 35B.

sad: be sad: mayayet vinik 16J; me‘anaj 16J; me‘anaj ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel sorrowful time] 14E, 16J.
grow sad: bik’taj ‘olonton [have one’s heart grow small] 14B6, 14F2, 16J; me‘anaj 16J.

sadden: bik’tajesbey ‘olonton 16J; me’anajes 16J.

saddle: ‘ak’ silla9Al, 15A9; ‘ikatzinay9Al; ‘otesbey silla 9A1, 15A9; naklebal ta pat caballo 15A9, 25B; silla 15A9, 25B.
(with packsaddle): ‘ak’ xalma 9A1, 15A9; ‘och ‘u‘un xalma 9A1, 15A9.
packsaddle: ‘ikatzinab 25B; enjalma 15A9, 25B; kajleb ‘ikatzil 25B; xalma 15A9, 25B.
small packsaddle on which the Indians take their burdens: potol 25B.

saddlebag: chu‘uy 25B.

saddled: ‘ak’ebil ‘ikatzinab 9A1; ‘ak’ebil silla 9A1, 15A9; ‘ikatzinaybil 9A1.
be saddled: ‘oy silla 9A1, 15A9.

saddlemaker: jpas silla caballo 9A1, 15A9.

sadness: person who causes sadness: jbik’tajesej-‘olonton 161; jme‘anajesej-‘olontil [he who saddens hearts] 14B6, 16I; jme‘anajesvanej 16I.

safe: ‘utz no ‘ox 16G.
be safe: kol 16G; mo k’u na‘ [not worry or know about anything] 14, 16G; mo k’u xi‘ [not fear anything] 14, 16G; mo vokoluk [no difficulty] 14, 16G.
feel safe: naktzaj ‘olonton [have one’s heart stop moving] 14B6, 16G.
feel safe or secure: ‘utz nakal ‘olonton [have one’s heart well-seated] 14B6, 16G.

sage: j‘at-‘olonton [heart counter] 11, 14B6, 16C.

sailor: jchabi-jom 9A2; jva‘anej-jom 9A2.

saint: sancto 15A1, 35D; santo 15A1, 35D.

sale: quick sale: pojel 2C, 27.

saliva: tubil 7B.

salt: ‘atz’am 1B, 23A; ‘atz’mel 1B, 23A; ‘atz’meltas 1B, 23A.
black salt: ‘ik’al ‘atz’am 1B, 8F1, 23A.
grain of salt: sat ‘atz’am 1B, 23A.
hard salt: ton ‘atz’am 1B, 23A.
salt deposit (on bottom of pot for making salt): tz’ujlemal ‘atz’am 1B, 23A3.
salt well: ‘atz’am 1B, 23A, 28E; ni-nab ‘atz’am 1B.
white salt: sakil ‘atz’am 1B, 8F1, 23A.

saltcellar: ‘av ‘atz’am 22C.

salted: ‘atz’meltasbil 23A3; ‘oy ‘atz’mel 23A3.

saltmaker: jkumavil 29A; jkumayej-’atz’am 29A.

saltpeter: ‘atz’am 1B; ‘atz’am lum 1B; ‘atz’am ton 1B; *kichin lum 1B; *kichin ton 1B.
saltpeter bed: *kichin ‘osil 1B.

saltworks: (pot or house): kumayab 22C, 28C2; kumayabil ‘atz’am 22C, 28C2.

salty: salty water chi‘-Ho‘ 1C, 8D; chi‘il Ho‘ 1C, 8D.

salutation: angel’s salutation of the Virgin Mary: k’oponabil Santa Maria ‘u‘un Angel 35C, 35D.

salvation: kolesvanej 35C; koltayvanej 35C.
salvation one receives: koltayel 10B, 35C.

same: ko‘ol 8G.
in the same way too,: Hech no ‘ox tok 8G.

sample: ‘a‘iab 8G; ‘a‘iabil 8G; k’el 8G; k’elul 8G; k’eluyab 8G; k’eluyabil 8G.

sanctify: ‘utzibtas 35C; ch’uulibtas 35C.

sanctuary: tz’alav na 28C3, 28D.

sand: grain of sand: sat yi‘ [eye or face of sand] 1B, 14B2.

sandal: nukulil xonobil 31C; xonobil 31C.
rope-soled sandal: xonob jobel 31C.

sandstone: yi‘ ton 1B; yi‘al ton 1B.

sandy: naka yi‘ 1B; naka yi‘tik 1B; yi‘tik 1B.
sandy place: yi‘tik 1B.

sap: ‘a‘lel 5, 23A.

sash: bal 31C; balobil 31C; ti‘ pok’ [mouth or edge of cloth] 14B5, 31C.
woman’s sash: chuk tzekil 31C.

satiety: nojel 9E, 23A4; sitel 9E, 23A4.

satin: ch’ulul seda 31D; razo 31D.

satisfied: be satisfied: ta‘al ‘oy ‘a‘i 16B.

satisfy: ‘ak’ ta‘aluk ‘a‘i 16B; ‘ak’ ta‘aluk ‘oy ‘a‘i 16B; ta‘al ‘oy ‘a‘i ‘u‘un 16B.

Saturday: ‘ok’ob xa ‘oy domingo 2B, 15A3; sabado 2B, 15A3.

sauce: kap ve‘el 23A.

sauceboat: ‘av kap ve‘el 22C; ‘ol setz’ 22C; bik’tal setz’ 22C.

saucer: setz’ 22C.
pottery saucer: jayil lum 22C.
silver saucer: jayil tak’in 22C, 29.

sausage: longaniza 15A9, 23A2.
pork sausage: bikil chitom nojesbil ta bek’tal 23A2.

savage: ‘abnalil vinik [forest person] 14, 20; te‘tikil 20; voymoltikil vinik [wild or thicket person] 14, 20.

save: koles 10A, 16A; koltay 10A.
save by shielding: jetobtay 9C; latz’apuy 9C.

saved: be saved: koles ba 10A.

savor: muib 8D.

saw: kup 28; kupob te‘ 26B; p’as 28.

sawdust: ch’uch’ul 5.

sawed: object being sawed: kupoj 9D, 10E; p’asoj 9D, 10E.

say: ‘al 11; chi 11; james 11; kuy 11.
say that: ‘ut 11.
they say: la 11.

saying: witty saying: ‘utzil lo‘lo k’op [good amusing words] 13A, 14J, 16B, 32; lot k’op 13A, 16B, 32; muil lo‘lo k’op 13A, 16B, 32; na‘al k’op 13A, 16B, 32.

scab: patil 33; sol 33.
(with pus): chin 7B, 33.

scabby: solsoltik 33; chinchintik 7B, 33.

scale (1): scale with ladders: machuy 9A1.

scale (2): scale a fish: jos sol choy 10D, 23A2, 24.

scaled: josbil sol 10D.

scaly: become scaly: solin 8E.

scanty: (in weight or size): ‘ok’elal 12.

scar: tz’i‘lej 33; lut’um 33; lut’umal 33; lut’umay 33; lut’umil 33; lut’umtas 33.

scarab: Ho 6E; Honon 6E.

scarce: jol 12, 21D; sa‘alsa‘al 12, 21D; yavaj 12, 21D.
be scarce: toj jol 21D.
be scarce (bread): ‘ip jalal 21D, 23A; mo ‘oyuk 21D, 23A; toj pojel 12, 21D, 23A1.
become scarce: jalaj 12, 21D; jalan ba 12, 21D; yavajij 12, 21D.
made scarce: jalajesbil 12, 21D.
make scarce: jalajes 12, 21D; yavajin 12, 21D.

scarcely: ‘ok’elal 12.

scarcity: jalajel 12, 21D; jalal 12, 21D; yavajijel 12, 21D; yavajil 12, 21D; yavajilal 12, 21D.

scarecrow: sibtasabil 16N, 26; sibtasan vinik 16N, 26.

scarf: chukobil jolol 31C.
cochineal-dyed scarf: tzajal pok’ 31C; ch’ujal pok’31C.
edge of scarf: ti‘ pok’ 3, 31A.

scarify: jisulan 10E, 33; kupilan 10E, 33; t’ol 10E, 33.

scarred: badly scarred: tzepentik 33; lut’umtik 33.

scatter: pojbey ba 10D; pojpojbey ba 10D; puk ba 10D; pukbey ba 10D; p’up’un 10D; tanibey 10D; yokin 10D.

scent: ‘ik’ 8D; ‘utz”onet 8D; tas-’ik’i 8D.
(of animal): muil 8D.

school: chanantasvanab na 11, 28C3; chanob na 11, 28C3.
dancing school: ‘ak’otajeb 11, 28C3, 32A; chanob ‘ak’ot 11, 28C3, 32A.
fencing school: chanob yabutil 11, 21E2, 28C3, 32B.

school teacher: jchabi-’unetik 11.

science: na‘vanej 11.

scissors: tijeras 15A4, 22C, 31A.

scold: ‘ilin 16H; tzatzal-tzitz [warn strongly] 14J, 16H; izatzal-k’opon [speak strongly] 14J, 16H; tzitz 16H; ch’ivet ‘e [have one’s mouth wrinkle] 14B5, 16H; jatan 16H; k’ux ‘e [chew or grind one’s teeth] 14B5, 14C, 16H.
scold strongly: ‘ipal-tzitz 16H.

scolding: tzatzal tzitzvanej [strong sermon] 14, 16H.
strong scolding: ‘ipal tzitz 16H; ‘ipal tzitzvanej 16H.

scorch: juteb k’ak’es 1D, 10E, 23A3; k’an-k’ak’ [burn yellow] 1D, 10E, 14D3, 23A3; k’an-k’ak’es 1D, 10E, 23A3.

scorched: be scorched: juteb k’ak’ 1D, 10E, 23A3.

scorn: ‘ila‘aj 16H, 16Q; ‘ila’alil 16H, 16Q; ‘ilan 16H, 16Q; chakanol 16H, 16Q; chakanol k’op [word of detestation] 14J, 16H, 16Q; chakanoltay 16H, 16Q; k’ok’ ba *a‘i [feel hot] 14C, 14G, 16H, 16Q; k’ok’ ba ‘il [see with heat] 14G, 14I, 16H, 16Q; paj 16H, 16Q; ti‘ol 16Q; ti‘ol k’op [word of hatred] 14J, 16Q; ti‘oltay 16H, 16Q.

scorned: ‘ilanbil 16H; chakanoltaybil 16H; pajbil 16H; ti‘oltaybil 16H.

scorner: j’ila’ajel 16H, 16Q; j’ilanvanej 16H, 16Q.

scorpion: tzek 6E.

scrape: jos 9D.
(boards): jotz’ 9D, 28; josilan 9D, 28.

scraping: sound of a beam being pushed on top of another: jech’et 8C, 28.

scrapings: josbenal 10D; juxbonal 10D.

scratch: jot’ 10E, 33; jot’benal 10E, 33.
scratch hard: ch’oti 10E, 33.
scratch of cat or tiger: jot’ben 10E, 33.
scratch with one finger as when they hunt lice: mix 6E, 7G; mixulan 6E, 7G.

scream: ‘avalet 8C1; ‘avanel 8C1; xikit-’avan 8C1.

scribe: tz’ibajom 11A; jtz’ib 11A; jtz’ibajel 11A;
jtz’ibayvanej 11A.
first scribe: ba tz’ibajom 11A; ba jtz’ib 11A; ba ta tz’ib 11A; ba ta tz’ibajel 11A.

scrofula: k’a‘el 33; yax-k’a‘el 33.
get scrofula: yax-k’a‘ [blue-green rot] 14D2, 33.

scrofular: scrofular person: jyax-k’a‘el 33; yax-k’a‘el 33.

scrub: (clothes): ju’ilan 22E, 31.
scrub (as they scrub muddy clothes): ju’ 22E, 31.

scrutinizer: jjak’-k’op [word-asker] 14J, 20A; jjak’-mulil 20A.

sculpt: sculpt wooden image: ch’oj 7E1, 11, 30; joch’ 7E1, 11, 30.

sculpted: object to be sculpted: ch’ojbol 7E1, 11, 30.

sea: high sea: ‘o‘lol nab 1C, 9A2; nab 1C, 9A2; nab Ho‘ 1C, 9A2; nat Ho‘ 1C, 9A2.
rough sea: pumlajetel 1C, 9A2.
sea storm: ‘ipal pumlajetel nab 1C, 9A2.
shallow sea: komol nab 1C, 9A2.

seacoast: ti‘ muk’ta nab 1C; ti‘ nab [mouth or edge of the sea] 1C, 14BS.

seal: ‘eteltasabil 9C, 11.
(document): ‘eteltas 11, 11A.
(on document): ‘eteltasbenal 11, 11A.
remove a seal from: lok’esbey ‘etel 10D, 11; tup’bey ‘etel 10D, 11.

seam: tz’isav 31A.

search: sa‘ 8F, 9A1.

season: ‘osil 2B; k’inal 2B.
dry season: k’epel ‘osil [dry time] 2B, 14E; k’inal k’ak’al [hot days] 2B, 14G; takin ‘osil [dry time or ground] 2B, 14E.
rainy season: Ho‘tikil ‘osil [rainy time] 2B, 14E; Ho‘tikil lum [rainy ground] 2B, 14E.

seat: nakan 4, 7D; naklebal 4, 7D; naklej 4, 7D; *pakal 4, 7D.

seated: nakal 7D; nakanbil 4, 7D.
be seated: nakey 4, 7D.
person seated: nakanej 4, 7D.

seaweed: lam Ho‘ 5A.

seclude: seclude oneself: mak-nai ba 9C.

secluded: secluded in one’s house: mak-naibil 9C.

seclusion: mak naiel bail 9C; mak-naiej bail 9C; mak-naiel 9C.

second: a second time: cha‘-mekel 2, 12A.
entered in second growth: ch’ikil 4, 9A1.
make one’s way through second growth: ch’ik ba ta jobel 4, 9A1; ch’ik ba ta voymol 4, 9A1.
second in line: cha‘-tek’el 4, 12A; cha‘-va‘al 4, 12A; cha‘-va‘al va‘lej 4, 12A.

secret: muktal [buried] 14, 16N; muktal k’op [buried word] 14J, 16N; mukul k’op [buried word] 14J, 16N.
secret act: muktal pasnej [buried act] 14, 16N; mukul pasnej [buried act] 14, 16N.

secretary: jchabi muktal k’op [guard of buried words or secrets] 11A, 14J.

section: j-*kem 12A.
(beef, venison): j-jech 12A.

secure: be secure: mo k’u na‘ 16G; mo k’u xi‘ 16G.
feel secure: nakal ‘olonton 16G.
make a person feel secure: nakanbey ‘olonton 16G; naktzajesbey ‘olonton 16E.

security: lok’tayvanej 16G; lok’vanej 16G; naktzajeb ‘olontonil 16G.

see: ‘il 8F; ‘il ‘osil [see the world] 8F, 14E; ‘ilvan 8F; k’elvan 8F; ta sat 8F.
be able to see: ta sat 8F.

seed: bek’ 5; tz’unbal 5, 26; tz’unubil 5, 26.
kind of seed: nin 5.
seed bed: j-t’abal 5, 26; j-t’ob 5, 26.

seedling: ‘ol tz’unubil [seed child] 5, 14H, 26; tz’unubil 5, 26.
transplanted seedling: j-tek tz’unubil 5, 26.

seize: ‘ik’ 9D; tzajal-poj 9D; tzak 9D; chuk 9D; japi 9D.

seized: ‘ik’bil 9D; japibil 9D.
object seized: japiej 9D.

seldom: Haliktik 2.

sell: person who sells at market: jch’ivitajel 27A.
sell on a large scale: p’olmaj 27.

senator: jch’akel ta ‘ol [divider or judge at the heart] 14B6, 16E, 20; jk’opojel ta ‘ol [speaker at the heart] 14B6, 16E, 20.

send: *‘abten 9B; bat ‘u‘un 9B; tak 9B.
be sent: *‘abtenat 9B.
send cautiously: tzail-tak 9B, 16C.
send to: k’ubanbey 9B.

sense: common sense: talel tza 11; talel p’ijil 11.

senses: come back to one’s senses (crazy person, drunk): Hul ‘olonton [have one’s heart return] 14B6, 23B.

sensitive: be sensitive: toj ‘a‘i [feel so much] 14J.

sent: object sent: k’ubul 4.
sent cautiously: tzail-takbil 4, 16C.

sentence: ch’ak 20A, 21C; ch’akbey tojol mul 20A, 21C; ch’akel 20A, 21C; ch’akes 20A, 21C; jololtas 11, 20A; lajesbey k’oplal [end the talk of] 14J, 20A, 21C; pas ch’akel 20A, 21C.
(legal): lajeb k’op [end of words] 14J, 20A, 21C.

sentenced: be sentenced to a beating: ch’ak majel 20A, 21C.
be sentenced to death: ch’ak tzamesel 18E, 20A, 21C.

separable: k’an javel 12; k’an pukel 12; k’an vok’el 12.

separate: pukbey ba 4, 12.

separated: be widely separated: nom ‘il ba 4.
widely separated: nomtiknomtik 4.

separately: lekojlekoj 4, 12.

separation: ch’akeb 4, 12.

September: setiembre 2B, 15A3.

serene: laal ‘atil 16G; laal ‘utzil 16G.
serene person: ‘atil vinik [penis person] 14B9, 16G; ‘utzil vinik 16G.

serious: ‘ip 16C; ‘ol 16C; tzotz 16C; yaya 16C.

sermon: tzitzo‘ 11, 35C; tzitzoj 11, 35C; tzitzvanej 11, 35C; chanantasvanab k’op [instructive words] 11, 14J, 35C; chanantasvanej k’op 11, 35C.
brief sermon: bik’tal tzitzo’ [small sermon] 11, 14F2, 35C.
give a sermon: tzitza‘aj 10C, 11, 35C.
theme of a sermon: likeb tzitzol 11, 35C; likeb k’op [beginning words] 11, 14J, 35C.

sermonize: tzitza‘aj 11, 16C, 35C.

serpent: chon 6C.

servant: ‘unen 22A; kelem 22A.
be a servant of: pas patan 27D.

serve: ‘al 20, 27D; tz’ak-pati 20, 27D; chi‘in 20, 27D; va‘an 20, 27D.
serve at table: ve‘eltas 23A, 27D.

servitude: mu‘natil patan 27D.
enter into servitude: ‘ajvalej 27D.

set: ‘ak’ 9B.
(sun): ‘och ta yalel k’ak’al 2A.
set a day, limit or place: ch’ak 2, 4.
set down (wide objects): ta’an 9B.

setting: (bird): patal 6G.

settle: (ground): lom 1B, 3; lomtzaj 1B, 3.
make (ground) settle: lomtz’in 1B, 3.

settlement: naivej 19.

settler: (who builds houses): naivil 19, 28C.

seven: Hukub 12.
seven people: Huk-vo‘ 12A.
seven years: Huk-‘abi 2B, 12A; Hukub ‘abil 2B, 12.
seven years old: Huk-‘abi 2B, 12A, 18B.

seventh: seventh part of a determined amount (fine for robbery): Huk-mekel Hech ‘epal tojol 12A, 21C, 27B.

seventy: lajuneb chan-vinik 12; lajunuk chan-vinik 12.

sew: tz’is 31A; tz’isomaj 31A; ch’ik ta sitz’el 31A.
(sandals, shoes with an awl): jul 31A.

sewer (1): jch’ikvanej ta sitz’el 31B.

sewer (2): ‘ocheb Ho‘ 1C, 28E; lok’eb ‘a’lel 1C, 28E; lok’eb Ho‘ 1C, 28E.

sewing: tz’isom 31A.

sexual: have sexual relations with: ‘il bek’tal [see one’s flesh] 14B11, 14I, 18C; ‘ilbey bek’tal 18C; nop bek’tal chi’uk [one’s flesh fits with] 14B11, 18C; *xap 18C.
male or female sexual parts: k’exlal bek’tal [shame flesh] 7A, 14B11, 18C.

shade: keov 1A; keovtik 1A, 4; mak ‘osil 1A.
(tree): ‘oy nak’abil 5.
place with shade provided by branches: ‘axibal ‘abnal 5.

shady: shady grove: ti‘ nanatikil te‘tik 5.
shady place: nak’abiltik 1A, 4.

shake: lilin 9F; nechulan 9F; nikes 9F; nikulan 9F; nikulan 9F; titin 9F; vaxulan 9F.
(lance): la‘ulan 9F, 21E2.
(mattress or straw bed): tukes 9F, 22E.
mattress or straw bed: sokilan 9F, 22E.
shake hands: ‘ik ba 9F, 16F; kik ba 9F, 16F.

shallow: mo toyoluk 12.

shallowness: lomlej 12.

shame: k’exavel 16M; k’exaves 16M; k’exlal 16M; k’exlalel 16M; k’exlaltas 16M; namajel 16M; namajes 16M; namal 16M.
lose one’s shame: pimil-baij 10D, 16M.

shamed: k’exlaltasbil 16M.

shameful: k’exlal 16M.

shameless: shameless person: jpimil-ba 16P; jpimil-bail 16P.

shape: ‘ich’ tojol ‘u‘un 3, 7E1; pas 3, 7E1; tojobtas 3, 7E1.

share: ‘otol 10B, 27.
pay one’s share: lekojlekoj toj ve‘el 10C, 27.

sharp: joy ‘e [thin mouth or tooth] 8E, 14B5.
(blade): ‘oy ‘e [have a mouth or tooth] 8E, 14B5, 21E2.
be sharp: ‘utz ‘e [good mouth or tooth] 8E, 14B5, 21E2.

sharp-witted: jayal chikin 16C.

sharpen: jayubes ‘e [thin mouth or tooth] 8E, 9D, 14B5; pas ‘e [do mouth or tooth] 8E, 9D, 14B5; pasbey ‘e 8E, 9D; Hux 8E, 9D.
sharpen blade: Hux ‘e [whet its tooth] 8E, 9D, 14B5, 21E2; Huxbey ‘e 8E, 9D, 21E2.

sharpened: Huxbil 8E, 9D.
object to be sharpened: Huxbol 8E, 9D.
sharpened blade: Huxben 8E, 9D, 21E2.

shatter: shatter with blows: maj 9D, 10E; vok’ 9D, 10E.

shave: shave with a razor: jos 31E.

shaving: ‘anben te‘ 9D; ch’uch’ul te‘ 9D.

she: Ha‘ 18C.

shear: shear (with a razor): jos 9D, 10D, 25.
shear woolen stuff: lotz’ tzotzil 9D, 10D, 25; lotz’bey tzotzil 9D, 10D, 25.

shearer: jjosvanej 25A.

sheep: carneros 6A2, 15A9; chij 6A2.
fat sheep: vak’ak’et tzotzil tux-nuk’ chij 6A2.
sheep pen: na tux-nok’ chij 28C1.

sheepcote: chobtikil na 28C1.

sheepdog: tz’i‘ chabiomal tux-nok’ chij 6A2.

sheet: sheet of paper: lik 11A.

shell: patil [back] 6F, 14B8.
shell corn: ‘ixin 23A3.

shelter: koles 9C.
(birds, etc. under something): nuj-maki 9C, 25.
(from wind): mak 1A, 9C.
rain shelter: ‘axinajebal 1C, 9C.
shelter from the rain: ‘axintas 1C, 9C.
shelter to defend oneself: kolebal 9C, 21E.
take shelter kol 9C.
take shelter from the rain: ‘axinaj 1C, 9C.
take shelter in the church: koles ba 9C, 28C3, 35C.

shepherd: j‘il tux-nok’ chij 25A; j‘il-chij 25A; jchabi tuxnok’ chij 25A; jchabi-chij 25A; jlo‘obtasej tux-nok’ chij 25A; jva‘anejchij 25A.
shepherd’s crook: lukuch te‘ 25, 25B.

shield: makibey 9C, 21E2; pokolil 9C, 21E2.
(taking the blows directed at another): maki ya 9C, 21E2.
(with body or shield): mak 9C, 21E2; mak-pati 9C, 21E2.
clasp a shield: xoj pokol ta k’ob 9C, 21E2.
large shield: *kumpail 9C, 21E2.
person who shields another: jmakiej-ya 9C, 21E2.
reed shield they hang in the church: pokol puj 9C, 35B.
solid row of shields: choloj ba lok’ob-ba 9C, 21E2; meloj ba lok’ob ba 9C, 21E2; meloloj ba lok’ob ba 9C, 21E2.
take or use a shield: pokolin 9C, 21E2.

shielding: article or person one is shielding: mak-patiej 9C, 21E2.
save by shielding: mak-pati 9C, 21E2.

shinbone: *pen 7A1; *penil 7A1; ti‘ ba *pen 7A1; ti‘ ba *penil 7A1.

shine: japet 8F; japluj 8F; leblajet 8F; leblonet 8F; lebluj 8F; xojob yan 8F; tajley yan 8F; tilet 8F; tililet 8F; tiltonet 8F; tilluj 8F.
shine through: ‘och xojobil yo‘ ‘oy 1A, 8F.
shine through (thin cloth): ‘och xojob yo‘ ‘oy 1A, 8F, 31A.

shinny: lotz’ 9A1.
person who shinnies up or down a tree: lotz’om 9A1; jlotz’el 9A1.
shinny up or down a tree: lotz’tay 9A1.

ship: castillan jom 9A2, 15A7; jom 9A2.
charter a ship: ‘ak’ tojol jom 9A2; toj jom 9A2.
freight a ship: mak jom 9A2.
ship passage: tojol jom 9A2; tojol pasojel ta jom 9A2.
ship passenger: jp’asojel ta jom 9A2.

shirt: camisa 15A4, 31C; xojobil 31C.
neck of shirt: nuk’ camisa 15A4, 31C.
toss arms of one’s shirt over one’s shoulders: jelp’un 31.

shit: (bad word): tzo‘ 7B; tzo‘il 7B.
person covered with shit: jtza‘nel 7B, 7G; jtza‘nom 7B, 7G.

shiver: k’achk’onet 7E.
shiver from fear or cold: k’achk’on 7E, 8A.
shiver with cold: k’achk’on ta sik 7E, 8A; telton ta sik 7E, 8A.

shoe: xonobil 31C.
(horse): ‘ak’ xonob chij 25; ‘och ‘u‘un xonob chij 25; ‘otes xonob chij 25.
put on shoes: lap 31.
shoe with thin sole and low heel: lam xonobil 31C.

shoed: lapot xonob 31.
(horse): ‘ak’bil xonob 25; ‘oy xonob 25.

shoemaker: shoemaker’s last: p’isol xonobil 31A.

shoo: (birds, cattle, dogs): yo 10D, 25.

shoo!: shoo flies: yo ‘us 6E, 10D; yo Ho 6E, 10D.
(for chickens or dogs): ‘ux 25.

shooed: yobil 10D.

shooing: yo 10D.

shoot: ni‘ 21E2; tuk’ayvan 21E2.
(arrow): yalbaj 21E2.
(arrow, crossbow): yalbay 21E2.
(lombard gun, harquebus, etc.): tuk’av 21E2; tuk’ay 21E2.
(long objects, dart, staves, arrows): yal 21E2.
shoot at: yalbay 21E2.
shoot straight melel bat ‘u‘un 8F, 21E2.

shooter: harquebus shooter: tuk’ajom 21E1; jtuk’ayvanej 21E1.
shooter of harquebus or lombard gun: tuk’avil 21E1.

short: komkom 3.
become short: komoj 3.
cut short: bik’tajes 3.

short-lived: k’ox 18E.

short-sighted: be short-sighted: mo natuk ‘ilvan 8F, 33; mu natuk ‘il ‘osil 8F, 33; mu natuk bat sat 8F, 33; mu natuk k’ot sat 8F, 33.

shortcut: mukul be 9A1, 12.
take a shortcut: k’ej 9A1.

shot: tuk’ 21E2.

shoulder: (harquebus): yalel 21E2.
nekebil 7A.

shout: ‘ov 8C1.
shout loudly: xikitxikit ‘avan 8C1.

shouter: j‘avanel 8C1; j‘ov 8C1.

shove: jipulanel k’obil 9D; jipun k’ob 9D; takultay 9D; takultayvanej 9D.

shovel: pech’pech’ te‘ [flat stick or wood] 14, 26B.

show: ‘ak’ ‘il 11; chanantas 11; vinajes 11; ye 11.
show oneself ostentatiously or not: jam ba 16Q.
show the way: ‘ak’bey ‘il be 11; chanantas ta be 11.
show to: ‘ak’bey ‘il 11.

shrimp: tzajal choy [red fish] 6D, 14D1.
large shrimp: jit 6D.

shrink: (as some kinds of caterpillars or grubs do when they are touched): mutz ba 6G.
(as when being whipped on the back): yak’ pat 7E, 21C.
shrink or withdraw from noise or impediment: ch’an chi 8C1, 9A1; ch’an-chi 8C1, 9A1.

shriveled: (hand, foot): chubbil 33.
become shriveled (hand, foot): chub ba 33.

shroud: pix chame-vinik 18E, 31; pixobil chame-vinik 18E, 31C; vol ta pok’ 18E, 31; volobil chame-vinik 18E, 31C.

shrouder: jpix chame vinik 18E.

shrunken: shrunken up: yak’al pat 33.

shut: shut oneself up: mak ba 9C; mak-nai ba 9C.
shut up (bread, wine): nak’ 9C, 22C, 23A.

shuttle: buk’ 31A.

sick: be or get sick: cham 33.
be sick: kolo‘ ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel evil time] 14E, 33.
be sicker: jelav ‘ip 33.
become sick: k’unk’un ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel gradual time] 14E, 33.
become very sick: taoj ‘olonton [have reached one’s heart] 14B6, 33.
get sick: taot ta chamel 33.
sick person: jchamel 33.

sickle: hoz 15A11, 26B; lukbayabil ‘ixim 26, 26B; lukbayabil jobel 26B; xotxot tak’in 26B.

sickness: chamel 33; kola‘al ‘osil [evil time] 14E, 33.
spread sickness: ch’amet 33.

side: xokobil 7A; xokon 7A; xokonil 7A.
be lying on one’s side: tz’e‘ey 7D.
have a stitch in the side: xokon ‘a‘i 33.
lay on one’s side: tz’e‘lay 7D.
left side: tz’et xokon 7A.
lie on one’s side: tz’e‘lay 7D.
lying on one’s side: tz’e‘el 7D.
on both sides: ta cha‘-jechel 4.
on each side: ta ju-jech 4; ta juju jech 4.
on the other side: ta jech 4; ta patil 4.
on three sides: ta ‘ox-jechel 4.
right side: batz’i xokon 7A.
sickness or stitch in the side: xokonil chamel 33.
stitch in the side: xokon 33.

siesta: place for taking a siesta: ‘et’esab k’ak’al [heat passer] 7F, 14G, 28D.
take a siesta: ‘et’es ‘ipal k’ak’al [pass great heat] 7F, 14G; ‘et’es tumuch k’ak’al 7F.

sieve: wheat sieve: chichinabil castillan ‘ixim 15A11, 26B.

sigh: jik’ ‘olonton 8C1; jik’el ‘olonton [heart sigh] 8C1, 14B6.

sign: ‘etelil 11; tz’ibay firma 11, 11A, 15A2; pas firma 11, 11A, 15A2; p’is 11; p’isol 11; vinajebal 11.
make a sign (as when they make the sign of the cross with their fingers or signal to a mute): p’is 7E, 11, 35C.
signs for making oneself understood: ‘a‘iabil 11.

signature: firma 11A, 15A2.

silence: ‘ak’ ch’an chiuk 8C; ‘uma‘ijes 8C; ch’an chiel 8C.

silent: silent person: ch’anabal vinik 8C1.

silk: ch’ulul seda 15A4, 31A; seda 15A4, 31A; sirgo 15A4, 31A.
black silk: ‘ik’al seda 15A4, 31A.
silk twist: ch’ajnuybil no 31A; ch’ajnuybil seda 15A4, 31A.

silkworm: ‘om 6E, 31A; ‘om seda 6E, 15A4, 31A.

silver: ‘utzil sakil tak’in 29; plata 15A3, 29; sakil tak’in [white metal] 14D5, 29.
mark (silver weight of eight ounces): j-p’is sakil tak’in 12A, 29; marco de plata 12, 15A3, 29.
mark silver: ‘etelaj ‘u‘un 12, 29.
marked silver: ‘eteltasbil sakil tak’in 11A, 29; julintasbil sakil tak’in 11A, 29.
silver dross: tzo‘ sakil tak’in [white metal shit] 14B12, 14D5, 29.
silver sheet: jay-latzan sakil tak’in 29.
silver vein: ch’en sakil tak’in 29; lok’eb sakil tak’in 29.

silver-plate: nap’ sakil tak’in 29.

silversmith: jten sakil tak’in 29A.

similar: k’usiuk 8G; Hech no ‘ox 8G; Hech no ‘ox tok 8G; Hech no ‘ox tokuk 8G.
something similar: k’usitik 8G; k’usitikuk 8G.

simmer: bulbonet 23A3.

simoniac: jchon k’op dios [seller of the word of God] 14J, 15A1, 21A, 27, 35A; jchon patan dios 15A1, 21A, 27, 35A.

simony: chonel patan dios 15A1, 21A, 27, 35C; chonel Sacramento 15A1, 21A, 27, 35C; manel patan dios 15A1, 21A, 27, 35C; simonia 15A1, 21A, 27, 35C.

simplicity: mu cha‘-lomal k’opuk [not of two time words] 12, 14J; mu cha‘-lomaluk 12.

simulation: pak’tayej 16N.

sin: *‘aal 35C; ‘al 35C; k’a‘ 35C; mul 35C; mulav 35C; mulil 35C; yal ta ‘al 35C.
girlhood sin: tzebal mul 18B, 18C, 35C.
grave sin: me‘ mul [mother sin] 14H, 35C.
harden in sin: tzatzubes ta mul 16P, 35C.
make person sin: mulaltas 35C.
original sin: ‘ibel mulil [root of sin] 14, 35C.
pay for another’s sins: kuch 35C.
search out sins: jak’ mulil 35C.
sin persistently (as a stubborn or shameless dog): tz’i‘il-mulav 2, 6G, 16K, 16P, 35C.
sin willfully: tzatzub ta kola‘al 16K, 16P, 35C; yijub ta kola‘al 16K, 16P, 35C.
womanly sin: ‘antzil mul 18C, 35C.

sinfulness: persistent sinfulness: tz’i‘il ta mulil [doggishness in sin] 2, 14A2, 16K, 16P, 35C.

sing: k’eyojin 32A.
(bird, frog): ‘ok’ 6G, 32A.

singe: juteb k’ak’es 1D; k’an-k’ak’ [burn yellow] 1D, 14D3; k’an-k’ak’es 1D.

singed: be singed: juteb k’ak’ 1D.

singer: jk’eyom 32A.

single: junjun 12; juyinom 12; tuk tuk 12.
single cabbage or lettuce leaf: j-liklik 5B, 12A.

sinister: mo meleluk 16P; mo tojoluk 16P; valak-pat [behind] 14B8, 16P.

sink: ‘ach’ 1C, 9A2; but’ 9A1; tz’ajey 1C, 9A2; mul 1C, 9A2; mul ta Ho‘ 1C, 9A2; mul ta Ho‘tik 1C, 9A2; potz’aj 9A2; pul 9A2; pul ch’ay 9A2; t’ub ta Ho‘ 1C, 9A2.
(ground underfoot, basket, etc.): lomomet 1B, 9A1, 22C.
(ground when stepped on or trunk or basket, or other soft object when sat upon): lom 1B, 9A1, 22C; lomtzaj 1B, 9A1, 22C; potz’et 1B, 9A1, 22C; putz’et 1B, 9A1, 22C.
(in a boat): ch’ay ta jom 9A2.
(water into ground): ‘ul 1B, 1C, 9A1.
make sink: lom 9A1; lomtzan 9A1; lomes 9A1.
sink to the bottom: mul ch’ay 9A1; mules 9A1.

sinner: jk’a‘el 35A; mulavil 35A.
become a sinner: tz’i’ub [become a dog] 14A2, 35C.
cause person to become a hardened sinner: lajel tz’i‘lej ta mulil 16P, 35C.

sister: father’s sister: vixil 18F.
grandfather’s sister: vixil 18F.
older sister vixil 18F.
woman’s father’s sister vix ‘ixlel tot 18F.

sit: woman’s younger sister: mukil 18F.
sit down: nakey 7D.

site: ‘av 4; ‘osil 4.
house site: ‘av na 19, 28C.
site of abandoned town: ‘av nanatik 19, 21B.
town site: ‘av j-tek lum 19.

sitting: nakal 7D.

six: vak 12; vakib 12.

six-fingered: six-fingered person: jvak-k’ob 33.

six-toed: six-toed person: jvak-’ok 33.

sixth: a sixth: vak-bok’ol 12A; vak-vinkil 12A.

sixty: ‘ox-vinik 12, 12A.
sixty day period: ‘ox-vinkej k’in 12A.

size: be of the same size: ko’ol muk’ul 8G, 12.
make the same size (flat things): ko’ol muk’ul pas 8G, 12.
make the same size (long, tall things): ko’ol ‘ayan ‘u‘un [have (thing) be born the same] 8G, 12, 14.
true size: tojolil 12.

skein: j-k’ob nio 12A, 31A; nio 31A.

sketch: p’is 11, 30.

skill: ‘a‘ivanej 16C; tza 16C; tzaijel 16C.

skillful: be skillful: ‘oy tza 16C; ‘oy tzaijel 16C; melol na‘ 16C; mo ‘oyuk k’usi tzotz ‘a‘i [not have anything feel hard] 14C, 16C; toj na‘ 16C.
skillful person: ‘ipal vinik 16C; baxbolal vinik 16C.

skim: (froth): jotz’ vok 10D, 23A3; jotz’bey vok 10D, 23A3.

skin: cho‘ 7A; nukulal 7A.
(grape, onion when very thin): k’u’ 5B.
animal skin: nukul chij 6F.
change one’s skin (snake): solin 6G.
grow new skin (person, horse): solin 6G.
shop where skins are sold: chonob nukul 27, 28C2.
skin (onion, snake): patil [back] 5B, 6F, 14B8.

skinned: skinned article: cho‘ben 6F, 31A.

skinny: mo ‘oyuk bek’tal 7C; naka bak 7C; naka ch’uxuv 7C; naka vuyul bakel 7C.
skinny person: yaya vinik 7C.

skipper: j‘il-jomal 9A2; jchabi-jomal 9A2.

skirmish: ch’ilomaj 21E; ch’ilomal 21E; yabutij 21E; yabutijel 21E; yabutin 21E; yabutinvanej 21E.

skirmisher: jyabutijel 21E, 21E1.

skirt: tzekil 31C.
with sweeping skirts: jochjonet k’u’ 31; jochjonet pok’ 31; mesmonet k’u’ 31; mesmonet pok’ 31; tastonet k’u’ 31; tastonet pok’ 31.

skull: bakel jol 7A1; jolom 7A1.

skunk: pooy 6A1; poyoy 6A1.

slacken: k’un-yamaj 10D; yamaj 10D.

slackened: yamal 10D.

slackness: k’un-yamajel 10D; yamajel 10D.

slander: lot 16N; lotbey k’op 16N; lotoj 16N; puk 16N; puk-‘a‘yejlal [spreading of stories] 14J, 16N; puk-k’op [spreading of words] 14J, 16N; pukbey 16N; yaijes 16N.

slandered: pukbil ‘a‘yejlal 16J.

slanderer: jlot-k’op 16N; jpuk-’a‘yejlal 16N; jpuk-k’op 16N.

slap: pak’ ta majel 9D, 21C; pok’ ta majel 9D, 21C; ta k’ob maj 9D, 21C; t’ax ta majel 9D, 21C; yalel 9D, 21C.
slap given: pok’ben 9D, 10C, 21C; t’axben 9D, 10C, 21C.
slap on the neck: pok’el ta majel te‘ nuk’ 9D, 21C.
slap received: pok’benal 9D, 10B, 21C; t’axbenal 9D, 10B, 21C.

slapping: pok’ponet 8C, 9D.

slave: mu‘nat 20, 21E, 22A.
(who has been captured): jtzok-vinik 20, 21E, 22A.
female slave: ‘antzil mu‘nat 18C, 20, 21E, 22A.
freed slave: kolesbil mu‘nat 20.
newly arrived slave: ‘ach’ ‘ulel mu‘nat 20.

slavery: be freed from slavery: kol ta mu‘natil 20.

sledgehammer: bajobil 26B; majob 26B; majobil 26B.

sleep: vay 7F; vayel 7F.
sleep a long time: yakil-vay 2, 7F, 12.
sleep a lot: ‘ip vay 7F; yakyak vay 7F.

sleeper: j‘ipal-vayel 7F.

sleepiness: vayel 7F.

sleeping: sleeping person: jyakil-vayel 7F; jvayel 7F.
sleeping place or article for sleeping (bed, mattress, etc.): vayebal 22B, 22D.

sleepy: be sleepy: cham ta vayel [die of sleep] 7F, 14; juch’et vayel ta sat [with sleep grinding one’s eyes] 7F, 14I; tal vayel ta sat 7F; vayet 7F.
sleepy person: jjik’avel-vayel vinik 7F; jnikavel 7F.

sleepyhead: j‘ipal-vayel 7F, 13A; jvayel 7F, 13A.

sleeve: k’ob 31A.

slice: jis 10E; k’al 10E; k’ol 10E, 12; t’ol 10E, 12.
(bread, melon): xut 10E, 12.
single slice: j-jisjis 10E, 12A; j-k’olk’ol 12A; j-t’olt’ol 12A.
slice of bacon: j-jis tocino 12A, 15A9, 23A2; j-jov tocino 12A, 15A9, 23A2; j-p’as tocino 12A, 15A9, 23A2.

sliced: jisbil 10E, 12; k’albil 10E, 12; t’olbil 10E, 12.

sling: jimich’ 21E2; jimich’aj 21E2; jimich’tay 21E2.

slinger: jjimich’ajel 21E1; jjimich’vanej 21E1.

slip (1): tilch’uj 8E, 9A1.
slip through: kuchoj ba ‘och 9A1.

slip (2): tz’unbal te‘ 5, 26; tz’unubil ‘ol te‘ [tree’s seed child] 5, 14H, 26.

slipped: have slipped through: kakbil ‘och 9A1.

slipperiness: bililul 8E.

slippery: bilil 8E; ch’ulul 8E; juxjonet 8E; laal ch’ulul 8E.
be slippery: t’abt’onet 8E.
slippery place: bilil ‘osil 1B, 8E; ch’ulul ‘osil 1B, 8E; jach’ebal 1B, 8E; tilch’ujebal 1B, 8E.
very slippery: ‘ip bililul 1B, 8E; laal bililul 8E.

slope: downhill slope: yalebal batel 1B.
lower slopes: ‘akan vitz [mountain leg] 1B, 14B10; nellej vitz 1B.
mountain slope: paych’ujeb vitz 1B; paych’ujel 1B.

slow: ch’aj 2C; yaya 2C.
slow person: ch’ajil vinik 2C, 16O; yayail vinik 2C, 16O.

slowness: ch’ajilal 2C.

sluice: ‘ocheb ‘a‘lel 1C, 9A2, 26; ‘ocheb Ho‘ 1C, 9A2, 26; be ‘a’lel 1C, 9A2, 26; be-o‘ 1C, 9A2, 26.

small: bik’it 12; bik’it ch’amal 12; ch’amal 12; komkom 12; lajal 12; machal 12.
(cocoa, corn, peach, grains): matz’matz’ 5B, 12.
grow small: bik’taj 12.
small part: bik’it ch’amal 12.

smaller: mu ta 12; yalul 12.
be smaller: juteb yalul tuk 12.
smaller than: bik’itbik’it 8G, 12.

smallness: bik’itul 12; bik’tal 12.

smarting: k’ux 33.

smash: voch’ 10E.
(eggs, avocados): t’us 5B, 6F, 10E, 23A.

smashed: t’usul 10E; voch’ol 10E; vok’bil 10E; vok’ol 10E.

smell: ‘a‘ibey ‘ik’ 8D.
smell good: mu ‘ik’ 8D.
smell wonderful: mu ‘utz’iel 8D.

smelly: tu 8D.

smelter: j‘ulesej-tak’in 29.

smile: ch’ivet ‘e ta tze‘ej 7E; k’un-tze‘in 7E; livet ‘e ta tze‘ej 7E.

smiling: smiling person: jtze‘tzonel 7E, 16B; jtze‘ej 7E, 16B; jtze‘inel 7E, 16B.

smoke: bukbon ch’ail 1D; bukbonet 1D; buket 1D;
chp’ail 1D; lamet ch’ail 1D.
(before catching fire): bukbonet 1D; buket 1D; busbonet 1D.
(firewood): ‘ik’-baltay 1D, 5.
with smoke puffing up in the distance: puket ch’ail 1D.

smoky: ‘ip ch’ail 1D; laal ch’ail 1D, 8D, 8F.
(firewood): ‘ik’-baltay 1D, 8D, 8F.
become smoky: ch’ailay 1D, 8D, 8F; ch’aub 1D, 8D, 8F.
smoky clothes: ch’ailal pok’ 1D, 8D, 31.
smoky person: ch’ailal vinik 1D, 8D.

smooth: ch’ulbil 8E; ch’ulul 8E; jos 8E; josbil 8E.
become smooth: juxtzaj 8E.
person who smooths floor or wall: jch’ulvanej 8E, 28A.

smoothed: josbil 8E.

smudge: t’ab ‘obok 8F, 22E1; t’abbey ‘obok 8F, 22E1.
smudge person’s face: t’ab sibak ta sat 7G, 8F, 22E1.
smudge person’s hands: t’ab sibak ta k’ob 7G, 8F, 22E1.

snail: puy 6D.

snake: chon 6C.
snake poison: kola‘al ‘e chon 6F.
snake skin: nukul 6F.

snakebite: water snake: ‘uk’umal chon 6C.
be poisoned by snakebite: tz’ot ta chon [be twisted by a snake] 6C, 14, 33.

snapped: k’asal 10E; k’asbil 10E; k’aval 10E; k’avbil 10E.

snare: xokbal 24; xokbay 24; xokob 24; xokobil 24; yakobil 24; yakoj 24; yakojob 24; yokil 24.
(deer, lions): xokbaj 24.
fall into a snare: tek’ xokob 9A1, 24; yal ta xokob 9A1, 24.
fall into a snare (person): xokbay ba 9A1, 21E.

snared: yakal 24; yakbil 24.

snaring: yakojel 24; yok 24.

snatch: poj 10B, 10D; pojvan 10B, 10D.

snatched: pojbil 10B, 10D.

snatching: pojel 10B, 10D.

sneeze: Hat’isan 7E, 8C1; Hat’isanel 7E, 8C1.

sniff: ‘utz’‘onet 7E, 8C1; ‘utz’i 7E, 8C1; tas-’ik’i 7E, 8C1.

snore: jolet ni‘ 7F, 8C1; joletel ni’il 7F, 8C1; joljon ni’ 7E, 8C1; joljonel ni’il 7E, 8C1.

snout: (as of a pig): pech’ ‘e 6F; pech’ ti‘ 6F.
have a snout: pech’el ti‘ 6F.

snow: yal Hob 1C, 8A.

snuff: candle snuff: ‘ak’lel candela 15A5, 22C.

so-so: ‘utz’‘utz’ taey tal 16L.
do so-so: ‘utz’‘utz’ pas 16L; tzaibil to pas 16L; nopbil to pas 16L.
so-so object: jchabiej 16L.

soak: tz’aj ta Ho‘ 1C, 9C; tz’ajan ta Ho‘ 1C, 9C.

soap: ‘ak’ ch’upak’ 7G, 22E; ‘otes ch’upak’ 7G, 22E; ‘oy ch’upak’ 7G, 22E; ch’upak’ 7G, 22E.

soapsuds: tzo’ ch’upak’ [soap shit] 7G, 14B12, 22E; vok ch’upak’ 7G, 22E.

soapweed: ch’upak’ 5A, 7G, 22E.

soapy: be soapy: ‘och ch’upak’ 7G, 22E.

sob: jik’jon 7E, 8C1, 16J; jik’jonet 7E, 8C1, 16J.

sobbing: jik’jonel 7E, 8C1, 16J; jik’jonetel 7E, 8C1, 16J.

sociable: laal ‘atil 16B, 19A; laal ‘utzil 16B, 19A.
sociable person: ‘atil vinik [penis person] 14B9, 16B, 19A; ‘utzil vinik 16B, 19A.

soft: k’un-putzan 8E; k’un-yaman 8E; k’unk’un 8E; laan 8E.
become soft: k’unej 8E; k’unij 8E.

soften: k’unejes 8E; k’unijes 8E.
(string in water): laanejes 8E.

softly: k’un 8C, 8E.

soiled: ‘ik’ubtasbil 8F1.

solace: lo‘il 16A; lo’ilajel 16A; maxil [monkeyness] 14Al, 16A; maxilajel 16A.

solar: k’ak’altikil 1A.

sold: be sold quickly: pojel bat 2C, 27.

solder: nap’an 29; pak’an 29.

soldered: be soldered: nap’tzaj 29.

soldier: become a soldier: ‘och ta na ‘ajval 21E1; chon ba 21E1.
division or file of soldiers: j-tos jyabutil 12A, 21E1.
foot soldier ch’ilom xanav ta ‘ok 21E1.

sole: tek’obil xonobil 7A.
sole of foot: ‘ut ‘okil [inside of foot] 7A, 14B10.

solemn: toj labajel 16A.
be solemn: labaney 16A.

solemnity: labanel 16A.

solicit: *‘akan-’olaj 27; *‘akan-‘oltay 27; sabaj 27; sabaltas 27.

soliciter: soliciter who always gains a profit: jjosel 27A.

solicitous: be solicitous: ‘ak’ ‘olonton [give one’s heart] 14B6, 16A; bak’ ‘olonton [have one’s heart move] 14B6, 16A; makal ‘a‘i 16A.
solicitous person: *j’akan-’ol 16A; jsabajel 16A.

solicitude: mak’linel 16A.

solid: mo ‘oyuk jom 8E; mu jomjomuk 8E; tonton [rock-like] 8E, 14.

solitary: juyinom ta naklej 12, 19A; tuktuk ta naklej 12, 19A.
(bird): kotkot 6B1, 12; tuktuk 6B1, 12.
solitary bird: juyinom mut 6B1, 12.

solitude: juyinomal 7C; tuktuk naklej 7C; tuktuk xanbal 7C.

someone: much’uy 36.

something: k’usi 36.

sometime: (in the future): ‘oy bak’in 2; bak’in 2; bak’inuk 2.
(in the past): ‘oy bak’ni 2; bak’ni 2.

somewhere: ‘oy buy 4; ‘oy buyuk 4; buyuk 4.
somewhere else: yanyanuk 4.

son: man’s son: xinch’ok nich’on 18C, 18F; xinch’okil nich’nal 18C, 18F; xinch’okil nich’on 18C, 18F.
woman’s father’s or mother’s brother’s son if older than she: xibnelil 18C, 18F.
woman’s maternal or paternal uncle’s son (if younger than she): mukil 18C, 18F.
woman’s son: xinch’ok ‘ol 18C, 18F; xinch’okil ‘ol 18C, 18F.

son-in-law: man’s son-in-law: ni‘il 18C, 18F.

song: k’eyoj 32A.
begin a song: likes k’eyoj 32A; lok’es k’eyoj 32A.
intricate song: tz’i’lel k’eyoj [difficult song] 14, 32A.
person who begins a song: jlok’esej-k’eyoj 32A.

soon: mo nomuk 2; va‘alva‘aluk 2.

soot: ‘ik’uyal 1D; ‘obok 1D.

sorcerer: sorcerer of black magic: vayajom 35F.

sorrow: bik’tajel ‘olontonil 16J; me‘anajel 16J; me‘anal 16J.
cause for sorrow: me‘anajesabil 16J.
motive for sorrow: bik’tajesabil ‘olontonil 16J.

sorrow-provoking: be sorrow-provoking: me‘anaj ‘olonton ‘u‘un 16J.

sorrowful: be sorrowful: bik’taj ‘olonton 16J; me‘anaj 16J.
sorrowful person: jme‘anajel 16J.

sorrows: have sorrows: ‘ip vokol 16J.

soul: ch’ulelil 35C; pixanil 15C, 35C.

sound: vinaj 8C.
(flutes): ch’ijet 8C, 32A.
(heavy rain): juet 1C, 8C.
large flutes: *jomet 8C, 32A.
make kicking sound: k’avk’onet 8C1, 9D; vak’vonet 8C1, 9D.
sound beautiful: mu ‘a‘iel 8C.
sound from afar: nam 8C; namet 8C.
sound good or pretty: ‘utz ‘a‘iel 8C.
sound like a cracked bell: ch’ejch’on 8C, 10E, 32A.
sound made by people passing by: linlajetel 8C1, 9A1; linlonetel 8C1, 9A1.
sound of beam or support breaking: k’aslajel 8C, 10E; k’aslajetel 8C, 10E.
sound of cocoa being poured from one bowl to another: chojet 8C, 23A3; ch’itet 8C, 23A3; t’ojet 8C, 23A3.
sound of earth falling from a height: jaxet
1B, 8C, 9A1.
sound of flutes together: jaxet 8C, 32A.
sound of grinding teeth: jech’et 7E, 8C1.
sound of horses urinating: chojet 6G, 8C1; ch’itet 6G, 8C1; t’ojet 6G, 8C1.
sound of pottery smashing: ch’aklajetel 8C, 10E, 22C.
sound of rainspouts: chojet-1C, 8C; ch’itet 1C, 8C; t’ojet 1C, 8C.
sound of smashing earthenware: pojlajetel 8C, 10E, 22C.
sound softly (wind, breeze): *jachet 1A, 8C; *jupet 1A, 8C.

soup: bread soup: tz’ajbil vaj 23A.

sour: ch’a 8D; pajal 8D; poj 8D.

sourness: pajal 8D.

sovereign: toj jelel 20; toj p’ilil 20; toj toyol [very high] 14, 20.

sow (1): (wheat): p’up’un 5B, 26; vaj 26.

sow (2): sow that has given birth: ‘alnom chitom 6A2.

sown: p’up’unbil 26; vajbil 26.

spade: pitz ‘osil 26B.
spading: pitzel ‘osil 26.
span between thumb and forefinger: nob 12; nobil 12.

Spaniard: ta Castilla na 15A2, 19.

Spanish: Spanish language: castillan k’op 13A, 15A2.
translate into Spanish: sutejes ta castillan k’op 13A, 15A2; sutes ta castillan k’op 11A, 15A2.

spanking: pak’el ta majel chak 18B, 21C; pak’el ta majel nakleb 18B, 21C.

spark: nich k’ok’ 1D.

sparkle: japet 8F; leblajet 8F; xojob yan 8F; tajley yan 8F; tilet 8F.
(sunbeam through a crack in the wall, stars): ‘itz’lajet ‘osil 1A, 8F.

sparse: (white hairs, poxes on the body): vajal 7C, 12, 33.

spasms: with spasms: tup’ ‘ik’ 33.

speak: tzaij 13A; k’opoj 13A.
noisily (many people): k’opk’onet 8C1, 13A; k’oplajet 8C1, 13A.
speak abusively: lomlomtik k’opoj 13A.
speak at length: metz’aj 13A.
speak coldly: sik-laman k’opoj 13A; sik-t’ojan k’opoj 13A.
speak confusedly: soket k’opoj 13A; sokol ti‘ k’opoj [speak with confused lips or mouth] 13A, 14B, 14J.
speak deceitfully: tzaibil k’opoj 13A, 16N; tzail-k’opoj 13A, 16N; cha‘ lom k’opoj 13A, 16N; cha‘ lom k’opojtayvan 13A, 16N; chibal-k’opoj [speak twice] 13A, 14J, 16N; jotz’-k’optayvan 13A, 16N.
speak differently: yan k’opoj 8G, 13A.
speak doubtfully: sa‘al ‘olonton k’opoj [speak with searching heart] 13A, 14B6, 14J.
speak elegantly: ‘ajval-k’opoj 13A, 16R; tekpan-k’opoj [speak as a prince] 13A, 14J, 15B, 16R; t’ujum k’opoj 13A, 16R.
speak eloquently: ‘ajval-k’opoj [speak as a lord] 13A, 14J, 16R; tekpanil-k’opoj 13A, 15B, 16R.
speak figuratively: ta na‘-tza k’op k’opoj [speak with imagined words] 13A, 14J.
speak foolishly: Hovi 13A, 16L; Hovil-k’opoj 13A, 16L; HovHovtik k’opoj 13A, 16L.
speak foully or dishonestly: tz’i‘tz’i‘-k’opoj [speak currishly] 13A, 14J, 16N.
speak graciously: ‘utz k’opaj 16F, 16R; la k’opoj 13A, 16R; t’ujum ‘al 13A, 16R.
speak harmoniously: ch’ojonch’ojon k’opoj [speak with ropes] 13A, 14.
speak haughtily: sa‘sa‘-k’opoj 13A, 16Q; toy bail k’opoj 13A, 16Q.
speak hoarsely: sojet k’opoj 13A, 33; sojom k’opoj 13A, 33.
speak impatiently or in a fit of temper: ‘ip k’ak’al k’opoj [speak with much heat] 13A, 14C, 14G, 14J, 16H.
speak importunately: ma‘-ba k’opoj 13A, 16H, 16Q.
speak softly: k’un k’opoj 8C1, 13A; k’un-k’opoj 8C, 13A.
speak straightforwardly: tuk’avil k’opoj 13A, 16D.
speak vainly: ma‘ ba k’opoj 13A, 16L; sa‘sa‘-k’opoj 13A, 16L.
speak with barbs: tz’i‘tz’i‘-k’opoj 13A, 16H, 16Q.
speak with doubt: chib ‘olonton k’opoj [speak with two hearts] 13A, 14B6, 14J.
speak with restraint: ta’al ‘oy k’opoj 13A, 16C, 16G.
speak wittily: ‘utzil lo‘lo k’opoj 13A, 16B, 32; muil lo‘lo k’opoj [speak fragrantly and amusingly] 13A, 14J, 16B, 32.

speaker: jk’op [he of words] 14J; jk’opojel [he of words] 14J.
haughty speaker: jsa‘sa‘-k’op 13A, 16Q; jtoy bail k’op [he of self-raising words] 14J, 16Q.
speaker of vain things: j’ixtol-k’op 16L;
jma‘ ba k’op [he of vain words] 14J, 16L.

speaking: be on speaking terms with: k’opon ba 16D.
not be on speaking terms with: mo ‘oyuk ‘il [not see to be there] 14I, 16H, 20A.
speaking figuratively: ta nopbil k’op 11.

spear: yalbaj 21E2; yalbay 21E2; yalbayab 21E2.

special: jelel 8G; p’ilil 8G; p’ilil ba 8G; yan 8G.
be special: yan tuk 8G.

specially: p’ilil 8G.

specify: biiltas 11.

spectacles: ‘ilvanab 8F, 34.

speculate: na‘-tzai 11; na‘-tzaij 11.

speculation: tza 11; na‘-tzaijel 11.

speculative: speculative person: jtzainom 11, 16C.

speculator: jna‘-tzaijel 27A.

speech: tzaijel 13A; k’op 13A; k’opojel 13A.
be confused in one’s speech: sa‘ k’op [search for words] 13A, 14J, 16L; sok k’op 13A, 16L.
elegant speech: ‘ajval k’op 13A, 16R; tekpan k’op 13A, 15B, 16R.

spend: intricate speech: tz’i‘lel k’op 13A, 16C.
bat ‘u‘un 27; laj ‘u‘un 27.

spice: castillan ‘ich 15A10, 23A1.

spider: chon 6E.
small spider: ‘om 6E.
spider that spins in the forests and whose webs seem like yellow silk: xna ‘om 6E.

spill: mal 10D.

spilt: malbil 10D.
material being spilt: maloj 10D.
material that has been spilt: malben 10D.

spin: nauj 31A; nauy 31A.
(top): ‘ak’otajes 32B.

spindle: ch’alob tuxnok’ 31A; petet 31A.

spindleful: spindleful of thread: petetal 31A.

spindlewhorl: tzek petet [spindle skirt] 14, 31A.

spinner: jnajel 31B; jnaujel 31B.

spinning: najel 31A; naujel 31A.

spinsterhood: mu lekav xanbal 18D.

spiny: ch’ixal 3, 5.

spirit: ‘ik’ [breath, air or wind] 14B5, 35D; Hobil [breath] 14B5, 35D.

spirited: *kata 16B, 16E.
spirited person: bili-ba 16B, 16E; bili-ba vinik 16B, 16E.

spiritedly: walk spiritedly: bili-batik xanav 9A1, 16B, 16E; *katatik xanav 9A1, 16B, 16E.

spiritual: ch’uul 35C.

spit (1): tubil 7B; tubin 7E.

spit (2): voob 22C; voobil 22C.

spittle: likokil 7B.

splinter: ch’uch’ul te‘ 5; jatalul 5.

split: jat 9D, 10E; jatal 9D, 10E; jatbil 9D, 10E; jav 9D, 10E; javbil 9D, 10E; t’ajal 9D, 10E; t’ajalil 9D, 10E; t’ajel 9D, 10E; t’oxbenal 9D, 10E; t’oxli 9D, 10E.
(as the ground, fresh tile or green wood does in the sun): tzik’ 1A, 1B, 9D, 10E; t’aj 1A, 9D, 10E.
(firewood, wood): jat 5, 9D, 10E; jav 5, 9D, 10E; t’ox 9D, 10E.
badly split: t’ajajtik 9D, 10E.
be split in two: cha‘-jech t’oxey 9D, 10E.
deliberately split: t’oxbil 9D, 10E.
split gradually: *chal 2C, 9D, 10E.
split in two: cha‘-jot ‘ayan 9D, 10E, 12A; cha‘-t’ox ‘ayan ‘u‘un 9D, 10E, 12A; cha‘-t’ox cha‘ley 9D, 10E, 12A; cha‘-t’ox t’ox 9D, 10E, 12A.
split open (cotton, ripe pomegranate): jam 5B, 9D, 10E; tuk 5B, 9D, 10E.
split with wedges: pajchuchuy 9D, 28.

spoil: tz’i‘lejes 10E, 23A; tz’i‘ley 10E, 23A; tuib 10E, 23A.

spoiled: tz’i‘leybil 10E, 23A.

spoke: k’ob [arm] 14B10, 25B; rayo 15A11, 25B.

sponge: pok’-ton [slapping stone] 6F, 14.

spongy: jom ta ‘ut 8E; naka jom 8E; pok’d 8E.
spongy quince: pok’ol membrillo 5B, 8E, 15A10.
spongy wood: pok’ol te‘ 5, 8E.

spot: ‘ik’ubal 22E1; pik’ixtay 22E1.

spotted: ‘ik’ubaltik 22E1; pik’ix 22E1; pik’ixtik 22E1.
become spotted: pik’ixtay 22E1.

spouse: (man or woman): nup 18C, 18D.

spout: t’oj 10D.
(of liquid): t’ojel 10D.

sprain: tz’otbenal 33; tz’otel 33; tz’otobil 33; tz’otp’inel 33.
sprain one’s wrist: tzik’ k’ob 33; tzik’esbey k’ob 33.

spray: spray with the mouth: pumalay 7E.

spread: spread news: puk ‘a‘yej 11.
spread out: ‘epuj 3; lich’ 3; lich’anbil 3; lich’bil 3; lich’il 3.
spread out (burden): ‘epub 3.

sprig: k’ob te‘ [tree arm] 5, 14B10.

spring: bulbux 1C; bulinab 1C; lok’eb 1C; ni-nab Ho‘ [sea nose water] 1C, 14B4; ni-o‘ [water nose] 1C, 14B4; xni-nab 1C.
place abounding in springs: bulbuxtik 1C; ni-o‘tik 1C.
rainy season spring: bulbuxtik 1C, 2B.
spring from: ta tojol lok’ 9A1.

sprinkle: vitz’ 1C, 10D; vitz’ Ho‘ 1C, 10D.
(with the hand or hyssop): vitz’es 1C, 10D, 35C.

sprout: ‘unenal [baby] 5, 14H, 26; ‘unenal nich [baby flower] 5, 14H, 26; k’exbon 5, 26; k’exbonaj 5, 26; k’exlomaj 5, 26; lok’ 5, 26; lup 5, 26; ni‘ [nose] 5, 14B4, 26; ni‘in 5, 26; tuk 5, 26; yijub 5, 26.
(plant): lok’ k’exbon 5, 26.
(when partly grown): lok’ te‘el 5, 26.

sprouted: tzakal 5, 26; yijil 5, 26.

sprouting: ch’ixil 5, 26.
(seedling): buchul 5, 26.

spur: espuela 15A9, 25B; julobil caballo 15A9, 25B.

spurt: tok’ 10D.

spy: jpa‘i 8F, 16N, 21E.
spy on: nach’itay 8F, 16N, 21E; nach’itayvan 8F, 16N, 21E; pa‘i 8F, 16N, 21E.
spy who watches the road: jpa‘i-be 8F, 9A1, 16N, 21E.

spying: pa‘i 8F, 16N, 21E.

squadron: j-tos ch’ilom 12A, 21E1; j-tos jyabutil 12A, 21E1.

squander: ch’ay 21D; ch’ay ‘u‘un 21D; laj ‘u‘un 21D; ma‘-batik lajes 21D.

squandered: mu tojoluk bat 21D.
be squandered: laj 21D; ma‘-batik bat 10D, 21D, 27; ma‘-batik laj 10D, 21D, 27; mu vinaj bat [not see where it goes] 10D, 14I, 21D, 27.

squanderer: jlajesvanej 10D, 16P, 21D, 27; ma‘-batik jlajesel 10D, 16P, 21D, 27.

square: chan-xuk’ 3; chan-xuk’es 3.
carpenter’s square: chan-xuk’esabil 3, 26B, 28B.

squared: be squared: chan-xuk’ ‘ayan [have four corners be born] 3, 14, 28.

squash (1): (a kind like a melon): ch’um 5B.
(large and long): mail 5B.
squash cooked in a pit: bontabil mail 23A3.

squash (2): (figs): t’us 5B, 23A.

squat: chotey 7D; chotlej 7D.
make person squat: chotan 7D.

squatting: chotol 7D.

squeak: tz’iet 8C.

squeamish: be squeamish: ‘ibet ‘olonton 16J; xexon ‘olonton [with a vomiting heart] 14B6, 16J.

squeeze: pitz’ 9D.

squeezer: pitz’ob 9D, 22C.

squint: (as when they aim a bow and arrow): tz’e‘-sati [eye sideways] 7E, 8F, 14B2, 21E2.

squint-eyed: tz’o‘tz’o‘ sat 33; tz’o‘el satil 33.

squirrel: chuch 6A1.

stab: jul 9E, 10E, 33; jul ta majel 10E, 33; xen 10E, 33; yalel 10E, 33.
stab with a lance: xen ta majel 10E, 21E2, 33.
stab wound: julbenal 10E, 33; julel 10E, 33.

stabber: jjulvanej 21A.

stable: lo‘bajeb caballo 15A9, 28C1; lo‘bajeb chij 28C1; lo‘ob chij 28C1; na caballo 15A9, 28C1; vayeb caballo 15A9, 28C1.

stack: j-vutz’ 3.

staff: nam-te‘il [distance stick] 9A1, 14.
pilgrim’s staff: nam-te‘il 31C, 35B.

stag: chij 6A1.

stagger: nechnon 7E, 9A1; nik 7E, 9A1; va‘von 7E, 9A1.

stagnant: become stagnant: tz’antzaj 1C, 10E; tz’ant-zayaj 1C, 10E; tz’aney 1C, 10E.

stain: ‘ik’ubal 8F1, 10E, 22E1; kola‘ajes 8F, 10E, 22E1; pik’ixtay 8F, 10E, 22E1.

stained: pik’ix 8F, 10E, 22E1; pik’ixtik 8F, 10E, 22E1.
be stained: kola‘aj 8F, 10E, 22E1.
become stained: pik’ixtay 8F, 10E, 22E1.

stair: muyebal 28D; tek’obal 28D.

stake: stake for hanging things: ‘oy 28D.

stale: ‘ech’om 8D, 23A; tzotz 8D, 23A; k’oxox 8D, 23A; poko‘ 8D, 23A.
grow stale: tzatzub 8D, 23A.
grow stale (bread): takij 8D, 23A.

stallion: mulav caballo [sinful horse] 6A2, 14A, 15A9; nich’naj caballo 6A2, 15A9.
breeding stallion: mulav caballo 6A2, 15A9, 18C; nich’naj caballo 6A2, 15A9, 18C.
horse that takes mares: japivan caballo 6A2, 15A9, 18C.

stamp: sello 9D, 11A, 15A2.
stamp loudly: tek’tonet ‘ok 8C1, 9D; tek’ulan 8C1, 9D.

stand: va‘i 7D.
stand at attention: chan-xuk’ [four corner] 7D, 14.
stand still (animal): kotaj 6G.
stand still (deer, horse): ch’an-chi kotol 6G.
stand still (person): ch’an-chi va‘al 7D.
stand up: va‘i 7D.
stand up (candle): kajan 1D, 4; kajey 1D, 4.
stand up (pole, person): va‘an 4, 7D.

standard: lok’om 20, 21E2, 35B.

standing (1): (human): va‘al 4, 7D.
be standing in heavy growth: kujul 4, 7D.
standing in heavy growth: k’alal 4, 7D.
standing place: va‘leb 4, 7D.
standing position: va‘lej 4, 7D.
standing there: lum va‘al 4, 7D.

standing (2): be of high standing: p’ilil ‘ak’el 20.
be of low standing: bet’bil ‘ak’el 20.
high standing: ‘ak’ol ‘ak’vanej 20; jelel ‘ak’el 20; jelel ‘ak’vanej 20; jelel ‘ayanel 20; p’ilil ‘ak’vanej 20; p’ilil ‘ayanel 20; toyol ‘ayanel 20.
low standing: ‘olon ‘ak’el 20; bet’bil ‘ak’vanej 20; bet’bil ‘ayanel 20.
person in low standing: ‘olon vinik 20; ‘olonil vinik 20; bet’balal 20; bet’bil vinik [pushed down person] 14, 20.
social standing: ‘ak’el 20; ‘ayanel 20.

star: k’anal 1A.
morning star: muk’ta k’anal 2A.

start: (dispute): jut 2, 20A.

started: likesbil 2.

starting: starting point: likel ‘oy 2.

startled: be startled: xi‘ 11.

starvation: ‘uch’uyel 21D, 23A3.

starve: ‘uch’uy 21D, 23A3; ‘uch’uyel ‘a‘i 21D, 23A3.
starve to death: ‘uch’uy 18E, 21D, 23A3.

starving: starving person: j‘uch’ 21D, 23A3; j‘uch’uyel 21D, 23A3.

state: natural state: ‘ayanel 4.

statement: ‘alben 11; ‘utben 11.

statue: joch’bil 10k’ob-bail 30; k’ojbil lok’ob-bail 30; k’ojol ba 30; lok’ob-ba 30.
statue maker: jjoch’ lok’ob bail 30A.

status: rise in status: toy jol [lift one’s head] 14B1, 16C, 20; vik’ sat [have one’s eyes open] 14B2, 16C, 20.

stay: jok’ej 2, 4; kom 2, 4; Halej 2, 4.
person who forces another to stay behind: jtzajal-komesvanej 9A1.
stay overnight: ‘olanabil 2A, 19A.

steal: ‘elk’aj 21A; ‘elk’an 21A; ‘ochan 21A; ‘ocholaj 21A.
be easy to steal: ‘utz ‘elk’anel 21A; ta ‘elk’anel 21A; tak’ ‘elk’anel 21A.
easy to steal: matanal ‘elk’anel [gift robbery] 14, 21A.

stealthily: tiptoe stealthily: k’un-lit’ovaj 7D, 8C1, 9A1, 16N; lit’lonet 7D, 8C1, 9A1, 16N; lit’ovaj 7D, 8C1, 9A1, 16N.

steam: sabtay 1C; sob 1C; sobet 1C.
(wall or cloth): ch’ailay 1C, 22E, 31A.

stem: fruit stem: ‘uxub 5; tzakleb 5.

stench: have stench spread: tuil jik’et 8D.

step: j-kajal 12A; j-koj 12A; tek’van9Al.
(as when we count the steps of a staircase): j-k’ol 12A.
(for ascending): muyebal 28D, 28D1.
step on: tek’ 9A1; tek’van 9A1.
with a soft step: k’un 8C1, 9A1.

stepchild: man’s stepchild: jun nich’on 18C, 18F.
woman’s stepchild: ‘aljun 18C, 18F.

stepmother: jun me‘il 18F.

stepping: stepping stone: ‘ech’eb ‘uk’um 1B, 9A2.

sterile: nap’e 18C, 33; toj te‘ 18C, 33.
become sterile: ‘och ta nap’eil 18C, 33; nap’ey 18C, 33.

sterility: nap’eil 18C, 33; nap’eyel 18C, 33.

stern: ne jom [canoe tail] 9A2, 14B8.

steward: ‘okalpix 35A.
religious steward: jchabi-na 35A.

stick (1): stick being poked into fire: chuchoj 1D, 9E.

stick (2): (birds or feathers in birdlime): tzoytzaj 24.
stick on: nap’ 9D; nap’an 9D; nochan 9D, stick on (graft): tz’ak 9D, 26; tz’ak ba 9D, 26.
stick to: nap’tzaj 9D; nap’lajan 9D; nap’lajet 9D; nochlajet 9D.

sticking: tzoyob 9D; tz’akav 9D.

sticky: ‘ip nap’ap’ul 8E.
(birdlime, honey): nap’ap’ 6E, 8E, 23A, 24.

stiff: stiff with cold: *chalopol 8A, 8E, 33; *chaxopol 8A, 8E, 33.

stiffen: (corpse): *te‘-xochtay 18E; te‘ub [become stick-like] 14, 18E.

still: tana to 2.

sting: (wasp): ti‘ 33.

stink: ‘oy tuil 8D; k’ojoj 8D; laal tuil 8D; xinal 8D; toj ‘ep tuil 8D; tuil 8D.
(coat, shirt): tuib 8D, 31.
begin to stink: xinub 8D.

stinking: (as some meats or human sweat): xin 7B, 8D, 23A2.

stir: juy 9F, 23A3; juyilan 9F, 23A3.
fire being stirred: chuchoj 1D, 9F.
person who stirs: jjuy-Ho‘ 9F, 22A, 23A3.
person who stirs the fire: jchuchvanej 1D, 9F, 22A.
stir the fire: chik’ 1D, 9F; chik’ulan 1D, 9F; chuch k’ok’ 1D, 9F.
stir the fire (causing flames): tiles 1D, 9F.
stir up: bak’es 9F, 21E.

stirred: juybil 9F.
become stirred up (water by wind or storm): nik 1A, 1C; pumlajet 1A, 1C.

stirrer: juyob 22C.
cocoa stirrer: *‘uya 22C.

stirrup: estribo 15A9, 25B; tek’ob tak’in 25B.

stitch: jul 31A.

stockade: joy-te‘ 28C3; makob te‘ 28C3; tenam te‘ 15B, 28C3.
make a stockade: kukub-te‘e 28, 28C3.

stocking: xoj ‘ok 31C; xojobil 31C; xojobil ‘ok 31C.
stocking foot: xojob ‘ut ‘ok 31A; xojobil ‘ut ‘okil 31A.

stomach: tzukutzil 7A1.
pit of the stomach: ni‘ ‘olontonil [nose or end of the heart] 7A1, 14B4.

stone: ten 1B; tenobaj 1B; tenvan 1B; ton 1B.
corner of a stone: xuk’av ton 1B, 3.
lay stones: ch’uban 1B, 28; ch’ubay 1B, 28.
lay stones (as do the officials): ch’ubaj 1B, 20, 28.
most precious stone of all: k’an-ch’ixal ton 27B, 29.
precious stone: jayal ton 27B, 29.
throw (stone): ten 1B, 9B.
throw of a stone: ten 1B, 9B.
throw stones: tenobaj 1B, 9B.
translucent stone: chak-xojan ton 1B, 8F1.

stonecutter: j‘an-ton 28A.

stonemason: jtz’al-ton 28A.

stony: ‘ip ton 1B.

stop: ‘olan 2; ch’anantas 2; ch’ani 2; ch’anies 2; kiktzaj 2; maktzajes 2; maktzan 2.
(animal): kotaj 2, 6G.
(bleeding): mak 2, 7E, 33; paj 2, 7E, 33.
stop in one’s tracks: ch’ani ta ‘anil 2, 9A1; komtzaj 2, 9A1; va‘an ba 2, 9A1.
stop moving (inanimate object): kiktzaj 2, 9A1; komtzaj 2, 9A1; naktzaj 2, 9A1.

stopped: kikil 2.

store: tienda 15A2, 27, 28C2.
shut up: nak’ 9C.
store in one’s mind (to do or say at a later date): tz’ibay ta ‘olonton [write in one’s heart] 2, 13A, 14B6.

storekeeper: jchabi-tienda 15A2, 27A; jchon-p’olmal 27A; jchonojel 27A.

storeroom: chabiabil 28C2, 28D.

stork: sak-‘ichi 6B1.

stormy: be stormy: tinet ‘ik’ 1A; tinet Ho‘ 1A, 1C.

story: ‘alobil 11; kuyel 11; kuyobil 11.
tell stories: ‘abtelan 11; kuy 11; vokolij 11; vokolin 11.

stove: pus 1D, 22C.

straight: melel 3; meleluk 3; tojol 3; tojoluk 3; tuk’tuk’ 3.
(upright poles): va‘al 3, 28; va‘aluk 3, 28.

straighten: tz’otan 3, 10A; tz’otli 3, 10A; tz’otp’ijes 3, 10A; tz’otp’in 3, 10A.
straighten a crooked staff or stick: patz’ 3, 10A.
straighten with one’s hands (beam): tojobtas 3, 7E1, 10A, 28.

straightforward: tojol 16D.

straightforwardness: tojol k’op [straight words] 14J, 16D; tojol xanbal [straight life or walk] 14, 16D.

strain: (through a cloth): chichin 23A3.

strainer: chichinab 22C; chichinabil 22C.

strait (1): bik’tal nab 1C.

strait (2): strait times (with hunger): yubul ‘osil [narrow time] 14E, 21D.

strange: toj yantik 8G.

stranger: mo li‘ukna 8G, 19.

strangle: jiban 18E, 21A; mil 18E, 21A.

strangled: jibbil 18E, 21A; milbil 18E, 21A.
animal or person being strangled: miloj 6, 18E, 21A.
strangled animal or person: milben 6, 18E, 21A.

strap: cap (or) hat strap: ‘ak’il 31C.
leather helmet strap: ch’ajnul 21E2.

strapado: likanel ta ch’ojon 21C.

straw: jobel 5, 25.

stray: stray off the line or path: k’ejp’uj 9A1, 10D; nijp’uj 9A1, 10D.

stream: bik’tal ‘uk’um 1C; bik’tal Ho‘ 1C.

streambed: dry streambed: taki-‘uk’um 1C, 8B; taki tontik [dry rocks] 1C, 8B, 14.

street: ‘ol nanatik [heart houses] 9A1, 14B6, 19.

strength: ‘ip 7C, 16E; ‘ipajel 7C, 16E; bak-julanil 7C, 16E; tzatzubel 7C, 16E; tzatzubtasel 7C, 16E; yijil 7C, 16E; yijubel 7C, 16E.
(man): tzatzal 7C, 16E.
regain one’s strength: ‘ipaj 16E, 34; tzatzub 16E, 34; pas ba 16E, 34.

strengthen: ‘ipajes 16E, 28; ‘och tzatzubeb ‘u‘un 7E, 16E, 28; ‘ocn tzatzubesabil ‘u‘un 7E, 16E, 28; tzatzubes 7E, 16E, 28; tzatzubtas 7E, 16E, 28; yijubes 7E, 16E, 28.

strengthened: be strengthened: ‘ipaj 7E, 16E, 28.

stretch: xach’ 9D.
place where cloth is stretched out: k’ianabil 9D, 31A; k’iebal 9D, 31A.
stretch out: k’i 9D; k’ian 9D; xach’omaj 9D.
stretch out (clothing, cloth): k’i 9D, 31A.

stride: lengthen one’s stride: xach’ 7E, 9A1.

strike: person who strikes or wounds another with a hammer or rammer jten-tak’in 21A, 21E2; jtenvanej 21C, 21E2.
strike with one’s fist: tij ta majel ta k’ob 9D, 21C.

string: (beads): tz’is 7E1, 31E.
(garlic): tz’isbil tuix 3, 5B; j-jil ajos 3, 5B, 15A10.
(garlic, onions): choj 3, 5B; ch’ajnuybil tuix 3, 5B; j-jil 3, 5B.
(onions): jilbil tuix 3, 5B.
string of beads: j-choj cuentas 3, 12A, 15A4, 31E; j-jil cuentas 3, 12A, 15A4, 31E.

striped: kapal bon 8F1; kapal naul 8F1.
striped cloth (with stripes of one color): *‘ibal pok’ 8F1, 31A.

strong: ‘ik 16E; ‘ip 16E; ‘ip tzatzal 16E; bak-julan 16E; tzotz 16E.
(animal): ‘ip‘ip 6, 16E.
be strong (like a bone): ch’ijch’onet 7A1, 16E.
become strong: tzatzub 7E, 16E; yijub 7E, 16E.
become strong (sun, rain, wind, child): ‘ipaj 1A, 1C, 7E, 16E, 18B.
not be strong enough: mu tabey ‘ipal 16L, 33.
strong person: yijil vinik 7C, 16E.

struggle: poch’i 20A; poch’i ba 20A; poch’iel 20A; poch’ivanej 20A.

stubborn: stubborn person: jma‘ ba k’op [he of vain words] 14J, 16K.

stubbornly: ma‘-batik 16K.

stuck: kakal 4.
(unable to be pushed in or pulled out): kikil 4.
be stuck between two objects (as trees that fall and are caught in the branches of others): kaktzaj 4.
become stuck: tz’akoj ba 4; kiktzaj 4.
stuck on: nap’anbil 4; nap’bil 4; nochanbil 4.

student: jchan-k’op [learner of words] 11A, 14J; jchan-Hun [paper learner] 11A, 14.

studiously: toj mak’linej 11A.

study: chanantas ba 11A; p’ijub 11A.
(in school): chan k’op 11A; chan Hun 11A.
study music: chan k’eyoj 11A, 32A.
study of music or singing: chanob k’eyoj 11A, 32A.
study of Spanish: chanob castillan k’op 11A, 15A2.
study of the doctrine: chanel k’op dios 11A, 15A1, 35C.

stuff: tek’ 9E.
(food into one’s mouth): kam 9E, 23A4.
stuff in (with the hand): net’ 7E1, 9E; net’ ta nojesel 7E1, 9E; net’bil nojes 7E1, 9E.
stuff in by stepping on: tek’ ta nojesel 9E.
stuff oneself: pul 9E, 23A4; pules 9E, 23A4.

stuffed: kik’bil 9E; nojesbil 9E.
be stuffed in: net’bil nojel 9E.
be stuffed with food: sit 9E, 23A4.
feel stuffed: ton-ch’utuy [have rock-like stomach] 9E, 14, 23A4.
feeling stuffed: ton-ch’utuyel 9E, 23A4.
person stuffed with food: jsitel 23A4.

stumble: tz’ukulin ‘ok 9A1; tz’ukulinel ‘ok 9A1.
object one stumbles over: tz’ukulinabil ‘okil 9A1; p’osiabil ‘okil 9A1.
stumble over: p’osi ‘ok 9A1.
stumble over dirt: tz’ukulin lum 1B, 9A1.

stumbling: p’osiel ‘ok 9A1.

stump: chuman te‘ 5.

stung: badly stung: ti‘bentik 6G, 33.

stunned: be stunned: samet ‘osil [feel darkening time] 14E, 33; sutet ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel ground whirling around] 14E, 33.

stupefaction: pek’ail 33.

stupefied: be stupefied: bolib 33; ch’ay ch’ulel [lose one’s soul] 14B7, 14C, 33; mu ‘a‘i ba [not feel oneself] 14C, 33; pek’aub 33.

stupefy: bolibes 33; pek’aubtas 33.

stupid: bol 16L; kokkok 16L; mak-bol 16L; mak-bolil 16L; mo ‘oyuk p’ijil 16L; naka k’op [just words] 14J, 16L; ton-kok 16L; HovHovtik ba 16L.
be stupid: mo ‘oyuk ch’ulum-ti‘il [not have polished lips or mouth] 14B5, 16L; mo k’usi na‘ 16L.
stupid person: bolil vinik 16L; *linko vinik 16L; mak-bol vinik 16L; mak-bolil vinik 16L; naka vinik 16L; pek’a vinik 16L; *Hona vinik 16L.

stupidity: bolil 16L; kokil 16L; mak-bolil 16L; pek’ail k’op [stupid or incompetent words] 14J, 16L; ton-kokil [stone deafness] 14, 16L.

sturdy: yij 16E.

stutter: sesentik ‘ok’ 13A, 33; sesentik k’opoj 13A, 33.

stutterer: jsesen-‘ok’ 13A, 33; jsesen-‘ok’il 13A, 33.

style: ‘ilel 3; talel 3; Hech pasel 3; Hech talel 3.

subdue: subdue self: bik’tajes ba [make oneself small] 14F2.

subject (1): ‘alantas 16E; ‘alantasbil 16E; bet’ 16E; bet’oj 16E.

subject (2): have subject be revived: ‘ayan k’op 13A;
cha‘-‘epaj k’op 13A; cha‘-vinaj k’op 13A.
subject being studied: chanob 11A.
subject to be studied: chanbol 11A.
what is the subject?: k’usi j-tekuk ‘al 13A; k’usi ta k’op 13A; k’usi ta k’oplal k’opoj 13A.

subjected: bet’bil 16J.

subjection: ‘alantasej 16F; ‘alantasel 16F; bet’oj 16F.

submerge: mules 1C, 9A2, 9C.
(ship, canoe): mul ch’ay 1C, 9A2, 9C, 10E; pul ch’ay 1C, 9A2, 9C, 10E.

submit: ‘alantas 16F; ‘alantas ba 16F; bik’tajes ba [reduce oneself] 14, 14F2, 16F.
submit to: ‘och ta ‘olon 16F; pas ba ta ‘olon [make oneself at the bottom] 14, 16F.

submitted: ‘ak’ebil 16F; ‘etesbil 16F.

substitute: ‘ak’ k’exol 16N; ‘ak’ lok’ol 16N; k’exbon 16N; k’exel 16N; k’exol 16N; k’extay 16N; lok’ol 16N; jlok’tay 16N.

subtle: muk’ k’op [big words] 11, 13A, 14J; muk’ ta k’op 11, 13A; toj ‘utz 11; toj lek ‘ilel 11; toj lek tzaibil pasel 11.

subtlety: ‘utzil 11; lekil 11.

suburb: ti‘ nanatikil na [mouth or edge of the houses] 14B5, 19.

succeed: yal ta k’exol 16C; Halej 16C.
succeed in: nat ‘il [see far] 14I, 16C; natij lek [go good and far] 14, 16C.

succeeded: be succeeded by: k’exey batel 18F, 20.

successful: ‘utzintasbil 16C.
successful person: j‘utzintasvanej 16C.

successor: k’exolil 18F, 20; lok’ol 18F, 20.

such: Hech 8G.
such a thing: chak Hech 8G.
such as: Ha‘ Hech 8G.

suck: (as when they suck a bone): tz’utz’un 7E, 23A4.
(as when they suck their fingers or lick the bowl): butz’ 7E, 23A4.
(as when they suck their lips after drinking): pach’ ti‘ 7E, 23A4.
show desire to suck (baby): tzobtzob tzobilan 7E, 18B.

sucked: object being sucked: tz’utz’unej 7E.

sucker: k’exbon 5.
produce suckers (tree): k’ex 5; k’exbonaj 5.

sucking: (animal): chu‘nom 6G.

suddenly: j-likel 2C; toj likel 2C.

sue: sue at law: k’an ch’akel ta tz’el 20A.
sue at law (criminal, debtor, accuser): jam ta tz’el jch’akel 20A, 21A, 27.

suede: josbil nukul 31A; sak-jos 31A.

suffer: (allowing others to be saved as when the Innocents died instead of the Christians): maki ya 16A, 16J, 35C.
person who suffers for another: jmakiej-ya 16J.
suffer for another: makibey 16J.
suffer for another’s sins: tz’ik 16J; laj ta tojol 16J; yain 16J.
suffer from: *tzein 16J, 33.

suffering: *tze 16J, 33; ya 16J, 33.
suffering of the soul: ‘olontonil ya 16J, 35C; ‘olontonil yaijel 16J, 35C.

sugarcane: vale‘ 5B.
sugarcane press: pitz’ob vale1 23A3.

suit: suit at law: k’oplal 20A.

suitable: lek ‘oy 16A.
consider if suitable: ‘ich’ tza 16A.

sulphur: lum ch’ameb k’ok’ 1B; lum nop’eb k’ok’ 1B; nop’eb k’ok’ 1B; ton ch’ameb k’ok’ 1B.

sum: ‘atel 12.

summer: ‘et’es k’ak’altik 2B; k’ak’altikil ‘osil [sunny time] 2B, 14E; k’epel ‘osil [dry time] 2B, 14E; k’inal k’ak’al 2B.
(dry season): k’ak’altik [hot season] 2B, 8B, 14G.

summery: k’ak’altikil 2B.

summon: ‘albey 13B; tek’ 13B.
person who brings or summons another by force: jtzajal-‘ik’vanej 9D.
summon before the judge: ‘ik’ ta ‘ichon jch’akel 13B, 20A.
summon importunately: bot’ol-‘ik’ 13B, 16Q.

summoned: tek’bil 13B.

sun: k’ak’al [heat] 1A, 14G.
have the sun set: mal k’ak’al 2A.

sunbeam: xojob 1A; xojobil k’ak’al 1A.

Sunday: domingo2B, 15A3.
referring to Sunday: domingoil 2B, 15A3.

sunk: mulbil 3; mulul 3.

sunken: lom 3; lomol 3; potz’ 3; potz’ol 3; potz’olpotz’ol 3; potz’potz’ 3; *vuch 3; *vuchul 3; *vuchulvuchul 3; *vuchvuch 3.
(ground): pulultik 1B, 3.
(ground, valleys, house floor where there are depressions): pulpul 1B, 3.
slightly sunken: lomollomol 3.
slightly sunken (valleys): lomlom 1B, 3.
sunken in many places: lomomtik 3; potz’otz’tik 3.

sunrise: jameb k’ak’al [opening place of sun or heat] 2A, 14G; lok’eb k’ak’al 2A; nach’eb k’ak’al [peeking place of sun or heat] 2A, 14G.

superfluous: ma‘-tuul 12.
be superfluous: mo k’u tuun 12; mo tuun 12.

superfluously: ma‘-tuultik 12.

supplement: amount added to achieve completion: tz’akiab 12.

supplicated: Hapbil ti‘ 13B.

supplication: make supplication: Hap ti‘il 13B.

supplied: ‘ayanajesbil 10B; ‘elmajesbil 10B; tz’akal 10B.

supply: ‘ayanajcs 10C.

support: ‘ipajes 9A1; tz’akubtas 10C, 21D, 27; k’un-lik ta muyel 9B; k’un-toy 9B; mak’lin 10C, 21D, 27; sak-*ti‘in 10C, 21D, 27; yain 10C, 21D, 27.
support oneself: ‘ipajes ba 7D; tz’itas ba 27; mak’lin ba 27; mak’linej ba 27; sak-*ti‘in ba 27; ve‘eltas ba 27.

suppose: ‘a‘ 11.

supposedly: la 11.

surety: ‘ak’el ta Hatzil 16D, 27B; lok’el 16D, 27B.

surface: ‘elov 3.

surfeited: be surfeited: noj 9E, 23A4.

surgeon: surgeon’s case: ‘av tak’in 34; chu‘uy tak’in 34; na tak’in 34.
surgeon’s instrument: poxtayab tak’in 34.

surname: jol biil [head name] 14B1, 18F; k’atajeb biil [transformation name] 14, 18F; sutejeb biil 18F; talel 18F; tasal 18F; vinajeb bi 18F; vinajeb biil 18F; yaya biil 18F.
(of the tribes that they once had): jolimal biil 18F, 21B.

surpass: ‘ech’ 16C; jel 16C; jelav 16C; jelbey 16C.

surpassed: ‘ech’bil 16C; jelbil 16C.

surround: joy 9C; joyin 9C.

surveyor: jvok’-lum 19B, 28A.

suspect: chib ‘olonton ‘u‘un [have two hearts towards] 11, 14B6; chib ‘olonton ta tojol [have two hearts toward] 11, 14B6; k’opoj ‘olonton [have one’s heart speak] 11, 14B6, 14J; nop 11; nop ta ‘olonton [think in one’s heart] 11, 14B6.
be suspect: nopey 11.
be very suspect: ‘ep nopel 11.

suspended: be suspended and about to fall: liktzaj 4.

suspense: cha‘-p’el tza 16J.
person in suspense: jcha‘ p’el tza 16J; jchibal-‘olonton 16J.

suspicious: person who is suspicious: jnop-k’op 16J; jnopvanej 16J.

sustenance: ‘ipajebal 23A.
competent sustenance appointed to person entering the priesthood: ‘ech’eb ‘osil 23A, 35C; ‘et’esab ‘osil 23A, 35C.

swallow (1): ‘uch’ 7E, 23A4; ‘um 7E, 23A4.
(chewed object or drink): bik’ 7E, 23A4.
be easy to swallow: tak’ ‘umel 7E, 23A.
swallow whole: bik’ 7E, 23A4.
swallow whole as chickens swallow corn: bil 6G, 7E, 23A4.

swallow (2): xjaval ‘ek’en 6B1.

swallowable: be swallowable: ‘umel ‘umey 7E, 23A.

swarm: busbon 3, 6G, 12; tik’ton 3, 6G, 12.
swarm of honeybees: tzobol ‘aja-pom 3, 6E, 6G, 12.

sway: nechnon 9A1; nik 9F; va‘von 9F.

swear: ‘al bi dios 13A, 15A1, 16D, 35C; pas juramento 13A, 15A2, 16D, 20; tij ta ‘alel bi dios [strike by saying or mention God’s name] 13A, 14J, 15A1, 16D, 35C.
swear in vain: bet’ juramento 13A, 15A2, 16D.
swear to God: Hap ti‘il 13A, 15A1, 16D, 35C.
swear while making sign of the cross: p’is cruz 13A, 15Al, 16D, 35C.

sweat: ‘ach’ 8B; chik’il 7B; lok’ chik’ 7E.
(glass): ‘uch’et 8B; ‘uch’li 8B; ‘uch’van 8B.
place where one sweats: chik’inabil 4, 7B, 27D; chik’inebal 4, 7B, 27D.

sweatbath: pus 7G, 8A, 8B, 28D1, 34.
person who takes a sweatbath: pusivil 7G, 8A, 8B, 34.
take a sweatbath: pusin 7G, 8A, 8B, 34.

sweating: (glass): ‘ach’et 1C, 8B, 22C.

sweep: mes 22E; mesav 22E; mesoj 22E.

sweet: Chi‘ 8D.
become sweet: chi‘ub 8D.

swell: noj 3, 9E; sit 3, 9E; situb 3, 9E.
(boil, bruise): lik petluk 9E, 33.
(boils): lik t’elluk 9E, 33; lik vajluk 9E, 33.
be made to swell by stepping on and stuffing in: bet’bil nojel 3, 9E; tek’bil nojel 3, 9E; tik’bil nojel 3, 9E.
make swell: nojes 3, 9E.
make swell by stepping on and stuffing in: tek’bil nojes 3, 9E; tik’bil nojes 3, 9E.

swelling: sit 33; sitel 33; situbel 33.
have large swellings: vo‘ey 33.
pus-filled swelling: sit pojov 33.
with a large swelling: vo‘ol 33; vo‘vo‘ 33.
with large swellings: bujujtik 33; vo‘otik 33.

swift: swift person or thing: j‘anil 2C.

swiftness: ‘anil 2C.

swim: nux 9A2.
swim across: p’as ta nuxel 9A2.
swim underwater: muk jol [bury one’s head] 9A2, 9C, 14B1; mukula‘aj 9A2, 9C; mul jol 9A2, 9C.

swimmer: nuxom 9A2.

swimming: swimming place: nuxobil 4, 9A2.

swing: (hammock): jin 22D.

swollen: sit 33.
be swollen: situbel ‘a‘i 33.

sword: espada 15A7, 21E2; majob tak’in 21E2.

sympathize: chamolaj 16A; chamolan 16A; tup’olaj 16A; tup’olan 16A.

syringe: tak’in 25B, 34.

T

table: mesa 15A5, 22B.
dinner table: ve‘ebal 22B; ve‘ebal mesa 15A5, 22B.

tablecloth: but’iabil mesa 15A5, 22D; manteles 15A5, 22D.

tablet: bik’tal tenal te‘ 22B; ch’iom tenel te‘ 22B.

taffy: melcocha 15A10, 23A1; panbil pom 23A1.

taffy-seller: jchon panbil pom 27A; melcochero 15A10, 27A.

tail: (of an animal): neal 6F; neil 6F.

tailor: jtz’isom 31B; jtz’isvanej 31B.

take: ‘ich’ 10B; tzak 10B.
take a handful to put down: jopopan 7E1, 9B, 10B.
take a little ways: lok’lok’es 9B.
take away: ‘ich’ batel 10B, 10D.
take away from: lok’esbey 10B, 10D.
take live animals: ‘ik’ batel 6.
take one’s place: bet’ 4, 9B.
take out: lok’es 10B, 10D.
take out a little ways: juteb lok’es 9B.
take place: Hu‘ 2C.
taken out: lok’esbil 10B, 10D; lok’ol 10B, 10D.

talent: ‘a‘ivanej 16C; tza 16C; tzaijel 16C.

talk: tzaij 13A;k’opoj 13A;k’opojel 13A;k’opon 13A; pisil k’op 13A.
base talk: mu‘natil k’op 13A, 16P.
brief talk: bik’tal k’op 13A.
childish talk: ‘unetikil k’op 13A, 18B.
circuitous or obscure talk: joyol k’op 13A.
currish talk: tz’i‘il k’op 13A, 16P.
deceitful talk: tzaibil k’op 13A, 16N; cha‘-lom k’op [two time talk] 13A, 14J, 16N; cha‘-lom k’opojel 13A, 16N; chibal k’op [double talk] 13A, 14J, 16N.
devilish talk: pukujil k’op 13A, 16P.
din of mirthful or quarrelsome talk: ch’ijetel 8C1, 13A, 16B, 16H, 20A.
din of mirthful or quarrelsome talk, discord: kuletel 8C1, 13A, 16B, 16H, 20A.
elegant talk: lekil k’op 13A, 16R; t’ujum k’op 13A, 16R.
enigmatic talk: mochilanbil k’op [knotted word] 13A, 14J.
foolish talk: Hoviel 13A, 16L; Hovil k’op 13A, 16L.
harsh talk: tzatzal k’op 13A, 16H, 16I; k’ak’al k’op [hot word] 13A, 14J, 16H, 161.
holy or modest talk: ‘utzil k’op 13A, 16A, 16C, 16F, 16G, 35C.
humiliating talk: k’exlal k’op 13A, 16M; namal k’op 13A, 16M.
illicit talk: ‘ol labal k’op 13A, 16P, 21A.
infernal talk: k’atin-bakil k’op 13A, 16P, 35C.
ingenuous or straightforward talk (when one speaks plainly like a child): tuk’avil k’op 13A, 16D, 18B.
jealous or envious talk: ‘it’ixal k’op 13A, 16H.
lengthy talk: natil k’op 13A.
lustful talk: mulal k’op 13A, 18C.
make a din with mirthful or quarrelsome talk: ch’ijet 8C1, 16B, 16H; k’ulet 8C1, 16B, 16H, 20A.
talk against: nak ta k’op 16H; nakvan ta k’op 16H.
talk of many as in a cofradia: ch’ijetel 8C1, 13A, 35C; k’uletel 8C1, 13A, 35C.
time-consuming talk: jok’tzajel k’op 2, 13A.
womanly talk: ‘antzil k’op 13A, 18C.

talkative: p’ijil ti‘ 13A, 16C.
talkative person: j‘al-k’op 13A, 16C; j‘epal-k’op 13A, 16C; j‘epal-ti‘ 13A, 16C; j‘ich’-k’op 13A, 16C; jk’opk’onel 13A, 16C.

talking: k’opojel 13A.

tall: nat natil 3; natil 3.
(creatures): nat ‘akan 3, 6.

tamale: bean tamale: chenk’ul vaj 23A1.
chicken tamale: tuluk’il vaj 23A2.
fish tamale: chayal vaj 23A2.

tambourine: nukulil vob 32A1.
tambourine player: jpak’-vob 32A.

tame: *kojem 6, 25; *kojibtas 25; laan 6, 25; laanejes 25.
become tame: ‘ech’ ‘olonton [have one’s heart pass] 6, 14B6, 25; *kojib 6, 25; laanej 6, 25; sikub ‘olonton [have one’s heart grow cold] 6, 14B6, 14G, 25.
tame a bull: ch’anantas vacas 25.
tame a horse: ch’anantas caballo 15A9, 25.

tamed: be tamed (animal): nop ‘a‘i 25.

tameness: laanil 6.

tanner: jk’a‘esej-nukul 31B; jp’asvanej 31B.

taper: large taper with four wicks: tz’otbil candela 1D, 15A5, 22C; muk’ta candela 1D, 15A5, 22C.

tardy: tardy person: jHa‘al 2; jHalejel 2.

taste: ‘a‘i 8D; jech’ 8D; lek’ 8D; ti‘ 8D.
(as when we say he has good or bad taste): lek’el 16C.
delicious taste: muil lo‘el 8D.
sense of taste: lek’ 8D.
taste delicious: mu ‘a‘i 8D; mu ti‘el 8D.
taste each one: ju-jun tal ‘a‘i 8D, 23A4.
taste the lord’s food: ‘a‘ibey ve‘el ‘ojov 8D, 23A4; ‘a‘ibey ve‘ob 8D, 23A4.

tasteless: mo ‘oyuk muil ‘uch’el 8D; mo ‘oyuk muil lo‘el 8D; mo ‘oyuk muil ve‘el 8D; mo‘yuk lo‘el 8D.

la tar: xok ‘e 33; xokil ‘eal 33.

tattle: jotz’-k’optay [drag out and speak against] 13A, 14J, 16N; joyjoy-k’optay [speak around and against] 13A, 14J, 16N; lob-k’optay [speak against maliciously] 13A, 14J, 16N.

tauten: (tendons): tzub ba 7E.

tavern: chonob chi‘ 23B, 28C2; chonob vino 23B, 28C2.

tavern keeper: jchon-chi‘ 23B, 27A.

tawny: k’un ‘ik’ 8F1; k’un tzojtzoj 8F1; k’un sak 8F1.
tawny person: sak-*jachan vinik 8F1.

tax: jamob bail [self opener] 14, 27D; patan 27D.
collect taxes: ‘ich’ patan 10B, 27D; ‘ich’ tak’in 10B, 27D; tzob ‘ikatz 10B, 27D; tzob patan 10B, 27D; Fan patan 10B, 27D.
compulsory tax: tzajal patan [red tribute] 14D1, 27D.
pay tax: ‘al patan 10C, 27D; pak patan 10C, 27D.
tax collection: ‘ich’el patan 10B, 27D; tzobel patan 10B, 27D; k’anel patan 10B, 27D.
tax collector: jtzob-patan 10B, 27D.

taxation: person exempt from taxation: ‘ol vinik [heart person] 14B6, 27D.

taxpayer: pata-vinik 27D; jpatnejel 27D.

teach: ‘ak’bey tza 11; tzitz 11; chanantas 11; p’ijubtas 11.

teacher: jchanantasvanej 11.

tear (1): ‘a‘lel satil 7B.

tear (2): ch’ak 10E; ch’akalul 10E; ch’i‘ 10E; ch’i‘ilul 10E; ch’utul 10E; jat 10E; jatalul 10E; jatel 10E; lo‘olil 10E; tuch’ 10E.
(clothing): jat 10E, 31A.
tear down: jines 10E.
tear down (house, building): jin 10E, 28C.
tear to pieces (cloth): jisulan 10E, 31A.
tear up: ch’ay 10E.

tearing: keep tearing: jatulan 10E.

teeth: brush one’s teeth: pokilan ‘e 7G.
clean one’s teeth: suk’ ‘e 7G.
front teeth: bail 7A1.
lose or remove one’s teeth: puk’um ‘e 7E, 10D.
pick one’s teeth: luch ‘e 7G; pok ‘e 7G; p’ichuy ‘e 7G; xen ‘e 7G.

tell: ‘albey 13A; ‘ut 13A.

temper: k’ak’al [heat] 14G, 16H.
(metal): tojol 29.
temper on the forge: ‘ich’ tojol ‘u‘un 29.

temples: jayal xokon jolol 7A.

tempt: *‘aal-k’optay 16P.
tempt and win over: ‘aley 16C.

temptation: *‘aal 16P; *‘aal k’op [sinful or tempting words] 14J, 16P; ‘al 16P.
give in to temptation: ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton [put in one’s heart] 14B6, 16P; ‘aleyey 16P; yal ta ‘al 16P; yal ta jotz’ 16P; yal ta mulil 16P.
resist temptations: ‘ilan tzitzo‘ [one’s counsel denies] 16A; ‘ilan k’op [deny words] 14J.

ten: lajuneb 12.

tender: k’un 8E; k’un to 8E; laan 8E; yaman 8E.
very tender: k’un 8E; k’un-yaman 8E; k’unk’un 8E; laan 8E.

tenderness: ‘unenal 8E; k’unil 8E; laanil 8E.

tepid: k’ix-mukan 8A; k’un k’ixin 8A.

tepidness: k’ix-mukanil 8A; k’unil 8A.

termination: ch’aniab 2; ch’anieb 2; ch’aniel 2.

terrible: ‘ila‘al ba 16I, 16P.
be terrible: ‘ilo ba 16I, 16P; kolo‘ ba ‘oy ‘ik’ 16I, 16P.
be terrible (person, animal): xi‘benaj ba 6, 16I, 16P.

terrified: be terrified: xi‘ 16J.

territory: lekoj 19; nopol 19; vinkilel 19.

test: ‘a‘i 11; ‘a‘ibey ’ olonton [feel one’s heart] 14B6.
test each one: ju-jun tal ‘a‘i 11.
test in many ways: k’an ‘ilbey ‘olonton [want to see one’s heart] 11, 14B6.

testicle: tonilil 7A, 18C.

testify: ‘al 20A; va‘an ba ta testigo 15A2, 20A.
testify falsely against person: lotbey k’op 16N, 20A, 21A; nap’anbey k’op [stick words on] 14J, 16N, 20A, 21A.

tether: tzoy 6, 9C, 25.

thank: na‘ ‘aboltayel 13A, 16A; na‘ ‘aboltayvanej 13A, 16A; na‘bey ‘aboltayel ‘u‘un 13A, 16A; na‘bey ‘aboltayvanej 13A, 16A.

thankful: be thankful: na‘ ‘aboltayvanej 13A, 16A.

that: Ha‘ 36.
(when far off): taj ta jech 4; taj toe 4.

that’s: that’s it!: Ha‘ 13A.

thatch: sik’av 5, 28; sik’ay 5, 28.
(for houses, with a rather wide leaf): ‘anal jobel 5, 28D.

thatching: sik’avej 28.

the: te 36.

theft: ‘ochol 21A.

then: te 2.
(in the future): bak’in 2.
(in the past): bak’ni 2.

then!: Ha‘ ‘oy 13A.

there: te4.
over there: lum toe 4; lume 4.
over there (when near): lumlume 4.

therefore: ‘u‘un 17; Ha‘ takoj 17.

thick: tot 3.
become thick: tatub 3.
make thick: tatubes 3; tatubtas 3.
make twice as thick (cord, thread): k’am 3, 12, 31A.

thicken: (very thin knife blade that is fortified by adding metal to it): pimubtas 3, 12, 29; tijubtas 3, 12, 29.

thickened: object that is thickened: k’amoj 3, 12.

thicket: tz’i‘leltik 5; voymoltik 5.

thickness: tatal 3.

thigh: ‘o‘il 7A; ‘okil 7A.

thin: (liquid): yax-chivan 3; yaxa-Ho‘ 3.
(round object): bik’it 3.
(wide object): joy 3.
become thin: kak ba 3.
become thin (liquid): yaxaub [become gray] 14D2.
become, grow thin: bakub 3, 12.
grow thin: takin-bat 3, 12.
grow thin (clothing, person): jayub 3, 7E, 31.
make thin: bakubes 3, 12; jayubes 3, 12; jayubtas 3, 12.
thin out: tek’eltek’el lok’es 3, 10D, 26.
thin out (lettuce, trees): tek’ek’tik lok’es 3, 10D, 26.
very thin (board): jay-latzan 3, 12.
very thin (mule): jay-lichan 3, 6A2.

thing: j-tek 12A.

think: ‘a‘i 11; ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton [put in one’s heart] 11, 14B6; ‘at ‘olonton [have one’s heart count] 11, 14B6; ‘at tza [count one’s thoughts] 11; tzai 11; tzaij 11; chi 11; na‘-tzai 11; na‘-tzaij 11.
think frequently: *‘oyo‘oyo ‘at ‘olonton 11; *‘oyo‘oyo na‘ 11.
think mistakenly: ‘a‘ 11.
think well of: ‘oy ‘ik’ ‘a‘i 16D; ‘utzil-nop 16D; ta ‘utzil k’op nop [think good words] 14J, 16D.

thinking: frequent thinking: *‘oyo‘oyo ‘atel ‘olontonil 11; *‘oyo‘oyo tzaijel 11.

thinned: tek’ek’tik lok’esbil 10D, 26; tek’eltek’el lok’esbil 10D, 26.
be thinned out: tek’eltek’el lok’ 10D, 26.

thinness: jayubel 3; taki-batel 3.

third: ‘ox 12; ‘ox——12; ‘oxib 12.
a third: ‘ox-jechel 12A; ‘ox-jov 12A; ‘oxtekel 12A.
third person: ‘ox-va‘al 12A.

thirst: taki-ti‘il [dry mouth or lips] 8B, 14B5; takin ti‘ 8B; takinal ti‘ 8B.

thirsty: be thirsty: takin ti‘ 8B.

thirteen: ‘ox-lajuneb 12.

thirteenth: ‘ox-lajun-vo‘ 12; ‘ox-lajuneb 12.

thirty: lajuneb cha‘-vinik 12, 12A.

this: li‘ 36; li‘ to 36; Ha li‘ 36; Ha li‘ to 36.

thistle: ch’ix 5A; ch’ixal ‘itaj 5A.
thistle stock: tomal 5A.

thorn: ch’ixal 5; sak-ch’ix 5A.

thorny: thorny place: ch’ixtik 5.

though: even though: Hechuk ‘ox pisil 17; Hechuk pisil 17.

thought: ‘atel ‘olonton 11; tza 11; tzaijel 11.
thought of: tzaibil 11.

thoughtful: thoughtful person: jtzaijel 16A.

thousand: one thousand: lajun-vinik ‘ox-bok’ 12, 12A.

thread: j-jil no 31A; naul 31A; no 31A.
(counting): j-lik no 12A, 31A.
spindleful of thread: j-petetal 12A, 31A; petet 31A; petetal 31A.
thread a needle: naultas 31A.
threads of threadbare cloth: lajemal 31A; naka ‘akil lajemal 31A.

threat: sibtas 16J; sibtasvanej 16J.

three: ‘ox——12; ‘ox‘ox 12; ‘oxib 12.
three day period: ‘oxej k’in 2B, 12.
three days: ‘ox-k’in 2B, 12A.
three days ago: ‘oxjey 2B, 12; chabjeychabjey 2B, 12.
three months ago: yoxibal yual 2B, 12; yoxil ‘u 2B, 12.
three years ago: ‘ox‘ox ‘abil batel 2B, 12; yoxibal ‘abil batel 2B, 12.

threshing: threshing floor: tek’obil ‘ixim 26, 28D.
threshing floor (where the grain is stirred): juyobil ‘ixim 26, 28D.

threshold: ‘olon ti‘ na 28D; ‘olon-va‘leb mak na 28D.

throat: ‘avanabil [shouter] 7A1, 14B5; nuk’il 7A1.
clear one’s throat: jam nuk’ 7E, 8C1; jeket 7E, 8C1.
clearing of one’s throat: jeketel 7E, 8C1.
dryness of throat: taki-ti‘il 8B, 33; takinal ti‘ 8B, 33.

throw: (not out the front door): xij 9B.
throw down: ten ch’ay 9B.
throw out: lok’es 9B, 10D.

thrown: xijbil 9B.
object that is thrown: xijoj 9B; tenoj 9B.
thrown down: tenbil 9B.

thumb: me‘ k’ob 7A; me‘ k’obil [mother of the hand] 7A, 14H.

thunder: ‘avan ‘osil [have time or sky shout] 1A, 8C, 14E; ‘avan chauk 1A, 8C; ‘ov chauk 1A, 8C; j‘ox-lajun Ha‘al chon [thirteen aquatic snake] 1A, 14A, 35F; bak’laj 1A, 8C; bak’lajet 1A, 8C; bak’luj 1A, 8C; bak’lujel 1A, 8C; tzanluj 1A, 8C; tzanlujel 1A, 8C; chauk 1A; jinet 1A, 8C; jinet ‘osil [roaring time or sky] 1A, 8C, 14E; jinetel 1A, 8C; jinetel ‘osil 1A, 8C; jininet ‘osil 1A, 8C; jjun Ha‘al chon [one aquatic snake] 1A, 14A, 35F; liklajet 1A, 8C; loklaj chauk 1A, 8C; loklajet 1A, 8C; t’ininet ‘osil [roaring time or sky] 1A, 8C, 14E.

tick: sip 6E.

tickle: chikiltay 7E.

ticklish: be ticklish: chikilchikil ‘a‘i 7C.

tide: low tide: ‘ulel nab 1C; komoluk 1C; yalel nab 1C.

tie: tz’ak 9C; chuk 9C.
tie again: cha‘-chuk 9C.

tied: object being tied: chukoj 9C.

tighten: tighten with a peg: k’uxi 9D.

tilde: jol tz’ib [head of writing] 11A, 14B1; tilde 11A, 15A2.

tile: make tiles: pat 28.
piece of tile: vok’olil xamitl 15B, 28.
roof tile: chik’bil jomal xamitl 15B, 28;
jomal xamitl 15B, 28.
tile maker: jpat-xamitl 15B, 28A.

tile works: na xamitl 15B, 28, 28C2; patob xamitl 15B, 28, 28C2.

till: till when: buy k’alal 2.
up till now: talel 2.

tilt: ten ba ta pat caballo 15A6, 32B.
thrown in a tilt: tenbil ta pat caballo 15A6, 32B.

timbrel: k’ulk’ul te‘ 32A1; nukulil vob 32A1.
timbrel player: jpak’-vob 32A; jtij-vob 32A.

time: ‘osil 2; koj 2; k’inal 2; mek 2; yalel 2.
(one after another): j-kajal 2.
a long time from now: nom ta ‘abil 2; nom ta ‘osil 2.
another time: j-mek xa 2; j-mekuk xa 2; ta j-mekeluk xa 2.
at a point of time: t’ab chi 2.
at the proper time: en buen tiempo como…[as he planted at the proper time] 2; en buen tiempo se parte [as he left at the proper time] 2.
at what time: buy ‘osil [where in time] 2, 14E.
each or every time: naka Ha‘ no ‘ox 2.
first time: j-mek 2.
free time: xokol ‘osil [empty time] 2, 14E; xokol ‘osiltik 2.
long time: nat ‘osil 2.
many times: naka Ha‘ no ‘ox 2.
opportune time: k’inal 2, 17; k’inil 2, 17.
point of time: t’abel 2; t’abelt’abel 2.
second time: cha‘-mekel 2.
short time: mo natuk ‘osil [not a long time] 2, 14E; mu natuk 2.
take a long time: toy k’in [lift the day] 2, 14; Halejes 2.

time-consuming: natil 2; Halil 2.

timid: timid person: jxi‘el 16J.

tin: ‘otes sakil tak’in 29; ‘otesbey sakil tak’in 29; sakil tak’in [white metal] 14D5, 29.

tinder: ch’amobil k’ok’ 1D.
(burnt cloth): tzanob k’ok’ 1D, 31A; tzanobil k’ok’ 1D, 31A; ch’amob k’ok’ 1D, 31A.

tine: tz’ubtz’ub tak’in 26B.

tinker: jten p’inal tak’in 29A; jten-tak’in 29A.

tip: ‘ak’ pakol 10C, 27; ‘ak’bey tojol 10C, 27; pak ‘aboltayvanej 10C, 27; pakol ‘aboltayel 10B, 27; pakol ‘aboltayvanej 10B; pas ‘aboltayel 10C; toj 10C; tojel 10B.
(hat): t’ochan 16F, 31.

tiptoeing: k’un-lit’om 7E, 9A1.

tiptoes: stand on tiptoes: va‘i 7D.

tire: tire out (in pursuit): lubes 7E, 9A1; yakubes 7E, 9A1.

tired: become tired: lub 7E.

title: (legal): ‘ibel 11A, 20.

to: te 4.

toad: chon 6C; jenjen 6C; pokok 6C; *tulul 6C.

toast: k’anubtas 23A3; vo 23A3.

toasted: vobil 23A3.
be toasted: k’anub 23A3.

today: *‘echan 2B.

toe: ‘ol ‘ok [child of the foot] 7A, 14H.
big toe: me‘ ‘ok [mother toe] 7A, 14H.

together: ko‘ol 12.
be together (voices): nop 32A.

toll: toll thunderously: jinet nik 8C.

tomb: *pun-te‘ chame-vinik 18E; tumba 15A1, 18E.
stone tomb: *pun te‘ ton chame-vinik 18E.

tomorrow: ‘ok’ob 2B.

tongue: ‘ok’il 7A1.

too: ‘ek 12; ‘ekuk 12; tok 12; Ha‘ xa 12; Ha‘ xa tok 12.

tool: ‘abtejebal 26B; ‘abtejebal tak’in 26B.

toot: (small flute): piet 8C, 32A; *vivon 8C, 32A.

tooth: ‘eal 7A1.
canine tooth: tz’i‘ ‘eal 7A1.
canine tooth (of any animal): tz’utz’up 7A1.
front tooth: jol ‘e [head tooth] 7A1, 14B1.
have a chipped tooth: vok’ol ‘e 33.
have new tooth grow in: ch’i ‘e 7E, 18B;
ch’i k’exol ‘e 7E, 18B.
have one’s tooth fall out: lilij ‘e 7E, 10D, 33.

toothache: k’ux ‘e 33.
have a toothache: k’ux jol [have one’s head ache] 14B1, 33.

toothless: toothless person: jpik’pik’ 7C; jpuk’um 7C.

toothpick: jotz’ob ‘e 7G; jotz’obil ‘eal 7G; julobil ‘eal 7G; luchiabil ‘eal 7G.

top (1): on top of: kajal 4; ta ba 4.
put on top of: kajan 4, 9B.

top (2): playing top: trompa 15A6, 32B.
whip top: trompo 15A6, 32B.

top-ranking: top-ranking worker: ba j‘abtel 20, 27D; ba ta ‘abtel 20, 27D.

topaz: tzajal ton 29.

torch: tajley yan toj 1D; toj 1D.
pine torch: tzajal toj 1D, 5A; japbalal toj 1D, 5A.
torch bundle: j-yom toj 1D.

torment: ‘ak’ vokol 16I, 21C; ‘ik’ti1 16J, 21C; kisnajes 15C, 16I, 21C; yaijes 16I, 21C.
suffering of torments: yaijel 16J, 21C.

tormented: be tormented by passion: nuptan yaijel 16D, 16J.

tormentor: jbik’tajesvanej-‘olontonil [heart diminisher] 14B6, 16I, 21C; jyayaubesvanej 161, 21C; jnakvanej 16I, 21C.

torn: ch’akal 10E; ch’akbil 10E; ch’i‘il 10E; jatal 10E; lo‘ol 10E; tuch’ul 10E; tuch’ultik 10E.
torn in many places: ch’i‘iltik 10E; jataltik 10E.

torrent: ‘ipal ‘ok ‘akan tontik 1C; paych’ujeb Ho‘1C.

tortilla: batz’i vaj [true bread] 14, 23Al.

torture: ‘ak’ vokol 16I, 21C; ‘ak’bey ‘ik’ti‘ 16I, 21C; ‘ak’bey ‘il ‘ik’ti‘ 16I, 21C; ‘ak’bey ‘il vokol 16I, 21C; ‘ak’bey vokol 16I, 21C; ‘ik’ti1 16J, 21C; ‘il vokol ‘u‘un 16I, 21C; vokol 16J, 21C; yaijes 16I, 21C; yayaubtas 16I, 21C.
place of torture: ‘ilob ‘ik’ti‘ 21C, 28C3; ‘ilob vokol 21C, 28C3.

tortured: be tortured (as the damned): ‘il vokol 16J, 35C.

torturer: j‘ak’-‘ik’ti‘ 161, 21C; j‘ak’-vokol 161, 21C.

toss: toss out: jip ch’ay 10D; yokin ch’ay 10D.

touch: ‘ut 8E; pik 8E.
touch each other (sticks, stones, etc.): tij ba 1B, 8E.
touch lightly: k’un pik 8E; k’un-pik 8E.
touch with stick, stone or anything other than hands: tij 1B, 8E.

tourniquet: makeb 34.

towards: ta tojol 4; telel 4; yo‘ ‘oy tojol 4.

towel: pokob k’ob 22D; pokobil k’obil 22D; pokobil sat 22D.
hand towel: suk’ob k’ob 22D; suk’obil k’obil 22D.

tower: defense tower: natil ch’ilomal na 28C3.
highest tower of a fortification in which the warden lived: jol yabutijebal na [head of the battlement house] 14B1, 28C3.

town: ‘epal na 19; j-tek k’ulej 19; j-tek lum 19.
found a town: likes j-tek lum 19.
walled town: tenam-tonibil j-tek lum 15B, 19, 28D1.

track: track left by beam that has been dragged: be te‘ 3, 9D.
track left by stone that has been pushed: be ton [stone path] 1B, 3, 9D, 14.

trade: ‘okelan 27; bein 27; patnen 27; p’olmaj 27; p’olman 27; p’olmay 27.

trader: jp’olmajel 27A; xanvil 27A.
rich trader: ‘ayik’al xanvil 15C.

trading: p’olmajel 27.
go trading: bat ta xanbal 9A1, 27.
market trading: ch’ivitajel 27.

trail: bik’tal be 9A1.
make person take the wrong trail: k’ejeyes ta be 9A1; k’ejibtas 9A1.

traitor: *j‘aal-k’op [he of tempting words] 14J, 16N, 21A; j‘aleyvanej 16N, 21A; jcha‘ lom k’op [he of two time talk] 14J, 16N, 21A; jjotz’-k’op [word-dragger] 14J, 16N, 21A.

tramp: tramp loudly: tijulan ‘ok 8C.

trample: (shoving with the body): net’ 9D.
kick or trample underfoot: voch’ ta tik’el 9A1, 9D.
trample on: juy ta tek’el 9D.
trample underfoot: cha‘-tek’ 9D; lom ta tek’el 9D; pak’ ta tek’el 9D; tek’ 9D; tek’van 9D.

trampled: tik’bil 9D.
trampled on: bet’bil ta tek’el 9D; tik’bil ta tek’el 9D.

trampling: tek’ben 9D.

tranquility: nakanel ‘olonton 16G.

transfer: (debt, command, office): p’asoj ‘u‘un 10C, 20, 27; p’asojes 10C, 20, 27.

transform: k’atajes 7C; sutejes 7C.
transform self: k’ataj 7C.

transformed: be transformed: suttzaj 7C; sutp’ij 7C.

translate: ch’ambey k’op 11, 13A; lok’tay 11, 13A; sut ‘u‘un 11, 13A; sutejes 11, 13A; sutes 11, 13A.

translated: ch’ambil [received] 11, 13A, 14J; sutejesbil 11, 13A; sutesbil [returned] 11, 13A, 14J.

translation: ch’amelk’op 11, 13A; suteb 11, 13A; sutejeb 11, 13A; sutejel 11, 13A; sutel 11, 13A.

translator: jch’am-k’op 11, 13A.

translucent: ‘och xojobil yo‘ ‘oy 8F.
be translucent: japapet 8F.

transparent: be transparent: xojob yan 8F; tajley yan 8F.

transplant: k’ex lumal ‘u‘un 26; lik ‘u‘un 26; pet 26.

transport: ‘ean 9A1.

trap: (covered hole): makob ch’en 24.
fish trap: lebayab choy 24.

trappings: Hatzil 22C.
horse trappings: tzatzajel caballo 15A9, 25B; k’u‘ caballo 15A9, 25B.

travel: bein 9A1; xan 9A1.
(seeing the sights): pa‘i ‘osil 9A1.
person whose job it is to travel: xanvil 9A1, 27D.
travel far away: ‘iktay na xanav [abandon one’s house and walk] 9A1, 14.
travel through streets or gardens: pa‘ivan 9A1.

traveler: j‘ech’el-be 9A1; xanvil 9A1.

treason: *‘aal k’op 16N, 21A; cha‘-lom k’op 16N, 21A; jotz’-k’op 21A.
cause to commit treason: *‘aal-k’optay 16N, 21A; ‘aley 16N, 21A; jotz’i 16N, 21A.
commit treason: jotz’-k’optay 16N, 21A.

treasure: buried treasure: but’bil k’anal tak’in 9C, 27B, 29.
hidden treasure: nak’bil tak’in 9C, 27B, 29.

treasurer: jchabi k’anal tak’in 20, 27; jchabi-tak’in 20, 27.

treasury: public treasury: chabibil k’anal tak’in 20, 27, 28C3.

treat: treat a matter prudently or diligently: ‘a‘i ta ‘olonton [feel in one’s heart] 14B6, 16C.

treaty: tojol 21E.

tree: te‘ 5.
dead tree: taki-te‘ 5, 18E.
thorny tree: ch’ixal te‘ 5.
tree trunk (with its branches): muk’ta te‘el 5.
trunk and branches: bakel te‘ [tree] 5, 14B10.

tremble: tziltzonet 7E, 9A1.
tremble from cold or fright: tziltzon 7E, 8A, 16J.

trembling: tziltzonel 7E, 16J; k’achk’onel 7E.

tribe: native tribe: jolimal 18F, 19.
tribe of origin: tasal 18F, 19; tos 18F, 19.

tributary: pata-vinik 27D; jpatnejel 27D.

tribute: *mu‘nil 27D; patan 27D.
be exempt from tribute: kol ta patan 27D.
collect tribute: ‘ich’ k’uk’ [receive quetzals] 10B, 14A, 27D.
exempt from tribute: ch’aybil patan 27D; ch’aybil ta patan 27D; kolesbil ta patan 27D.
pay tribute: ‘al patan 10C, 27D; pak patan 10C, 27D; patnej 10C, 27D.
set tribute: ch’ak patan 27D.
tribute notice: Hun patan 11A, 27D.

trick: jotz’-k’op [word-dragging] 14J, 32; maxiltay [monkey] 14A1, 32; Hovintas 32.

trifle: bik’tal 12; bik’tal ch’amal 12; bik’talul 12.

trifling: bik’it ch’amal 12; bik’ituk 12; ch’amal 12.

trill: (earthen jar, phial): kopkonet 8C, 22C; tontonet 8C, 22C.

trim: trim a wick: lok’es ‘ak’Iel 1D, 10A; lok’esbey ‘ak’lel candela 1D, 10A, 15A5.

trimming: undulate trimming: balobil 3, 31A.
undulate trimming of clothes: balajtik pok’ 3, 31A.

trip: lukuntabey ‘ok 9A1, 16L; p’osi ‘ok 9A1, 16L; p’osiel ’ok 9A1, 16L.
trip in a wrestling match: lukunel ‘ok 9A1, 32B.
trip on a branch or root: tz’ukulin te‘ 9A1, 16L.
trip on a rock: tz’ukulin ton 1B, 9A1, 16L.
trip up: ‘ak’ tzukulinabil 9A1.

trot: choychoy ‘anil 9A1; choychoy-‘anilaj 9A1.

trouble: Hovintas 16J.

troublesome: mo ‘utzuk 16K; mo tojoluk 16K.

trout: tz’i‘ choy [dog fish] 6D, 14A2.

trowel: ‘ak’ob tan 26B, 28B; ch’ulob tan 26B, 28B.
mason’s trowel: juyob tan 26B, 28B.

truce: ‘olaneb yabutil 21E; ch’anieb yabutil 21E.

true: batz’iltik 16D.
true person: tojol vinik 16D.

truffle: xk’abis toj 5A; yuy 5A.
small truffle: mana ‘ok 5A.

trumpet: ‘ok’esol 32A1; trompeta 15A6, 32A1.
blow a trumpet: ‘ok’es trompeta 15A6, 32A.
end of a trumpet: ti‘ trompeta [trumpet lips or mouth] 14B5, 15A6, 32A1.
have trumpets sound: ch’i‘et 32A; jat’et 32A; tonet 32A.

trumpeter: j‘ok’es-trompeta 32A; jpas-trompeta 15A6, 32A; jHupanej-trompeta 15A6, 32A.

trunk: (of theirs): *pun-te‘ 22C.

truss: chukobil tonilil 28, 28D.

trust: ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton [put in one’s heart] 14B6, 16D; tzoy ba [tether oneself] 14, 16D; ch’uun 16D; jok’an ba [hang oneself] 14, 16D; k’uban ba 16D; k’ubanvanej 16D.
object of one’s trust: tzoyleb 16D; k’ubanej 16D.
trust a person: ch’uunbey k’op 16D; muk’tayebey k’op [display greatly or make provision of one’s words] 14J, 16D.
trust in God: jok’an ba ta tojol dios 15A1, 16D, 35C; k’uban ba ta tojol dios [entrust oneself to God] 14, 15A1, 16D, 35C; mak ba ta tojol dios [shut oneself up for God] 14, 15A1, 16D, 35C.

trusting: tzoyol 16D; jok’anej ba 16D; jok’ol 16D; k’ubanej ba 16D; k’ubul 16D.
trusting in God: jok’ol ta tojol dios 15AI, 16D, 35C.
trusting person: jjok’anej ba 16D.

truth: batz’i k’op [real word] 14, 16D; batz’il 16D.
speak the truth: be k’opoj [speak the path] 13A, 14J, 16D; melel k’opoj 13A, 16D; tojol k’opoj 13A, 16D.

truthfulness: batz’il 16D.

try: (to attack): k’an 21E.

tub: glazed laundry tub: jayal lum chuk’omajeb 22C.
laundry tub: jayil te‘ 22C.

tube: ‘ocheb ‘a‘lel 22C; ‘ocheb Ho‘ 22C.

tuck: tuck up: jol ni‘ 9C.
tuck up (by tying the ends): cholo-nok’in 9C.
tuck up (under one’s sash when working): chuk-ch’utin 9C, 31; jopin 9C, 31.
tuck up one’s skirts or blankets under one’s sash: ch’ik k’u‘ 9C, 31.
tuck up skirts under one’s sash: jopin k’u‘ 9C, 31.

Tuesday: chabjey ‘oy ‘ech’ domingo2B, 15A3; martes 2B, 15A3.

tumor: fatal tumor: ch’amojel charnel 18E, 33.
neck tumor: pisis 33; pisis charnel 33.

tumpline: pek’ 25B; peK’ul 25B.

tune: (musical instruments): tojobtas 32A.
person who tunes the first verse of a psalm: jk’eyom 32A.

turban: make a turban: nit-bain 31E.

turmoil: bak’el ‘osil [moving of world] 14E, 20A, 21E.

turn: joyijes 4, 9A1.
(candle, stick): tz’ot 1D, 4, 9F.
(wheel): joyan 4, 9A1, 9F.
by turns: lekojlekoj 12.
turn around: sutp’ij 4, 9F.
turn oven valk’uj 4, 9F.
turn over to: ‘ak’bey 10C; ‘et’esbey 10C.

turnip: nabo 5B, 15A10.
long turnip: juljul nabo 3, 5B, 15A10.
round turnip: volvol nabo 3, 5B, 15A10.

turpentine: xuch’ toj 5A.

turret: pixixul 28C3, 28D.

turtle: aquatic turtle: ‘ok 6C.
land turtle: kok 6C.

tweezers: tulob motzob [eyebrow puller] 14B, 31E; tulobil motzobil 31E.

twelve: lajchaeb 12.

twist: tz’ot 3, 9F; tz’otan 3, 9F; tz’otli 3, 9F; tz’otp’ij 3, 9F; tz’otp’ijes 3, 9F; tz’otp’in 3, 9F.
(as they twist rope on their thighs): bichuy 7E1, 9F, 31A; ch’ajnuj 7E1, 9F, 31A; ch’ajnuy 7E1, 9F, 31A.
between the palms of one’s hands: balch’uj 7E1, 9F; balch’uy 7E1, 9F.
twist back up (path): nelp’uj 3, 9A1.
twist between the fingers: tz’ot 7E1, 9F.

twisted: tz’otbil 3, 9F; tz’ottz’ot 3, 9F.
(candles to make a torch): tz’ototik 1D, 3, 9F.
become twisted: tz’otey 9F; tz’otp’ij 9F.

two: chib 12.
made in two ways: cha‘-tek pasel 12A.
two and a half pounds: ‘o‘lol ‘oxib libra 12, 15A3; ‘o‘lol ‘oxib p’is 12.
two by two: chabchab 12.

type: (clothing, friar): j-tek 31, 35A.

tyrannize: tz’i‘ley ‘osil [spoil the world] 14E, 20; me‘anajes ‘osil [make world sorrowful] 14E, 20.

tyranny: tz’i‘lejesel ‘osil 20; me‘anajesel ‘osil 20.

tyrant: kola‘al vinik 16E, 16I, 16Q, 20; k’ak’al vinik [hot person] 14G, 16E, 16I, 16Q, 20; jme‘anajesej-‘osil 16E, 16I, 16Q, 20.

Tzotzil: native language: k’op 11.
person who speaks Tzotzil fluently: jna‘ k’op 11.

U

udder: (cow, sow): bek’tal chu‘ 6F; chu‘ 6F.

ugliness: ‘ila‘alil 16R; kola‘al 16R.

ugly: kolo‘ 16R; kolo‘ ‘elov 16R; mo ch’ululuk ba 16R; mo lekuk 16R; mo saksakuk 16R; mo t’ujumuk 16R; toj kolo‘ 16R.
be ugly: mo t’ujumuk ‘elov 16R.
be ugly (person, animal): xi‘benaj ba [be fearsome] 6, 7C, 14, 16R.
become ugly: tz’i‘lej 16R; kola‘aj 16R.
have an ugly appearance or face: kolo‘ ba sat 7C, 16R.
make ugly: tz’i‘lejes 16R; tz’i‘ley 16R; kola‘ajes 16R.

umbilical: umbilical cord: mixik’il 7A, 18A.

unable: be unable to do: mo Hu‘ ‘u‘un 16L.

uncle: (father’s brother): jun totil 18F.
great uncle (grandfather’s brother): jun muk’ta totil 18F.

uncover: jam 9C.

unction: extreme unction: t’abel 18E, 35C.

under: ta ‘olon 4.

underarm: bad underarm odor: tuil lotz’opil 7C, 8D.

underground: put underground: but’ ta lum 1B, 9C; but’i 1B, 9C; but’i j-tz’uj ta lum 1B, 9C; but’ijes ta lumtik 1B, 9C; ch’ik ta lum 1B, 9C; k’al ta lum 1B, 9C; muk 1B, 9C; muk ta lum 1B, 9C; muk ta lumtik 1B, 9C; mukbil ta lumtik 1B, 9C; mukul ta lumtik 1B, 9C.

understand: ‘a‘i 11.
not understand well: mu toj ‘a‘i 11.
understand very well: laj ‘a‘i 11.

understanding: ‘a‘iabil 11; ‘a‘ivanab 11.

underwater: tzulul 1C, 9A2, 9C.
be put underwater: tz’aj 1C, 9A2, 9C.
put underwater: tzul ta Ho‘ 1C, 9A2, 9C; tzulbil 1C, 9A2, 9C; tz’aj ta Ho‘ 1C, 9A2, 9C; mul 1C, 9A2, 9C; mul ta Ho‘ 1C, 9A2, 9C; mulbil 1C, 9A2, 9C; mulul 1C, 9A2, 9C.

undiluted: (wine): mo ‘oyuk kap 23B.

undo: ch’ak 10E; tilp’un 10E; tuk 10E.

undone: come undone: ch’ak 10E; tilp’uj 10E; Hituj 10E.

uneasy: be uneasy: sok 16J; sok ‘olonton [have one’s heart be disturbed] 14B6, 16J.

uneven: uneven number: mo ‘oyuk nup 12.

unexpectedly: *ja‘al 17.

unfaithfulness: mo ch’uuneluk dios 15A1, 16K, 16P, 35C; mo ch’uunvanejuk 16K, 16P, 35C.

unfold: lich’ 9C.

unfolded: lich’anbil 9C; lich’bil 9C; lich’il 9C.

unfortunate: ma‘-ch’ulel [soulless] 14B7, 16L.
unfortunate person: jma‘-ch’ulel 16L.

ungrateful: mu na‘ ‘aboltayel 16I, 16P, 16Q.

unhappy: be unhappy: bik’taj ‘olonton [have one’s heart grow small] 14B6, 14F2, 16J; mo ‘oyuk ch’ulel [not have a soul or fate] 14B7, 16J.

uniform: ‘etel k’u‘ul 31C; tzatzajebal k’u‘ul 31C; k’u‘ul 31C; pasel k’u‘ul 31C; vinajeb k’u‘ 31C; vinajebal k’u‘ul [display clothing] 14, 31C.

unique: mo ‘oyuk nup 8G.

unite: junajes 9B.

unjust: mo ‘utzuk 16L, 17; mo meleluk 16L, 17; mo tojoluk 16L, 17.

unjustified: naka ‘altik 17.

unlucky: be unlucky: kolo‘ balam 16L; kolo‘ ch’ulelil [wicked soul or fate] 14B7, 16L; mo ‘oyuk ch’ulel 16L.

unmarried: mu lekav 18D.
be unmarried: naka no ‘ox xanav [just live or walk] 14, 18D.

unnecessary: ma‘-tuul 16L.
be unnecessary: mo ‘oyuk tu 16L.

unoccupied: be unoccupied: *‘ap’ 27D.

unprofitably: live unprofitably: naka-xanav 27.

unravel: tilch’uj 10E; tilch’un 10E.

unraveled: unraveled cloth: tz’otbil pok’ 10E, 31A; chichinab pok’ 10E, 31A.

unreasonable: naka ‘altik 16K.

unripe: tze 5; tzeel 5.

untamed: ‘ach’ to 6.

untied: mu chukbiluk 10E; Hitil 10E.

until: k’alal 2, 4; k’alal ta 2, 4; li‘ k’alal li‘ 2, 4; yo‘ ‘oy 2, 4.

up: up to where: k’alal te ‘oy 4.

uphill: uphill and away: muyel batel 4.
uphill and towards: muyel talel 4.

upright: va‘al 4.
set upright: va‘an 4.
set upright (poles): va‘anbil 4.

upset: bik’tajesbey ‘olonton [make one’s heart grow small] 14B6, 14F2, 16J; likes 16J.

upside: be turned upside down with the wide part on the bottom: pach’ey 4, 9B.
setting a (wide object) upside down with the wide part on the bottom: pach’al 4, 9B.
turn object upside down with the wide part on the bottom: pach’an 4, 9B.
turn upside down: sutejes 4, 9B; sutes 4, 9B.
turned upside down with the wide part on the bottom: pach’anbil 4.

upstream: muyel batelbatel ta ‘uk’um 9A2.

upwards: ta tojol ‘ak’ol 4.

urinal: k’abnabil 28D1.

urinate: k’abin 7E.
person who urinates: k’abnom 7E; jk’abinel 7E; jk’abnel 7E.
urinate on: k’abtay 7E.

urinated: urinated on: k’abtaybil 7E.

urine: k’abil 7B.
difficulty in evacuating urine: makel be k’abil 7E, 33.
have difficulty evacuating urine: mak be k’abil 7E, 33.

use: use up: lajes 10D; sak-ch’ay ‘u‘un 10D.

used: used up: lajem 10D.

useless: useless person: ma‘-tuul vinik 16L, 16O; mo ‘oyuk k’usi tu 16L, 16O; naka vinik 16L, 16O; *pomol vinik 16L, 16O.

uterine: uterine flux: naka Ho‘ ch’ich’ 7B, 18C.

V

vagabond: ma‘-tuul vinik 9A1, 20; mak ‘ik’ [wind obstruction] 9A1, 14E, 20; mak k’ak’al [sun-blocker] 9A1, 14G, 20; mo ‘oyuk k’usi tu 9A1, 20; naka vinik 9A1, 20.

vagina: ‘antzilel 7A1, 18C; lu‘il 7A1, 18C; yaxal bek’tal [blue-green flesh] 7A1, 14D2, 18C.

vain: do in vain: naka ‘altik pas 16L; naka pas 16L.
in vain: ‘altik 16L; ma‘-batik 16L; naka ‘altik 16L; nakanaka 16L; nakatik 16L; Ha‘ no ‘ox yalal 16L.
spend the day or time in vain: naka ‘ech’ ‘osil ‘euk 2, 16L; naka mal k’ak’al ‘u‘un [just have the sun set] 2, 14E, 16L.

vainglory: ma‘-ba muibel 16Q; ma‘-ba nichimajel 16Q; mu tojol ‘utzibeluk 16Q; mu tojol muibe-luk 16Q; mu tojol nichimajeluk 16Q; naka ‘altik muibel 16Q; naka ‘altik nichimajel 16Q.

valley: become a valley: *Hopan 1B.
large valley: tenlej 1B; *Hoplej 1B.
shallow valley: lomlej 1B.
valley sunken in the middle: pullej 1B.
with many valleys: *HopHoptik 1B.
with valleys: *Hopol 1B.

valuable: jaka jol 27B; jol 27B.
be more valuable: ‘oy tojol 27B; jelav tojol 27B; p’ilil tojol ‘ech’ 27B.
be valuable: ‘ep tojol 27B; ‘ip jalal 27B.

value: k’ux ‘a‘i [feel pain] 14C, 27B; nop ta 27B; nop tojol 27B; nopbey tojol 27B; tojolil 27B.
value highly: toj jalan 27B; toj jol ‘a‘i 27B; toj tuun ‘a‘i 27B.

valued: be highly valued: jalaj 27B.

vat: dyer’s vat: ‘av bon 31A; bonobil 31A; nabeb 31A.

vault: xototik 28D.
build vaults: xototik ch’ubay 28.

vegetable: ‘itaj 5B.
vegetable patch: j-t’abal 5B, 26; j-t’ob 5B, 26; t’abal ‘itaj 5B, 26.

velvet: terciopelo 15A4, 31D.

venerate: k’ex 16C, 35C.

vengeful: k’ak’al [hot] 14G, 16H.
vengeful person: k’ak’al vinik 16H.

vengefulness: k’ak’al 16H.

vent: ‘avanabil 28D.

verdigris: yax-lum 8F1, 29.

vermilion: *xuko 8F1.

very: batz’i 12.

vestments: tzatzajebal pok’ 31C.
royal vestments: ‘ajvalel k’u‘ul 31C.

vex: ‘ak’ ta ya 16J; labanes 16J; yaijes 16J; yayaubes 16J.
person who vexes another: j‘ak’vanej ta ya 16J.

vexation: yaya 16J; yayail 16J; yayaubel 16J.

vexatious: vexatious person: jyayaubtasvanej 16J.

vexed: be vexed: tavan ‘osil ‘a‘i 16J; yaya ‘osil ‘a‘i 16J; yayaub 16J.

vicar: k’exol 20; lok’ol 20.
vicar general: provisor 15A1, 35A.

vice: ma‘-ba xanbal 16P; tenkex xanbal 16P; tenkexil 16P.

viceroy: k’exol rey 15A2, 16E, 20; lok’ob-ba rey 15A2, 16E, 20; virrey 15A2, 16E, 20.

vicious: toj kolo‘ 16I, 16P.

victorious: be victorious: ‘ip jelav [pass far beyond] 14C, 16C, 20A, 21E; ‘ip jelavel 16C, 20A, 21E.

victory: jelavel 20A, 21E.

view: (from the house or the window): vinajeb ‘osil 1B, 8F, 28C.
have a view (from the house or the window): vinaj ‘osil yo‘ ‘oy 1B, 8F, 28C.

vigil: julayel 7F, 35C.

vile: koIo‘ 16P; ma‘-tuul 16P; mo ‘utzuk 16P; mo joluk 16P; tenkex 16P; tenkextik 16P.
vile person: *pomol vinik 16P.

vine: ‘ak’ 5.
round vine: t’ut’ ‘ak’ 5A.

vinegar: pajal vino 15A10, 23A1; vinagre 15A10, 23A1.

vineyard: tz’usubtik 5B, 26; chabal tz’usub 26; chabal chi‘ 26.
vineyard keeper: jchabi-tz’usub 26A.

violate: violate a law: tz’ukulin takiej 21A; tz’uku-linbey takiej 21A; jel takiej 21A; p’as takiej 20, 21A.

virgin: ‘utzil ‘antz 18B, 18C; batz’i tzeb [real or true girl] 14, 18B, 18C; tzeel tzeb [unripe girl] 14, 18B, 18C; kuxul tzeb [live girl] 14, 18B, 18C.

virginity: tzeel tzebal 18C; kuxul tzebalil 18C.

virtue: ‘utzil 16A; ‘utzil ‘olonton [good heart] 14B6, 16A; ‘utzil xanbal 16A.

virtuous: virtuous person: j‘utzibtasvanej 16A; melel vinik 16A; tojol vinik 16A.

virtuously: live virtuously: t’ujum-xanav 16A.

virtuousness: tojol ‘olonton [straight heart] 14B6, 16A.

vise: latz’obil 26B, 28B; pitz’ob te‘ 26B, 28B; pitz’obil 26B, 28B.
(of carpenter or sculptor): latz’ob 26B, 28B.

visible: ‘iley 8F.
barely visible: nach’al 8F.
be barely visible: nach’ 8F.
be clearly visible or exposed: vinaj 8F.
be visible: k’elav 8F; tak’ ‘ilel 8F; Hu‘ ‘ilel 8F.

vision: (seen when awake): lab satil 8F, 35C.
have a vision: ‘il 8F, 35C.
see visions: lab-sati 8F, 35C; lab-satij 8F, 35C.

visit: ‘ula‘aj 19A; ‘ula‘ajel 19A; ‘ula‘al 19A; ‘ula‘an 19A; bat ‘il [go to see] 14I, 19A.

visited: ‘ilbil 19A; ‘ula‘anbil 19A.

visitor: j‘ula‘ajel 19A; j‘ula‘al 19A.

voice: lose one’s voice: mak ti‘ 33.

voluntarily: likel ta ‘olonton [beginning in one’s heart] 14B6, 16C; lok’uk talel ta ‘olonton [come out from one’s heart] 14B6, 16C.

vomit: xen 7E, 33.
vomit on: xetay 7E, 33.

vote: ‘alel 20; biiltas 20; biiltasel 20; Hap ti‘il 20.

W

wag: wag one’s tail: ne‘ulan ne 6G; nikulan ne 6G; tutzilan ne 6G.

wage: tojol ‘abtel 27; tojolil 27; tojolil ta ‘abtel 27.
earn wages: tzak 27.

wail: ‘a‘onet 7E, 8C1; ‘avan ta ‘ok’el 7E, 8C1; ‘i‘onet 7E, 8C1.

wailer: j‘a‘onetel 7E, 8C1; j‘i‘onetel 7E, 8C1.

wailing: ‘a‘onetel 7E, 8C1; ‘i‘onetel 7E, 8C1.

waist: na ‘olontonil [heart house] 7A, 14B6.

wait: wait for person: malay 2; malayvan 2.

wake: ‘ilel ‘ak’abal 7F, 18E, 35C; julayel 7F, 18E, 35C.
wake up: ‘a‘i ba [feel oneself] 7F, 14C; julay 7F; kuxol 7F.

walk: bik’tal xanbal [small walk] 9A1, 14F2; lajeb xanavebal 9A1; sutej xanavebal 9A1; sutej xanbal 9A1; xanav 9A1; xanbal 9A1.
(of person who is taking a walk): lajeb xanbal 9A1; sutej xanbal 9A1.
long walk: natil xanbal 9A1.
make walk: ‘ak’ xanavuk 9A1; xanantas 9A1; xanaves 9A1.
take a walk: bik’tal-xanav 9A1; lajeb-xanav [walk to the end] 9A1, 14; sutej-xanav 9A1.
walk on four legs: kotey 6G, 9A1; kotol 6G, 9A1.
walk to or from a certain place: xan 4, 9A1.

walker: xanvil 9A1.

walking: metal tip of walking stick: tak’in chak nam-te‘il 9A1.
mimic person’s manner of walking: pikbey ‘ok [touch one’s feet or legs] 14B10, 16N.

wall: ch’ub 28D1.
adobe wall: xamital ch’ub 15B, 28D1.
be two deep (wall of adobe or stones): cha‘-k’ol bat 28D1.
church wall: ch’ub na dios 15A1, 28D1, 35B.
corner of a wall: ni‘ ch’ub 3, 28D1.
stone wall: tonal ch’ub 28D1.
straight wall: tojol ch’ub 3, 28D1.
town wall: tenam ton 15B, 19, 28D1.
turreted wall: pixixultik 28C3, 28D1.
wall hanging: k’ianbil pok’ 22D; lich’bil pok’ ta xokomtik 22D.
wall of stakes, mud or mortar: pak’bal na 28D1; *pok’om 28D1; *pok’omtik 28D1.
wall with many turrets: pak’ak’tik 28D1.
whitewashed wall: tanibil *pok’om 28D1; tanibil *pok’omtik 28D1.

wallow: balalij 1B, 6G; balalijebal 1B, 6G; balan ba ta ‘ach’el 1B, 6G; balch’un ba 1B, 6G; balch’un ba ta ‘ach’el 1B, 6G; ch’ay ta ‘ach’el 1B, 6G; mul ta ‘ach’el 1B, 6G.

wallowing: mulel 1B, 6G.
wallowing in mud: ch’ayel 1B, 6G.

walnut: nuez 5B, 15A10; ton bek’ [stone seed] 5B, 14.
sauce made of pounded walnuts and spice: juch’bil nueces 15A10, 23A1; p’uyum nueces 15A10, 23A1.
walnut sauce: ton bek’ 23A1.

want: k’an 17; tak’ 17.

war: ‘antzil ti‘ [womanly mouth or lips] 14B5, 21E; yabutil 21E.
earn wages in war: ‘ich’ tojol 27; tojey 21E, 27; tojey ta ch’ilomal 21E, 27.
wage earned in war: tojol ta yabutil 21E, 27; tojolil 21E, 27.
wage war: ‘antzil-ti‘ij 21E; yabutij 21E.
wage war on: ‘antzil-ti‘in 21E; nak 21E.

warble: ‘ok’ 6G, 8C1; ch’iket6G, 8C1.

warbler: jch’iketel 6B1, 8C1.
(bird): j‘ok’el 6B1, 8C1.

warfare: mock warfare: tajimol ch’ilom 16N, 21E, 32B.

warm: k’ixnajes 8A; k’ixnay 8A.
(water or cold object): tzamesbey ‘e [kill its teeth or mouth] 8A, 14B5.
warm self: k’ixnaj 7E, 8A.
warm self by the fire: k’atin si‘ 1D, 7E, 8A.
warm self by the fire as do people or animals: k’atin 1D, 6G, 7E, 8A.
warm water: k’un k’ixin Ho‘ 1C, 8A.

warmer: food warmer: k’ixnajesab ve‘el 8A, 22C.

warming: object used for warming self: k’atimol 7E, 8A.
warming oneself: k’atimol 7E, 8A; k’atinel 7E, 8A.

warn: tzitz 11, 13A; tzitza‘aj 11, 13A; taki 11.

warner: jtzitza‘ajel 11, 13A; jtzitzvanej 11, 13A.

warning: tzitzo‘ 11, 13A.

warp: te‘om 31A.
(cloth): tij 31A.
prepare warp lashing: jit’aki 31A.
throw the warp across the woof: tik’ jolob 31A.

warped: (cloth): melbil te‘om 31A; tijbil 31A.

warrior: j‘antzil-ti‘ 21E1; jyabutijel 21E1; jyabutil 21E1; mulavil j‘antzil-ti‘ 21E1; nakmal 21E1.
strong warrior: tzotz ch’ilom 21E1.

wart: tzo‘ *‘uk [bedbug shit] 14B12, 33.

wash: chuk’ 22E; chuk’omaj 22E.
wash off (ashes from corn, mud from one’s knees): sap 1B, 7G, 23A3; sapulan 1B, 7G, 23A3.

washer: jchuk’om 22A.

washing: chuk’om 22E.
washing place: chuk’omajeb 4, 22E.

wasp: brown wasp that nests in trees: xux 6E.
large brown wasp: k’ak’al ‘at [hot penis or stinger] 6E, 14B9.
wasp with terrestrial nest: muum 6E.

waste: ch’ay 21D; lajes 21D; ma‘-batik lajes 21D; mo tojoluk lajes 21D.

wasted: mu tojoluk bat 21D.
be wasted: laj 21D; ma‘-batik laj 21D; mo tojoluk laj 21D; mu vinaj bat 21D.

wasteland: treeless wasteland: mo ‘oyuk te‘ yo‘ ‘oy 1B, 5; naka jobeltik 1B, 5.
uninhabited wasteland: xokol ‘osil 1B, 19.

watch (1): na‘ob ‘osil [time-rememberer] 2, 14E, 22C.

watch (2): k’el 8F; k’elvan 8F.
watch over: chabi 8F.

watchman: house watchman: jchabi-na 22A.
night watchman: jchabi-‘ak’abal 20; jjoyvanej 20.

watchtower: pa‘ivanab 28C3; pa‘ivanab ‘osil [world-watcher] 14E, 28C3.

water: ‘a‘al 1C; ‘ach’es 1C; ‘ak’bey ‘a‘iel 1C; ‘at’es 1C; ‘och ‘a‘lel ‘u‘un 1C; malatay 1C; t’uxubtas 1C; Ho‘ 1C.
bank or edge of any body of water: ti‘ Ho‘ [water mouth or lips] 1C, 14B5.
be put in water: tz’ajey 1C, 9B.
calm water: tz’ananet xanav 1C; tz’ananet Ho‘ 1C.
clear water: yox-o‘ 1C.
dammed up water: tz’anal Ho‘ 1C, 9E, 28E.
deep water: ‘o‘lol nab 1C.
draw water: lup Ho‘ 1C, 10B.
draw water from a well: lik Ho‘ 1C, 10B.
drawing of water: Ha‘bej 1C, 10B.
enter deep water: ‘och ta natil Ho‘ 1C, 9A2.
have water stirred up by storm or wind: balet nojel 1A, 1C; vokan 1A, 1C.
holy water: ‘a‘al dios 1C, 15A1, 35C; ch’uiltasbil Ho‘ 1C, 35C; ch’uivel Ho‘ 1C, 35C.
narrow body of water: chukulil nab 1C.
pour water from bowl to bowl: t’oj Ho‘ 1C, 22C, 23A3.
put in water: tz’ajal 1C, 9B.
sounder for measuring depth of water: liklik tak’in [dangling metal] 1C, 9A2, 14; p’isobil natil Ho‘ 1C, 9A2.
water moving quietly: tz’ananet 1C.

water carrier: Ha‘bil 22k.
serve as water carrier: Ha‘bilin 22A.

watered: malataybil 1C, 10D, 26.

water jug: k’ib 22C.

wave: make small waves: yuk’et 1C; yuk’yonet 1C.
small waves: yuk’etel Ho‘ 1C; yuk’yonetel 1C.

wax: ‘ak’bey chab 10A; ‘otes chab 10A; bon ta chab 10A; tz’aj ta chab 10A; chab 10A; sul ta chab 10A.

waxed: bonbil ta chab 10A; tz’ajal ta chab 10A.

way: be 9A1; pasel 17; Hech pasel 17.
in this way: Hech ‘ilel 17.
in whatever way: k’usiuk no ‘ox cha‘leybil 17.
way of life: Hech talel 17.
which way?: buy jechuk 4; buy tojol 4; buyuk jechuk 4.
whichever way: buyuk no ‘ox 4; buyuk no ‘ox jechuk 4.

waylaid: person to be waylaid: pa‘-muk’uybol 9A1, 21A.
person waylaid: pa‘-muk’uyoj 9A1, 21A.
place where people are waylaid: pa‘-muk’uyab 4, 9A1, 21A.

waylay: pa‘-muk’uy 9A1, 21A; pa‘-muk’uyvan 9A1, 21A; pa‘-muk’uyvan 9A1, 21A; pas 9A1, 21A.
waylay on the trail: paj ta be 9A1, 21A.

waylayer: jpa‘-muk’uyvanej 21A.

weak: mo ‘ipuk 33; toj k’un 33.
(body): mo tzotzuk 33.
be weak: mo ‘oyuk 33; mo ‘oyuk ‘ip 33; mo tzotzuk ‘ok 33.
be weak with age or infirmity: ‘ok’elal ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel the crying time] 14E, 33.
weak person: k’unil vinik 33.

weaken: bik’tajes [reduce] 14F2, 33.

weakness: (of body): k’unil 33.

wealth: ‘ayik’lelil 15C, 27; *‘ichinal 27; *‘ichinalil 27; ‘utzil 27; bel na 27; p’olmal 27; p’olmalil 27.
improve one’s wealth: ‘ik’ti‘ij 16C, 27.
improve one’s wealth or luck: vokolij 16C, 27.
increase one’s wealth (as in wills some are more improved than others): p’ilil ‘aboltay 16C, 18E, 27.
multiply one’s wealth almost inadvertently: ‘ep ‘esomajes 16C, 27.

wean: ch’anantas ta chu‘ 18B.

weaned: be weaned: ‘iktay chu‘ 18B; kom chu‘ ‘u‘un 18B.

weapon: tzatzajel 21E2.

wear: wear out (clothing): laj 31, 31A.

weasel: ‘ajval tuluk’ [lord or enemy of chickens] 6A1, 14A; saben 6A1.
black weasel: ‘ik’al saben 6A1, 8F1.
brown weasel: tzajal saben 6A1, 8F1.

weather: ‘osil 1A.
have weather improve: ‘utzib ‘osil [have weather get good] 1A, 14E.

weave: jal 31A; jalav 31A.

weaver: jjalom 31B.
weaver of coarse cloth: jjal pimil tux-nok’ chij 31B.

wedding: nupunel 18D.
man’s wedding: ni‘atzel 18C, 18D; ni‘atzijel 18C, 18D.
proclaim wedding banns (as when they display those who are getting married): ye 18D.

wedge: pajchuch 26B.
wedge in: ‘ak’ k’ux ba 9E.

weed: ‘ak’inaj 26; ‘ak’intay 26; voymol 5.
(weedy place): tz’i‘lel ‘osil 5, 26; tz’i‘leltik 5, 26.
weed a second time: cho‘ilan 26; josilan 26.
weed cornfield: ‘ak’intay ‘ixim 26; tukesbey 26; tukesbey lum 26; tuki lum 26; tukibey lum 26.
weed too early while the plants are still young: yax-maj [hit blue-green] 14D2, 26.

weed-hook: jotz’ob lum 26B; tukiab lum 26B.

weeded: tukibil 26.

weeder: j‘ak’in 26A; j‘ak’inajel 26A; j‘ak’intayvanej 26A.

weeding: ‘ak’in 26; tukesej-lum 26; tukiej-lum 26.
plants removed by weeding: ‘ak’in 5, 10D, 26.
weeding instrument: ‘ak’inajeb 26B; ‘ak’inajebal 26B.
weeding season: k’in ‘ak’in 2B, 26.

week: semana 2B, 15A3; Huk-k’in jun domingo 2B, 15A3.
every week: Hukuk-k’in 2B.
week by week: Hukuk-k’in 2B.

weevil: joch’ 6E.

weft: buk’ul 31A.

weigh: p’is 12.
weigh down: lom ta tek’el 12.

weighed: p’isbil 12.

weight: ‘alal 12.
equality (true weight): tojobel 12.
half a hundred weight (half a fanega): j-te‘el 12A, 26; te‘el ta muk’ta te‘ 12, 26.
hundred weight (seed): te‘el 12, 26.
lose weight: sap’ 10D.
loss of weight: sap’al 10D.
one hundred weight: cha‘-‘ikatz 12A; chanib arroba 12, 15A3; quintal 12, 15A3.
person who gives true weight or measure: jp’is 12, 16D; jp’isojel 12, 16D; jp’isvanej 12, 16D; jtojobtasej-p’is 12, 16D.
true weight: melel p’is 12; tojol p’is 12; tojolil 12.
weight for scales: p’isobil peso 12, 15A3; tak’in peso 12, 15A3.
weight of twenty-five pounds: arroba 12, 15A3.

welcome: nupol 19A.

welcomer: jnupol 19A.

well: ‘utz 7C.
be well: ‘utz ‘oy 7C.
do well: ‘utzibes 16C; ‘utzintas 16C.
get well: ‘utzib 34.

well-acquainted: be well-acquainted with: laal chi‘in ta xanbal 11; laal k’ot ta na 11.

well-cooked: be well-cooked: ta‘aj 23A3.

well-mannered: well-mannered person: ‘utzil vinik 16F; k’exlal vinik 16F.

went: ‘ay 9A1.

west: maleb k’ak’al 4.

wet: ‘ach’es 8B; ‘at’es 8B.
(person): ‘atintas 8B.
get wet: ‘ach’ 8B; ‘atin 8B; ‘atin Ho‘ 8B.

wetnurse: jchu‘untasvanej 16N, 18B.

what: k’usi 36.

what?: k’usi 11; k’usi ma ti 11.

whatever: yo‘ ‘oy k’usi 36.

wheat: castillan ‘ixim 5B, 15A10.
wheat chaff: baklel castillan ‘ixim 5B, 15A10.
wheat chaff (small): jojoch’ castillan ‘ixim 5B, 15A10.
wheat tassel: vajton 5B; vajton castillan ‘ixim 5B, 15A10.

wheedler: jtas-k’op [he who drags out words] 14J, 16N.

wheel: setet 25B.
metal wheel: setet tak’in 25B.
stone wheel: setet ton 26B.
wooden wheel: setet te‘ 25B.

when: (in the future): bak’in 2.
(in the past): bak’ni 2.

when?: buy ‘osil [where in time] 2, 14E; buy k’ak’al 2; buy k’ak’al k’in 2.

whenever: k’uk ‘a‘ ‘oy 2; Ha‘ no ‘ox tza 2.
(in the future): bak’inuk no ‘ox 2.

where: buy 4.
from where: buy 4; buytik 4.
to where: buy 4.
where once: te no ‘ox 2, 4; te yo‘ ‘oy ba‘yie 2, 4.

where?: buy 4.

wherever: buytikuk 4; buyuk 4.

whet: jux 9D, 10A; pasbey ‘e 9D, 10A; Hux 9D, 10A.

whetstone: Hux 26B; Huxob 26B; Huxob ‘ek’el 26B; Huxob ton 26B; Huxobil 26B; HuxHux ton 26B.

whetted: object being whetted: juxoj 9D, 10A.

whey: ‘a‘lel chu‘ chij 23A2; matz’ chu‘ chij 23A2.

which: (person): buch’uy 36; much’uy 36; much’uy junuk 36.

whichever: k’usiuk no ‘ox 36; buch’uyuk 36; much’uyuk 36.

while: tana 2.
in a little while: juteb xa 2; t’abel no ‘ox 2; t’abel xa 2; t’abelt’abel no ‘ox 2; va‘al no ‘ox 2; va‘alva‘al no ‘ox 2; yalul xa 2.
in a short while: va‘al no ‘ox 2; va‘alva‘al no ‘ox 2.
short while: t’abel no ‘ox 2.

whinny: ‘i‘onet6G, 8C1; ‘i‘onet ‘ok’ 6G, 8C1; ‘i‘onet ta ‘ok’el 6G, 8C1; ‘i‘onetel 6G, 8C1.

whip: maj 21C; majob ch’ojon 21C; majobil 21C; majvan 21C.
person whom one whips: majben 21C.

whiplash: ‘av ch’ojon 21C, 33; majbenal 21C, 33.
whiplash on the buttocks: jich’el ta majel chak 21C, 33; jipel ta majel chak 21C, 33.

whipping: sentenced to a whipping: majbil vo‘ney 20A, 21C; majey vo‘ney 20A, 21C.

whirl: whirl around: joyet 9A1; sutet 9A1.

whirlpool: joyijeb Ho‘ 1C; sututijeb Ho‘ 1C.

whirlwind: ‘ipal ‘ik’ 1A; ‘ipal Ho‘ 1A; sutum ‘ik’ 1A.

whisk: jach’ubtay 22E.
clothes whisk: jach’ubtayabil 22E, 31A.

whiskey: corn whiskey: ‘a‘lel ‘ixim [corn juice] 14, 23B.

whistle: xuxub 32A; xuxubaj 32A; xuxubajel 32A; xuxuban 32A; xuxubanel 32A; xuxubil 32A; vilol 32A1.
(made through one’s fingers): tz’utz’up 7E1, 32A.
toy whistle: vilol 32A1, 32B.
whistle (through one’s fingers): tz’utz’upaj 7E1, 32A.
whistle at: tz’utz’uptay 32A; xuxubtay 32A.

white: saksak 8F1.
(eye with cataract): sak-*toan satil 8F1, 33; sak-velan sat 8F1, 33.
appear white as a cliff or churches in the distance: sak-jalan 1B, 8F1, 35B; sak-kepan 1B, 8F1, 35B; sak-tik’an 1B, 8F, 8F1, 35B.
become white: sakub 8F1.

white-haired: be white-haired: sak jol 7C, 8F1.

whiten: sakubes 8F1; sakubtas 8F1.

whiteness: sakil 8F1.

whitewash: taniv 8F1, 28; tanivej 8F1, 28.
(with slaps of the brush): maj-tani 8F1, 28.

white washer: tanivil 28A.

who: buch’uy 36; much’uy 36.

whoever: buch’uyuk no ‘ox 36; much’uyuk no ‘ox 36; yo‘ ‘oy much’uy 36.

whole: batz’i jun 12; tz’akal 12; pisil 12; pispis 12; toj jun 12.

whore: ‘ix ta majel 18C, 27A; kobvan 18C, 27; jkobel 18C, 27A; majavil ‘antz 18C, 27A; mulav 18C, 27; mulavil ‘antz 18C, 27A.
become a whore: majav 18C, 27A.

whoremaster: jkobvanej 18C, 27A; mulavil xinch’ok 18C, 27A.

whoring: go whoring: majav 18C, 27.

whose: much’uy ‘u‘un li‘ 10B; much’uy lekoj li‘ 10B.

why: that’s why: Ha‘‘u‘un 17; Ha‘ koj 17.
that’s why not: Ha‘ koj mo‘oj 17.
why not?: k’usi koj mo‘oj 11.

why?: koj 11; k’usi ‘u‘un 11; k’usi koj 11; k’usi k’alal 11.

wick: candle wick: naul candela 1D, 15A5.
cloth lamp wick: pak’al 1D, 31A.
lamp wick: naul 1D.
wick made of cloth: japbalal pok’ 1D, 31A.
wick made of string: japbalal no 1D.

wicked: toj kolo‘ 16P; toj lob 16P.

wickedly: live wickedly: kola‘al-xanav 16P.

wickedness: kola‘al 16P; labal 16P; Hovil 16P.

wide: muk’ pach’lej 3; muk’ popol 3.
set down a wide object: pach’an 3, 9B.

widen: p’oles 3.

widow: ‘iktalep 18E, 21B.
be widowed: ‘iktalepay 18E, 21B.
person in charge of widows: jtzoyleb 18E, 21B; jjok’leb 18E, 21B.

widower: *te‘el chol 18E, 21B.
become a widower: *te‘el-cholay 21B.

wife: ‘ajnilal 18F; val-te‘ 18F.
take a wife: val-te‘in 18D.
take a wife (before celebrating the wedding): val-te‘ij 18C, 18D.

wild: ‘abnalil 4; ‘abnaltikil 4; te‘tikil 4; voymoltikil 4.
wild fruit: ‘abnaltikil lo‘bol 5.

wilderness: uninhabited wilderness: ‘ol ‘osil 1B, 19; te‘tik 5, 19.

will (1): tz’akubtasel testamento 11A, 15A2, 18E; testamento 11A, 15A2, 18E; Ha‘ te jok’anbeat 11A, 18E.
make a will: pas testamento 11, 15A2, 18E.

will (2): k’anvanab 17; k’op ‘olonton [word of one’s heart] 14B6, 14J, 17; naka ‘olonton no ‘ox [just in the heart] 14B6, 17; talel ta ‘olonton [coming in the heart] 14B6, 17.

will (3): ta 2.

willow: tok’oy 5A.
willow grove: tok’oytik 5A.

willpower: k’anvanab 16C, 17.

win: (inheritance, lottery): lekon 10B, 16C, 18E.
(lottery): ‘ich’on 10B, 16C.
win a bet: ‘aleyvan 16C, 32B.

wind (1): ‘ik’ 1A.
east wind: ‘ak’ol ‘ik’ [upper wind] 1A, 4, 14E; k’ak’alil ‘ik’ 1A, 4.
light wind: k’unil ‘ik’ 1A.
pestilential wind: ‘ipal chamelal ‘ik’ 1A, 33.
west wind: ‘olon ‘ik’ [lower wind] 1A, 4, 14E.

wind (2): wind around (not making a ball, but crosswise or back and forth as when cord is put on a frame): k’am 9C.
wind around (snake): k’amam 6G.

windpipe: be ‘ik’ [breath, air or wind path] 7A1, 14B5; be ‘ik’al 7A1; Hubil 7A1.

windstorm: ‘ipal ‘ik’ 1A.

wine: chi‘ [sweet] 14, 23B; vino 15A10, 23B.
be immature: mu to k’ot ta ‘okel 23B.
beam of a wine press: net’ob tz’usub 9D, 23A3; pitz’ob tz’usub 9D, 23A3.
beam or screwpin of a wine press: net’obil 9D, 23A3; pitz’obil 9D, 23A3.
new wine: ‘ach’ chi‘ 23B; mu to ta pas chi‘ 23B.
plum wine: ‘a‘lel po‘on 23B.
pure wine: batz’i chi‘ 23B; tzeel chi‘ 23B; tzeel vino 15A10, 23B; kuxul chi‘ 23B.
red wine: tzajal chi‘ 8F1, 23B; chak-juban chi’ 8F1, 23B.
screwpin of a wine press: net’ob 9D, 23A3; pitz’ob 9D, 23A3.
sell wine: chon chi‘ 23B, 27.
white wine: sakil chi‘ 8F1, 23B.
wine merchant: jchon-chi‘ 23B, 27A.
wine press: net’ob tz’usub 9D, 23A3, 23B; net’obil tz’usub 9D, 23A3, 23B.
wine press where grapes are trod: tek’ob tz’usub 9D, 23A3, 23B; tek’vanab tz’usub 9D, 23A3, 23B.

wineskin: muk’ta chu‘uy 22C, 23B; nukul 22C, 23B; nukulal chu‘uy 22C, 23B.

wing: xik’ 6F.
bird’s wing stripped of feathers: xik’ 6F, 10D, 10E.

wink: mik’mon sat 7E; mutz’-sativanej 7E.
wink at: mutz’-sati 7E; mutz’-sativan 7E.

winking: call by winking: mutz’ sati ‘ik’ 7E.

winnow: jik’ay 23A3, 26; veluy 23A3, 26; vuch’ 23A3, 26.

winnowing: winnowing floor: ‘ik’ayabil ‘ixim 26, 28D; vuch’iabil ‘ixim 26, 28D.

winter: ‘ech’ Ho‘tik ‘u‘un 2B; Ho‘tik [rainy season] 2B, 14.

wire: tak’in 26B.

wise: ‘ip tza 16C; tz’ib ‘olonton [have a heart of writing] 14B6, 16C; p’ij ‘olonton [clever heart] 14B6, 16C.
be wise: ‘utz ‘olonton [good heart] 14B6, 16C.
wise man who discourses at length: jtzaiej-‘olonton [heart inventor] 11, 14B6, 16C.
wise man who discovers new designs and inventions: jtz’ib-‘olontonil [heart writer] 14B6, 16C.
wise man who takes good measures: jtzainom 16C; jtzaivanej 16C.
wise person: j‘a‘ivanej 16C; jtzainom 16C; jna‘vanej 16C.

wish: not wish: mo tak’ 17.

witch: jk’oplayvanej 34, 35F; jpoxil 34, 35F; jpoxtayej 34, 35F.

witchcraft: vayajel 35F.

with: chi‘iluk 12; chi‘uk 12; ta 12.

withdraw: batat 9A1, 10D; batbat 9A1, 10D; jak 9A1, 10D; lik 9A1, 10D; yanij 9A1, 10D.

withdrawn: withdrawn person: ch’anabal vinik 16L.

wither: tzukib 33; matz’ub 33; takij 33.
(plant or reed): ‘akanij 5.

withered: matz’al 33.

without: manchuk 8G; *maxa 12.

witness: ‘iloj 20A; ‘ilolaj 20A; j‘ilojel 20A; j‘ilolajel 20A; testigo 15A2, 20A.
testify as a witness: pas ba ta j ‘ilojel 20A; pas ba ta testigo 15A2, 20A.
witness’ testimony: k’op j‘ilojel 20A; k’op testigo 15A2, 20A.

witty: witty person: j‘utzil lo‘lo k’op 16B, 32; jlo‘lo-k’op 16B, 32; jmuil lo‘lo k’op 16B, 32.

woman: ‘antz 18C.
barren woman: xinch’okil ‘antz [masculine woman] 14, 18C.
manly woman: xinch’ok ‘olonton ‘antz [woman with a man’s heart] 14, 18C.
old woman: me‘el 18C, 18E.
woman in first labor: j‘alal-‘antz 18A, 18C.
woman who has given birth: ‘alnom 18A, 18C.

womb: ‘alajebal 7A1, 18A, 18C.

wonder: wonder at: ‘elavaj 11.

wood: te‘ 5.
green wood: yaxal si‘ 5; yaxal te‘ 5.
hard wood: tzatzal te‘ 5; yijil te‘ 5.
wood dust: joch’ 5; joch’ te‘ 5.

woodborer: joch’ 6E.

woodcarver: jjoch’-te‘ 30A.

woodcutter: si‘bil 27A.

woods: te‘tik 5.

woof: niovil 31A.

wool: tux-nok’ chij 6F.
card wool: sivu tux-nok’ chij 6F, 31A.
coarse wool: tzatzal tux-nok’ chij 6F.
merino wool: k’un tux-nok’ chij 6F; k’unil tux-nok’ chij 6F.
sheep’s wool: tzotzil chij 6F; tzotzil tux-nok’ chij 6F.

wool-comber: jjal tux-nok’ chijil pok’ 31B; jjalom 31B.

woolly: tzotzil 8E; potzil 8E.

word: k’op 13A.
break one’s word: pak’tay 13A, 16N.
brief words: t’abeltikil k’op 13A.
cany out one’s word: na‘ k’op [remember one’s word] 13A, 14J, 16D; pas te k’op 13A, 16D.
certain word: batz’i k’op 13A.
enigmatic words: lut’ilanbil k’op [basted words] 13A, 14J.
historic words: vokolil k’op 2, 13A.
keep one’s word: k’ot ta k’op 13A, 16D.
make a muddle of reasoning or words: tamtetamte-k’opoj 13A, 16L.
make a muddle of words: lut’lut’-k’opoj 13A, 16L.
person who speaks empty words: j‘epal-k’op 13A, 16N; cha‘-ti‘il vinik [he of two mouths or lips] 13A, 14B5, 14J, 16N; jlabal-k’op 13A, 16N.
true word: batz’i k’op 13A, 16D.
try to discover the truth by using deceitful words: jotz’-k’optay 13A, 16D, 16N.
word game: kolo‘ k’op 32; lo‘il 32; maxil [monkeyness] 14A1, 32.
word of God: ch’uul k’op 35C.

wordy: pom 13A.

work: ‘abtej 27D; ‘abtejel 27D; ‘abtel 27D; ‘abtelan 27D; pasben 27D; patan 27D.
absent from work: ch’ayal 27D; p’evel 27D.
be absent from work: ch’ay 27D; p’ev 27D.
be absolved from work: ch’ay patan 27D.
ease work: yamaj ‘abtel ‘u‘un 27D.
exempt from work: ch’aybil ‘abtel 27D; ch’aybil ta ‘abtel 27D.
give work to: ‘abtejes 10C, 27D; patnejes 10C, 27D.
have a lot of work: ‘ep patan 27D.
have work: ‘oy patan 27D.
make work: ‘ak’ patan 27D.
mix many works: ‘ilel ‘ilel ‘abtel [appearance of work] 14I, 27D; ‘ilel ‘ilel tza [appearance of intelligence] 14I, 27D; ‘ilel ‘ilel pasnej [appearance of deeds] 14I, 27D.
one day’s work: jun k’ak’al patan 12, 27D.
person absent from work: jp’evel 27D.
rough work: nakatik ‘abtelanel 27D; nakatik pasel 27D.
time-consuming work: jok’tzajel ‘abtel 2, 27D; natil ‘abtel 2, 27D; natil ch’en 2, 27D.
work clothes: ‘abtejeb k’u‘ul 27D, 31C.
work done: pasnej 27D.

worker: j‘abtel 27D; jpatan 27D.

workmanship: ‘abtelanel 27D; pasel 27D.
poor workmanship: mo ‘utzuk ‘abtelanel 16L, 27D; mo ‘utzuk pasel 16L, 27D.

world: balumil 1B; balumilal 1B; kotol ‘osil 1B.

worldly: balumilal 16P.
worldly person: jjalal ‘il balumilal 16P.

worm: lukum 6E.
worm infesting meat, cheese, etc.: xuvit 6E, 23A2.

wormeaten: joch’ 6E, 10E.
become wormeaten: joch’ib 6E, 10E; joch’in 6E, 10E.

worn: (old cloth): naka ‘ak’il 10E, 31D.
be worn out: bik’taj 10E.
be worn out (person): bik’taj 33.
grow worn (in sickness): nipaj 33.
worn out: lajem 10E.

worse: toj kolo‘ tuk 16L.
be worse: jelav ‘ipal kola‘al 16L; jelav ta kola‘al 16L.
get worse (sickness): ‘ipal-kola‘aj 33.
grow worse: kola‘aj batel 16L.

worship: ch’uul-k’opoj 35C; ch’uul-k’opon 35C; ch’uun 35C; jel-k’opon 35C; xi‘ 35C.
worship idols: k’opon vinik ton 35F.

worthily: ‘oy be [it has a path] 14, 16A; koj ‘oy 16A; tojol ‘oy 16A.

worthy: jaka jol 16A; jol 16A.
be worthy: ‘ep tojol 16A; ‘ip jalal 16A; tojol ‘oy 16A.
worthy person: ‘utzil vinik 16A; jalal vinik 16A; tojol vinik 16A.

wound: jav ‘u‘un 21C; javes 21C; majbenal 21C, 33; maj 21C; majvan 21C; Hot 21C, 33; Hot ‘u‘un 21C; Holes 21C; Hotol 21C, 33.
(given with rod or rope): jipben 21C, 33.
(received from rod or rope): jipbenal 21C, ‘ 33.
(with a lance): xen 21E, 21E2, 33.
lance wound that one gives: xenben 21E, 21E2, 33.
lance wound that one suffers: xenbenal 21E, 21E2, 33.
person whom one wounds: majben 21C, 33.
proud flesh of wound: t’uy 33.
wound with a rod: jip ta majel ta te‘ 21C, 21E.
wound with a rope: jip ta majel ta ch’ojon 21C, 21E.
wound with hoe or ax: boj ta majel 21C, 21E.

wounded: lo‘oltik 33; majbentik 33; majbil 33; Hotbil 33; Hotol 33.
be wounded: Hot 33.
be wounded (mentally): nuptan yaijel 33.

woven: jalbil 31A.

wrap: balobil 9C; vol 9C; volobil 9C.

wrapped: wrapped up: balbil 9C.

wrestle: poch’i 20A, 32B; poch’i ba 20A, 32B.

wretched: ‘abol ba 16J, 16L, 21D; ‘utz’‘utz’ ba 16J, 16L, 21D; k’uxob ‘olal ba 16J, 16L, 21D; ma‘-ch’ulel 16J, 16L, 21D.
be wretched: mo ‘oyuk ch’ulel 16J, 16L, 21D.

wretchedness: k’uxob ‘olal ba 16J, 16L, 21D.

wriggle: nik 9F; nikes 9F.

wrinkle: tzu‘ib 7C.
(clothing): vol ba 31, 31A.
(in the face): tzu‘ 1C.

wrinkled: tzu‘ul 7C; tzu‘ulik 7C; puxuxtik 7C; volilanbil 7C.
become wrinkled: nukulib 7E.
wrinkled in many places: tzu‘utik 1C.
wrinkled old man: tzu‘utik sat mool 7C, 18E.

wrist: nuk’ k’obil [hand or arm neck] 7A, 14B.

write: tz’ibaj 11A; tz’ibay 11A.

writer: writer who writes about metals: jtz’ibay-tak’in 11A, 29.
writer who writes about people: jtz’ibay-vinik 11A.

writing: tz’ib 11A.
line of writing: j-chol tz’ib 11A.

wrong: mo tojoluk pasbey 16L.

Y

yard (1): p’is 12; vara 12, 15A3.

yard (2): ‘amak’ 28D1; ‘amak’il 28D1; ‘ol ‘amak’ 28D1.

yarn: ball of yarn: j-pis no 31A; pispis no 31A; volvol no 31A.

yawn: Hayubaj 7F; Hayubajel 7F.

year: ‘abil 2B, 12.
a year from now: jun ‘ab 2B, 12.
future year: ‘ab 2B, 12.
last year (or) a year ago: jun ‘abi 2B, 12.
past year: ‘abi 2B, 12.
this year: Ha li‘ ‘abile 2B, 12.
two years ago: cha‘-abi 2B, 12A.
two years from now: cha‘-‘ab 2B, 12A.

yeast: pajubesabil vaj 23A.

yellow: k’onk’on 8F1.
grow yellow: k’anub 8F1.
make yellow: k’anubes 8F1; k’anubtas 8F1.
yellow fat (as the fat of ground chickens): k’an-balan 8F1.

yes: Ha‘ 36.

yesterday: voljey 2B.

yet: talel 2.

yoke: chukob vacas 15A11, 25B; chukobil vacas 15A11, 25B.
(for oxen): yugo 15A11, 25B.
(oxen): choj 25B.
two yokes of oxen: cha‘-choj vacas 15A9, 25B.

yonder: lum toe 4; lume 4; lumlume 4.

you: by or for you: ‘u‘un 10B.

young: bik’tal 18B.
(grow young): kelmay 18B; k’ak’al-kelmay 18B.

yours: ‘u‘un 10B; Ho‘ot ‘u‘un 10B; Ho‘ot lekoj 10B; Ho‘ot ta tojol 10B.

youth: kelem 18B; kelmal 18B.

Z

Zacatlan: (Ciudad Real): Jobel 19.

Zinacantán: ‘Ik’al ‘Ojov [black lord] 14D4, 19; Sotz’ Leb [bat net] 14A, 19.

English-Tzotzil Thesaurus

Outline

1. World

A. Air, climate, sky, heavenly bodies

B. Earth, rock, mountains, valleys, caves. See also dirt 22E1, personal hygiene 7G, and jewels 29.

C. Water, rain, springs, and bodies of water

D. Fire, lightning, torch

2. Time

A. Day and night. See also sky 1A.

B. Days, months, years, seasons

C. Speed and slowness

3. Shape and form

4. Existence, location, position

5. Plants, trees, vines

A. Wild plants, trees, vines

B. Cultivated plants, trees, vines

6. Animals

A. Mammals

1. Wild mammals

2. Domestic mammals

B. Birds

1. Wild birds

2. Domestic birds

C. Amphibians and reptiles

D. Fish, crustaceans, shellfish

E. Insects and spiders

F. Body parts

G. Actions

7. Humans

A. Body parts. See also movement 9.

1. Internal organs

B. Bodily fluids and excretions

C. Physical characteristics and states. See also ailments 33.

D. Posture and position. See also shape 3.

E. Bodily activities

1. Manual dexterity

F. Sleep and wakefulness

G. Personal hygiene. See also dirt 22E1 and earth IB.

8. Perceptions and sensations

A. Heat

B. Humidity

C. Sound and hearing

1. Human and animal sound

D. Taste and odor

E. Touch

F. Sight

1. Color

G. Similarity

9. Movement

A. Locomotion, transportation, travel

1. By land and air. See also agricultural tools 28B.

2. By water

B. Put, place, pile, carry, send, throw

C. Wrap, tie, hide, cover, close and open, bury

D. Press, push, pull

E. Insert and fill

F. Twist, turn and shake

10. Creation, acquisition, maintenance, ownership, destination, and loss

A. Make, repair, and rescue. See also housekeeping 22E and clothing repair 31A.

B. Find, receive, take, pick, keep, own

C. Give

D. Lose, discard, remove, escape. See also put, place, etc., 9B.

E. Damage, destroy, cut, tear, crack, untie

11. Thought processes, education, learning and knowledge

A. Literacy

12. Mathematical concepts, quantities, size, distance, age. See also shape 3, similarity 8G.

A. Noun classifiers

13. Speech

A. Varieties of speech, expletives. See also anger 16H, insult 16K, lie 16N.

B. Summon, request, command, propose. See also belief, practices, and sacraments 35C.

14. Metaphoric speech

A. Animals

1. Monkey

2. Dog

B. Body parts and excrement

1. Head and skull

2. Face and eyes

3. Ears

4. Nose

5. Mouth, lips, teeth, throat, tongue, and breath

6. Heart

7. Soul

8. Back, tail, butt

9. Penis

10. Limbs and bones

11. Flesh and blood

12. Excrement

C. Sensations and perceptions. See also heart 14B6 and world 14E.

D. Color

1. Red

2. Blue, green, and gray

3. Yellow

4. Black

5. White

E. Time, weather, sky, season, world, land

F. Size

1. Big

2. Small

G. Hot and cold

H. Kin terms

I. Vision

J. Speech

15. Loan words

A. Spanish

1. Religion

2. Political, judicial, commercial, literary

3. Day, month, season, measures, currency

4. Cloth, clothing, jewelry

5. Furniture and household utensils

6. Musical instruments, games, and toys

7. Weapons and ships

8. Construction, architecture

9. Animals, animal husbandry, animal products

10. Plants, food and drink derived from plants

11. Agricultural tools

B. Nahuatl

C. Yucatec

D. Proto-Mixe-Zoque

16. Emotion, values, concepts of human nature

A. Goodness, virtue, charity

B. Happiness

C. Intelligence, experience, prudence, merit, luck, success, excellence, diligence, eagerness, determination

D. Love, affection, friendship, respect, trust, truth, companionship

E. Strength, courage, authority. See also civil affairs and social status 20.

F. Obedience, humility, politeness

G. Peacefulness, patience, calm

H. Anger, hatred, enmity, disapproval, jealousy

I. Cruelty, hardness of heart

J. Anxiety, sorrow, suffering, fear, cowardice

K. Impatience, stubbornness, discourtesy, insult, disobedience, rebelliousness

L. Foolishness, clumsiness, imprudence, failure, misfortune

M. Shame, embarrassment, guilt

N. Role-playing, imitation, secrecy, deceit

O. Negligence, laziness, greed

P. Evil, sinfulness

Q. Pride, arrogance, conceit, aggressiveness

R. Beauty and ugliness

17. Fate, causality, free will, preference. See also luck 16C, misfortune 16L, sports 32B, witchcraft 35F.

18. Life cycle and family

A. Birth

B. Childhood and maturity. See also kin terms 18F.

C. Sex, sexual discrimination, beliefs, practices

D. Marriage

E. Old age, death, wills, inheritance

F. Kin terms, genealogy. See also birth 18A and marriage 18D.

19. Towns, inhabitants, land and land tenure

A. Residence and hospitality

B. Land and land tenure

20. Civil affairs and social status

A. Disputes and dispute settlements. See also warfare 21E.

21. Social problems and conditions

A. Crime, danger. See also warfare 21E.

B. Family disintegration, depopulation

C. Physical violence and punishment. See also warfare 21E.

D. Poverty and wastefulness

E. Rebellion, warfare, and defense

1. Army, navy

2. Arms, armor, and military trappings. See also military buildings 28C3.

22. Household

A. Master and servant

B. Furniture

C. Containers, utensils, supplies

D. Bedding, linens, and trappings

E. Housekeeping

1. Dirt

23. Food and Drink

A. Food

1. Grain, vegetable, fruit

2. Animal products

3. Food preparation

4. Eating habits

B. Drink and drunkenness

24. Hunting, trapping, fishing

25. Animal husbandry and transportation

A. Workers

B. Tools and vehicles

26. Agriculture

A. Workers

B. Tools. See also construction tools 28B.

27. Commercial activity and economic status

A. Merchants and trades people

B. Value

C. Currency

D. Labor and tribute

28. Construction

A. Workers

B. Tools

C. Buildings

1. Buildings for animals

2. Buildings for industry, commerce, food production

3. Public and military buildings

D. Parts of buildings

1. Walls, fences, outdoor enclosures

E. Public works

29. Jewels, precious stones, metals, and mining. See also animal husbandry 25.

A. Blacksmiths and jewelers

30. Arts and artisanry

A. Artists and artisans. See also construction workers 28A, blacksmiths and jewelers 29A, tailors and tanners 3IB.

31. Clothing and adornment

A. Manufacture and repair, leatherwork, dyes, tools

B. Tailors and tanners

C. Pieces of clothing. See also armor 21E2.

D. Cloth and clothing parts

E. Adornment and grooming

32. Amusements

A. Music and dance

1. Instruments

B. Sports and toys

33. Ailments and abnormalities

34. Health, recovery, and medicine

35. Religion

A. Catholic officials and laity

B. Church and religious articles

C. Belief, practices, and sacraments

D. Deities and saints

E. Fiestas

F. Native religion and witchcraft, disbelief and blasphemy

36. Sundries

Thesaurus

1.World

l. A. Air, climate, sky, heavenly bodies

air: ‘ak’ majey ‘ik’, ‘ik’.

airing: take an airing: majey, majey lum.

blow: Hupan.
(bellows): Hub, Hubvan.
blow off (dust): ‘v‘uch’.
blow on (food to cool it, head wound or tumor to cure it): ‘v‘uch’i.
blow on fire: Hub, Hub k’ok’.
blow through (reed, blowgun): Hupan.

breath: ‘ik’al, Hobil.
bad breath: tu ti‘, tuil ti‘.

breathe: *‘e‘et, *‘e‘onet, *‘i‘et, *‘i‘onet.
breathe in smoke or perfume: tas ‘ik’.

breeze: refreshing breeze: k’un-yaman ‘ik’.
sea breeze: ‘ik’al nab, nab ‘ik’.

bubble: bubble up: bulbon.

calm: (wind): ch’anol.
(without wind): ch’an chi ‘osil, laaet ‘osil.
become calm and clear (weather): k’ep ‘osil.

clear: k’epel.
(sky): sakub ‘osil.
clear or fair weather: k’epel ‘osil.
have sky clear: jam ‘osil.

climate: ‘osil.
mild climate: laan ‘osil.
temperate climate: laan.
with a mild climate: laan k’epel.

cloud: loud over: ‘ik’-pultay osil ta tok.

comet: fiery comet: xojob k’ak’al.

cool: cool off (weather): k’un-sikub ‘osil.

coolness: refreshing coolness as in the lowlands: k’un-yaman sik.

dried: takijesbil.

drought: takijel, takijel ‘osil.
have a drought: va‘i k’ak’al.

dry: k’epel, takin.

eclipse: have eclipse of the moon: ‘ik’ub ‘u, cham ‘u.
have eclipse of the sun: ‘ik’ub k’ak’al, cham k’ak’al.

expose: expose to the night air: ‘ak’ ‘a‘i sikil ak’abal.

fill up: fill up by blowing: nojes ta Hupanel.

fish pond: junejeb choy.

gloomy: ‘ik’-pulan.

inflate: Hupan.

inhale: tas ‘ik’.

light: (sky): sak-pulan, sak-pulantik.

meteor: tzo‘ k’anal, yolob vitz.

meteorite: tzo‘ k’anal, yolob vitz.

moon: ‘u.
be full (moon): kol ta ‘ok’el, noj, yijub.
half moon: jovjov ‘u, po‘ot ‘u.
have new moon appear: nach’ ‘u.
new moon: ‘ach’ ‘u.
waning of moon: bik’tajel ‘u, bik’tal ‘u, komojel ‘u, komol ‘u.

night: expose to the night air: ‘ak’ ‘a‘i ‘ik’al ‘ak’abal.

rainbow: me‘ k’inabal.

refresh: laanej ‘osil, sikubes.

refreshed: be refreshed: k’un-sikub, sikub.
be refreshed by: laanej ‘u‘un.

roar: (fire, hail, rain, turbulent river or ocean, wind, large flute): ‘omet.
(heavy rain, river, voices of many people, wind): t’inet.
(river, wind): jinet.

shade: keov, keovtik, mak ‘osil.

shady: shady place: nak’abiltik.

shelter: (from wind): mak.

shine: shine through: ‘och xojobil yo‘ ‘oy.
shine through (thin cloth): ‘och xojob yo‘ ‘oy.

solar: k’ak’altikil.

sound: sound softly (wind, breeze): *jachet, *jupet.

sparkle: (sunbeam through a crack in the wall, stars): ‘itz’lajet ‘osil.

split: (as the ground, fresh tile or green wood does in the sun): tzik’, t’aj.

star: k’anal.

stirred: become stirred up (water by wind or storm): nik, pumlajet.

stormy: be stormy: tinet ‘ik’ tinet Ho‘.

strong: become strong (sun, rain, wind, child): ‘ipaj.

sun: k’ak’al.

sunbeam: xojob, xojobil k’ak’al.

thunder: ‘avan ‘osil, ‘avan chauk, ‘ov chauk, j‘ox- lajun Ha‘al chon, bak’laj, bak’lajet, bak’luj, bak’lujel, tzanluj, tzanlujel, chauk, jinet, jinet ‘osil, jinetel, jinetel ‘osil, jininet ‘osil, jjun Ha‘al chon, liklajet, loklaj chauk, loklajet, t’ininet ‘osil.

water: have water stirred up by storm or wind: balet nojel, vokan.

weather: ‘osil.
have weather improve: ‘utzib ‘osil.

whirlwind: ‘ipal ‘ik’, ‘ipal Ho‘, sutum ‘ik’.

wind: ‘ik’.
east wind: ‘ak’ol ‘ik’, k’ak’alil ‘ik’.
light wind: k’unil ‘ik’.
pestilential wind: ‘ipal chamelal ‘ik’.
west wind: ‘olon ‘ik’.

windstorm: ‘ipal ‘ik’.

1. B. Earth, rock, mountains, valleys, caves. See also dirt 22E1, personal hygiene 7G, jewels 29.

abyss: lajeb ‘olon, lajeb ‘ut.

alabaster: xokom.

barren: (abyss): toj te‘.

black: (abyss): ‘ik’-‘oman, ‘ik’-pulan.
(abyss, backwater): ‘ik’-‘otz’tay, ‘ik’-loman.

bog: ‘ach’eltik.

boulder: expanse of boulders: *chaj tontik.

breach: ch’ojolil tenam ton.

buried: but’ibil ta lum, but’ibil ta lumtik, but’ijesbil, but’ul.
buried object: but’iej, but’oj.

burrow: ch’en, na.

bury: but’ ta lum.

cave: xojob cli’en, xojxoj ch’en.

cavern: (hole in rock): ‘ok’och.

chip: stone chip: ‘anben ton, ch’uch’ul ton.

cliff: tz’i‘lel ch’en, sak-bajan ch’en, va‘al ch’en, vekel ch’en.
expanse of cliffs: *chaj tontik.

clod: volvol lum.

column: marble column: chikin bax.
stone column: chikin ton.
stone column or pillar: ‘oy tonal.

continent: batz’i balumil, batz’i lum, lajel bat.

corner: form a point or corner (cliff): tz’e‘p’uj.
go by a cliff that forms a point or corner: tz’e‘el batel.

crack: (as earth, fresh tile or wood cracks in the sun): jat.
crack open (ground): ‘ap’.

craggy: craggy area: va‘al ch’en.

crash: (falling rocks): p’ajlajet.

deep: (ravine, valley): nat.

depression: chaklej.
form a depression or hollow: chaktzaj.
with a depression or hollow (land): chakchak.

descent: gradual descent: nelel, nellej vitz.
gradual descent (path): nelel batel.

desert: ‘ol ‘osil.

dirt: nokoxil.

dust: pukuk.
dust of ground rock or brick: juxbenal.

dusty: ‘ip pukuk, laal pukuk, naka pukuk.
become dusty: pukukib.

earth: black earth: ‘ik’al lum.
fuller’s earth: sakil lum.

fall: fall off a cliff: ch’ay ta ch’en, yal ta ch’en.

flat: tenel, tenten.
flat and treeless: pik’pik’, pik’pik’ ‘osil.
flat field: pik’pik’ tenlej.

flint: suy, suy ton.
black flint (with which they make razor blades): to.

flinty: sharp flinty place: suy tontik.

foot: foot of mountain: ‘ibel vitz.

gopher: gopher mound: bus ba.

gorge: with gorges: *Hopol.

gravel: bik’tal ton.

gravelly: gravelly place: pitavul tontik, tontik.

ground: balumilal.
(not sky): balumil.
hard ground: *chaj tontik.

hand-barrow: (for mud, rocks, lime): k’echob ———.

harden: (bread, mud): tzatzub, tonib.

hew: (stone): ‘an ton.

hill: vitz.
brow of a hill: jobeltik, toyol tenlej.

hilltop: ba vitz.

hurl: hurl off a cliff: ch’ay ta ch’en ‘u‘un.
hurl oneself off a cliff: yalp’un ba, yokin ba.
hurl person off a cliff: yalp’un ta ch’en, yokin ta ch’en.

island: joybil ta nab ‘osil, joybil ta nab j-tek lum, joybil ta nab lum.

jump: jump over (gulleys, ravines, wood, logs): lut’lon, lut’lonet.

land: lum.
flat land: tenlej, tenlej ‘osil.
green land: yax-lum, yaxal lum.
land distribution (as the Spaniards of this land have repartimientos): vinkilel.
measure land: p’is lum, vok’ lum.
narrow plot of land: bik’it lum, mo muk’uk popol, yubul ‘osil.

level: become level (cleared field): pach’tzaj.
become level (valley): lok’tzaj.

leveled: be leveled: ‘och nivel ‘u‘un.

lime: tan.
lime pit: chik’ob tan, chik’obil tan.

lowlands: in the lowlands: ta ‘olon ‘osil.

lye: ‘anel Ho‘.

marble: bax.

mark: (wood or stone for cutting or sawing): ‘eteltas, joch’, jul.

mire: ‘ach’eltik, tz’antzajeb ‘ach’el, ch’ay ta ‘ach’el, mul ta ‘ach’el.

mountain: vitz.
mountain chain: vitz.
mountain dweller: ba-vitzil vinik.
mountain pass: pajal vitz, tojol vitz, vitz.
mountain ridge: ba-vitzil ‘osil, ba-vitzil lum.

mountainous: fruit native to mountainous region: ba-vitzil lo‘bol.
region: ba-vitzil ‘osil, ba-vitzil lum.
tree native to mountainous region: ba-vitzil te‘.

mountain top: ba vitz.
approach over mountain top: ba vitz talel.
ascend mountain top: ba-betzaj, ba-vitzaj.
departure over mountain top: ba vitz batel.
moment before completing ascent of mountain top: ba-betzajebal.
on the mountain top: ta jol ba vitz, ta jol vitz.

mud: ‘ach’el.

muddied: balbil ta ‘ach’el.
be muddied: ‘atin ‘ach’el, baley ta ‘ach’el.

muddiness: tatal, tatubel.

muddy: ‘atintas ta ‘ach’el, bal ta ‘ach’el, tatubes, tot.
be muddy: bal ta ‘ach’el.
become muddoy: tatub.

mudhole: ‘ach’eltik.

narrow: (plot of land between cliffs): lotz’ol.
(region with many ravines): lotz’ol.
(valley): lotz’ol.

nature: talel ‘osil.

ochre: red ochre: *xuko.

pass: mountain pass: ‘akan vitz.

pebble: xixib ton.

pebbly: ‘ip xixib ton.
pebbly place: xixib tontik.
rough pebbly place: xixib tontik.

pit: deep pit in the hills: xa‘ab.

pitch: ‘ik’al ton, bon, bonobil, kap.

plain: jobeltik, lomlej, tenav, tenlej, tenlejil.
form a plain in a hilly region: lomtzaj.

plot: plot of land: lum.

powder: (of ground dried material): p’up’.
(of sawed material): p’up’benal.

prop: prop up by putting stick or stone underneath: xoney.

protruding: (adobes or stones in ill-made wall): bet’et’ik.

quarry: ‘anob tontik, jok’ob ton, lok’eb ton, lok’esab ton, vinajeb ton.

ravine: deep ravine: natil ch’en.
rocky ravine: tonil.
with many ravines: laal *Hopolil, *HopHop- tik.

rock: ton.
blackened rock: ‘ik’al ton.
hard rock: tzatzal ton.
pointed end of a rock: ni‘ ton.
rock in the ocean: *vekel ch’en ta nab, Ha‘al ch’en.
round rock: volvol ton.

rocky: ‘ip ton.
rocky place: tontik, tontikil ‘osil.
sharp rocky place: ch’ix-tontik.

row: (of stones, or adobe or anything laid on top
of each other): j-kajal.

rub: rub together (bricks, rocks): jux, juxilan.
rub together (two bricks): jos.

salt: ‘atz’am, ‘atz’mel, ‘atz’meltas.
black salt: ‘ik’al ‘atz’am.
grain of salt: sat ‘atz’am.
hard salt: ton ‘atz’am.
salt deposit (on bottom of pot for making salt): tz’ujlemal ‘atz’am.
salt well: ‘atz’am, ni-nab ‘atz’am.
white salt: sakil ‘atz’am.

saltpeter: ‘atz’am, ‘atz’am lum, ‘atz’am ton, *kichin lum, *kichin ton.
saltpeter bed: *kichin ‘osil.

sand: grain of sand: sat yi‘.

sandstone: yi‘ ton, yi‘al ton.

sandy: naka yi‘, naka yi‘tik, yi‘tik.
sandy place: yi‘tik.

settle: (ground): lom, lomtzaj.
make (ground) settle: lomtz’in.

sink: (ground underfoot, basket, etc.): lomomet.
(ground when stepped on or trunk or basket, or other soft object when sat upon.):.
(ground when stepped on or trunk or basket, or other soft object when sat upon): lom, lomtzaj, potz’et, putz’et.
(water into ground): ‘ul.

slippery: slippery place: bilil ‘osil, ch’ulul ‘osil, jach’ebal, tilch’ujebal.
very slippery: ‘ip bililul.

slope: downhill slope: yalebal batel.
lower slopes: ‘akan vitz, nellej vitz.
mountain slope: paych’ujeb vitz, paych’ujel.

sound: sound of earth falling from a height: jaxet.

split: (as the ground, fresh tile or green wood does in the sun): tzik’.

stepping: stepping stone: ‘ech’eb ‘uk’um.

stone: ten, tenobaj, tenvan, ton.
corner of a stone: xuk’av ton.
lay stones: ch’uban, ch’ubay.
lay stones (as do the officials): ch’ubaj.
throw (stone): ten.
throw of a stone: ten.
throw stones: tenobaj.
translucent stone: chak-xojan ton.

stony: ‘ip ton.

stumble: stumble over dirt: tz’ukulin lum.

sulphur: lum ch’ameb k’ok’, lum nop’eb k’ok’, nop’eb k’ok’, ton ch’ameb k’ok’.

sunken: (ground): pulultik.
(ground, valleys, house floor where there are depressions): pulpul.
slightly sunken (valleys): lomlom.

touch: touch each other (sticks, stones, etc.): tij ba.
touch with stick, stone or anything other than hands: tij.

track: track left by stone that has been pushed: be ton.

trip: trip on a rock: tz’ukulin ton.

underground: put underground: but’ ta lum, but’i, but’i j-tz’uj ta lum, but’ijes ta lumtik, ch’ik ta lum, k’al ta lum, muk, muk ta lum, muk ta lumtik, mukbil ta lumtik, mukul ta lumtik.

valley: become a valley: *Hopan.
large valley: tenlej, *Hoplej.
shallow valley: lomlej.
valley sunken in the middle: pullej.
with many valleys: *HopHoptik.
with valleys: *Hopol.

view: (from the house or the window): vinajeb ‘osil.
have a view (from the house or the window): vinaj ‘osil yo‘ ‘oy.

wallow: balalij, balalijebal, balan ba ta ‘ach’el, balch’un ba, balch’un ba ta ‘ach’el, ch’ay ta ‘ach’el, mul ta ‘ach’el.

wallowing: mulel.
wallowing in mud: ch’ayel.

wash: wash off (ashes from corn, mud from one’s
knees): sap, sapulan.

wasteland: treeless wasteland: mo ‘oyuk te‘ yo‘ ‘oy, naka jobeltik.
uninhabited wasteland: xokol ‘osil.

white: appear white as a cliff or churches in the distance: sak-jalan, sak-kepan, sak-tik’an.

wilderness: uninhabited wilderness: ‘ol ‘osil.

world: balumil, balumilal, kotol ‘osil.
l.C. Water, rain, springs, and bodies of water

absorb: ‘ul.

absorbed: be absorbed: ‘ul.
be absorbed (as when rain is absorbed into the ground): ‘uch’, ‘uch’li.

backwater: nab.

bath: bath water: ‘atimol.

beach: ti‘ muk’ta nab, ti‘ nab.

black: (abyss, backwater): ‘ik’-‘otz’tay, ‘ik’-loman.
(backwater): ‘ik’-t’uban.

blot: ‘uley.

boil: vokan.
boiling: k’ok’, toj k’ok’.

breeze: sea breeze: ‘ik’al nab, nab ‘ik’.

brine: ‘atz’amil Ho‘.

brook: bik’tal Ho‘.

bubble: bubble up: bulbon.

bucket: water bucket: likobil Ho‘.
water bucket or jug: likob Ho‘.

clear: clear and without sediment: pokbil, t’ujum.

cloud: tok.
cloud over: ‘ik’-pultay, tz’i‘lej ta tok, lik tok, naka tok ‘ayan, nupij tok, taot ta tok.
rain cloud: tatal tok.
storm cloud: chaukil tok.

cloud-covered: be cloud-covered: tok ‘a‘i.

cloudy: ‘ik’-pulan ‘osil ta tok, makal ‘osil, toktik.

cool: cool water: k’un-yaman sikil Ho‘.

dammed: be dammed up: komtzaj, liktzaj, naktzaj.

dark: grow dark (sky): ‘ik’-pultay.
have sky grow dark: ‘ik’-pultay ‘osil.

decrease: (water): bik’taj.

deep: (water): nab, toj nab, toj nat.

detained: be detained as by rain or a full river: maktzaj.

dew: ‘ov ‘ak’abal, tz’ujul.
(on plants or trees): tz’ujubal.
have dew fall: k’un-vitz’et Ho‘.
night dew: ‘ik’ ‘ak’abal, ‘ik’al ‘ak’abal.

dewy: tz’ujultik.

diluted: ‘oy kap.
(wine): kapbil ta Ho‘.

ditch: drainage ditch: be Ho‘, *sapav be Ho‘.

divine: divine in water: k’inij ta Ho‘.

drain: drain off: ‘ules.

drained: be drained: takij.
be drained off (strength, water): ‘ul.

drip: vijet.

drizzle: vitz’ k’inabal, vitz’ub Ho‘.
drizzle in a nor’easter: yal ‘ak’ol Ho‘, yal k’inabal.

drop: drop by drop: p’ajajtik.

drown: jik’av.

drowning: jik’avel.

fill: fill by sinking, as when they fill the water jug by sinking it in the water, pul.

fishpond: ch’ivitajeb choy, lekbil.

flood: ‘ipal Ho‘, komel.
flood widely: kom.

flooded: tz’ajal ta Ho‘, chik’il ta Ho‘.
be flooded: ‘ach’elay, chik’ey.

flow: flow out without bubbles: lok’.

foam: vok, vokan.
foam of boiling water: tzo‘ k’ak’al Ho‘, vok k’ak’al Ho‘.

fog: balumil tok, tok.

foggy: ‘ip tok, tz’anal tok.
become foggy: yal tok.

fork: (river, road): k’ej ba, k’ejey.
fork in a river: tz’akav ‘uk’um.

fountain: ‘av Ho‘, lok’eb Ho‘.

freeze: pat ba.

frost: ‘ob, ‘ov.

gloomy: (sky): ‘ik’-pulantik.

green: dark green (backwater): yax-joman.

gulf: ta ‘o‘lol nab, ta ‘ut nab.

hail: bot, p’aj bot, yal bot.

ice: ‘ob, ‘ov.

icicle: patbil Ho‘ ‘u‘un taiv, taiv.
form icicles: pas ba Ho‘ ta taiv.

irrigate: (cornfields in the dry season): ‘ulbay.
irrigate with water from a draw well: ‘et’esbey ‘a‘lel.

irrigated: ‘ulbaybil.
land: ‘ulbal ‘osil, ‘ulbaltik.

jump: jump in the river: ‘och ta ‘uk’um.

lake: nab.

low: (tide): ‘ulul.

marine: ta nab ‘ayan.

mist: balumil tok, tok.

moat: chuk’ob.

moderate: (water or other cold material): laanejes.

ocean: nab.
deep ocean: natil nab, natil Ho‘.

overflow: mal, malemal.

pond: bik’tal nab, tz’antzajeb Ho‘, tz’anleb Ho‘, Ho‘.

puddle: tz’anal Ho‘.

rain: yal Ho‘, Ho‘.
constant rain: ‘ip Ho‘, ‘ipal Ho‘, toj ‘ip Ho‘.
constant rain for many days: *votol Ho‘.
cool rain: sik-Ho‘.
rain with big drops: p’aj Ho‘, p’ajlajet Ho‘.
use palm leaf rain cover: ‘axiban, ‘axibin.

rainbow: me‘ k’inabal.

raincape: (woven palm leaves they carry for when it rains): ‘axibal.

raindrop: p’ajp’aj.

rainstorm: ‘ipal Ho‘, ‘omel.

rainy: Ho‘tikil.
rainy season, spring: bulbux.

refreshing: be refreshing (cold water): laaet ‘uch’et.

reservoir: tz’antzajeb, tz’antzajeb Ho‘, tz’anleb Ho‘.

river: ‘uk’um.
dangerous river: tz’i‘lelal ‘uk’um, xi‘ebal ‘uk’um.
deep river: nab, nab Ho‘, nat Ho‘, natil Ho‘.
have river overflow: noj ‘uk’um.
sudden overflow of river: nojel ‘uk’um.

roar: (fire, hail, rain, turbulent river or ocean): loklonet.
(fire, hail, rain, turbulent river or ocean, wind, large flute): ‘omet.
(heavy rain, river, voices of many people, wind): t’inet.
(river, wind): jinet.

rock: rock in the ocean: *vekel ch’en ta nab, Ha‘al ch’en.

rough: be rough (water): pumlajet.

salty: salty water: chi‘-Ho‘, chi‘il Ho‘.

sea: high sea: ‘o‘lol nab, nab, nab Ho‘, nat Ho‘.
rough sea: pumlajetel.
sea storm: ‘ipal pumlajetel nab.
shallow sea: komol nab.

seacoast: ti‘ muk’ta nab, ti‘ nab.

sewer: ‘ocheb Ho‘, lok’eb ‘a‘lel, lok’eb Ho‘.

shelter: rain shelter: ‘axinajebal.
shelter from the rain: ‘axintas.
take shelter from the rain: ‘axinaj.

sink: ‘ach’, tz’ajey, mul, mul ta Ho‘, mul ta Ho‘tik, t’ub ta Ho‘.
(water into ground): ‘ul.

sluice: ‘ocheb ‘a‘lel, ‘ocheb Ho‘, be ‘a‘lel, be-o‘.

snow: yal Hob.

soak: tz’aj ta Ho‘, tz’ajan ta Ho‘.

sound: (heavy rain): juet.
sound of rainspouts: chojet, ch’itet, t’ojet.

spring: bulbux, bulinab, lok’eb, ni-nab Ho‘, ni-o‘, xni-nab.
place abounding in springs: bulbuxtik, ni-o‘tik.
rainy season spring: bulbuxtik.

sprinkle: vitz’, vitz’ Ho‘.
(with the hand or hyssop): vitz’es.

stagnant: become stagnant: tz’antzaj, tz’antzayaj, tz’aney.

steam: sabtay, sob, sobet.
(wall or cloth): ch’ailay.

stirred: become stirred up (water by wind or storm): nik, pumlajet.

Stormy: be stormy: tinet Ho‘.

strait: bik’tal nab.

stream: bik’tal ‘uk’um, bik’tal Ho‘.

stream bed: dry streambed: taki-‘uk’um, taki-tontik.

strong: become strong (sun, rain, wind, child): ‘ipaj.

submerge: mules.
(ship, canoe): mul ch’ay, pul ch’ay.

sweating: (glass): ‘ach’et.

tide: low tide: ‘ulel nab, komoluk, yalel nab.

torrent: ‘ipal ‘ok ‘akan tontik, paych’ujeb Ho‘.

underwater: tzulul.
be put underwater: tz’aj.
put underwater: tzul ta Ho‘, tzulbil, tz’aj ta Ho‘, mul, mul ta Ho‘, mulbil, mulul.

warm: warm water: k’un k’ixin Ho‘.

water: ‘a‘al, ‘ach’es, ‘ak’bey ‘a‘iel, ‘at’es, ‘och ‘a‘lel ‘u‘un, malatay, t’uxubtas, Ho‘.
bank or edge of any body of water: ti‘ Ho‘.
be put in water: tz’ajey.
calm water: tz’ananet xanav, tz’ananet Ho‘.
clear water: yox-o‘.
dammed up water: tz’anal Ho‘.
deep water: ‘o‘lol nab.
draw water: lup Ho‘.
draw water from a well: lik Ho‘.
drawing of water: Ha‘bej.
enter deep water: ‘och ta natil Ho‘.
have water stirred up by storm or wind: balet nojel, vokan.
holy water: ‘a‘al dios, ch’uiltasbil Ho‘, ch’uivel Ho‘.
narrow body of water: chukulil nab.
pour water from bowl to bowl: t’oj Ho‘.
put in water: tz’ajal.
sounder for measuring depth of water: liklik tak’in, p’isobil natil Ho‘.
water moving quietly: tz’ananet.

watered: malataybil.

wave: make small waves: yuk’et, yuk’yonet.
small waves: yuk’etel Ho‘, yuk’yonetel.

whirlpool: joyijeb Ho‘, sututijeb Ho‘.
l.D. Fire, lightning, torch

alight: (candle): kuxlej.

ash: tan.

bellows: Hubob k’ok’, Hubobil.

blow: (bellows): Hub, Hubvan.
blow on fire: Hub, Hub k’ok’.

boil: vokan.
boiling: k’ok’, toj k’ok’.

bonfire: muk’ta k’ok’.

brazier: lechob ‘ak’al.

break: break or snap (stick, pole, candle, long object): k’as, k’av.

brushwood: brushwood for an oven: ‘unen te‘, bik’tal te‘, ch’ilob vaj.

burn: tzan, chik’, k’ak’, k’ak’es, k’ak’etal, nop’.
(coals): ‘ak’lin, ‘an.
(turning the firebrand or embers and scattering them): balax-k’ak’tay.
burn around: joy-chik’, joy-k’ak’ay, pat-k’ak’ay.
burn beneath the trees as when they burn thickets for cornfields, leaving large trees standing: tokal-te‘.
burn the fields: chik’ ‘osil.
burn with flames: til, tilet.

burning: burning of underbrush: tokal te‘, tokal-te‘ivanej, tokavej.

burnt: chik’bil, k’ak’esbil.
burnt area: chik’benal.
burnt field: k’ak’etal, k’ak’etaltik.
burnt patch: chik’il k’ok‘.

candle: candela, tajleyabil.

charcoal: ‘ak’al.

chimney: lok’eb ch’ail.
chimney shaft: lok’eb ch’ail.

coal: red hot coal: ‘ak’al.

egg: eggs cooked on the coals: leb-tanibil ton tuluk’.

ember: ‘ak’al.

extinguish: tup’es.

extinguished: be extinguished: tup’.

fire: k’ak’ubel, k’ok’.
(with embers scattered far and wide): balax k’ok’.
fire in patches: chik’il k’ok’.
light a fire: nop’ k’ok’.
person who sets fire to something: jsuj-k’ok’.
set fire in patches: chik’il-k’ak’tay.
set fire to: sujbey k’ok’, suj k’ok’.
steel for striking fire with a flint: tak’in.

firebrand: xupetk’ok’.

firewood: si‘.
stack of firewood: j-vutz’ si‘.
stacked firewood: ch’ubaybil si‘.

flame: ‘at k’ok’.
flame up: til, tilet, tililet

flash: (lightning): leblajet ‘osil, leblon ‘osil.

gleam: xojob yan.

half-burnt: k’ak’tik, k’an k’ak’el.

hearth: ‘av k’ok’, tzaneb k’ok, nop’eb k’ok’.

hell: (where the bones are burnt): k’atin-bak.
person in hell: k’atin-bakil vinik.

hellfire: k’atin-bakil ‘ik’ti‘, k’atin-bakil ‘il ya, k’atin-bakil vokol, k’atin-bakil ya.

kindle: ’an.

lamp: lampara.
lamp socket: ‘av japbalal, ‘av naul.

lantern: ‘av candela, na candela.

light: tzan, tzan k’ok’, til.
(candle, fire): kuxan.
light up: jap.
light up person with a torch or a candle: jap-tajley, tajley.

lightning: chauk, leblajetel.
struck by lightning: majat ta chauk.

lit: object being lit up: japoj.

log: single large log for the fire: k’echob.

pine: pine torch: xuch’al toj.

poke: poke fire and stir flames: lupes.
poke the fire: ji‘ k’ok’.

roar: (fire, hail, rain, turbulent river or ocean): loklonet.
(fire, hail, rain, turbulent river or ocean, wind, large flute): ‘omet.

scorch: juteb k’ak’es, k’an-k’ak’, k’an-k’ak’es.

scorched: be scorched: juteb k’ak’.

singe: juteb k’ak’es, k’an-k’ak, k’an-k’ak’es.

singed: be singed: juteb k’ak’.

smoke: bukbon ch’ail, bukbonet, buket, ch’ail, lamet ch’ail.
(before catching fire): bukbonet, buket, busbonet.
(firewood): ‘ik’-baltay.
with smoke puffing up in the distance: puket ch’ail.

smoky: ‘ip ch’ail, laal ch’ail.
(firewood): ‘ik’-baltay.
become smoky: ch’ailay, ch’aub.
smoky clothes: ch’ailal pok’.
smoky person: ch’ailal vinik.

soot: ‘ik’uyal, ‘obok.

spark: nich k’ok’.

stand: stand up (candle): kajan, kajey.

stick: stick being poked into fire: chuchoj.

stir: fire being stirred: chuchoj.
person who stirs the fire: jchuchvanej.
stir the fire: chik’, chik’ulan, chuch k’ok’.
stir the fire (causing flames): tiles.

stove: pus.

taper: large taper with four wicks: tz’otbil candela, muk’ta candela.

tinder: ch’amobil k’ok’.
(burnt cloth): tzanob k’ok’, tzanobil k’ok’, ch’amob k’ok’.

torch: tajley yan toj, toj.
pine torch: tzajal toj, japbalal toj.
torch bundle: j-yom toj.

trim: trim a wick: lok’es ‘ak’lel, lok’esbey ‘ak’lel candela.

turn: (candle, stick): tz’ot.

twisted: (candles to make a torch): tz’ototik.

warm: warm self by the fire: k’atin si‘.
warm self by the fire as do people or animals: k’atin.

wick: candle wick: naul candela. cloth lamp wick: pak’al.
lamp wick: naul.
wick made of cloth: japbalal pok’.
wick made of string: japbalal no.

2. Time

after: tz’akal.
shortly after: j-‘ok’ xa, j-‘ok’uk xa.

again: j-mek xa, j-mekuk xa, ta j-mekeluk xa.

ago: a short time ago: j-‘ok’ to.
long ago: vo’ney.

already: xa.

always: batel ‘osil, lajel ‘osil.

ancient: poko‘.

awaited: malaybil.

battle: start a battle: likes, likes ta ‘ochel, tukes.

beard: begin to grow a beard: ‘ik’-mustay ‘isim, t’ab ‘isim.

become: pas, pas ba.

before: ba‘yi, mo to.
shortly before: j-‘ok’ ba‘yi, juteb ba‘yi, lajel to.

begin: kaj, kajes, lik, likes, t’ab, t’abes.
begin something new: jut.

beginning: ba‘yitajel, kajeb, likebal.

being: ‘ayanel.

bid: bid again: cha‘-‘ak’ ta *‘aal, cha‘-‘ak’ ta ‘al, cha‘-‘otes ta *‘aal.

business: new business: ‘okel.
new business (of outsider or person who starts new enterprise): be.

clock: ‘atob ‘osil, reloj.

come: have just come: Hulel ‘oy, Hulel to.

commemoration: na‘obil.

complete: tz’akal, tz’aki ‘u‘un, tz’akubtas.

completed: tz’akubtasbil.
be completed: tz’aki.
particle expressing completed time: ‘ox, ‘oy.

completion: tzutzeb, lak’eb.

conclude: Hu‘ ‘u‘un.

continually: Ha‘ no ‘ox.

continue: Ha‘al ‘ech’, Halejes.
continue doing: naka Ha‘ no ‘ox pas.

continuous: jilol ‘osil.

conversation: cut short one’s conversation: ch’ak ta be k’op, yales k’op.

current: Ha‘ te ‘oy, Ha‘ te tana ‘ech’.
be current: tana to ‘ayan.

deadline: ch’akbil k’in.
set (deadline): ch’akbil.
set a deadline: ch’ak k’in.

dispute: start a dispute: likes.

do: do over and over: *‘oyo pas, *‘oyo‘oyo pas, naka no ‘ox pas.

done: pasbil.

durable: nat.

duration: natijel, Halejel.

early: mu to k’inal, sob.
be early (fruiting): ba‘yi——.

early-fruiting: (figs, quinces, etc.): ba‘yi nach’el, ba‘yitajel.

end: ‘olanebal, ‘ulebal, tzutzeb, tzutzel, tzutzes, ch’aniab, ch’anieb, ch’aniel, ch’ay, laj, lajeb, lajel, lok’eb.
do to the very end: lajel pas, lok’el pas.
end of negotiation: tzutzeb k’op.
follow to the very end: lajel tz’ak-pati, lok’el tz’ak-pati.
in the end: ta ‘olaneb, ta tzutzeb, ta lajeb.

ended: be ended: ‘ul.

entirely: lajel, lajeluk, lok’el, lok’eluk.

evil: be persistently evil: lajel kola‘aj.

expect: event that one expects to happen: malayej.

explain: explain at length: metz’aj, pamij.
person who explains at length: jpamijel.

falling: stop falling: kiktzaj.

finally: ta ‘olaneb, ta tzutzeb, ta ch’anieb, ta lajeb.

finish: tzutzes.
(work): tzutz.
finish off: ‘ules.

finished: ‘ulesbil.
be finished: tz’aki.

first: do or use for the first time: likes.
first time: ba kajal.
for the first time: ba‘yi.

forever: jilol ‘osil.

free: free time: naka ‘osil, naka ‘osiltik.

frequently: ‘atal mek, ‘ep ta mek, *‘oyo‘oyo, likel kajel, likel likel, likel t’abel, naka no ‘ox.
quite frequently: ‘ep‘ep.

from: from now on: batel.

future: sometime in the future: bak’inuk to.

historian: jmel-vokol, jvokolinom.

historic: vokolil.
historic deeds: vokolil pasnej.
tell historical accounts: vokolij.

history: ‘ik’ti‘il, vokol, vokolil.
(written): tz’ibaybil ‘ik’ti‘.
ancient history: poko‘ ‘ik’ti‘, poko‘ vokol.
annual history: ju-jun ‘abil vokol, ta ju-jun ‘abil vokol.
contemporary history: nax to ‘ik’ti‘, nax to vokol.
current history: Ha‘ to vokol.
daily history: ju-jun k’ak’al vokol.
history in writing: Hun ‘ik’ti‘, Hun vokol.
history or legend (written): tz’ibaybil vokol.
recent history: ‘ach’ to ‘ik’ti‘, ‘ach’ to vokol.
relate person’s history: ‘al, vokolin.
relate personal histories (especially the old people): kuy.

hour: tij.

house: old house: k’a‘-na, k’a‘al na.

incomplete: mo tz’akluk.

introduction: t’abeb k’op.
introduction of a book: likeb Hun.
introduction of a book or speech: likeb k’op.

last: tz’aklon, jok’ey, k’oxil, nat bat, natij, xutul, Halej.
at last: tz’akal, k’oxil.
last long: Ha‘al bat, Ha‘al laj.
the last: lajeb.

lasting: Ha‘al, Hal.

later: a little later: j-‘ok’ xa, j-‘ok’uk xa, yalul ta, yaluluk xa.
a while later: j-‘ok’ xa, j-‘ok’uk xa.

laughing: stop laughing: ch’ani ta tze‘ej.

lead: at the lead (on trail): ba‘yitajel.

live: live a long time: nat bat, nat natij.

long-lasting: nat.
be long-lasting: mo sobuk ‘olan, mo sobuk laj.

long-lived: be long-lived: ‘ep ‘il ‘osil, nat ‘il ‘osil, nat xanav, nat xanav ta balumil, nat xanbal, nat tal.
long-lived person: poko‘ vinik.

many: how many (times): jay-mek, jay-yalel.
many times: ‘ep ta mek, *‘oyo‘oyo.

meanwhile: k’alal ta yo‘ ‘oy, yo‘ ‘oy.

middle: reach the middle: k’alal ta ‘o‘lol, ta ‘o‘lol.

midpoint: midpoint in meal: ‘o‘lol ve‘el.

moment: j-‘ok’, j-t’abelt’abel.
in a moment: t’ab chi.

never: (in the future): mo no ‘ox bak’in, mo no ‘oxeuk bak’in.
(in the past): mo ‘oyuk bak’ni, mo no ‘ox bak’ni, mok bak’ni.

not: not yet: mo to.

now: tana, tana to.
even now: Ha‘ to li‘, Ha‘ to li‘ tanae.
not long from now: mo nomuk.

o’clock: tij.

once: bak’ni, vo‘ney.

origin: ‘ibel, likebal.

original: likebal, t’abeb.

pass: pass the time away: ‘et’es ‘osil.
that which now passes or had just passed: nax, nax lajel, nax lajel to.

perpetual: batel ‘osil ‘oy, jilol ‘osil, mu cham ‘oy, mu laj ‘oy.

perpetuate: muk’ubtas, Halejes.

perpetuity: jok’tzajel, natijel, Halejel.

postpone: ch’ak, jok’tzajes, k’oxibtas, lajeb ‘ayan ‘u‘un, nop, paj, xutul ‘ayan ‘u‘un, xutultas, toy k’in, Halejes.

postponed: be postponed: jok’tzaj.

predecessor: Ha‘ te k’ex.

prepare: pas, tojobes, tojobtas.
prepare in advance: ba‘yijes.
prepare oneself: meltzaj, pas ba.

proceed: batz’itay, tzutz ‘u‘un, xik’an, xik’ey.

prolonged: be prolonged: natij.

rain: constant rain: ‘ip Ho‘, ‘ipal Ho‘, toj ‘ip Ho‘.
constant rain for many days: votol Ho‘.

readied: tzatzajesbil.

ready: pasbil.
get ready: tzatzajes ba, pas ba.
person who is ready: ch’albil vinik.

recent: ‘ach’, ‘ach’ to, yaxal.

recently: ‘ach’, ‘ach’ to, j-‘ok’ to, li‘li‘ to, mu vo‘neyuk.

remember: remember frequently: tam ta ‘olonton.

repent: moment when or place where one repents: bik’tajebal, tup’ebal.

reply: reply many times: bichbonet tak’av.
reply shamelessly or repeatedly: bichbonet tak’av, jatbil ‘abnal ti‘ tak’av, jik’jonet tak’av, ti‘inej ba tak’av.

second: a second time: cha‘-mekel.

seldom: Haliktik.

set: set a day, limit or place: ch’ak.

sin: sin persistently (as a stubborn or shameless dog): tz’i‘il-mulav.

sinfulness: persistent sinfulness: tz’i‘il ta mulil.

sleep: sleep a long time: yakil-vay.

sometime: (in the future): ‘oy bak’in, bak’in, bak’inuk.
(in the past): ‘oy bak’ni, bak’ni.

soon: mo nomuk, va‘alva‘aluk.

start: (dispute): jut.

started: likesbil.

starting: starting point: likel ‘oy.

stay: jok’ej, kom, Halej.

still: tana to.

stop: ‘olan, ch’anantas, ch’ani, ch’anies, kiktzaj, maktzajes, maktzan.
(animal): kotaj.
(bleeding): mak, paj.
stop in one’s tracks: ch’ani ta ‘anil, komtzaj, va‘an ba.
stop moving (inanimate object): kiktzaj, komtzaj, naktzaj.

stopped: kikil.

store: store in one’s mind (to do or say at a later date): tz’ibay ta ‘olonton.

talk: time-consuming talk: jok’tzajel k’op.

tardy: tardy person: jHa‘al, jHalejel.

termination: ch’aniab, ch’anieb, ch’aniel.

then: te.
(in the future): bak’in.
(in the past): bak’ni.

till: till when: buy k’alal.
up till now: talel.

time: ‘osil, koj, k’inal, mek, yalel.
(one after another): j-kajal.
a long time from now: nom ta ‘abil, nom ta ‘osil.
another time: j-mek xa, j-mekuk xa, ta j-mekeluk xa.
at a point of time: t’ab chi.
at the proper time: en buen tiempo corao…, en buen tiempo se parte. at what time: buy ‘osil.
each or every time: naka Ha‘ no ‘ox.
first time: j-mek.
free time: xokol ‘osil, xokol ‘osiltik.
long time: nat ‘osil.
many times: naka Ha‘ no ‘ox.
opportune time: k’inal, k’inil.
point of time: t’abel, t’abelt’abel.
second time: cha‘-mekel.
short time: mo natuk ‘osil, mu natuk.
take a long time: toy k’in, Halejes.

time-consuming: natil, Halil.

until: k’alal, k’alal ta, li‘ k’alal li‘, yo‘ ‘oy.

vain: spend the day or time in vain: naka ‘ech’ ‘osil ‘euk, naka mal k’ak’al ‘u‘un.

wait: wait for person: malay, malayvan.

watch: na‘ob ‘osil.

when: (in the future): bak’in.
(in the past): bak’ni.

when?: buy ‘osil, buy k’ak’al, buy k’ak’al k’in.

whenever: k’uk ‘a‘ ‘oy, Ha‘ no ‘ox tza.
(in the future): bak’inuk no ‘ox.

where: where once: te no ‘ox, te yo‘ ‘oy ba‘yie.

while: tana.
in a little while: juteb xa, t’abel no ‘ox, t’abel xa, t’abelt’abel no ‘ox, va‘al no ‘ox, va‘alva‘al no ‘ox, yalul xa.
in a short while: va‘al no ‘ox, va‘alva‘al no ‘ox.
short while: t’abel no ‘ox.

will: ta.

word: historic words: vokolil k’op.

work: time-consuming work: jok’tzajel ‘abtel, natil ‘abtel, natil ch’en.

yet: talel.

2.A. Day and night. See also sky 1A.

afternoon: late afternoon: samelsamel ‘osil.

bright: (moonlit night): sak-mesan.
become bright (moonlit night): sak-mestay ‘osil.

daily: ‘ok’om‘ok’om, ta ju-jun k’in.

date: k’inal, k’inil.

dawn: ‘ik’-luman, ‘ik’-numan, ‘oy to ‘ak’abal, *jich’aj ‘osil, *jich’ajel, k’inaj ‘osil, k’inajel, k’inil ‘osil, sak-jaman ‘osil, sakub ‘osil.
at dawn: ‘ik’-lumantik, ‘ik’-numantik.
early dawn: k’inilk’inil ‘osil.

dawning: sak-kepan.

day: k’ak’al, k’in.
by day: ta k’ak’altik, ta tumuchultik.
day after tomorrow: cha‘ej.
day before yesterday: chabjey.
each day: ta ju-jun k’in.
holy day: chabiat k’in.
on the first day: ta ba k’in.
set a day: ch’ak k’in, ch’akbey k’in, paj.
the day before: ‘ok’ob xa ‘oy.
what day?: buy k’ak’al, buy k’ak’al k’in.

daytime: in the daytime: ta k’ak’altik, ta tumuchultik.

dew: night dew: ‘ik’ ‘ak’abal, ‘ik’al ‘ak’abal.

late: sameltikil.
late at night: nax ‘ox ‘ak’abal.

midnight: ‘o‘lol ‘ak’abal, tumuch ‘ak’abal.

morning: *jich’ajel.

night: ‘ak’abal.
first quarter of the night: ‘ochel ‘ak’abal.
night before last: chabjey ta ‘ak’abal.
sit up a whole night: k’el ‘ak’abal.

nightly: ta ju-jun ‘ak’abal.

noon: ‘o‘lol k’ak’al, k’uxul k’ak’al, tumuch k’ak’al.

overnight: overnight stay: vayebal.

patrol: night patrol: chabi-‘ak’abal, chabiej-‘ak’abal, joyeb j-tek lum, joyeb na, joyvanej.

red: (sky at dawn or dusk): chak-*jutan.

redden: (sky at dawn or dusk): chak-*juttay.

rise: rise early in the morning: ‘ak’abal julay, ‘oy to ‘ak’abal julay, toj ‘ik’-luman julay.

set: (sun): ‘och ta yalel k’ak’al.

star: morning star: muk’ta k’anal.

stay: stay overnight: ‘olanabil.

sun: have the sun set: mal k’ak’al.

sunrise: jameb k’ak’al, lok’eb k’ak’al, nach’eb k’ak’al.

2.B. Days, months, years, seasons

annual: ‘abilal.

annually: ta ju-jun ‘abil.

calendar: calendar of saints’ days: ‘atob ‘osil, ‘atob k’ak’al, ‘atob k’in.

Friday: cha‘ej xa ‘oy domingo, viernes.

harvest: harvest time: vojtontik.

journey: a week’s journey: Huk-k’in belel.
one day’s journey or march: jun k’ak’al xanbal.

labor: a week’s labor: Huk-k’in ‘abtel.

March: ‘oxib ‘u, ‘u marzo, marzo.
referring to March: marzoil.

month: ‘u.

octave: eight day fiesta: ch’akeb vaxakib k’ak’al, ch’akel vaxakib k’ak’al, vaxakib k’ak’al.

October: ‘u octubre, octubre.

one: one and a half months: ‘o‘lol chib ‘u.

payment: day set for payment: chonbil k’in.

rainy: rainy season, spring: bulbux.

Saturday: ‘ok’ob xa ‘oy domingo, sabado.

season: ‘osil, k’inal.
dry season: k’epel ‘osil, k’inal k’ak’al, takin ‘osil.
rainy season: Ho‘tikil ‘osil, Ho ‘ tikil lum.

September: setiembre.

seven: seven years: Huk-‘abi, Hukub ‘abil.
seven years old: Huk-‘abi.

spring: rainy season spring: bulbuxtik.

summer: ‘et’es k’ak’altik, k’ak’altikil ‘osil, k’epel ‘osil, k’inal k’ak’al.
(dry season): k’ak’altik.

summery: k’ak’altikil.

Sunday: domingo.
referring to Sunday: domingoil.

three: three day period: ‘oxej k’in.
three days: ‘ox-k’in.
three days ago: ‘oxjey, chabjeychabjey.
three months ago: yoxibal yual, yoxil ‘u.
three years ago: ‘ox‘ox ‘abil batel, yoxibal ‘abil batel.

today: *‘echan.

tomorrow: ‘ok’ob.

Tuesday: chabjey ‘oy ‘ech’ domingo, martes.

weeding: weeding season: k’in ‘ak’in.

week: semana, Huk-k’in jun domingo.
every week: Hukuk-k’in.
week by week: Hukuk-k’in.

winter: ‘ech’ Ho‘tik ‘u‘un, Ho‘tik.

year: ‘abil.
a year from now: jun ‘ab.
future year: ‘ab.
last year (or) a year ago: jun ‘abi.
past year: ‘abi.
this year: Ha li‘ ‘abile.
two years ago: cha‘-abi.
two years from now: cha‘-‘ab.

yesterday: voljey.

2.C. Speed and slowness

brevity: bik’tal, tik’il k’op, t’abeltik, va‘alva‘al k’op.

brief: mo Haluk.

delay: jok’tzajel, jok’tzajes, natijel, Halej, Halejel, Halejes.
be delayed: jok’tzaj.

delayed: jjok’tzajel, jHa‘al, jHalejel.

delayer: maktzajes, maktzan.

detain: (as when the alcalde does not let them go
somewhere or a friend detains them): nakan.

detained: nakanbil.
be detained: sa‘ ‘olonton.
be detained as by rain or a full river: maktzaj.
be greatly detained in talking or walking: sa‘lej, Ha‘bej.
person detained: nakanej.

exit: quick exit: soblajel lok’el, tiklajel, *votol lok’el.

explain: person who explains at length: jmetz’ajel.

gradually: tzaibiltzaibil, tzaibiluk no ‘ox, k’unk’un no ‘ox, k’unk’unuk no ‘ox, nopbilnopbil, nopbiluk no ‘ox.

hurried: sabajesbil, sabaltasbil.

hurry: ‘anilaj, sabaj, sabajel, sabajes, sabal, sabaltas, sabantas.
do in a hurry: sabal-pas.
hurry a person: sabaltas.
in a hurry: j-t’abel, sob.
person who hurries others: jsabal-vinik, jsabaltasvanej.
person who is made to hurry: sababil vinik.

immediately: likel, toj likel, toj likeluk.

leave: leave quickly as from the church or school: soblaj lok’, tiklaj lok’, *votol-lok’, *votolan lok’el.

minute: every few minutes: juju batel, likel kajel, va‘alva‘al no ‘ox.

moving: moving frequently: *‘oyo liklik, kajel lik.

often: ‘ep ta mek.

precipitately: tojtoj likel.

quick: julan.

quickly: sob, sobsobuk, t’abeluk, va‘luk no ‘ox.
make person do something quickly: ‘ak’ sobuk pas.

quickly!: sobuk.

right: right away: *‘iliko, toj likel.

sale: quick sale: pojel.

slow: ch’aj, yaya.
slow person: ch’ajil vinik, yayail vinik.

slowness: ch’ajilal.

sold: be sold quickly: pojel bat.

split: split gradually: *chal.

suddenly: j-likel, toj likel.

swift: swift person or thing: j‘anil.

swiftness: ‘anil.

take: take place: Hu‘.

3. Shape and form

arched: xotol, xotxot.
become arched: xottzaj, xotey, xotij.
make arched: xotzan, xotan, xottzajes.

bend: bend over: nijan ba, nijey.
bend over (willow, slender stick): pak.

bent: be bent over: patet.
bent over: nijil.

bow: kejan ba.

bump: with bumps: j-p’ej t’elel.

circle: lying in a circle: joyoj ta ta‘lej, joyol ta ta‘lej.
seated in a circle: joynej ta naklej, joyoj ta naklej, joyol ta naklej.
standing in a circle: joyoj ta va‘lej, joyol ta va‘lej.

coagulate: pat ba, tatub.

coil: k’amam, xotey.
coil up (snake): xot ba.

coiled: xotbil, xotoj ba, xotol.

corner: xuk’av, xuk’lej, xuk’ultik.
corner of house: chikin na, xokon na.
form a point or corner (cliff): tz’e‘p’uj.
go by a cliff that forms a point or corner: tz’e‘el batel.

crack: ‘ap’al, ‘ap’el, tzik’el, tzik’ilul, t’aj, t’ajalil, t’ajel, vok’benal, vok’olil.

crooked: lukluk, nelnel.
become crooked (line, edge, road): k’ejp’uj.
go crooked (line, path): nelp’uj.

crosswise: k’atal, poyol.

dented: lom, lomol, potz’, potz’ol, *vuch, *vuchul.
be dented: ‘och lomluk, ‘och potz’luk, potz’aj.
become dented: lomtzaj.
dented in many places: lomomtik.
slightly dented: lomlom, lomollomol, potz’olpotz’ol, potz’potz’, *vuchulvuchul, *vuchvuch.

depressed: lom, lomol, potz’, potz’ol, *vuch, *vuchul, *vuchulvuchul, *vuchvuch.
slightly depressed: lomlom, lomollomol, potz’olpotz’ol, potz’potz’.

depression: chaklej.
form a depression or hollow: chaktzaj.
with a depression or hollow (land): chakchak.

descend: yal.

descent: gradual descent: nelel, nellej vitz.
gradual descent (path): nelel batel.

deviate: jak.

disk: tenobil te‘.
metal disk: setet tak’in.
wooden disk: setet te‘.

doubled: puxbil, puxul.
doubled over: pakaktik, pakal, pakbil, pakulanbil.
doubled section: pakalul, pakbenal.

edge: ti‘il.

eight-sided: vaxak-xuk’, vaxak-xuk’bel.

encircle: joy, joyij, joyin.

encircled: joyinbil, joyol.

fast: ‘ik, ‘ip, tzatzubesbil, tzotz.

fat: muk’, pumumet.
grow fat: jup’, k’an-‘ixmay, muk’ub.

filmy: be filmy: tok ‘a‘i.

firm: ‘ip, tzatzubesbil, tzotz.

firmly: ‘ip, tzotz.

firmness: ‘ip, ‘ipajel, tzatzal, tzatzubel.

flaccid: become flaccid: matz’ub.

flat: tenel, tenten.
flat field: pik’pik’ tenlej.

fold: pakbenal, puxbenal.
(cloth, clothing): pak, pux.

folded: pakbil, puxbil.
not folded: j-lomlom, k’olk’ol, mu cha‘-k’oluk, mu cha‘-lomuk.

form: ‘ilel, pasel.

heap: bus, bustzaj, bustzajel, tzob, lotz.
be in heaps: busbonet.
heap up: busan.

heaped: busul.

hole: ch’en, ch’ojobil, Hotob, Hotol.
deep hole: chak.
make a hole: ch’oj ch’en.
many holes: ch’ench’entik.
place with many holes: ch’ench’entik.
put in a hole: lap.
with a hole: ch’ojol, Hotol.
with many holes: ch’ojoltik, ch’ojojtik, Hotoltik, Hotottik.

hollow: chaklej, jom ta ‘ut, jomjom, jomjom ta ‘ut, naka jom.
peach pit or almond whose nut has shrunken: potz’om.
with hollow pits or seeds: laal potz’omal, potz’omtik.

hollowed: hollowed out (embrasure, loophole): jomjom.

hump: p’usil.

image: joch’bil lok’ob-bail, k’eluyabil, lok’ob, lok’ob-bail, p’isobil.

land: flat land: tenlej, tenlej ‘osil.
narrow plot of land: mo muk’uk popol, yubul ‘osil.

lathe: shaped on a lathe: joch’bil ta torno.

level: ch’ak nivel ‘u‘un, meltzajes, p’is ta nivel ‘oy, tenay, tentzajes, tojobtas, tojobtas ‘a‘i ta muk’e.
become level: tentzaj.
become level (cleared field): pach’tzaj.
become level (valley): lok’tzaj.

leveled: be leveled: ‘och nivel ‘u‘un.

line: cha‘-laman.
line up: chol, chol ba, mel.

long: nat, natil.
lying (long objects): tusul.
set down (long objects): tusan.

lump: petey.
(as on the face of a person afflicted with the pox): ch’okil.
(as those on the faces of people afflicted with bubonic plague): ‘uxub.
covered with lumps (pox): laal ch’okil.
lump jaw: chamel.
swell with large lumps: bujey.
with lumps: petpet.
with many lumps: ch’okiltik.

lumpy: bujbuj, bujulbujul, bujujtik.
(face): ‘uxubtik, laal ‘uxub.

metal: roundish piece of metal: volvol tak’in.

mold: mold for bell or casting of other metal object: ‘av.
mold for tiles, bricks, etc.: patobil xamit.

mussy: mussy or disheveled hair: ch’etel tzotzil jol.

narrow: lotz’lotz’, yub, yubes, yubtas, yubyub.
(beam, board, container): bik’it.
(board, table): yubul.
(plot of land between cliffs): lotz’ol.
(region with many ravines): lotz’ol.
(room): lotz’ol.
(unable to contain something): chukul.
(valley): lotz’ol.
go or slip through narrow place as an iron railing: kak ba ‘och.
grow narrow: bik’taj.
put hand or finger in narrow place like mouth or nose: ch’op.
slip through narrow place as between iron gates: kuchoj ‘och.

narrowed: yubesbil, yubtasbil.
narrowed article: yuboj.

narrowness: yubel.

node: with many nodes: ‘akantik.

opening: jamalul.

outline: joch’, joch’ben, joch’benal, joch’el.

part: (round object as a banana): j-k’os.

pile: in many small piles: busustik.

piled: busul, tzobol, kunul, *tekel.

pitted: (house floor): lomlom.

point: chak, ni‘.

pointed: become pointed: tz’ubey.
make pointed: tz’uban, tz’ubey ‘u‘un.

protruding: katz’atz’tik.
(adobes or stones in ill-made wall): bet’et’ik.

pucker: pucker up (as when sewing shrinks): *tzukli.

puckered: tzukbil, tzuktzuk.

restore: restore to former shape or beauty: ‘ich’ tojol ‘u‘un, meltzajes, tojobes, tojobtas.

ridge: make a ridge: tz’alan.
ridge between furrows: tz’alal.

rock: pointed end of a rock: ni‘ ton.
round rock: volvol ton.

round: pisil, volvol.
(bread, hoop): xotol.
(hollow in the middle): xotxot.
(not spherical): setset.
(not spherical, but thin as table, tortilla, wheel): setel.
(spherical or columnar): pispis.
become round: pistzaj, pisub, settzaj, setub, xottzaj, xotey, xotij, voltzaj.
make round: pistzan, pisubes, setubes, xotzan, xotan, xottzajes, voltzan.
round and long: balbal.
round object: pis.

roundish: volvol.

roundness: pisilul, setel, volvolil.

row: chol, chollej, j-mel xa, koj.
(of stones, or adobe or anything laid on top of each other): j-kajal.
row of soldiers in battle order: j-chol jyabutil.
set in a row: chol, choloj ba ‘ak’, jit’, jit’oj ba ‘ak’, mel, meloj ba ‘ak’.

scarf: edge of scarf: ti‘ pok’.

settle: (ground): lom, lomtzaj.
make (ground) settle: lomtz’in.

shape: ‘ich’ tojol ‘u‘un, pas, tojobtas.

short: komkom.
become short: komoj.
cut short: bik’tajes.

spiny: ch’ixal.

spread: spread out: ‘epuj, lich’, lich’anbil, lich’bil, lich’il.
spread out (burden): ‘epub.

square: chan-xuk’, chan-xuk’es.
carpenter’s square: chan-xuk’esabil.

squared: be squared: chan-xuk’ ‘ayan.

stack: j-vutz’.

stone: corner of a stone: xuk’av ton.

straight: melel, meleluk, tojol, tojoluk, tuk’tuk’.
(upright poles): va‘al, va‘aluk.

straighten: tz’otan, tz’otli, tz’otp’ijes, tz’otp’in.
straighten a crooked staff or stick: patz’.
straighten with one’s hands (beam): tojobtas.

string: (garlic): tz’isbil tuix, j-jil ajos.
(garlic, onions): choj, ch’ajnuybil tuix, j-jil.
(onions): jilbil tuix.
string of beads: j-choj cuentas, j-jil cuentas.

style: ‘ilel, talel, Hech pasel, Hech talel.

sunk: mulbil, mulul.

sunken: lom, lomol, potz’, potz’ol, potz’olpotz’ol, potz’potz’, *vuch, *vuchul, *vuchulvuchul, *vuchvuch.
(ground): pulultik.
(ground, valleys, house floor where there are depressions): pulpul.
slightly sunken: lomollomol.
slightly sunken (valleys): lomlom.
sunken in many places: lomomtik, potz’otz’tik.

surface: ‘elov.

swarm: busbon, tik’ton.
swarm of honeybees: tzobol ‘aja-pom.

swell: noj, sit, situb.
be made to swell by stepping on and stuffing in: bet’bil nojel, tek’bil nojel, tik’bil nojel.
make swell: nojes.
make swell by stepping on and stuffing in: tek’bil nojes, tik’bil nojes.

tall: nat natil, natil.
(creatures): nat ‘akan.

thick: tot.
become thick: tatub.
make thick: tatubes, tatubtas.
make twice as thick (cord, thread): k’am.

thicken: (very thin knife blade that is fortified by
adding metal to it): pimubtas, tijubtas.

thickened: object that is thickened: k’amoj.

thickness: tatal.

thin: (liquid): yax-chivan, yaxa-Ho‘.
(round object): bik’it.
(wide object): joy.
become thin: kak ba.
become, grow thin: bakub.
grow thin: takin-bat.
grow thin (clothing, person): jayub.
make thin: bakubes, jayubes, jayubtas.
thin out: tek’eltek’el lok’es.
thin out (lettuce, trees): tek’ek’tik lok’es.
very thin (board): jay-latzan.
very thin (mule): jay-lichan.

thinness: jayubel, taki-batel.

track: track left by beam that has been dragged: be te‘.
track left by stone that has been pushed: be ton.

trimming: undulate trimming: balobil.
undulate trimming of clothes: balajtik pok’.

turnip: long turnip: juljul nabo.
round turnip: volvol nabo.

twist: tz’ot, tz’otan, tz’otli, tz’otp’ij, tz’otp’ijes, tz’otp’in.
twist back up (path): nelp’uj.

twisted: tz’otbil, tz’ottz’ot.
(candles to make a torch): tz’ototik.

wall: corner of a wall: ni‘ ch’ub.
straight wall: tojol ch’ub.

wide: muk’ pach’lej, muk’ popol.
set down a wide object: pach’an.

widen: p’oles.

4. Existence, location, position

above: ‘ak’ol, *kuy, *kuyik.

absent: mo k’uluk, mo nakluk.

across: ta xokon.

after: tz’akal.

against: nakel.

ahead: ahead of: ta ‘ichonil.
be ahead: ba‘yi.
object put ahead of: ba‘yitasej.

among: ta tojol.

amongst: ta ‘ol.

assemble: assemble people: mel vinik, pas vinik.
assemble people (as in a procession): chol vinik, meltzan vinik.

back: to the back: ta patil, ta tojol patil, yo‘ ‘oy tojol patil.

be: ‘oy.
be on four legs: kotey, kotol.

behind: tz’akal, patil, ta patil.

below: ta ‘olon, ta ‘olontik.

beneath: ta ‘olon.

between: ta *sap, ta *sapan.

beyond: ta jech.

bottom: chak.

bow: kejey, nijey.
(head, body): nijan ba.
make person bow: nijan.

bowed: nijil.
bowed over (by someone else): nijanbil.

bowing: nijanel, nijlej.

circle: lying in a circle: joyoj ta ta‘lej, joyol ta ta‘lej.
seated in a circle: joynej ta naklej, joyoj ta naklej, joyol ta naklej.
standing in a circle: joyoj ta va‘lej, joyol ta va‘lej.

condition: pasel, talel.

down: ta ‘olon.

elsewhere: yanyanuk.

end: chak.
(board, table): ti‘il.

everywhere: jilom, ta sut.
from everywhere: ta ‘ut ‘ilob.

exempt: lekoj ba tuk, taki, takibil.

face: ‘elan.
be lying face down: patey.
be lying face up: javey.
be set or turned face down: nujey.
lay face up: javan.
lying face down: patal.
lying face up: javal.

facing: ‘elanej ba.
facing the house of…: ‘ichoninej ba chi‘uk na.

far: as far as: k’alal, k’alal te ‘oy, te k’alal.
far apart nomtik, nomtiknomtik, nomtuk.
far away: nom.
from far away: jakal, nom talel.
how far?: k’u namal, k’usi namal.
that far: te k’alal.
this far: li‘ k’alal li‘.

first: ba‘yi, ba‘yitajel, ba‘yitajel, pisil ba chi‘uk ba‘yi-tajel.
be the first: ba‘yi.
first row: ba kajal.
first step: ba kajal.
the first in sitting order: ba jnaklej.
the first in standing order: ba jva‘lej.

fit: ‘och.
fit in: ‘ak’ k’ux ba, ‘ak’ nop ba, ‘ak’ tik’ ba, nop, nopoj ba ‘u‘un.
fit in or together (beams): nup.
fit into or together (door and doorjamb): nop.
fit tightly: nup ba.
fit together nop ba.

fitted: fitted in or together: nopbil.

fitting: act of fitting one thing into another: nopen.

foremost: ba‘yitajel, ba‘yitajel, pisil ba chi‘uk ba‘yi-tajel.

from: lik ta.
(the city, the garden): ta.

front: ‘elov, ‘ichon.
be in front of: ‘elan.
in front of: ta ‘ichonil.
in front of (one house or another): ‘elanej ba.

general: ta sut.

hand: right hand: batz’i k’ob, noj k’ob.

hanging: place of hanging: jok’anab, jok’anabil.

here: *‘eno, ‘ito, li‘.
It is here: li‘ ‘oye, li‘ nakal li‘, li‘ to, li‘ toe.
to here: li‘ k’alal li‘.

inside: ‘util.

just: lajel to, Ha‘ no ‘ox, Ha‘ to.

lead: at the lead (on trail): ba‘yitajel.

leaning: xik’il.

lined: lined up: chololcholol, melelmelel, mellej, tasaltasal.

long: lying (long objects): tusul.

lowlands: in the lowlands: ta ‘olon ‘osil.

lying: (wide objects): ta‘al.
lying down: metzel.
lying down as in bed: ta‘al.
lying there: lum ta‘al.

manifest: be manifest: vinaj.

neither: neither here nor there: mo no ‘ox buy j-jechuk, mo no ‘ox buy junuk, mo no ‘ox buyuk.
neither one nor the other (things): mo no ‘ox j-tekuk.

next: next to: tijel, Ha‘ tz’el.

nowhere: mok buy.

on: ‘ak’ol, ta ba.

ordered: nopbil.

outside: ta pana.

over: ‘ak’ol.
over there: taj ta jech, taj toe.

overturn: (bowl): valk’uj, valk’un.

piled: busul, tzobol, kunul, *tekel.
place where objects are piled: bustzajeb.

pointed: that which is being pointed at or to: ch’utubtayej.

pointer: ‘atob.

position: ‘ak’el, ‘ak’vanej, naklej.

push: push out of one’s place: valk’un.

remain: kom.

seat: nakan, naklebal, naklej, *pakal.

seated: nakanbil.
be seated: nakey.
person seated: nakanej.

second: entered in second growth: ch’ikil.
make one’s way through second growth: ch’ik ba ta jobel, ch’ik ba ta voymol.
second in line: cha‘-tek’el, cha‘-va‘al, cha‘-va‘al va‘lej.

sent: object sent: k’ubul.
sent cautiously: tzail-takbil.

separate: pukbey ba.

separated: be widely separated: nom ‘il ba.
widely separated: nomtiknomtik.

separately: lekojlekoj.

separation: ch’akeb.

set: set a day, limit or place: ch’ak.

shade: keovtik.

shady: shady place: nak’abiltik.

side: on both sides: ta cha‘-jechel.
on each side: ta ju-jech, ta juju jech.
on the other side: ta jech, ta patil.
on three sides: ta ‘ox-jechel.

site: ‘av, ‘osil.

somewhere: ‘oy buy, ‘oy buyuk, buyuk.
somewhere else: yanyanuk.

stand: stand up (candle): kajan, kajey.
stand up (pole, person): va‘an.

standing: (human): va‘al.
be standing in heavy growth: kujul.
standing in heavy growth: k’alal.
standing place: va‘leb.
standing position: va‘lej.
standing there: lum va‘al.

state: natural state: ‘ayanel.

stay: jok’ej, kom, Halej.

stuck: kakal.
(unable to be pushed in or pulled out): kikil.
be stuck between two objects (as trees that fall and are caught in the branches of others): kaktzaj.
become stuck: tz’akoj ba, kiktzaj.
stuck on: nap’anbil, nap’bil, nochanbil.

suspended: be suspended and about to fall: liktzaj.

sweat: place where one sweats: chik’inabil, chik’inebal.

swimming: swimming place: nuxobil.

take: take one’s place: bet’.

that: (when far off): taj ta jech, taj toe.

there: te.
over there: lum toe, lume.
over there (when near): lumlume.

to: te.

top: on top of: kajal, ta ba.
put on top of: kajan.

towards: ta tojol, telel, yo‘ ‘oy tojol.

turn: joyijes.
(candle, stick): tz’ot.
(wheel): joyan.
turn around: sutp’ij.
turn over: valk’uj.

under: ta ‘olon.

until: k’alal, k’alal ta, li‘ k’alal li‘, yo‘ ‘oy.

up: up to where: k’alal te ‘oy.

uphill: uphill and away: muyel batel.
uphill and towards: muyel talel.

upright: va‘al.
set upright: va‘an.
set upright (poles): va‘anbil.

upside: be turned upside down with the wide part
on the bottom: pach’ey.
setting a (wide object) upside down with the wide part on the bottom: pach’al.
turn object upside down with the wide part on the bottom: pach’an.
turn upside down: sutejes, sutes.
turned upside down with the wide part on the bottom: pach’anbil.

upwards: ta tojol ‘ak’ol.

walk: walk to or from a certain place: xan.

washing: washing place: chuk’omajeb.

way: which way?: buy jechuk, buy tojol, buyuk jechuk.
whichever way: buyuk no ‘ox, buyuk no ‘ox jechuk.

waylaid: place where people are waylaid: pa‘-muk’uyab.

west: maleb k’ak’al.

where: buy.
from where: buy, buytik.
to where: buy.
where once: te no ‘ox, te yo‘ ‘oy ba‘yie.

where?: buy.

wherever: buytikuk, buyuk.

wild: ‘abnalil, ‘abnaltikil, te‘tikil, voymoltikil.

wind: east wind: ‘ak’ol ‘ik’, k’ak’alil ‘ik’.
west wind: ‘olon ‘ik’.

yonder: lum toe, lume, lumlume.

5. Plants, trees, vines

appearance: appearance of plants or grass: lok’el.
appearance or birth of plants: ‘osilajel.

arbor: ‘axibal ‘abnal.
(in the form of a hut or a house): nail ‘abnal.

astringent: sapap.

bark: patil.

blossom: k’exbonaj nichim, tuk.

brambles: tz’i‘lel ‘osil, tz’i‘leltik.

branch: k’ob te‘.

branchy: ‘atal jetav, ‘atal k’elom, ‘epal k’ob.

break: break open (pomegranates, cotton): jav, vok’.
break or cut roots or vines with which they bind the wood of their houses: ch’ak.

bud: lok’.

bundle: bundle of torch faggots or plants: j-‘ikatz, j-k’ech, j-meylej.

chip: chips or chunks of wood: p’asalul te‘, p’asben te‘.
wood chip: ‘anten te‘, ch’uch’ul te‘, kamul, kamul te‘.

dark: grow dark (trees in the distance): ‘ik’-‘otz’tay, ‘ik’-lomtay.

deadly: deadly herb: jtzamesvanej pox.

dew: (on plants or trees): tz’ujubal.

fall: (leaves, fruit): lilij, titij.

field: jobel, tenlej jobel.

firewood: si‘.

fish: fish with roots making the fish drunk: maj-‘ak’i.

flower: nich, nichin.
(generally): nichim.
flower spray: k’ob nichim.

flowery: ‘oy nichim.
flowery field: nichimtik.

foot: (tree with branches): ‘ibel.
foot of tree: ‘ibel te‘.

forest: ‘abnaltik, te‘tik.
tall forest: toyol ‘osil.

fruit: lo‘bol.
(general term): sat.
after fruit: matz’epal, p’ajbenal.
fruit tree: te‘el lo‘bol.
summer fruit: k’ak’altikil lo‘bol, k’ak’altikil sat.
wild fruit: te‘tikil lo‘bol, voymoltikil lo‘bol.

graft: (tree): ‘unen k’exbon.

grafted: shoot grafted onto a tree: ‘unen ni‘.

grass: dry grass: taki-jobel.

green: tze, tzeel.
green again (grain field, grass): yax-balan, yax-k’utan.

greens: edible greens: ‘itaj.

grove: te‘tik.

gum: xuch’.

gummy: laal xuch’, xuch’tik.

hollow: with hollow pits or seeds: laal potz’omal, potz’omtik.

honey: pamal nichim, pom.
make honey (bees): paman.

honeycomb: chabil pom.

husk: cho‘benal, solbenal.

juice: ‘a‘lel.

knot: tree knot: ‘uxub.

knotty: (wood): ‘uxubtik.

leaf: ‘analin.
(tree leaf and all other leaves except pine needles): ‘abnal.
leaf by leaf: likillikil.
tree leaf: ‘anal te‘.

leafy: ‘ik’-loman yanal, pim ‘anal.

mat: reed mat: popol ‘aj.

meadow: jobeltik, tenlej jobel.

mildew: kux, kuxin.
(on bread): kux vaj.
mildew in wine: kux chi‘.

mildewed: ‘ip kux.

mountainous: tree native to mountainous region: ba-vitzil te‘.

node: with many nodes: ‘akantik.

overgrown: but’ul tz’i‘leltik.

pasture: ’abnaltik, jobeltik, lo‘bajeb chij, lo‘bajebal, lo‘ob, lo‘ob chij, voymoltik.

pick: (beans, chilis, cotton, flowers, fruit): tul.

pit: fruit pit: bek’.

pitch: chik’bil xuch’, juybil xuch’, xuch’.

plain: tenlej.

plant: appearance of plants: ch’iel.
plant stem (when sturdy): te‘el.

resin: xuch’.

revive: (plant, person, tree): kux.
(tree or plant): lup.

ripe: tok’on.
become ripe: ta ta‘ajel.

ripen: matz’ub, ta‘aj.
on the tree (figs or other fruit): matz’ub ta te‘.
ripen on the tree: matz’ub ta te‘el.

root: take root: ‘ibelub, ‘iben, tzak lum.
take root (plant): ‘isimay.

rope: bark rope: ‘ak’.
grass rope: ch’ajnuybil jobel, ch’ojon jobel.

sap: ‘a‘lel.

sawdust: ch’uch’ul.

seed: bek’, tz’unbal, tz’unubil.
kind of seed: nin.
seed bed: j-t’abal, j-t’ob.

seedling: ‘ol tz’unubil, tz’unubil.
transplanted seedling: j-tek tz’unubil.

shade: (tree): ‘oy nak’abil.
place with shade provided by branches: ‘axibal ‘abnal.

shady: shady grove: ti‘ nanatikil te‘tik.

slip: tz’unbal te‘, tz’unubil ‘ol te‘.

smoke: (firewood): ‘ik’-baltay.

spiny: ch’ixal.

splinter: ch’uch’ul te‘, jatalul.

split: (firewood, wood): jat, jav.

spongy: spongy wood: pok’ol te‘.

sprig: k’ob te‘.

sprout: ‘unenal, ‘unenal nich, k’exbon, k’exbonaj,
k’exlomaj, lok’, lup, ni‘, ni‘in, tuk, yijub.
(plant): lok’ k’exbon.
(when partly grown): lok’ te‘el.

sprouted: tzakal, yijil.

sprouting: ch’ixil.
(seedling): buchul.

stem: fruit stem: ’uxub, tzakleb.

straw: jobel.

stump: chuman te‘.

sucker: k’exbon.
produce suckers (tree): k’ex, k’exbonaj.

thatch: sik’av, sik’ay.
(for houses, with a rather wide leaf): ‘anal jobel.

thicket: tz’i‘leltik, voymoltik.

thorn: ch’ixal.

thorny: thorny place: ch’ixtik.

tree: te‘.
dead tree: taki-te‘.
thorny tree: ch’ixal te‘.
tree trunk (with its branches): muk’ta te‘el.
trunk and branches: bakel te‘.

unripe: tze, tzeel.

vine: ‘ak’.

wasteland: treeless wasteland: mo ‘oyuk te‘ yo‘ ‘oy, naka jobeltik.

weed: voymol.
(weedy place): tz’i‘lel ‘osil, tz’i‘leltik.

weeding: plants removed by weeding: ‘ak’in.

wild: wild fruit: ’abnaltikil lo‘bol.

wilderness: uninhabited wilderness: te‘tik.

wither: (plant or reed): ‘akanij.

wood: te‘.
green wood: yaxal si‘, yaxal te‘.
hard wood: tzatzal te‘, yijil te‘.
wood dust: joch’, joch’ te‘.

woods: te‘tik.
5.A. Wild plants, trees, vines

acorn: chochob.

amaranth: tz’ul ‘itaj.

artichoke: yaxal jobel, yaxal lo‘bol chij.

blackberry: makum.

borage: ch’ixal ‘itaj.

brasilwood: chak-te‘.

cedar: (with a bigger leaf, lighter wood and reddish): ch’u te‘.
small-leaved cedar: k’isis.

clover: trebol.

cochineal: cochineal cactus: ch’ieb ch’uj, te‘el ch’uj.

cypress: ‘ok’il te‘, nukul pat.

decorate: decorate with pine needles: ‘ak’ xak-toj, ‘otes xak-toj.

fennel: wild fennel: batz’i tzitz, tzitz.

fungus: fungus that grows on trees: cheche, sak-‘itaj.

grass: jobel, si‘vilon.

juniper: k’uk’ toj.

laurel: tzis chauk.

magnolia: very fragrant heart-shaped flower: ‘olonton nichim.

mallow: pak’ chak ‘abnal.

moss: spanish moss: tzon te‘.

mushroom: yuy.
poisonous mushroom: yuy chauk.
yellow mushroom: mana ‘ok.

oak: chikin ‘ib, tulan.
evergreen oak: tulan.
large-leaved oak: boch *ji tulan, boch jay tulan.
oak forest: chikin ‘ibtik, tulantik.
small-leaved oak: tzo‘ tulan.

palm: xan.
palm grove: xantik.
palm with round fruits: nap.

palmetto: xan.

pepper: pepper weed: pich’.

pine: tel toj, ten toj, toj.
pine forest: tojtik.
pine needle: xak-toj.
pine resin: xuch’ toj.
pine torch: xuch’al toj.

piñon: castillan toj.
piñon nut: lo‘balal castillan toj, lo‘balal toj, sat toj.

reed: ‘aj, chanib.
(with which they make petates): puj.
reed field: ‘ajtik, ch’ieb ‘aj.

rope: rope made of tree bark: k’am-xoch’.

rush: (with which they make petates): *Hi‘it.

seaweed: lam Ho‘.

soapweed: ch’upak’.

thistle: ch’ix, ch’ixal ‘itaj.
thistle stock: tomal.

thorn: sak-ch’ix.

torch: pine torch: tzajal toj, japbalal toj.

truffle: xk’abis toj, yuy.
small truffle: mana ‘ok.

turpentine: xuch’ toj.

vine: round vine: t’ut’ ‘ak’.

willow: tok’oy.
willow grove: tok’oytik.
5.B. Cultivated plants, trees, vines

apple: castillan potov.

avocado: ‘on, lo‘balal ‘on.
avocado tree: te‘el ‘on.

bean: chenek’.
broad bean: castillan chenek’.
broad bean field: chabal castillan chenek’.

both: (long objects as bananas, flutes): cha‘-ch’ixil.

bunch: (bananas, dates, grapes): j-choj, j-Iik.

cabbage: coles.
cabbage stock: te‘el coles, tomal.
head: baloj ba coles.

cherry: chix-te‘.

chili: ‘ich.

cocoa: cocoa pod: pat kokov.
counterfeiting of cocoa beans: p’isel ta kokov.

corn: ‘ixim.
attachment point of corn kernel or attachment stem of ear of corn: ‘uxub ‘ixim.
corn husk: jojoch’.
corn stalk: vale‘.
corn stubble: k’ajben.
corn that matures in sixty days: ‘ox-vinik k’in ‘ixim.
dry ear of corn: vojton.
ear of corn (when the kernels are beginning to develop): yi batel.
ear of corn (when the kernels are large and soft): ‘ajan.
ear of young corn (milky with undeveloped kernels): yi.
painted corn: tz’ibal ‘ixim.
rainy season corn: Ho‘tikil ‘ixim.
summer corn: k’ak’altikil ‘ixim, k’ak’altikil ‘osil ‘ixim.
white corn: sakil ‘ixim.

corncob: (after it has been shelled): bakal, baklej ‘ixim.

cotton: tux-nok’.
card cotton: sivuj.
clean and pick cotton: sivuj.

dill: tzitz.

early-fruiting: (figs, quinces, etc.): ba‘yi nach’el, ba‘yitajel.

fennel: castillan tzitz.

fig: higos.

flax: lino.

fruit: fresh fruit: ‘ach’ lo‘bol.

garden: flower garden: nichimtik.

garlic: ajos.

gourd: tzu.
water gourd (half gourd): ‘uch’ob Ho‘.
wine gourd: ‘uch’ob chi‘.
tz’usub.

grape: grapevine: ‘ak’il tz’usub.
grapevine prop: xok’, xok’il.
grapevine runner: ‘ak’il tz’usub.
grapevine stock: te‘el tz’usub.
main trunk of the grapevine: muk’ta ‘ibel tz’usub.
unripe grape: tzeel tz’usub.

green: (corn, etc.
that is not dry or well-cured): yox to.
green again (grain field, grass): yax-balan, yax-k’utan.

henequen: henequen fiber: chi.
henequen fiber (counting): j-lik chi.

hold: hold upright a handful in one’s fist (beans, corn, untied object): mich’.

hollow: peach pit or almond whose nut has shrunken: potz’om.

jasmine: jazmin, nichim.

leaf: (beans, squash, melons): jav ‘anal.
cabbage leaf: ‘anal coles.
leek leaf: ‘anal tuix.
lettuce leaf: ‘anal lechuga.

leek: castillan tuix, puerro, tuix.

lentil: bik’tal chenek’, castillan chenek’, castillan pech’pech’.

lettuce: lechuga.
lettuce leaf (counting): j-lik ‘anal lechuga.
young lettuce: ‘alab lechuga, bik’tal lechuga.

lily: pech’e-‘ok castillan nichim, pech’e-‘ok nichim.

lime: lime tree: te‘el limones.
sweet lime tree: te‘el limas.

linseed: bek’ lino, sat lino.

maguey: chi.
maguey fiber j-jil chi.

melon: castil lan ch’um, melron.
melon patch: castillan ch’umtik, chabal castillan ch’um.

mint: castillan tuil nichim.

mulberry: castillan makum, makum saya-Hun, sat saya-Hun.
mulberry tree: saya-Hun, te‘el makum.

mustard: mostaza.

node: sugarcane node: ‘akan vale‘.

olive: aceituna.
olive tree: te‘el aceite.

onion: string of onions: tz’isbil tuix.

orange: naranjas.
orange peel or rind: pat naranja.
orange tree: naranjo, te‘el naranjas.

orchard: ‘av tz’unbaltik, ‘av tz’unubil.

parsley: perejil.
parsley sauce: juch’bil perejil.

peach: durasnos.

pear: peras.
pear tree: peras, te‘el peras.

pepper: especies.

pick: (beans, chilis, cotton, flowers, fruit): tul.
pick out or up (as when they pick up grains on the ground): tam.

pineapple: jolom paxak’.

plum: po‘on.
plum tree: po‘on.

pomegranate: castillan makum, granada.
pomegranate tree: granado.

potato: ‘is-ak’.

quince: membrillo.
quince tree: te‘el membrillo.

radish: rabanos.

raisin: k’ibil tz’usub, takin tz’usub.

red: (chili or blood): chak-loman.

redden: (chili or blood): chak-lomtay.

rhubarb: ruibarbo.

ripen: on the tree (figs or other fruit): matz’ub ta te‘.

rose: ch’ixal nichim, nich rosa, rosa.
rose honey: pamal rosa.

rosemary: romero.

rue: ruda.

single: single cabbage or lettuce leaf: j-liklik.

skin: (grape, onion when very thin): k’u‘.
skin (onion, snake): patil.

small: (cocoa, corn, peach, grains): matz’matz’.

smash: (eggs, avocados): t’us.

sow: (wheat): p’up’un.

split: split open (cotton, ripe pomegranate): jam, tuk.

spongy: spongy quince: pok’ol membrillo.

squash (1): (a kind like a melon): ch’um.
(large and long): mail.

squash (2): (figs): t’us.

string: (garlic): tz’isbil tuix, j-jil ajos.
(garlic, onions): choj, ch’ajnuybil tuix, j-jil.
(onions): jilbil tuix.

sugarcane: vale‘.

turnip: nabo.
long turnip: juljul nabo.
round turnip: volvol nabo.

vegetable: ‘itaj.
vegetable patch: j-t’abal, j-t’ob, t’abal ‘itaj.

vineyard: tz’usubtik.

walnut: nuez, ton bek’.

wheat: castillan ‘ixim.
wheat chaff: baklel castillan ‘ixim.
wheat chaff (small): jojoch’ castillan ‘ixim.
wheat tassel: vajton, vajton castillan ‘ixim.

6. Animals

animal: ensnared animal: yokil.
in reference to animals: j-kot.

both: (animals): cha‘-kotol.

deformed: be deformed (person, animal): xi‘benaj ba.

dismount: ‘olan, yal.

ferocious: bolom, k’ok’.

frightful: be frightful (person, animal): xi‘benaj ba.

goiter: (in animals): sit nuk’.

human: vinik.

instinct: talel.

join: join together (two or three objects, people, animals): lotoj ba.

pair: in pairs (animals): cha‘cha‘-kot.

person: vinik.

strangled: animal or person being strangled: miloj.
strangled animal or person: milben.

strong: (animal): ‘ip‘ip.

take: take live animals: ‘ik’ batel.

tall: (creatures): nat ‘akan.

tame: *kojem, laan.
become tame: ‘ech’ ‘olonton, *kojib, laanej, sikub ‘olonton.

tameness: laanil.

terrible: be terrible (person, animal): xi‘benaj ba.

tether: tzoy.

ugly: be ugly (person, animal): xi‘benaj ba.

untamed: ‘ach’ to.

6.A. Mammals

6.A.1. Wild mammals

bat: sotz’.

beast: ferocious beast: bolom.

burrow: ch’en, na.
rabbit burrow: ch’en t’ul, mukeb t’ul, mukleb.

coatimundi: koktom.

coyote: ‘ok’il.

deer: chij.

doe: j‘inam.

elephant: elefante chij.

flower: flower painted like a tiger with the image of a dragon inside: ‘utz’ob bolom.

fox: ‘ajval tuluk’, vel

gopher: ba.
gopher mound: bus ba.

hole: hole gnawed by a mouse: k’uxben ch’o.

jaguar: bolom, onza.

kinkajou: ‘uyuj.

lion: mountain lion: tzajal bolom.

monkey: max, *xch’iv.
howler monkey: batz’.
long-tailed monkey: max.

mouse: field mouse: nap ch’o.

nest: rabbit nest: na t’ul.

peccary: chak-chitom, te‘tikil chitom, voymoltikil chitom.

porcupine: ch’ixal chitom.

rabbit: t’ul.
young rabbit: ‘ol t’ul, bik’tal t’ul.

skunk: pooy, poyoy.

squirrel: chuch.

stag: chij.

weasel: ‘ajval tuluk’, saben.
black weasel: ‘ik’al saben.
brown weasel: tzajal saben.

6.A.2. Domestic mammals

bull: xinch’ok vacas, xinch’okil vakax.
ferocious bull: k’ak’al vacas.
young bull: kelem vacas.
young bull or ox: ‘ach’ vacas.

cat: gato, misto.

cattle: vacas.
grazing cattle: lo‘obtasbil chij.
herd of cattle: j-tek tzobbilej vacas.

colt: ‘ol caballo, ch’iom caballo.

cow: vacas.
cow or mare, etc.
that has given birth: ‘alnom.
ferocious cow: k’ak’al vacas.

cur: bik’tal tz’i‘.

dance: make dance (cat): ‘ak’otan.

dog: tz’i‘.
angry dog: k’ak’al tz’i‘.
dangerous or monstrous dog: labal tz’i‘.
partridge dog: jle-‘ub, jle-kuich’, jlikesej-‘ub, jlikesej-kuich’.
sheep dog: jchabi tux-nok’ chij tz’i‘.

doggishness: tz’i‘il.

donkey: asna.
young donkey: ‘ol asna.

ewe

‘antzil tux-nok’ chij.
ewe that has given birth: ‘alnom tux-nok’ chij, tux-nok’ chijil ‘alnom.

filly: tzeb caballo.

flock: (cattie): ‘ep ta kot

flock of horses: ‘epal caballo.
flock of sheep: ‘epal tux-nok’ chij.

greyhound: ‘ipal j‘anil-tz’i‘, bakbak tz’i‘.

heifer: ‘ol vacas, bik’tal vacas.

herd: j-tzob, j-tek, j-tos.
herd by herd: tasaltasal, tekeltekel.

horse: caballo. chij.
angry horse (that bares its teeth): k’ak’al caballo.
small horse: bik’tal caballo.
strong horse: yijil caballo.

hound: tz’i‘.

lamb: ch’iom tux-nok’ chij.

mare: ‘antzil caballo.

mule: chij, mula.

ox: chij.
young ox: kelem vacas.

pig: chitom.
suckling pig: ‘ol chitom. bik’tal chitom.

pony: kelem caballo.

puppy: bik’tal tz’i‘.

sheep: carneros. chij.
fat sheep: vak’ak’et tzotzil tux-nuk’ chij.

sheepdog: tz’i‘ chabiomal tux-nok’ chij.

sow: sow that has given birth: ‘alnom chitom.

Stallion: mulav caballo, nich’naj caballo.
breeding stallion: mulav caballo, nich’naj caballo.
horse that takes mares: japivan caballo.

thin: very thin (mule): jay-lichan.

6.B. Birds

6.B.l. Wild birds

bald: (parrot, person): pispis.

bird: mut.
big bird: muk’ta mut.
bird nest: na mut.
hunting bird (generic term): jlikvanej-mut.
little bird: bik’tal mut.
wading bird (generic term): Ha‘al mut.

crumble: crumble with the fingers or as parrots crumbling bread into large cmmbs or small pieces: sesen.

curassow: great curassow: j‘is.

dove: stzu.

duck: ‘umum, castillan ‘umum, patox.

eagle: t’iv.

egret: sak-‘ichi.
baby egret ‘ol sak-‘ichi.
baby or young egret bik’tal sak-‘ichi.
young egret ch’iom sak-‘ichi.

falcon: jun xulub, xik, yax-liklik. Hov. Hov xik.

flock: tos.
flock of birds: j-tasal.

grackle: boat-tailed grackle: bak mut.

gyrfalcon: xik. Hov xik.

hawk: me‘ kotz.

kite: xik. Hov xik.

macaw: mo‘och.

nightingale: ‘utzil j‘ok’el mut ruisenor.

owl: (smaller than a great-horned owl): xoch’.

: great horned owl: ‘ichin
screech owl: yax-liklik.

parakeet: xch’el.

parrot: *‘ova. chak-pan,
(smaller than a macaw, larger than a parakeet): puyuch’.
(the common ones that talk): k’an-mut.

partridge: kuich’.
large partridge: ‘ub.
young partridge: ‘ol ‘ub. ‘ol kuich’.

pigeon: xch’ach’ak.

quail: kuich’.

raven: (as those in Spain): joj.

solitary: (bird): kotkot. tuktuk.
solitary bird: juyinom mut.

stork: sak-’ichi.

swallow: xjaval ‘ek’en.

warbler: jch’ikelel.
(bird): j‘ok’el.

6, B.2. Domestic birds

blind: blind chicken: ‘ik’al moy tuluk’, ma‘-sat tuluk’.

broody: be broody (hen): k’an patlej.

chick: ‘ol tuluk’.
hatch chicks: vok’es ‘alab.

chicken: castillan taluk’.
blind chicken: mo k’ot sat tuluk’.

cluck: t’okt’onet.
(hen): kokkonet

droppings: chicken droppings: tzo‘ tuluk’.

goose: ‘umum. castillan ‘umum, castillan vinik pato, patox.

hen: ‘antzil tuluk’. tuluk’.
laying hen: tonin tuluk’.

pullet: tzebal tuluk’. ch’iom tuluk’.

rooster: jkotz, xinch’ ok tuluk’.
young rooster ‘anil jkotz, ch’iom kelem, ch’iom jkotz.

crocodile: ‘ain.

fer-de-lance: jchan ‘ut ni‘ chon.

frog: ‘amoch, ch’uch’, jenjen, *tulul.

iguana: (that they eat): ‘inatab.

lizard: ‘okotz.

pollywog: x‘avob.

rattlesnake: ‘ajav chon.

serpent: chon.

snake: chon.
water snake: ‘uk’umal chon.

snakebite: be poisoned by snakebite: tz’ot ta chon.

toad: chon, jenjen, pokok, *tulul.

turtle: aquatic turtie: ‘ok.
land turtle: kok.

6.D. Fish, crustaceans, shellfish

crab: yox.

eel: chon choy.

fish: choy, vinik choy.
bony fish: ch’ixal choy.
fresh fish: yaxal choy.

fresh: (fish, cheese): yox.

oyster: k’o‘ choy.

pearl: ‘utzil ton, jalal ton.

shrimp: tzajal choy.
large shrimp: jit.

snail: puy.

trout: tz’i‘ choy.

6.E. Insects and spiders

ant: xinich.
ant mound: bus xinich.
ant nest: na xinich.
arboreal ant: bak xinich.
army ant: ba te‘.
leaf-cutter ant (that does much damage to frees and plants): k’is.
leaf-cutter ant mound: bus k’is.

apiary: ‘ilob pomtik, te‘el pomtic.

bedbug: *‘uk, pcx h’.

bee: (best species): ‘aja-pom.
(generally): chanul pom.
(other kind): ‘antzil pom.
beautiful metallic green bee: xyax-‘ich.
large bee: Honon.
swarm of bees: ‘epal pom.

butterfly: (general term): pepen.
green butterfly eaten by the Indians: tz’unun pepen.
large spotted butterfly: xjojoch’ pepen.

caterpillar: chanul, chon, xuvit.

chigger: ‘ochem ch’ak.

cicada: xikitin.

cobweb: na ‘om.

cochineal: bon, ch’uj.
cochineal cactus: ch’ieb ch’uj, te‘el ch’uj.
covered with cochineal bugs: pim ch’uj, toj ch’ujch’ujtik.

cricket: chil.

flea: ch’ak.

fly: Ho.
fly that oxen drive away: xkoch.
large fly: Honon.

gnat: ’us.

grasshopper: (small locust): p’ilix.

grub: corn grub: chanul ‘ixim.

honey: pamal nichim, pom.

honeycomb: chabil pom.

leech: ch’ich’ lukum.

lightning: large lightning bug: *yamal.
lightning bug: kukay.

locust: (that is eaten): k’ulub.

louse: ‘uch’.
crab louse: ‘atil ‘uch’, ‘atil chon, chanul ‘atil.

louseridden: na ‘uch’.

maggot: horsefly maggot: xuvit koch.
maggot infesting meat, cheese, etc.: xuvit.
swell from maggots: xuvitan.

mosquito: xenen.
mosquito net: mak ‘us, mak xenen, nail pok’.

moth: clothes moth: chanul pok’, k’ux-pok’.

nit: tzo‘ ‘uch’il, tzo‘ uch’.

nitridden: nat zo‘ ‘uch’.
be nitridden: toj ‘ip tzo‘ ‘uch’.

remove: remove chiggers, mites, or thorn from one’s flesh: luch.

scarab: Ho, Honon.

scorpion: tzek.

scratch: scratch with one finger as when they hunt lice: mix, mixulan.

shoo: shoo flies: yo ‘us, yo Ho.

silkworm: ‘om, ‘om seda.

spider: chon.
small spider: ‘om.
spider that spins in the forests and whose webs seem like yellow silk: xna ‘om.

sticky: (birdlime, honey): nap’ap’.

swarm: swarm of honeybees: tzobol ‘aja-pom.

tick: sip

wasp: brown wasp that nests in frees: xux.
large brown wasp: k’ak’al ‘at.
wasp with terrestrial nest: muum.

weevil: joch’.

woodborer: joch’.

worm: lukum.
worm infesting meat, cheese, etc.: xuvit.

wormeaten: joch’.
become wormeaten: joch’ib, joch’in.

6.F. Body parts

beak: ni‘ mut, ti’ mut

bill: ni‘ mut, ti’ mut

bristle

new bristles: k’un tzotzil.
pig’s bristle: tzotzilal chitom.

chin: pig‘s double chin: kutz‘om nuk’ chitom.

cloven-foot: voy.

cloven-footed: ‘oy voy, loch’ol voy.

cockscomb: tzalub.

comb: comb of hen: tzalub.
have a comb: ‘oy tzalub.

crest: feather crest butzuy.
have feather crest ‘oy butzuy.

crown: feather crown: nit-ba k‘uk‘um.

dewlap: rooster’s dewlap: ch’ut jkotz, lokom jkotz.

dishorned: t’ijt’ij.

down: k‘un tzotzil.

egg: ton
chicken egg yolk: k’anal ton tuluk’.
egg shell: pat ton tuluk’.
egg white: sakil ton tuluk’.
egg yolk: k’anal ton mut.
nest egg: ‘ilobil, toninab.
rotten egg: k’a‘al ton tuluk’.

fearsome: be fearsome (animal’s or human’s horrifying face or appearance): xi‘benaj ba.

feather: k’uk’um.
fledged with very small or young feathers: ‘ajil k’uk’um.

find: (lost object as money, feathers): tam, tamolaj.

fishbone: bakel choy, ch’ix choy.

fishscale: sol.

flank: ‘o‘il, xokonil.

gizzard: cho‘il, chukleb ve‘el.

grease: ‘it’it’ul, k’an-‘ixmal.
animal grease: k’an-‘ixim.

gristle: ‘unen bakel, k’unil bakel.

hair: goat hair: tzotzil ‘isim chij, tzotzil tentzun.

hide: nukulal.

hoof: (as of a horse): sepsep ‘ok.

horse: horse’s forelock: j-yom tzotzil.

horsehair: tzotzilal caballo.

ivory: ‘e elefante chij.

leg: leg of animal: ‘o‘il.

mane: bonok’il.

pelt: nukulal.

penis: bull penis: ‘at xinch’ok vacas.

plume: k’uk’.

pull: pull out (hair, feathers): tul.

quarter: four quarters (mutton): chan-jechel, chan-jekel.
quarter of a sheep: j-jech, j-jek.

quill: tz’ibajebal k’uk’um, jotzbil k’uk’um, jomjom k’uk’um, k’uk’um.

shell: patil.

skin: animal skin: nukul chij.
skin (onion, snake): patil.

skinned: skinned article: cho‘ben.

smash: (eggs, avocados): t’us.

snake: snake poison: kola‘al ‘e chon.
snake skin: nukul.

snout: (as of a pig): pech’ ‘e, pech’ ti‘.
have a snout: pech’el ti‘.

sponge: pok’-ton.

tail: (of an animal): neal, neil.

udder: (cow, sow): bek’tal chu‘, chu‘.

wing: xik’.
bird’s wing stripped of feathers: xik’.

wool: tux-nok’ chij.
card wool: sivu tux-nok’ chij.
coarse wool: tzatzal tux-nok’ chij.
merino wool: k’un tux-nok’ chij, k’unil tux-nok’ chij.
sheep’s wool: tzotzil chij, tzotzil tux-nok’ chij.

6.G. Action

bristling: (cat): la tz’ablej.

butt: (rams, cows): xulbay ba.

chew: chew or gnaw (as clothes moths or mice eat clothing): k’ux.

coil: coil up (snake): xot ba.

comb: grow a comb: ‘ayan tzalub.

crest: grow feather crest: ‘ayan butzuy.

curl: curl up (as do some caterpillars or bugs when touched): tzub ba.

ear: flap one’s ears (when they are so large they flap like leaves or when dogs shake their ears): lechlonet
twitch one’s ears (when they are so large they flap like leaves or when dogs shake their ears): much’monet.

egg: animal that is laying eggs: toninom, jtoni nom.
lay an egg: tonin.
set on eggs: patey.

feather: make feathers stand on end (chicken): tz’abub.

fledge: ch’i k’uk’umal, lok’ k’uk’um.

gnat: gnat that gets in one’s eyes: lo‘lo‘.

gnaw: (as clothes moths or mice eat clothing): k’ux.
(as dogs with a bone): nulilan.

graze: lo‘baj, lo‘ov.

grow: have dog’s hair grow back: pukin tzotzilal tz’i‘.

grunt: (pig): jokjonet. jokjonet ni‘.
hair make hair stand on end (cal): tz’abub.

hatch: ‘och. ‘oy vinik.

hatched: paliebinbil.
be hatched: ‘oy vinkilel.

honey: make honey (bees): paman.

howl: (dog): ‘ok’.

mate: (birds): tek’ ba.
(horses, dogs): kuch ba.

mount: (mating animals, dogs, horses): lut’lij muyel. ta lotz’el kuch ba.

neigh: ‘i‘onet ta ‘ok’el.

nest: pas pech’ech’.
make a nest ’ean tzo‘op, naiv.

pant: ‘ajulan.

panting: ‘ajulanel.

pecked: *t’ojoltik.

puffed: puffed up (chicken): ta tz’ablej.

restless: be restless (horse): bak’es ba. ti’ ba.
restless horse: jbak’el-caballo.

ruminate: pach’ ti’.

run: run hard (deer, horse. bull): kuchoj ba ‘anil.

setting: (bird): patal.

shrink: (as some kinds of caterpillars or grubs do when they are touched): mutz ba.

sin: sin persistently (as a stubborn or shameless dog): tz’i‘il-mulav.

sing: (bird, frog): ‘ok’.

skin: change one’s skin (snake): solin.
grow new skin (person, horse): solin.

sound: sound of horses urinating: chojet, ch’itet. t’ojet

stand: stand still (animal): kotaj.
stand still (deer, horse): ch’an-chi kotol.

stop: (animal): kotaj.

stung: badly stung: ti‘bentik.

sucking: (animal): chu‘nom.

swallow: swallow whole as chickens swallow corn: bil.

swarm: busbon, tik’ton.
swarm of honeybees: tzobol ‘aja-pom.

wag: wag one’s tail: ne‘ulan ne, nikulan ne, tutzilan ne.

walk: walk on four legs: kotey, kotol.

wallow: balalij, balalijebal, balan ba ta ‘ach’el, balch’un ba, balch’un ba la ‘ach’el, ch’ay ta ‘ach’el, mul ta ‘ach’el.

wallowing: mulel.
wallowing in mud: ch’ayel.

warble: ‘ok’. ch’iket

warm: warm self by the fire as do people or animals: k’atin.

whinny: ‘i’onet, ’i’onet ’ok’, ’i’onet ta ’ok’el. ’i’onetel.

wind: wind around (snake): k’amam.

7. Humans

7.A. Body parts. See also movement 9.

adam: adam’s apple: ‘avanabil, p’okan nuk’il, vukvukil.

ankle: *mokolil.

anus: chakil, sot’ot’il.

arm: k’obil.

armpit: lotz’opil.

back: patil.

backbone: tz’akav patil.

beard: ‘isim.

belly: tzukutzil, ch’util. ch’utul, me’ tzo’il, me’ pulom Ho’.
belly button: mixik’il.

body: takupalil.

braid: chukobil jolol, ch’al jol, ch’alobil tzotzil jol, ch’alobil jol, ti’ pok’.

breast: chu’ul, na ’olontonil.

buttocks: chak, chakil. naklebal, patil.

calf: calf of the leg: tzo’ ’okil.

cheek: cho.

chest: ni’ ‘olontonil.

chin: kolomil.

ear: chikinil.

elbow: xuk’ubil.

eye: satil.
pupil of the eye: maxil satil.

eyelash: tzotzil satil.

eyelid: k’u’ satil, pak’al satil.

face: ‘elovil. bail, satil.

finger: ‘ol k’ob.
middle finger: ’o’lol k’ob.

fist: voloj k’obil.

flesh: bek’tal, mo ’oyuk bakel.

fontanel: ‘a’alil.

foot: ‘okil.

forearm: (ventral surface): ch’ut k’obil.

forefinger: ch’utub.

forehead: ti’ bail.

foreleg: k’obil.

forelock: j-mich’ tzotzil.

hair: tzon tzotzil.
(head): tzotzil, tzotzil jol, tzotzilal, tzotzilal jol.
pubic hair: tzisanil.

hand: k’obil.
left hand: tz’et k’obil, tz’et k’obol.
object held in hand: yomoj.
palm of the hand: pach’omal k’obil.
right hand: batz’i k’ob, noj k’ob.

haunch: kubil.

head: jolol.
back of the head: pat jolol.

heel: chak ‘okil.
badly cracked (heels): varvuxtik.

hindpart: chakil.

hip: kubil.

jaw: ko’ovil, kolomil.

joint: ‘akan k’ob, tz’akav k’ob.
with many joints: ’akantik.

knee: ‘akanil.

knuckle: ‘akan k’ob, tz’akav k’ob.

lap: ni’ ’olontonul.

limb: vinkilel.
limb by limb: ju-jun vinkilel, lekojlekoj ju-jun vinkilel, tasaltasal vinkilel, yantikyantikc vinkilel.

lip: pak’al ti’il, ti’il.
lower lip: ’olon ti’.
upper Up: ’ak’ol ti’.

loin: te’el patil.

mouth: big-lipped mouth: ti‘.

nape: nuk’il, te‘ nuk’.

navel: mixil‘il.

neck: nuk‘il, te‘ nuk’.
fleshy back of the neck: pat chikinil.

nipple: jol chu‘.

nose: ni‘il.
bad odor of one’s nose: tu ni‘, tuil ni‘.

penis: ’atil, xinch’okil bek’tal.
(polite term): xinch’oklel.

pupil: (eye): ch’ulel satil.

rib: ch’elopil.

sexual: male or female sexual parts: k’exlal bek’tal.

shoulder: nekebil.

side: xokobil, xokon, xokonil.
left side: tz’et xokon.
right side: batz’i xokon.

skin: cho’, nukulal.

sole: tek’obil xonobil.
sole of foot ’ut ’okil.

temples: jayal xokon jolol.

testicle: tonilil.

thigh: ‘o’il, ’okil.

thumb: me’ k’ob, me’ k’obil.

toe: ‘ol ‘ok.
big toe: me‘ ‘ok.

umbilical: umbilical cord: mixik’il.

waist: na ’olontonil.

wrist: nuk’ k’obil.

7.A.1 Internal organs

bone: bak, bakel.
bone marrow: chin-bak. chin-bakel, chin-bakelal.

brains: chinamil.

coccyx: koj chak.

entrails: sekubil.

heart: ‘olal, ‘olil, ‘olontonil.
skin covering the heart: k’u’ ‘olonton.

innards: sekubil. sot’ot’il.

intestines: bikilil.

kidney: k’in.
coat of fat around the kidneys: yo’ ‘oy nap’al k’in.

liver: sekubil.

lungs: sol’ot’il.

molar: cho’obil, mochil.

nerve: ch’uxuval.

palate: ‘ak’ol ‘ut ‘e.

placenta: k’u’. me’ ‘olol.

shinbone: *pen. *penil, ti’ ba *pen, ti’ ba *penil.

skull: bakel jol. jolom.

Stomach: tzukutzil.
pit of the stomach: ni’ ‘olontonil.

strong: be strong (like a bone): ch’ijch’onet

teeth: front teeth: bail.

throat: ’avanabil, nuk’il.

tongue: ’ok’il.

tooth: ‘eal.
canine tooth: tz’i’ ‘eal.
canine tooth (of any animal): tz’utz’up.
front tooth: jol ‘e.

vagina: ’antzilel. lu’il, yaxal bek’tal.

windpipe: be ‘li’, be ‘ik’al, Hubil.

womb: ’alajebal.

7.B. Bodily fluids and excretions

afterbirth: me’ ‘olol.

bleed: jisulan, jul, kupilan. lok’esbey ch’ich’el.

blood: ch’ich’. ch’ich’el.
be stained with blood: ‘atin ch’ich’, ‘atin ta ch’ich’.
serous blood: ch’ich’ pojov.

bloodied: ’atinej ch’ich’.
be bloodied: baley ta ch’ich’.

bloody: ’atinej ch’ich’, balem ch’ich’.

dung: k’a‘-‘ep.

ear: ear wax: tzo‘ chikin.

excrement: human or other: tzo’il.

menses: ch’ich’.

milk: woman’s milk: chu’ ‘antz.

mucous: sim, simil.

mucous-covered: tom-sim. tomol sim.

phlegm: ‘obal.

pulse: ch’ich’.

pus: k’a’al, pojov, pojoval.
squeeze out pus: pitz’ lok’el pojov.

red: (chili or blood): chak-loman.

redden: (chili or blood): chak-lomtay.

saliva: tubil.

scab: (with pus): chin.

scabby: (with pus): chinchintik.

shit: (bad word): tzo’, tzo’il.
person covered with shit jtza’nel, jtza’nom.

spit: tubil.

spittle: likokil.

stinking: (as some meats or human sweat): xin.

sweat: chik’il.
place where one sweats: chik’inabil. chik’inebal.

tear: ’a’lel satil.

urine: k’abil.

uterine: uterine flux: naka Ho’ ch’ich’.

7.C. Physical characteristics and states. See also ailments 33.

alive: kuxul.

alone: junjun, juyinom, tuk tuk.
all alone: ‘ip ‘oy tuk, tuktuk.

anger: with face red with anger: chak-palan ba.

bald: bajbaj, bajbaj ti’ ba, baj ti’ ba. tzan-ti’ ba. tzanal ti’ ba, tzantzan ti’ ba, tzintzin ti’ bail.
(parrot, person): pispis.
bald person: pik’-jol vinik.

beard: begin to grow a beard: ‘ik’-mustay ‘isim. t’ab ‘isim.
have one’s beard turn while: sakub ‘isim.
new growth of beard: ch’ixil ‘isim.

beardless: beardless person: pik’-vinik, pik’il vinik.

beautiful: saksak. toj ch’ulul ba.

big-bellied: pujel ch’ut. puju-ch’ut. pumel ch’ut. pumu-ch’ut.
be big-bellied (pregnant woman): benet. t’enet. t’uket

big-breasted: pujel chu’, pumel chu’.
big-breasted woman: jpujel-chu’ul, jpumel chu’ul.

big-eared: leche-chikcin, pok’-chikin, pok’o-chikin, vele-chikin.

big-footed big-headed: pumu-’ok. vo’o-jol, volo-jol. be big-headed (insult): vo’oel jol.

big-lipped: big-lipped person: pech’e-ti’.

big-nosed: vo’o-ni’, volo-ni’.
be big-nosed (insult): vo’oel ni’.

bleach: bleach one’s hair: k’anubtas tzotz jol.

blonde: k’anal tzotz jol.
grow blonde: k’anub tzotzil jol.

blubber-lipped: peve-ti’.
(said as an insult): pevel ti^.

blue-eyed: k’an-kolan satil, yax-kolan satil.
blue-eyed person: jk’an kolan sat, jyax kolan sat.

callous: pimil nukul.

calloused: (foot, hand): pim-letan.

chin: double chin: kutz’av nuk’.

closed: (eyes): mutz’bil, mutz’ul.

cowlick: tzukutz.
with a cowlick: tzukumtik.

crooked-mouthed: tz’oto-ti’.

curl: mutzib.

curly: become curiy: mutzepay, mutzib.

curly-haired: mutzeptik jol. mutzey jol. mutzulztik jol.

dark-skinned: dark-skinned person: ‘ik’al vinik.

double-chinned: kutz’el nuk’. kutz’u-nuk*. kutz’ul nuk’. ta kutz’lej nuk’.

driveling: Ho’ ti’.

ear: flap one’s ears (when they are so large they flap like leaves or when dogs shake their ears): lechlonet
twitch one’s ears (when they are so large they flap like leaves or when dogs shake their ears): much’monet.

eyesight: ’ilvanab.

fat: ’it’it’, ‘it’it’ul, k’an-’ixmal, muk’, pumumet.

famess: muk’ul.

flat-nosed: vo’o-ni’.
be flat-nosed: pech’el ni’, vo’ol ni’.

footprint: ’av ‘okil, tek’ben ‘ok, tek’leb ‘ok.

giant: muk’ vinik, t’inel, vatal ‘akan.

hair: white hair: sak-tzotzil, sakil tzotz.
with hair standing on end: ta tzavlej tzotzil.
with one’s hair torn out jotzbil jol.

hairy: ’ip tzon tzotz, ‘ip tzon tzotzil.

health: tzatzal ‘osil.

healthy: mo k’aluk, toj ’utz.
be healthy: ‘utz ‘a’i ba, tzotz ‘osil ‘a’i ‘u’un. kuxul ‘osil ‘a’i, mo vokoluk.
be healthy (person): tzotz ‘osil ‘a’i.

identification: mark of identification: vinajesabil.

lean: lean person: jayal vinik, takin vinik.

lips: blubber lips: ti’.

little: little person: p’osp’os vinik.

mussy: mussy or dishevelled hair: ch’etel tzotzil jol.

naked: *chak-ban.

nose: flat nose: pech’e-ni’.
hawk-nosed: *ju‘el ni‘. *ju‘ju‘ ‘ni‘. *ju‘ju‘-*ni‘, matz’el ni‘.

plump-cheeked: vo‘o-cho.

puffed-lipped: t’ocho-ti‘.
be puffed-lipped (insult): t‘ochel ti‘.

red: (bald pate, metal on the forge): chak-lupan.
(hair): k’an-tzikan.

robust: muk’ bek’tal, muk’muk’ bek’tal. muk’muk’ takupal, muk’ta bek‘tal.

skinny: mo ‘oyuk bek’tal. naka bak. naka ch’uxuv, naka vuyul bakel.
skinny person: yaya vinik.

solitude: juyinomal. tuktuk naklej. tuktuk xanbal.

sparse: (white hairs. poxes on the body): vajal.

strength: ‘ip, ‘ipajel, bak-julanil, tzatzubel, tzatzubtasel, yijil, yijubel.
(man): tzatzal.

strong: strong person: yijil vinik.

ticklish: be ticklish: chikilchikil ‘a‘i.

toothless: toothless person: jpik’pik’, jpik’um.

transform: k’atajes, sutejes.
transform self: k’ataj.

transformed: be transformed: suttzaj, su‘’ij.

ugly: be ugly (person, animal): xi‘benaj ba.
have an ugly appearance or face: kolo‘ ba sat.

underarm: bad underarm odor: tuil lotz’opil.

well: ‘utz.
be well: ‘utz ‘oy.

white-haired: be white-haired: sak jol.

wrinkle: tzu‘ib.
(in the face): tzu‘.

wrinkled: tzu‘ul, tzu‘ulik, puxuxtik, volilanbil.
wrinkled in many places: tzu‘utik.
wrinkled old man: tzu‘utik sat mool.

7.D. Posture and position. See also shape 3.

crookedly: sitting crookedly: t’ocht’och.

face: be lying face down: patey.
be lying face up: javey.
be set or turned face down: nujey.
lay face up: javan.
lying face down: patal.
lying face up: javal.

genuflect: *kekubaj, *kekuban.

hand: put one’s hand over one’s heart (inside one’s shirt): lap k’ob ta k’u‘.

haughtily: walk haughtily: machet.

kneel: kejan ba, kejey.
make kneel: ‘ak’ kejluk.

kneeling: *kekub.
be kneeling: kejel.

lie: lie down: ta‘i.
lie down (as in bed): metzey.
make a person lie down: metzan, ta‘an.

lying: lying down as in bed: ta‘al.

peer: peer over (stretching one’s neck): nat-nuk’i.

presence: ‘ichon, bail, satil.
do in one’s presence: ta sat pas.

prostrate: prostrate self: patan ba, patey.

protect: (with body or shield): mak-pati.

rise: muy, muyel.
rise in order to take out from under: sabaj.
rise up: va‘i.

rising: act of rising a little: sabajel.

seat: nakan, naklebal, naklej, *pakal.

seated: nakal, nakanbil.
be seated: nakey.
person seated: nakanej.

side: be lying on one’s side: tz’e‘ey.
lay on one’s side: tz’e‘lay.
lie on one’s side: tz’e‘lay.
lying on one’s side: tz’e‘el.

sit: sit down: nakey.

sitting: nakal.

squat: chotey, chotiej.
make person squat: chotan.

squatting: chotol.

stand: va‘i.
stand at attention: chan-xuk’.
stand still (person): ch’an-chi va‘al.
stand up: va‘i.
stand up (pole, person): va‘an.

standing: (human): va‘al.
be standing in heavy growth: kujul.
standing in heavy growth: k’alal.
standing place: va‘leb.
standing position: va‘lej.
standing there: lum va‘al.

stealthily: tiptoe stealthily: k’un-lit’ovaj, lit’lonet, lit’ovaj.

support: support oneself: ‘ipajes ba.

tiptoes: stand on tiptoes: va‘i.

7.E. Bodily activities

anger: have face redden with anger: chak-paltay ba.
redden with anger (face): chak-paltay.

arm: with one’s arms crossed (in idleness): lutz’oj k‘ob, meyoj k’ob.

bald: grow bald: bajub ti‘ ba, tzanub ti‘ ba, pik’ub tzotzil jol.

beat: beat one’s breast: tij ni‘ ‘olonton.

beckon: beckon with a nod: bech joli ‘ik’.

belch: keban, kebanil.

birth: give birth: vinkilaj.
give birth (woman): ‘alaj, ‘alan.

bite: jech’.

blanch: blanch from fright: sak-liktay. sak-liktay ba.
have one’s face blanched from fright saklikan ba.

blink: mik’mon sat. mik’ulan sat. mutz’ilan sat, mutz’monet sat, vik’ulan sat.

blow: Hupan.

blush: tzajal, tzajub, tzojtzoj ‘ayan.

born: born of a woman: ‘alanbil.

bow: (head, body): nijan ba.

bowed: bowed over (by someone else): nijanbil.

brandish: (lance): la‘ulan, nikulan.
brandish or shake (lance): velulan, vesulan.

breathe: *‘e‘et, *‘e‘onet, *‘i‘et *‘i‘onet
breathe in smoke or perfume: tas ‘ik’.

calloused: become calloused: me‘in nukulil, pimub nukulil.

caress: jax, jaxbey, jaxulan.

chew: xax.
chew a lot: xaxulan.

chill: sikubes.

chilled: become chilled: sikub.

cold: feel cold: sik ‘a‘i.

color: change color (face): tz’i‘lej.
change color or complexion: ch’ay, k’un-kola‘aj.

come: come to: kuxol.

conceive: (woman): ‘alaj.

cover: cover one’s nakedness: pix.
cover with clothing: pix.

deflower: jambey bek’tal, jat.

digest: ‘et’es ve‘el, yal, yales ve‘el.

driveling: ‘ip likok.

drown: jik’av.

drowning: jik’avel.

embrace: mey, meylej.

embraced: object or person being embraced: meyoj.
object or person that was embraced: meyben.

energetic: become energetic: tzatzub ‘ok.

exhale: ‘oban, jak ‘ik’.
(as when they drink something sour or foul smelling and so as not lo perceive the odor they exhale): jak ‘ik’.
exhale on: Habtay.

expose: expose oneself: vinaj bek’tal.

eye: close one’s eyes: mutz’ sat.
eyes being closed: mutz’oj.

face: make a face: bili-baij.
make a face at someone: bili-batay.
make a wry face (with one’s eyes): lev sat.
make a wry face (with one’s mouth): lev ti‘.
person who makes a face: jbili-baijel, jbili-batayvanej.
show in one’s face: vinaj ta ba ta sat.
wry face: bili-baijel, bili-batik.

facial: facial expression: vinajeb ta sat.

fart: tzisin. tzisinet.
fart at ungraciously or mockingly: tzistay.
person who farts frequently: jtzisnom.

fat: grow fat: jup’, k’an-‘ixmay. muk’ub.

fatten: jup’es, muk’ubes, muk’ubtas.

fillip: t’isluy. t’isluyvanej.

fright: blanch from fright: sak-pak’tay. sak-pak’tay ba.

frown: *keman sat, kotzan sat.
fierce frown: pak’al-baijel.
frown at *kemanbey sat.
frown fiercely: pak’al-baij, pak’alin ba.
look with a frown: kotzan sat k’el.

frowning: be frowning: *kemel sat.
person who is frowning fiercely: jpak‘al-baijel.

gas: produce gas in one’s stomach (food): ‘u‘un lik ch’ut, lik ch’utul.

gesture: gesture with one’s hands: bech-k’abay.
gesture with one’s head: bech-joli.

grimace: ‘ilel ‘ilel pasel satil, ‘ilel ‘ilel p‘isel satil, tz’e‘el satil, sak-*toan satil, sak-*tosan satil.
make grimaces: ‘ilel ‘ilel k’elay, ‘ilel ‘ilel lok’tay, ‘ilel ‘ilel p’is, maxil-lok’tay, maxil-p’is.

growl: (stomach): jubet k’ulet.
have one’s stomach growl: ch’o‘et

hair: have one’s hair stand on end: tzavet tzotzil, tzavub, potzet tzotzil.

hawk: ‘oban.
hawk on: ‘obtay.

head: toss one’s head: sutilan jol.

hiccup: xuk’ayvan, xuk’ayvan ch’ut, xuk’ayvanel, xuk’xonel, xuk’xonet, xuk’xonet ch’ut

imitate: imitate or mimic one’s gait: chanbey ‘ok.

inhale: tas ‘ik’.

lick: butz’.
(as when they suck a finger or lick a cup): lek’.
lick one’s lips: lek’ ni‘, lek’ ti‘.

lip: move one’s lips: puch’ilan ti‘, puch’pon ti‘.

look: look at while frowning or with wrinkled brow: tzukan sat k’el.
look upwards with mouth agape: jam ba ta k’elvanej, jol ta k’elanvanej, jol ta k’elel.

menstrual: have menstmal period: lok’ ch’ich’el ‘il.

menstruate: ‘ilomaj.

menstruation: ‘ilomajel, k’un ‘isim.

narrow: put hand or finger in narrow place like mouth or nose: ch’op.

nerve: have nerves tauten: mutz ba.

nurse: ‘ak’bey chu‘, chu‘un, chu‘untas.

pant: ‘ajulan.

panting: ‘ajulanel.

point: point at or to: ch’utubtay.

pulse: p’ilp’on ch’ich’.

push: push in with one’s feet: tik’.

shiver: k’achk’onet.
shiver from fear or cold: k’achk’on.
shiver with cold: k’achk’on ta sik, telton ta sik.

shrink: (as when being whipped on the back): yak’ pat

sign: make a sign (as when they make the sign of the cross with their fingers or signal to a mute): p’is.

smile: ch’ivet ‘e ta tze‘ej, k’un-tze‘in, livet ‘e ta tze‘ej.

smiling: smiling person: jtze‘tzonel, jtze‘ej, jtze‘inel.

sneeze: Hat’isan, Hat’isanel.

sniff: ‘utz’‘onet, ‘utz’i, tas-‘ik’i.

snore: joljon ni‘, joljonel ni‘il.

sob: jik’jon, jik’jonet.

sobbing: jik’jonel, jik’jonetel.

sound: sound of grinding teeth: jech’et.

spit: tubin.

spray: spray with the mouth: pumalay.

squint: (as when they aim a bow and arrow): tz’e‘-sati.

stagger: nechnon, nik, va‘von.

stop: (bleeding): mak, paj.

strengthen: ‘och tzatzubeb ‘u‘un, ‘och tzatzubesabil ‘u‘un, tzatzubes, tzatzubtas, yijubes.

strengthened: be strengthened: ‘ipaj.

stride: lengthen one’s stride: xach’.

strong: become strong: tzatzub, yijub.
become strong (sun, rain, wind, child): ‘ipaj.

suck: (as when they suck a bone): tz’utz’un.
(as when they suck their fingers or lick the bowl): butz’.
(as when they suck their lips after drinking): pach’ ti‘.
show desire to suck (baby): tzobtzob tzobilan.

sucked: object being sucked: tz’utz’unej.

swallow: ‘uch’, ‘um.
(chewed object or drink): bik’.
be easy to swallow: tak’ ‘umel.
swallow whole: bik’.
swallow whole as chickens swallow corn: bil.

swallowable: be swallowable: ‘umel ‘umey.

sweat: lok’ chik’.

tauten: (tendons): tzub ba.

teeth: lose or remove one’s teeth: puk’um ‘e.

thin: grow thin (clothing, person): jayub.

throat: clear one’s throat: jam nuk’, jeket.
clearing of one’s throat: jeketel.

tickle: chikiltay.

tiptoeing: k’un-lit’om.

tire: tire out (in pursuit): lubes, yakubes.

tired: become tired: lub.

tooth: have new tooth grow in: ch’i ‘e, ch’i k’exol ‘e.
have one’s tooth fall out: lilij ‘e.

tremble: tziltzonet.
tremble from cold or fright: tziltzon.

trembling: tziltzonel, k’achk’onel.

urinate: k’abin.
person who urinates: k’abnom, jk’abinel, jk’abnel.
urinate on: k’abtay.

urinated: urinated on: k’abtaybil.

urine: difficulty in evacuating urine: makel be k’abil.
have difficulty evacuating urine: mak be k’abil.

vomit: xen.
vomit on: xetay.

wail: ‘a‘onet, ‘avan ta ‘ok’el, ‘i‘onet.

wailer: j‘a‘onetel, j‘i‘onetel.

wailing: ‘a‘onetel, ‘i‘onetel.

warm: warm self: k’ixnaj.
warm self by the fire: k’atin si‘.
warm self by the fire as do people or animals: k’atin.

warming: object used for warming self: k’atimol.
warming oneself: k’atimol, k’atinel.

wink: mik’mon sat, mutz’-sativanej.
wink at: mutz’-sati, mutz’-sativan.

winking: call by winking: mutz’ sati ‘ik’.

wrinkled: become wrinkled: nukulib.

7.E.1. Manual dexterity

ball: make into a ball: pis.

break: break into pieces with the whole hand: jav.
break with one’s fingers: xut.

crumble: crumble with the fingers or as parrots crumbling bread into large crumbs or small pieces: sesen.
crumble with the hands: ju‘.
crumble with the hands (lumps of sugar): p’uy.

cup: cup one’s hand (as when we take water): k’et.

cupped: object cupped in the hand: k’etoj.

fix: be able to fix: meltzaj, tojob.

handful: (candles): yomben.

held: object being held in one’s hand: mich’oj.
object held in one’s hand: mich’ben.

hold: hold in the fist: yom.
hold in the hand: ‘ik.

knead: biulan, pak’tani, pak’tanij, votz’ilan.
(dough, clay for pots): vol, volilan.
(dough, clay for pots, thick objects kneaded with the whole hand): votz’.
knead between the fingers or in hands (small object, wax): bi.
knead small object as wax with the fingers or with just the hands: pich’.

kneader: jpatan-vaj.

milk: milk using the forefinger: pitz’.
milk with the thumb: jisulan.

nimble-handed round: sobtiksobtik k’ob.
make round: pistzan, pisubes, setubes, xotzan, xotan, xottzajes, voltzan.

rub: rub with one’s hands: ju‘ilan, jusilan.

sculpt: sculpt wooden image: ch’oj, joch’.

sculpted: object to be sculpted: ch’ojbol.

shape: ‘ich’ tojol ‘u‘un, pas, tojobtas.

straighten: straighten with one’s hands (beam): tojobtas.

string: (beads): tz’is.

stuff: stuff in (with the hand): net’, net’ ta nojesel, net’bil nojes.

take: take a handful to put down: jopopan.

twist: (as they twist rope on their thighs): bichuy, ch’ajnuj, ch’ajnuy.
between the palms of one’s hands: balch’uj, balch’uy.
twist between the fingers: tz’ot.

whistle: (made through one’s fingers): tz’utz’up.
whistle (through one’s fingers): tz’utz’upaj.

7.F. Sleep and wakefulness

asleep: fall asleep: laal vayel ‘a‘i.

awake: julan, kuxul.
stay awake all night (unable to sleep): ton-sati.

awaken: awaken person: julantas, julay.

blear-eyed: be blear-eyed: pik’ixtik sat.

doze: nikav, vayet.

dream: vayichil, vayichin.
figure out a dream: nop vayichil.

drowsy: be drowsy: ch’ay sat, vayet.
drowsy person: jlaal-vayel.

feign: person feigning sleep: jkulil-vayel, jmaxil-vayel.

night: sit up a whole night: k’el ‘ak’abal.

pretend: pretend to sleep: kulil-vay, maxil-vay.

repose: muibel.

rest: ‘ich’ ‘ip, kol ta lubel.
(patient): laanej.
be given a rest: tzatzub, muib, nichimaj, nichimaj ‘osil ‘a‘i.
take a rest: ‘utzib.

rise: rise early in the morning: ‘ak’abal julay, ‘oy to ‘ak’abal julay, toj ‘ik’-luman julay.

siesta: place for taking a siesta: ‘et’esab k’ak’al.
take a siesta: ‘et’es ‘ipal k’ak’al, ‘et’es tumuch k’ak’al.

sleep: vay, vayel.
sleep a long time: yakil-vay.
sleep a lot: ‘ip vay, yakyak vay.

sleeper: j‘ipal-vayel.

sleepiness: vayel.

sleeping: sleeping person: jvayel, jyakil-vayel.

sleepy: be sleepy: cham ta vayel, juch’et vayel ta sat, tal vayel ta sat, vayet.
sleepy person: jjik’avel-vayel vinik, jnikavel.

sleepyhead: j‘ipal-vayel, j vayel.

snore: jolet ni‘, joletel ni‘il.

vigil: julayel.

wake: ‘ilel ‘ak’abal, julayel.
wake up: ‘a‘i ba, julay, kuxol.

yawn: Hayubaj, Hayubajel.

7.G. Personal hygiene. See also dirt 22E1And earth 1B.

bath: ‘atimol, ‘atinab.
bath water: ‘atimol.

bathe: ‘atintas.
(not in a sweatbath): ‘atin, ‘atin Ho‘.

bather: j‘atimol.

bathing: bathing place: ‘atinab.

brush: brush one’s teeth: josilan ‘e, jot’ilan ‘eal.

circumcise: jos xinch’okil bek’tal, kup nukul xinch’okil bek’tal.

clean: ch’ul, ch’ulbil, ch’ulomaj, pok, pokbil, pokomaj.
absolutely clean (God): pokpokbil.
clean by rubbing off (mucous): kusilan.
clean by rubbing off (mud, or as when they remove mucous from their children’s noses): kus.

cleanliness: ch’ulel, pokel.

cleanse: ch’ul, pok, tojobtas.

dirt: nokoxil.
(as on old clothes): ‘ik’uyal.

disheveled: disheveled hair: ch’etel tzaval jol.
with disheveled hair: ta ch’etlej jol.

dungheap: k’a‘-‘ep.

gargle: pas pox, pas pox pokobil ‘eal, pokobil ‘eal, pox jamobil nuk’, pox pokobil ‘eal.
make gargle: pas pox jamobil nuk’il

grease: (as on old clothes): ‘ik’uyal.

greasy: ‘ep ‘ik’uyal, noj ta ‘ik’uyal, pim ‘ik’uyal.

louseridden: na ‘uch’

messy: (hair): tzotz ta tzavlej, ch’a‘al, vatzal.

mucous-covered: tom-sim, tomol sim.

nitridden: na tzo‘ ‘uch’
be nitridden: toj ‘ip tzo‘ ‘uch’.

nose: blow or clean one’s nose: simtay ni‘.

scratch: scratch with one finger as when they hunt lice: mix, mixulan.

shit: person covered with shit: jtza‘nel, jtza‘nom.

smudge: smudge person’s face: t’ab sibak ta sat.
smudge person’s hands: t’ab sibak ta k’ob.

soap: ‘ak’ ch’upak’, ‘otes ch’upak’, ‘oy ch’upak’, ch’upak’.

soapsuds: tzo‘ ch’upak’, vok ch’upak’.

soapweed: ch’upak’.

soapy: be soapy: ‘och ch’upak’.

sweatbath: pus.
person who takes a sweatbath: pusivil.
take a sweatbath: pusin.

teeth: brush one’s teeth: pokilan ‘e.
clean one’s teeth: suk’ ‘e.
pick one’s teeth: luch ‘e, pok ‘e, p’ichuy ‘e, xen ‘e.

toothpick: jotz’ob ‘e, jotz’obil ‘eal, julobil ‘eal, luchiabil ‘eal.

wash: wash off (ashes from corn, mud from one’s knees): sap, sapulan.

8.Perceptions and sensations

feel: ‘a‘i.

8.A. Heat

breeze: refreshing breeze: k’un-yaman ‘ik’.

chill: sikubes, sikubtas.

chilled: become chilled: sikub.

cold: sik, sikil.
be cold: sik ‘a‘i.
be very cold: cham ta sik.
become cold: sikub.
bristle with cold: ch’ix-majtay.
bristling with cold: ch’ix-majan.
feel cold: sik ‘a‘i.
make cold: sikubes, sikubtas.

coldly: siksik.

cool: k’un-sikub, sik, sikubes, sikubtas.
cool off (weather): k’un-sikub ‘osil.
cool water: k’un-yaman sikil Ho‘.

cooled: k’un sik.

coolness: k’un-yamajel.
refreshing coolness as in the lowlands: k’un-yaman sik.

die: die of the cold: cham ta sik.

food: base or cold food: sik-t’ojol ve‘el.
eat cold food: sik-t’ojan ve‘.

freeze: pat ba.

frost: ‘ob, ‘ov.

heat: k’ixnajes, k’ixnay.

heated: k’ixnaybil.
warmed: k’ixnajesbil.

heater: k’ixnajesab, k’ixnajesabil, k’ixnayabil.

hot: k’ixin.
become hot: k’ixnaj.
burn red hot (metal on the forge): chak-luptay.
very hot: ‘ip k’ak’al.

ice: ‘ob, ‘ov.

icicle: patbil Ho‘ ‘u‘un taiv, taiv.
form icicles: pas ba Ho‘ ta taiv.

lukewarm: k’ix-mukan, k’un k’ixin.
become lukewarm or tepid: k’un-k’ixnaj.

meal: cold or miserable meal: jech’ol ve‘el.
eat a cold or miserable meal: jech’olaj.

moderate: (water or other cold material): laanejes.

rain: cool rain: sik-Ho‘.

refreshing: be refreshing (cold water): laaet ‘uch’et.

respite: respite from the heat: laanejesabil k’ak’al.

shiver: shiver from fear or cold: k’achk’on.
shiver with cold: k’achk’on ta sik, telton ta sik.

snow: yal Hob.

stiff: stiff with cold: *chalopol, *chaxopol.

sweatbath: pus.
person who takes a sweatbath: pusivil.
take a sweatbath: pusin.

tepid: k’ix-mukan, k’un k’ixin.

tepidness: k’ix-mukanil, k’unil.

tremble: tremble from cold or fright: tziltzon.

warm: k’ixnajes, k’ixnay.
(water or cold object): tzamesbey ‘e.
warm self: k’ixnaj.
warm self by the fire: k’atin si‘, warm self by the fire as do people or animals: k’atin.
warm water: k’un k’ixin Ho‘.

warmer: food warmer: k’ixnajesab ve‘el.

warming: object used for warming self: k’atimol.
warming oneself: k’atimol, k’atinel.

8.B. Humidity

dried: takijesbil.

drought: takijel, takijel ‘osil.
have a drought: va‘i k’ak’al.

dry: k’epel, takijes, takin.
dry before the fire: takijes, vo.
dry off or out: takij.
slightly dry: k’un-takin, laan to.

dryness: takijel.

grass: dry grass: taki-jobel.

house: dry house: taki-na.

leak: tz’ujebal, tz’ujel.
(glass): ‘uch’.
(glass, roof): tz’uj.

stream bed: dry stream bed: taki-‘uk’um, taki-tontik.

summer: (dry season): k’ak’altik.

sweat: ‘ach’.
(glass): ‘uch’et, ‘uch’li, ‘uch’van.

sweatbath: pus.
person who takes a sweatbath: pusivil.
take a sweatbath: pusin.

sweating: (glass): ‘ach’et

thirst: taki-ti‘il, takin ti‘, takinal ti‘.

thirsty: be thirsty: takin ti‘.

throat: dryness of throat: taki-ti‘il, takinal ti‘.

wet: ‘ach’es, ‘at’es.
(person): ‘atintas.
get wet: ‘ach’, ‘atin, ‘atin Ho‘.

8.C. Sound and hearing

beautiful: sound beautiful: ‘utz vinaj.

chopping: chopping sound: bajbonetel.

clang: bajlaj, bajluj, tzanlaj.
(copper or silver platter falling to ground): bajlajetel, tzanlajetel.

clink: (falling metal or money): tzanlaj, t’ijlajet.

clomp: t’int’onet.

crash: (falling rocks): p’ajlajet.
(support or beam when breaking): voch’laj.

crashing: crashing sound (support, beam): voch’lajel, voch’latel.

creak: tz’iet, jo‘et.

deafen: kokibes, kokibtas.

din: make a din: voet, vovonet.

explode: jinet.

explosion: jinetel.

good: sound good: ‘utz ‘a‘i, ‘utz ‘a‘iel.

listen: ‘a‘i.

loud: ‘ip.

megaphone: ‘ok’esol.

pretty: sound pretty: ‘utz ‘a‘i, ‘utz ‘a‘iel.

quiet: be quiet: ch’an chi, ch’an-chi.

quietly: k’unk’un.

resound: janet.

ring: tzanet.
(anything that echoes, whether it is a bell or a blow on wood): tzantzon.
(bell): kanet.

roar: (fire, hail, rain, turbulent river or ocean): loklonet.
(fire, hail, rain, turbulent river or ocean, wind, large flute): ‘omet.
(heavy rain, river, voices of many people, wind): t’inet.
(river, wind): jinet.

scraping: sound of a beam being pushed on top of another: jech’et.

silence: ‘ak’ ch’an chiuk, ‘uma‘ijes, ch’an chiel.

slapping: pok’ponet

softly: k’un.

sound: vinaj.
(flutes): ch’ijeL
(heavy rain): juet.
large flutes: *jomet.
sound beautiful: mu ‘a‘iel.
sound from afar: nam, namet.
sound good or pretty: ‘utz ‘a‘iel.
sound like a cracked bell: ch’ejch’on.
sound of beam or support breaking: k’aslajel, k’aslajetel.
sound of cocoa being poured from one bowl to another: chojct, ch’itet, t’ojet.
sound of earth falling from a height: jaxet.
sound of flutes together: jaxet.
sound of pottery smashing: ch’aklajetel.
sound of rainspouts: chojet, ch’itet, t’ojet.
sound of smashing earthenware: pojlajetel.
sound softly (wind, breeze): *jachet, *jupet.

speak: speak softly: k’un-k’opoj.

squeak: tz’iet.

thunder: ‘avan ‘osil, ‘avan chauk, ‘ov chauk, bak’laj, bak’lajet, bak’luj, bak’lujel, tzanluj, tzanlujel, jinet, jinet ‘osil, jinetel, jinetel ‘osil, jininet ‘osil, liklajet, loklaj chauk, loklajet, t’ininet ‘osil.

toll: toll thunderously: jinet nik.

toot: (small flute): piet, *vivon.

tramp: tramp loudly: tijulan ‘ok.

trill: (earthen jar, phial): kopkonet, tontonet.

8.C.1. Human and animal sound

attention: tz’e‘anel chikinil.
pay attention: tz’e‘an chikin.

attentive: tz’e‘el chikin.

bark: voet, vovonet, vojvonet.

bleat: ‘avan, ‘avanel, ‘ov.

bray: (donkey): jik’jon ta ‘ok’el, jik’jonet ‘ok’, vovet.

cackle: k’ayk’onet.
(goose): ‘a‘onet, ‘avalet.

clap: clap hands as when rejoicing or dancing: pak’ponet, pak’ulan.

cluck: t’okt’onet.
(hen): kokkonet

deaf: kok.
deaf person: kokil vinik.
grow deaf: kokib..

deafness: kokibel, kokil.

door: knock on the door: tij ti‘ na.

ear: prick up one’s ears: tz’e‘ chikin.

groan: voet, voetel.
groan with pain or sickness: ‘akanaj, ‘aket.

growl: (stomach): jubet, k’ulet.
have one’s stomach growl: ch’o‘et.

grunt: jokjonetel.
(pig): jokjonet, jokjonet ni‘.

grunter: ‘ipal jjokjonetel, jjokjonetel.

guffaw: k’ojk’on ‘e ta tze‘ej.

hear: ‘a‘i.
hear approvingly or with pleasure: talel ta ‘olonton ‘a‘i.

hearing: sense of hearing: ‘a‘iabil, ‘a‘ivanab.

howl: (dog): ‘ok’.
howl like a crying dog: ‘a‘onet.
howl like a dog: ‘avalet, ‘i‘onet.

howling: ‘a‘onetel, ‘i‘onetel.

kick: make kicking sound: *p’asp’oneL

laugh: tze‘ej, tze‘in.
laugh at: tze‘i.
laugh softly: ch’ivet ‘e ta tze‘ej, k’un-tze‘in, levet ‘e ta tze‘ej.

laughing: stop laughing: ch’ani ta tze‘ej.

laughter: tze‘inel.

listen: listen in secret: muktal-‘a‘i, muktal-‘a‘ivan.
listen to backbiting or gossip: ‘a‘i lot.

listener: j‘a‘i-k’op, j‘a‘ivanej, j‘a‘yej-k’op.

neigh: ‘i‘onet, ‘i‘onet ‘ok’, ‘i‘onet ta ‘ok’el, ‘i‘onetel.

noise: make noise walking: lomlajet.
noise of people passing by: lomlajetel.

noisily: pass by noisily (people): linlajet, linlonet.

peep: (chick): ‘ok’.

publication: publication of town crier: ‘ov.

report: report that one has heard: chikin.

reporter: reporter who reports what he has heard or seen: jta‘anej-k’op.

roar: vovet, vovetel.

scream: ‘avalet, ‘avanel, xikit-‘avan.

shout: ‘ov.
shout loudly: xikitxikit ‘avan.

shouter: j‘avanel, j‘ov.

shrink: shrink or withdraw from noise or impediment: ch’an chi, ch’an-chi.

sigh: jik’ ‘olonton, jik’el ‘olonton.

silent: silent person: ch’anabal vinik.

sneeze: Hat’isan, Hat’isanel.

sniff: ‘utz’‘onet, ‘utz’i, tas-‘ik’i.

snore: jolet ni‘, joletel ni‘il, joljon ni‘, joljonel ni‘il.

sob: jik’jon, jik’jonet.

sobbing: jik’jonel, jik’jonetel.

sound: make kicking sound: k’avk’onet, vak’vonet.
sound made by people passing by: linlajetel, linlonetel.
sound of grinding teeth: jech’et.
sound of horses urinating: chojet, ch’itet, t’ojet.

speak: noisily (many people): k’opk’onet, k’oplajet.
speak softly: k’un k’opoj.

stamp: stamp loudly: tek’tonet ‘ok, tek’ulan.

stealthily: tiptoe stealthily: k’un-lit’ovaj, lit’lonet, lit’ovaj.

step: with a soft step: k’un.

talk: din of mirthful or quarrelsome talk: ch’ijetel.
din of mirthful or quarrelsome talk, discord: kuletel.
make a din with mirthful or quarrelsome talk: ch’ijet, k’ulet.
talk of many as in a cofradia: ch’ijetel, k’uletel.

throat: clear one’s throat: jam nuk’, jeket.
clearing of one’s throat: jeketel.

wail: ‘a‘onet, ‘avan ta ‘ok’el, ‘i‘onet.

wailer: j‘a‘onetel, j‘i‘onetel.

wailing: ‘a‘onetel, ‘i‘onetel.

warble: ‘ok’, ch’iket.

warbler: jch’iketel.
(bird): j‘ok’el.

whinny: ‘i‘onet, ‘i‘onet ‘ok’, ‘i‘onet ta ‘ok’el, ‘i‘onetel.

8.D. Taste and odor

acid: ch’a.
(unripe fruit): sapap.

astringent: sapap.

bitter: ch’a.
become bitter: ch’aub.
make bitter: ch’aubes, ch’aubtas.

bitterness: ch’ail, ch’aubel.

breathe: breathe in smoke or perfume: tas ‘ik’.

cense: ch’ailay, ch’ailtas, ch’atay, k’ojojib, muib-ch’atay, muibtay ta ch’ail.

delicacy: muil.

delicious: chi‘, mu, toj ‘utz.

exhale: (as when they drink something sour or foul smelling and so as not to perceive the odor they exhale): jak ‘ik’.

flavor: muil ‘ik’.

flavorsome: become flavorsome: mu ‘ayan.

food: base or cold food: sik-t’ojol ve‘el.

fragrance: have fragrance spread: k’epet muil.

fragrant: mu, mumutik.

incense: castillan pom, incienso.

meal: ve‘el.
base meal: mu‘natil ve‘el.
cold or miserable meal: jech’ol ve‘el.
eat a cold or miserable meal: jech’olaj.

nose: bad odor of one’s nose: tu ni‘, tuil ni‘.

nosegay: (odorous object that is sniffed): ‘utz’obil.

odor: (good or bad): tuil.

oversalty: ch’a‘ chi‘, naka ‘atz’am.

perfume: ‘ak’ ta ch’ailtik, muibtayab, muibtayabil, muil.
(with incense): muibtas ta ch’ail.
perfume of incense: muil ch’ail.

perfumed: (with incense): ‘oy ta ch’ail muibtayat, ch’ail muibtayat.

pregustation: ‘a‘ibeyel ve‘el ‘ojov.

rancid: *majmaj ‘ik’.

salty: salty water: chi‘-Ho‘, chi‘il Ho‘.

savor: muib.

scent: ‘ik’, ‘utz’‘onet, tas-‘ik’i.
(of animal): muil.

smell: ‘a‘ibey ‘ik’.
smell good: mu ‘ik’.
smell wonderful: mu ‘utz’iel.

smelly: tu.

smoky: laal ch’ail.
(firewood): ‘ik’-baltay.
become smoky: ch’ailay, ch’aub.
smoky clothes: ch’ailal pok’.
smoky person: ch’ailal vinik.

sour: ch’a, pajal, poj.

sourness: pajal.

stale: ‘ech’om, tzotz, k’oxox, poko‘.
grow stale: tzatzub.
grow stale (bread): takij.

stench: have stench spread: tuil jik’et.

stink: ‘oy tuil, k’ojoj, laal tuil, xinal, toj ‘ep tuil, tuil.
(coat, shirt): tuib.
begin to stink: xinub.

stinking: (as some meats or human sweat): xin.

sweet: chi‘.
become sweet: chi‘ub.

taste: ‘a‘i, jech’, lek’, ti‘.
delicious taste: muil lo‘el.
sense of taste: lek’.
taste delicious: mu ‘a‘i, mu ti‘el.
taste each one: ju-jun tal ‘a‘i.
taste the lord’s food: ‘a‘ibey ve‘el ‘ojov, ‘a‘ibey ve‘ob.

tasteless: mo ‘oyuk muil ‘uch’el, mo ‘oyuk muil lo‘el, mo ‘oyuk muil ve‘el, mo‘yuk lo’el.

underarm: bad underarm odor: tuil lotz’opil.

8.E. Touch

benumb: pek’aubtas.

benumbed: be benumbed: pek’aub.

dull: become dull: tijub ‘e.
become dull (knife or sword): *pimpoktay ‘e, pimub ‘e.
make dull: *pimpoktaybey ‘e, pimubtasbey ‘e.

fast: ‘ik, ‘ip, tzatzubesbil, tzotz.

firm: ‘ip, tzatzubesbil, tzotz.

firmly: ‘ip, tzotz.

firmness: ‘ip, ‘ipajel, tzatzal, tzatzubel.

gently: tzaibil, k’unk’un, k’unuk, nopbil.

greasy: ‘ep ‘ik’uyai, ‘it’it’, k’an-‘iximtik, noj ta ‘ik’uyal, pim ‘ik’uyal.
be greasy: ‘ip ‘it’et, ‘ip ‘olet, pim ‘it’it’ul.
become greasy: ‘it’et, ‘olet.
very greasy: laal ‘it’it’, laal ‘it’it’ul.

ground: hard ground: *chaj tontik.

gummy: laal xuch’, xuch’tik.

hard: tzotz, k’oxox.
grow hard: yijub.
grow hard (bread): k’oxoxib, takij.

harden: yijub.
(bread, mud): tzatzub, tonib.

hardness: tzatzal.

loose: chepel, mu chukbiluk, yochol, Hitil.

loosen: yoch.

numb: grow numb: cham, sik-potztay.

numbness: sik-potztayel.

pebbly: rough pebbly place: xixib tontik.

pucker: pucker up (as when sewing shrinks): *tzukli.

rough: ‘ip tzatzal, tontik.

roughen: roughen grinding stone: laj, laj-‘ux, lajulan, vok’ilan-Hux.

scaly: become scaly: solin.

sharp: joy ‘e.
(blade): ‘oy ‘e.
be sharp: ‘utz ‘e.

sharpen: jayubes ‘e, pas ‘e, pasbey ‘e, Hux.
sharpen blade: Hux ‘e, Huxbey ‘e.

sharpened: Huxbil.
object to be sharpened: Huxbol.
sharpened blade: Huxben.

slip: tilch’uj.

slipperiness: bililul.

slippery: bilil, ch’ulul, juxjonet, laal ch’ulul.
be slippery: t’abt’onet.
slippery place: bilil ‘osil, ch’ulul ‘osil, jach’ebal, tilch’ujebal.
very slippery: ‘ip bililul, laal bililul.

smooth: ch’ulbil, ch’ulul, jos, josbil.
become smooth: juxtzaj.
person who smooths floor or wall: jch’ulvanej.

smoothed: josbil.

soft: k’un-putzan, k’un-yaman, k’unk’un, laan.
become soft: k’unej, k’unij.

soften: k’unejes, k’unijes.
(string in water): laanejes.

softly: k’un.

solid: mo ‘oyuk jom, mu jomjomuk, tonton.

spongy: jom ta *ut, naka jom, pok’ol.
spongy quince: pok’ol membrillo.
spongy wood: pok’ol te‘.

sticky: ‘ip nap’ap’ul.
(birdlime, honey): nap’ap’.

stiff: stiff with cold: *chalopol, *chaxopol.

tender: k’un, k’un to, laan, yaman.
very tender: k’un, k’un-yaman, k’unk’un, laan.

tenderness: ‘unenal, k’unil, laanil.

touch: ‘ut, pik.
touch each other (sticks, stones, etc.): tij ba.
touch lightly: k’un pik, k’un-pik.
touch with stick, stone, or anything other than hands: tij.

woolly: tzotzil, potzil.

8.F. Sight

angrily: look angrily: *keman sat k’el.

appear: appear in the distance: vinaj.
begin to appear: nach’, vinaj.

appearance: ‘ilel.
appearance of plants or grass: lok’el.
appearance or birth of plants: ‘osilajel.

blind: ma‘-sat
blind chicken: ‘ik’al moy tuluk’, ma‘-sat tuluk’.
blind with pale eyes: ‘ik’al moy.
go blind: ma‘-satij, tup’ sat.
go blind in one eye: tz’e‘ub sat, tup’ sat.
go blind with pale eyes: taot ta ‘ik’al moy.

bright: ch’ulul.

guard: chabi.

light: ch’am, tajley yan.
grow light: *sapet ‘osil.

lit: object being lit up: japoj.

look: *‘eno, ‘ito.
look askance: xokon-sati, xokon-sativan.
look at: k’el, k’elvan.
look at while frowning or with wrinkled brow: tzukan sat k’el.
look frequently: k’elelet, k’elk’onet.
look like: lok’bey.
look like (one’s father or mother): lok’.
look up: k’el ta ‘ak’ol.
look upwards with mouth agape: jam ba ta k’elvanej, jol ta k’elanvanej, jol ta k’elel.

luminous: ‘ip xojobil, toj xojob yan.

market: see the sights in the market: pa‘i ch’ivit.

mirror: large mirror: muk’ta nen, muk’ul nen.
small mirror: bik’tal nen.

note: ‘a‘i vinajeb.
take note of: ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton.
take note of another person’s actions: komes ta ‘olonton.

observation: observation point: pa‘iab.

obvious: be obvious: toj vinaj.

overlooked: be overlooked: mu tabat.

peeking: keep peeking: nach’nonet.

peer: peer at: pa‘i.
peer over (stretching one’s neck): nat-nuk’i.

prove: prove with a witness: ‘elmaj j‘ilojel ‘u‘un, batz’itay ta j‘ilojel.

pry: pry into others’ affairs watching where they go: nach’itay.

radiance: japetel, tiletel.

radiant: be radiant: ‘ip tajley yan, ‘ip tilet.

recognition: ‘ojtakinvanej.
recognition of person: ‘ojtakinel.

recognize: ‘ojtakin, ‘ojtakinvan, chak ‘oy ‘il ‘a‘i, juteb ‘ojtakin, juteb na‘bey ba, juteb tam sat

reporter: reporter who reports what he has heard or seen: jta‘anej-k’op.

search: sa‘.

see: ‘il, ‘il ‘osil, ‘ilvan, k’elvan, ta sat.
be able to see: ta sat.

shine: japet, japluj, leblajet, leblonet, lebluj, xojob yan, tajley yan, tilet, tililet, tiltonet, tilluj.
shine through: ‘och xojobil yo‘ ‘oy.
shine through (thin cloth): ‘och xojob yo‘ ‘oy.

shoot: shoot straight: melel bat ‘u‘un.

short-sighted: be short-sighted: mo natuk ‘ilvan, mu natuk ‘il ‘osil, mu natuk bat sat, mu natuk k’ot sat.

smoky: laal ch’ail.
(firewood): ‘ik’-baltay.
become smoky: ch’ailay, ch’aub.

smudge: t’ab ‘obok, t’abbey ‘obok.
smudge person’s face: t’ab sibak ta sat.
smudge person’s hands: t’ab sibak ta k’ob.

sparkle: japet, leblajet, xojob yan, tajley yan, tilet.
(sunbeam through a crack in the wall, stars): ‘itz’lajet ‘osil.

spectacles: ‘ilvanab.

spy: jpa‘i.
spy on: nach’itay, nach’itayvan, pa‘i.
spy who watches the road: jpa‘i-be.

spying: pa‘i.

squint: (as when they aim a bow and arrow): tz’e‘-sati.

stain: kola‘ajes, pik’ixtay.

stained: pik’ix, pik’ixtik.
be stained: kola‘aj.
become stained: pik’ixtay.

translucent: ‘och xojobil yo‘ ‘oy.
be translucent: japapet.

transparent: be transparent: xojob yan, tajley yan.

view: (from the house or the window): vinajeb ’osil.
have a view (from the house or the window): vinaj ‘osil yo‘ ‘oy.

visible: ‘iley.
barely visible: nach’al.
be barely visible: nach’.
be clearly visible or exposed: vinaj.
be visible: k’elav, tak’ ‘ilel, Hu‘ ‘ilel.

vision: (seen when awake): lab satil.
have a vision: ‘il.
see visions: lab-sati, lab-satij.

watch: k’el, k’elvan.
watch over, chabi.

white: appear white as a cliff or churches in the distance: sak-tik’an.

8.F.1. Color

anger: have face redden with anger: chak-paltay ba.
redden with anger (face): chak-paltay.
with face red with anger: chak-palan ba.

black: ‘ik’-votzan, ‘ik’-volan, ‘ik’al, ‘ik’‘ik’.
(abyss): ‘ik’-‘oman, ‘ik’-pulan.
(abyss, backwater): ‘ik’-‘otz’tay, ‘ik’-loman.

blacken: ‘ik’ubtas.

blackened: ‘ik’al.

blackish: ‘ik’‘ik’.

blackness: ‘ik’al‘ik’al, ‘ik’ubel.

blonde: k’anal tzotz jol.
grow blonde: k’anub tzotzil jol.

blue: yax-‘otz’an, yoxyox.
make blue: yax-‘otz’an pas, yaxubtas.

blue-eyed: k’an-kolan satil, yax-kolan satil.
blue-eyed person: jk’an kolan sat, jyax kolan sat.

bright: k’an-ch’ulan, sak-jaman, sak-kepan, saksak.
(moonlit night): sak-mesan.
become bright: sakub.
become bright (moonlit night): sak-mestay ‘osil.

brightness: sakubel.

brown: ‘ik’-yaman.

cloth: green cloth: yaxal pok’.
grey (mixture of black and white): sak-tanan.

color: bon, bonobil.
change color (face): tz’i‘lej.
change color or complexion: ch’ay, k’un-kola‘aj.

colored: bonbil.

dark: ‘ik’-pulan, ‘ik’-pulantik, ‘ik’‘ik’.
grow dark: ‘ik’ub, *sapet ‘osil, *sapoj ‘osil.
grow dark (sky): ‘ik’-pultay.
grow dark (trees in the distance): ‘ik’-‘otz’tay, ‘ik’-lomtay.
have sky grow dark: ‘ik’-pultay ‘osil.

dark-skinned: dark-skinned person: ‘ik’al vinik.

darkness: ‘ik’ubel.

dye: bon, bonobil, bonoj, bonol.
yellow dye: k’anal bon, k’anal bonojeb.

dyed: bonbil.

fear: be white with fear: sak-pak’an ba.

gilded: ‘oy tak’in, but’bil ta k’anal tak’in.

gray: dark gray (cloth): ‘ik’-yaman.

green: yox, yoxyox.
(corn, etc. that is not dry or well-cured): yox to.
dark green (backwater): yax-joman.
green again (grain field, grass): yax-balan, yax-k’utan.
grow green: yax-bajtay, yax-tz’antay, yax-k’uttay, yaxub.
light, bright green: yax-bajan, yax-tz’anan.

hair: have one’s hair turn white: sakub jol.
white hair: sak-tzotzil, sakil tzotz.

land: green land: yax-lum, yaxal lum.

light: sakubel.
(sky): sak-pulan, sak-pulantik.

linen: sakil pok’.

mixture: mixture of a variety of colors: kap bon, kap tz’ib.

multicolored: kapal bon, kapal naul.

murky: grow murky (as when wine, etc. is rolled down several slopes): ‘ik’ub, tatub likel.

ointment: colored ointment: nabnel, nobo.

purple: yax-cho.

red: tzojtzoj, k’an-*‘opan, k’an-‘oban.
(bald pate, metal on the forge): chak-lupan.
(chili or blood): chak-loman.
(hair): k’an-tzikan.
(sky at dawn or dusk): chak-*jutan.
bright red: batz’i tzoj.
make red: tzajubes, tzajublas.

redden: tzajub, tzajub ‘u‘un, tzajubes, tzajubtas, tzojtzoj ‘ayan.
(chili or blood): chak-lomtay.
(sky at dawn or dusk): chak-*juttay.

reddishness: tzajal.

rock: blackened rock: ‘ik’al ton.

rose-colored: k’un tzoj, k’un tzoj to, yalul to tzajal.

salt: black salt: ‘ik’al ‘atz’am.
white salt: sakil ‘atz’am.

soiled: ‘ik’ubtasbil.

stain: ‘ik’ubal.

stone: translucent stone: chak-xojan ton.

striped: kapal bon, kapal naul.
striped cloth (with stripes of one color): *‘ibal pok’.

tawny: k’un ‘ik’, k’un tzojtzoj, k’un sak.
tawny person: sak-*jachan vinik.

verdigris: yax-lum.

vermilion: *xuko.

weasel: black weasel: ‘ik’al saben.
brown weasel: tzajal saben.

white: saksak.
(eye with cataract): sak-*toan satil, sak-velan sat.
appear white as a cliff or churches in the distance: sak-jalan, sak-kepan, sak-tik’an.
become white: sakub.

white-haired: be white-haired: sak jol.

whiten: sakubes, sakubtas.

whiteness: sakil.

whitewash: taniv, tanivej.
(with slaps of the brush): maj-tani.

wine: red wine: tzajal chi‘, chak-juban chi‘.
white wine: sakil chi‘.

yellow: k’onk’on.
grow yellow: k’anub.
make yellow: k’anubes, k’anubtas.
yellow fat (as the fat of ground chickens): k’an-balan.

8.G. Similarity

another: j-*kem, j-jech, yan ‘oy.

as: Hech chak, Hechuk chak.
as if: chakuk, Ha‘uk.

compare: nop, p’is, tij.

comparison: joy-k’op, nop-k’op, nopel, p’isbil k’op.
comparison of person: tijel.

different: j-tek, j-tekuk, mo chi‘iluk, mo ko‘oluk, mo nupuk, mu junjunuk, yan.
(especially counting lineages): k’ejel.
be different: yan ‘ilel, yan tuk.

differently: mo ko‘oluk, yan, yantik.

distinctly: tzaibil, lekojlekoj, tojoltojol.

equal: ko‘ol, melol.

equality: (true weight): meltzajel.

equally: ko‘ol.

especially: jelel.

even: toj melel, toj tojol.
make even: meltzajes, tojobtas.

exact: toj ko‘ol.
be exact: nup ba.

exactly: tojol.

height: be of the same height ko‘ol natil.

intermingled: tzobol, tz’ibaltik, kapalkapal.

length: be of the same length: ko‘ol natil.
make the same length: ko‘ol natil pas.

like: Hech chak, Hechuk chak.
just like: Hech no ‘ox.
like that: Ha‘ Hech, Hech.
like this: Hech, Hech ‘ilel, Hechuk.
like this too: Hech no ‘ox tok.

liken: nop.

look: look like: lok’bey.
look like (one’s father or mother): lok’.

match: junjun pajel, junjun pajel pas, junjun pajol, junjun pajol ba pas, meltzaj.

matched: be matched: junjun pajol ba ‘ayan.

natural: natural quality: pasel.

nature: talel.

pure: mo ‘oyuk kap, Ha‘ no ‘ox.

resemblance: nop-k’op, nopbil k’op.

resemble: j-tektek ba, j-tektek pasel, jun pasel, junjun ba, ko‘ol ba, ko‘ol pasel, lok’bey, lok’bey ba.

same: ko‘ol.
in the same way too,: Hech no ‘ox tok.

sample: ‘a‘iab, ‘a‘iabil, k’el, k’elul, k’eluyab, k’eluya-bil.

similar: k’usiuk, Hech no ‘ox, Hech no ‘ox tok, Hech no ‘ox tokuk.
something similar: k’usitik, k’usitikuk.

size: be of the same size: ko‘ol muk’ul.
make the same size (flat things): ko‘ol muk’ul pas.
make the same size (long, tall things): ko‘ol ‘ayan ‘u‘un.

smaller: smaller than: bik’itbik’it.

speak: speak differently: yan k’opoj.

special: jelel, p’ilil, p’ilil ba, yan.
be special: yan tuk.

specially: p’ilil.

strange: toj yantik.

stranger: mo li‘uk na.

such: Hech.
such a thing: chak Hech.
such as: Ha‘ Hech.

unique: mo ‘oyuk nup.

without: manchuk.

9.Movement.

9.A. Locomotion, transportation, travel

9.A.1. By land and air. See also agricultural tools 28B.

absent: absent one’s self: bat, lok’.

ahead: get ahead: ba‘yi.
get ahead of: ‘ech’ ta be, ba‘yitas ba.

appear: appear in the distance: vinaj.
begin to appear: nach’, vinaj.

approach: li‘ tal, nochoj, noptzaj, nopoj, taltal, tijtzaj.
make approach: taltales.

around: object being walked around: joynej.
walk around: joyet xanav, joyij, joyij xanav, joyij ta xanbal, joyin.

arrive: lok’ talel.

ascend: muy.

ascent: muyel.

aside: step aside: p’ev ba.

away: batel.

axletree: axletree of a cart: joyijeb setet te‘.

backwards: ta valak-pat, valak-pat.
go backwards: valak-patij.

bridge: k’o.
brick or stone bridge: castillan k’o, ka‘al ton.
wooden bridge: ka‘al te‘el k’o, te‘el k’o.

bridle: ‘ak’ frcno, ‘ak’bey freno, ‘otes freno.

bridled: ‘ak’ebil freno.
be bridled: ‘och freno.

bump: bump into (door): tij ba.
bump or knock into: tij.

burden: ‘ikatzil, kojobil.

came: ‘ay.

cart: cart driver: jchabi setet te‘.

cartwheel: setet te‘ carreta.
cartwheel hub: balbal te‘, setset te‘.

Cartwright: jchabi setet te‘.

chase: nutz.

climb: muy.

come: tal, Hul.
come this way: li‘ tal.
have just come: Hulel ‘oy, Hulel to.

corner: go by a cliff that forms a point or corner: tz’e‘el batel.

cross: k’atey, poyey.
(ocean, river): p’as.
cross over: jelav.

crossroads: yo‘ ‘oy nup ba be.

crowd: crowd forward: vetz’ ba talel.
crowd in or towards: *tekel tal.

depart: lik, lok’.

departure: ‘ech’el, batel, likel.
moment of departure: batel ‘oy.
recent departure: batel to.

descend: yal.

descent: gradual descent: nelel, nellej vitz.
gradual descent (path): nelel batel.

destination: turn back without reaching destination: paj.

detained: be detained: sa‘ ‘olonton.
be detained as by rain or a full river: maktzaj.
be greatly detained in talking or walking: sa‘lej, Ha‘bej.

dismount: ‘olan, yal.

distance: ‘ok’, namal.
remove to a greater distance: jakes.

distant: jakal, nom, nomnomtik, nomtik.

down: get down: yales.
go down: yal.

downhill: approaching downhill: yalel talel.
departing downhill: yalel batel.

downwards: yo‘ ‘oy tojol ‘olon.

drive: drive horses: ‘ux ‘ut.

driver: oxcart driver: jchabi-vacas, jva‘anej-vacas, jva‘antasej-vacas chi‘uk setet te‘.

escort: ‘ak’, j‘ak’ol, va‘an, jva‘anvanej, jvol.

exercise: ‘abtel, pasnej, pasojel.

exit: quick exit: soblajel lok’el, tiklajel, *votol lok’el.

fall: a second time: cha‘-jach’, cha‘-yal.
fall from a height: ch’ay, yal.
fall off a cliff: ch’ay ta ch’en, yal ta ch’en.
fall when walking: jach’.

falling: stop falling: kiktzaj.

flee: jin, kol ta jatval, kol ta jinel.
flee to the hills: jatav.
make flee to the hills: jatviltas.
make person flee: jines.

flight: jatanel, jatavel, jatval, jinel.

fly: vil.

follow: tz’ak-pati, tz’ak-patibey, tz’ak-pativan.
follow in the company of: tz’ak-pati, va‘an.

followed: be followed: k’exey batel.

foot: go on foot: xanav ta ‘ok, ta ‘ok xanav.

free: kuxes, yaxubes, Hitun.

get: go to get something: bein.

go: bat.
go out: lok’, lok’es ba.
go through streets or gardens: ‘ech’.

goods: goods being transported: ‘eanbol.

guide: ba‘yi, ba‘yitas, jba‘yi, chanantas ta be, vesan.
take as one’s guide: ba‘yi.

halfway: reach halfway: po‘otaj, ta ‘o‘lol.

horseback: know how to ride horseback: na‘ chij.
mount on horseback: muy ta pat chij.
ride horseback: ta pat caballo xanav.

hostel: ‘ix-kelmajebal, vayebal.

hurl: hurl off a cliff: ch’ay ta ch’en ‘u‘un.
hurl oneself off a cliff: yalp’un ba, yokin ba.
hurl person off a cliff: yalp’un ta ch’en, yokin ta ch’en.

imitate: imitate or mimic one’s gait: chanbey ‘ok.

jog: jog along: choychoy-‘anilaj.

join: ‘ikba, tz’ak ba.
join together (two or three objects, people, animals): lotoj ba.

journey: a week’s journey: Huk-k’in belel.
one day’s journey or march: jun k’ak’al xanbal.

jump: lut’, lut’el, p’itel.
jump in the air: lut’lij.
jump in the river: ‘och ta ‘uk’um.
jump over (gulleys, ravines, wood, logs): lut’lon, lut’lonet.
jump up in the air: p’itp’on, p’itp’onet, p’ituj.
jump up in the air (as when dancing or when boys jump for joy): lut’, p’it.

kick: bet’ ta tek’el, lom ta tek’el, lom tatek’el, tek’, tek’van.

kicked: tek’bil, tik’bil.

league: j-jil.

leap: vil.

leave: lok’, lok’es ba.
leave quickly as from the church or school: soblaj lok’, tiklaj lok’, *votol-lok’, *votolan lok’el.
want to leave: kolo‘ ‘a‘i.

limp: kolo‘ xanav, mek’aub.

litter: k’echolajebal.
feathered litter: *kemil.

lose: lose one’s way: Hovi, Hovi ta be.

lost: ch’ayal.
be lost: ch’ay.
get lost: ch’ay.
get lost (on trail): k’ej be, k’ejey ta be.
lost person: jch’ayel vinik.
person who has lost his way: jHoviel.

lumbering: lok’-te‘, Iok’esej-te‘.

mall: lajeb xanavebal, sutej xanavebal, sutej xanbal.

meet: tzak, tzak ba, nup, nup ba.

miss: miss person (on trail): k’ej ta be.

mountain top: approach over mountain top: ba vitz talel.
ascend mountain top: ba-betzaj, ba-vitzaj.
departure over mountain top: ba vitz batel.
moment before completing ascent of mountain top: ba-betzajebal.

movable: *‘oyo liklik, kajel lik.
be movable: lik, nik, tak’ likesel, tak’ nikesel.

move: kom ‘u‘un, lik.
make a deal move: na‘ *‘akan-‘oltay.
move about: tik’ton.

moving: moving frequently: *‘oyo liklik, Kajel lik.

muleteer: jchabi ‘ikatzinom caballo, jchabi xanvil caballo, jchabi xanvil chij.

narrow: go or slip through narrow place as an iron railing: kak ba ‘och.
slip through narrow place as between iron gates: kuchoj ‘och.

near: come near: noptzaj, nopoj.

noise: noise of people passing by: lomlajetel.

noisily: pass by noisily (people): linlajet, linlonet.

overtake: overtake by using a shortcut: jel.

pace: p’isbilp’isbil xanav.

pair: leave in pairs: ‘oy nup lok’, nupulnupul lok’.

pass (1): mountain pass: ‘akan vitz.

pass (2): pass by: ‘ech’.
pass by without meeting on the trail: jel, jel ba.

passenger: jp’asojel.

passerby: j‘ech’el-be.

path: be, belel, mukul be, xojlej.
make a path: xojav.

pilgrimage: ch’uul me‘anajel xanbal, nam-tal xanbal.
go on a pilgrimage: ‘ech’te ‘ech’te, kom lumal xanav, kom na xanav.
make a pilgrimage: ‘ech’te ‘ech’te xanbal.
on a pilgrimage: nom talel.

porter: j‘abat, j‘eanvanej, j‘ikatznom, jchon-bail.

post: hitching post: tzoyleb.

procession: joyijel, joyijel xanbal, procesion.

pursue: pursue closely: tek’, tek’van.
pursue enemies: tz’ak-pati, nutz.

pursued: nutzbil.

pursuer: nakbal, nakmal, jnutzvanej.

pursuit: nakavel, nakbal, nakel, nakvanej, nutzel, nutzvanej.
object of pursuit: nutzoj.

reach: ta.

rebound: (with the blade turning): juy ‘e.

rein: rein in a horse: ‘olantas, ch’anantas, laanejes.

return: sut.

reverse: in reverse: ta patil.

revolve: (wheel): joyet xanav.

road: be, belel.
on the wrong road: jakal.
put on the wrong road: jakes, jakesbil.

roll: (wheel, cart): xanantas, xanaves.

round: (not spherical, but thin as table, tortilla, wheel): setel.
round about: ta joyobil.

roundabout: go a roundabout way: joy be, joyij, joyin be.
roundabout way: joyol be.

run: ‘anilaj.
make run: ‘aniltay.
run hard (deer, horse, bull): kuchoj ba ‘anil.
wish to run away: k’exav.

running: make (horse or ox) stop running: ch’ani ‘u‘un ta ‘anil.

saddle: ‘ak’ silla, ‘ikatzinay, ‘otesbey silla.
(with packsaddle): ‘ak’ xalma, ‘och ‘u‘un xalma.

saddled: ‘ak’ebil ‘ikatzinab, ‘ak’ebil silla, ‘ikatzinay-bil.
be saddled: ‘oy silla.

saddlemaker: jpas silla caballo.

scale: scale with ladders: machuy.

search: sa‘.

second: entered in second growth: ch’ikil.
make one’s way through second growth: ch’ik ba ta jobel, ch’ik ba ta voymol.

shinny: lotz’.
person who shinnies up or down a tree: lotz’om, jlotz’el.
shinny up or down a tree: lotz’tay.

shortcut: mukul be.
take a shortcut: k’ej.

shrink: shrink or withdraw from noise or imped iment: ch’an chi, ch’an-chi.

sink: but’.
(ground underfoot, basket, etc.): lomomet.
(ground when stepped on or trunk or basket, or other soft object when sat upon.):.
(ground when stepped on or trunk or basket, or other soft object when sat upon): lom, lomtzaj, potz’et, putz’et.
(water into ground): ‘ul.
make sink: lom, lomtzan, lomes.
sink to the bottom: mul ch’ay, mules.

slip: tilch’uj.
slip through: kuchoj ba ‘och.

slipped: have slipped through: kakbil ‘och.

snare: fall into a snare: tek’ xokob, yal ta xokob.
fall into a snare (person): xokbay ba.

sound: sound made by people passing by: linlajetel, linlonetel.
sound of earth falling from a height: jaxet.

Spiritedly: walk spiritedly: bili-batik xanav, *katatik xanav.

spring: spring from: ta tojol lok’.

spy: spy who watches the road: jpa‘i-be.

staff: nam-te‘il.

stagger: nechnon, nik, va‘von.

stay: person who forces another to stay behind:
jtzajal-komesvanej.

stealthily: tiptoe stealthily: k’un-lit’ovaj, lit’lonet, lit’ovaj.

step: tek’van.
step on: tek’, tek’van.
with a soft step: k’un.

stop: stop in one’s tracks: ch’ani ta ‘anil, komtzaj, va‘an ba.
stop moving (inanimate object): kiktzaj, komtzaj, naktzaj.

stray: stray off the line or path: k’ejp’uj, nijp’uj.

street: ‘ol nanatik.

stride: lengthen one’s stride: xach’.

stumble: tz’ukulin ‘ok, tz’ukulinel ‘ok.
object one stumbles over: tz’ukulinabil ‘okil, p’osiabil ‘okil.
stumble over: p’osi ‘ok.
stumble over dirt tz’ukulin lum.

stumbling: p’osiel ‘ok.

support: ‘ipajes.

sway: nechnon.

tiptoeing: k’un-lit’om.

tire: tire out (in pursuit): lubes, yakubes.

trading: go trading: bat ta xanbal.

trail: bik’tal be.
make person take the wrong trail: k’ejeyes ta be, k’ejibtas.

trample: kick or trample underfoot: voch’ ta tik’el.

transport: ‘ean.

travel: bein, xan.
(seeing the sights): pa‘i ‘osil.
person whose job it is to travel: xanvil.
travel far away: ‘iktay na xanav.
travel through streets or gardens: pa‘ivan.

traveler: j‘ech’el-be, xanvil.

tremble: tziltzonet.

trip: lukuntabey ‘ok, p’osi ‘ok, p’osiel ‘ok.
trip in a wrestling match: lukunel ‘ok.
trip on a branch or root: tz’ukulin te‘.
trip on a rock: tz’ukulin ton.
trip up: ‘ak’ tzukulinabil.

trot: choychoy ‘anil, choychoy-‘anilaj.

turn: joyijes.
(wheel): joyan.

twist: twist back up (path): nelp’uj.

vagabond: ma‘-tuul vinik, mak ik’, mak k’ak’al, mo ‘oyuk k’usi tu, naka vinik.

walk: bik’tal xanbal, lajeb xanavebal, sutej xanavebal, sutej xanbal, xanav, xanbal.
(of person who is taking a walk): lajeb xanbal, sutej xanbal.
long walk: natil xanbal.
make walk: ‘ak’ xanavuk, xanantas, xanaves.
take a walk: bik’tal-xanav, lajeb-xanav, sutej-xanav.
walk on four legs: kotey, kotol.
walk to or from a certain place: xan.

walker: xanvil.

walking: metal dp of walking stick: tak’in chak nam-te‘il.

way: be.

waylaid: person to be waylaid: pa‘-muk’uybol.
person waylaid: pa‘-muk’uyoj.
place where people are waylaid: pa‘-muk’uyab.

waylay: pa‘-muk’uy, pa‘-muk’uyvan, pa‘-muk’uyvan, pas.
waylay on the trail: paj ta be.

went: ‘ay.

whirl: whirl around: joyet, sutet.

withdraw: batat, batbat, jak, lik, yanij.

9.A.2. By water

aground: jok’ol.
hard aground: cha‘-jok’ol, cha‘-kikil.
place where one runs aground: kiktzajebal.
run aground: kiktzaj, kikil.
run aground (boat, canoe): jok’tzaj.
running aground: jok’el, kiktzajel.

ballast: ‘ipajeb jom, ‘ipajes jom, ‘otes naktzajeb jom, nakanab jom, naktzajeb jom, naktzajes jom.

bilge: ‘ik’uyal jom, tzo‘ jom, kux jom.

boat: jom.

bow: (ship, canoe): ni‘ jom.

break: break up (ship): jav, vok’.

canal: be Ho‘ tz’anal Ho‘, Ho‘.
(filled with water): bik’tal ‘uk’um.
dry canal: be-o‘, taki-‘uk’um.

canoe: jom.

cross: (ocean, river): p’as.

current: stem the current: kiktzaj.

dugout: jomal te‘.

embark: ‘och ta jom, ‘otes ta jom.

fleet: ‘epal jom, tzobol jom, *chanul jom.

ford: ‘ech’eb, p’asob ‘uk’um, p’asojel.

fork: (river): chib ‘ayan.

galley: yabutinab castillan jom, yabutinajeb jom.

marine: ta nab pas.

mast: natil te‘ pajal ta ‘ol jom.

navigable: be navigable: tak’ ‘ech’el ta jom, tak’ p’asojel.

navigation: ‘ech’el ta jom, p’asojel ta jom, xanbal ta jom, xanel nab.

oar: jubob jom, jubobil jom.

passage: ‘ech’el ta jom, p’asojel ta jom.

passenger: jp’asojel.

pilot: ba j‘il-jom, ba jchabi-jom.

pontoon: bik’tal k’o.

port: ‘ocheb jom.

river: dangerous river: tz’i‘lelal ‘uk’um, xi‘ebal ‘uk’um.

row: jub, jub jom.

rower: jjub-jom, jjubvanej.

rudder: jubob jom, sutejeb jom.

sailor: jchabi-jom, jva‘anej-jom.

sea: high sea: ‘o‘lol nab, nab, nab Ho‘, nat Ho‘.
rough sea: pumlajetel.
sea storm: ‘ipal pumlajetel nab.
shallow sea: komol nab.

ship: castillan jom, jom.
charter a ship: ‘ak’ tojol jom, toj jom.
freight a ship: mak jom.
ship passage: tojol jom, tojol pasojel ta jom.
ship passenger: jp’asojel ta jom.

sink: ‘ach’, tz’ajey, mul, mul ta Ho‘, mul ta Ho‘tik, potz’aj, pul, pul ch’ay, t’ub ta Ho‘.
(in a boat): ch’ay ta jom.

skipper: j‘il-jomal, jchabi-jomal.

sluice: ‘ocheb ‘a‘lel, ‘ocheb Ho‘, be ‘a‘lel, be-o‘.

stepping: stepping stone: ‘ech’eb ‘uk’um.

stern: ne jom.

submerge: mules.
(ship, canoe): mul ch’ay, pul ch’ay.

swim: nux.
swim across: p’as ta nuxel.
swim underwater: muk jol, mukula‘aj, mul jol.

swimmer: nuxom.

swimming: swimming place: nuxobil.

underwater: tzulul.
be put underwater: tz’aj.
put underwater: tzul ta Ho‘, tzulbil, tz’aj ta Ho‘, mul, mul ta Ho‘, mulbil, mulul.

upstream: muyel batelbatel ta ‘uk’um.

water: enter deep water: ‘och ta natil Ho‘.
sounder for measuring depth of water: liklik tak’in, p’isobil natil Ho‘.

9.B. Put, place, pile, cany, send, throw

across: place across: k’atan.

advance: ba‘yitas.

advanced: object advanced: ba‘yitasej.

ahead: put ahead of: ba‘yitas.

aim: aim well: jav ‘u‘un, satibil bat ‘u‘un.

behind: put behind: tz’aklontas.
toss behind: valak pat ch’ay, valak-patin ch’ay.

carried: carried off: pojbil.
object carried in one’s arms: petoj.
object carried in one’s mouth: katz’oj.
object carried on one’s back: kuchoj.
object carried on one’s shoulders: k’echoj.

carry: ‘ean.
carry bundle under one’s arm: latz’apuy ta lotz’op.
carry crosswise in one’s mouth or teeth: katz’.
carry dangling: lik, likoj.
carry in one’s arms as children: pet
carry off: poj, pojvan.
carry on one’s back: kuch, kuch batel.
carry on one’s shoulders as a litter: k’ech.
carry out: vesan.
carry under one’s arm: ‘ak’ ta lotz’op.

crosswise: object being placed crosswise: k’atanej.
place crosswise: k’atan.
set down crosswise: poyan.

delivered: ‘ak’ebil, ‘et’esbil.

deposited: k’ubanbil.

distance: remove to a greater distance: jakes, namajes.

face: be set or turned face down: nujey.
lay face up: javan.
set or turn face down (bowls, tiles, baskets): nujan.
set or turned face down: nujanbil, nujul.

fence: fence in: mak.

fitting: act of fitting one thing into another: nopen.

garland: place garland on person’s head: ‘ak’ nit-bail ta jol.
put on a garland: nit-baij.

gather: tzob, kunaj, kunan, kuntzaj.
tzobol, *chanul.

gathered: gather together: busan, tzob, tzobaj, tzobajes, tzoban, Lzobey, tzobvan.
gathered together: tzobanbil, tzobbil.
objects being gathered: tzoboj.
objects gathered together: tzobbcn.

glue: chaki.

glued: chakibil.

granary: store in a granary: tenay.

group: (object): tzob.
in a group: lotol.

grouped: grouped together: pisil.

guide: ba‘yi, ba‘yitas, chanantas ta be, vesan.

handful: hold or take a handful to put it down: jop.
object being held or taken in handfuls: jopoj.

hang: jiban, jok’an, jok’ey, likan, likey, mil.
place where clothing is hung: k’ianabil, k’iebal.

hanging: tzoyol, likanbil.

heap: bus, bustzaj, bustzajel, tzob, lotz.
heap up: busan.

heaped: busul.

hood: put on one’s hood: ‘ak’ paño, tzatzajesbey jol, pas paño.

hung: jibanbil, jibbil, likanbil, likil.
be hung: jibey.
place where object or person is hung: likanab, likanabil.

hurl: ten, yokin.
(long objects, darts, staves, arrows): yal.

join: junajes, nupultas.

last: put last: lajeb ‘ayan ‘u‘un, xutul ‘ayan ‘u‘un, xutultas.

lay: (adobes, bricks, stones as the officials do): tz’al.
(adobes, bricks, stones): tz’aloj.
lay down: ta‘an.

lean: lean against: kikey, xik’ey.
lean against (lay object against wall): xik’an.
lean against (long objects against a wall): kikan.

leaned: xik’anbil.
object that has been leaned against something: kikanej, xik’anej.

leave: ‘iktay, kom ‘u‘un, komes.

lift: toy.

lifted: toybil, toyol.
object being lifted or raised: toyoj.

line: line up: chol, chol ba, mel, mel ba, tasay, tasay ba.
line up people: chol vinik.
line up people as in a procession: mel vinik, meltzan vinik, pas vinik.

lined: be lined up: choley.

load: ‘ak’ kojob, kajan, kajey.

long: set down (long objects): tusan.

messenger: send as a messenger: ‘abatij, ‘abatin, ‘abato-kin.

mix: kap, kapij, kapin.
mix around: kapin ta juyel, kapulan ta juyel.

mixed: ‘och kap, ‘oy kap, kapal, kapinbil.
mixed in many places: kapaptik.

move: likes.
move object: ‘iktay ‘u‘un, komel ‘u‘un.

moved: object being moved aside: p’evoj.

order: be set in order: nop k’op.
set in order: nop.

penetrate: penetrate heavy growth: kuj ba ta jobel.

pile: bus, bustzaj, tzob, kun, kunan, lotz.
(firewood): busan.
pile up: busi, kuney.
put in pile: *tekan.

pile up: *tekey.

place: place against: ‘elanej ba ‘ak’, ‘ichoninej ba ‘ak’.
place where something is or is put: ‘av.

plant: (post in the ground with one’s hands): paj.

present: send present in return: pak moton.

put: ‘ak’, ‘ak’van.
be put in: ‘och.
put in: ‘otes, ‘otesbil.
put in many places: ‘ep ta jech ‘ak’, jilom ‘ak’.

raise: muyes, toy, va‘an.
raise in order to take out from under: sabajes.

raised: muyesbil, toj va‘aluk, toybil, toyol.

raising: toyel.

reached: object that is being reached: taoj.

reaching: instrument for reaching object: taobil.

replace: ‘ak’ k’exol, ‘ak’ lok’ol.

send: *‘abten, bat ‘u‘un, tak.
be sent *‘abtenat.
send cautiously: tzail-tak.
send to: k’ubanbey.

set: ‘ak’.
set down (wide objects): ta‘an.

stone: throw (stone): ten.
throw of a stone: ten.
throw stones: tenobaj.

support: k’un-lik ta muyel, k’un-toy.

take: take a handful to put down: jopopan.
take a little ways: lok’lok’es.
take one’s place: bet’.
take out a little ways: juteb lok’es.

throw: (not out the front door): xij.
throw down: ten ch’ay.
throw out: lok’es.

thrown: xijbil.
object that is thrown: xijoj, tenoj.
thrown down: tenbil.

top: put on top of: kajan.

unite: junajes.

upside: be turned upside down with the wide part on the bottom: pach’ey.
setting a (wide object) upside down with the wide part on the bottom: pach’al.
turn object upside down with the wide part on the bottom: pach’an.
turn upside down: sutejes, sutes.

water: be put in water: tz’ajey.
put in water: tz’ajal.

wide: set down a wide object: pach’an.

9.C. Wrap, tie, hide, cover, close and open, bury

bind: k’am.
(as when they bind the poles of their houses): jit’.
(books): tz’isan.
bind (with vines or cords as they do with the smaller beams of their houses): jit’omaj.

bound: object that is bound: k’amoj.

break: break or cut roots or vines with which they bind the wood of their houses: ch’ak, tuch’.

bundled: volbil.

buried: but’ibil ta lum, but’ibil ta lumtik, but’ijesbil, but’ul.
buried object: but’iej, but’oj.

bury: but’ ta lum, muk.
bury dead person: muk jchamel.
bury under: but’.

chain: chuk ta ch’ojon tak’in.

closed: makal, makbil.
(eyes): mutz’bil, mutz’ul.
object that has been closed: makben.

cloth: any cloth covering: but’iabil.
any cloth that object is placed on: tas.
cover one’s head with a cloth: pañolin.
cover with a cloth: tasi.
cover with cloth or clothing: lutz’.
object being covered with cloth: lutz’oj.

clothing: object being covered with clothing: pixoj.

cochineal: covered with cochineal bugs: pim ch’uj, toj ch’ujch’ujtik.

conceal: muk.
conceal one’s anger or grief: tz’ik.

concealment: mukvanej.
concealment of anger or grief: tz’ikel, tz’ikvanej.

cover: balobil, but’i, nuj-maki.
(bowl, pitcher, pot, waterjug): mak.
cover one’s nakedness: pix.
cover up: but’.
cover up: but’.

covered: makal.
be covered up: but’ij.
covered object: but’iej, but’oj.
object being covered as a pitcher or pot: makoj.

curl: curl up (as do some caterpillars or bugs when touched): tzub ba.

encircle: joy, joyij, joyin.

encircled: joyinbil, joyol.

enclose: joy.

enclosed: joybil.
area or object being enclosed: joyoj.
enclosed area or object: joyben.

fasten: tz’ak, chuk.
fasten hat strap: ‘och ‘ak’il ‘u‘un.

gathered: gathered together: tzobanbil, tzobbil.
objects gathered together: tzobben.

hidden: mukbil, muktal.

hide: muk.
hide in one’s house: mak-nai ba.
hide oneself: muk ba.

hiding: hiding place: mukebal.

hobble: chukbcy k’ob.
(for horses, etc.): lotz’ob te‘, te‘el.

intertwined: become intertwined: tz’aley, jaley.

knot: tz’ak, j-jis moch, jis-moch, moch, mochobil.
filled with knots: jis-mochochtik.
make knots in string: moch, mochilan.

knotted: jis-mochbil.
article being knotted: mochoj.
become knotted: tz’akoj ba, mochoj ba.
become knotted as when a thread or ribbon moves back and forth: mochli.
knotted in many places: mochilanbiltik, mochochtik.
object being knotted: jis-mochoj.

leather: cover with leather: ‘ak’bey nukul.
covered with leather: ‘ak’ebil nukul, ‘otesbil nukul, ‘oy nukulil.

lined: cha‘-lamanbil, cha‘-lamanbil lum, cha‘-lom.

lining: cha‘-lamal.

lock: makobil.
house lock: makob na.

loose: chepel, mu chukbiluk, yochol, Hitil.

loosen: yoch.

protect: koles.

rain: use palm leaf rain cover: ‘axiban, ‘axibin.

save: save by shielding: jetobtay, latz’apuy.

seal: ‘eteltasabil.

seclude: seclude oneself: mak-nai ba.

secluded: secluded in one’s house: mak-naibil.

seclusion: mak naiel bail, mak-naiej bail, mak-naiel.

shelter: koles.
(birds, etc. under something): nuj-maki.
(from wind): mak.
rain shelter: ‘axinajebal.
shelter from the rain: ‘axintas.
shelter to defend oneself: kolebal.
take shelter: kol.
take shelter from the rain: ‘axinaj.
take shelter in the church: koles ba.

shield: makibey, pokolil.
(taking the blows directed at another): maki ya.
(with body or shield): mak, mak-pati.
clasp a shield: xoj pokol ta k’ob.
large shield: *kumpail.
person who shields another: jmakiej-ya.
reed shield they hang in the church: pokol puj.
solid row of shields: choloj ba lok’ob-ba,
meloj ba lok’ob ba, meloloj ba lok’ob ba.
take or use a shield: pokolin.

shielding: article or person one is shielding: mak-patiej.
save by shielding: mak-pati.

shut: shut oneself up: mak ba, mak-nai ba.
shut up (bread, wine): nak’.

soak: tz’aj ta Ho‘, tz’ajan ta Ho‘.

store: shut up: nak’.

submerge: mules.
(ship, canoe): mul ch’ay, pul ch’ay.

surround: joy, joyin.

swim: swim underwater: muk jol, mukula‘aj, mul jol.

tether: tzoy.

tie: tz’ak, chuk.
tie again: cha‘-chuk.

tied: object being tied: chukoj.

treasure: buried treasure: but’bil k’anal tak’in.
hidden treasure: nak’bil tak’in.

tuck: tuck up: jol ni‘.
tuck up (by tying the ends): cholo-nok’in.
tuck up (by tying the ends): cholo-nok’in.
tuck up (under one’s sash when working): chuk-ch’utin, jopin.
tuck up one’s skirts or blankets under one’s sash: ch’ik k’u‘.
tuck up skirts under one’s sash: jopin k’u‘.

uncover: jam.

underground: put underground: but’ ta lum, but’i, but’i j-tz’uj ta lum, but’ijes ta lumtik, ch’ik ta lum, k’al ta lum, muk, muk ta lum, muk ta lumtik, mukbil ta lumtik, mukul ta lumtik.

underwater: tzulul.
be put underwater: tz’aj.
put underwater tzul ta Ho‘, tzulbil, tz’aj ta Ho‘ mul, mul ta Ho‘, mulbil, mulul.

unfold: lich’.

unfolded: lich’anbil, lich’bil, lich’il.

wind: wind around (not making a ball, but crosswise or back and forth as when cord is put on a frame): k’am.

wrap: balobil, vol, volobil.

wrapped: wrapped up: balbil.

9.D. Press, push, pull

apart: come apart: tuch’.
set apart: lekoj ‘ak’, lekojlekoj ‘ak’.

blow: k’oj, tij, yalel.
blow (counting): j-likel majel.
come to blows: maj ba.
fist blow: tij.

bring: bring by force: joch’.
bring forcibly: tzajal-‘ik’.

brush: ch’ul, ch’ulvan, ju‘obil.

butt: t’is jol.
(rams, cows): xulbay ba.
butt heads together (boys): t’is-joli ba.

caught: kakal.
be caught between two objects: kaktzaj.

chafe: tuch ’ uch’tik pas.

chafed: tuch’uch’tik pasel.
(by cloth): tuch’uch’tik.

chip: jep, jepelul, voch’, voch’olil. (glass): voch’.

clamp: net’ob, net’obil.

clasp: nap’an ta chukel, nop’-chuk.

clasped: nap’anbil ta chukel, nop’-chukbil.
object being clasped: nap’anej ta chukel, nop’-chukoj.

clutch: kik.

contract: (as when a snake contracts and coils): tz’al ba.

double: bend double: nujet.
double over: pakulan.
double over (cornstalk, sugarcane): pak.

drag: chech, joch, kil, xij, tas.

dragged: chechbil, xijbil.
object that is dragged: xijoj.

drive (1): drive horses: ‘ux ‘ut.

drive (2): (nails or stakes in a wall): baj.
drive in with rock or sledgehammer: pajchuchuy.

drub: maj ta te‘.

drubbed: majbil ta te‘.

embrace: mey, meylej.

embraced: object or person being embraced: meyoj.
object or person that was embraced: meyben.

footprint: ‘av ‘okil, tek’ben ‘ok, tek’leb ‘ok.

furrow: vok’.
(either plowed or as in the Mexicans’ cornfields or as we do when we plant radishes): tz’alav.
(not plowing, but as the Mexicans prepare their cornfields): tz’al.
plow a furrow: xoj ta vok’el, xoj vok’el.
plowed furrow: xojbenal, xojbenal ta vok’el.

grapple: japi, japi ch’ay, vol, vol ch’ay.

grappled: volbil.

grappling: japivanej.

grasp: ‘ik.

grasped: object being grasped: kikoj.

grind: juch’un.
grind dyes: noyilan bon.
grind flour: juch’ ch’ilim.
grind for the first time: voch’.
grind more: tek’.
grind very fine: noyilan.
grind very fine (cacao): noy.

grinding: stone for grinding dyes: juch’obil bon, noyob bon, noyobil bon.

hair: pull one’s hair out: jotz.
tear one’s hair: jotz jol.
with one’s hair torn out: jotzbil jol.

hammer: hammer (with which to wound): tenob te‘.
hammer as on the anvil: ten tak’in.
hammer or rammer (with which to ram or wound): tenobil.

hammered: bajulanbil, majulanbil, tenbil, tijbil, tijulanbil.

hammering: k’ojk’onetel.

handprint: ‘av k’obil, ‘av k’obol.

hew: ‘an.
(stone): ‘an ton.
(wood): ‘an te‘.

hit: hit lightly: k’ojilan, maxil-baj, maxil-maj.
hit or wound lightly: tij.

injury: (caused by blow of hands or feet): bajben.

kiss: ‘utz’i ni‘, ‘utz’ibey ni‘, ‘utz’iel ni‘, nup.
kiss repeatedly (as mother to her child): nulilan.

kissing: repeated kissing: nulilanel.

knead: biulan, pak’tani, pak’tanij, votz’ilan.
(dough, clay for pots): vol, volilan.
(dough, clay for pots, thick objects kneaded with the whole hand): votz’.

kneader: jpatan-vaj.

knock: knock against each other (sticks, stones, etc.): tij ba.
knock one’s head on a rock: t’is-joli ton.

lead: lead against one’s will: chech.
lead by the halter: chuk ta ch’ojon.

mark: (wood or stone for cutting or sawing): ‘eteltas, joch’, jul.
mark left by blow of the fist or by a slap: ‘av k’obol.

massage: ju‘ilanbey, nit.
(person’s painful belly): jaxulanbey, ju‘ilan.

open: jam.

opened: article being opened: jamoj.
opened article: jamben.

pat: pojilan.

peck: *t’ojey, *t’ojeyvanej.

pinch: set’el, set’vanej, xut’el, xut’vanej.
with the finger or fingers: xut’.

pound: juch’, juch’un, ten, tenulan.
pound to pieces: voch’.

pounded: be pounded to pieces: voch’.

press: bet’an, pitz’, pitz’obil.
olive oil press: juch’obil aceituna.
press down on: katz’an.

pressed: be pressed: bet’ey.

pull: chech, kil.
pull out: bul, vajajtik lok’es.
pull out (hair, feathers): tul.
pull out (object without roots, pole, stake): botz’.
pull out by the roots (as radishes, carrots, without digging): bul.
pull out leaving no trace: bulan.
pull the hair out of: bul.
pull up easily (as when they weed the garden): jotzan, jotz’.
with pliers: lotz’.

punch: voloj k’ob maj.

push: xij, takultay.
(as when they push or lift a beam): xij.
(as when they push the door open or closed): net’.
push in with one’s feet: tik’.
push out of one’s place: valk’un.

pushed: xijbil.
object that is pushed: xijoj.

ram: ram in with a rammer or long object as a lance or stick: xen.

rammer: xenob tak’in, xenob te‘, xenobil.
rammer (with which to ram or wound): tenob te‘.

repel: nak, nakav.

lock: (cradle): jin.
person who rocks another: jjuyvanej.

roll: (as a ball): *tzul.

rub: ju‘.
rub together: jux ba ‘u‘un.
rub together (bricks): jos ba ‘u‘un.
rub together (bricks, rocks): jux, juxilan.
rub together (two bricks): jos.
rub up and down: nib, nibvan.
rub with one’s hands: ju‘ilan, jusilan.

rubbed: juybil, juyilanbil.

rubbing: rubbing instrument: jusob, jusobil.

sawed: object being sawed: kupoj, p’asoj.

scrape: jos.
(boards): jotz’, josilan.

seize: ‘ik’, tzajal-poj, tzak, chuk, japi.

seized: ‘ik’bil, japibil.
object seized: japiej.

sharpen: jayubes ‘e, pas ‘e, pasbey ‘e, Hux.
sharpen blade: Hux ‘e, Huxbey ‘e.

sharpened: Huxbil.
object to be sharpened: Huxbol.
sharpened blade: Huxben.

shatter: shatter with blows: maj, vok’.

shaving: ‘anben te‘, ch’uch’ul te‘.

shear: shear (with a razor): jos.
shear woolen stuff: lotz’ tzotzil, lotz’bey tzotzil.

shove: jipulanel k’obil, jipun k’ob, takultay, takultayvanej.

slap: pak’ ta majel, pok’ ta majel, ta k’ob maj, t’ax ta majel, yalel.
slap given: pok’ben, t’axben.
slap on the neck: pok’el ta majel te‘ nuk’.
slap received: pok’benal, t’axbenal.

slapping: pok’ponet.

sound: make kicking sound: k’avk’onet, vak’vonet.

split: jat, jatal, jatbil, jav, javbil, t’ajal, t’ajalil, t’ajel, t’oxbenal, t’oxli.
(as the ground, fresh tile or green wood does in the sun): tzik’, t’aj.
(firewood, wood): jat, jav, t’ox.
badly split: t’ajajtik.
be split in two: cha‘-jech t’oxey.
deliberately split: t’oxbil.
split gradually: *chal.
split in two: cha‘-jot ‘ayan, cha‘-t’ox ‘ayan ‘u‘un, cha‘-t’ox cha‘ley, cha‘-t’ox t’ox.
split open (cotton, ripe pomegranate): jam, tuk.
split with wedges: pajchuchuy.

squeeze: pitz’.

squeezer: pitz’ob.

stamp: sello.
stamp loudly: tek’tonet ‘ok, tek’ulan.

stick: stick on: nap’, nap’an, nochan.
stick on (graft): tz’ak, tz’ak ba.
stick to: nap’tzaj, nap’lajan, nap’lajet, nochlajet.

sticking: tzoyob, tz’akav.

stretch: xach’.
place where cloth is stretched out: k’ianabil, k’iebal.
stretch out: k’i, k’ian, xach’omaj.
stretch out (clothing, cloth): k’i.

strike: strike with one’s fist: tij ta majel ta k’ob.

summon: person who brings or summons another by force: jtzajal-‘ik’vanej.

tighten: tighten with a peg: k’uxi.

track: track left by beam that has been dragged: be te‘.
track left by stone that has been pushed: be ton.

trample: (shoving with the body): net’.
kick or trample underfoot: voch’ ta tik’el.
trample on: juy ta tek’el.
trample underfoot: cha‘-tek’, lom ta tek’el, pak’ ta tek’el, tek’, tek’van.

trampled: tik’bil.
trampled on: bet’bil ta tek’el, tik’bil ta tek’el.

trampling: tek’ben.

whet: jux, pasbey ‘e, Hux.

whetted: object being whetted: juxoj.

wine: beam of a wine press: net’ob tz’usub, pitz’ob tz’usub.
beam or screwpin of a wine press: net’obil, pitz’obil.
screwpin of a wine press: net’ob, pitz’ob.
wine press: net’ob tz’usub, net’obil tz’usub.
wine press where grapes are trod: tek’ob tz’usub, tek’vanab tz’usub.

9.E. Insert and fill

absorbed: be absorbed (as when rain is absorbed into the ground): ‘uch’, ‘uch’li.

arrow: pierced by an arrow: yalbaybil.
target of one’s arrow shot: yalbayej.

bore: *vatz.
bore through: Hot, Hotes.

burst: tuch’, t’us.

cram: lom ta tek’el.
cram in (with one’s feet): pak’ ta tek’el.

dig: (as they dig with poles): jok’.
dig a hole: jok’ ch’en.
dig up (jicama, potato): jotz’.
dig with blows as with a hoe: vok’.

disinter: jotz’.

drill: ‘ak’ pas.

drilled: drilled article: joch’ben.

drive: (nails or stakes in a wall): baj.
drive in with rock or sledgehammer: pajchuchuy.

enter: ‘och.
enter secretly: muktal-‘och.

fill: amount added to fill container: nojeb.
fill by sinking, as when they fill the waterjug by sinking it in the water: pul.
fill up: noj, nojes.
fill up by blowing: nojes ta Hupanel.

filled: nojesbil.

filling: pulel.

fitting: act of fitting one thing into another: nopen.

full: ‘oy bel, noj.
be full: noj, sit, sitel.

go: go through (needle in clothes, drill in a board): jelav.

gush: gush up: bulin.
gush up in many places: bullajet.

hole: dig a hole: pas ch’en, vok’ ch’en.

inflate: Hupan.

insert: latz’an, ta *sapav ‘ak’, ta *sapav ‘otes, tik’, vajajtik ‘ak’.
insert in many places: ‘ap’ap’tik ‘ak’, lapaptik ‘ak’.
insert in pile (board, book): latz’.
insert with a rammer or long object as a lance or stick: xen.

inserted: lapal, lapbil.
be inserted: latz’ey.
inserted in many places: latz’atz’tik, latz’allatz’al, lapaptik.
inserted in pile: latz’al, latz’bil.

insertion: lapel.

maggot: swell from maggots: xuvitan.

miss: (arrow): koles yolobil ta k’ob.
(crossbow pellet, arrow): kol, toj kolel bat.

narrow: (unable to contain something): chukul.

occupied: ‘oy bel.
be occupied: noj.

pack: ‘ikatzin.
pack down: cha‘-tek’.
pack tight pressing with fist or stick: tonton-tik’.
pack tight pressing with the foot: tonton-tek’.
pack tight pressing with the hand: tonton-net’.

penetrate: penetrate heavy growth: kuj ba ta jobel, kuj ba ta voymol, k’al ba ta jobel, k’al ba ta voymol.

perforate: ch’oj, xen.

pierce: ch’oj, ch’ojes, jelaves, Hot, Hotes.
(with an awl): jul.

pierced: ch’ojbil, Hotbil, Hotol.
be pierced: ch’oj.
object to be pierced: ch’ojbol, Hotbol.
pierced object: Hotben, Hotnej.

poke: poke fire and stir flames: lupes.
poke the fire: ji‘ k’ok’.

pour: pour from bowl to bowl: t’ojilan.

prick: jul.

pry: pry into: jak’.

puncture: jul.

punctured: julbil.

satiety: nojel, sitel.

stab: jul.

stick: stick being poked into fire: chuchoj.

stuff: tek’.
(food into one’s mouth): kam.
stuff in (with the hand): net’, net’ ta nojesel, net’bil nojes.
stuff in by stepping on: tek’ ta nojesel.
stuff oneself: pul, pules.

stuffed: kik’bil, nojesbil.
be stuffed in: net’bil nojel.
be stuffed with food: sit.
feel stuffed: ton-ch’utuy.
feeling stuffed: ton-ch’utuyel.

surfeited: be surfeited: noj.

swell: noj, sit, situb.
boil, bruise): lik petluk.
(boils): lik t’elluk, lik vajluk.
be made to swell by stepping on and stuffing in: bet’bil nojel, tek’bil nojel, tik’bil nojel.
make swell: nojes.
make swell by stepping on and stuffing in: tek’bil nojes, tik’bil nojes.

water: dammed up water: tz’anal Ho‘.

wedge: wedge in: ‘ak’ k’ux ba.

9. F. Twist, turn and shake

fan: veluy.

fanned: object being fanned: veluyej.

rebound: juyemal.
(blade): juyp’ij ‘e.
make blade rebound and twist: tz’otp’inbey ‘e.
make rebound: tz’otp’in, juybey ‘e, juyp’in, juyp’in ‘e, juyp’inbey ‘e.
rebound with blade turning: tz’otp’ij, tz’otp’ij ‘e.

roll: downhill: balaj, balch’uj.
roll around: balalij, balch’un ba.
roll around (like child with temper tantrum): balet
roll around (like children who throw themselves to the ground in a temper): balan ba.

shake: lilin, nechulan, nikes, nikulan, nikulan, titin, vaxulan.
(lance): la‘ulan.
(mattress or straw bed): tukes.
mattress or straw bed: sokilan.
shake hands: ‘ik ba, kik ba.

stir: juy, juyilan.
fire being stirred: chuchoj.
person who stirs: jjuy-Ho‘.
person who stirs the fire: jchuchvanej.
stir the fire: chik’, chik’ulan, chuch k’ok’.
stir the fire (causing flames): tiles.
stir up: bak’es.

stirred: juybil.

sway: nik, va‘von.

turn: (candle, stick): tz’ot.
(wheel): joyan.
turn around: sutp’ij.
turn over valk’uj.

twist: tz’ot, tz’otan, tz’otli, tz’otp’ij, tz’otp’ijes, tz’otp’in.
(as they twist rope on their thighs): bichuy, ch’ajnuj, ch’ajnuy.
between the palms of one’s hands: balch’uj, balch’uy.
twist between the fingers: tz’ot.

twisted: tz’otbil, tz’ottz’ot.
(candles to make a torch): tz’ototik.
become twisted: tz’otey, tz’otp’ij.

wriggle: nik, nikes.

10. Creation, acquisition, maintenance, ownership, destination, and loss

10. A. Make, repair, and rescue. See also housekeeping 22E and clothing repair 31 A.

charge: take charge of: tak, takbey.

create: (as God made the world): pas.

created: be created: ‘ayan.

dammed: be dammed up: komtzaj, liktzaj, naktzaj.

do: ‘ut, *chetan, *cheyan, pas, vesan.

expedite: expedite a matter: tzutzesbey k’oplal.
expedite what has been impeded: tak.

fix: meltzajes, tojobes, tojobtas.
be able to fix: meltzaj.

found: likes.

glue: castillan chak, chak, chaki.

glued: chakibil.

hew: (wood): ‘an te‘.

leak: leak one has mended: ch’ikben.

life: bring back to life: kuxan.
come back to life: kux, kuxol, kuxolaj.

luck: improve one’s luck: ‘ik’ti‘ij.

mend: (by fastening or sewing, bones): tz’ak ba.
(wound): but’, tzepenub.
mend a broken bone: tz’ak bakel.
mend by sticking on: pak’tzaj.
mend with pitch (leather, wine jug): ‘ak’bey xuch’, juybey xuch’, xuch’ay.

mended: tz’akbil.
mended object: pak’anej, xojben.
mended with pitch: xuch’aybil.

paste: castillan chak, chab, chak, chaki.

pasted: chakibil.

polisher: t’abob.

prepare: pas, tojobes, tojobtas.
prepare in advance: ba‘yijes.
prepare oneself: meltzaj, pas ba.

readied: tzatzajesbil.

ready: pasbil.
get ready: tzatzajes ba, pas ba.
person who is ready: ch’albil vinik.

redo: cha‘-pas.

renovate: ‘ach’ ‘ayan ‘u‘un, cha‘-kuxes.

repair: ‘utz ‘ayan ‘u‘un, cha‘-pas, pas.
(faulty construction): mak. (leaking roof): ch’ik.

rescue: koles, koltay.
rescue of oneself: kolesel.

rescuer: jkolesvanej, jkoltayvanej.

restore: restore to former shape or beauty: ‘ich’ tojol ‘u‘un, meltzajes, tojobes, tojobtas.

right: set right: meltzajes, tojobes.

save: koles, koltay.

saved: be saved: koles ba.

straighten: tz’otan, tz’otli, tz’otp’ijes, tz’otp’in.
straighten a crooked staff or stick: patz’.
straighten with one’s hands (beam): tojobtas.

trim: trim a wick: lok’es ‘ak’lel, lok’esbey ‘ak’lel candela.

wax: ‘ak’bey chab, ‘otes chab, bon ta chab, tz’aj ta chab, chab, sul ta chab.

waxed: bonbil ta chab, tz’ajal ta chab.

whet: jux, pasbey ‘e, Hux.

whetted: object being whetted: juxoj.

10.B. Find, receive, take, pick, keep, own

accept: ‘ich’.
accept advice or reproach: ‘a‘i.

accumulate: tzob.

accumulated: kunul.

aided: koltaybil.

alms: ‘abolajel, ‘aboltayvanej.

beg: (poor person): k’anoj, k’anvan.

beggar: jk’anojel, jk’anvanej.

beggary: k’anojel, k’anvanej.

belong: belong to: ‘at, ta tojol, ta tojol ‘atey.

bet: win bet: ‘ale, ‘aleyvan.

oorrow: ch’amun.

⁄orrowed: ch’amunbil.
article to be borrowed: ch’amunabil.
borrowed article: ch’amunej, ch’om.

borrowing: ch’amunel.

boundary: tz’ak lum.
boundary between properties: tz’ak ‘osil.
boundary marker: tz’ak, ch’akobil lum, vok’obil lum.
mark boundaries of inherited land: ch’ak lum.
move in boundary markers on another’s corn field: vetz’ chobtik, vetz’bey chob.
move in boundary markers on another’s property: vetz’ lum, vetz’bey lum.

bring: bring by force: joch’.
bring forcibly: tzajal-‘ik’.

credit: bought on credit: Hatzinbil.
receive on credit: k’ex.
take on credit: Hatzin.
that taken on credit: Hatzinej.

custody: chabiel, chabiomal, chabivanej.

discover: vinaj, vinajes.

disease: catch a contagious disease: ch’am, *ch’amtan.

divided: divided up: vok’bil.

find: (lost object as money, feathers): tam, tamo-laj.
find what one was looking for: ‘il, ta.
find what one was searching for or that suits the purpose: nuptan.

food: filch food: tas ve‘el, tasbey ve‘el.
pilferer of food: jtasol-ve‘el.

gather: tzob, kunaj, kunan, kuntzaj.
gather together: busan, tzob, tzobaj, tzobajes, tzoban, tzobey, tzobvan.

gathered: tzobol, *chanul.
gathered together: tzobanbil, tzobbil.
objects being gathered: tzoboj.
objects gathered together: tzobben.

get: ta.
get with insistence: tzob ‘ikatz.
go to get something: bein.

gift: receive a gift: ‘ich’ moton, matantay.

glean: k’uxk’ultay.
corn: k’uxk’ulaj.

gleaning: k’uxk’ulajel.
gleaning of corn after harvest: k’uxk’ul.

gleanings: corn gleanings: tzo‘ vojton.

granary: store in a granary: tenay.

guard: chabi, jchabiomal, jchabivanej.

guest: receive a guest: ‘ula‘an, ‘ulo‘in.

guide: take as one’s guide: ba‘yi.

hand: object held in hand: yomoj.

handful: (candles): yomben.

hatred: hatred one receives: ‘iletel, ‘iletel ‘ilel, tzajal ‘ilel, kola‘al ‘ilel.

have: ‘oy, ‘oy ‘u‘un.

held: object being held in one’s hand: mich’oj.
object held: japiej.
object held in one’s hand: mich’ben.

help: help one receives: koltayabil, koltayel.
object of one’s help: koltayben.

hold: japi.
(alcalde’s staff, flyswatter): *chox.
hold a candle: jap.
hold a handful: jopopan.
hold a sword: japi.
hold dangling: lik, likoj.
hold in the fist: yom.
hold in the hand: ‘ik.
hold upright a handful in one’s fist (beans, corn, untied object): mich’.
object held: *choxoj.

husband: take a husband: val-te‘in.

include: include person in an activity: ‘ak’ lek ‘ekuk, lek ‘u‘un ‘ekuk.

inheritance: poko‘ bel nail.

its: ‘u‘un.

kept: place where something is kept: nak’obil.

lodging: provide lodging for: ‘ula‘an.
take lodgings: ‘ix-kelmaj, ‘ix-kelman, ‘och, vay.

lord: take as one’s lord or king: ‘ojovin.

luck: have good luck: nuptan ‘utzil, nuptanbey ‘utzil.
have great luck: ‘ep ‘esomaj ‘u‘un.

master: take as one’s master: ‘ajvalej, ‘ajvalin.

me: by or for me: ‘u‘un.

mercy: mercy one receives: k’uxubinel, vokoltasel.

mind: store in one’s mind (to do or say at a later date): na‘ ta ‘olonton.

mine: ‘u‘un, Ho‘on ‘u‘un, Ho‘on lekoj.

minor: be a minor (having a guardian): mu to k’ot ta ‘okel, mu to ta tak’in chabi ba tuk, mu to ta tak’in k’ulej tuk.

mouthful: take a mouthful: ‘um ch’ay.

my: ‘u‘un.

oath: take an oath: ‘ich’bey juramento.

obtain: ‘okelan.

occupied: lekbil.
object occupied: lekoj.
occupied place: bet’oj.

occupy: lek.

offense: offense that one receives: mulaltasel, panel ta mul.

office: be entrusted to an office: ‘albil patan.
entrusted with an office: ‘ak’bcybil patan, ‘albil patan.

opportunity: take the opportunity: kaj tuk, lik tuk, t’ab tuk.

own: ta tojol.
one’s own: leknej tuk, lekoj tuk.

owned: object owned: lekoj.

owner: bet’oj tuk ‘a‘i.
be the owner: lekoj tuk ‘a‘i.

pick: (beans, chilis, cotton, flowers, fruit): tul.
(flowers, fruit): tuch’.
person who picks up object from the ground: jtamanej, jtamvanej.
pick out: ‘ap’ap’tik lok’es, lapaptik lok’es.
pick out or up (as when they pick up grains on the ground): tam.
pick up from the ground: tamolaj.

picked: object picked up from the ground: tamol, tamolajel.

pity: pity one receives: k’uxubinel, yail, yainel.

plead: k’oponvan, Hu‘ k’opojel ‘u‘un.
plead a case: koltay.

possess: ‘oy, ‘oy ‘u‘un.
become the property of: ‘ech’ ta lekom.

possession: ‘otol, chabiej, chabiej ta na, chabiel ta na, kotol.
be one’s possession: patan ‘ojov.

possessor: jchabiej.

privilege: person who has been granted a privilege: ‘aboltaybil vinik, jchabiej ‘aboltayabil Hun, takibil vinik.

procure: procure by one means or another: ‘esomaj.

prophecy: prophecy received: toj-ti‘iel.

receive: ‘ich’.
receive or welcome visitor: nup.

received: be received or welcomed with great pomp: toj ‘utz nupey.

receiver: jnupol.

reception: nupol.

reclaim: cha‘-k’opoj, cha‘-likes k’op.

recompense: pakol, pakol ‘aboltayvanej.

recovered: recovered object: tamol, tamolajel.

request: be granted a request: ‘ak’beat, takbeat, Hu‘‘u‘un.
persistent or demanding request: k’anojel.
request importunately: bot’ol-k’an.
request repeated (with supplications or threats): tzajal-k’an.

respect: respect that one receives: ch’uunel.

rest: be given a rest: tzatzub, muib, nichimaj, nichimaj ‘osil ’a‘i.

restitution: ‘ak’el k’exol, *pakxinel.

reward: ‘aboltayel, ‘aboltayvanej, pakol, pakol ‘abol tayvanej, pakol ‘utzil, tojolil.

rewarded: ‘aboltaybil, pakbil ‘utz, pakbil ‘utzil ‘u‘un, tojoltasbil.
be rewarded: tojoltasey.

salvation: salvation one receives: koltayel.

share: ‘otol.

slap: slap received: pok’benal, t’axbenal

snatch: poj, pojvan.

snatched: pojbil.

snatching: pojel.

supplied: ‘ayanajesbil, ‘elmajesbil, tz’akal.

take: ‘ich’, tzak.
take a handful to put down: jopopan.
take away: ‘ich’ batel.
take away from: lok’esbey.
take out: lok’es.
taken out: lok’esbil, lok’ol.

tax: collect taxes: ‘ich’ patan, ‘ich’ tak’in, tzob ‘ikatz, tzob patan, k’an patan.
tax collection: ‘ich’el patan, tzobel patan, k’anel patan.
tax collector: jtzob-patan.

tip: pakol ‘aboltayel, pakol ’aboltayvanej, tojel.

tribute: collect tribute: ‘ich’ k’uk’.

water: draw water: lup Ho‘.
draw water from a well: lik Ho‘.
drawing of water: Ha‘bej.

whose: much’uy ‘u‘un li‘, much’uy lekoj li‘.

win: (inheritance, lottery): lekon.
(lottery): ‘ich’on.

you: by or for you: ‘u‘un.

yours: ‘u‘un, Ho‘ot ‘u‘un, Ho‘ot lekoj, Ho‘ot ta tojol.

10. C. Give

administer: administer to (giving something to someone): ‘et’es.

aid: ‘abolajel.
aid the poor or miserable: ‘aboltay, koltay, yain.
come to the aid of: tal.

alms: give alms: ‘abolaj, ‘abolan, ‘aboltay, ‘abol-tayvan.
give alms to: ‘ak’bey ‘aboltayel.

alms-giver: j‘abolajel, j‘aboltayvanej.

benefactor: j‘utzil-pasvanej.

bequeath: ‘al, taki.

bread: broken piece of bread given to beggars: xut, xutulil vaj.

charitable: charitable person: j‘aboltayvanej.

charity: ‘aboltayel, ‘aboltayvanej, jalal ‘ilel, jalal ‘ilvanej, jol ‘ilvanej.
do charity: ‘aboltay.

credit: give on credit: ‘ak’ ta ch’amol, ‘ak’ ta Hatzil.

distribute: puk, vok’, vok’ilan.
distribute among selves: ‘ak’bey ba.
distribute to: ‘ak’bey, pukbey.

divide: divide up among selves: ‘ak’bey ba.

donor: jk’eel, jk’elanvanej.

dowry: yolob te‘.
give a dowry to: ‘ak’bey yolob te‘.

example: example one gives: tz’ak-patianab, tz’ak-patiel, k’eluyanab, k’eluyel.
give an example: ‘al nopobil, ‘al p’isobil, nop, p’is.

exchange: k’ex, k’extay.

gift: k’eelil, tekpanil.
favor with a gift: matanijes.
reciprocal gift: pakol k’eel, pakol moton.

give: ‘ak’, ‘ak’bey, ‘et’esbey, k’elan.
give away: k’elan.
give for free: k’elan.
give to: ‘ak’bey, k’elanbey.
give without charge: ‘ak’ ta k’elanel.

given: given for free: k’elanbil.

giver: jk’eel, jk’elanvanej.

help: koltay, koltayvan, koltayvanej, nintay.

hostage: give hostages: ‘ak’ jlok’ob k’op, lok’ob-k’optay.
giving of hostages: lok’ob-k’optayel.

lend: ‘ak’ ta ch’amol, ‘ak’ ta ch’amunel, ‘ak’ ta ch’om.

lender: j‘ak’ ta ch’amol, j‘ak’ ta ch’amunel.

lending: ch’amol.

loan: return a loan: sutes.

loaned: ‘ak’ebil ta ch’amol.

lodging: give lodgings to: ‘ix-kelman.
provide lodging for: ‘ula‘an.

medicine: administer medicines: poxtaj.

mercy: have mercy: k’uxubinvan.

message: give message: ‘al ‘a‘yej.

motive: give the motive for: ‘ibeltas.

obligate: obligate self to or for another: lok’, lok’tay.

offer: ‘al, k’eelaj, k’eelan, k’op, ti‘.

offering: k’eelil.
give an offering: k’elaj, k’elan.

office: entrust office to: ‘ak’bey patan, ‘albey patan.
entrust one’s office to another: va‘an k’exol.

opportunity: provide the opportunity: kajes, likes, t’abes.

pay: pay in three installments: cha‘ ox toj toj.

poor: aid the poor in their needs: yain.
lift up the poor or downcast: p’iles.
raise the poor: toyes.

present: k’eelil, k’elan.
present that is given: motonil.
send present in return: pak moton.

prophecy: prophecy given: toj-ti‘ivanej.

provide: ‘elmajes, vinajes.
provide clothes, food and lodging: mak’lin.
provide for: tz’akubtas.
provide for person in want: makbey mc‘anal.

provider: j‘ayanajesvanej, j‘elmajesvanej.

recompense: ‘ak’ pakol ‘aboltayel, pak ‘aboltayel, pakbey ‘aboltayel ‘u‘un, pakbey ‘utzil.

refund: ‘ak’ k’exol.

rent: pay rent: ‘och patan ‘u‘un.

repay: repay in kind: pak.

retaliate: sut ta tojol tuk, sutejes ta tojol tuk, sutejesbey ta tojol tuk.

return: *pakax, *pakxin.
return a loan: *pakxin.
return of gift or insult: pakol.

reward: ‘aboltay, ‘ak’ pakol ‘aboltayel, pak ‘aboltayel, pakbey ‘aboltayel ‘u‘un, pakbey ‘utzil, toj.

rewarder: jpak ‘aboltayel, jpak-‘utz.

sacrifice: k’eelil, k’elaj, k’elan, motonil.
human sacrifice: kupvanej ta moton ch’u.
sacrifice birds: mil.
sacrifice people: kup, kupvan.
stone on which they performed sacrifices: ch’anob, ch’anobil ton.

sermon: give a sermon: tzitza‘aj.

share: pay one’s share: lekojlekoj toj ve‘el.

slap: slap given: pok’ben, t’axbcr

supply: ‘ayanajes.

support: tz’akubtas, mak’lin, sak-*ti‘in, yain.

tax: pay tax: ‘al patan, pak patan.

tip: ‘ak’ pakol, ‘ak’bey tojol, pak ‘aboltayvanej, pas ‘aboltayel, toj.

transfer: (debt, command, office): p’asoj ‘u‘un, p’asojes.

tribute: pay tribute: ‘al patan, pak patan, patnej.

turn: turn over to: ‘ak’bey, ‘et’esbey.

work: give work to: ‘abtejes, patnejes.

10.D. Lose, discard, remove, escape. See also put, place, etc., 9B.

abandon: ‘iktay.

abandoned: ‘iktaybil, komesbil.

bet: lose bet: ‘ale.

carry: carry off: poj, pojvan.

confiscate: tzajal-poj, pojbey.
confiscate another’s property in a dispute: lekbey.

credit: lose one’s credit: mu k’ot k’op.

current: stem the current: kiktzaj.

decline: (in number, population, property or rank): vetz’.
(person, property): jayub.

decrease: ‘ul, ‘ulel, k’oxib, tup’, vetz’, vetz’es.
(water): bik’taj.
decrease in number: jayub, jutebaj.

decreased: tup’ul, vetz’el.

deprive: ‘alantas, jel.

diminish: ‘ules, ch’ay, tup’.

diminished: ch’ayal.

diminishment: time or place of diminishment (of one’s sins): ch’ayeb.

discard: jip ch’ay, yokin ch’ay.

discarded: jipbil, yokinbil.
object being discarded: jipoj, yokinej.

dishorned: t’ijt’ij-

distance: remove to a greater distance: jakes, namajes.

drain: drain off: ‘ules.

drained: be drained: takij.
be drained off (strength, water): ‘ul.

ear: cut off one’s ear: jotz’ chikin, lok’es chikin.

escape: jatanel, jatav, jatavel, jatval, jin, kol.
escape death: kol ta charnel, escape from danger: koles ba.
escape from person: jatviltay.
escaped from being killed: kol-miluk.

escaped: kol-kom, koluk.
escaped from being killed: kol-majuk.
escaped from capture: kol-japiuk.
escaped from death: kol-chamuk.

excuse: metz’, taki.
be one who excuses himself: yauk ‘oy.
excuse oneself: ya ti‘.
excuse oneself even though truthfully: pok ba.
keep excused: takibil.
person who excuses himself: jya-ti‘il.

fall: (beads from a ribbon, cloth): kol.
(leaves, fruit): lilij, titij.
fall out (hair): lilij, titij.

filch: tas, tasbey.

flee: jin, kol ta jatval, kol ta jinel.
flee to the hills: jatav.
make flee to the hills: jatviltas.
make person flee: jines.

fleeing: prevent from fleeing: ch’anantas, ch’anies.

flow: flow out without bubbles: lok’.

free: kuxes, yaxubes, Hitun.
free person from his oath: ch’aybey k’op juramento.

frighten: frighten person from carrying out a plan: k’asbey ‘olonton.

fugitive: ‘ay ta muk’ta ‘anil, jjatanel, jjatavel, jjatvil. jjinel.

grave: have one’s grave removed: k’exbil mukenal.
move one’s grave: k’exbey mukenal.

guilt: rid oneself of guilt: pok ba.

hair: clip one’s hair: pasbey ‘isim, pasbey jol.
clip or crop hair (of criminals): tulbey jol.
crop hair (of those who have committed some crime): tul jol.
pull one’s hair out: jotz.
tear one’s hair: jotz jol.
with one’s hair torn out: jotzbil jol.

husk: (beans, broad beans): sol.
(broad beans): cho‘.

impound: ‘a‘i ta k’ubul.
impound one’s possessions: ‘ak’ ta k’ubul bel na, k’uban bel na, nak’bey bel na.

impoundment: k’ubanel bel nail, nak’beyel bel nail.

law: abolish a law: pajes takiej.
annul one’s law: lajes takiej.

leak: (glass): ‘uch’.
(glass, roof): tz’uj.

leave: ‘iktay, kom ‘u‘un, komes, lok’, lok’es ba.
be forced to leave behind: tzajal-komes.
leave object to be sold or bought: komesbey.

left: be left: kom.

lop: lop off: k’abay.

lose: ch’ay ‘u‘un.
lose bet (or) game: ‘aleyat.
lose one’s way: Hovi, Hovi ta be.

loss: ch’ayel.

lost: ch’ayal.
be lost: ch’ay.
get lost: ch’ay.
get lost (on trail): k’ej be, k’ejey ta be.
lost person: jch’ayel vinik.
person who has lost his way: jHoviel.

miss: miss person (on trail): k’ej ta be.

mourning: remove mourning clothes: ‘iktay ‘ik’al pok’, lok’ ta ‘ik’al pok’.

office: deprive of office: ch’anantas, jel, lok’es.

overflow: mal, malemal.

pass: pass by without meeting on the trail: jel, jel ba.

peel: (pears or apples with a knife): cho‘, jos.

prune: k’abay, lok’esbey k’ob.

pruned: pruned part: k’okbenal.

rank: lose rank: ‘iktay, ‘ilan ‘ajvalel, ‘ul, bik’taj, tup’.
renounce one’s rank: komes ‘ajvalel.

remove: batates, jakes, likes, lok’es.
remove chiggers, mites, or thorn from one’s flesh: luch.
remove to a greater distance: jakes.

removed: lok’esbil, lok’ol.

roof: uncover or remove thatch or tiles from a roof: jol.

rubbish: ch’ulbenal, pokbenal.
rubbish heap: k’a‘-‘ep, k’a‘-‘eptik.

scale: scale a fish: jos sol choy.

scaled: josbil sol.

scatter: pojbey ba, pojpojbey ba, puk ba, pukbey ba, p’up’un, tanibey, yokin.

scrapings: josbenal, juxbenal.

seal: remove a seal from: lok’esbey ‘etel, tup’bey ‘etel.

shame: lose one’s shame: pimil-baij.

shear: shear (with a razor): jos.
shear woolen stuff: lotz’ tzotzil, lotz’bey tzotzil.

shoo: (birds, cattle, dogs): yo.
shoo flies: yo ‘us, yo Ho.

shooed: yobil.

shooing: yo.

skim: (froth): jotz’ vok, jotz’bey vok.

slacken: k’un-yamaj, yamaj.

slackened: yamal.

slackness: k’un-yamajel, yamajel.

snatch: poj, pojvan.

snatched: pojbil.

snatching: pojel.

spill: mal.

spilt: malbil.
material being spilt: maloj.
material that has been spilt: malben.

spout: t’oj.
(of liquid): t’ojel.

sprinkle: vitz’, vitz’ Ho‘.
(with the hand or hyssop): vitz’es.

spurt: tok’.

squandered: be squandered: ma‘-batik bat, ma‘-batik laj, mu vinaj bat.

squanderer: jlajesvanej, ma‘-batik jlajesel.

stray: stray off the line or path: k’ejp’uj, nijp’uj.

take: take away: ‘ich’ batel.
take away from: lok’esbey.
take out: lok’es.
taken out: lok’esbil, lok’ol.

teeth: lose or remove one’s teeth: puk’um ‘e.

thin: thin out: tek’eltek’el lok’es.
thin out (lettuce, trees): tek’ek’tik lok’es.

thinned: tek’ek’tik lok’esbil, tek’eltek’el lok’esbil.
be thinned out: tek’eltek’el lok’.

throw: throw out: lok’es.

tooth: have one’s tooth fall out: lilij ‘e.

toss: toss out: jip ch’ay, yokin ch’ay.

use: use up: lajes, sak-ch’ay ‘u‘un.

used: used up: lajem.

watered: malataybil.

weeding: plants removed by weeding: ‘ak’in.

weight: lose weight: sap’.
loss of weight sap’al.

wing: bird’s wing stripped of feathers: xik’.

withdraw: batat, batbat, jak, lik, yanij.

10.E. Damage, destroy, cut, tear, crack, untie

breach: ch’ojolil tenam ton.

break: ch’ijbenal, javalul, k’ojbenal, k’okolil, t’us, t’usulil, vok’benal, vok’olil.
(cord, fiber, thread): tuch’.
break cord or thread: ch’ak.
break in two: cha‘-jech ‘ayan, cha‘-jot ‘ayan ‘u‘un, cha‘-vok’ ‘ayan, ta ‘o‘lol jat.
break into pieces: jav.
break into pieces with the whole hand: jav.
break loudly (beam, support): k’aslaj.
break off (legs of the benches they sit on, squashes or other objects with a thick stem): k’ok.
break one thing against another: ch’ij, k’oj.
break open (pomegranates, cotton): jav, vok’.
break or cut roots or vines with which they bind the wood of their houses: ch’ak, tuch’.
break or smash (eggs, avocados, head, pot, boards, tiles): vok’.
break or snap (stick, pole, candle, long object): k’as, k’av.
break the end off: ch’uy.
break up (ship): jav, vok’.
break with one’s fingers: xut.

broken: ch’ijbil, javbil, k’asal, k’asbil, k’aval, k’avbil, k’ojbil, k’okbil, k’okol, tuch’bil, tuch’ul, t’usul, voch’bil, vok’bil, vok’ol.
be broken in two: cha‘-k’os k’asey, cha‘-vok’ vok’ey.
be broken open: voch’.
broken open: vok’ol.
broken piece: ch’uyulil, xutulil, tuch’, tuch’ulil, t’usulil, vok’ohl.
with the end broken off: ch’uybil jol, ch’uyul.

burst: tuch’, t’us.

chew: chew or gnaw (as clothes moths or mice eat clothing): k’ux.
chew wood (worms): joch’.

chewed: xaxbil.

chipped: jepbil, jepel, voch’bil, voch’ol.
badly chipped: voch’voch’tik.
chipped badly: voch’oltik.

chop: bajbonet, baj, boj, p’as.

clothing: ragged clothing: lo‘ol k’u‘.
wrinkle in clothing: pux.

crack: ‘ap’al, ‘ap’el, tzik’el, tzik’ilul, t’aj, t’ajalil, t’ajel, vok’olil.
(as earth, fresh tile or wood cracks in the sun): jat.
(board, window, door): ‘ap’alul.
bad crack: ‘up’el, ‘up’ulil.
crack badly: ‘up’.
crack open: tzik’.
crack open (ground): ‘ap’.

cracked: ‘ap’al, jatal, t’ajal, vok’bil, vok’ol.
badly cracked: ‘ap’ap’tik, t’ajajtik.
cracked in many places: ‘ap’ap’tik, ‘up’up’tik, tzik’ik’tik.
cracked open: tzik’il.
cracked wall: ‘up’ul.

crash: (support or beam when breaking): voch’laj.

crashing: crashing sound (support, beam): voch’lajel, voch’latel.

crooked: lukluk, nelnel.
become crooked (line, edge, road): k’ejp’uj.
go crooked (line, path): nelp’uj.

crumble: p’uyilan.
(bread): xult.
crumble with the fingers or as parrots crumbling bread into large crumbs or small pieces: sesen.
crumble with the hands: ju‘.
crumble with the hands (lumps of sugar): p’uy.

crumbled: p’uybil, p’uyul, xutbil, xutul.
crumbled object: ju‘ben, p’uyben.
object being crumbled: ju’oj, p’uyoj.

cut: jis, jisbenal, jos, josbenal.
(cloth into many pieces): kupilan.
(upright object as a tree): tz’et.
(with scissors, etc.): lotz’oj.
(with two things, as scissors or as they cut the thatch for their houses with an ax and a stick): lotz’, sep’.
cut in strips: jis.
cut into pieces: t’ol.
cut off: k’okbil, k’okol.
cut short: komes.
cut the end off: ch’uy.
cut to pieces (cloth): jisulan.
cut with scissors: kup.
object being cut: sep’oj.

damage: kola‘ajes.

damaged: be damaged: tz’i‘lej, kola‘aj.

decay: joch’ib.

defect: komenalil, pajbenal.

demolish: jines.
(house, building): jin.
demolish or pull down (house, building): tuk, tukes.

dented: lom, lomol, potz’, potz’ol, *vuch, *vuchul.
be dented: ‘och lomluk, ‘och potz’luk, potz’aj.
become dented: lomtzaj.
dented in many places: lomomtik.
slightly dented: lomlom, lomollomol, potz’olpotz’ol, potz’potz’, *vuchulvuchul, *vuchvuch.

destroy: lajes, sok, sokes.

destroyed: be destroyed: ch’ay.

deterioration: ‘ulel.

devastate: ch’ay, lajes.

devastated: be devastated: ch’ay.
be devastated in war: laj.

disorder: jinel.
throw into disorder: sok, sokes.

dissolution: bak’el.

disturb: bak’es, sok, sokes.

disturbance: ‘ok’el ‘osil, ch’ijetel.
excite disturbances: ch’ijet ‘osil ‘u‘un, k’oplay ‘osil, k’ulet ‘osil ‘u‘un, nikes ‘osil, sokes ‘osil.

entangle: sokes, yakubes.

entangled: become entangled: sokes ba.

explode: jinet.

explosion: jinetel.

fall: (beads from a ribbon, cloth): kol.

felled: tz’etbil.
felled tree: tz’etob.
tree being felled: tz’etoj.

felling: be engaged in felling trees: tz’etav.
felling of trees: tz’etob.

gnaw: (as clothes moths or mice eat clothing): k’ux.

gnawed: area gnawed by a mouse: joch’ben ch’o.
gnawed area: joch’benal.

hair: tear one’s hair: bul tzotzil jol.

half: break in half: ta ‘o‘lol jat.

kill: tzames, tzamesvan, cham ‘u‘un.
kill by cutting to pieces: ch’uyilan-tzames, jatulan-tzames, sesen-tzames.
kill treacherously: muktal-tzames.
person who kills us: ‘ajval.

killer: jtzamesej, jtzamesvanej.

mildew: kux, kuxin.
(on bread): kux vaj.
mildew in wine: kux chi‘.

mildewed: ‘ip kux.

moth: clothes moth: chanul pok’, k’ux-pok’.

neglect: ch’ajleytay, mukul-‘oltay.

obstruct: mo ‘ipuk.

obstructed: (no longer desired): xoj-k’optaybiluk.
be obstructed: ‘oy patan.
be obstructed in some matter laj tza, paj tza.

piece: piece torn off a gown: bik’tajeb.

pillage: tzak, tzakel bel na ta ch’ilomal k’op, pojel na ta yabutil.

pound: pound to pieces: voch’.

pounded: be pounded to pieces: voch’.

reputation: destroy one’s reputation: ch’ay na‘el ‘u‘un.

rip: ch’ay xi‘el ‘u‘un. ch’ak, ch’akalul, ch’i‘, ch’i‘ilul, ch’utul, jat, jat, jatalul, lo‘olil, tuch’.
rip clothing: ch’ak.

ripped: ch’akal, ch’akbil, ch’i‘il, jatal, lo‘ol, tuch’bil, tuch’ultik.
ripped in many places: ch’akaltik, ch’i‘iltik, lo‘oltik.

rot: k’a‘, k’as.

rotten: k’o‘.

rust: kux, vok tak’in.

sawed: object being sawed: kupoj, p’asoj.

scarify: jisulan, kupilan, t’ol.

scorch: juteb k’ak’es, k’an-k’ak’, k’an-k’ak’es.

scorched: be scorched: juteb k’ak’.

scratch: jot’, jot’benal.
scratch hard: ch’oti.
scratch of cat or tiger: jot’ben.

shatter: shatter with blows: maj, vok’.

slice: jis, k’al, k’ol, t’ol.
(bread, melon): xut.
single slice: j-jisjis.

sliced: jisbil, k’albil, t’olbil.

smash: voch’.
(eggs, avocados): t’us.

smashed: t’usul, voch’ol, vok’bil, vok’ol.

snapped: k’asal, k’asbil, k’aval, k’avbil.

sound: sound like a cracked bell: ch’ejch’on.
sound of beam or support breaking: k’aslajel, k’aslajetel.
sound of pottery smashing: ch’aklajetel.
sound of smashing earthenware: pojlajetel.

split: jat, jatal, jatbil, jav, javbil, t’ajal, t’ajalil, t’ajel, t’oxbenal, t’oxli.
(as the ground, fresh tile or green wood does in the sun): tzik’, t’aj.
(firewood, wood): jat, jav, t’ox.
badly split: t’ajajtik.
be split in two: cha‘-jech t’oxey.
deliberately split: t’oxbil.
split gradually: *chal.
split in two: cha‘-jot ‘ayan, cha‘-t’ox ‘ayan ‘u‘un, cha‘-t’ox cha‘ley, cha‘-t’ox t’ox.
split open (cotton, ripe pomegranate): jam, tuk.

spoil: tz’i‘lejes, tz’i‘ley, tuib.

spoiled: tz’i‘leybil.

stab: jul, jul ta majel, xen, yalel.
stab with a lance: xen ta majel.
stab wound: julbenal, julel.

stagnant: become stagnant: tz’antzaj, tz’antzayaj, tz’aney.

stain: ‘ik’ubal, kola‘ajes, pik’ixtay.

stained: pik’ix, pik’ixtik.
be stained: kola‘aj.
become stained: pik’ixtay.

submerge: (ship, canoe): mul ch’ay, pul ch’ay.

tear: ch’ak, ch’akalul, ch’i‘, ch’i‘ilul, ch’utul, jat, jatalul, jatel, lo‘olil, tuch’.
(clothing): jat.
tear down: jines.
tear down (house, building): jin.
tear to pieces (cloth): jisulan.
tear up: ch’ay.

tearing: keep tearing: jatulan.

torn: ch’akal, ch’akbil, ch’i‘il, jatal, lo‘ol, tuch’ul, tuch’ultik.
torn in many places: chTiltik, jataltik.

undo: ch’ak, tilp’un, tuk.

undone: come undone: ch’ak, tilp’uj, Hituj.

unravel: tilch’uj, tilch’un.

unraveled: unraveled cloth: tz’otbil pok’, chichinab pok’.

untied: mu chukbiluk, Hitil.

wing: bird’s wing stripped of feathers: xik’.

wormeaten: joch’.
become wormeaten: joch’ib, joch’in.

worn: (old cloth): naka ‘ak’il.
be worn out: bik’taj.
worn out: lajem.

11.Thought processes, education, learning and knowledge

accord: of one accord: ko‘ol.

acquaint: acquaint oneself with: ‘a‘i tojol, na‘bey tojol.

admit: vinajes.

advice: request advice: jak’ tza, k’an tza.

advise: va‘an.

advised: va‘al.
person being advised: va‘anej.

agreement: tzobol k’op, *chanul k’op, ch’akeb k’op, ch’akob k’op, nopeb k’op, tojol.
be in agreement: junjun k’op, ko‘ol k’op, Ha‘ no ‘ox k’op.
illicit agreement: tzobol labal k’op.
in agreement: Hechtik.

amazement: yakil.
be struck with amazement: ch’ay ‘olonton.
struck with amazement: yakyak.

ask: jak’, jak’bey, jak’van.

asked: jak’beybil, jak’bil.

assume: Ha‘ na‘ ‘oy.

astonished: be astonished: laban.
be astonished at the price or beauty or at the loyalty of someone: labaj.

belief: ch’uunel.
be worthy of belief: tojol ‘oy ch’uuneyuk.

believe: ch’uun, ch’uunvan.
believe in: ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton.
believe in a person: ch’uunbey k’op, muk’ta-yebey k’op.
believe mistakenly: ‘a‘.

believed: that which is believed: ch’uunej.
that which must be believed: ch’uunbol.

bored: be bored by: tavan ‘ilel ‘a‘i, tavan ba ‘a‘i.

clarity: tzaijel.

clear: tzaibil, nopbil, sutesbil.
(not difficult): mo tzotzuk.

cognizance: tza.

comment: sutes, valk’un.

compose: (couplets, song, words): nop.

confused: sokoltik.
be confused in conversation, speech, or the doctrine: sok ‘u‘un.

confusion: jinel, sa‘el, sokel.

consider: ‘at ‘olonton, ‘at ta ‘olonton, na‘ ta ‘olonton.

consult: k’opon ba.
consult with many: tzobol-k’opon ba, *chanul-k’opoj, *chanul-k’opon ba.

copy: chanbey, lok’tay.

correct: ‘utz.
(person, writing): tojobes, tojobtas.

corrector: (of unspecified subject): jtojobtasvanej.
corrector of ——: jtojobtasej-——.

counsel: ‘ol, tzitz, tzitza‘aj, tzitzel, tzitzo‘.

counselor: jtzitza‘ajel, jtzitzvanej.

custom: pasel, talel, Hech talel.

deliberate: ch’ak ‘olonton, pas ‘olonton.

deliberation: ch’akel ‘olonton, pasel ‘olonton.

deny: mu vinajes, muk, ya ti‘.

devise: nop, nop ta ‘olonton.

difficult: ‘ip tzatzal, tzotz, tzotz ‘abtelanel, tz’i‘lel.
be difficult: ‘ip ‘abtel ‘a‘i, ‘ip tz’i‘lelal.
become difficult: tzatzub, tzotz ‘ayan.
seem difficult: ‘ip tzatzal ‘a‘i, ‘ip tz’i‘lelal ‘a‘i.

difficulty: ‘abtel, ‘abtelanel.
with difficulty: ‘ok’elal.

discuss: pas k’oplal.

discussion: have a discussion set in order: choley k’op.
propose a discussion: mel, *pochan k’op, ta‘an.
theme of a discussion: likeb t’abbil k’op.

divulge: puk, puk ‘a‘yejal.

doctor: doctor who teaches: jchanantasvanej.

doctrine: chanob k’op.
make a mistake in the doctrine: sa‘ ‘u‘un.

doubt: chib ‘olonton, nop ta ‘olonton.

doubtful: be doubtful: mu to jaka na‘ot, mu to jaka vinaj, sa‘al ‘olonton.
become doubtful of: chibaj ‘olonton.

draw: tz’ibay, p’is.
draw in ink: tz’ibaj.

drawn: tz’ibaybil, p’isbil.

dream: vayichil, vayichin.
dream up: na‘-tzai, na‘-tzaij, nop ta ‘olonton.
figure out a dream: nop vayichil.
vision: ‘ilben ta vayichil.

dull: naka k’op.

dull-witted: dull-witted person: bolil vinik, pek’a vinik.

dunce: lo‘il vinik.

easily: sob.

easy: mo ‘ipalajuk.
be easy: mo tz’i‘leluk, mu tzailajuk.
easy to do: mo tzotzuk pasel.
easy to learn: mo tzotzuk na‘el.

edify: ‘ak’ ba ta k’el vinik.
edify oneself: tz’ak-pati, chan, k’eluy.

embellish: tzatzajes.

embellished: ‘oy tzatzajel.

emblem: vinajebal.

example: lok’ob, lok’tayab.
example being followed: chanob.
example one follows: tz’ak-pativanej, k’eluyab.
example one gives: tz’ak-patianab, tz’ak-patiel, k’eluyanab, k’eluyel.
follow an example: tz’ak-pati, chan, k’eluy.
give an example: ‘al nopobil, ‘al p’isobil, nop, p’is.
person who follows an example: jk’eluyva-nej.
person who sets an example: jchanvanej, jk’eluyan.
set an example: ‘ak’ ba ta k’el vinik.

excite: ‘ak’ pas, ‘ak’bey k’op.

excuse: metz’ajel, pom, ya ti‘il, yaob ti‘il.
wordy excuse: pamijel.

experience: ‘a‘i, ‘a‘iel.

experienced: ‘a‘ibil.
be experienced: ‘oy pas.

experiment: ‘il.

explain: ‘ak’ ‘a‘i, tzaibil k’opoj, lekojlekoj k’opoj, nopbil k’opoj, sut k’opoj, sutejes, sutes, sutp’in, tojol-k’opoj.
explain at length: metz’aj, pamij.
person who explains at length: jmetz’ajel, jpamijel.

explanation: suteb, sutejeb, sutp’ijeb.
wordy explanation: metz’, metz’ajel, pamijel, pom.

fable: ‘ik’ti‘, loio k’op, vokol, vokolil k’op.
tell fables: ‘ik’ti‘ij, ‘ik’ti‘in, vokolij, vokolin.
teller of fables: ‘ik’ti‘il k’op.

familiar: be familiar with: chi‘in.
familiar thing: chi‘il.

figure: figure out (as when we figure out a price or how a thing is made): nop.

forget: ch’ay ‘a‘i.
make forget: ‘ak’ ch’ayuk ta ‘olonton.
make person forget ch’ay ‘olonton ‘u‘un.

forgetful: forgetful person: jch’ay-‘olonton.

forgotten: be forgotten: ch’ay ‘olonton, mu na‘ot.

graduate: (priest): lik ‘u‘un sacerdoteal.
graduate from priestly order ‘ich’ padreil.

guess: tza, tzai ‘olonton, na‘-tzai, na‘-tzaij, na‘non, na‘nonet, nop ta ‘olonton.
guess right: na‘.

guide: ba‘yi, ba‘yitas, jba‘yi, chanantas ta be, vesan.
take as one’s guide: ba‘yi.

historian: jmel-vokol, jvokolinom.

historic: historic deeds: vokolil pasnej.
tell historical accounts: vokolij.

history: ‘ik’ti‘il, vokol, vokolil.
(written): tz’ibaybil ‘ik’ti‘.
ancient history: poko‘ ‘ik’ti‘, poko‘ vokol.
annual history: ju-jun ‘abil vokol, ta ju-jun ‘abil vokol.
contemporary history: nax to ‘ik’ti‘, nax to vokol.
current history: Ha‘ to vokol.
daily history: ju-jun k’ak’al vokol.
history in writing: Hun ‘ik’ti‘, Hun vokol.
history or legend (written): tz’ibaybil vokol.
recent history: ‘ach’ to ‘ik’ti*, ‘ach’ to vokol.
relate person’s history: ‘al, vokolin.
relate personal histories (especially the old people): kuy.

identification: mark of identification: vinajesabil.

image: joch’bil lok’ob-bail, k’eluyabil, lok’ob, lok’obbail, p’isobil.
image maker: jk’oj lok’ob bail.

imagine: ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton, tzai, na‘-tzai, nop, nop ta ‘olonton.

imagined: tzaibil, tz’ibaybil, nopbil.

inform: ‘ak’ ‘a‘i tojol, meltzajesbey k’op, meltzajesbey tojol.

informed: be informed: laj ‘a‘i k’oplal, laj ‘a‘i tojol.

insignia: vinajebal.

interpret: ‘ak’ ‘a‘i, ‘al tojol, ch’ambey k’op, jam, jambey, vinajesbey.
interpret favorably: ta ‘utzil k’op nop.

interpretation: ch’amel k’op, sutejesel k’op, vinajeb.

interpreted: sutejesbil.

interpreter: jtzul-ti‘, jch’am-k’op, jsut-ti‘, vayajom k’op.

interrogation: jotz’-k’optayvanej.

invent: ba‘yi jut ta ‘olonton, ba‘yi likes, ba‘yi nop ta ‘olonton, ba‘yi vinajes, na‘ ba‘yi, nop ba‘yi.

invention: ba tza, ba tzaijel, ba vinajel, ba vinajesel, ba vinajesel, tzaijel, na‘-tzaijel.

inventor: jtzaijel.

investigate: jotz’-k’optay.

judge: ch’ak, jololtas.

judged: ch’akbil.

judgment: ch’akel, ch’akvanej.
judgment or resolution that has been made: ch’akben, ch’akben k’op.

know: ‘ojtakin, ‘ojtakinvan, na‘.

knowingly: tza ‘u‘un, talel ta ‘olonton.

knowledge: ‘ojtakinvanej, na‘el, na‘vanej.
knowledge of person: ‘ojtakinel.

known: na‘ot.
(to be good or evil): ‘ilot.

learn: chan.
learn by heart: chan ta ‘olonton, chan ta ti‘.
learn the doctrine: chan k’op dios.
learn to make bread: chan pat-vaj.

learned: learned person: jna‘vanej.

leave: leave quickly as from the church or school: soblaj lok’, tiklaj lok’, *votol-lok’, *votolan lok’el.

lecture: chanantasvan.

legal: decide a legal case: ch’ak.

legend: ‘ik’ti‘il, vokol.

little: hold in little value: ‘olonil ‘a‘i.

living: precept for living: takiej.

manner: pasel.

mark: identification mark: ‘ojtakinabil.

marked: ‘eteltasbil.

martyrology: na‘obil k’ak’al, na‘obil k’in.

marvel: chamolajel, labanel, tup’olajel, tup’olanel.
marvel at: chamolaj.

mean: ‘al.
what does all this mean?: k’usi chak li‘, k’usi chake, k’usi nop ‘oy.

meaning: sutejeb, tojol.

memory: na‘obil, na‘vanab, na‘vanej.

mention: kuy, tij ta ‘alel.

message: ‘abatil k’op, ‘ok’el, k’op.
give message: ‘al ‘a‘yej.

messenger: ‘abat, ‘abatil, ‘abatok.
send as a messenger: ‘abatij, ‘abatin, ‘abatokin.
trusted messenger: jtzul-ti‘, vayajom k’op.

mind: ‘a‘ivanab, ‘a‘ivanej, ‘olontonil, ch’ulelil, na‘vanab, na‘vanej.
change one’s mind: sut ‘olonton.
make up one’s mind: ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton, ch’ak ‘olonton, ch’ak ta ‘olonton, ch’akoj ‘olonton.
of one mind: junjun.

miss: ‘ip na‘.

mistake: Hoviel.
(in speech): sok.
by mistake: yan ‘ich’, yan ‘ik’.
make a mistake in conversation, speech, or the doctrine: sok ‘u‘un.

motto: lok’om.

narrator: narrator who reports what he has seen or heard: jmel-k’op, jmeltzanej-k’op.

news: ‘a‘yej, ‘ach’ k’op.
bad news: kola‘al ‘a‘yej, kolo‘ ‘a‘yej.
report news to: tarn ta chikin, va‘an ta ‘a‘yej.
tell news: ‘a‘yej.

notify: ‘ak’ ‘a‘i, taki.

opine: tz’ak-pati.

opinion: tza, k’op.
follow the opinion of: ‘ich’bey tza.

oratory: chanob tzitzo‘.

parable: joy-k’op.

perplex: ch’aybey ‘olonton.

philosopher: j‘ipal-metz’, j‘ipal-pom.

picture: tz’ib, k’eluy, k’eluyabil, p’is, p’isobil.

plan: tzai, nopben.

pointer: ‘atob.

practice: chan, chanantas ba.

premise: indication or premise (for making a guess): na‘-tzaiabil, na‘obil.

proclaim: ‘aptay, ‘avan.

progress: make progress: xik’an.

prolix: nat.

prologue: jol k’op.

pronounce: lok’es ta ti‘, sutejes ta ti‘.

pronunciation: lok’esvanej ta ti‘il, sutejesvanej ta ti‘il.

proof: ‘a‘iel.

question: jak’beyel, jak’el, jak’ob k’op, jak’obil, jak’vanej, jotz’-k’optay, joy-k’optay.

questioning: extract information by indirect questioning and close examination: lok’esbey ta jotz’-k’optayel.
questioning on the rack: jak’obil ta xuk’ul k’op.
questioning under torture: jak’beyel ta k’uxul k’op, k’uxul k’op.

reality: batz’i k’op.
truth: batz’il.

reason: ‘a‘yej, tzitza‘aj, k’alal.
give reason for: ‘a‘i.

reasonable: p’isol k’op.

reasoning: enigmatic reasoning: lut’ilanbil k’op.

recall: na‘.

recognition: ‘ojtakinvanej.
recognition of person: ‘ojtakinel.

recognize: ‘ojtakin, ‘ojtakinvan, chak ‘oy ‘il ‘a‘i, juteb ‘ojtakin, juteb na‘bey ba, juteb tam sat.

remember: na‘, tam ta ‘olonton, Hul ta ‘olonton.
be sure to remember to have someone do something good or bad: na‘u.
person to be remembered for doing something: na‘uej.
remember frequently: tam ta ‘olonton.

remembered: remembered object: na‘oj.

remind: na‘bey.

reply: ‘al ti‘, sutejes k’op, tak’, tak’av.
reply many times: bichbonet tak’av.
reply shamelessly or repeatedly: bichbonet tak’av, jatbil ‘abnal ti‘ tak’av, jik’jonet tak’av, ti‘inej ba tak’av.

report: mel k’op, meltzajes k’op, meltzan k’op, meltzanel k’op, melel k’op, *pochan k’op, ta‘an k’op, ta‘anel k’op.
report news to: jam ta chikin, jambey ta chikin.
report that one has heard: chikin.

reporter: reporter who reports what he has heard or seen: jta‘anej-k’op.

request: deny or refuse a request: mu tak’bey.

respond: respond to enigmatic questions or signs: jambey toj-ti‘iel.
respond to riddles or signs: nopbey.

responder: j‘al-ti‘il.

retablo: tz’ib.
canvas retablo: tz’ibaybil pok’.
wooden retablo: tz’ibaybil te‘.

reveal: jambey, james, tambey ta ‘olonton, vinajes. vinajesbey, ye.

revealed: jambeybil, tabeybil, tambeybil, vinajesbeybil.

revealer: jjambeyvanej, jjamvanej. jtamanej. jtambeyvanej. jtamvanej.

revelation: jambeyel. javayesej-k’op.
divine revelation: jamvanej dios, tamvanej dios.
have a revelation: na‘ ta jambeyel ta ‘olonton ‘u‘un dios, na‘ ta tambeyel ta ‘olonton ‘u‘un dios, tambeat ‘u‘un dios.
known by revelation: jambeat ‘u‘un dios.

riddle: nopbil k’op.

rod: rod with which boys at school are beaten on the hand: pok’ob k’obil. pok’ob k’obol, pok’obil.

rumor: rumor that one has heard: chikin.

sage: j‘at-‘olonton.

say: ‘al. chi. james. kuy.
say that ‘ut.
they say: la.

school: chanantasvanab na, chanob na.
dancing school: ‘ak’otajeb, chanob ‘ak’ot.
fencing school: chanob yabiltil.

schoolteacher: jchabi-‘unetik.

science: na‘vanej.

sculpt: sculpt wooden image: ch’oj, joch’.

sculpted: object to be sculpted: ch’ojbol

seal: ‘eteltasabil.
(document): ‘eteltas.
(on document): ‘eteltasbenal.
remove a seal from: lok’esbey ‘etel, tup’bey ‘etel.

sense: common sense: talel tza, talel p’ijil.

sentence: jololtas.

sermon: tzitzo‘, tzitzoj, tzitzvanej, chanantasvanab k’op, chanantasvanej k’op.
brief sermon: bik’tal tzitzo‘.
give a sermon: tzitza‘aj.
theme of a sermon: likeb tzitzo‘, likeb k’op.

sermonize: tzitza‘aj.

show: ‘ak’ ‘il, chanantas, vinajes, ye.
show the way: ‘ak’bey ‘il be, chanantas ta be.
show to: ‘ak’bey ‘il.

sign: ‘etelil. tz’ibay firma, pas ffrma. p’is, p’isol, vinajebal.
make a sign (as when they make the sign of the cross with their fingers or signal to a mute): p’is.
signs for making oneself understood: ‘a‘iabil.

sketch: p’is.

speaking: speaking figuratively: ta nopbil k’op.

specify: biiltas.

speculate: na‘-tzai, na‘-tzaij.

speculation: tza, na‘-tzaijel.

speculative: speculative person: jtzainom.

spread: spread news: puk ‘a‘yej.

startled: be startled: xi‘.

statement: ‘alben, ‘utben.

story: ‘alobil, kuyel, kuyobil.
tell stories: ‘abtelan, kuy, vokolij. vokolin.

subtle: muk’ k’op. muk’ ta k’op, toj ‘utz, toj lek ‘ilel, toj lek tzaibil pasel.

subtlety: ‘utzil, lekil.

suppose: ‘a‘.

supposedly: la.

suspect: chib ‘olonton ‘u‘un. chib ‘olonton ta tojol. k’opoj ‘olonton, nop, nop la ‘olonton.
be suspect: nopey.
be very suspect: ‘ep nopel.

teach: ‘ak’bey tza, tzilz, chanantas, p’ijubtas.

teacher: jchanantasvanej.

test: ‘a‘i.
test each one: ju-jun tal ‘a‘i.
test in many ways: k’an ‘ilbey ‘olonton.

think: ‘a‘i, ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton, ‘at ‘olonton, ‘at tza, tzai, tzaij, chi, na‘-tzai, na‘-tzaij.
think frequently: *‘oyo‘oyo ‘at ‘olonton, *‘oyo‘oyo na‘.
think mistakenly: ‘a‘.

thinking: frequent thinking: *‘oyo‘oyo ‘atel ‘olontonil, *‘oyo‘oyo tzaijel.

thought: ‘atel ‘olonton, tza, tzaijel.
thought of: tzaibil.

translate: ch’ambey k’op, lok’tay, sut ‘u‘un, sutejes, sutes.

translated: ch’ambil, sutejesbil, sutesbil.

translation: ch’amel k’op, suteb, sutejeb, sutejel, sutel.

translator: jch’am-k’op.

Tzotzil: native language: k’op.
person who speaks Tzotzil fluently: jna‘ k’op.

understand: ‘a‘i.
not understand well: mu toj ‘a‘i.
understand very well: laj ‘a‘i.

understanding: ‘a‘iabil. ‘a‘ivanab.

warn: tzitz. tzitza‘aj. taki.

warner: jtzitza‘ajel. jtzitzvanej.

warning: tzitzo‘.

well-acquainted: be well-acquainted with: laal chi‘in ta xanbal. laal k’ot ta na.

what?: k’usi, k’usi ma ti.

why: why not?: k’usi koj mo‘oj.

why?: koj, k’usi ‘u‘un, k’usi koj, k’usi k’alal.

will: make a will: pas testamento.

wise: wise man who discourses at length: jtzaiej‘olonton.

wonder: wonder at: ‘elavaj.

ll. A. Literacy

address: tz’ibaj ta ba, tz’ibaj ta pat, ta ‘ak’ol tz’ibaj.

answer: answer a letter: *pakxin k’exol Hun, pas k’exol Hun.

author: jtz’ibay-Hun, jp’asvanej.

bind: (books): tz’isan.

biography: vokolil.

book: tz’isbil Hun, Hun.
back of a book: pat Hun.
book margin: sakil Hun, ti‘il Hun.
book title: bi Hun, vinajeb Hun.
illuminate a book: p’is Hun.
illuminate books: tz’ibay Hun.

bookseller: jchon-Hun.

bundle: bundle of stitched pages: j-lotz.

comment: (in book): valk’ujeb.

compose: (couplets, song, words): nop.

copy: copy or imitate (writing, work): k’elubey.
k’eluy, lok’taybey.
jpak’tayvanej.

counterfeiter: jpak’tayvanej ta tz’ib.

dot: (in writing): ‘etelil.
(over a letter): punto.

epitaph: tz’ib, k’oplal.

footnote: meltzajes, sutejes.

forger: jpak’tayvanej ta tz’ib.

forgery: lok’tayel, pak’tayel, p’isel.

grammar: chanob latin k’op.

history: (written): tz’ibaybil ‘ik’ti‘.
history in writing: Hun ‘ik’ti‘, Hun vokol.
history or legend (written): tz’ibaybil vokol.

hymnal: Hun k’eyoj.

imitate: (writing, work): lok’tay.

ink: ‘a‘lel sibak, sibak.
ink paste: xuch’, xuch’ chenek’ te‘.

inkstand: tz’ibajeb, tz’ibajebal.

inkwell: ‘av sibak, na sibak.

inscription: tz’ib, letratik.

insert: insert in pile (board, book): latz’.

introduction: t’abeb k’op.
introduction of a book: likeb Hun.
introduction of a book or speech: likeb k’op.

inventoried: ‘ak’bil ta Hun, tz’ibaybil ta Hun, melbil ta Hun.

inventory: tz’ibayel ‘ayik’lelil.
inventory of possessions: ‘ak’el bel na ta Hun, melel bel na ta Hun.

legible: be legible: tak’ ‘ilel.

letter: ‘ak’balal Hun, Hun.
(of the alphabet): tz’ib, letra.

libel: pukobil ‘a‘yejlal Hun.

list: biiltas.
list in writing: tz’ibay biil.
list of names: ‘atob biil, ‘atob vinik, tz’ibaybil bi vinik.

mailbag: nakleb Hun.

map: world map: lok’ob-ba kotol ‘osil.

marriage: marriage book: Hun nupunel.

memorial: na‘obil k’usitikuk.

message: ‘ak’balal Hun, Hunbil k’op.

messenger: jtak-Hun, Hunbil.

music: line sheet music: pol Hun, polbey te‘el Hun, p’is Hun.
sheet music: k’oplal k’eyoj.

novel: vokolil.

page: lik.

paper: sakil Hun, Hun.
paper clip: lotz’ob Hun.

paragraph: likeb tz’ib, likeb k’op, likesabil tz’ib, likesabil k’op.

parchment: jotzbil nukul, nukulil Hun, pimil Hun.

pencil: jutobil.

postage: tojol ‘ak’el Hun, tojol ‘ochel Hun.

pray: pray aloud (as when we pray from the book of devotion or read): vixvon, vixvonet.

price: price tag (sign that purchase price has been agreed upon): liktzanabil.

print: ‘och ‘u‘un ta tak’in, tz’ibay ta tak’in.

printed: tz’ibaybil ta tak’in.
be printed: ‘och ta tak’in.

printer: j‘otesej Hun ta tak’in, jtz’ibay Hun ta tak’in.

printing: tz’ibayab Hun.
printing press: tz’ibajeb tak’in, tz’ibajebal tak’in.

prologue: kajeb Hun.

publication: publication of town crier: ‘ov.

publish: puk, puk ‘a‘yejal, puk k’op, vinajes.
publish aloud: k’eyojin.

quantity: quantity of books: ‘epal tz’albil Hun.

quill: tz’ibajebal k’uk’um, jotzbil k’uk’um, jomjom k’uk’um, k’uk’um.

read: ‘il Hun.
read to the end: sut ‘u‘un.

reader: j‘il-Hun.

ream: j-lotz sakil Hun, resma.

register: ‘atob biil, ‘atob vinik, ‘otes biil ta Hun, meltzajesabil lok’ob.

registered: be registered: ‘och ta Hun.

reread: cha‘-‘il.

rewrite: cha‘-tz’ibay, cha‘-tz’ibay Hun.

rhetoric: chanob tzitzo‘.

scribe: tz’ibajom, jtz’ib, jtz’ibajel, jtz’ibayvanej.
first scribe: ba tz’ibajom, ba jtz’ib, ba ta tz’ib, ba ta tz’ibajel.

seal: (document): ‘eteltas.
(on document): ‘eteltasbenal.

secretary: jchabi muktal k’op.

sheet: sheet of paper: lik.

sign: tz’ibay firma, pas firma.

signature: firma.

silver: marked silver: ‘eteltasbil sakil tak’in, julin-tasbil sakil tak’in.

Spanish: translate into Spanish: sutes ta castillan k’op.

stamp: sello.

student: jchan-k’op, jchan-Hun.

studiously: toj mak’linej.

study: chanantas ba, p’ijub.
(in school): chan k’op, chan Hun.
study music: chan k’eyoj.
study of music or singing: chanob k’eyoj.
study of Spanish: chanob castillan k’op.
study of the doctrine: chanel k’op dios.

subject: subject being studied: chanob.
subject to be studied: chanbol.

tilde: jol tz’ib, tilde.

title: (legal): ‘ibel.

tribute: tribilte notice: Hun patan.

will: tz’akubtasel testamento, testamento, Ha‘ te
jok’anbeat

write: tz’ibaj, tz’ibay.

writer: writer who writes about metals: jtz’ibay-tak’in.
writer who writes about people: jtz’ibay-vinik.

writing: tz’ib.
line of writing: j-chol tz’ib.

12. Mathematical concepts, quantities, size, distance, age.See also shape 3, similarity 8G.

abundance: nojel.

abundant: ‘ep, laal, pim, *xol.
become abundant: ‘epaj, pimij.
make abundant: ‘ak’ pimijuk, pimijes.

add: p’il, p’iles.
add up: ‘ak’ *‘elo, *‘elaaj ‘u‘un, *‘elaajes.

addition: p’ilel, p’ilem.

all: tz’akal, *kepel, kotol, k’otbaj, pisil.

also: ‘ek, ‘ekuk, tok, Ha‘ xa, Ha‘ xa tok.

amount: tzoboj tojol, k’ot tojol.

and: ‘ekuk.

angle: right angle: escuadra, p’is.

apiece: ju-jun.

armspan: measure by armspans: javay.

bacon: slice of bacon: j-jis tocino.

barely: ‘ok’elal.

big: muk’, muk’ul.
grow big. muk’ub.
how big?: k’u muk’ul, k’usi muk’ul.

big-bellied: pujel ch’ut, puju-ch’ut, pumel ch’ut, pumu-ch’ut.
be big-bellied (pregnant woman): benet, t’enet, t’uket.

big-breasted: pujel chu‘, pumel chu‘.
big-breasted woman: jpujel-chu‘ul, jpumel chu‘ul.

big-eared: leche-chikin, pok’-chikin, pok’o-chikin, vele-chikin.

big-footed: pumu-‘ok.

big-headed: vo‘o-jol, volo-jol.
be big-headed (insult): vo‘oel jol.

big-hearted: muk’ ‘olonton.
big-hearted person: jmuk’ul-‘olonton.

big-hearted-ness: muk’ta ‘olonton.

big-lipped: big-lipped person: pech’e-ti‘.

big-nosed: vo‘o-ni‘, volo-ni‘.
be big-nosed (insult): vo‘oel ni‘.

bigger: toj muk’.
a little bigger: juteb muk’.
be a little bigger: juteb jelav.
be bigger: jelav, jelav tuk.
be much bigger: toj batz’i muk’ tuk, toj jelav.

blaze: ‘etelil, ‘eteltas.

break: break in two: ta ‘o‘lol jat.

brimful: jaxal nojel, nojel, *titzaajel nojel, *titzil nojel.

buy: buy on a large scale: p’olmaj.
buy small objects in small amounts: tukul man, tukul-man, tukultukul man.

capacity: pasel, pasel ba.

carat: ‘etel k’anal tak’in, jul k’anal tak’in, tojol k’anal tak’in.
mark the carats: ‘eteltas k’anal tak’in, jul k’anal tak’in.

common: ‘oy no ‘ox buyuk, jilom no ‘ox ‘oy, naka k’op no ‘ox, naka Ha‘ no ‘ox, ta sut.

count: ‘at, ‘atolaj, *‘elo, ‘otol.

counter: (person): j‘atolayel, j‘atvanej, j‘otol.

couple: one of a couple: nup.

crowd: ‘epal vinik, *chanul vinik, pisil vinik.

crumb: p’uyulil, p’uyulil vaj, xut.
tiny crumb: sesenbil vaj.

cubit: chumay.

date: k’inal, k’inil.

decline: (in number, population, property or rank): vetz’.

decrease: ‘ul, ‘ulel, k’oxib, tup’, vetz’, vetz’es.
(water): bik’taj.
decrease in number: jayub, jutebaj.

decreased: tup’ul, vetz’el.

deep: ‘ip natil, pulpul.
(ravine, valley): nat.
(water): nab, toj nab, toj nat.

degree: to some degree: juteb.

depth: natil.

diminish: ‘ules, ch’ay, tup’.

diminished: ch’ayal.

diminishment: time or place of diminshment (of one’s sins): ch’ayeb.

distance: ‘ok’, namal.

distant: jakal, nom, nomnomtik, nomtik.

divide: ch’akes, puk.
divide up: vok’, vok’ilan.
divide up among selves: ‘ak’bey ba.

divided: be divided into parts (rosary, sermon, talk): lok’.
be divided up: vok’.
divided up: vok’bil, vok’ol.
objects one has divided up: pukben, vok’ben.

division: pukel, vok’el.

doubling: puxulil.

drop: drop by drop: p’ajajtik.

duo: (in singing): chibal ‘avanab, chibal ‘avana-bal.

each: each one: junjun vinik.
one each: ju-jun.

eight: vaxak, vaxakib.

eighty: chan-vinik.

eleven: buluch-——, buluchib.

empty: mo ‘oyuk bel.

enlarge: muk’ubes, muk’ubtas.

enlargement: muk’ubel, muk’ul.

enough: nakatik, noj, yalal, Ha‘ no ‘ox.

enough!: Hechuk.

entire: batz’i jun, toj jun.

equal: ko‘ol, melol.

equality: (true weight): meltzajel.

equally: ko‘ol.

even: toj melel, toj tojol.
make even: meltzajes, tojobtas.

every: tz’akal, *kepel, k’otbaj, pisil.

exact: toj ko‘ol.
be exact: nup ba.

exactly: tojol.

exceed: ‘ech’, ‘ich’.

exceeded: jelbil.

excess: ‘elov, jelaveb, p’ilemal.

expand: muk’ub, muk’ubes, muk’ubtas.

fall: a second time: cha‘-jach’.
fall a second time: cha‘-yal.

far: as far as: k’alal, k’alal te ‘oy, te k’alal.
far apart: nomtik, nomtiknomtik, nomtuk.
far away: nom.
from far away: jakal, nom talel.
how far?: k’u namal, k’usi namal.
that far: te k’alal.
this far: li‘ k’alal li‘.

fat: muk’, pumumet.
grow fat: jup’, k’an-‘ixmay, muk’ub.

fifth: ‘o‘ob.

fifty: lajuneb ‘ox-vinik.

fill: amount added to fill container: nojeb.

first: ba‘yi, ba‘yitajel, ba‘yitajel, pisil ba chi‘uk ba‘yi-tajel.
be the first: ba‘yi.
the first: ba.

fish: weigher of fish: jp’is-choy.

five: Ho‘ob.

flat: flat and treeless: pik’pik’, pik’pik’ ‘osil.

food: one day’s ration of food: jun k’ak’al ve‘el.

forty: cha‘-vinik.

four: chanib.

fourteen: chan-lajuneb.

frequently: ‘atal mek, ‘ep ta mek, *‘oyo‘oyo, likel kajel, likel likel, naka no ‘ox.
quite frequently: ‘ep‘ep.

fresh: ‘ach’, yaxal.
(fish, cheese): yox.
become fresh: yaxub.
make fresh: yaxubtas.

fruit: fresh fruit: ‘ach’ lo‘bol.

full: ‘oy bel, noj.
be full: noj.

grand: toj labajel.
be grand: labaney.

grandeur: labanel.

grave: ‘ip, ‘ol, tzotz, yaya.

great: a great deal: toj pim.

greater: muk’.

half: medio.
break in half: ta ‘o‘lol jat.
half a pound: ‘o‘lol libra. half pay: ‘o‘lol tojol.

halfway: ‘o‘lol, k’alal ta ‘o‘lol.

hardly: reach halfway: po‘otaj, ta ‘o‘lol.
‘ok’elal.

heap: be in heaps: busbonet.

heavy: ‘ol.
become heavy: ‘alub.

height: natil.
be of the same height: ko‘ol natil.
make the same height: ko‘ol natil pas.

here: to here: li‘ k’alal li‘.

high: nat natil.

hold: hold a handful: jopopan.

horse: small horse: bik’tal caballo.

house: old house: k’a‘-na, k’a‘al na.
small house: bik’tal na.
small poles for house construction: xul.

hundred: Ho‘-vinik.
two hundred: lajun-vinik.

inch: nob ta ‘ol k’ob.

increase: ‘epaj, ‘epajes, pimij, p’il, p’iles, p’ol, p’oles.

increased: p’ilesbil, p’ilil, p’olesbil.

infinite: infinite in number: mo no ‘ox jay.

inventoried: ‘ak’bil ta Hun, tz’ibaybil ta Hun, melbil ta Hun.

inventory: tz’ibayel ‘ayik’lelil.
inventory of possessions: ‘ak’el bel na ta Hun, melel bel na ta Hun.

just: lajel to, Ha‘ no ‘ox, Ha‘ to.

land: measure land: p’is lum, vok’ lum.
narrow plot of land: bik’it lum.

last: tz’aklon, jok’ey, k’oxil, nat bat, natij, xutul, Halej.
the last: lajeb.

later: tey-likel.
a little later: j-‘ok’uk xa, yalul ta, yaluluk xa.

length: jilol, natil.
added length (rope): natijeb.
be of the same length: ko‘ol natil.
make the same length: ko‘ol natil pas.

lengthen: natijes.

lengthy: nat, natik.

less: ‘olbaj Hechuk, mu ta, yalulyalul.

light: a little less: mu jaka Hechuk ‘epal.
be a little less: ch’amal xa mu ta, juteb xa mu ta, mu to jaka ta.
mo ‘oluk, sob, sobsob.

lighten: toy.

limb: limb by limb: ju-jun vinkilel, lekojlekoj ju-jun vinkilel, tasaltasal vinkilel, yantikyantik vinkilel.

limit: set a limit: paj.

list: biiltas.
list in writing: tz’ibay biil.
list of names: ‘atob biil, ‘atob vinik, tz’ibaybil bi vinik.

little: bik’it, ch’amal, lajal, machal.
*yax *naan xa mu ta: *yax naan xa mu ta.
a little: juteb, jutebilk ‘oy, *yax *naan, *yax noch.
a little bit: juteb ‘epaluk ‘oy.
a little more: *yax *naan xa, *yax noch xa.
hold in little value: ‘olonil ‘a‘i.
little person: p’osp’os vinik.

live: live a long time: nat bat, nat natij.

long: nat, natil.

lot: a lot of: *xol.
quite a lot: ‘ep‘ep, ta‘alta‘al ‘oy.

low: mu‘natil.

lower: yales.

many: ‘ep, ‘epal, pim, *xol.
a great many: mo no ‘ox jay ‘at.
how many: jayib.
many times: *‘oyo‘oyo.
so many: Hech ‘epal.
this many: Hech ‘epal.
very many: toj pim.

mark: ‘etelaj, ‘etelil, pol, polol, p’is, p’isol, vinajeb.

measure: p’is.
true measure: melel p’is.

measured: pasal p’isel, p’isbil.

measurement: p’isobil.

meat: weigher of meat: jp’is-bek’et.

medium-sized: ta‘al, ta‘al ‘oy.

middle: reach the middle: k’alal ta ‘o‘lol, ta ‘o‘lol.

million: Ho‘-pik\ Huk-vinik ta pik’.

minute: every few minutes: juju batel, likel kajel, va‘alva‘al no ‘ox.

month: ‘u.

moon: be full (moon): kol ta ‘ok’el, noj, yijub.
half moon: po‘ot ‘u.
have new moon appear: nach’ ‘u.
new moon: ‘ach’ ‘u.
waning of moon: bik’tajel ‘u, bik’tal ‘u.

more: ‘olbaj Hechuk, p’ilil, xa.
a little more: ch’amal xa, juteb xa, jutebilk ‘oy xa.
a little more or less: toj juteb ‘a‘i.
more or less: ‘olbaj Hechuk ‘ep, juteb, juteb xa k’an.
the more: Ha‘uk xa te, Ha‘uk te.

much: ‘ep, ‘epal.
as much again: Hech ‘epal, Hech xa ‘epal.
however much: k’usi ‘epal.
so much: Hech ‘epal.
this much: Hech ‘epal.

multiplier: jp’olesej-k’op, jp’olesvanej.

multiply: ‘epaj, ‘epajes, pimij, pimijes, p’ol, p’oles.

multitude: ‘epal.

narrow: yubes.

near: noch, nochnoch, nochol, nopol, tijil, Ha‘ tz’el.
bring near: nochojes, tijtzajes.
come near: noptzaj, nopoj.

nearly: juteb, juteb xa.

neither: -uk, mo ‘ekuk, mo no ‘ox…tok, mu…tok.
neither here nor there: mo no ‘ox bily junuk, mo no ‘ox bilyuk.
neither one nor the other (people): mo no‘ox bilch’uy junuk.

new: ‘ach’.

night: first quarter of the night: ‘ochel ‘ak’abal.

nine: baluneb.
nine hundred: Ho‘-vinik ‘ox-vinik.

ninth: baluneb.

no: no one: mo ‘oyuk bilch’uy, mo ‘oyuk much’uy, mo bilch’uy vinik, mo much’uy, mok much’uy.

not: not either: mo no *ox…tok, mu…tok.

nothing: mo ‘oyuk k’usi, mo k’usi.

novelty: ‘ach’ k’op.

old: ‘ech’om, k’o‘, poko‘, vo‘ney.
be old: ‘ep ‘il ‘osil.
grow old (clothes): k’a‘.

once: bak’ni, vo‘ney.

one: jun.
one and a half months: ‘o‘lol chib ‘u.
one and a half pounds: ‘o‘lol chib p’is.

other: yan, yantik.
the other: Ha‘ te june.

pair: ‘ak’ chi‘il, ‘ak’ melol, nupulnupul, nupultas.
be in pairs: ‘oy nup, nupnup ba, nupulnupul ba.
in pairs: chabchab.
leave in pairs: ‘oy nup lok’, nupulnupul lok’.
one of a pair: nup.

paired: meltzanbil, nupultasbil.

peck: half a peck (half a celemin): te‘el ta bik’tal te‘.

pile: in many small piles: bilsustik.

pound: libra, p’is.
half a pound: jechel libra, medio libra.

prolix: nat.

purchase: purchase of small objects in small amounts: tuku-man.

quadrant: chan-xuk’esabil.

quantity: quantity of books: ‘epal tz’albil Hun.

ration: daily ration: lekoj ve‘el ta ju-jun k’ak’al.

ream: resma.

register: ‘atob biil, ‘atob vinik, ‘otes biil ta Hun, meltzajesabil lok’ob.

registered: be registered: ‘och ta Hun.

rent: rent of & ⅕ of harvest: ‘otol.

ruler: p’is, p’isob te‘, p’isob ton, p’isobil, regla.

scanty: (in weight or size): ‘ok’elal.

scarce: jol, sa‘alsa‘al, yavaj.
be scarce (bread): toj pojel.
become scarce: jalaj, jalan ba, yavajij.
made scarce: jalajesbil.
make scarce: jalajes, yavajin.

scarcely: ‘ok’elal.

scarcity: jalajel, jalal, yavajijel, yavajil, yavajilal.

separable: k’an javel, k’an pukel, k’an vok’el.

separate: pukbey ba.

separately: lekojlekoj.

separation: ch’akeb.

seven: Hukub.
seven years: Hukub ‘abil.

seventy: lajuneb chan-vinik, lajunuk chan-vinik.

shallow: mo toyoluk.

shallowness: lomlej.

shortcut: mukul be.

silver: mark (silver weight of eight ounces): marco de plata.
mark silver: ‘etelaj ‘u‘un.

simplicity: mu cha‘-lomal k’opuk, mu cha‘-lomaluk.

single: junjun, juyinom, tuk tuk.

six: vak, vakib.

sixty: ‘ox-vinik.

size: be of the same size: ko‘ol muk’ul.
make the same size (flat things): ko‘ol muk’ul pas.
make the same size (long, tall things): ko‘ol ‘ayan ‘u‘un.
true size: tojolil.

sleep: sleep a long time: yakil-vay.

slice: k’ol, t’ol.
(bread, melon): xut.

sliced: jisbil, k’albil, t’olbil.

small: bik’it, bik’it ch’amal, ch’amal, komkom, lajal, machal.
(cocoa, corn, peach, grains): matz’matz’.
grow small: bik’taj.
small part: bik’it ch’amal.

smaller: mu ta, yalul.
be smaller: juteb yalul tuk.
smaller than: bik’itbik’it.

smallness: bik’itul, bik’tal.

solitary: juyinom ta naklej, tuktuk ta naklej.
(bird): kotkot, tuktuk.
solitary bird: juyinom mut.

span: span between thumb and forefinger nob, nobil.

sparse: (white hairs, poxes on the body): vajal.

sum: ‘atel.

superfluous: ma‘-tuul.
be superfluous: mo k’u tuun, mo tuun.

superfluously: ma‘-tuultik.

supplement: amount added to achieve completion: tz’akiab.

swarm: busbon, tik’ton.
swarm of honeybees: tzobol ‘aja-pom.

ten: lajuneb.

thick: make twice as thick (cord, thread): k’am.

thicken: (very thin knife blade that is fortified by adding metal to it): pimubtas, tijubtas.

thickened: object that is thickened: k’amoj.

thin: become, grow thin: bakub.
grow thin: takin-bat.
make thin: bakubes, jayubes, jayubtas.
very thin (board): jay-latzan.

third: ‘ox, ‘ox-——, ‘oxib.

thirteen: ‘ox-lajuneb.

thirteenth: ‘ox-lajun-vo‘, ‘ox-lajuneb.

thirty: lajuneb cha‘-vinik.

thousand: one thousand: lajun-vinik ‘ox-bok’.

three: ‘ox-——, ‘ox‘ox, ‘oxib.
three day period: ‘oxej k’in.
three days ago: ‘oxjey, chabjeychabjey.
three months ago: yoxibal yual, yoxil ‘u.
three years ago: ‘ox‘ox ‘abil batel, yoxibal ‘abil batel.

together: ko‘ol.

too: ‘ek, ‘ekuk, tok, Ha‘ xa, Ha‘ xa tok.

trifle: bik’tal, bik’tal ch’amal, bik’talul.

trifling: bik’it ch’amal, bik’ituk, ch’amal.

turn: by turns: lekojlekoj.

twelve: lajchaeb.

two: chib.
two and a half pounds: ‘o‘lol ‘oxib libra, ‘o‘iol ‘oxib p’is.
two by two: chabchab.

uneven: uneven number: mo ‘oyuk nup.

very: batz’i.

weigh: p’is.
weigh down: lom ta tek’el.

weighed: p’isbil.

weight: ‘alal.
equality (true weight): tojobel.
half a hundred weight (half a fanega#): te‘el ta muk’ta te‘.
hundred weight (seed): te‘el.
one hundred weight: chanib arroba, quintal.
person who gives true weight or measure: jp’is, jp’isojel, jp’isvanej, jtojobtasej-p’is.
true weight: melel p’is, tojol p’is, tojolil.
weight for scales: p’isobil peso, tak’in peso, weight of twenty-five pounds: arroba.

whole: batz’i jun, tz’akal, pisil, pispis, toj jun.

with: chi‘iluk, chi‘uk, ta.

without: *maxa.

work: one day’s work: jun k’ak’al patan.

yard: p’is, vara.

year: ‘abil.
a year from now: jun ‘ab.
future year: ‘ab.
last year (or) a year ago: jun ‘abi.
past year: ‘abi.
this year: Ha li‘ ‘abile.

12.A. Noun classifiers

animal: in reference to animals: j-kot.

armspan: one armspan: j-jov.

both: (animals): cha‘-kotol.
(long objects as bananas, flutes): cha‘-ch’ixil.
(people): cha‘-va‘al.
(round objects): cha‘-pisil.
(towns): cha‘-tek.

bunch: j-chuk.
(bananas, dates, grapes): j-choj, j-lik.
bunch by bunch: ju-jun chuk batel.

bundle: bundle of stitched pages: j-lotz.
bundle of torch faggots or plants: j-‘ikatz, j-k’ech, j-meylej.

eight-sided: vaxak-xuk’, vaxak-xuk’bel.

fifty: lajuneb ‘ox-vinik.

firewood: stack of firewood: j-vutz’ si‘.

fistful: j-mich’.

forty: cha‘-vinik.

four: (animals): chan-kot.
(people): chan-vo‘.
four hundred: j-bok’.

fourteen: fourteen times: chan lajun mek.

group: group of two, three or four: j-lotol, lot.

half: j-jech, j-jov.

handful: j-jop, j-k’et, j-k’etlej, j-mich’, j-yomlej.
(of long objects, like straws): j-mich’lej.
(of long untied objects like straws): j-yom.
(tied bunch of herbs, torch sticks): j-chuk.
hold or take a handful to put it down: jop.
single handful: j-mich’mich’, j-yomyom no ‘ox.

henequen: henequen fiber (counting): j-lik chi.

herd: j-tzob, j-tek, j-tos.
herd by herd: tasaltasal, tekeltekel.

hundred: Ho‘-vinik.
two hundred: lajun-vinik.

kind: j-tek, j-tos.

later: a little later: j-‘ok’ xa.
a while later: j-‘ok’ xa, j-‘ok’uk xa.

leaf: leaf by leaf: likillikil.

league: j-jil.

many: how many (objects): jay-tek.
how many (people): jay-vo‘.
how many (times): jay-mek, jay-yalel.
how many?: k’u ‘epal ta tek.
many times: ‘ep ta mek.

measure: foot (measure): j-tek’lej.
measure of 1.85 yards: j-jov.
measure of seed to be planted: j-te‘el.

mile: one mile: lajun-vinik ‘ox-bok’ ta ta‘lej.

million: Ho‘-pik’, Huk-vinik ta pik’.

moment: j-‘ok’.

moon: half moon: jovjov ‘u.

mouthful: j-‘um.
take a mouthful: ‘um ch’ay.

neither: neither here nor there: mo no ‘ox buy j-jechuk.
neither one nor the other (things): mo no ‘ox j-tekuk.

nine: nine hundred: Ho‘-vinik ‘ox-vinik.

ninth: balun-tekel.

other: j-tek.

pair: (sandals): j-choj, j-chop.
in pairs (animals): cha‘cha‘-kot.
in pairs (people): cha‘cha‘-vo‘.

part: j-*kem, j-jech.
(round object as a banana): j-k’os.
part or piece: j-jov.

pay: pay in three installments: cha‘ ox toj toj.

piece: single piece: j-jechjech, j-kemkem.

plot: plot of land: j-p’is lum, j-t’ob lum, j-t’ob lum.

plowed: extent of ground plowed by one yoke of oxen in a day: chabajeb j-choj vacas ta jun k’ak’al.

province: j-tek ta ‘osil, j-tek ta lumal, j-tek ta vinik, j-tos ta vinik.

quarter: four quarters (mutton): chan-jechel, chan-jekel.
quarter of a sheep: j-jech, j-jek.

rasher: rasher of bacon: j-jov tocino.

ream: j-lotz sakil Hun.

second: a second time: cha‘-mekel.
second in line: cha‘-tek’el, cha‘-va‘al, cha‘-va‘al va‘lej.

section: j-*kem.
(beef, venison): j-jech.

seven: seven people: Huk-vo‘.
seven years: Huk-‘abi.
seven years old: Huk-‘abi.

seventh: seventh part of a determined amount (fine for robbery): Huk-mekel Hech ‘epal tojol.

silver: mark (silver weight of eight ounces): —— -p’is sakil tak’in.

single: single cabbage or lettuce leaf: j-liklik.

sixth: a sixth: vak-bok’ol, vak-vinkil.

sixty: ‘ox-vinik.
sixty day period: ‘ox-vinkej k’in.

skein: j-k’ob nio.

slice: single slice: j-jisjis, j-k’olk’ol, j-t’olt’ol.
slice of bacon: j-jis tocino, j-jov tocino, j-p’as tocino.

soldier: division or file of soldiers: j-tos jyabiltil.

split: split in two: cha‘-jot ‘ayan, cha‘-t’ox ‘ayan ‘u‘un, cha‘-t’ox cha‘ley, cha‘-t’ox t’ox.

squadron: j-tos ch’ilom, j-tos jyabiltil.

step: j-kajal, j-koj.
(as when we count the steps of a staircase): j-k’ol.

string: string of beads: j-choj cuentas, j-jil cuentas.

thing: j-tek.

third: a third: ‘ox-jechel, ‘ox-jov, ‘ox-tekel.
third person: ‘ox-va‘al.

thirty: lajuneb cha‘-vinik.

thousand: one thousand: lajun-vinik ‘ox-bok’.

thread: (counting): j-lik no.
spindleful of thread: j-petetal.

three: three days: ‘ox-k’in.

two: made in two ways: cha‘-tek pasel.

weight: half a hundred weight (half a fanega#): j-te‘el.
one hundred weight: cha‘-‘ikatz.

year: two years ago: cha‘-abi.
two years from now: cha‘-‘ab.

13.Speech

13.A. Varieties of speech, expletives. See also anger 16H, insult 16K, lie 16N.

comment: suteb, sutejeb, sutejes, sutesabil, sutp’ijeb, sutp’in, sutp’inabil, valk’unabil.

confused: be confused in conversation, speech, or the doctrine: sok ‘u‘un.

contradict: tup’ k’op, valak-patin k’op, yan ‘al, yan k’opoj.

contrary: on the contrary: ta valak-pat.

conversation: be confused in conversation: sok k’op.
cut short one’s conversation: ch’ak ta be k’op, yales k’op.

disturbed: thoroughly disturbed (person, speech, house): sokoktik.

enough!: ta‘luke, Hechuk.

figuratively: ta tzail k’op, ta tz’ib, ta p’is.
speak figuratively: ta nop k’opoj.

God: God grant: *jey, *jeye.

gossip: j‘ich’-k’op, chibal-k’opoj, jcha‘ lom k’op, jchibal-k’op, jotz’-k’optay, joyjoy-k’optay, jjoy-k’optayvanej, lob-k’optay.
gossip intended to arouse discord: cha‘-lom k’op.
gossip intending to arouse discord: cha‘ lom k’opoj.
gossip, person who draws one out: jjoy-k’op.
listen to backbiting or gossip: ‘ich’ lot.

grumble: (as women do with maids or daughters): tukuk, vulul.
(as women do): tukuket.
(women): vululet, vulvon, vulvonet.

grumbling: tuketel, tukuketel, vululel, vululetel.

hey: (adverb to awaken or incite): *kuy, *kuyik.

imitate: imitate or mimic one’s speech: chanbey ti‘.

impute: ‘albey, na‘-tzaibey, nopbey.

insolently: speak or act insolently: pimil-baij, pimub ba.

introduction: introduction of a book or speech: likeb k’op.
introduction of a speech: kajeb k’op.

jest: maxmonet, na‘nonet, tajimol, tuli-‘atij.

language: native language (Tzotzil): batz’i k’op.
person who speaks a language fluently: jna‘-k’op.

Latin: latin.

lie: cha‘-lom k’op, cha‘-lom k’opojel, chibal k’op, chibal k’opojel, chibal-k’opoj, lot, lotoj, pak’-k’op, pak’tay, pak’tayej, pak’tayej k’op, pak’tay van.
big lie: me‘ pak’-k’op, muk’ pak’tayej k’op.
lie to: pak’taybey k’op.

lisp: sesentik k’opoj.

long-winded: be long-winded: ‘alej, nat bat, natij.
long-winded person: j‘epal-k’op, jk’opk’onetel.

loudmouth: ‘ipal jov, j‘ov.

lying: ta pak’-k’op.

mistake: (in speech): sok.
make a mistake in conversation, speech, or the doctrine: sok ‘u‘un.

mutter: ‘a‘onet, k’un-k’opoj, vovet.

muttering: ch’ijetel, k’ojlajetel, k’uletel.

nimble-tongued: sobtiksobtik ‘ok’.

oath: juramento, Hap ti‘il.
make person swear an oath: ‘ak’ pas juramento.
make person swear an oath as creditor does to debtor who refuses to pay: naka no ‘ox ‘ich’ juramentu.
take an oath: ‘ich’bey juramento.

oh!: ‘o.

opposite: say the opposite of: tup’ k’op.

quarrel: bik’tal k’opk’onel, k’opk’onel.

repeat: cha‘-‘al.

riddle: nopbil k’op.

saying: witty saying: ‘utzil lo‘lo k’op, lot k’op, muil lo‘lo k’op, na‘al k’op.

sleepyhead: j‘ipal-vayel, jvayel.

Spanish: Spanish language: castillan k’op.
translate into Spanish: sutejes ta castillan k’op.

speak: tzaij, k’opoj.
speak abusively: lomlomtik k’opoj.
speak at length: metz’aj.
speak coldly: sik-laman k’opoj, sik-t’ojan k’opoj.
speak confusedly: soket k’opoj, sokol ti‘ k’opoj.
speak deceitfully: tzaibil k’opoj, tzail-k’opoj, cha‘ lom k’opoj, cha‘ lom k’opojtayvan, chibal-k’opoj, jotz’-k’optayvan.
speak differently: yan k’opoj.
speak doubtfully: sa‘al ‘olonton k’opoj.
speak elegantly: ‘ajval-k’opoj, tekpan-k’opoj, t’ujum k’opoj.
speak eloquently: ‘ajval-k’opoj, tekpanil-k’opoj.
speak figuratively: ta na‘-tza k’op k’opoj.
speak foolishly: Hovi, Hovil-k’opoj, HovHovtik k’opoj.
speak foully or dishonestly: tz’i‘tz’i‘-k’opoj.
speak graciously: la k’opoj, t’ujum ‘al.
speak harmoniously: ch’ojonch’ojon k’opoj.
speak haughtily: sa‘sa‘-k’opoj, toy bail k’opoj.
speak hoarsely: sojet k’opoj, sojom k’opoj.
speak impatiently or in a fit of temper: ‘ip k’ak’al k’opoj.
speak importunately: ma‘-ba k’opoj.
speak noisily (many people): k’opk’onet, k’oplajet.
speak softly: k’un k’opoj, k’un-k’opoj.
speak straightforwardly: tuk’avil k’opoj.
speak vainly: ma‘ ba k’opoj, sa‘sa‘-k’opoj.
speak with barbs: tz’i‘tz’i‘-k’opoj.
speak with doubt: chib ‘olonton k’opoj.
speak with restraint: ta‘al ‘oy k’opoj.
speak wittily: *utzil lo‘lo k’opoj, muil lo‘lo k’opoj.

speaker: haughty speaker: jsa‘sa‘-k’op.

speech: tzaijel, k’op, k’opojel.
be confused in one’s speech: sa‘ k’op, sok k’op.
elegant speech: ‘ajval k’op, tekpan k’op.
intricate speech: tz’i‘lel k’op.

store: store in one’s mind (to do or say at a later date): tz’ibay ta ‘olonton.

stutter: sesentik ‘ok’, sesentik k’opoj.

stutterer: jsesen-‘ok’, jsesen-‘ok’il.

subject: have subject be revived: ‘ayan k’op, cha‘-‘epaj k’op, cha‘-vinaj k’op.
what is the subject?: k’usi j-tekuk ‘al, k’usi ta k’op, k’usi ta k’oplal k’opoj.

subtle: muk’ k’op, muk’ ta k’op.

swear: ‘al bi dios, pas juramento, tij ta ‘alel bi dios.
swear in vain: bet’ juramento.
swear to God: Hap ti‘il.
swear while making sign of the cross: p’is cruz.

talk: tzaij, k’opoj, k’opojel, k’opon, pisil k’op.
base talk: mu‘natil k’op.
brief talk: bik’tal k’op.
childish talk: ‘unetikil k’op.
circuitous or obscure talk: joyol k’op.
currish talk: tz’i‘il k’op.
deceitful talk: tzaibil k’op, cha‘-lom k’op, cha‘-lom k’opojel, chibal k’op.
devilish talk: pukujil k’op.
din of mirthful or quarrelsome talk: ch’ijetel.
din of mirthful or quarrelsome talk, discord: kuletel.
elegant talk: lekil k’op, t’ujum k’op.
enigmatic talk: mochilanbil k’op.
foolish talk: Hoviel, Hovil k’op.
harsh talk: tzatzal k’op, k’ak’al k’op.
holy or modest talk: ‘utzil k’op.
humiliating talk: k’exlal k’op, namal k’op.
illicit talk: ‘ol labal k’op.
infernal talk: k’atin-bakil k’op.
ingenuous or straightforward talk (when one speaks plainly like a child): tuk’avil k’op.
jealous or envious talk: ‘it’ixal k’op.
lengthy talk: natil k’op.
lustful talk: mulal k’op.
talk of many as in a cofradía: ch’ijetel, k’uletel.
time-consuming talk: jok’tzajel k’op.
womanly talk: ‘antzil k’op.

talkative: p’ijil ti‘.
talkative person: j‘al-k’op, j‘epal-k’op, j‘epal-ti‘, j‘ich’-k’op, jk’opk’onel.

talking: k’opojel.

tattle: jotz’-k’optay, joyjoy-k’optay, lob-k’optay.

tell: ‘albey, ‘ut.

thank: na‘ ‘aboltayel, na‘ ‘aboltayvanej, na‘bcy ‘aboltayel ‘u‘un, na‘bey ‘aboltayvanej.

thankful: be thankful: na‘ ‘aboltayvanej.

that’s: that’s it!: Ha‘.

then!: Ha‘ ‘oy.

translate: ch’ambey k’op, lok’tay, sut ‘u‘un, sutejes, sutes.

translated: ch’ambil, sutejesbil, sutesbil.

translation: ch’amel k’op, suteb, sutejeb, sutejel, sutel.

translator: jch’am-k’op.

truth: speak the truth: be k’opoj, melel k’opoj, tojol k’opoj.

warn: tzitz, tzitza‘aj.

warner: jtzitza‘ajel, jtzitzvanej.

warning: tzitzo‘.

word: k’op.
break one’s word: pak’tay.
brief words: t’abeltikil k’op.
carry out one’s word: na‘ k’op, pas te k’op.
certain word: batz’i k’op.
enigmatic words: lut’ilanbil k’op.
historic words: vokolil k’op.
keep one’s word: k’ot ta k’op.
make a muddle of reasoning or words: tamtetamte-k’opoj.
make a muddle of words: lut’lut’-k’opoj.
person who speaks empty words: j‘epal-k’op, cha‘-ti‘il vinik, jlabal-k’op.
true word: batz’i k’op.
try to discover the truth by using deceitful words: jotz’-k’optay.

wordy: pom.

13.B. Summon, request, command, propose. See also belief, practices, and sacraments 35C.

ask: ask for: k’an, k’anoj.

bring: bring by force: joch’.
bring forcibly: tzajal-‘ik’.

call: ‘ik’.
call again: cha‘-‘ik’.
call repeatedly: tzajal-‘ik’.

demand: k’anoj, k’anojel.
become hard hearted or persistent in one’s demands: tonib ‘olonton.

demanded: article to be demanded: k’anbol.

demander: jk’anojel.

demanding: persistent demanding: k’anvanej.

invite: ‘ik’, pa‘i.
invite to a meal: ‘ik’ ta ve‘el.

invited: pa‘ibil.
invited to a meal: ‘ik’bil.

order: nopben, taki, takiej, takivan.

proposal: k’op, ti‘.

propose: propose willingly: ‘ak’ ‘olonton, ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton, jak’ ta ‘olonton.

request: persistent or demanding request: k’anojel.
request importunately: bot’ol-k’an.
request repeated (with supplications or threats): tzajal-k’an.

summon: ‘albey, tek’.
summon before the judge: ‘ik’ ta ‘ichon jch’akel.
summon importunately: bot’ol-‘ik’.

summoned: tek’bil.

supplicated: Hapbil ti‘.

supplication: make supplication: Hap ti‘il.

14. Metaphoric speech

accuse: jam [open].

adam: adam’s apple: ‘avanabil [shouter].

advise: va‘an [stand up].

alcalde: jnam-te‘ [walking stick person].

All: All Saints’ Day: k’in chame-vinik [dead people’s fiesta].

alms: give alms: ‘abolaj [suffer for].

alone: all alone: ‘ip ‘oy tuk [be very alone].

ambush: lie in ambush: ‘och ta ‘abnaltik [enter the woods], ‘och ta te‘tik [enter the woods], muk ba ta te‘tik [bury oneself in the woods].
lying in ambush: lapal ta ‘abnaltik [dressed in leaves].

anxious: be anxious: k’un-laj [die slowly].

apologize: pok ba [cleanse oneself].

appoint: va‘an [stand up].

army: j-tos yabutil [a group of warriors].

arthritis: ‘ik’al ta k’ob [wind in the hand].

ashamed: be ashamed: namaj [be distant].

assemble: assemble people: mel vinik [line up people], pas vinik [do people].
assemble people (as in a procession): meltzan vinik [make people].

audience: royal audience: ch’akebal na [decision house].

authority: important authority: ch’uunbil vinik [person who is believed or obeyed], k’exbil vinik [person who is changed or respected], xi‘bil vinik [feared person].

bachelorhood: mu lekav xanbal [walking unmarried or possession-less], Hech no ‘ox xanbal [just living or walking].

ballast: ‘ipajeb jom [canoe fortifier], naktzajeb jom [canoe fortifier].

barbecue: tem [bed].

beautiful: become beautiful: pok-baij [cleanse oneself].

befuddled: ton-kok [stone deaf].
become befuddled: ch’ay-tzaij [lose one’s thought].

belfry: na tak’in [bell or metal house].

benignity: k’uxubinvanej [feeling sorry for people].

sest: best in everything: ba‘yitajel [be First].

better: be a little better: juteb jelav [pass by a little].

bilge: ‘ik’uyal jom [canoe filth or blackness], kux jom [canoe mildew].

biography: vokolil [difficulty].

bleed: jul [prick].

book: tz’isbil Hun [written paper].

bridal: bridal chamber: nail pop [mat house].

bride: ‘ach’ j‘ich’el [person newly received].

broody: be broody (hen): k’an patlej [want to lie down].

brothel: mul na [house of sin].

buffoon: k’oj te‘ vinik [mask or carved wood person].

business: new business (of outsider or person who starts new enterprise): be [path].

capricious: capricious person: j‘epal-tza [person of many thoughts].

cautious: cautious person: p’ijil vinik [clever person].

cedar: (with a bigger leaf, lighter wood and reddish): ch’u te‘ [holy wood].

census: take census: ‘otes ta Hun biil [enter names on paper].

challenge: ‘ik’ ta tzamesel [call to kill], ‘ik’ ta majel [call to beat].

chaste: chaste woman: pokbil xanav ‘antz [woman who lives or walks washed].

child: fatherless child: jcham-tot [dead father person].

cloud: cloud over: naka tok ‘ayan [have just clouds be born].

cobweb: na ‘om [spider house].

comment: sutes [return], valk’un [turn over].

commercial: commercial deal: vinajesabil ve‘el [identification meal].

confide: confide in: tzoy ba [tether oneself], jok’an ba [hang oneself], k’uban ba [entrust oneself to], man ba [buy oneself].

corn: painted corn: tz’ibal ‘ixim [written corn].

country: native country: yo‘ ‘oy ch’i [where one grows up], yo‘ ‘oy vinkilay [where one is born].

court: tz’omol yo‘ ‘oy Hu‘ ch’akel [stool where decisions are made].

courtesan: ta tz’el ‘ojov xanav [he who lives or walks beside the lord], ta na ‘ojov xanav [he who lives or walks in the lord’s house].

criminal: criminal process: Hun [paper].

crossroads: yo‘ ‘oy nup ba be [where roads meet].

custom: pasel [doing], talel [coming].

daring: be daring: mo k’usi xi‘ [be afraid of nothing].

dead: be dead: ch’ay [lose].

death: near death: ch’akebal ‘ik’ [moment before breath, air or wind is divided].

defame: puk ‘a‘yejal [spread stories].

defamer: jvinajesej-‘a‘yejlal [person who displays stories].

deny: mu vinajes [not reveal], muk [bury].

despise: ten ch’ay [throw away].

diet: ‘iktay ‘ixim [abandon corn].

difficult: be difficult: ‘ip tz’i‘lelal [a lot of danger].

dinner: (principal meal eaten at midday): kamel tik’el ve‘el [sticking in and stuffing meal].

disciple: Ha‘ te chanantasbil ‘u‘un ‘ajval [he who is taught by Our Lord].

discover: vinajes [reveal].

dispute: nakel vinik [against person].

dissolute: be dissolute: HovHovtik xanav [live or walk crazily].

disturbance: ‘ok’el ‘osil [crying of the earth].

document: forge an official document: p’is ta Hun ‘ojov [mark or measure as the lord’s paper].

dowry: yolob te‘ [arrow].

dungeon: chukvanab ch’en [jail cave].

ease: muibel [fragrance].

evil: be evil: toj mo vinikuk [very inhuman].

extraordinary: be extraordinary: jelav tuk [pass by alone].

falcon: jun xulub [one horn].

famous: biiltasbil [named].

fast: ‘iktay ‘ixim [abandon corn].

fate: k’in [day].

fault: find fault with: yales [lower].

fish: fish with roots making the fish drunk: maj-‘ak‘i [beat vines].

flute: flute case: na ‘amay [flute house].

freedman: te‘el vinik [wooden man].

fruit: fresh fruit: ‘ach’ lo‘bol [new fruit].

gameroom: (where they play): nakleb ‘ojov [lord’s room].

genealogy: j-choj ta vinik [a string of people], j-tos ta vinik [a group of people].

generous: generous person: tekpan vinik [princely person].

get: get with insistence: tzob ‘ikatz [gather burdens].

glorify: ‘utzibtas [make good], tzatzubes [make strong], muibes [perfume], toy [raise].

glory: nichimajel [flowering].

glutton: mu‘natil vinik [base or slave person].

gluttony: k’a‘al ve‘el [rotten meal], mulal ve‘el [sinful meal].

good: be especially good: toj ‘utz tuk, toyol tuk ta ‘utzil [be uniquely high in goodness].

grateful: be grateful: na‘ ‘aboltayel [remember the favor or suffering].

grave: ‘ol [heavy].

gravestone: popol ton [mat stone].

greet: k’ejan ba ta tz’el [step aside].

guarantor: stand as guarantor: va‘an ba ta tojol [stand up for one].

guilt: rid oneself of guilt: pok ba [wash oneself].

handy: be handy: buytikuk ‘ep ta mek tuun [be everywhere when needed].

haughty: be haughty (person of authority): namal ba [be distant].
become haughty: toy ba [raise oneself].

hell: (particularly of the damned): chan-kajal na [four-storied house].

highwayman: jmakvanej [obstructor], jpojvanej [snatcher], jp’asvanej [obstructor].

historian: jmel-vokol [liner-up of difficulties].

history: ‘ik’ti‘il [difficulty], vokol [difficulty].

humble: ‘ules [drain or melt], tup’ [extinguish].
humble oneself: ‘itz’intas ba ta lum [make oneself a younger brother or a junior on the earth], yales ba [lower oneself].
humble person: jtup’-bail [person who extinguishes himself].

hungry: be hungry: cham ta vi‘nal [die of hunger].

hypocrite: be a hypocrite: pas ba ta ‘utz vinik [pretend to be a good person].

hypocritical: be hypocritical: cha‘ley ba ta ‘utz vinik [act like a good person].

idiot: joch’bil te‘ [carved wood].

idolatry: ch’uunel vinik ton [belief in stone people].

illness: dangerous illness: xi‘ebal chamel [frightening illness].

important: be important (person of authority): namal ba [be distant].

importunate: mo na‘ k’in [not know the day or time].

impregnate: kola‘ajes [make wicked].

incompetent: incompetent person: ma‘-tuul vinik [useless person].

infamy: namajel [distance].

ink: ink paste: xuch’ chenek’ te‘ [bean tree resin].

innocent: innocent person: tzeel vinik [unripe person].

insolent: insolent person: jpimil-ba [thick person].

interpret: jam [open].

investigator: jjotz’ [dragger].

itch: ‘ich [chili].

jailer: jchabi-te‘ [post-watcher or pillory-watcher].

joy: muibel [increasing fragrance].

judge: jnam-te‘ [walking stick person].

justly: ‘oy be [have a path].

kill: person who kills us: ‘ajval [lord].

kin: ritual kin of baptism: chi‘il ta ‘a‘al dios [kin of God’s water].
ritual kin of baptism or confirmation: chi‘il ta na dios [kin of God’s house].

king: ba ‘ojov [first lord], batz’i ‘ojov [very lord].

laborer: become a day laborer: ‘och ta na ‘ajval [enter the lord’s house], chon ba [sell oneself].

lady: ‘ajvalel pop tz’omol [lord of the mat and stool].

language: native language (Tzotzil): batz’i k’op [real word].

lazy: be lazy: naka no ‘ox xanav [just live or walk].

lean: lean person: takin vinik [dry person].

leap: vil [fly].

Lent: k’inal ch’abajel [fasting fiesta].

lessen: lessen self (by wicked deed): tup’ ba [extinguish oneself], yales ba [lower oneself].

life: xanbal [walk].

lighten: toy [lift].

limbo: chamebal [place of death].

long-lived: be long-lived: nat tal [come for a long way].

lord: be a sovereign lord: mo ‘oyuk buy nup [his match is nowhere].
sovereign lord: junjun no ‘ox tuk [just one alone].

lost: person who has lost his way: jHoviel [mad person].

lot: cast lots: pas tza [do cleverness].

lowborn: ch’ilom vinik [brave person or warrior], voymoltikil vinik [wild or thicket person].

masturbate: (man): ch’oj te‘ [chisel one’s stick].

merry: be merry: nichimaj [flower].

merrymaker: nichil vinik [flowery person].

meteor: yolob vitz [mountain arrow].

meteorite: yolob vitz [mountain arrow].

minor: be a minor (having a guardian): mu to ta tak’in chabi ba tuk [he who docs not yet care for himself with money].

mocked: ‘aptaybil [shouted at].

mockery: tajimol [game].

molest: molest greatly: bet’ ta tek’el [trample on], lom ta tek’el [trample on].

morals: looseness of manners and morals: mo tojoluk xanbal [not a straight or honest life or walk].

nape: te‘ nuk’ [the wood of one’s neck].

necessary: be necessary: batz’i tuun [be very useful].

obedient: be obedient: ‘ak’van ta vinik [give oneself to a person].

obstinate: become obstinate: tonib [become stony].

offend: pan ta mul [cook with sin].

office: entrust one’s office to another: va‘an k’exol [stand up one’s substitute].

pack: pack tight pressing with the foot: tonton-tek’ [stamp solidly or like a rock].

pagan: jch’uun pak’tayej ch’u [believer in counterfeit god], Ha‘ te mo batz’i diosuk chu’unane [he who does not believe in a real god].

pander: muktal-‘ik’van [escort secretly].

pardon: ch’aybey mul [discard one’s sin].

partisan: be partisan: jech ch’uun [believe in or obey a side].

partner: be a partner of: ta tojol ‘atey [be counted as one’s].

patriarch: likeb ‘epal ‘utzil vinik [beginning of many good people].

patrol: night patrol: joyeb j-tek lum [town circuit].

peace: be at peace: ch’an-chi xanav [walk or live quietly or mutely].

peaceable: peaceable person: melel vinik [straight person].

pearl: ‘utzil ton [good stone], jalal ton [precious stone].

perfume: ‘ak’ ta ch’ailtik [put in smoke].

perverse: be perverse: mo meleluk ‘ayan [not be born honest or straight].

philosopher: j‘ipal-metz’ [he of many excuses or wordy explanations], j‘ipal-pom [he of much incense].

pilgrim: xanvil ta ‘ilel ch’uul mukenal [traveler to see holy cemetery].

pilgrimage: ch’uul me‘anajel xanbal [sorrowful holy walk], nam-tal xanbal [distant walk].

pimp: jmukul-‘ik’vanej [secret escort], Hovil kelem [crazy boy].

pipe: be ‘a‘lel [water path], be-o‘ [water path], lok’eb Ho‘ [water exit].

population: ‘epal na [many houses].

praise: toy [raise].

pregnant: kolo‘ [wicked].

presume: toy ba [raise oneself].

priest: jchabi-ch’u [God guardian], jch’uul-xanbal [he who lives or walks in holiness].

primogeniture: Ha‘ yal ta pop ta tz’omol tot [he who descends to his father‘s mat and stool].

privilege: Hun ‘ojov [lord’s paper].

procession: joyijel [walking in a circle].

prodigal: prodigal person: jlajesel bel na [he who uses up the contents of his house].

prophesy: k’inij [mark the day].

prosperous: be prosperous: nopbunopbil pas [do thoughtfully].

protection: commit oneself to another’s protection: tzoy ba [tether oneself], jok’an ba [hang oneself], likan ba [hang oneself].

pry: pry into others’ affairs: jak’ mul [ask about one’s sin], jak’ pasnej [ask about one’s deeds].

purgatory: (where one’s sins are paid for after this life): ‘ox-kajal na ta chamebal [three story house in the place of death].

rank: entrust one’s rank to another: va‘an k’exol [stand up one’s substitute].
lose rank: tup’ [extinguish].

reed: chanib [four].

relationship: blood relationship: ‘ibel [root].

religion: ‘utzil xanbal [good life or walk], ch’uul xanbal [holy life or walk].

respect: ‘ak’ ta vinik [treat or give as a person].

rest: be given a rest: muib [become fragrant], nichimaj [flower].

retired: ch’aybil ‘abtel [discarded work], ch’aybil patan [discarded tribute].

reward: pakbey ‘utzil [return goodness], toj [pay].

right: ‘ibel [root].

rocky: sharp rocky place: ch’ix-tontik [thorny rocks].

rose: ch’ixal nichim [thorny flower].

sacrifice: human sacrifice: kupvanej ta moton ch’u [sawing of person as God’s gift].

sacrilegious: be sacrilegious: mo ch’uun na dios [not believe in God’s house].

safe: be safe: mo k’u na‘ [not worry or know about anything], mo k’u xi‘ [not fear anything], mo vokoluk [no difficulty].

savage: ‘abnalil vinik [forest person], voymoltikil vinik [wild or thicket person].

scolding: tzatzal tzitzvanej [strong sermon].

secret: muktal [buried].
secret act: muktal pasnej [buried act], mukul pasnej [buried act].

shovel: pech’pech’ te‘ [flat stick or wood].

sin: original sin: ‘ibel mulil [root of sin].

size: make the same size (long, tall things): ko‘ol ‘ayan ‘u‘un [have (thing) be born the same].

sleepy: be sleepy: cham ta vayel [die of sleep].

snakebite: be poisoned by snakebite: tz’ot ta chon [be twisted by a snake].

solid: tonton [rock-like].

song: intricate song: tz’i‘lel k’eyoj [difficult song].

sovereign: toj toyol [very high].

speak: speak harmoniously: ch’ojonch’ojon k’opoj [speak with ropes].

spindlewhorl: tzek petet [spindle skirt].

sponge: pok’-ton [slapping stone].

squared: be squared: chan-xuk’ ‘ayan [have four corners be born].

staff: nam-te‘il [distance stick].

stand: stand at attention: chan-xuk’ [four corner].

standing: person in low standing: bet’bil vinik [pushed down person].

steal: easy to steal: matanal ‘elk’anel [gift robbery].

stiffen: (corpse): te‘ub [become stick-like].

straightforwardness: tojol xanbal [straight life or walk].

streambed: dry streambed: taki-tontik [dry rocks].

student: jchan-Hun [paper learner].

stuffed: feel stuffed: ton-ch’utuy [have rock-like stomach].

stupidity: ton-kokil [stone deafness].

submit: bik’tajes ba [reduce oneself], submit to: pas ba ta ‘olon [make oneself at the bottom].

succeed: succeed in: natij lek [go good and far].

surname: k’atajeb biil [transformation name].

tax: jamob bail [self opener].

time: take a long time: toy k’in [lift the day].

tortilla: batz’I vaj [true bread].

track: track left by stone that has been pushed: be ton [stone path].

travel: travel far away: ‘iktay na xanav [abandon one’s house and walk].

trust: tzoy ba [tether oneself], jok’an ba [hang oneself].
trust in God: k’uban ba ta tojol dios [entrust oneself to God], mak at a tojol dios [shut oneself up for God].

truth: batz’I k’op [real word].

ugly: be ugly (person, animal): xi’benaj ba [be fearsome].

uniform: vinajebal k’u’ul [display clothing].

unmarried: be unmarried: naka no ‘ox xanav [just live or walk].

virgin: batz’I tzeb [real or true girl], tzeel tzeb [unripe girl], kuxul tzeb [live girl].

walk: take a walk: lajeb-xanav [walk to the end].

walnut: ton bek’ [stone seed].

water: sounder for measuring depth of water: liklik tak’in [dangling metal].

whiskey: corn whiskey: ‘a‘lel ‘ixim [corn juice].

wine: chi‘ [sweet].

winter: Ho‘tik [rainy season].

woman: barren woman: xinch’okil ‘antz [masculine woman].
manly woman: xinch’ok ‘olonton ‘antz [woman with a man’s heart].

worthily: ‘oy be [it has a path].

14.A. Animals

cypress: ‘ok’il te‘ [coyote tree].

eel: chon choy [snake fish].

ferocious: bolom [jaguar].

fox: ‘ajval tuluk’ [lord or enemy of the chickens].

gluttony: tuluk’il ve‘el [chicken meal].

grackle: boat-tailed grackle: bak mut [bone or thin bird].

hawk: me‘ kotz [mother of roosters].

ivory: ‘e elefante chij [elephant deer tooth].

juniper: k’uk’ toj [quetzal pine].

nightingale: ‘utzil j‘ok’el mut [beautiful singing bird].

stallion: mulav caballo [sinful horse].

thunder: j‘ox-lajun Ha‘al chon [thirteen aquatic snake], jjun Ha‘al chon [one aquatic snake].

tribute: collect tribute: ‘ich’ k’uk’ [receive quetzals].

weasel: ‘ajval tuluk’ [lord or enemy of chickens].

Zinacantán: Sotz’ Leb [bat net].

14.A. 1. Monkey

amusement: maxil [monkeyness].

entertain: ‘ak’ maxilajuk [give monkeyness].

eye: pupil of the eye: maxil satil [monkey of the eye].

feign: person feigning sleep: jmaxil-vayel [person who monkey sleeps].

flatter: maxilan [monkey].

grimace: make grimaces: maxil-lok’tay [monkey create], maxil-p’is [monkey measure].

hit: hit lightly: maxil-baj [monkey hit], maxil-maj [monkey hit].

jest: maxmonet [monkey].

lazily: maxilmaxil [monkey-like].

leisure: maxil [monkeyness].

merry: be merry: maxilaj [monkey].

mock: maxilaj [monkey].

negligently: do negligently: maxil-pas [monkey do].

play: maxmonet [monkey].

pretend: pretend to eat: maxil-ve‘ [monkey eat].
pretend to go: maxil-bat [monkey go].

recreation: maxil [monkeyness].

solace: maxil [monkeyness].

trick: maxiltay [monkey].

word: word game: maxil [monkeyness].

14.A.2. Dog

gluttony: tz’i‘il ve‘el [dog meal].

greyhound: ‘ipal j‘anil-tz’i‘ [racing dog], bakbak tz’i‘ [bony or thin dog].

juggler: tz’i‘il vinik [dog-like person].

leprous: sal tz’i‘ [leprous dog].

rabid: become rabid: tz’i‘il-k’ak’ub [become dog-gishly hot].

rabies: k’ak’al tz’i‘ [hot dog].

sinfulness: persistent sinfulness: tz’i‘il ta mulil [doggishness in sin].

sinner: become a sinner tz’i‘ub [become a dog].

trout: tz’i‘ choy [dog fish].

14.B. Body parts and excrement

dysentery: have dysentery: ch’ut ‘a‘i [feel one’s stomach].

flower: flower painted like a tiger with the image of a dragon inside: ‘utz’ob bolom [jaguar’s nosegay].

forearm: (ventral surface): ch’ut k’obil [stomach of the arm].

gizzard: cho‘il [grinder or metate].

hernia: (one testicle): xulub tonil [horn stone].

kidney: k’in [day].

laurel: tzis chauk [thunderbolt fart].

louseridden: na ‘uch’ [louse house].

menstruation: k’un ‘isim [soft beard].

moss: spanish moss: tzon te‘ [tree beard].

speak: speak confusedly: sokol ti‘ k’opoj [speak with confused lips or mouth].

tweezers: tulob motzob [eyebrow puller].

wrist: nuk’ k’obil [hand or arm neck].

14.B.1. Head and skull

attic: jol na [head of the house].

baptism: yaleb Ho‘ ta jolol [lowering of water on the head].

fortune: rise in fortune: toy jol [raise one’s head].

gristle: k’unil bakel [soft bone].

mountain top: on the mountain top: ta jol vitz [on the mountain head].

name: family name: jol biil [head name].

nipple: jol chu‘ [head of the breast].

prologue: jol k’op [head of the word].

ridicule: jolom-k’optay [speak against with the skull].

roof: jol na [house head].

status: rise in status: toy jol [lift one’s head].

surname: jol biil [head name].

swim: swim underwater: muk jol [bury one’s head].

tilde: jol tz’ib [head of writing].

tooth: front tooth: jol ‘e [head tooth].

toothache: have a toothache: k’ux jol [have one’s head ache].

tower: highest tower of a fortification in which the warden lived: jol yabutijebal na [head of the battlement house].

14.B.2. Face and eyes

awake: stay awake all night (unable to sleep): ton-sati [have stone eyes].

cautious: cautious person: vik’il sat vinik [open-eyed person].

child: (metaphorically): sat [eye or face].

drowsy: be drowsy: ch’ay sat [lose one’s eyes].

fortune: rise in fortune: vik’ sat [open one’s eyes].

fruit: (general term): sat [eye or face].

linseed: sat lino [linseed eye or face].

piñon: piñon nut: sat toj [pine eye or face].

presence: satil [eye or face].

pretend: pretend to be: ‘elov cha‘ley ba [pretend to be its face].

respond: respond to riddles or signs: satibil nop [aim and think], satibil tak’av [aim and reply].

sand: grain of sand: sat yi‘ [eye or face of sand].

squint: (as when they aim a bow and arrow): tz’e‘-sau [eye sideways].

status: rise in status: vik’ sat [have one’s eyes open].

14.B.3. Ears

attention: pay attention: tz’e‘an chikin [cock one’s ear].

corner: corner of house: chikin na [house ear].

news: report news to: tarn ta chikin [pick up for one’s ears].

pillar: chikin [ear].

report: report news to: jam ta chikin [open one’s ears].
report that one has heard: chikin [ear].

rumor: rumor that one has heard: chikin [ear].

14.B.4. Nose

beat: beat one’s breast: tij ni‘ ‘olonton [strike the tip or nose of one’s heart].

bow: (ship, canoe): ni‘ jom [tip or nose of canoe].

end: ni‘ [nose].

kiss: ‘utz’i ni‘ [sniff one’s nose].

lap: ni‘ ‘olontonil [nose or end of the heart].

point: ni‘ [nose].

spring: ni-nab Ho‘ [sea nose water], ni-o‘ [water nose].

sprout: ni‘ [nose].

stomach: pit of the stomach: ni‘ ‘olontonil [nose or end of the heart].

14.B.5. Mouth, lips, teeth, throat, tongue, and breath

apology: ya ti‘il [anguish mouth].

arm: va‘an j‘antzil-ti‘ [stand up the womanly mouth person].

army: army in campaign: j-tos ta ‘antzil-ti‘ [a group in the womanly mouth].

awe-inspiring: be awe-inspiring: ‘oy ‘ik’ [have breath, air or wind].

blade: ‘e [mouth or tooth].

boy: boy with changing voice: vok’ nuk’ul kelem [boy with broken neck or throat].

breath: bad breath: tuil ti‘ [stinky mouth].

cruelty: lek’-ti‘il [lip-licking].

dead: be dead: ch’ay ‘ik’ [lose one’s breath].
nearly dead person: lut’um-‘e vinik [scar mouth person].

declare: declare oneself: vinajes ‘ik’ [display one’s breath, air or wind].

door: ti‘ likeb [exit lips or mouth], ti‘ lok’ebal [exit lips or mouth], ti‘ na [house lips or mouth].
back door: ti‘ pat na [lips or mouth of the back of the house].

driveling: Ho‘ ti‘ [watery mouth].

dull: become dull: tijub ‘e [have mouth or tooth thicken].
become dull (knife or sword): pimub ‘e [its mouth or tooth grows thick].

façade: ti‘ na [house mouth].

famous: ‘ip ‘ik’ [much breath, air or wind].
become famous: japluj ‘ik’ [shining breath, air or wind].

fierceness: lek’-ti‘il [lip-licking].

honest: k’exlal ti‘ [shame mouth].

illustrious: ‘ip ‘ik’ [with lots of breath, air or wind].

impatience: lek’-ti‘il [lip-licking].

important: (official): ‘ip ‘ik’al [with lots of breath, air or wind].

inhumanity: lek’-ti‘il [lip-licking].

interpreter: jtzul-ti‘ [he of submerged lips or mouth], jsut-ti‘ [mouth returner].

ivory: ‘e elefante chij [elephant deer tooth].

learn: learn by heart: chan ta ti‘ [learn with one’s lips or mouth].

majesty: k’ak’al ‘ik’ [hot breath, air or wind], toj nom ‘ik’ [very distant breath, air or wind].

nimble-tongued: sobtiksobtik ‘ok’ [quick-tongued].

predict: toj-ti‘i [straight-lip].

promise: ‘al ta ti‘ [say with one’s mouth or lips], Hap li‘ [have one’s lips swear].

pronounce: sutejes ta ti‘ [return in one’s lips or mouth].

prophesy: toj-ti‘i [be straight-lipped or mouthed].

prophet: jti‘iej-k’op [mouther of words].

quarreler: j‘ipal-ti‘ [he of many lips or mouths].

quarrelsome: ‘ip lek’-ti‘il [much lip-licking].
be quarrelsome: ‘ip ti‘ ‘ok’ [one’s tongue eats a lot].

rebound: (blade): juyp’ij ‘e [have its mouth or tooth rebound].

reply: ‘al ti‘ [have one’s lips or mouth say].
reply shamelessly or repeatedly: jatbil ‘abnal ti‘ tak’av [reply with torn leaves of the mouth].

respect: ‘oy ‘ik’ ‘a‘i [feel there is breath, air or wind].

roof: small roof jutting out from the wall to shelter people from the rain: ti‘ sik [lips, mouth or edge of the cold].

sash: ti‘ pok’ [mouth or edge of cloth].

scold: ch’ivet ‘e [have one’s mouth wrinkle], k’ux ‘e [chew or grind one’s teeth].

seacoast: ti‘ nab [mouth or edge of the sea].

sharp: joy ‘e [thin mouth or tooth].
(blade): ‘oy ‘e [have a mouth or tooth].
be sharp: ‘utz ‘e [good mouth or tooth].

sharpen: jayubes ‘e [thin mouth or tooth], pas ‘e [do mouth or tooth].
sharpen blade: Hux ‘e [whet its tooth].

spirit: ‘ik’ [breath, air or wind], Hobil [breath].

stupid: be stupid: mo ‘oyuk ch’ulum-ti‘il [not have polished lips or mouth].

suburb: ti‘ nanatikil na [mouth or edge of the houses].

thirst: taki-ti‘il [dry mouth or lips].

throat: ‘avanabil [shouter].

trumpet: end of a trumpet: ti‘ trompeta [trumpet lips or mouth].

war: ‘antzil ti‘ [womanly mouth or lips].

warm: (water or cold object): tzamesbey ‘e [kill its teeth or mouth].

water: bank or edge of any body of water: ti‘ Ho‘ [water mouth or lips].

windpipe: be ‘ik’ [breath, air or wind path].

word: person who speaks empty words: cha‘-ti‘il vinik [he of two mouths or lips].

14.B.6. Heart

advice: take advice seriously: ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton [put in one’s heart].

afflict: t’inlebey ‘olonton [pierce one’s heart].

amazement: be struck with amazement: ch’ay ‘olonton [lose one’s heart].

anger: burst with anger: vokan ‘olonton ta ‘il [have one’s heart boil with anger].
seethe with anger: loklon ‘olonton [have one’s heart roar].

angry: angry person: jk’ak’al-‘olonton [hot-hearted person].
be angry: ‘ilin ‘olonton [have one’s heart scold].

anxiety: bak’el ‘olonton [heart movement], bik’tajel ‘olontonil [reduction of the heart], k’opk’onel ‘olonton [chattering of the heart].

anxious: be anxious: bak’ ‘olonton [have one’s heart move], jik’ ‘olonton [have one’s heart sigh], k’ux ‘olonton [have a painful heart].

appease: nakanbey ‘olonton [seat one’s heart].

believe: believe in: ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton [put in one’s heart].

brave: become brave: tzatzub ‘olonton [have one’s heart strengthen], muk’ub ‘olonton [have one’s heart grow big].

bravery: yijil ‘olonton [sturdy heart].

breast: na ‘olontonil [heart house].

calm: nakanbey ‘olonton [seat one’s heart].

calmness: laanil ‘olonton [tame heart].

capricious: capricious person: j‘epal-‘olonton [many-hearted person].

careful: be careful: ‘ak’ ‘olonton [give or put one’s heart], bak’ ‘olonton [have one’s heart move].

clever: become clever: tz’ib ‘olonton [have a heart of writing].

column: nakleb chikin te‘ [seat of wooden ear or ear tree].

comfort: patbey ‘olonton [mold one’s heart].

communal: ‘ol [heart].

confession: tojobtasel ‘olontonil [heart correction].

consider: ‘at ‘olonton [have one’s heart count], na‘ ta ‘olonton [know in one’s heart].

consolation: ch’ubayel ‘olonton [building of one’s heart], patel ‘olonton [molding of the heart].

conversion: (as of St. Paul): sutel ‘olontonil [return of the heart].

converted: be converted (from sinful ways): Hul ‘olonton [have one’s heart return].

counsel: take counsel seriously: ta ta ‘olonton [find in one’s heart].

courage: tzatzal ‘olonton [strong heart], muk’ul ‘olontonil [big heart].

courthouse: ‘ol na [house of the heart], ch’akebal ‘ol [judgment place of the heart].

cowardly: ‘unen ‘olonton [baby heart], bik’tal ‘olonton [small heart].

craziness: ma‘-ba ‘olal [calamitous heart].

cruel: ch’ilom ‘olonton [warrior heart], k’ok’ ‘olonton [hot or fire heart].

cunning: tz’ib ‘olonton [writing heart].

death: near death: tas ‘olonton [have one’s heart pulled].

deliberate: ch’ak ‘olonton [divide one’s heart], pas ‘olonton [one’s heart does].

despondency: bik’tal ‘olonton [small heart].

devise: nop ta ‘olonton [think in one’s heart].

diligent: treat diligently or prudently: ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton ‘u‘un [put in one’s heart because of it].

dismay: sa‘bey ‘olonton [look for one’s heart].

dissolute: be dissolute: ch’ay ‘olonton [lose one’s heart].
dissolute person: jch’ay ’ol vinik [person who loses his heart], jma‘ ‘ol vinik [heartless person].

distressed: be distressed: ‘ok’ ‘olonton [one’s heart cries], bik’taj ‘olonton [have one’s heart grow small].

distrust: k’op ‘olonton [word of one’s heart].

distrustful: chib ‘olonton [two-hearted].

disturbed: be disturbed: bak’ ‘olonton [one’s heart moves], nik ‘olonton [one’s heart moves], sok ‘olonton [one’s heart is disturbed].

doleful: k’uxob ‘olal ba [heart pain].

doubt: chib ‘olonton [two hearts], nop ta ‘olonton [think in one’s heart].

doubtful: be doubtful: sa‘al ‘olonton [have searching heart].

dream: dream up: nop ta ‘olonton [think in one’s heart].

dupe: ch’aybey ‘olonton [discard one’s heart].

embolden: tzatzubes ‘olonton [strengthen one’s heart], muk’ubes ‘olonton [enlarge one’s heart].

enraged: be enraged: ch’ach’on ‘olonton [have one’s heart swarming], k’ak’ub ‘olonton [have one’s heart heat up], k’uxey ‘olonton [have one’s heart hurt], vokan ‘olonton [have one’s heart boil].

favorably: be favorably disposed to: ta tojol bat ‘olonton [one’s heart goes to].

fickle: ‘ep ‘olonton [many-hearted], yantikyantik ‘olonton [different hearted].
be fickle: sob yanij ‘olonton [quickly change one’s heart].

foolish: mo ‘oyuk ‘olonton [not have a heart].

forget: make forget: ‘ak’ ch’ayuk ta ‘olonton [have lost from one’s heart].

forgotten: be forgotten: ch’ay ‘olonton [lose one’s heart].

frighten: frighten person from carrying out a plan: k’asbey ‘olonton [break one’s heart].

fury: k’ak’al ‘olonton [hot heart].

govern: govern self: k’op ‘olonton tuk pas [do only the word of one’s heart].

grievous: be grievous: ta ‘olonton [reach one’s heart], taoj ‘olonton [reached one’s heart], tij ‘olonton [strike one’s heart].

guess: tzai ‘olonton [have one’s heart think], nop ta ‘olonton [think in one’s heart].

hard-hearted: become hard-hearted or persist in one’s demands: tonib ‘olonton [have one’s heart turn to stone].

hate: tzoj ‘olonton ‘u‘un [have a red heart to wards].

hear: hear approvingly or with pleasure: talel ta ‘olonton ‘a‘i [feel it come to one’s heart].

heart: skin covering the heart: k’u‘ ‘olonton [heart clothing].

honor: ta ‘olonton [in one’s heart].

imagine: ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton [put in one’s heart], nop ta ‘olonton [think in one’s heart].

importunate: be importunate: bak’ ‘olal [have one’s heart move], mo ‘oyuk ‘olonton [not have a heart], mo ‘oyuk ‘olonton [not have a heart].

imprudent: be imprudent: mo ‘oyuk ‘olonton [not have a heart].

inability: ma‘-‘olal [heartless].

incompetent: mo ‘oyuk ‘olonton [not have a heart].

inconstancy: ‘epal ‘olontonil [with many hearts], sutelsutel ‘olontonil [frequent return of the heart].

inconstant: mo to jaka ‘oyuk ‘olonton [not yet have a heart], yantikyantik ‘olonton [different-hearted].
be inconstant: mo tzotzuk ‘olonton [not have a strong heart].

innocent: be innocent: ‘utz ‘olonton [have a good
heart].

intend: intend to do: ‘ak’ ‘olonton [give or put one’s heart], jak’ ta ‘olonton [ask one’s heart].

intention: ch’akel ‘olonton [division or judgment of one’s heart].

invent: ba‘yi jut ta ‘olonton [do first in one’s heart], ba‘yi nop ta ‘olonton [think first in one’s heart].

judicious: tz’ib ‘olonton [writing-hearted], p’ij ‘olonton [smart-hearted].
be judicious: ‘utz ‘olonton [good-hearted].

knowingly: talel ta ‘olonton [arrival at one’s heart].

lap: ni‘ ‘olontonil [nose or end of the heart].

learn: learn by heart: chan ta ‘olonton [learn in one’s heart].

love: k’uxul ‘olonton [heart pain].
fall passionately in love: k’uxub ‘olonton [have one’s heart hurt].

madness: ch’ayel ‘olontonil [loss of heart].

magnanimity: muk’ta ‘olonton [big heart].

magnanimous: magnanimous person: jtzatzal-‘olonton [strong-hearted person].

magnolia: very fragrant heart-shaped flower: ‘olonton nichim [heart flower].

maturity: (age of discretion): k’inal ‘ulel ‘olonton [day when the heart returns].

mind: ‘olontonil [heart].
change one’s mind: sut ‘olonton [have one’s heart return].
make up one’s mind: ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton [put in one’s heart], ch’ak ‘olonton [have one’s heart decide], ch’ak ta ‘olonton [decide in one’s heart].
store in one’s mind (to do or say at a later date): na‘ ta ‘olonton [know or remember in one’s heart].

miserable: k’uxob ‘olal ba [painful-hearted].

misery: ma‘-ba ‘olal [heartless].

mistrust: sa‘ ‘olonton [search one’s heart].

moderate: be moderate: k’op ‘olonton tuk pas [do only the word of one’s heart].

negligence: mukul ‘olontonil [buried heart].

note: take note of: ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton [put in one’s heart].
take note of another person’s actions: komes ta ‘olonton [deposit in one’s heart].

nuisance: jbik’tajesvanej-‘olontonil [heart diminisher].

obstinacy: tzatzal ‘olonton [hard-heartedness].

passion: k’uxul ‘olonton [heartpain].

penitence: bik’tajel ‘olontonil [reduction of heart], me‘anajel ‘olonton [misery of one’s heart].

perplex: ch’aybey ‘olonton [lose one’s heart].

please: k’uxubesbey ‘olonton [hurt one’s heart], lok’esbey ‘olonton [create one’s heart], muibtasbey ‘olonton [perfume one’s heart].

poor: k’uxob ‘olal ba [have painful heart].

prevent: prevent person from doing something good or bad: sa‘bey ‘olonton [search one’s heart].

propose: propose willingly: ‘ak’ ‘olonton [give one’s heart], jak’ ta ‘olonton [ask with one’s heart].

prudence: tojol ‘olonton [straight heart].

prudent: prudent person: j‘at-‘olonton [heart counter].
treat diligently or prudently: ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton ‘u‘un [put in one’s heart because of it].

purpose: ‘ak’el ta ‘olonton [putting in one’s heart].

rage: ‘il ‘olonton [anger of one’s heart], k’ak’ubel ‘olonton [heat of one’s heart], vokanel ‘olonton [boiling of one’s heart].

reconciled: be reconciled: laanej ‘olonton [have one’s heart be tame], Hul ‘olonton ta tojol [have one’s heart come to].

reflective: reflective person: j‘at-‘olonton [heart counter].

reform: meltzajel ‘olontonil [making of the heart], sut ‘olonton [have one’s heart return].

regret: k’uxub ‘olonton [have one’s heart hurt], yanij ‘olonton [have one’s heart disguise itself].

relax: ‘ich’ ‘olonton [receive one’s heart].

relent: make person relent: k’asbey ‘olonton [break one’s heart], sa‘bey ‘olonton [search one’s heart].

remember: tam ta ‘olonton [pick up in one’s heart], Hul ta ‘olonton [return to one’s heart].

remind: ‘ak’ t’abilk ta ‘olonton [have one’s heart be persuaded].

repent: ‘ok’ ‘olonton [have one’s heart cry], bik’taj ‘olonton [have one’s heart grow small], chibaj ‘olonton [have one’s heart become two], k’uxub ‘olonton [have one’s heart hurt], yanij ‘olonton [have one’s heart withdraw].
repent one’s sins: me‘anaj ‘olonton ‘u‘un mul [have one’s heart be miserable over one’s sins].

repentance: mich’el ‘olonton [holding one’s heart aloft].

resolve: weaken in one’s resolve: chibaj ‘olonton [be two-hearted], k’un-yamaj ‘olonton [have one’s heart slacken].

reveal: tambey ta ‘olonton [pick up for one’s heart].

revelation: have a revelation: na‘ ta jambeyel ta ‘olonton ‘u‘un dios [know by having one’s heart opened by God], na‘ ta tambeyel ta ‘olonton ‘u‘un dios [know by picking up in one’s heart because of God].

sad: grow sad: bik’taj ‘olonton [have one’s heart grow small].

sadness: person who causes sadness: jme‘anajesej-‘olontil [he who saddens hearts].

safe: feel safe: naktzaj ‘olonton [have one’s heart stop moving].
feel safe or secure: ‘utz nakal ‘olonton [have one’s heart well-seated].

sage: j‘at-‘olonton [heart counter].

senator: jch’akel ta ‘ol [divider or judge at the heart], jk’opojel ta ‘ol [speaker at the heart].

senses: come back to one’s senses (crazy person, drunk): Hul ‘olonton [have one’s heart return].

sick: become very sick: taoj ‘olonton [have reached one’s heart].

sigh: jik’el ‘olonton [heart sigh].

solicitous: be solicitous: ‘ak’ ‘olonton [give one’s heart], bak’ ‘olonton [have one’s heart move].

speak: speak doubtfully: sa‘al ‘olonton k’opoj [speak with searching heart].
speak with doubt: chib ‘olonton k’opoj [speak with two hearts].

squeamish: be squeamish: xexon ‘olonton [with a vomiting heart].

store: store in one’s mind (to do or say at a later date): tz’ibay ta ‘olonton [write in one’s heart].

street: ‘ol nanatik [heart houses].

suspect: chib ‘olonton ‘u‘un [have two hearts towards], chib ‘olonton ta tojol [have two hearts toward], k’opoj ‘olonton [have one’s heart speak], nop ta ‘olonton [think in one’s heart].

tame: become tame: ‘ech’ ‘olonton [have one’s heart pass], sikub ‘olonton [have one’s heart grow cold].

taxation: person exempt from taxation: ‘ol vinik [heart person].

temptation: give in to temptation: ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton [put in one’s heart].

test: ‘a‘ibey ‘olonton [feel one’s heart].
test in many ways: k’an ‘ilbey ‘olonton [want to see one’s heart].

think: ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton [put in one’s heart], ‘at ‘olonton [have one’s heart count].

tormentor: jbik’tajesvanej-‘olontonil [heart diminisher].

treat: treat a matter prudently or diligently: ’a‘i ta ‘olonton [feel in one’s heart].

trust: ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton [put in one’s heart].

uneasy: be uneasy: sok ‘olonton [have one’s heart be disturbed].

unhappy: be unhappy: bik’taj ‘olonton [have one’s heart grow small].

upset: bik’tajesbey ‘olonton [make one’s heart grow small].

virtue: ‘utzil ‘olonton [good heart].

virtuousness: tojol ‘olonton [straight heart].

voluntarily: likel ta ‘olonton [beginning in one’s heart], lok’uk talel ta ‘olonton [come out from one’s heart].

waist: na ‘olontonil [heart house].

will: k’op ‘olonton [word of one’s heart], naka ‘olonton no ‘ox [just in the heart], talel ta ‘olonton [coming in the heart].

wise: tz’ib ‘olonton [have a heart of writing], p’ij ‘olonton [clever heart].
be wise: ‘utz ‘olonton [good heart].
wise man who discourses at length: jtzaiej-‘olonton [heart inventor].
wise man who discovers new designs and inventions: jtz’ib-‘olontoniI [heart writer].

14.B.7. Soul

brave: become brave: ‘ich’ ch’ulel [receive one’s soul].

cataract: pixobil ch’ulel sat [covering of the iris or soul of the eye].

fate: ch’ulelil [soul].

flatterer: jk’an ch’ulel k’op [he who asks for the soul with words].

happy: be happy: ‘oy ch’ulel [have a soul].

lucky: be lucky: ‘il ch’ulel [see one’s soul].

mind: ch’ulelil [soul].

prosperous: be prosperous: ‘oy ch’ulel ta pasel [do with soul or luck].

pupil: (eye): ch’ulel satil [soul of the eye].

stupefied: be stupefied: ch’ay ch’ulel [lose one’s soul].

unfortunate: ma‘-ch’ulel [soulless].

unhappy: be unhappy: mo ‘oyuk ch’ulel [not have a soul or fate].

unlucky: be unlucky: kolo‘ ch’ulelil [wicked soul or fate].

14.B.8. Back, tail, butt

backdoor: belel pat na [path of the back of the house].

bark: patil [back].

cocoa: cocoa pod: pat kokov [cocoa back].

cypress: nukul pat [leather back].

egg: egg shell: pat ton tuluk’ [back of the chicken stone].

loin: te‘el patil [tree of the back].

perverse: be perverse: valak-pat ‘ayan [be born backwards], valak-patij [go backwards].

piles: ‘ichil chak [ass chilli].

point: chak [ass].

recant: valak-patij ti‘ [have one’s lips or mouth go backwards].

reluctantly: ta valak-pat [behind].

shell: patil [back].

sinister: valak-pat [behind].

skin: skin (onion, snake): patil [back].

stern: ne jom [canoe tail].

14.B.9. Penis

flame: ‘at k’ok’ [fire penis].

jest: tuli-‘atij [pull out one’s penis].

liberal: liberal person: ‘atil vinik [penis person].

merrymaker: ‘atil vinik [penis person].

nobility: ‘atil [penis].

pimp: jili-‘atil vinik [strung out penis person].

serene: serene person: ‘atil vinik [penis person].

sociable: sociable person: ‘atil vinik [penis person].

wasp: large brown wasp: k’ak’al ‘at [hot penis or stinger].

14.B.10. Limbs and bones

branch: k’ob te‘ [tree arm].

decorate: decorate with branches: ‘ak’ k’ob te‘ [put tree arms].

energetic: become energetic: tzatzub ‘ok [have one’s legs strengthen].

flower: flower spray: k’ob nichim [flower arm].

gristle: ‘unen bakel [baby bone].

hand: put one’s hand over one’s heart (inside one’s shirt): lap k’ob ta k’u‘ [wear one’s hand in one’s clothing].
right hand: batz’i k’ob [real hand].

nimble-handed: sobtiksobtik k’ob [quick-handed].

pass: mountain pass: ‘akan vitz [mountain leg].

prune: lok’esbey k’ob [take off the arms].

slope: lower slopes: ‘akan vitz [mountain leg].

sole: sole of foot: ‘ut ‘okil [inside of foot].

spoke: k’ob [arm].

sprig: k’ob te‘ [tree arm].

tree: trunk and branches: bakel te‘ [tree].

walking: mimic person’s manner of walking: pikbey ‘ok [touch one’s feet or legs].

14.B.11. Flesh and blood

bleed: lok’esbey ch’ich’el [take out one’s blood].

child: (metaphorically): ch’ich’el [blood].

deflower: jambey bek’tal [open one’s flesh].

lust: bek’tal mul [flesh sin].

meat: lean meat: batz’i bek’et [real meat].

menstrual: have menstrual period: lok’ ch’ich’el ‘il [see one’s blood come out].

pleasure: carnal pleasure: muil bek’tal [fragrant flesh].

sexual: have sexual relations with: ‘il bek’tal [see one’s flesh], nop bek’tal chi‘uk [one’s flesh fits with].
male or female sexual parts: k’exlal bek’tal [shame flesh].

14.B.12. Excrement

bilge: tzo‘ jom [canoe shit].

dregs: tzo‘ vino [wine shit].

dump: na tzo‘ [shit house].

ear: ear wax: tzo‘ chikin [ear shit].

foam: foam of boiling water: tzo‘ k’ak’al Ho‘ [hot water shit].

gleanings: corn gleanings: tzo‘ vojton [corncob shit].

meteor: tzo‘ k’anal [star shit].

meteorite: tzo‘ k’anal [star shit].

mole: tzo‘ *‘uk [bedbug shit].

nit: tzo‘ uch’ [louse shit].

nitridden: na tzo‘ ‘uch’ [louse shit house].

silver: silver dross: tzo‘ sakil tak’in [white metal shit].

soapsuds: tzo‘ ch’upak’ [soap shit].

wart: tzo‘ *’uk [bedbug shit].

14.C. Sensations and perceptions. See also heart 14B6 and world 14E.

afraid: be afraid of: ‘ip ‘a‘i [feel alot].

busy: be too busy: mu Hu‘ ‘a‘i [feel that one can’t do it].

cautious: cautious person: julan vinik [awake person].

cruelty: te‘te‘il [woodenness].

danger: be out of danger: mo k’u na‘ [not know anything].

dead: be dead: ch’ay ‘ik’ [lose one’s breath].

difficult: be difficult: ‘ip ‘abtel ‘a‘i [feel a lot of work].
seem difficult: ‘ip tzatzal ‘a‘i [feel it to be very hard].

disobedient: disobedient person: Ha‘ te mo ‘a‘ivan ta vinike [he who does not feel a person].

divert: ‘ak’ muibuk [let become fragrant].

enraged: ‘ip k’ak’al [much heat].

evil: consider evil: k’ux ‘a‘i [feel pain].

flee: wish to flee from: mo ‘utzuk ‘a‘i [not feel good].

gladden: muibes [perfume].

govern: govern self: k’op ‘olonton tuk pas [do only the word of one’s heart].

guess: tzai ‘olonton [have one’s heart think].

hate: tavan ‘ilel ‘a‘i [feel].

honor: ch’uun [believe], k’exavel [shame], xi‘ [fear], toy [raise].

honored: be honored: muib [become fragrant], nichimaj [flower].

hope: tzoylej [tethering], jok’lej [hanging].

humble: humble oneself: ‘itz’intas ba ta lum [make oneself a younger brother or a junior on the earth].

inconstant: yantikyantik tza [changing thoughts].

laziness: va‘vonetel [swaying or staggering].

learn: learn by heart: chan ta ti‘ [learn with one’s lips or mouth].

leave: want to leave: kolo‘ ‘a‘i [feel to be evil].

long: long for: matz’et ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel the world clenching].

love: fall in love: k’ux ‘a‘i [feel pain].

low: hold in low esteem: ‘olonil ‘a‘i [feel below], bik’it ‘a‘i [feel to be small], bik’it ch’amal ‘a‘i [feel to be small].

merciless: ‘ip lek’-ti‘il [much lip-licking].

merrymaker: muil vinik [fragrant person].

mind: ‘a‘ivanab [feeler], ‘a‘ivanej [feeling].

miss: ‘ip na‘ [know or remember alot].

numb: grow numb: cham [die].

oversalty: ch’a‘ chi‘ [bitter sweet].

owner: bet’oj tuk ‘a‘i [feel one alone dominates it].
be the owner: lekoj tuk ‘a‘i [feel one alone owns it].

pity: vokol ‘al ‘a‘i [feel one says difficulty or pities].
be moved to pity: ‘unenay [be baby-like], k’unij [soften].

pleased: be pleased: ‘utz ‘a‘i [feel good], nop ‘a‘i [feel accustomed to].

pleasure: muibel [becoming fragrant], muil [fragrance].
carnal pleasure: muil bck’tal [fragrant flesh].

porch: sun porch: ‘a‘iab k’ak’al [sun or heat feeler].

praised: be praised: ‘utz ‘a‘ibil [felt or known to be good].

prudence: belel tza [the road to cleverness].

quarreler: j‘ipal-k’op [he of many words], j‘ipal-ti‘ [he of many lips or mouths].

quarrelsome: ‘ip k’ak’al [very hot], ‘ip lek’-ti‘il [much lip-licking].

recognize: chak ‘oy ‘il ‘a‘i [feel as if one has seen].

repent: k’ux ‘a‘i [feel pain].

respect: ‘oy ‘ik’ ‘a‘i [feel there is breath, air or wind].

scold: k’ux ‘e [chew or grind one’s teeth].

scorn: k’ok’ ba ‘a‘i [feel hot].

skillful: be skillful: mo ‘oyuk k’usi tzotz ‘a‘i [not have anything feel hard].

speak: speak impatiently or in a fit of temper: ‘ip k’ak’al k’opoj [speak with much heat].

stupefied: be stupefied: ch’ay ch’ulel [lose one’s soul], mu ‘a‘i ba [not feel oneself].

value: k’ux ‘a‘i [feel pain].

victorious: be victorious: ‘ip jelav [pass far beyond].

wake: wake up: ‘a‘i ba [feel oneself].

14.D. Color

14.D.1. Red

angry: become angry: tzajub [redden].

annoy: tzajal-‘ik’ [call red].

baby: newborn baby: tzajal ‘olol [red child].

bribe: tzajal-‘ak’bey [give to with red], tzajal-tzitz [persuade with red].

compulsory: tzajal [red].

dislike: tzoj ‘il [see red].

hate: tzoj ‘il [see red], tzoj ‘olonton ‘u‘un [have a red heart towards].

hatred: hatred one receives: tzajal ‘ilel [red sight].

infancy: tzajal ‘unetikil [red babyhood].

obligatory: tzajal [red].

rape: tzajal-poch’i [struggle redly].

rapist: jtzajal poj ‘antz [red woman snatcher].

request: request repeated (with supplications or threats): tzajal-k’an [request red].

shrimp: tzajal choy [red fish].

tax: compulsory tax: tzajal patan [red tribute].

14.D.2. Blue, green, and gray

fish: fresh fish: yaxal choy [blue-green fish].

free: yaxubes [to make blue-green].

freedman: yaxal vinik [blue-green person].

fresh: become fresh: yaxub [become blue-green].

liberty: yaxubel [blue-greenness].

recent: yaxal [blue-green].

scrofula: get scrofula: yax-k’a‘ [blue-green rot].

thin: become thin (liquid): yaxaub [become gray].

vagina: yaxal bek’tal [blue-green flesh].

weed: weed too early while the plants are still young: yax-maj [hit blue-green].

14.D.3. Yellow

egg: chicken egg yolk: k’anal ton tuluk’ [yellow of the chicken’s egg or stone].

gold: k’anal tak’in [yellow metal].

scorch: k’an-k’ak’ [burn yellow].

singe: k’an-k’ak’ [burn yellow].

14.D.4. Black

blind: blind with pale eyes: ‘ik’al moy [black tobacco].

eclipse: have eclipse of the moon: ‘ik’ub ‘u [the moon blackens].

mourning: dress in mourning: ‘ik’ub ‘u‘un [chame-vinik [become black because of a dead person].

Zinacantán: ‘Ik’al ‘Ojov [black lord].

14.D.5. White

beautiful: saksak [white].

book: book margin: sakil Hun [white paper].

fungus: fungus that grows on trees: sak-‘itaj [white greens].

jeer: sak-tze‘i [laugh at whitely].

loophole: sakubeb ‘osil [whitening place of the sky].

silver: sakil tak’in [white metal].
silver dross: tzo‘ sakil tak’in [white metal shit].

tin: sakil tak’in [white metal].

14.E. Time, weather, sky, season, world, land

ache: feel aches and pains: bak’ ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel the earth move].

administration: good administration: melel ‘osil [lined-up time].

afternoon: late afternoon: samelsamel ‘osil [late late time].

agitate: bak’es ‘osil [move the earth].

airing: take an airing: majey lum [have ground beaten].

always: batel ‘osil [with time going], lajel ‘osil [end of time].

anxiety: k’uxul ‘osil [painful time], me‘anajel ‘osil [sorrowful time].

anxious: be anxious: me‘anaj ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel sorrowful time].

arms: call to arms: nik ‘o ‘osil ‘u‘un [make time move], nikes j-tek lum [move a piece of ground].

calendar: calendar of saints’ days: ‘atob ‘osil [time counter], ‘atob k’ak’al, ‘atob k’in.

calm: (without wind): ch’an chi ‘osil [silent time], laaet ‘osil [calm time].

clear: have sky clear: jam ‘osil [have sky open].

climate: ‘osil [world or time].

clock: ‘atob ‘osil [time counter].

cloud: cloud over: tz’i‘lej ta tok [change color or become ugly with clouds].

cloudy: makal ‘osil [covered weather or sky].

continuous: jilol ‘osil [length of time].

cool: cool off (weather): k’un-sikub ‘osil [have weather cool slowly].

country: native country: lumal [ground].

crave: sitz’et ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel craving time].

dawn: k’inaj ‘osil [have sky become day].

delight: mu ‘osil chi ‘u‘un [have fragrant time]
delight in: muib ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel the time become fragrant]
take delight in: nichimaj ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel the time flower].

desert: ‘ol ‘osil [heart land].

despair: ti‘oltas ‘osil [make time despair].

disgusted: be disgusted by: koj ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel disgusting time].

distress: k’uxul ‘osil [painful time], me‘anajel ‘osil [sorrowful time].

disturbance: ‘ok’el ‘osil [crying of the earth].
excite disturbances: ch’ijet ‘osil ‘u‘un, k’oplay ‘osil [speak against the world], k’ulet ‘osil ‘u‘un [make ground growl], nikes ‘osil [move time], sokes ‘osil [disturb time].

disturber: jsok-lum [ground disturber].

divert: divert oneself: ‘ech’ ‘osil ‘u‘un [have time pass], ‘et’es ‘osil [make time pass].

dizzy: grow dizzy: ‘ik’-pultay ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel world grow dark], sutet ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel ground whirl around].

drizzle: drizzle in a nor’easter: yal ‘ak’ol Ho‘ [have upper water descend].

east: lok’eb k’ak’al [where the sun or heat comes out], lum yo‘ ‘oy lok’ talel k’ak’al [land or place where the sun or heat comes out].

eclipse: have eclipse of the moon: ‘ik’ub ‘u [the moon blackens], cham ‘u [the moon dies].

everywhere: from everywhere: ta ju-jech ‘osil [from each side of the world].

fatigued: be fatigued: yatik ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel suffering world].

feeble: feel feeble (from sickness or age): yayatik ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel suffering world].

feel: feel out of place: mu nop ‘osil ‘a‘i [not feel world to fit in].

flash: (lightning): leblon ‘osil [flashing sky].

flat: flat and treeless: pik’pik’ ‘osil [bald land].

forever: jilol ‘osil [length of time].

free: free time: naka ‘osil [just time].

government: good government: melel ‘osil [lined-up time], tojol ‘osil [straight time].

health: tzatzal ‘osil [strong season].

healthy: be healthy: kuxul ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel lively time].
be healthy (person): tzotz ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel strong time].

heaven: ‘utzibeb [place of increasing goodness], muibeb [place of increasing fragrance], nichimajeb [flowering place].

holiday: naka ‘osil [just time].

home: feel at home: nop ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel world fit].

honored: be honored: nichimaj ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel world flowering].

humble: humble oneself: ‘itz’intas ba ta lum [make oneself a younger brother or a junior on the earth].

ill: feel ill: k’unk’un ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel gradual time].

immortal: kuxul batel ‘osil [alive as time goes], mu cham batel ‘osil [not die as time goes].

incite: bak’es ‘osil [move the world].

itch: ch’inin ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel itchy time].

lazy: be lazy: ch’ajilal ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel the laziness of time], naka ‘ech’ ‘osil ‘u‘un [just let time pass].
be lazy or sluggish: ‘al-poman ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel numb time].

life: ‘ilel ‘osil [seeing the world].

long-lived: be long-lived: ‘ep ‘il ‘osil [see the world or time alot], nat ‘il ‘osil [see far in time or in the land], nat xanav ta balumil [walk far in the world].

loophole: sakubeb ‘osil [whitening place of the sky].

lowlands: in the lowlands: ta ‘olon ‘osil [in the bottom land].

manager: jnikesej-‘osil [world shaker], jnikesej-vinajel [sky shaker].

melancholy: be melancholy: mo muib ‘osil ‘a‘i [not feel world becoming fragrant].

merry: be merry: muib ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel world becoming fragrant].

mock: muib ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel world becoming fragrant].

moon: be full (moon): kol ta ‘ok’el [be freed of crying].
have new moon appear: nach’ ‘u [have moon peer out].

nature: talel ‘osil [coming of the world].

old: be old: ‘ep ‘il ‘osil [see a lot of time].

outcry: ‘ok’el ‘osil [crying of the world].

paradise: muibel ‘osil [place of growing fragrance], nichimajebal ‘osil [place of flowering].

peace: feel at peace: laaet ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel the world to be calm].

peacetime: lamal ’osil [calm world or time].

perpetual: batel ‘osil ‘oy [have time go], jilol ‘osil [length of time].

please: mu ‘osil chi ‘u‘un [have time seem fragrant].

pleased: be pleased: mu ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel fragrant time].

postpone: toy k’in [raise the day].

province: j-tek ta ‘osil [a piece of land], j-tek ta lumal [a piece of land].

quarreler: j‘ipal-‘osil [he of much time].

recreation: ‘et’esej ‘osil [time-passer].

refresh: laanej ‘osil [time-calmer].

refreshment: ‘et’esab ‘osil [time-passer].

rejoice: muib ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel time growing fragrant].

sacrilegious: be sacrilegious: mo ch’uun lum dios [not believe God’s ground].

sad: be sad: me‘anaj ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel sorrowful time].

season: dry season: k’epel ‘osil [dry time], takin ‘osil [dry time or ground].
rainy season: Ho‘tikil ‘osil [rainy time], Ho‘tikil lum [rainy ground].

see: ‘il ‘osil [see the world].

sick: be sick: kolo‘ ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel evil time].
become sick: k’unk’un ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel gradual time].

sickness: kola‘al ‘osil [evil time].

strait: strait times (with hunger): yubill ‘osil [narrow time].

stunned: be stunned: samet ‘osil [feel darkening time], sutet ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel ground whirling around].

summer: k’ak’altikil ‘osil [sunny time], k’epel ‘osil [dry time].

thunder: ‘avan ‘osil [have time or sky shout], jinet ‘osil [roaring time or sky], t’ininet ‘osil [roaring time or sky].

time: at what time: bily ‘osil [where in time]
free time: xokol ‘osil [empty time]
short time: mo natuk ‘osil [not a long time].

turmoil: bak’el ‘osil [moving of world].

tyrannize: tz’i‘ley ‘osil [spoil the world], me‘anajes ‘osil [make world sorrowful].

vagabond: mak ‘ik’ [wind obstruction].

vain: spend the day or time in vain: naka mal k’ak’al ‘u‘un [just have the sun set].

watch: na‘ob ‘osil [time-rememberer].

watchtower: pa‘ivanab ‘osil [world-watcher].

weak: be weak with age or infirmity: ‘ok’elal ‘osil ‘a‘i [feel the crying time].

weather: have weather improve: ‘utzib ‘osil [have weather get good].

when?: buy ‘osil [where in time].

wind: east wind: ‘ak’ol ‘ik’ [upper wind].
west wind: ‘olon ‘ik’ [lower wind].

14.F. Size

14.F.1. Big

arrogance: muk’ ‘a‘ibil [feeling big].

brave: become brave: muk’ub ‘olonton [have one’s heart grow big].

care: muk’ta ‘ich’el [big receiving].

city: muk’ta j-tek lum [big piece of ground], muk’ta lum [big ground].

courage: muk’ul ‘olontonil [big heart].

embolden: muk’ubes ‘olonton [enlarge one’s heart].

glorify: muk’ubtas [make big].

grandfather: muk’ta tot [big father].

grandmother: muk’ta me’ [big mother].

great-grandfather: cha‘ muk’ta tot [second big father], cha‘-va‘al muk’ta tot [second standing big father].

great-grandmother: cha‘ muk’ta me‘ [second big mother], cha‘-va‘al muk’ta me‘ [second standing big mother].

haughtiness: muk’ cha‘ley-bail [acting big].

important: ‘ip muk’ul [very big].

king: muk’ ‘ojov [big lord].

lie: big lie: muk’ pak’tayej k’op [big slapping word].

magnanimity: muk’ta ‘olonton [big heart].

presume: muk’ cha‘ley ba [pretend to be big].

proud: become proud: muk’ cha‘leybil [pretending to be big].

14.F.2. Small

anxiety: bik’tajel ‘olontonil [reduction of the heart].

cowardly: ‘unen ‘olonton [baby heart], bik’tal ‘olonton [small heart].

despondency: bik’tal ‘olonton [small heart].

distressed: be distressed: bik’taj ‘olonton [have one’s heart grow small].

exhausted: be exhausted (person): bik’taj [grow small].

fault: find fault with: bik’tajes [make small].

humble: humble oneself: bik’taj [grow small].

lessen: lessen self (by wicked deed): bik’tajes ba [make oneself small].

penitence: bik’tajel ‘olontonil [reduction of heart].

penitent: be penitent: bik’taj ‘olonton [have one’s heart grow small].

postpone: k’oxibtas [make small].

quarrel: bik’tal jatal [small quarrel], bik’talk’opk’onel [small noisy talk].

rank: lose rank: bik’taj [grow small].

repent: bik’taj ‘olonton [have one’s heart grow small].

sad: grow sad: bik’taj ‘olonton [have one’s heart grow small].

sermon: brief sermon: bik’tal tzitzo‘ [small sermon].

subdue: subdue self: bik’tajes ba [make oneself small].

submit: bik’tajes ba [reduce oneself].

unhappy: be unhappy: bik’taj ‘olonton [have one’s heart grow small].

upset: bik’tajesbey ‘olonton [make one’s heart grow small].

walk: bik’tal xanbal [small walk].

weaken: bik’tajes [reduce].

14.G. Hot and cold

abrasive: k’ok’ [hot].

abusive: abilsive person: k’ak’al vinik [hot person].
become abusive: k’ak’ub [become hot].

agitated: greatly agitated: toj k’ok’k’ok’ [very hot].

angry: k’ok’ [hot].
angry person: jk’ak’al-‘olonton [hot-hearted person].
become angry: k’ak’ub [become hot].

bull: ferocious bull: k’ak’al vacas [hot bull].

bullying: k’ak’al [hot].

cold: be very cold: cham ta sik [die of the cold].

comet: fiery comet: xojob k’ak’al [sunbeam].

cruel: k’ok’ ‘olonton [hot or fire heart].
become cruel: k’ak’ub [become hot].
cruel person: k’ak’al vinik [hot person].

cruelty: k’ak’al [heat].

day: k’ak’al [heat].

dog: angry dog: k’ak’al tz’i‘ [hot dog].

drought: have a drought: va‘i k’ak’al [have sun stand up].

enrage: k’ak’ubes [heat up], tiles [set fire to].

enraged: ‘ip k’ak’al [much heat], laal k’ak’al [abundant heat], toj k’ok’ [very hot].
be enraged: k’ak’ub ‘olonton [have one’s heart heat up].

ferocious: k’ok’ [hot].
ferocious person: k’ak’al vinik [hot person], k’ok’ vinik [hotperson].

ferocity: k’ak’al [heat].

fever: k’ak’al [heat], k’ok’ [fire].

fierce: toj k’ok’ [very hot].

friendship: league of friendship: sikubenal k’op [cooling of words].

fruit: summer fruit: k’ak’altikil lo‘bol [hot season fruit], k’ak’altikil sat [hot season fruit].

furious: ‘ip k’ak’al [very hot], k’ok’ [hot].

fury: k’ak’al ‘olonton [hot heart], k’ak’alil [heat].

harsh: harsh person: k’ak’al vinik [hot person].

hate: k’ok’ ba ‘a‘i [feel hot].

horse: angry horse (that bares its teeth): k’ak’al caballo [hot horse].

hot-tempered: hot-tempered person: k’ak’al vinik [hot person].

impatient: ‘ip k’ak’al [very hot].

inadvertently: do inadvertently: k’ak’alk’ak’al pas [do hotly].

lye: ‘anel Ho‘ [burning water].

majesty: k’ak’al ‘ik’ [hot breath, air or wind].

malaria: (three or four day fever with chills): k’ak’al sik [hot cold].

mediator: jsikubtasej-k’op [word cooler].

merciless: ‘ip k’ak’al [very hot].

noon: k’uxul k’ak’al [painful sun or heat].

porch: sun porch: ‘a‘iab k’ak’al [sun or heat feeler].

provoke: k’ak’ubes [heat up].

quarrelsome: ‘ip k’ak’al [very hot].

rabid: become rabid: tz’i‘il-k’ak’ub [become dog-gishly hot].

rabies: k’ak’al tz’i‘ [hot dog]. k’ak’al [heat].

rage: k’ak’ubel [heat], k’ak’ubel [heating up] ‘olonton [heat of one’s heart].

scorn: k’ok’ ba ‘a‘i [feel hot], k’ok’ ba ‘il [see with heat].

season: dry season: k’inal k’ak’al [hot days].

siesta: place for taking a siesta: ‘et’esab k’ak’al [heat passer].
take a siesta: ‘et’es ‘ipal k’ak’al [pass great heat].

speak: speak impatiently or in a fit of temper: ‘ip k’ak’al k’opoj [speak with much heat].

summer: (dry season): k’ak’altik [hot season].

sun: k’ak’al [heat].

sunrise: jameb k’ak’al [opening place of sun or heat], nach’eb k’ak’al [peeking place of sun or heat].

tame: become tame: sikub ‘ olonton [have one’s heart grow cold].

temper: k’ak’al [heat].

tyrant: k’ak’al vinik [hot person].

vagabond: mak k’ak’al [sun-blocker].

vengeful: k’ak’al [hot].

14.H. Kin terms

afterbirth: me‘ ‘olol [mother of child].

anvil: me‘ tenob tak’in [mother of metal beater].

belly: me‘ tzo‘il [mother of shit], me‘ pulom Ho‘ [mother of one’s chamberpot or water-filler].

child: (metaphorically): ch’ich’el [blood], k’elom [sprout], nich [flower], sat [eye or face].

grandfather: muk’ta tot [big father].

grandmother: muk’ta me‘ [big mother].

great-grandfather: cha‘ muk’ta tot [second big father], cha‘-va‘al muk’ta tot [second standing big father].

great-grandmother: cha‘ muk’ta me‘ [second big mother], cha‘-va‘al muk’ta me‘ [second standing big mother].

lettuce: young lettuce: ‘alab lechuga [lettuce child].

lie: big lie: me‘ pak’-k’op [mother of slapped word].

pity: be moved to pity: ‘unenay [be baby-like].

placenta: me‘ ‘olol [mother of child].

rainbow: me‘ k’inabal [mother of drizzle].

sack: large sack: me‘ chu‘uy [mother sack].

seedling: ‘ol tz’unubil [seed child].

sin: grave sin: me‘ mul [mother sin].

slip: tz’unubil ‘ol te‘ [tree’s seed child].

sprout: ‘unenal [baby], ‘unenal nich [baby flower].

thumb: me‘ k’obil [mother of the hand].

toe: ‘ol ‘ok [child of the foot].
big toe: me‘ ‘ok [mother toe].

14.I. Vision

afflict: ‘ak’bey ‘il vokol, ‘il vokol ‘u‘un [see difficulty because of].

dislike: tzoj ‘il [see red], koj ‘ilel ‘a‘i [fee disgusted with the sight of], mo joluk ‘il [not see as precious], tavan ‘ilel ‘a‘i [feel disgusted with the sight of].

example: set an example: ‘ak’ ba ta k’el vinik [give oneself to be seen by people].

exhaust: ‘il vokol ‘u‘un [see difficulty because of].

fortune: rise in fortune: vik’ sat [open one’s eyes].

hate: ‘ilet ‘il [see anger], tzoj ‘il [see red], kola‘al-‘il [see evil], kolo‘ ‘il [see as wicked].

hatred: hatred one receives: tzajal ‘ilel [red sight], kola‘al ‘ilel [wicked sight].
hatred one receives: ‘iletel ‘ilvanej [sight of hatred].

intimate: be on intimate terms with: jol ‘il [see as precious].

long-lived: be long-lived: ‘ep ‘il ‘osil [see the world or time alot], nat ‘il ‘osil [see far in time or in the land].

lot: cast or draw lots: ‘il ta lok’obil [see in the figures]

love: jalal ‘ilel [precious sight], jol ‘il [see as precious].
fall in love: yakub ta jalal ‘ilel [get drunk with precious sight].

lucky: be lucky: ‘il ch’ulel [see one’s soul].

martyrdom: ‘ilel vokol ‘u‘un dios [seeing difficulty because of God].

menstrual: have menstrual period: lok’ ch’ich’el ‘il [see one’s blood come out].

menstruate: ‘ilomaj [see].

missed: be missed: jol ‘il [see as precious].

night: sit up a whole night: k’el ‘ak’abal [watch the night].

old: be old: ‘ep ‘il ‘osil [see a lot of time].

pigherd: j‘il-chitom [pig-seer].

pleased: be pleased: ‘utz ‘il [see good].

prophecy: ‘il tun [see that it is needed].

provable: batz’ijesel ta j‘ilojel [making real by the seer].

punish: ‘ak’bey ‘il vokol [make see difficulty], ‘il vokol ‘u‘un [see difficulty because of].

recognize: chak ‘oy ‘il ‘a‘i [feel as if one has seen].

scorn: k’ok’ ba ‘il [see with heat].

sexual: have sexual relations with: ‘il bek’tal [see one’s flesh].

sleepy: be sleepy: juch’et vayel ta sat [with sleep grinding one’s eyes].

speaking: not be on speaking terms with: mo ‘oyuk ‘il [not see to there].

squandered: be squandered: mu vinaj bat [not see where it goes].

succeed: succeed in: nat ‘il [see far].

visit: bat ‘il [go to see].

work: mix many works: ‘ilel ‘ilel ‘abtel [appearance of work], ‘ilel ‘ilel tza [appearance of intelligence], ‘ilel ‘ilel pasnej [appearance of deeds].

14.J. Speech

agitator: jxi‘-k’op [he of fearful words], jxi‘vancj-k’op [he of fearful words].

agree: agree on (price, deal): nop k’op [think of words], pas k’op [do words].

agreement: tzobol k’op [gathered words], *chanul k’op [gathered words], ch’akeb k’op [division of words].
be in agreement: junjun k’op [single word], ko‘ol k’op [same word], Ha‘ no ‘ox k’op [just words].
illicit agreement: tzobol labal k’op [gathering of wick words].

anxiety: k’opk’onel ‘olonton [chattering of the heait].

argue: tup’bey ba k’op [extinguish each other with words].

assure: assure for certain: kuxes k’op [revive words].

attorney: jk’op [he of words].

avenge: avenge an insult: pak ‘utel [return a scolding].

backbite: nam tal ‘utvan [scold person at a distance].

backbiter: jjotz’-k’optayvanej [he who drags out and speaks against].

bench: stone bench against a wall: lo‘lo-k’opojebal [chatting place].

bewitch: poxtay ta k’op [treat with words], poxtay ta k’oplayvanej [treat by speaking against].

bewitched: k’oplaybil [spoken against].

bond: make a bond: ‘ak’ ta Hun k’op [put words on paper].

brag: natil-k’opoj [talk far].

brevity: tik’il k’op [inserted word], va‘alva‘al k’op [erect word].

bribery: tzajal ‘ak’beyel k’op [red given words], tzajal tzitzvanej [red persuasion].

certain: batz’i k’op [real word].

comparison: joy-k’op [roundabout word], nop-k’op [thought up word], p’isbil k’op [measured word].

comply: comply with the ordinances or mandates of the king or courthouse: chabi k’oplal [guard the talk].

contract: ch’akeb k’op [division of words]. nopeb k’op [agreeme words].

court: court of justice: nak’ob k’op [word repository].

courthouse: ch’akob k’op [where words are judged or divided].

credit: lose one’s credit: mu k’ot k’op [one’s word does not arrive].

curse: chakanol k’op [words of hate], kola‘al-‘al [speak wickedly], ti‘ol k’op [words of hate].

deceit: tzail k’op [imagined words], cha‘-lom k’op [two time words].

deceitful: deceitful person: jchibal-k’op [he of two words].
deceitful questioning: jotz’-k’op [word dragging].

deceive: deceive with fair-seeming words: tasley-k’optay [cover and speak against].

defamer: jpuk-k’op [word-spreader].

denier: jmuk-k’op [word-burier].

deny: deny one’s guilt (legal case): net’ k’op [push one’s words].

detestation: chakanol k’op [words of hate], ti‘ol k’op [words of hate].

disagree: mu junjunuk k’op [not have a single word].

disagreement: ‘epal k’op [many words].
have a disagreement: ‘ep k’op ta tojol [have many about].

discord: ‘epal k’op [many words].

discussion: have a discussion set in order: choley k’op [line up words].

disobedient: disobedient person: Ha‘ te mu ‘a‘i k’ope [he who does hear words].

dispute: labal k’op [evil words], naknak ba ta k’op [repel with words], pakpak ba ta k’op [double back with words].
legal dispute: k’op ta tz’el jch’akel [words besi judge or divider].
person who settles disputes: jmeltzajesej-k’op [word maker or settler].

distrust: k’op ‘olonton [word of one’s heart].

disturbance: excite disturbances: k’oplay ‘osil [speak against t world].

diviner: jtoj ti‘iej k’op [speaker of straight lipped or mouthed words].

doctrine: chanob k’op [word learner].

draw: person who draws one out: jjoy-k’optayvanej [he who talks circles around one].

dull: naka k’op [just words].

dunce: lo‘il vinik [amusement person].

enchant: (with words): k’oplay [speak against].

enchantment: evil enchantment: labtayvanej k’op [words of evil enchantment].

end: end of negotiation: tzutzeb k’op [end of words].

excite: ‘ak’bey k’op [give words to].

excuse: pom [incense].

explain: sutejes [return].
explain at length: pamij [cense].

faction: jechjech k’op [partisan words], tasal k’op [words of allies].

flatterer: jk’an ch’ulel k’op [he who asks for the soul with words].

friendship: league of friendship: nopeb k’op [agreement of words], sikubenal k’op [cooling of words].

good: be on good terms with: laal ‘utzil k’opoj [speak ab good]

gossip: j‘ich’-k’op [word-receiver], jcha‘ lom k’op [he of two time talk], jchibal-k’op [he of two words], jotz’-k’optay [drag out and speak against], joyjoy-k’optay [speak around and against].

governor: jk’opojel ta ‘ol [speaker at the heart].

hinder: hinder by digressing from the subject: p’as [hinder the words on their path].

hostage: lok’ob k’op [word of example].

incite: ‘ak’bey k’op [give words to].

incited: ‘ak’ebil k’op [given words].

inform: meltzajesbey k’op [make or settle words].

informed: be informed: laj ‘a‘i k’oplal [end hearing the words].

ingenuously: speak ingenuously: tuk’avil k’opoj [speak shooting straight].

instigator: j‘ak’-k’op [word-giver].

interpret: ch’ambey k’op [receive one’s words].

interpretation: sutejesel k’op [word return].

interpreter: vayajom k’op [word sorcerer].

interrogation: jotz’-k’optayvanej [dragging up and speaking against].

introduction: t’abeb k’op [original word].
introduction of a book or speech: likeb k’op [beginning words].
introduction of a speech: kajeb k’op [beginning words].

judgment: judgment or resolution that has been made: ch’akben k’op [divided or judged word].

lawyer: jk’op [he of words], jk’opojel [he of words], jk’oponvanej [speaker].

league: ‘olaneb k’op [ending words].
(between allies): chukob k’op [binding word], laanejeb k’op [peaceful words].

legal: legal case: choltajesbil k’op [lined-up words].

legation: papal legation: jk’ubul k’op santo padre [he entrusted with the word of the holy father].

lie: cha‘-lom k’opojel [two time talk], chibal k’op [two words], chibal k’opojel [two speech], pak’-k’op [slap words].
big lie: me‘ pak’-k’op [mother of slapped word], muk’ pak’tayej k’op [big slapping word].

litigant: j‘al-k’op ta tz’el jch’akel [word-sayer beside the judge or divider].

lord: become a lord: k’opoj [speak].

magic: black magic: ‘ak’abal k’op [night words], pukuj k’op [devil words], vayajelal k’op [witchcraft words].

malicious: malicious person: jcha‘ lom k’op [he of two time talk], jchibal-k’op [he of two words].

mediation: nopel k’op [thinking of words], pasel k’op [doing words].

mediator: j‘ak’ ‘utzil k’op [giver of good words], jk’op [he of words], jlaanesej-k’op [he of calming words], jsikubtasej-k’op [word cooler].

meeting: *chanul k’op [abundant words], ch’akob k’op [division or judgment of words].
meeting place: pasob k’op [word-maker].

middleman: jpas-k’op [he who does words].

moderate: be moderate: k’op ‘olonton tuk pas [do only the word of one’s heart].

modesty: tojol k’op [straight words].

motive: ba k’op [first word], likeb k’op [beginning of words], t’abeb k’op [original words].

multiplier: jp’olesej-k’op [word-multiplier].

narrator: narrator who reports what he has seen or heard: jmel-k’op [he who lines up words], jmeltzanej-k’op [word-settler].

negotiate: k’oplajes [talk noisily].

negotiation: end of negotiation: lajeb k’op [end of words].
interfere so as to obstruct a negotiation: xoj-k’optay [interweave words].

news: ‘ach’ k’op [new words].

novelty: ‘ach’ k’op [new word].

obedient: be obedient: ‘a‘i k’op [hear words].

offender: jpas-k’op [word-maker].

office: entrust office to: ‘albey patan [speak about office to].

opposite: say the opposite of: tup’ k’op [extinguish one’s word].

parable: joy-k’op [roundabout talk].

patron: jk’op [he of words].

persist: bakal-k’opoj [speak with corncobs], tzatzal-k’opoj [speak strongly], jel-k’opoj [pass by speaking], yijil-k’opoj [speak strongly].
persist unreasonably: k’opk’on [talk noisely], ma‘ ba tzatzal k’opoj [speak strongly and calamitously], ma‘ ba yijil k’opoj [speak strongly and calamitously].

persuader: jt’abesej-k’op [he of persuasive words].

pity: vokol ‘al ‘a‘i [feel one says difficulty or pities].
take pity on: vokol ‘al [say difficulty].

politeness: laanil k’op [calm words], tojol k’op [straight words].

praise: ‘utzil-‘alvan [say good of].

pray: k’an-k’opoj [speak with a request], k’opon [speak].
pray for: k’opoj ‘u‘un [speak for], k’oponvan [speak for], Hu‘ k’opojel ‘u‘un [have speech for].
pray to God: ‘aptay dios [shout to God], ‘ik’ dios [call God], k’opon dios [speak to God].

pretend: k’opuk ‘oy [have words], naka tal k’opuk [just come with words].

prologue: jol k’op [head of the word].

promise: ‘ak’ k’op [give one’s word], ‘al [say], ‘al ta ti‘ [say with one’s mouth or lips].
break one’s promise or word: mu k’ot k’op [one’s word does not arrive].
carry out one’s promise: pas te k’op [do one’s word].

prophet: jti‘iej-k’op [mouther of words], jtoj ti‘iej k’op [mouther of straight words].
(male or female): j‘alal-k’op [word-sayer].

proposal: k’op [word].

quarreler: j‘ipal-k’op [he of many words].

quarrelsome: quarrelsome person: jk’opk’onel [noisy talker].

questioning: questioning under torture: k’uxul k’op [painful words].

reality: batz’i k’op [real word].

reasonable: p’isol k’op [measured word].

reasonableness: tojol k’op [straight word].

reasoning: enigmatic reasoning: lut’ilanbil k’op [basted words].
make a muddle of reasoning: lut’lut’-k’opoj [speak and jump about].

recant: valak pat k’opoj [speak backwards], valak-patij ti‘ [have one’s lips or mouth go backwards].

reclaim: cha‘-k’opoj [speak twice], cha‘-likes k’op [reintroduce word].

reply: ‘al ti‘ [have one’s lips or mouth say], sutejes k’op [return one’s words].

report: mel k’op [line up words], meltzan k’op [make or arrange words], meltzanel k’op [arrangement of words], ta‘an k’op [lay down words].
report news to: jam ta chikin [open one’s ears].
report that one has heard: chikin [ear].

resemblance: nop-k’op [thought up word].

reserved: be a reserved person: ‘o‘Iol k’opoj [speak one half].

resist: resist as temptations: pajbey k’op [reject word].

respond: respond to enigmatic questions or signs: lok’es k’op [take out words].
respond to riddles or signs: nop k’op [think up words].

response: response to enigmatic questions or signs: tzatzal k’op [strong words].

riddle: nopbil k’op [thought up word].

ridicule: jolom-k’optay [speak against with the skull], lob-k’optay [speak against maliciously].

saying: witty saying: ‘utzil lo‘lo k’op [good amusing words].

scold: tzatzal-tzitz [warn strongly], tzatzal-k‘opon [speak strongly].

scorn: chakanol k’op [word of detestation], ti‘ol k’op [word of hatred].

scrutinizer: jjak’-k’op [word-asker].

secret: muktal k’op [buried word], mukul k’op [buried word].

secretary: jchabi muktal k’op [guard of buried words or secrets].

sensitive: be sensitive: toj ‘a‘i [feel so much].

sentence: lajesbey k’oplal [end the talk of].
(legal): lajeb k’op [end of words].

sermon: chanantasvanab k’op [instructive words].
theme of a sermon: likeb k’op [beginning words].

simoniac: jchon k’op dios [seller of the word of God].

simplicity: mu cha‘-lomal k’opuk [not of two time words].

slander: puk-‘a‘yejlal [spreading of stories], puk-k’op [spreading of words].

speak: speak confusedly: sokol ti‘ k’opoj [speak with confused lips or mouth].
speak deceitfully: chibal-k’opoj [speak twice].
speak doubtfully: sa‘al ‘olonton k’opoj [speak with searching heart].
speak elegantly: tekpan-k’opoj [speak as a prince].
speak eloquently: ‘ajval-k’opoj [speak as a lord].
speak figuratively: ta na‘-tza k’op k’opoj [speak with imagined words].
speak foully or dishonestly: tz’i‘tz’i‘-k’opoj [speak currishly].
speak impatiently or in a fit of temper: ‘ip k’ak’al k’opoj [speak with much heat].
speak with doubt: chib ‘olonton k’opoj [speak with two hearts].
speak wittily: muil lo‘lo k’opoj [speak fragrantly and amusingly].

speaker: jk’op [he of words], jk’opojel [he of words].
haughty speaker jtoy bail k’op [he of self-raising words].
speaker of vain things: jma‘ ba k’op [he of vain words].

speech: be confused in one’s speech: sa‘ k’op [search for words].

straightforwardness: tojol k’op [straight words].

stubborn: stubborn person: jma‘ ba k’op [he of vain words].

student: jchan-k’op [learner of words].

stupid: naka k’op [just words].

stupidity: pek’ail k’op [stupid or incompetent words].

subtle: muk’ k’op [big words].

suspect: k’opoj ‘olonton [have one’s heart speak].

swear: tij ta ‘alel bi dios [strike by saying or mention God’s name].

talk: deceitful talk: cha‘-lom k’op [two time talk], chibal k’op [double talk].
enigmatic talk: mochilanbil k’op [knotted word].
harsh talk: k’ak’al k’op [hot word].

tattle: jotz’-k’optay [drag out and speak against], joyjoy-k’optay [speak around and against], lob-k’optay [speak against maliciously].

temptation: *‘aal k’op [sinful or tempting words].
resist temptations: ‘ilan k’op [deny words].

testify: testify falsely against person: nap’anbey k’op [stick words on].

think: think well of: ta ‘utzil k’op nop [think good words].

traitor: *j‘aal-k’op [he of tempting words], jcha‘ lom k’op [he of two time talk], jjotz’-k’op [word-dragger].

translated: ch’ambil [received], sutesbil [returned].

trick: jotz’-k’op [word-dragging].

trust: trust a person: muk’ta-yebey k’op [display greatly or make provision of one’s words].

truth: speak the truth: be k’opoj [speak the path].

wheedler: jtas-k’op [he who drags out words].

will: k’op ‘olonton [word of one’s heart].

word: carry out one’s word: na‘ k’op [remember one’s word].
enigmatic words: lut’ilanbil k’op [basted words].
person who speaks empty words: cha‘-ti‘il vinik [he of two mouths or lips].

15. Loan words

15.A. Spanish

15.A.1. Religion

acolyte: jtak’beyej-misa.

altar: altar.
altar forehangings: tzatzajel altar, frontal.

angel: angel.
angel’s salute of the Virgin Mary: k’oponabil Santa Maria ‘u‘un Angel.

anoint: ju‘ aceite, ju‘bey aceite ta bek’tal.

apostate: jpajel ta ch’uunel dios.

baptism: bautismo.

belfry: na campana.

belief: belief in God: ch’uunel dios.

bell: campana.
ring a bell: sobtiksobtik tij campana, ta tijel tijulan campana, tij campana.

bishop: obispo.
deputy bishop: jlok’tay-obispo.

blaspheme: ‘ut dios, ‘ut santo.

blasphemer: j‘ut-dios, jkola‘al ‘al dios.

candlestick: kajleb candela.

censer: ‘av ‘incienso, ‘av castillan pom, jomal ‘av castillan pom.

choir: coro.

Christmas: k’in navidad, k’in pascua, navidad, pascua, vinkilayel pascua.

church: iglesia, na dios.

ciborium: na lomajebal sacramento, nak’obil Sacramento.

confession: confesion.
take confession: pas confesion.

confirmation: confirmacion.

cross: cruz.
arm of the cross: manga de cruz.

crucify: baj ta cruz.

curse: ‘ut dios, ‘ut santo.

divinity: diosil.

Easter: kuxel pascua, muk’ pascua, pascua.

episcopal: ‘u‘un obispo, lekoj obispo.

faith: one of the articles of the faith: ch’uunel dios.

fast: ayuno, pas ayuno.
compulsory Lenten fast: tzajal ch’abajel ta cuaresmatik.

forsake: forsake God: ‘iktay dios, paj ta ch’uunel dios, ti‘oltay dios.

friar: dominico, padre.

God: dios.
follow God’s commands or persevere in that effort: batz’itay chabiel k’op dios, batz’itay pasel k’op dios.
remember God frequently: tamtamuk dios ta ‘olonton.

god: false god: patol dios.

godmother: baptismal godmother: me‘ ta *a‘al dios, me‘il ta bautismo.

grace: endowed with grace: ‘ep gracia.

graduate: (priest): lik ‘u‘un sacerdoteal.
graduate from priestly order: ‘ich’ padreil.

greeting: angel’s greeting: tzamesvanej Angel.
greeting of the Virgin by the angel: tzamesel jalal xeptik ‘u‘un Angel.

holy: holy orders: sacerdoteil.
take holy orders: ‘och ta padre, ‘och ta sacerdote, pas ba ta padre.

host: sacramento.

incense: castillan pom, incienso.

indulgence: concession of plenary indulgence: jubileo.

kin: ritual kin of baptism: chi‘il ta ‘a‘al dios.
ritual kin of baptism or confirmation: chi‘il ta na dios.
ritual kin of confirmation: chi‘il ta confirmacion.

learn: learn the doctrine: chan k’op dios.

legate: papal legate: ‘abat papa, k’exol sancto padre, lok’ob-bail sancto padre, lok’ol papa.

legation: papal legation: jk’ubill k’op santo padre.

Lent: cuaresma.

litany: ‘aptayabil kotol sanctoetik, letania.

lover: lover of God: jjalal ‘il dios.

martyrdom: ‘ilel vokol ‘u‘un dios, tzamesel ‘u‘un dios cham, yaijesel ‘u‘un dios.

Mass: misa.
celebrate Mass: pas misa.
charge fee for the Mass: ‘ak’ pakobil misa, pas altar.

matins: maitines.

missal: misal, Hun misa.

mitre: tzatzajel jol obispo, mitra.

monastery: monasterio, na padre.

monk: padre.

novice: ‘ach’ padre.

ordain: pas ta padre, pas ta sacerdote.

ordained: be ordained: ‘ich’ padreil, ‘ich’ sacerdoteil, pas ba ta padre, pas ta padre, pasey ta padre.

pagan: Ha‘ te mo batz’i diosuk chu’unane.

paradise: paraiso.

paschal: pascuail, ta pascuatik ‘ayan, ta pascuatik lok’.

paten: patena.

penance: penitencia.

pope: papa, sancto padre, santo padre.

pray: pray to God: ‘aptay dios, ‘ik’ dios, k’opon dios.

prelate: ‘ojov padre, ‘ojov ta padreil, ba padre, jchabiomal-padre.

priest: padre, sacerdote.

procession: procesion.

prophet: profeta.
false prophet: jpak’tayej-profeta.

purgatory: purgatorio.

relic: relic of saint: komenal santo.

reliquary: nak’obil ch’uul komenal santo.

renounce: renounce one’s religion: ‘iktay ch’uunel dios, ‘iktay dios.

respect: respect God: tzames dios.

revelation: divine revelation: jamvanej dios, tamvanej dios.
have a revelation: na‘ ta jambeyel ta ‘olonton ‘u‘un dios, na‘ ta tambeyel ta ‘olonton ‘u‘un dios, tambeat ‘u‘un dios.
known by revelation: jambeat ‘u‘un dios.

revere: revere God: tzames dios.

sacraments: sacramento.

sacrilege: commit a sacrilege: nak bel na dios.
commit a sacrilege (by stealing from the church): ‘elk’an bel na dios.

sacrilegious: be sacrilegious: mo ch’uun lum dios, mo ch’uun na dios.

sacristy: tzatzajeb padre, chabiabil bel na dios, nak’obil bel na dios, sachrisda.

saint: sancto, santo.

simoniac: jchon k’op dios, jchon patan dios.

simony: chonel patan dios, chonel sacramento, manel patan dios, simonia.

study: study of the doctrine: chanel k’op dios.

swear: ‘al bi dios, tij ta ‘alel bi dios.
swear to God: Hap ti‘il.
swear while making sign of the cross: p’is cruz.

tomb: tumba.

trust: trust in God: jok’an ba ta tojol dios, k’uban ba ta tojol dios, mak ba ta tojol dios.

trusting: trusting in God: jok’ol ta tojol dios.

unfaithfulness: mo ch’uuneluk dios.

vicar: vicar general: provisor.

wall: church wall: ch’ub na dios.

water: holy water: ‘a‘al dios.

15.A.2. Political, judicial, commercial, literary

alcalde: alcalde.
deputy alcalde: jch’am-alcalde, jlok’tay-alcalde.

banner: bandera.

Chamula: San Juan.

Chenalho: San Pedro.

dot: (over a letter): punto.

France: Francia.

free: free person from his oath: ch’aybey k’op juramento.

gallows: picota.

glue: castillan chak.

grammar: chanob latin k’op.

harsh: harsh judge: tzatzal juez.

inscription: letratik.

judge: juez.

king: rey.

Latin: latin.

letter: (of the alphabet): letra.

litigant: j‘al-k’op ta tz’el juez.

litigate: ‘ak’ k’op ta tz’el juez, Hu‘ k’op ‘u‘un ta tz’elel juez.

oath: juramento.
make person swear an oath: ‘ak’ pas juramento.
make person swear an oath as creditor does to debtor who refuses to pay: naka no ‘ox ‘ich’ juramentu.

paste: castillan chak.

patriarch: patriarca.

pillory: picota.

respect: respect the king: tzames rey.

revere: revere the king: tzames rey.

sign: tz’ibay firma, pas firma.

signature: firma.

Spaniard: ta Castilla na.

Spanish: Spanish language: castillan k’op.
translate into Spanish: sutejes ta castillan k’op, sutes ta castillan k’op.

stamp: sello.

store: tienda.

storekeeper: jchabi-tienda.

study: study of Spanish: chanob castillan k’op.

swear: pas juramento.
swear in vain: bet’ juramento.

testify: va‘an ba ta testigo.

tilde: tilde.

viceroy: k’exol rey, lok’ob-ba rey, virrey.

will: tz’akubtasel testamento, testamento.
make a will: pas testamento.

witness: testigo.
testify as a witness: pas ba ta testigo.
witness’ testimony: k’op testigo.

15.A.3. Day, month, season, measures, currency

coin: tomin.
copper coin (quarter): ‘ek’el tomin.
gold coin: k’anal tak’in tomin.
silver coin: batz’i tomin.

flour: wheat flour castillan ch’ilim.

Friday: cha‘ej xa ‘oy domingo, viernes.

half: medio.
half a pound: ‘o‘lol libra.

March: ‘u marzo, marzo.
referring to March: marzoil.

money: forge money: p’is ta tomin.

money-maker: jpas-tomin, jten-tomin.

October: ‘u octubre, octubre.

peso: peso.

pound: libra.
half a pound: jechel libra, medio libra.

ream: resma.

Saturday: ‘ok’ob xa ‘oy domingo, sabado.

September: setiembre.

silver: plata.
mark (silver weight of eight ounces): marco de plata.

Sunday: domingo.
referring to Sunday: domingoil.

Tuesday: chabjey ‘oy ‘ech’ domingo, martes.

two: two and a half pounds: ‘o‘lol ‘oxib libra.

week: semana, Huk-k’in jun domingo.

weight: one hundred weight: chanib arroba, quintal, weight for scales: p’isobil peso, tak’in peso, weight of twenty-five pounds: arroba.

yard: vara.

15.A.4. Cloth, clothing, jewelry

cloak: capa.

coat: large wide coat without buttons: sayo.

doublet: jubon.
doublet maker: jtz’is-jubon, jpas-jubon.

hat: sombrero.

headdress: woman’s headdress: toca.

hood: put on one’s hood: ‘ak’ pano, pas pano.
woman’s hood: toca.

linen: castillan nok’, castillan pok’.

needle: aguja.
thread a needle: lap no ta aguja.

rag: rag dealer: jchon-pano.

ruby: rubi.

scissors: tijeras.

shirt: camisa.
neck of shirt: nuk’ camisa.

silk: ch’ulul seda, seda, sirgo.
black silk: ‘ik’al seda.
silk twist: ch’ajnuybil seda.

silkworm: ‘om seda.

string: string of beads: j-choj cuentas, j-jil cuentas.

velvet: terciopelo.

15.A.5. Furniture and household utensils

bench: banco.

bottle: vinegar bottle: ‘av vinagre.

bowl: escudilla.

candle: candela.

candlestick: candelero, kajanab candela, kajleb candela, kuxanab candela, kuxanabil candela.

chair: silla.

chest: caja.

clock: reloj.

cup: taza.
glazed cup: ch’ulul taza.

dish: plato.

dishcloth: suk’ob plato, suk’obil escudilla, suk’obil plato.

jug: wine jug: lupobil vino.

lamp: lampara.

lantern: ‘av candela, na candela.

padlock: (for chest): makobil caja.

phial: redoma.

platter: platel.

razor: navaja.

snuff: candle snuff: ‘ak’lel candela.

table: mesa.
dinner table: ve‘ebal mesa.

tablecloth: but’iabil mesa, manteles.

taper: large taper with four wicks: tz’otbil candela, muk’ta candela.

trim: trim a wick: lok’esbey ‘ak’lel candela.

wick: candle wick: naul candela.

15.A.6. Musical instruments, games, and toys

ball: bowling ball: bola.

bowl: ten bola.

dagger: puñal.

fence: esgrimir.

joust: xen ba ta pat caballo ta tajimol, xen-bail ta pat caballo.

lute: castillan vob.

monochord: monocordio.

sackbut: (medieval trombone): sacabilche.

tilt: ten ba ta pat caballo.
thrown in a tilt: tenbil ta pat caballo.

top: playing top: trompa.
whip top: trompo.

trumpet: trompeta.
blow a trumpet: ‘ok’es trompeta.
end of a trumpet: ti‘ trompeta.

trumpeter: jpas-trompeta, jHupanej-trompeta.

15.A.7. Weapons and ships

crossbow: vallesta.

galley: yabutinab castillan jom.

ship: castillan jom.

sword: espada.

15.A.8. Construction, architecture

angle: right angle: escuadra.

ax: hacha.
two-bladed ax: cha‘-jech ‘e hacha.

bridge: brick or stone bridge: castillan k’o.

crossbar: makobil puerta.

door: puerta.

file: lima.

grate: (term now used): reja, verja.

hammer: maj ta martillo, martillo, tij ta martillo.

hatchet: iron hatchet: castillan ‘ek’el.

lathe: torno.
shaped on a lathe: joch’bil ta torno.
turn on a lathe: joch’ te‘ ta torno.

level: ch’ak nivel ‘u‘un, nivel.

leveled: be leveled: ‘och nivel ‘u‘un.

nail: clavo.

peg: wooden peg: clavos te‘.

pliers: tasob clavos, tasobil clavos.

ruler: regla.

15.A.9. Animals, animal husbandry, animal products

bacon: tocino.
bacon fat: ‘it’it’ul tocino, lam tocino.

bag: blacksmith’s tool bag: josobil ‘ich’ak caballo.

beef: beef fat: k’an-‘ixmal vacas, manteca vacas.

bell: cattle bell: natil campana, natnat campana.

brand: chik’ob caballo.

bridle: ‘ak’ freno, ‘ak’bey freno, ‘otes freno.

bridled: ‘ak’ebil freno.
be bridled: ‘och freno.

bull: xinch’okil vakax.
ferocious bull: k’ak’al vacas.
young bull: kelem vacas.
young bull or ox: ‘ach’ vacas.

cartwheel: setet te‘ carreta.

cat: gato, misto.

cattle: vacas.
herd of cattle: j-tek tzobbilej vacas.

cheese: queso.
fresh cheese: yaxal queso.

chicken: castillan tuluk’.

colt: ‘ol caballo, ch’iom caballo.

comb: curry comb: almohasa.

cow: vacas.
cow barn: na vacas.
ferocious cow: k’ak’al vacas.

cowherd: jchabi-vacas.

donkey: asna.
young donkey: ‘ol asna.

driver: oxcart driver: jchabi-vacas, jva‘anej-vacas, jva‘antasej-vacas chi‘uk setet te‘.

drove: ‘ikatzinom caballo, ‘ikatznom caballo.

duck: castillan ‘umum, patox.

elephant: elefante chij.

fertilize: ‘ak’ tzo‘ caballo, ‘och ‘u‘un tzo‘ caballo.

fetters: (horse, mule): chukobil caballo.

filly: tzeb caballo.

flock: flock of horses: ‘epal caballo.

goose: castillan ‘umum, castillan vinik pato.

heifer: ‘ol vacas, bik’tal vacas.

hoof: hoof parer: tak’in jotz’obil voy caballo.

horse: caballo.
angry horse (that bares its teeth): k’ak’al caballo.
small horse: bik’tal caballo.
strong horse: yijil caballo.

horseback: ride horseback: ta pat caballo xanav.

horsehair: tzotzilal caballo.

ivory: ‘e elefante chij.

jaguar: onza.

lard: manteca.

mare: ‘antzil caballo.

milk: leche.

mule: mula.

muleteer: jchabi ‘ikatzinom caballo, jchabi xanvil caballo.

nightingale: ruiseñor.

ox: young ox: kelem vacas.

penis: bull penis: ‘at xinch’ok vacas.

plowed: extent of ground plowed by one yoke of oxen in a day: chabajeb j-choj vacas ta jun k’ak’al.

pony: kelem caballo.

rasher: rasher of bacon: j-jov tocino.

reins: ‘ak’il freno, nukul freno, rienda.

restless: restless horse: jbak’el-caballo.

saddle: ‘ak’ silla, ‘otesbey silla, naklebal ta pat caballo, silla.
(with packsaddle): ‘ak’ xalma, ‘och ‘u‘un xalma.
packsaddle: enjalma, xalma.

saddled: ‘ak’ebil silla.
be saddled: ‘oy silla.

saddlemaker: jpas silla caballo.

sausage: longaniza.

sheep: carneros.

slice: slice of bacon: j-jis tocino, j-jov tocino, j-p’as tocino.

spur: espuela, julobil caballo.

stable: lo‘bajeb caballo, na caballo, vayeb caballo.

stallion: mulav caballo, nich’naj caballo.
breeding stallion: mulav caballo, nich’naj caballo.
horse that takes mares: japivan caballo.

stirrup: estribo.

tame: tame a horse: ch’anantas caballo.

trappings: horse trappings: tzatzajel caballo, k ‘u‘ caballo.

yoke: two yokes of oxen: cha‘-choj vacas.

15.A.10. Plants, food and drink derived from plants

apple: castillan potov.
apple orchard: castillan potovtik.

bean: broad bean: castillan chenek’.
broad bean field: chabal castillan chenek’.

bran: sol castillan ‘ixim.

bread: barley bread: cebada vaj.
wheat bread: castillan vaj.

cabbage: coles.
cabbage stock: te‘el coles.
head: baloj ba coles.

dough: wheat dough: tzeel castillan vaj.

dregs: tzo‘ vino, lajeb vino, pajbenal vino.

fig: higos.
candied fig: matz’ubtasbil higo, panbil higo, poxtaybil higo, takijesbil higo.

garlic: ajos.

jasmine: jazmin.

leaf: cabbage leaf: ‘anal coles.
lettuce leaf: ‘anal lechuga.

leek: castillan tuix, puerro.

lentil: castillan chenek’, castillan pech’pech’.

lettuce: lechuga.
lettuce leaf (counting): j-lik ‘anal lechuga.
young lettuce: ‘alab lechuga, bik’tal lechuga.

lily: pech’e-‘ok castillan nichim.

linseed: bek’ lino, sat lino.

melon: castillan ch’um.
melon patch: castillan ch’umtik, chabal castillan ch’um.

mill: mill wheel: rodezno.

mint: castillan tuil nichim.

mulberry: castillan makum.

mustard: mostaza.
mustard sauce: juch’bil mostaza.

oil: aceite.

olive: aceituna.
olive tree: te‘el aceite.

orange: naranjas.
orange peel or rind: pat naranja.
orange tree: naranjo, te‘el naranjas.

parsley: perejil.
parsley sauce: juch’bil perejil.

peach: durasnos.
peach preserve: pamal durasnos.

pear: peras.
pear tree: peras, te‘el peras.

pepper: castillan ‘ich, especies.

piñon: castillan toj.
piñon nut: lo‘balal castillan toj.

pomegranate: castillan makum, granada.

quince: pomegranate tree: granado.
membrillo.
quince preserve: pamal membrillos.
quince tree: te‘el membrillo.
quinces baked under the ashes: muk-tanibil membrillo.

rhubarb: ruibarbo.

rose: nich rosa, rosa.
rose honey: pamal rosa.

rosemary: romero.

rue: ruda.

spice: castillan ‘ich.

spongy: spongy quince: pok’ol membrillo.

string: (garlic): j-jil ajos.

taffy: melcocha.

taffy-seller: melcochero.

turnip: nabo.
long turnip: juljul nabo.
round turnip: volvol nabo.

vinegar: pajal vino, vinagre.

walnut: nuez.
sauce made of pounded walnuts and spice: juch’bil nueces, p’uyum nueces.

wheat: castillan ‘ixim.
wheat chaff: baklel castillan ‘ixim.
wheat chaff (small): jojoch’ castillan ‘ixim.
wheat tassel: vajton castillan ‘ixim.

wine: vino.
pure wine: tzeel vino.

15.A.11. Agricultural tools

ax: hacha.
two-bladed ax: cha‘-jech ‘e hacha.

press: olive oil press: juch’obil aceituna.

sickle: hoz.

sieve: wheat sieve: chichinabil castillan ‘ixim.

spoke: rayo.

yoke: chukob vacas, chukobil vacas.
(for oxen): yugo.

15.B. Nahuad

adobe: xamitl.

breach: ch’ojolil tenam ton.

brick: ‘otes chik’bil xamid, bik’tal ch’ubil xamitl, tzajal xamitl.
brick maker: jpat-xamitl.

brick works: patobil chik’bil xamitl, putvanab chik’bil xamitl.

floor: brick floor: lamanbil xamit ta lumtik, melbil chik’bil xamitl.
lay a brick floor: ‘ak’ chik’bil xamitl ta lumtik, chol chik’bil xamitl, laman xamitl.

generosity: tekpanijel, tekpanil.

generous: tekpan.
generous person: tekpan vinik, tekpanil vinik.

gentleman: tekpan vinik.

gift: tekpanil.

mason: (adobe-layer): jtz’al-xamitl.

mold: mold for tiles, bricks, etc.: patobil xamit.

nobility: tekpanil.

palace: royal palace: na tekpan.

partition: xamital *pok’omtik.

roof: tile roof: xamital jol na.

speak: speak elegantly: tekpan-k’opoj.
speak eloquently: tekpanil-k’opoj.

speech: elegant speech: tekpan k’op.

stockade: tenam te‘.

tile: piece of tile: vok’olil xamitl.
roof tile: chik’bil jomal xamitl, jomal xamitl.
tile maker: jpat-xamitl.

tile works: na xamitl, patob xamitl.

town: walled town: tenam-tonibil j-tek lum.

wall: adobe wall: xamital ch’ub.
town wall: tenam ton.

15.C. Yucatec

adversity: kisin.

anguished: be anguished by sickness or loss: kisnaj.

augury: pixanil.

day: by day: ta tumuchultik.

daytime: in the daytime: ta k’ak’altik.

devil: kisin.

enrich: ‘ayik’lejes, ‘ayik’leltas.

enriched: ‘ayik’lejesbil.

enrichment: ‘ayik’lejel.

exhausted: be exhausted by: kisnan.

exhaustion: kisin.

matins: tumuch ‘ak’abal ch’uivej.

midnight: tumuch ‘ak’abal.

loon: tumuch k’ak’al.

property: ‘ayik’lelil.

rich: ‘ayik’al, ‘ayik’aletik.
grow rich: ‘ayik’lej.
rich man: ‘ayik’al chabjom.

soul: pixanil.

torment: kisnajes.

trader: rich trader: ‘ayik’al xanvil.

wealth: ‘ayik’lelil.

15.D. Proto-Mixe-Zoque

apple: castillan potov.

16. Emotion, values, concepts of human nature

16.A. Goodness, virtue, charity

aid: aid the poor or miserable: ‘aboltay, koltay, yain.
come to the aid of: tal.

alms: give alms: ‘abolaj, ‘abolan, ‘aboltay, ‘abol-tayvan.
give alms to: ‘ak’bey ‘aboltayel.

alms-giver: j‘abolajel, j‘aboltayvanej.

benefactor: j‘utzil-pasvanej.

benign: be benign: k’uxubin.
benign person: jk’uxubinvanej.

benignity: k’uxubin vanej.

big-hearted: muk’ ‘olonton.
big-hearted person: jmuk’ul-‘olonton.

big-heartedness: muk’ta ‘olonton.

change: change one’s ways: k’ex, k’ex ba.

charitable: charitable person: j‘aboltayvanej.

charity: do charity: ‘aboltay.

chaste: be chaste: ‘utz chabi bek’tal.
chaste woman: pokbil xanav ‘antz, t’ujum xanav ‘antz.

chastity: pokbil xanbal, t’ujum xanbal.

clemency: ‘aboltayvanej, k’uxubinvanej, laanejel.

comfort: patbey ‘olonton.

compassion: k’uxubinvanej.

conscience: act in good conscience: jok’an ta ch’ulel.

consolation: ‘et’esab ‘osil, ch’ubayel ‘olonton, laanejesabil, patel ‘olonton.
consolation in one’s grief: laanejesabil me‘anajel.

console: ch’ubay, ch’ubay ‘olontonil, pat ‘olontonil, patbey ‘olonton.

consoler: jch ’ ubayej-‘ olontonil, jpat-‘olontonil.

converted: be converted (from sinful ways): Hul ‘olonton.

crying: be worth crying over: tojol ‘aboltay, tojol ‘oy ‘ok’etayuk, tojol vokoltas.

deed: pasnej.
(as when we say, ‘a good deed*): pasojel.

distinguished: jelel, p’ilil ba.

downbeaten: raise the downbeaten: toyes.

ease: sabilbes, sabilbtas, yamajes.

evil: obstruct evil: tojobtas.

example: person who sets an example: jchanvanej, jk’eluyan.
set an example: ‘ak’ ba ta k’el vinik.

exemplar: jtz’ak-patian, jtz’ak-pativanej.

fair: fair person: toj jmeltzajesvanej, toj jtojobesvanej.

faithful: faithful person: ‘utzil vinik, jch’uunvanej, tojol vinik.

faithfully: ‘utz.
act faithfully: ‘utz pas.

faithfulness: ‘utzil, batz’il.

family: have a good family: ‘utz ta nail, ‘utz te vinik chi‘il ta naklej, ‘utz te vinik chi‘uk ta naklej, ‘utz te vinik junjun na chi‘uk.

favor: ‘aboltay, ‘aboltayel.

favorably: be favorably disposed to: ta tojol bat ‘olonton.

fine: batz’i, batz’i ‘utz.
be fine: ‘utz ‘oy.

fitting: lek ‘oy, nup ‘oy.

frank: frank person: ‘utzil vinik, j‘aboltayvanej, tojol vinik.

frankness: ‘atil.

generosity: tekpanijel, tekpanil.

generous: mo k’usi jol ‘u‘un, tekpan.
be generous: mo k’usi jalan.
generous person: ‘atil vinik, tekpan vinik, tekpanil vinik.

gentleman: tekpan vinik.

gladden: ‘utzibes, ‘utzibtas, muibes, t’ujumajes.

good: ‘utz, patel ‘olonton, patob ‘utz.
be especially good: toj ‘utz tuk, toyol tuk ta ‘utzil.
be on good terms with: laal ‘il ba, laal ‘il ba chi‘uk, laal ‘utzil k’opoj, laal k’opon ba.
become good: ‘utzib, ‘utzin.
do good: ‘aboltay, ‘aboltayvan, ‘utz pas, ‘utzil-pas, vokoltasvan.
do good or merciful acts: vokoltas.
especially good: jelel tuk, toj ‘utz.
good deed: ‘utzil pasvanej.
live a good life: ch’uun ba.
make good: ‘utzibes, ‘utzibtas.
moderately good: ‘utz’‘utz’ nopbil, tzakbil ta ‘utz’il.
not very good: yalul ‘utz’.

goodness: ‘utzil, ‘utzilal.

grace: ‘utzibel, ‘utzil.
endowed with grace: ‘ep ‘utzil, ‘ep gracia.

grateful: be grateful: na‘ ‘aboltayel, vokoltasel ‘a‘i.
be grateful to: na‘el ‘u‘un.

gratitude: na‘el ‘aboltayvanej.

holy: holy person: ‘utz‘utz vinik.

honorable: be honorable: tojol ‘oy.

ingenuous: tojol.

innocent: mo ‘oyuk kola‘al, mo ‘oyuk mul, mo k’usi kola‘al.
be innocent: ‘utz ‘olonton.
innocent person: j‘utzil-‘olonton, tzeel vinik.

just: ‘utz, toj jmeltzajesvanej.
just person: toj jtojobesvanej.

justifiable: ‘oy belel.

justly: ‘oy be, tojol ‘oy.

kindness: ‘aboltayvanej.

lady: honest lady: xep.

legitimate: batz’i lekoj, toj lekoj.

leniency: ‘abolajel, ‘aboltayvanej.

liberal: mo k’usi jol ‘u‘un.
liberal person: ‘atil vinik, j‘aboltayvanej.

life: regulate one’s life: meltzajes xanbal, tojobtas pasnej.

magnanimity: muk’ta ‘olonton.

magnanimous: muk’ ‘olonton.
magnanimous person: jtzatzal-‘olonton, jmuk’ul-‘olonton.

merciful: be merciful: ‘abolaj, k’uxubin, laanej.
do merciful acts: ‘aboltay, ‘aboltayvan, vokoltasvan.
merciful person: j‘aboltayvanej, jk’uxubin-vanej, jvokoltasvanej.
order of merciful acts that the Audience performs: lok‘eb ‘aboltayeb Hun.

mercy: ‘abolajel, ‘aboltayel, ‘aboltayvanej, vokol.
have mercy: k’uxubinvan.
mercy one receives: k’uxubinel, vokoltasel.

merit: tojel, tojolil.

noble: noble person: ‘utzil vinik.

opportunity: provide the opportunity: kajes, likes, t’abes.

pardon: ch’aybey, ch’aybey kola‘al, ch’aybey mul, ch’ayel, lajes.

pity: chamolaj, chamolan, tup’olaj, tup’olan, vokol, vokol ‘al ‘a‘i.

: be moved to pity: ‘unenay, k’unij.
pity one feels: k’uxubinvanej.
pity one receives: k’uxubinel, yail, yainel.
take pity on: ‘abolaj, ‘aboltay, k’uxubin, vokol ‘al, vokol ‘albey, vokoltas, ya ‘a‘i, yain.

please: ‘ak’ muibuk, ‘utz ‘a‘i ‘u‘un, ‘utzibtas, k’uxubes, k’uxubesbey ‘olonton, k’uxubtas, lok’esbey ‘olonton, mu ‘osil chi ‘u‘un, muibes, muibtas, muibtasbey ‘olonton, t’ujum chi ‘u‘un.

pleased: be pleased: ‘utz ‘a‘i, ‘utz ‘il, ‘utzib, mu ‘osil ‘a‘i, nop ‘a‘i.
be pleased by: ‘utz chi ‘u‘un.

pleasing: mu.

pleasurable: toj ‘utz.

pleasure: ‘utzibel, ‘utzil, muibel, muil.

poor: aid the poor in their needs: yain.

: lift up the poor or downcast: p’iles.
raise the poor: toyes.

proper: lek ‘oy, nup ‘oy. be proper: tojol ‘oy.

protect: koles.

protege: be the protege of a lord: jalaltasbil, jalaltaybil.

provide: ‘elmajes, vinajes.
provide clothes, food and lodging: mak’lin.
provide for: tz’akubtas.
provide for person in want: makbey me‘anal.

provider: j‘ayanajesvanej, j‘elmajesvanej.

pure: batz’i, tzeel, kuxul, toj t’ujum.

purely: batz’i t’abel, batz’i t’abeluk, kuxluk, kuxul.

purity: batz’il, kuxlej, ta ‘olonton.

recommend: k’oponbey.

reform: sutejes xanbal, sutel ‘olontonil, ta tojol ‘u‘un, tojob, tojobes, tojobtas.

reformed: sutesbil xanbal, tojobtasbil.
be reformed: tojob.

rescue: koles, koltay.
rescue of oneself: kolesel.

rescuer: jkolesvanej, jkoltayvanej.

resist: resist as temptations: pajbey k’op.

right: ‘ibel, melel, meleluk, tojol, tojoluk.
be right: tojol ‘oy.

save: koles.

solace: lo‘il, lo‘ilajel, maxil, maxilajel.

solemn: toj labajel.
be solemn: labaney.

solemnity: labanel.

solicitous: be solicitous: ‘ak’ ‘olonton, bak’ ‘olonton, makal ‘a‘i.
solicitous person: *j‘akan-‘ol, jsabajel.

solicitude: mak’linel.

suffer: (allowing others to be saved as when the Innocents died instead of the Christians): maki ya.

suitable: lek ‘oy.
consider if suitable: ‘ich’ tza.

sympathize: chamolaj, chamolan, tup’olaj, tup’olan.

talk: holy or modest talk: ‘ utzil k’op.

temptation: resist temptations: ‘ilan tzitzo‘.

thank: na‘ ‘aboltayel, na‘ ‘aboltayvanej, na‘bey ‘aboltayel ‘u‘un, na‘bey ‘aboltayvanej.

thankful: be thankful: na‘ ‘aboltayvanej.

thoughtful: thoughtful person: jtzaijel.

virtue: ‘utzil, ‘utzil ‘olonton, ‘utzil xanbal.

virtuous: virtuous person: j‘utzibtasvanej, melel vinik, tojol vinik.

virtuously: live virtuously: t’ujum-xanav.

virtuousness: tojol ‘olonton.

worthily: ‘oy be, koj ‘oy, tojol ‘oy.

worthy: jaka jol, jol.
be worthy: ‘ep tojol, ‘ip jalal, tojol ‘oy.
worthy person: ‘utzil vinik, jalal vinik, tojol vinik.

16.B. Happiness

bliss: ‘utzibel.

content: ‘ak’ ta‘aluk ‘a‘i, ‘ak’ ta‘aluk ‘oy ‘a‘i, ta‘al ‘oy ’a‘i ‘u‘un.

: be content: ta‘al ‘oy ‘a‘i.

delight: ‘utzil, mu ‘osil chi ‘u‘un, muibel, muil.
bring delight to: muibes, muibtas.
delight in: muib, muib ‘osil ‘a‘i.
take delight in: ‘utzib, tzatzub, nichimaj, nichimaj ‘osil *a‘i.

delighted: be delighted: mu ‘osil ‘a‘i.

divert: ‘ak’ maxilajuk, ‘ak’ muibuk, ‘et’esbey ‘osil, lo‘iltay, maxiltay.

: divert oneself: ‘ech’ ‘osil ‘u‘un, ‘et’es ‘osil, kol ta lubel, lo‘ilaj, maxilaj.

ease: muibel, sabubel.

eating: delight in eating: muib ta tojol.

gladden: ‘utzibes, ‘utzibtas, muibes, t’ujumajes.

happiness: ch’ulel, ch’ulelil.

happy: be happy: ‘il ch’ulel, ‘oy ch’ulel.

hear: hear approvingly or with pleasure: talel ta ‘olonton ‘a‘i.

joy: ‘utzibel, muibel.

joyful: toj mu.

laugh: tze‘ej, tze‘in.
laugh softly: ch’ivet ‘e ta tze‘ej, k’un-tze‘in, levet ‘e ta tze‘ej.

laughter: tze‘inel.

merrily: ‘utz, mu.

merriment: t’ujumajel.

merry: be merry: ‘utzib, lo‘ilaj, maxilaj, muib ‘osil ‘a‘i, nichimaj, tajim.
make merry: bak’es, tajim.

merrymaker: ‘atil vinik, ‘utzil vinik, muil vinik, nichil vinik.

rejoice: ‘utzib, muib, muib ‘osil ‘a‘i, t’ujumaj.

relax: ‘ich’ ‘olonton, ch’an chi, yamaj.

relaxed: machachal.
be relaxed: nakal ‘olonton.

respite: enjoy a respite from sickness or work: k’un-yamaj ‘a‘i, laanlaan ‘a‘i, lamallamal ‘a‘i.
respite from sickness or work: k’un-yamanil. respite from the heat: laanejesabil k’ak’al.

satisfied: be satisfied: ta‘al ‘oy ‘a‘i.

satisfy: ‘ak’ ta‘aluk ‘a‘i, ‘ak’ ta‘aluk ‘oy ‘a‘i, ta‘al ‘oy ‘a‘i ‘u‘un.

saying: witty saying: ‘utzil lo‘lo k’op, lot k’op, muil lo‘lo k’op, na‘al k’op.

smiling: smiling person: jtze‘tzonel, jtze‘ej, jtze‘inel.

sociable: laal ‘atil, laal ‘utzil.
sociable person: ‘atil vinik, ‘utzil vinik.

speak: speak wittily: ‘utzil lo‘lo k’opoj, muil lo‘lo k’opoj.

spirited: *kata.
spirited person: bili-ba, bili-ba vinik.

spiritedly: walk spiritedly: bili-batik xanav, *katatik xanav.

talk: din of mirthful or quarrelsome talk: ch’ijetel.
din of mirthful or quarrelsome talk, discord: kuletel.
make a din with mirthful or quarrelsome talk: ch’ijet, k’ulet.

witty: witty person: j‘utzil lo‘lo k’op, jlo‘lo-k’op, jmuil lo‘lo k’op.

16.C. Intelligence, experience, prudence, merit, luck, success, excellence, diligence, eagerness, determination

ability: pasel, pasel ba.

able: be able: Hu‘, Hu‘ ‘u‘un.

awe-inspiring: be awe-inspiring: ‘oy ‘ik’.

barter: barter well: na‘ k’exel.

best: best in everything: ‘anilal jelavel, ba, ba‘yitajel.

bet: win bet: ‘ale, ‘aleyvan.

better: ‘utz ‘ayan ‘u‘un.
a little better: juteb ‘utz.
be a little better: juteb jelav.

bustle: bustle about: kankonet, voch’vonet.

busy: be too busy: mu Hu‘ ’a‘i.
be too busy (to do something because of disturbances): mo ‘elmaj k’in.
be very busy: ‘ep patan.
keep busy: ‘abtejes, ‘ak’ patan.
state of being busy: patan.

can: Hu‘, Hu‘ ‘u‘un.

care: muk’ta ‘ich’el.

careful: be careful: ‘ak’ ‘olonton, bak’ ‘olonton, muk’ta-‘ich’.

cautious: tzaibil, p’ij.
be cautious: ‘ich’ tza, jik’ abtel, julan xanav.
be cautious (in expectation of the lashing one will receive): jik’majel.
cautious person: jtzainom, julan vinik, p’ijil vinik, vik’il sat vinik.

choose: choose the best: t’uj.

clever: ch’ulum ti‘, p’ij.
be clever: ‘ak’bey tza, ‘oy tza, ‘oy tzaijel, ‘oy p’ijil.
become clever: tzaij, tz’ib ‘olonton, ch’ulum-ti‘ij, p’ijub.
clever person: jtzainom.

cleverness: tza, tzaijel, ch’ulum-ti‘il, p’ijil.

cognizance: tza.

compete: compete with: k’exvan, nak.

confident: jok’ol.
confident person: jjok’anej ba.

correct: (person, writing): tojobes, tojobtas.

corrector: (of unspecified subject): jtojobtasvanej.
corrector of ——: jtojobtasej-——.

deliberation: ch’akel ‘olonton, pasel ‘olonton.

deserve: lekoj ‘oy, tojol ‘oy.

determine: ch’akoj.

diligence: baxbolal.

diligent: baxbol, julan, kuxul.
become diligent: baxbolaj, kux ‘olonton.
diligent person: *j‘akan-‘ol, baxbolal vinik.
treat diligently or prudently: ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton ‘u‘un.

discreet: be discreet: ‘oy tzaitzaibil.
discreet person: jtzainom, jtojol-tzainom.

discretion: tzaijel, p’ijil.

distinguished: jelel, p’ilil ba.

doctor: experienced doctor: jk’otel-poxil, jna‘vanej-poxil.

duty: jamob bail.

eat: eat moderately: ta‘al ‘oy ve‘.

eater: moderate eater: jtojol-ve‘el.

effort: make an effort: ‘ich’ ‘ip.

entertain: entertain taking care to provide all that is needed: chu‘un.

excellent: (person): lek t’ujum, toj ch’ulul ba.

: be excellent (person): toj *‘ulubalal ba.
excellent person: saksak vinik, t’ujum vinik.

exemplar: jtz’ak-patian, jtz’ak-pativanej.

expedite: expedite a matter: tzutzesbey k’oplal.
expedite what has been impeded: tak.

expert: jna‘vanej.

extraordinary: jelel tuk.
be extraordinary: jelav tuk.

famous: ‘a‘ibil, ‘ip ‘ik’ biiltasbil, biinem, na‘bil.
be famous: ‘ip ‘a‘iel, ‘ip ‘a‘yejlal, ‘ip ‘aley, ‘ip na‘el.
become famous: ‘ip na‘ey, japjonet ‘ik’, japluj ‘ik’.
become famous or illustrious: bain.

first: first in rank: ba ta ‘ajvalel.

fitting: lek ‘oy, nup ‘oy.

fix: meltzajes, tojobes, tojobtas.
be able to fix: meltzaj.

foremost: foremost in rank: ba‘yitajel.

fortunate: be fortunate: ‘utzib.

fortune: rise in fortune: toy jol, vik’ sat

game: win game: ‘ale, ‘aleyvan.

genius: na‘vanej.

glorification: ‘utzibtasel, ‘utzibtasvanej, muibtasel, muibtasvanej.

glorified: ‘utzibtasbil, muibtasbil.

glorifier: j‘utzintasvanej, jmuibtasvanej.

glorify: ‘utzibtas, tzatzubes, muibes, muibtas, muk’ubtas, nichimajes, toy.

govern: govern self: tza pas, k’op ‘olonton tuk pas.

honor: ch’uun, ch’uunvan, k’exavel, k’exvan, xi‘, xi‘el, xi‘van, ta ‘olonton, ta ti‘, toy, toyes.
honor that one has: ch’uunvanej.

honored: ‘ep ch’uunat, ch’uunbil, k’exbil, xi‘bil.
be honored: ‘ep xi‘ey, ‘utzib, tzatzub, muib, nichimaj, nichimaj ‘osil ‘a‘i. feel honored: toy el ‘a‘i.
feel honored (as when we say we feel honored to be visited): ch’uunel ‘a‘i.

illustrious: ‘ip ‘ik’.
become illustrious: japjonet ‘ik’, japluj ‘ik’.

improve: ‘utz ‘ayan ‘u‘un.

improved: yamalyamal.

improvement: ‘ik’ti‘il, jelaveb ta ‘utz, p’ilemal ta ‘utzil, vokol, vokolil.

industrious: jna‘vanej, toj ‘utz tza.
industrious person; jtzainom.

industriousness: *‘akan-‘ol ba, tza, tzaijel, mak’linej, na‘vanej.

ingenious: ‘ip tza, p’ij.
ingenious person: jtzainom, jtzaivanej.

intelligence: tza, tzail.

inventor: jtzaijel.

judicious: ‘ip tza, tz’ib ‘olonton, p’ij ‘olonton.
be judicious: ‘utz ‘olonton.
judicious person: j‘a‘ivanej, jtzainom, jna‘vanej.

just: ‘utz, toj jmeltzajesvanej.
just person: toj jtojobesvanej.

knowledge: ‘ojtakinvanej, na‘el, na‘vanej.
knowledge of person: ‘ojtakinel.

lively: *kata.
lively person: bili-ba vinik, *kata vinik, *katail vinik.

luck: good luck: nuptanel ‘utz.
have good luck: nuptan ‘utzil, nuptanbey ‘utzil.
have great luck: ‘ep ‘esomaj ‘u‘un. improve one’s luck: ‘ik’ti‘ij.

lucky: lucky person: j‘esel.
be lucky: ‘il ch’ulel, ‘oy ch’ulel, ‘utz balam, ‘utz ch’ulel, lok’, lok’ ‘oy, nuptan ‘utzil, nuptanbey ‘utzil.

magnificence: muk’tikil, muk’ul.

magnificent: jelel ‘utz, toj ‘utz, toj muk’.

meal: restrain oneself at meals: tojoltojol ve‘.

moderate: be moderate: tza pas, k’op ‘olonton tuk pas.

moderation: laanil.

modesty: behave with modesty and prudence: pas ba, tojob.

nimble: nimble person: baxbolal vinik.

nimble-handed: sobtiksobtik k’ob.

nimble-tongued: sobtiksobtik ‘ok’.

opinion: have a high opinion of oneself: jalal ‘a‘i ba, jalan ba, tuun ‘a‘i ba.

opportunity: take the opportunity: kaj tuk, lik tuk.

pensive: pensive person: ch’anabal vinik.

perfect: t’ujum.

persevere: batz’itay.

persist: bakal-k’opoj, tzatzal-k’opoj, jel-k’opoj, yijil-k’opoj.

persistence: tzatzal k’op, yijil k’op.

power: lekoj, Hu‘el.

: have power over: Hu‘ ‘u‘un.

: power over a person: bet’oj.

powerful: be powerful: toj Hu‘ ‘u‘un, ves, Hu‘ ‘u‘un.
powerful person: jvesej, jvesvanej, jHu‘el.

praise: ‘utz ‘al, ‘utz ‘alvan, ‘utzil ‘alvanej, ‘utzil-‘al, ‘utzil-‘alvan, pak, toy.

praised: praise directed towards person: ‘utzil ‘alel. ‘utz ‘albil.
be praised: ‘utz ‘a‘ibil, ‘utzil ‘albil.

praiseworthy: ‘utz.
be praiseworthy: ‘utz ‘alcy, ‘utzil-‘aley.

privilege: takiej ‘ojov, Hun ‘ojov.
person who has been granted a privilege: ‘aboltaybil vinik, jchabiej ‘aboltayabil Hun, takibil vinik.

prize: ‘aboltayel.

progress: make progress: batz’itay, tzutz ‘u‘un, laj ‘u‘un, lajes, xik’an, xik’ey.

proper: lek ‘oy, nup ‘oy.
be proper: tojol ‘oy.

prophet: profeta, jti‘iej-k’op, jtoj ti‘iej k’op, jtoj-ti‘iel, jtoj-ti‘ivanej.
(male or female): j‘alal-k’op.

propose: propose willingly: ‘ak’ ‘olonton, ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton, jak’ ta ‘olonton.

prosperous: toj ‘utz, toj nopbil.
be prosperous: ‘oy ch’ulel ta pasel, nopbilnopbil pas.

provision: make provision: makal ‘a‘i, makal ‘aloj, muk’ta-‘ich’van, muk’ta-ye.

prudence: belel tza, belel tzaijel, tza, tojol ‘olonton, tojol tza, tojol tzaijel.

prudent: be prudent at work or in business: *‘akan-‘oltay.
prudent person: j‘at-‘olonton, jbelel-tza, jbelel-tzainom, jtojol-tza, jtojol-tzainom.
treat diligently or prudently: ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton ‘u‘un.

rank: be elevated in rank: muk’ub, toy.
high rank: toyol ‘ak’el, toyol ‘ak’vanej.
person raised to high rank: jelel vinik, toybil vinik, toyol vinik.
raise one’s rank: p’iles.

ready: person who is ready: ch’albil vinik.

reasonable: be reasonable: p’isol ‘oy.

reasonableness: tojol k’op.

reflective: reflective person: j‘at-‘olonton.

reputation: have a good reputation: ‘utz ‘a‘yejlal, ‘utzil ‘a‘yej, ‘utzil ‘a‘yejlal.

reserved: mo jaka k’opoj.
be a reserved person: ‘o‘lol k’opoj.

resolve: na‘, pas.

respect: be worthy of respect: tojol ‘oy k’exel, tojol ‘oy xi‘euk.
respect that one has: ch’uunvanej.
respect that one receives: ch’uunel.
worthy of respect: tojol xi‘el.

respected: be respected: ‘oy tza, k’exey.

responsibility: take responsibility for: jok’an ta tojol.

restitution: ‘ak’el k’exol, *pakxinel.

restrain: restrain ones’ appetite: *nabenabe ba ve‘.
restrain oneself: *nabenabe ba.

restrainer: pajeb.

reward: ‘aboltay, ‘aboltayel, ‘aboltayvanej, ‘ak’ pakol ‘aboltayel, pak ‘aboltayel, pakbey ‘aboltayel ‘u‘un, pakbey ‘utzil, pakol, pakol ‘aboltayvanej, pakol ‘utzil, toj, tojolil.

rewarded: ‘aboltaybil, pakbil ‘utz, pakbil ‘utzil ‘u‘un, tojoltasbil.

: be rewarded: tojoltasey.

rewarder: jpak ‘aboltayel, jpak-‘utz.

rich: ‘ayik’al, ‘ayik’aletik.
become rich: vokolij.

: grow rich: ‘ayik’lej.

: rich man: ‘ayik’al chabjom.
rich trader: ‘ayik’al xanvil.

riddle: nopbil k’op.

sage: j‘at-‘olonton.

send: send cautiously: tzail-tak.

sent: sent cautiously: tzail-takbil.

serious: ‘ip, ‘ol, tzotz, yaya.

sermonize: tzitza‘aj.

sharp-witted: jayal chikin.

skill: ‘a‘ivanej, tza, tzaijel.

skillful: be skillful: ‘oy tza, ‘oy tzaijel, melol na‘, mo ‘oyuk k’usi tzotz ‘a‘i, toj na‘.

: skillful person: ‘ipal vinik, baxbolal vinik.

speak: speak with restraint: ta‘al ‘oy k’opoj.

speculative: speculative person: jtzainom.

speech: intricate speech: tz’i‘lel k’op.

status: rise in status: toy jol, vik’ sat.

succeed: yal ta k’exol, Halej.
succeed in: nat ‘il, natij lek

successful: ‘utzintasbil.
successful person: j‘utzintasvanej.

surpass: ‘ech’, jel, jelav, jelbey.

surpassed: ‘ech’bil, jelbil.

talent: ‘a‘ivanej, tza, tzaijel.

talk: holy or modest talk: ‘utzil k’op.

talkative: p’ijil ti‘.
talkative person: j‘al-k’op, j‘epal-k’op, j‘epal-ti‘, j‘ich’-k’op, jk’opk’onel.

taste: (as when we say he has good or bad taste): lek’el.

tempt: tempt and win over: ‘aley.

treat: treat a matter prudently or diligently: ‘a‘i ta ‘olonton.

venerate: k’ex.

victorious: be victorious: ‘ip jelav, ‘ipjelavel.

voluntarily: likel ta ‘olonton, lok’uk talel ta ‘olonton.

wealth: improve one’s wealth: ‘ik’ti‘ij.
improve one’s wealth or luck: vokolij.
increase one’s wealth (as in wills some are more improved than others): p’ilil ‘aboltay.
multiply one’s wealth almost inadvertently: ‘ep ‘esomajes.

well: do well: ‘utzibes, ‘utzintas.

will power: k’anvanab.

win: (inheritance, lottery): lekon.
(lottery): ‘ich’on.
win a bet: ‘aleyvan.

wise: ‘ip tza, tz’ib ‘olonton, p’ij ‘olonton.
be wise: ‘utz ‘olonton.

: wise man who discourses at length: jtzaiej-‘olonton.
wise man who discovers new designs and inventions: jtz’ib-‘olontonil.
wise man who takes good measures: jtzainom, jtzaivanej.

: wise person: j‘a‘ivanej, jtzainom, jna‘vanej.

16.D. Love, affection, friendship, respect, trust, truth, companionship

accompany: chi‘in, lak’in, nupin.

admire: ‘elavaj, chamolaj, tup’olaj.

assure: cha‘-‘al.
assure for certain: kuxes k’op.

awe-inspiring: be awe-inspiring: ‘oy ‘ik’.

believe: believe in a person: ch’uunbey k’op, muk’ta-yebey k’op.

beloved: jalal, jol.

big-hearted: muk’ ‘olonton.
big-hearted person: jmuk’ul-‘olonton.

big-hearted-ness: muk’ta ‘olonton.

bond: make a bond: ‘ak’ ta Hun k’op.

caress: jax, jaxbey, jaxulan.

commit: commit oneself: k’uban ba.

committed: k’ubanbil.

companion: chi‘il, lak’, nup.

confidant: jmak muktal k’op.

confide: confide in: tzoy ba, jok’an ba, k’uban ba, man ba.

confidence: source of confidence: jok’leb.

confiding: jok’anej ba, k’ubanej ba.

conscience: act in good conscience: jok’an ta ch’ulel.

debt: pledge security for a debt: tasey.
take a pledge of security for a debt: tas, tasbey.

deserve: lekoj ‘oy.

desire: k’an, k’anoj, k’anvanej, k’upin.
arouse another’s desire: ‘ak’ k’upin.
desire that one feels: k’upinvanej.
object of one’s desire: k’upinej.

divulge: puk, puk ‘a‘yejal.

draw: person who draws one out: jjoy-k’optayva-nej.

embrace: mey, meylej.

embraced: object or person being embraced: meyoj.
object or person that was embraced: meyben.

enchant: enchant or bewitch so as to fall in love: yakubes.

entrust: tzoyan ta tojol.
entrust object to (as when entrusting one’s house to someone when going to trade): tzoyan ba ta tojol, jok’an ba ta tojol.
entrust to: tzoyanbey, jok’an ta tojol, jok’anbey, k’ubanbey.

entrusted: object entrusted: k’ubill, k’ubill ‘u‘un.

faithful: faithful person: ‘utzil vinik, jch’uunvanej, tojol vinik.

faithfully: ‘utz.
act faithfully: ‘utz pas.

faithfulness: ‘utzil, batz’il.

family: have a good family: ‘utz ta nail, ‘utz te vinik chi‘il ta naklej, ‘utz te vinik chi‘uk ta naklej, ‘utz te vinik junjun na chi‘uk.

follower: jvol.

friend: chi‘il, tasal, *val-te‘.
become friends with: pas ba chi‘uk, pas chi‘uk.

friendliness: ‘atil.

friendly: ‘atil vinik, laal ‘atil, laal ‘utzil.
friendly person: ‘utzil vinik.

friendship: pasel.
league of friendship: nopcb k’op, sikubenal k’op.

good: be on good terms with: laal ‘il ba, laal ‘il ba chi‘uk, laal ‘utzil k’opoj, laal k’opon ba.

guardian: jchabivanej.

honest: k’exlal ti‘.
honest person: belel vinik, k’exlal ti‘ vinik, jmayayetel-vinik, tojol vinik.

honestly: live honestly: tojol-xanav.

honesty: mayayetel, tojolil.

ingenuously: speak ingenuously: tuk’avil k’opoj.

intimate: be on intimate terms with: jalaltay ba, jol ‘il.

kiss: ‘utz’i ni‘, ‘utz’ibey ni‘, ‘utz’iel ni‘, nup.
kiss repeatedly (as mother to her child): nulilan.

kissing: repeated kissing: nulilanel.

long: long for: k’upin, matz’et ‘osil ‘a‘i.

longing: na‘el.

lovable: jalal, jol.
lovable person: jalal vinik.

love: jalal ‘ilel, jalal ‘ilvanej, jol ‘il, jol ‘ilel, jol ‘ilvanej, k’anbey, k’uxul ‘olonton.
fall in love: jol, k’ux ‘a‘i, yakub ta jalal ‘ilel, yal-te‘in.
fall in love (having a residence that one has not yet moved to): val-te‘ij.
fall passionately in love: k’uxub ‘olonton.
in love: yakyak.
make fall in love: yakubes.
person in love: jk’uxul-‘olonton, jyakubel.

loved: jalal ‘ilbil, jol ‘ilbil.

lover: jjol-‘ilvanej.

loyal: loyal person: melel vinik, tojol vinik.

messenger: trusted messenger: jtzul-ti‘, vayajom k’op.

opinion: have high opinion of: toj tuun ‘a‘i.

pact: Hap ti‘il.

pardoned: ch’aybil.

passion: k’uxul ‘olonton.

positively: react positively towards: ‘utzil-nop.

praise: praise directed towards person: ‘utzil ‘alel.

praised: ‘utz ‘albil.

prefer: be praised: ‘utz ‘a‘ibil, ‘utzil ‘albil.
ba‘yin, ba‘yitas, labbey, labtas.

promise: ‘ak’ k’op, ‘al, ‘al ta ti‘, Hap ti‘, Hap ti‘il, Hapbey k’op.

promised: carry out one’s promise: pas te k’op.
Hap-ti‘bil.

proof: ‘a‘iel.

protection: commit oneself to another’s protection: tzoy ba, jok’an ba, likan ba.

protege: be the protege of a lord: jalaltasbil, jalaltaybil.

rank: entrust one’s office or rank to another: va‘i k’exol.
entrust one’s rank to another: va‘an k’exol.

receive: receive or welcome visitor: nup.

received: be received or welcomed with great pomp: toj ‘utz nupey.

recommend: k’oponbey.

reconcile: lamtzajes, paktzajes, paktzan.

reconciled: be reconciled: laanej ‘olonton, pas ba, Hul ‘olonton ta tojol.

reputation: have a good reputation: vinaj ‘utzil ‘a‘yejlal.

respect: ‘ak’ ta vinik, ‘oy ‘ik’ ‘a‘i, tzamesvan, ch’uun, ch’uunvan, k’ex, k’exel, na‘bey muk’ul, na‘el, xi‘, xi‘el.

rewarder: jpak ‘aboltayel, jpak-‘utz.

speak: speak straightforwardly: tuk’avil k’opoj.

speaking: be on speaking terms with: k’opon ba.

straightforward: tojol.

straightforwardness: tojol k’op, tojol xanbal.

surety: ‘ak’el ta Hatzil, lok’el.

swear: ‘al bi dios, pas juramento, tij ta ‘alel bi dios.
swear in vain: bet’ juramento.
swear to God: Hap ti‘il.
swear while making sign of the cross: p’is cruz.

talk: ingenuous or straightforward talk (when one speaks plainly like a child): tuk’avil k’op.

think: think well of: ‘oy ‘ik’ ‘a‘i, ‘utzil-nop, ta ‘utzil k’op nop.

tormented: be tormented by passion: nuptan yaijel.

true: batz’iltik.
true person: tojol vinik.

trust: ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton, tzoy ba, ch’uun, jok’an ba, k’uban ba, k’ubanvanej.
object of one’s trust: tzoyleb, k’ubanej.
trust a person: ch’uunbey k’op, muk’ta-yebey k’op.

: trust in God: jok’an ba ta tojol dios, k’uban ba ta tojol dios, mak ba ta tojol dios.

trusting: tzoyol, jok’anej ba, jok’ol, k’ubanej ba, k’ubill.
trusting in God: jok’ol ta tojol dios.
trusting person: jjok’anej ba.

truth: batz’i k’op, batz’il.
speak the truth: be k’opoj, melel k’opoj, tojol k’opoj.

truthfulness: batz’il.

weight: person who gives true weight or measure: jp’is, jp’isojel, jp’isvanej, jtojobtasej-p’is.

word: carry out one’s word: na‘ k’op, pas te k’op.
keep one’s word: k’ot ta k’op.
true word: batz’i k’op.
try to discover the truth by using deceitful words: jotz’-k’optay.

16.E. Strength, courage, authority. See also civil affairs and social status 20.

all-powerful: all-powerful person: jvesej kotol.
be all-powerful: kotol Hu‘ ‘u‘un.

authorize: nopbey, takbey.

awe-inspiring: be awe-inspiring: ‘oy ‘ik’.

best: best in everything: ‘anilal jelavel, ba, ba‘yitajel.

bow: make person bow: nijan.

brave: become brave: ‘ich’ ch’ulel, tzatzub ‘olonton, muk’ub ‘olonton.
brave man: ch’ilom, ch’ilom vinik.
brave person: jmuk’ul-‘olonton, jmuk’ul-‘olontonil, jyijil-‘olonton.

bravery: yijil ‘olonton.

charge: take charge of: tak, takbey.

chief: ‘ajvetik, ba‘yitajel, ba‘yitajel vinik, jba‘yitajel.

command: taki, takiej, takivan.

courage: tzatzal ‘olonton, tzatzalil, tzatzubel, ch’ilomal, muk’ul ‘olontonil.

courageous: courageous person: jtzatzal-‘olonton.

dare: ‘ak’ ch’ilomal.

daring: be daring: mo k’usi xi‘.

dominate: bet’.

embolden: tzatzubes, tzatzubes ‘olonton, tzatzubtas, tzatzubtas ‘olonton, tzatzubtasbey ‘olonton, muk’ubes ‘olonton, muk’ubtasbey ‘olonton.

fast: ‘ik, ‘ip, tzatzubesbil, tzotz.

firm: ‘ip, tzatzubesbil, tzotz.

firmly: ‘ip, tzotz.

firmness: ‘ip, ‘ipajel, tzatzal, tzatzubel.

force: force on: tek’tek’-‘ak’.

governor: jchabiomal, jch’akel, jch’akel ta ‘ol.

heroic: ‘ep labanel, toj labanat.
heroic feat: labajel, labanel, tup’olajel, tup’olanel.

important: (official): ‘ip ‘ik’al.
be important (person of authority): namal ba.

king: ‘ojov, ba ‘ojov, batz’i ‘ojov, muk’ ‘ojov. rey.

lady: ‘ajvalel pop tz’omol, x‘ojov, xep.

limit: set a limit: paj.

lord: ‘ojov.
become a lord: ta ‘ajvalel.
fellow lord: ‘ix ta ‘ajvalel, ‘ix ta ‘ajvetikil.
lord of slaves: ‘ajvetik.
sovereign: ba ‘ojov.
sovereign lord: junjun no ‘ox tuk.

manager: jnikesej-‘osil, jnikesej-vinajel, jnikesvanej.

manliness: xinch’oklel.

marquess: marques.

master: ‘ajval.
(or mistress) of the house: ba jk’ulej, ba jk’ulej ta na.
become master: ‘ajvay.
master of slaves: ‘ojov.

mistress: mistress of slaves: x‘ojov.
mistress of the house: ba jk’ulej, ba jk’ulej ta na.

nobility: ‘atil, ‘ajvalel, ‘ajvetikil, ‘utzil, tekpanil.
rise to nobility: ‘ajvetikij.

noble: ‘atil vinik, ba vinik.

nobleman: ‘ajvetik, ‘ajvetikil vinik.

official: j‘abtel, jpatan.
official who carries a staff of office: jnam-te‘.

: town official: jpatan ta j-tek lum.

order: order one receives: takiel.

overmatch: ‘alantas, yales.

pacify: ch’anantas, laanejes, lamtzan, pas.

patriarch: ‘ibel totil, likeb ‘epal ‘utzil vinik, patriarca.

peace: make peace: lamtzan.
peacemaker: jlamtzajel.

power: lekoj, Hu‘el.
have power over: Hu‘ ‘u‘un.

: power over a person: bet’oj.

powerful: be powerful: toj Hu‘ ‘u‘un, ves, Hu‘ ‘u‘un.

: powerful person: jvesej, jvesvanej, jHu‘el.

prefect: jch’akel.

primogeniture: Ha‘ yal ta pop ta tz’omol tot

prince: ba nich’on ‘ojov, nich’on ‘ojov.
be prince of the whole world: vinkilelbil kotol ‘osil ‘u‘un.
prince of the world: ‘alantasej kotol ‘osil, ‘ajvalinbil ta kotol ‘osil, ‘ojov kotol ‘osil, ‘ojov ta kotol, ‘ojovinbil ta kotol ‘osil.

princess: ba ‘antzil nich’on ‘ojov.

queen: x‘ojov, xep.

resistant: tzotz.

risk: tz’i‘lejel, tz’i‘leyel, k’an ‘il.

secure: make a person feel secure: naktzajesbey ‘olonton.

senator: jch’akel ta ‘ol, jk’opojel ta ‘ol.

spirited: *kata.
spirited person: bili-ba, bili-ba vinik.

spiritedly: walk spiritedly: bili-batik xanav, *katatik xanav.

strength: ‘ip, ‘ipajel, bak-julanil, tzatzubel, tzatzubtasel, yijil, yijubel.
(man): tzatzal.
regain one’s strength: ‘ipaj, tzatzub, pas ba.

strengthen: ‘ipajes, ‘och tzatzubeb ‘u‘un, ‘och tzatzubesabil ‘u‘un, tzatzubes, tzatzubtas, yijubes.

strengthened: be strengthened: ‘ipaj.

strong: ‘ik, ‘ip, ‘ip tzatzal, bak-julan, tzotz.
(animal): ‘ip‘ip.
be strong (like a bone): ch’ijch’onet.
become strong: tzatzub, yijub.
become strong (sun, rain, wind, child): ‘ipaj.
strong person: yijil vinik.

sturdy: yij.

subject: ‘alantas, ‘alantasbil, bet’, bet’oj.

tyrant: kola‘al vinik, k’ak’al vinik, jme‘anajesej-‘osil.

viceroy: k’exol rey, lok’ob-ba rey, virrey.

16.F. Obedience, humility, politeness

accept: accept advice or reproach: ‘a‘i.

advice: take advice seriously: ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton.

bow: kejey, nijey.
(head, body): nijan ba.

bowed: nijil.
bowed over (by someone else): nijanbil.

bowing: nijanel, nijlej.

compliance: ‘ak’el ta ‘olontonil.

comply: comply with the ordinances or mandates of the king or courthouse: chabi k’oplal.

conscience: throw the burden of one’s conscience upon others: jok’an ta ch’ulel.

consent: ‘a‘i, k’an ‘a‘i, k’op.
do with everyone’s consent: patob ‘utz ‘a‘i pas.

distance: keep one’s distance: batbates ba, namaj, namajes ba, tas ba.

dominated: bet’bil.

door: knock on the door: tij ti‘ na.

excuse: metz’, taki.
be one who excuses himself: yauk ‘oy.
excuse oneself: ya ti‘.
excuse oneself even though truthfully: pok ba.
keep excused: takibil.
person who excuses himself: jya-ti ‘il.

gallantly: lek.

gallantry: ‘utzil, lekil, t’ujumal.

graciously: act graciously: t’ujum pas.
speak graciously: ‘utz k’opoj.

greet: tzames, k’ejan ba ta tz’el, k’opon.
(by doffing one’s hat): jambey pix jol.

: greet one another: tzames ba, k’ejan ba.

humble: humble oneself: ‘itz’intas ba ta lum, bik’it cha‘ley ba, bik’taj, bik’tajes ba, tup’, yal, yales ba.
humble person: jbik’tajesej-bail, jtup’-bail, jyalesej-bail.

humility: bik’it ‘a‘i bail, bik’it cha‘ley bail, bik’tajesej bail.

incontinent: Ha‘ te mo pokbiluk xanave.

low: hold self in low esteem: bik’it ‘a‘i ba.

modest: ‘utzil, tojol.
modest person: ‘utzil vinik, machach vinik, tojol vinik.

modesty: ‘utzil, laanil, machachil, tojol k’op.

: behave with modesty and prudence: pas ba, tojob.

obedient: be obedient: ‘a‘i k’op, ‘a‘ivan, ‘ak’van ta vinik.
obedient person: j‘ak’vanej ta vinik, jch’uunvanej.

obey: ‘ak’ ta vinik, ch’uun, ch’uunvan.

obeyed: ‘ak’bil ta vinik.

penance: penitencia.

penis: (polite term): xinch’oklel.

please: me.

polite: polite person: laan vinik, tojol vinik.

politely: lek, t’ujum.

politeness: k’unil k’op, k’unil xanbal, laanil k’op, laanil xanbal, tojol k’op, tojol xanbal.

prostrate: prostrate self: patan ba, patey.

respect: respect God: tzames dios.
respect person: muk’ ‘a‘i.
respect the king: tzames rey.

revere: revere the king: tzames rey.

room: drawing room (where ladies are received): nakleb ‘antz.

shake: shake hands: ‘ik ba, kik ba.

speak: speak graciously: ‘utz k’opaj.

subjection: ‘alantasej, ‘alantasel, bet’oj.

submit: ‘alantas, ‘alantas ba, bik’tajes ba.
submit to: ‘och ta ‘olon, pas ba ta ‘olon.

submitted: ‘ak’ebil, ‘etesbil.

talk: holy or modest talk: ‘utzil k’op.

tip: (hat): t’ochan.

well-mannered: well-mannered person: ‘utzil vinik, k’exlal vinik.

16.G. Peacefulness, patience, calm

calm: ch’anantas, lamal, lamtzan, nakanbey ‘olonton.
be calm: ch’an chi, ch’an-chi, laanej, nakal ‘olonton, nakan ‘olonton.

calmness: laanil ‘olonton, nakanel ‘olonton.

danger: be out of danger: mo k’u na‘.
free from danger: koles, koltay.

mildly: (cure, rule, punish): k’un, laan.

pacified: be pacified: laaet, laanej.

patience: tz’ikvanej.

patient: be patient: tz’ik, tz’ikvan.

peace: ch’an-chi xanbal, laaet xanbal, lam xanbal.
be at peace: ch’an-chi xanav, laaet, laaet xanav, laan xanav.
feel at peace: laaet ‘osil ‘a‘i.

peaceable: peaceable person: melel vinik.

peaceful: lamal.
be peaceful: ch’an-chi.
become peaceful: lamtzaj.
peaceful person: jlaaetel.

peacetime: lamal ‘osil.

relax: ‘ich’ ‘olonton, ch’an chi, yamaj.

relaxed: machachal.
be relaxed: nakal ‘olonton.

reserved: mo jaka k’opoj.
be a reserved person: ‘o‘lol k’opoj.

safe: ‘utz no ‘ox.
be safe: kol, mo k’u na‘, mo k’u xi‘, mo vokoluk.
feel safe: naktzaj ‘olonton.
feel safe or secure: ‘utz nakal ‘olonton.

secure: be secure: mo k’u na‘, mo k’u xi‘.
feel secure: nakal ‘olonton.
make a person feel secure: nakanbey ‘olonton.

security: lok’tayvanej, lok’vanej, naktzajeb ‘olontonil.

serene: laal ‘atil, laal ‘utzil.
serene person: ‘atil vinik, ‘utzil vinik.

speak: speak with restraint: ta‘al ‘oy k’opoj.

talk: holy or modest talk: ‘utzil k’op.

tranquility: nakanel ‘olonton.

16.H. Anger, hatred, enmity, disapproval, jealousy

anger: ‘il, ‘ilinel.
(person): ‘ak’ ‘ilinuk, ‘ilinoj.
be justified or reasonable (anger): ‘oy tojolil.
be provoked to anger: t’abesbil ta ‘il.
be unjustified or unreasonable (anger): mo ‘oyuk tojolil.
burst with anger vokan ‘olonton ta ‘il.
conceal one’s anger: muk, ten.
have face redden with anger: chak-paltay ba.
person quick to anger: toj j-likel j‘il.
provoke to anger: t’abes ta ‘il.
provoked to anger: likesbil ta ‘il.
provoker of anger: jt’abesvanej ta ‘il.
redden with anger (face): chak-paltay.
seethe with anger: loklon ‘olonton.
unjustified or unreasonable anger: naka ‘il.

angrily: look angrily: *keman sat k’el.

angry: ‘ip k’ak’al, k’ok’.
angry person: j‘il, j‘iletel, jk’ak’al-‘olonton.
be angry: ‘ilin ‘olonton, maymonet, van, vanvonet.
become angry: ‘ilin, tzajub, k’ak’ub.

: become angry with: ‘ilin, ‘ilin ta tojol.

annoy: tzajal-‘ik’, me‘anajes, yayaubes.
person who annoys: jme‘anajesvanej.

annoyed: be annoyed: maymonet, van, vanvonet.
be annoyed by: yaya ‘a‘i.

annoying: toj ya.

argue: pakpak ba ta k’op, tup’bey ba k’op.

avenge: avenge a beating: pak majel.
avenge an insult: pak ‘utel.

backbite: nam tal ‘ut, nam tal ‘utvan.

backbiting: nam tal ‘utvanej.

blame: ‘albey kola‘al, ‘ut, ‘utel, ‘utvanej, nap’an.

blamed: ‘utbil.

boast: boast angrily: vulvonet k’op.

censure: ‘ut.

chastise: *‘akan-‘oltay.

chastisement: *‘akan-‘oltay vanej.

chastiser: j‘akan-‘ oltay vanej.

conceal: conceal one’s anger or grief: tz’ik.

concealment: concealment of anger or grief: tz’ikel, tz’ikvanej.

curse: ‘ut, ‘ut dios, ‘ut santo, ‘utvan, chakanol k’op, chakanoltay, chakanoltayvanej, kola‘al-‘al, ti‘ol k’op, ti‘oltay, ti‘oltayvanej.
person who curses: jchakanoltayvanej.
person who curses another: jchakanol-k’op.

cursed: chakanoltaybil, ti‘oltaybil.

defame: ‘ules, ‘utvan, puk ‘a‘yejal, pukbey ‘a‘yejlal, tup’.

defamed: pukbil ‘a‘yejlal.
be defamed: pukbeai ‘a‘yejlal.

defamer: jpuk-‘a‘yejlal, jpuk-k’op, jvinajesej-‘a‘yejlal.

degrade: kolo‘ ‘ut, lob ‘ut.

denounce: ‘ilan.

despise: ten ch’ay.

detest: ‘ilan, chakanoltay, ti‘oltay.

detestation: ila‘alil, chakanol, chakanol k’op, ti‘ol, ti‘ol k’op.

detested: chakanoltaybil, ti‘oltaybil.

detester: j‘ila‘ajel, j‘ilanvanej.

devil: call person a devil: ‘albey pukuj, p’is ta pukuj.

disesteem: ten ch’ay.

disgrace: k’exlal.

disgust: ‘ila‘alil, koj.

disgusted: be disgusted by: ‘ila‘aj, ‘ila‘al ‘a‘i, koj ‘a‘i, koj ‘osii ‘a‘i, tavan ‘a‘i, tavan ‘ilel ‘a‘i, tavan ‘osil ‘a‘i, yaya ‘a‘i.

: be disgusted by the sight of: tavan ‘ilel ‘a‘i.

: be disgusted by the sound of: tavan ‘a‘iel ‘a‘i.

disgusting: become disgusting: ‘ila‘aj.
disgusting person: j‘ilanvanej.

dislike: tzoj ‘il, koj ‘ilel ‘a‘i, kolo‘ ‘a‘i, mo joluk ‘il, tavan ‘ilel ‘a‘i.

disliked: mo joluk ‘aley.

dissension: stir up dissension: ‘ixtalaj, ‘ixtalan.

dog: angry dog: k’ak’al tz’i‘.

embitter: ch’aubes, ch’aubtas.

enemy: jbak’el, nakbal, nakmal, yabutil.
become enemies: yabutij, yabutin.
make an enemy of: nak, nakav.

enrage: k’ak’ubes, lek’-ti‘ijes, lupes, tiles.

enraged: ‘ip k’ak’al, laal k’ak’al, toj k’ok’.
be enraged: ch’ach’on ‘olonton, k’ak’ub ‘olonton, k’uxey ‘olonton, vokan ‘olonton.

envious: be envious: ‘it’ixaj.
be envious of: ‘it’ixan.
envious person: ‘it’ix, j‘it’ixajel.

enviously: ‘it’ix‘it’ix.

envy: ‘it’ixajel, ‘it’ixal.

evil: consider evil: kolo‘ ‘a‘i, k’ux ‘a‘i, mo ‘utzuk ‘a‘i.

falsifier: jpak’tayej.

fault: find fault with: bik’tajes, komojes, paj, yales.

ferocious: k’ok’.

frown: *keman sat, kotzan sat.
fierce frown: pak’al-baijel.
frown at: *kemanbey sat.
frown fiercely: pak’al-baij, pak’alin ba.
look with a frown: kotzan sat k’el.

frowning: be frowning: *kemel sat.
person who is frowning fiercely: jpak’al-baijel.

furious: ‘ip k’ak’al, k’ok’, laal te‘te‘il, te‘te‘ub, toj lek’-ti‘, toj te‘te‘.
become furious: k’ak’ub, lek’-ti‘ub.

fury: k’ak’al, k’ak’al ‘olonton, k’ak’alil.

gossip: j‘ich’-k’op, chibal-k’opoj, jcha‘ lom k’op, jchibal-k’op, jotz’-k’optay, joyjoy-k’optay, jjoy-k’optayvanej, lob-k’optay.
gossip intended to arouse discord: cha‘-lom k’op.
gossip intending to arouse discord: cha‘ lom k’opoj.
listen to backbiting or gossip: ‘ich’ lot.

grumble: (as women do with maids or daughters): tukuk, vulul.
(as women do): tukuket.
(women): vululet, vulvon, vulvonet.

grumbling: tuketel, tukuketel, vululel, vululetel.

hate: ‘ilet ‘il, tzoj ‘il, tzoj ‘olonton ‘u‘un, kola‘al-‘il, k’ok’ ba ‘a‘i, tavan ‘ilel ‘a‘i.

hateful: be hateful: ‘ilet ‘iley, tzoj ‘iley, kolo‘ ‘iley.

hatred: tzajal ‘ilvanej, kola‘al ‘ilvanej. hatred one receives: ‘iletel, ‘iletel ‘ilel, tzajal ‘ilel, kola‘al ‘ilel.
hatred one receives: ‘iletel ‘ilvanej.

hot-tempered: hot-tempered person: k’ak’al vinik.

insult: ‘ut, ‘utel, ‘utvanej.
reciprocal insult: pakol ‘utel.

insulted: ‘utbil.

irritation: bik’tal ‘il, naka ‘il.

jealous: be jealous: ‘it’ixaj.
be jealous of: ‘it’ixan.
jealous person: ‘it’ix.

jeer: tze‘i, tzitzil k’op, tzitzil lo‘il k’op, sak-tze‘i.

laugh: laugh at: tze‘i.

listen: listen to backbiting or gossip: ‘a‘i lot.

little: hold in little value: ‘olonil ‘a‘i.

loathe: ‘ilan, koj ‘a‘i, yaya ‘a‘i.

loathesome: be loathesome: yaya ‘ilel.

low: hold in low esteem: ‘olonil ‘a‘i, bik’it ‘a‘i, bik’it ch’amal ‘a‘i.

mock: tze‘i, lo‘ilaj, maxilaj, muib ‘osil *a‘i, na‘ley, na‘leyvan, sak-tze‘i, tajim.

mocked: ‘aptaybil, tze‘ibil.

mocker: jtze‘ej, jtze‘ivanej, *jmi, jna‘al.

negatively: react negatively towards: kola‘al-nop, kola‘al-nop.

opinion: hold low opinion of: lajal machal ‘a‘i, mo tuul ‘a‘i, mo tuuluk ‘a‘i, mo tuun ‘a‘i.

oppose: ‘ut, nak, nakav.

provoke: k’ak’ubes.

provoked: k’ak’ubesbil.

provoker: jk’ak’ubesvanej.

puffed-lipped: be puffed-lipped (insult): t’ochel ti‘.

quarreler: j‘ipal-‘osil, j‘ipal-k’op, j‘ipal-ti‘.

quarrelsome: ‘ip k’ak’al, ‘ip lek’-ti‘il.

: be quarrelsome: ‘ip ti‘ ‘ok’.
quarrelsome person: j‘il, jbik’tal-jatal, jjatal, jk’opk’onel.

rage: ‘il ‘olonton, tzajal, ch’ach’onel, k’ak’al, k’ak’al ‘olonton, k’ak’ubel, k’ak ubel ‘olonton, vokanel ‘olonton.

reasonable: (anger): ‘oy belel.

reject: mo ‘utzuk ‘a‘i, paj.

reproach: ‘ilan, mo ‘utzuk ‘a‘i, paj.

ridicule: jolom-k’optay, lob-k’optay, na‘ley.

roll: roll around (like child with temper tantrum): balet.
roll around (like children who throw themselves to the ground in a temper): balan ba.

scold: ‘ilin, tzatzal-tzitz, tzatzal-k’opon, tzitz, ch’ivet ‘e, jatan, k’ux ‘e.
scold strongly: ‘ipal-tzitz.

scolding: tzatzal tzitzvanej.
strong scolding: ‘ipal tzitz, ‘ipal tzitzvanej.

scorn: ‘ila‘aj, ‘ila‘alil, ‘ilan, chakanol, chakanol k’op, chakanoltay, k’ok’ ba ‘a‘i, k’ok’ ba ‘il, paj, ti‘oltay.

scorned: ‘ilanbil, chakanoltaybil, pajbil, ti‘oltaybil.

scorner: j‘ila‘ajel, j‘ilanvanej.

speak: speak impatiently or in a fit of temper: ‘ip k’ak’al k’opoj.
speak importunately: ma‘-ba k’opoj.
speak with barbs: tz’i‘tz’i‘-k’opoj.

speaking: not be on speaking terms with: mo ‘oyuk ‘il.

talk: din of mirthful or quarrelsome talk: ch’ijetel.
din of mirthful or quarrelsome talk, discord: kuletel.
harsh talk: tzatzal k’op, k’ak’al k’op.
jealous or envious talk: ‘it’ixal k’op.
make a din with mirthful or quarrelsome talk: ch’ijet, k’ulet.

: talk against: nak ta k’op, nakvan ta k’op.

temper: k’ak’al.

vengeful: k’ak’al.
vengeful person: k’ak’al vinik.

vengefulness: k’ak’al.

16.I.Cruelty, hardness of heart

abusive: abusive person: k’ak’al vinik.
become abusive: k’ak’ub.

afflict: ‘ak’bey ‘il vokol, ‘ak’bey vokol, ‘il vokol ‘u‘un, t’inlebey ‘olonton.
person who afflicts us: ‘ajval.

annoy: tzajal-‘ik’, me‘anajes, yayaubes.
person who annoys: jme‘anajesvanej.

annoyed: be annoyed: maymonet, van, vanvonet.
be annoyed by: yaya ‘a‘i.

annoying: toj ya.

bother: tzajal-‘ik’ me‘anajes, yayaubes.

bothersome: toj ya.

bullying: k’ak’al, te‘te‘il.

cruel: ch’ilom ‘olonton, k’ok’ ‘olonton.

: be cruel: mo k’uxubinvan.

: become cruel: k’ak’ub, lek’-ti‘ub, te‘te‘ub.
cruel person: k’ak’al vinik, lek’-ti‘il vinik, te‘te‘ vinik, te‘te‘il vinik.

cruelty: k’ak’al, k’ak’ubel, lek’-ti‘il, te‘te‘il.

ferocious: ferocious person: k’ak’al vinik, k’ok’ vinik.

ferocity: k’ak’al.

fierce: ‘ip lek’-ti‘il, ‘ip te‘te‘il, xi‘benal, toj k’ok’.

fierceness: lek’-ti‘il.

hard-hearted: become hard-hearted or persist in one’s demands: tonib ‘olonton.

harsh: toj tzotz.
harsh judge: tzatzal juez.
harsh person: k’ak’al vinik.

harshly: tzotz.

inhuman: be inhuman: mo k’uxubinvan, mo vinikuk.

inhumanity: lek’-ti‘il.

merciless: ‘ip k’ak’al, ‘ip lek’-ti‘il, ‘ip te‘te‘il.

molest: ‘ak’ ta ya, yaijes.
molest greatly: bet’ ta tek’el, lom ta tek’el.

molester: j‘ak’vanej ta ya, jyaijesvanej.

persecution: nakavel, nakbal, nakel, nakvanej.

retaliate: sut ta tojol tuk, sutejes ta tojol tuk, sutejesbey ta tojol tuk.

sadness: person who causes sadness: jbik’tajesej-‘olonton, jme‘anajesej-‘olontil, jme‘anajesvanej.

talk: harsh talk: tzatzal k’op, k’ak’al k’op.

terrible: ‘ila‘al ba.
be terrible: ‘ilo ba, kolo‘ ba ‘oy ‘ik’.
be terrible (person, animal): xi‘benaj ba.

torment: ‘ak’ vokol, kisnajes, yaijes.

tormentor: jbik’tajesvanej-‘olontonil, jnakvanej, jyayaubesvanej.

torture: ‘ak’ vokol, ‘ak’bey ‘ik’ti‘, ‘ak’bey ‘il ‘ik’ti‘, ‘ak’bey ‘il vokol, ‘ak’bey vokol, ‘il vokol ‘u‘un, yaijes, yayaubtas.

torturer: j‘ak’-‘ik’ti‘, j‘ak’-vokol.

tyrant: kola‘al vinik, k’ak’al vinik, jme’anajesej-‘osil.

ungrateful: mu na‘ ‘aboltayel.

vicious: toj kolo‘.

16.J. Anxiety, sorrow, suffering, fear, cowardice

adversity: kisin, ya.

afraid: be afraid: xi‘.
be afraid of: ‘ip ‘a‘i, xi‘.

anguish: ya.

anguished: be anguished by sickness or loss: kisnaj, yaij.

annoy: tzajal-‘ik’.

anxiety: bak’el ‘olonton, bik’tajel ‘olontonil, k’opk’onel ‘olonton, k’uxiil ‘osil, me‘anajel ‘osil.

anxious: be anxious: bak’ ‘olonton, bik’taj ‘olonton, jik’ ‘olonton, k’opk’on ‘olonton, k’un-laj, k’ux ‘olonton, me‘anaj ‘osil ‘a‘i, me‘anajel ‘osil Vi, ti‘olaj.

beat: beat one’s breast: tij ni‘ ‘olonton.

bereave: k’uxubin.

blanch: blanch from fright: sak-liktay, sak-liktay ba.
have one’s face blanched from fright: sak-likan ba.

blink: get nervous blink: mutz’uy sat, mutz’uyel ‘a‘i.
nervous blink: mutz’uyel.

conceal: conceal one’s anger or grief: tz’ik.

concealment: concealment of anger or grief: tz’ikel, tz’ikvanej.

consolation: consolation in one’s grief: laanejesabil me‘anajel.

coward: jxi‘el.

cowardly: ‘unen ‘olonton, bik’tal ‘olonton.

cry: ‘avalet, ‘avan, ‘ok’, ok’olet.
cry over person: ‘ok’etay.

crying: ‘ok’el.

despair: chakanoltay ba, ti‘ol, ti‘oltas ‘osil, ti‘oltas ba.

desperation: chakanol.

despondency: bik’tal ‘olonton, bik’tal ‘olontonil.

despondent: despondent person: jbik’tal-‘olonton.

dismay: sa‘bey ‘olonton.

distress: k’uxul ‘osil, me‘anajel ‘osil.

distressed: be distressed: ‘ok’ ‘olonton, bik’taj ‘olonton, me‘anaj ‘osil ‘a‘i, me‘anajel ‘osil ‘a‘i.

disturbed: be disturbed: bak’ ‘olonton, nik ‘olonton, sok ‘olonton, sokol ‘olonton.
thoroughly disturbed (person, speech, house): sokoktik.

disturber: jsok-‘osil, jsok-lum, jsokvanej.

doleful: k’uxob ‘olal ba.

endurance: kuchvanej.

endure: tz’ik, kup ‘ik’, kupul-‘ik’tay, kupul-‘ik’tayvan.
(labor, pain, whiplashes): kuch.

face: wry face: bili-baijel, bili-batik.

fear: xi‘, xi‘el.
be white with fear: sak-pak’an ba.

fearful: be fearful: ‘ip xi‘.

: fearful person: jxi‘el.

fearsome: be fearsome: ‘oy ‘ik’.
be fearsome (animal’s or human’s horrifying face or appearance): xi‘benaj ba.

feel: feel out of place: mu nop ‘osil ‘a‘i.

flee: wish to flee from: mo ‘utzuk *a‘i.

fright: sibtasel, sibtasvanej, tijluyel.

: blanch from fright: sak-pak’tay, sak-pak’tay ba.
take fright: lik.

frighten: sibtas, xi‘es, tij.
frighten person from carrying out a plan: k’asbey ‘olonton.

frightened: be frightened: ‘ip xi‘.
be frightened by having seen or heard a miracle: laban.

frightful: be frightful (person, animal): xi‘benaj ba.

grief: k’uxubinvanej.
conceal one’s grief: muk, ten.
have grief doubled: ‘ipaj me‘anajel.

grieve: k’ux ‘a‘i.

grievous: be grievous: ta ‘olonton, taoj ‘olonton, tij ‘olonton.

grimace: ‘ilel ‘del pasel satil, ‘ilel ‘ilel p’isel satil, tz’e‘el satil, sak-*toan satil, sak-*tosan satil.
make grimaces: ‘ilel ‘ilel k’elay, ‘ilel ‘ilel lok’tay, ‘ilel ‘ilel p’is, maxil-lok’tay, maxil-p’is.

grumble: (as women do with maids or daughters): tukuk, vulul.
(as women do): tukuket.
(women): vululet, vulvon, vulvonet.

grumbling: tuketel, tukuketel, vululel, vululetel.

hardship: have hardships: ‘ip vokol.

horrifying: be horrifying: xi‘benal ba.
be horrifying (person, animal): xi‘benaj ba.

melancholy: me‘anajel, me‘anal.
be melancholy: mo muib ‘osil ‘a‘i.
melancholy person: ch’anabal vinik.

miserable: k’uxob ‘olal ba, me‘on.

misery: k’uxob ‘olal ba, ma‘-‘olal, ma‘-ba ‘olal, ma‘-ba vinkilel, ma‘-vinkilel, me‘anajel, me‘anal.

molested: greatly molested: bet’bil ta tek’el, lombil ta tek’el.

motet: doleful motet: me‘anajel k’eyoj, me‘anajel k’op.

nerve: have nerves tauten: mutz ba.

nervous: ch’uxuvtik.

offended: mulaltasbil, panbil ta mul.

offense: offense that one receives: mulaltasel, panel ta mul.

penitence: bik’tajel ‘olontonil, me‘anajel ‘olonton, me‘anajel ‘olontonil.

penitent: be penitent: bik’taj ‘olonton, me‘anaj ‘olonton.

pestered: lom-tek’bil.

pestilential: ‘ipal chamelal.

poor: ‘abol ba, ‘utz’‘utz’ ba, jok’ol, k’uxob ‘olal ba, me‘on, yavaj.
aid the poor in their needs: yain.
become poor: me‘anaj.
desperately poor person: batz’i me*on, ch’uul me‘on.
lift up the poor or downcast: p’iles.
raise the poon toyes.

poorhouse: na me‘on, vayeb nich’on.

poverty: ‘abol ba, ‘utz’‘utz’il ba, k’uxob ‘olal ba, me‘anal, yavaj, yavajil.

: feign poverty: pak’tay ba ta me‘on.

regret: k’uxub ‘olonton, yanij ‘olonton.

repent: ‘ok’ ‘olonton, bik’taj ‘olonton, chibaj ‘olonton, k’ux ‘a‘i, k’uxub ‘olonton, yanij ‘olonton.
moment when or place where one repents: bik’tajebal, tup’ebal.
repent one’s sins: me‘anaj ‘olonton ‘u‘un mul.

repentance: bik’tajel ‘olontonil, mich’el ‘olonton, yanijel ‘olontonil.

ridicule: lob-k’optay.

sad: be sad: mayayet vinik, me‘anaj, me‘anaj ‘osil ‘a‘i.
grow sad: bik’taj ‘olonton, me‘anaj.

sadden: bik’tajesbey ‘olonton, me‘anajes.

slandered: pukbil ‘a‘yejlal.

sob: jik’jon, jik’jonet.

sobbing: jik’jonel, jik’jonetel.

sorrow: bik’tajel ‘olontonil, me‘anajel, me‘anal.
cause for sorrow: me‘anajesabil.
motive for sorrow: bik’tajesabil ‘olontonil.

sorrow-provoking: be sorrow-provoking: me‘anaj ‘olonton ‘u‘un.

sorrowful: be sorrowful: bik’taj ‘olonton, me‘anaj.
sorrowful person: jme‘anajel

sorrows: have sorrows: ‘ip vokol.

squeamish: be squeamish: ‘ibet ‘olonton, xexon ’olonton.

subjected: bet’bil.

suffer: (allowing others to be saved as when the Innocents died instead of the Christians): maki ya.
person who suffers for another: jmakiej-ya.
suffer for another: makibey.
suffer for another’s sins: tz’ik, laj ta tojol, yain.
suffer from: *tzein.

suffering: *tze, ya.
suffering of the soul: ‘olontonil ya, ‘olontonil yaijel

suspense: cha‘-p’el tza.
person in suspense: jcha‘ p’el tza, jchibal ‘olonton.

suspicious: person who is suspicious: jnop-k’op, jnopvanej.

terrified: be terrified: xi‘.

threat: sibtas, sibtasvanej.

timid: timid person: jxi‘el.

torment: ‘ik’ti‘.
suffering of torments: yaijel.

tormented: be tormented by passion: nuptan yaijel.

torture: ‘ik’ti‘, vokol.

tortured: be tortured (as the damned): ‘il vokol.

tremble: tremble from cold or fright: tziltzon.

trembling: tziltzonel.

trouble: Hovintas.

uneasy: be uneasy: sok, sok ‘olonton.

unhappy: be unhappy: bik’taj ‘olonton, mo ‘oyuk ch’ulel.

upset: bik’tajesbey ‘olonton, likes.

vex: ‘ak’ ta ya, labanes, yaijes, yayaubes.
person who vexes another: j‘ak’vanej ta ya.

vexation: yaya, yayail, yayaubel.

vexatious: vexatious person: jyayaubtasvanej.

vexed: be vexed: tavan ‘osil ‘a‘i, yaya ‘osil ‘a‘i, yayaub.

wretched: ‘abol ba, ‘utz”utz’ ba, k’uxob ‘olal ba, ma‘-ch’ulel.
be wretched: mo ‘oyuk ch’ulel.

wretchedness: k’uxob ‘olal ba.

16.K. Impatience, stubbornness, discourtesy, insult, disobedience, rebelliousness

abrasive: k’ok’.

affront: ‘ak’ ta namal, javayel, javayes, k’exk’onel, namajes, namal.

ask: ask for importunately: ma‘-ba k’an.

call: call frequently or importunately: *votol-‘ik’.

capricious: capricious person: j‘epal-‘olonton, j‘epal-tza.

consent: do without one’s consent: mo ‘utzuk ‘a‘i pas.

disobedient: be disobedient: mo ch’uunvan.
disobedient person: Ha‘ te mo ‘a‘ivan ta vinike, Ha‘ te mu ‘a‘i k’ope, Ha‘ te mu ch’uunvan.

fart: fart at ungraciously or mockingly: tzistay.

: person who farts frequently: jtzisnom.

fickle: ‘ep ‘olonton, ‘ep tza, ’epal ‘olonton, yantikyantik ‘olonton.

: be fickle: sob yanij ‘olonton, t’abtikt’abtik tza.

fickleness: ‘epal ‘olontonil, ‘epal tzaijel.

fig: bet’anel k’obil, bet’anel k’obol, bet’el k’obil, bet’el k’obol.

: give a fig to (thumb placed between other fingers): bet’anbey k’ob.

: give a fig to someone: katz’anbey k’ob.
giver of figs: jbet’anej-k’obol.
person who gives a fig: jkatz’anej-k’obil.

hinder: hinder by digressing from the subject: p’as ta be k’op.

impatience: lek’-ti‘il.

impatient: ‘ip k’ak’al, ‘ip lek’-ti‘il, ‘ip te‘te‘il.
be impatient: mo jtz’ikomuk

importunate: mo na‘ k’in.
be importuante: mo malayej ‘a‘i.
be importunate: bak’ ‘olal, mo ‘oyuk ‘olonton, mo ‘oyuk ‘olonton, mo malay k’in, toj tavan ‘a‘iel, toj tavan ‘ilel.
importunate person: ma‘-ba vinik, jme‘antasvanej, jyayaubtasvanej.

importunity: ma‘-‘olal, ma‘-ba k’anvanej, ma‘-bail, ya ch’iel, yaya.

impudence: tenkex pasnej.

incite: ‘ak’ pas, ‘ak’bey k’op, bak’es ‘osil, tzitz, k’as.

inconstancy: ‘epal ‘olontonil, ‘epal tzaijel, sutelsutel ‘olontonil.

inconstant: mo to jaka ‘oyuk ‘olonton, yantikyantik ‘olonton, yantikyantik tza.
be inconstant: mo tzotzuk ‘olonton.

insolent: insolent person: jpimil-ba, jpimil-bail.

insolently: speak or act insolently: pimil-baij, pimub ba.

insult: ‘ut, ‘utel, ‘utvanej.
reciprocal insult: pakol ‘utel.

insulted: ‘utbil.

intrude: lap ba, tabentay k’ob, *tanay k’op.
intrude in a game: tabentay tajimol, *tanay tajimol.
intrude in a meal: tabentay ve‘el.

intruder: intruder at a meal: *jtana-ve‘el.
intruder in a game: *jtana-tajimoI.

jeer: tze‘i, tzitzil k’op, tzitzil lo‘il k’op, sak-tze‘i.

laugh: laugh at: tze‘i.

mischief: Hovil.
mischief maker: jHovil-vinik.

mock: tze‘i, lo‘ilaj, maxilaj, muib ‘osil ‘a‘i, na‘ley, na‘leyvan, sak-tze‘i, tajim.

mocked: ‘aptaybil, tze‘ibil.

mocker: jtze‘ej, jtze‘ivanej, *jmi, jna‘al.

nuisance: jbik’tajesvanej-‘olontonil, jme‘anajesvanej, jnakvanej, jyayaubesvanej.

obstinacy: tzatzal ‘olonton.

obstinate: become obstinate: tonib.

offend: mulaltas, pan ta mul.

persist: persist unreasonably: k’opk’on, ma‘ ba tzatzal k’opoj, ma‘ ba yijil k’opoj.

pester: person who pesters: jme‘antasvanej.

presume: muk’ cha‘ley ba, toy ba.

presumption: muk’ cha‘ley-bail, toy-bail, toyob-bail.

rebellious: become rebellious: toy ba.

rebelliousness: toy-bail.

rebuff: mo ‘utzuk ‘a‘i, paj.

refuse: mo tak’, paj.

reluctantly: mu ta jamuk, ta valak-pat.

renegade: j‘iktayej.

reply: reply many times: bichbonet tak’av.
reply shamelessly or repeatedly: bichbonet tak’av, jatbil ‘abnal ti‘ tak’av, jik’jonet tak’av, ti‘inej ba tak’av.

request: persistent or demanding request: k’anojel.
request importunately: bot’ol-k’an.

: request repeated (with supplications or threats): tzajal-k’an.

resist: nak, nakav.

restless: be restless: bak’ ‘olal, mo ‘il naklej.
restless person: jbak’el-vinik, jk’otk’onel-vinik.

restlessness: bak’el, Hoviel.
restless person: jtalel-batel.

return: return of gift or insult: pakol.

ridicule: jolom-k’optay, na‘ley.

sin: sin persistently (as a stubborn or shameless dog): tz’i‘il-mulav.
sin willfully: tzatzub ta kola‘al, yijub ta kola‘al.

sinfulness: persistent sinfulness: tz’i‘il ta mulil.

stubborn: stubborn person: jma‘ ba k’op.

stubbornly: ma‘-batik.

troublesome: mo ‘utzuk, mo tojoluk.

unfaithfulness: mo ch’uuneluk dios, mo ch’uunvanejuk.

unreasonable: naka ‘altik.

16.L. Foolishness, clumsiness, imprudence, failure, misfortune

backwards: do backwards: ta valak-pat pas, valak-patijes, valak-patin.

befuddle: bolibes.

befuddled: bol, mak-bol, mak-bolil, ton-kok, ton-kokil.
become befuddled: bolib, ch’ay-tzaij, mak-bolib, ton-kokib.
befuddled person: mak-bol vinik, mak-bolil vinik.

befuddlement: bolil, mak-bolil, ton-kokil.

bet: lose bet: ‘ale.

childish: act childish: ‘unetiki ba, tajim.
childish act: ‘unetikil pasnej.

childishness: ‘unetikil.

coarse: coarse person: naka vinik, p’onko‘tik no ‘ox, tenkex vinik.

conversation: be confused in conversation: sok k’op.

deceived: person deceived by others: jlo‘loyel.

decline: (in number, population, property or rank): vetz’.
(person, property): jayub.

dominated: bet’bil.

dull: naka k’op.

dull-witted: dull-witted person: bolil vinik, pek’a vinik.

duped: tzitzbil, yakubesbil, yakyak, yakyaktik, Hovintasbil.
be duped: Hovi.

fault: mul, mulil, pajbenal.

fool: Hovil vinik.

foolish: mo ‘oyuk ‘olonton, HovHovtik.

foolishly: act foolishly: Hovi.

foolishness: Hoviel.

forgetful: forgetful person: jch’ay-‘olonton.

game: lose game: ‘ale.

idiot: joch’bil te‘.

ignored: be ignored: mu tabat.

impotent: be impotent: mo Hu‘ ‘u‘un.

imprudence: ma‘-ba k’op, ma‘-ba pasnej.

imprudent: be imprudent: mo ‘oyuk ‘olonton.

: imprudent person: ma‘-ba vinik.

inability: ma‘-‘olal.

inadvertently: do inadvertently: k’ak’alk’ak’al pas, ma‘-ba pas, naka ‘altik pas.

incapable: incapable person: bolil vinik.

incompetence: pek’ail.

incompetent: mo ‘oyuk ‘olonton, mo ‘oyuk p’ijil.
be incompetent: mo ‘oyuk ch’ulum-ti‘il.
incompetent person: ma‘-tuul vinik, pek’a vinik.

inconvenient: mo ‘utzuk, mo tojoluk.

long-winded: long-winded person: j‘epal-k’op, jk’opk’onetel.

loudmouth: ‘ipal jov, j‘ov.

mistake: Hoviel.
(in speech): sok.
by mistake: yan ‘ich’, yan ‘ik’.
make a mistake in conversation, speech, or the doctrine: sok ‘u‘un.

negligendy: ch’ajch’aj, maxilmaxil.

nuisance: jbik’tajesvanej-‘olontonil.

ordinary: naka k’op no ‘ox, naka Ha‘ no ‘ox.

rank: lose rank: ‘iktay, ‘ilan ‘ajvalel, ‘ul, bik’taj, tup’.

reasoning: make a muddle of reasoning: lut’lut’-k’opoj.

ruin: ruin oneself: ch’ay, laj.

so-so: ‘utz’‘utz’ taey tal.
do so-so: ‘utz’‘utz’ pas, tzaibil to pas, nopbil to pas.

: so-so object: jchabiej.

speak: speak foolishly: Hovi, Hovil-k’opoj, HovHovtik k’opoj.
speak vainly: ma‘ ba k’opoj, sa‘sa‘-k’opoj.

speaker: speaker of vain things: j‘ixtol-k’op, jma‘ ba k’op.

speech: be confused in one’s speech: sa‘ k’op, sok k’op.

strong: not be strong enough: mu tabey ‘ipal.

stupid: bol, kokkok, mak-bol, mak-bolil, mo ‘oyuk p’ijil, naka k’op, ton-kok, HovHovtik ba.

: be stupid: mo ‘oyuk ch’ulum-ti‘il, mo k’usi na‘.
stupid person: bolil vinik, *linko vinik, mak-bol vinik, mak-bolil vinik, naka vinik, pek’a vinik, *Hona vinik.

stupidity: bolil, kokil, mak-bolil, pek’ail k’op, ton-kokil.

talk: foolish talk: Hoviel, Hovil k’op.

trip: lukuntabey ‘ok, p’osi ‘ok, p’osiel ‘ok.
trip on a branch or root: tz’ukulin te‘.

: trip on a rock: tz’ukulin ton.

unable: be unable to do: mo Hu‘ ‘u‘un.

unfortunate: ma‘-ch’ulel.
unfortunate person: jma‘-ch’ulel.

unjust: mo ‘utzuk, mo meleluk, mo tojoluk.

unlucky: be unlucky: kolo‘ balam, kolo‘ ch’ulelil, mo ‘oyuk ch’ulel.

unnecessary: ma‘-tuul.
be unnecessary: mo ‘oyuk tu.

useless: useless person: ma‘-tuul vinik, mo ‘oyuk k’usi tu, naka vinik, *pomol vinik.

vain: do in vain: naka ‘altik pas, naka pas.
in vain: ‘altik, ma‘-batik, naka ‘altik, nakanaka, nakatik, Ha‘ no ‘ox yalal.
spend the day or time in vain: naka ‘ech’ ‘osil ‘euk, naka mal k’ak’al ‘u‘un.

withdrawn: withdrawn person: ch’anabal vinik.

word: make a muddle of reasoning or words: tamtetamte-k’opoj.
make a muddle of words: lut’lut’-k’opoj.

workmanship: poor workmanship: mo ‘utzuk ‘abtelanel, mo ‘utzuk pasel.

worse: toj kolo‘ tuk.
be worse: jelav ‘ipal kola‘al, jelav ta kola‘al.
grow worse: kola‘aj batel.

wretched: ‘abol ba, ‘utz’‘utz’ ba, k’uxob ‘olal ba, ma‘-ch’ulel.
be wretched: mo ‘oyuk ch’ulel.

wretchedness: k’uxob ‘olal ba.

wrong: mo tojoluk pasbey.

16.M. Shame, embarrassment, guilt

affronted: namajesbil.
be affronted: k’exk’on, namnon.

ashamed: be ashamed: k’exav, namaj.

bashful: be bashful of: k’exav.

bashfully: k’exlal ba.

bashfulness: k’exlal.

blame: ‘utel, ‘utvanej.

blamed: ‘utbil.

defiled: be defiled: kola‘aj.

degrade: kolo‘ ‘ut, lob ‘ut.

disgrace: k’exlal.

dishonor: dishonor that one brings: k’exavesvanej.

embarrassed: k’exlaltik.

embarrassment: dread with embarrassment: k’exav.

guilt: *‘aal, ‘al, mul, mulil.
rid oneself of guilt: pok ba.

hood: put on pasteboard hood of infamy: ‘ak’ pix jol Hun, ‘ak’bey pix jol Hun.

humble: ‘olantas, ‘ules, bik’tajes, tup’.

humiliate: ‘ak’ ta k’exlal, ‘ak’ ta namal, k’exaves, k’exlaltas, namajes.
humiliate oneself: tup’es ba.

: moment when or place where one humiliates self: bik’tajebal, tup’ebal.

humiliated: k’exlaltasbil, namajesbil.

: be humiliated: k’exav, namaj, namnon.

humiliating: humiliating act: k’exlal pasnej, namal pasnej.

humiliation: k’exavel, k’exlal, namajel, namal.

lessen: lessen self (by wicked deed): bik’tajes ba, tup’ ba, yales ba.

relent: make person relent: k’asbey ‘olonton, sa‘bey ‘olonton.

run: wish to run away: k’exav.

shame: k’exavel, k’exaves, k’exlal, k’exlalel, k’exlaltas, namajel, namajes, namal.
lose one’s shame: pimil-baij.

shamed: k’exlaltasbil.

shameful: k’exlal.

talk: humiliating talk: k’exlal k’op, namal k’op.

16.N. Role-playing, imitation, secrecy, deceit

bribe: tzajal-‘ak’bey, tzajal-tzitz, *votol-tzitz.

bribery: tzajal ‘ak’beyel k’op, tzajal tzitzvanej.

buffoon: play the buffoon: tuli-‘atij.

copy: chanbey, lok’tay.
copy or imitate (writing, work): k’elubey, k’eluy, lok’taybey.

counterfeiter: jpak’tayvanej, jpak’tayvanej ta tz’ib.

cunning: ‘ip tza, tzaibil, tz’ib ‘olonton, p’ij.

: cunning person: jtzainom.

: make cunning: tz’i‘lej ‘u‘un, tz’i‘lejes, tz’i‘ley, kola‘ajes.

: make person cunning: kola‘aj ‘u‘un.

dance: make dance: ‘ak’otajes, ‘ak’ottas.

death: feign death: pak’tay ba ta jchamel.

: person who feigns death: Ha‘ te pak’tay ba ta tup’el ‘ik’.

deceit: tzail k’op, cha‘-lom k’op.

deceitful: deceitful person: jtzainom, jchibal-k’op.

: deceitful questioning: jotz’-k’op.
make deceitful: tz’i‘lej ‘u‘un, tz’i‘lejes, tz’i‘ley, kola‘ajes.
make person deceitful: kola‘aj ‘u‘un, Hovi ‘u‘un.

deceitfully: ta tzail k’op, ta cha‘-lom k’op, ta lo‘loyel, ta lo‘loyvanej.

deceive: deceive oneself: ch’ay ‘olonton, Hovi.
deceive person about the price of something: lo‘loy.
deceive with fair-seeming words: cha‘ lom k’optay, tasley-k’optay.
deceive with plots: yakubes, Hovintas

deceiver: jtzail-k’op, jcha‘ lom k’op.

declare: declare oneself: vinajes ‘ik’.

decoy: chanbey ‘ok, chanbey ti‘.
bird decoy: ‘ik’ob mut.
decoy bird with a whistle: ‘ik’ mut.
decoy deer with a whistle: ‘ik’ chij.
decoy with a whistle: ‘ik’van.
deer decoy: ‘ik’ob chij.

defame: ‘ules, ‘utvan, puk ‘a‘yejal, pukbey ‘a‘yejlal, tup’.

defamed: pukbil ‘a‘yejlal.
be defamed: pukbeat ‘a‘yejlal.

defamer: jpuk-‘a‘yejlal, jpuk-k’op, jvinajesej-‘a‘yejlal.

denier: jmuk-k’op, jyail.

deny: ‘ilan, mu ‘al, mu jam, mu meltzajes, mu vinajes, muk, ya ti‘.
deny one’s guilt (legal case): muktal-net’bey, net’ k’op, net’ ta ‘alel.

disguise: ch’ayel, yanijel.
disguise oneself: ch’ay, ch’ay ba, yanij, yanijes ba.

disguised: ch’aybil ba, yanijesbil ba.
be disguised: ch’ay.
disguised in speech: yanijesbil ta k’op.

dissembled: pak’taybil ba.

dissembling: cha‘leyel ba.

distrust: k’op ‘olonton.

distrustful: chib ‘olonton.

dupe: tzitz, ch’aybey ‘olonton, Hovintas.

eat: eat in secret: mu‘natij, muktal-ve‘.

elusive: be elusive: mo jaka tak’ ‘ilel, mo jaka tak’ k’oponel.

enter: enter secretly: muktal-‘och.

face: person who makes a face: jbili-baijel, jbili batayvanej.

false: mo batz’iluk, mo tojoluk.

falsehood: pak’tayej.
tell falsehood unknowingly: mu tzailuk ‘u‘un pak’tay.

falsely: pak’tayejtik.

falsifier: jpak’tayej.

falsify: lok’tay, pak’tay, p’is.

feign: p’is ba.
person feigning sleep: jkulil-vayel, jmaxil-vayel.

flatter: ‘utzibtas, ‘utzin, k’an ch’ulel k’opoj, k’an ch’ulel k’opon, maxilan, pas-k’opoj.

flatterer: j‘utzinvanej, jk’an ch’ulel k’op, jk’an-ch’ulel, jpas-k’op.

flattery: ‘utzinvanej, k’an-ch’ulel k’op, pas-k’op.

forger: jpak’tayvanej.
cocoa bean forger: jpak’tayej ta kokov.

god: false god: pak’tayej ch’u, patol dios, tajimol ch’u.

gossip: gossip, person who draws one out: jjoy-k’op.

grief: conceal one’s grief: muk, ten.

hide: hide in one’s house: mak-nai ba.

: hide oneself: muk ba.

hiding: hiding place: mukebal.

hypocrisy: pak’tayej ba, pak’tayel ba.

hypocrite: be a hypocrite: pas ba ta ‘utz vinik.

hypocritical: be hypocritical: cha‘ley ba ta ‘utz vinik, pak’tay ba ta ‘utz vinik, pak’tayej ba ta ‘utz vinik.

illness: feign illness: ‘ip to ba ta jchamel, pak’tay ba ta chamel, p’is ba ta chamel.
person who feigns illness: Ha‘ te pak’tay ba ta chamel.

imitate: chanbey.
(writing, work): lok’tay.
imitate or mimic one’s gait: chanbey ‘ok.
imitate or mimic one’s speech: chanbey ti‘.

importance: assume air of importance: muk’ub.

impostor: *kata vinik.

kill: kill treacherously: muktal-tzames.

killing: secret killing: mukulmukul tzamesvanej.

liar: jpak’-k’op, jpak’tayej-k’op, jpak’tayvanej.

lie: cha‘-lom k’op, cha‘-lom k’opojel, chibal k’op, chibal k’opojel, chibal-k’opoj, lot, lotoj, pak’-k’op, pak’tay, pak’tayej, pak’tayej k’op, pak’tayvan.
big lie: me‘ pak’-k’op, muk’ pak’tayej k’op.
lie to: pak’taybey k’op.

listen: listen in secret: muktal-‘a‘i.

lying: ta pak’-k’op.

murderer: treacherous murderer: jmuktal-tzamesvanej.

perform: perform another’s functions: k’ex.

place: take one’s place: k’ex.
take one’s place (competing for a favor, a position): k’ex ba.
take person’s place: k’ex ta k’op.

poverty: feign poverty: pak’tay ba ta me‘on.

presume: muk’ cha‘ley ba, toy ba.

presumption: muk’ cha‘ley-bail, toy-bail, toyob-bail.

pretend: cha‘ley ba, k’opuk ‘oy, naka ‘al ba, naka tal
k’opuk, pak’tay, p’is ba, Ha‘.
pretend to be: ‘elov cha‘ley ba.
pretend to be someone else: cha‘ley ba ‘elov.
pretend to eat: maxil-ve‘.
pretend to go: maxil-bat.
pretend to kill: maxil-mil.
pretend to scold: maxil-‘ilin.
pretend to sleep: kulil-vay, maxil-vay.

pretender: jpak’tayej.

pretext: on the pretext of: tzatza.

promise: break one’s promise: pak’tay.
break one’s promise or word: mu k’ot k’op.

prophet: false prophet: jpak’tayej-profeta.

pry: pry into others’ affairs: jak’ mul, jak’ pasnej, nach’itayvan.
pry into others’ affairs watching where they go: nach’itay.

religion: false religion: pak’tayej ch’uul xanbal.

represent: k’eluy, lok’tay, pas lok’ob, p’is.

representation: k’elul, lok’ob, lok’tayabil.

robber: (who acts in secret): j‘elek’.

role: fill another’s role: k’extay, lok’.

scarecrow: sibtasabil, sibtasan vinik.

secret: muktal, muktal k’op, mukul k’op.

simulation: secret act: muktal pasnej, mukul pasnej.
pak’tayej.

slander: lot, lotbey k’op, lotoj, puk, puk-‘a‘yejlal, puk-k’op, pukbey, yaijes.

slanderer: jlot-k’op, jpuk-‘a‘yejlal, jpuk-k’op.

speak: speak deceitfully: tzaibil k’opoj, tzail-k’opoj, cha‘ lom k’opoj, cha‘ lom k’opojtayvan, chibal-k’opoj, jotz’-k’optayvan.
speak foully or dishonestly: tz’i‘tz’i‘-k’opoj.

spy: jpa‘i.
spy on: nach’itay, nach’itayvan, pa‘i.
spy who watches the road: jpa‘i-be.

spying: pa‘i.

stealthily: tiptoe stealthily: k’un-lit’ovaj, lit’lonet, lit’ovaj.

substitute: ‘ak’ k’exol, ‘ak’ lok’ol, k’exbon, k’exel, k’exol, k’extay, lok’ol, jlok’tay.

talk: deceitful talk: tzaibil k’op, cha‘-lom k’op, cha‘-lom k’opojel, chibal k’op.

tattle: jotz’-k’optay, joyjoy-k’optay, lob-k’optay.

testify: testify falsely against person: lotbey k’op, nap’anbey k’op.

traitor: *j‘aal-k’op, j‘aleyvanej, jcha‘ lom k’op, jjotz’-k’op.

treason: *‘aal k’op, cha‘-lom k’op.
cause to commit treason: *‘aal-k’optay, ‘aley, jotz’i.
commit treason: jotz’-k’optay.

walking: mimic person’s manner of walking: pikbey ‘ok.

warfare: mock warfare: tajimol ch’ilom.

wetnurse: jchu‘untasvanej.

wheedler: jtas-k’op.

word: break one’s word: pak’tay.
person who speaks empty words: j‘epal-k’op, cha‘-ti‘il vinik, jlabal-k’op.
try to discover the truth by using deceitful words: jotz’-k’optay.

16.O. Negligence, laziness, greed

arm: with one’s arms crossed (in idleness): lutz’oj k’ob, meyoj k’ob.

avarice: yavaj, yavajijel, yavajil.

avaricious: yavaj.
avaricious person: yavajil vinik.

covet: k’upin.

covetousness: k’upinvanej.
covetousness that one receives: k’upinel.

glutton: *tzaom, *tzaomal vinik, jkamojel, mu‘natil vinik.

gluttony: *tzaomal, tz’i‘il ve‘el, k’a‘al ve‘el, mo tojol ve‘eluk, mu‘natil, mulal ve‘el, tuluk’il ve‘el.

gormandize: tz’i‘tz’i‘ ve‘, tz’i‘il-ve‘.

greed: t’ut’ibel, t’ut’il.

greedy: t’ut’, t’ut’il.
be greedy: t’ut’ib.
become greedy: yavajib.
greedy person: t’ut’il vinik.

idle: nakalnakal, nakanaka.
idle person: jnaka ‘altik naklej, jnaka-naklej.

idleness: naka ‘altik naklej, naka naklej.

lazily: ch’ajch’aj, maxilmaxi, mu *‘akan-‘oltay.

laziness: *cheyilal, ch’ajil, ch’ajilal, ch’ajubel, naka ‘altik naklej, va‘vonetel.

lazy: ch’aj, ch’ajil, nakalnakal, pat jol ch’aj, yaya, yayail.
be lazy: ch’ajilal ’osil ‘a‘i, ch’ajub, naka ‘ech’ ‘osil ‘u‘un, naka no ‘ox xanav, naka pas.
be lazy or sluggish: ‘al-poman ‘osil ‘a‘i.
extremely lazy: ba ch’aj.
lazy or sluggish person: ‘al-poman vinik.
lazy person: *cheyil vinik, ch’aj vinik, ch’ajil vinik, j va‘vonetel, yayail vinik.

negligence: *cheyilal, ch’ajilal, mukul ‘olontonil, yayail.

negligent: ‘ok’elal, ch’aj, ch’ajil, yayail.
negligent person: ch’ajil vinik, jmukul-‘olonton, jmukul-‘olontonil.

negligently: do negligently: *kajal-pas, *kajalkajal pas, *kajaltay, k’axtok pas, k’axtoki, maxil-pas, maxilmaxil pas, maxiltay, yayail-pas.

niggardly: t’ut’il.
niggardly person: t’ut’il vinik, yavajil vinik.

slow: slow person: ch’ajil vinik, yayail vinik.

useless: useless person: ma‘-tuul vinik, mo ‘oyuk k’usi tu, naka vinik, *pomol vinik.

16.P. Evil, sinfulness

bad: kolo‘, mo ‘ utzuk.
(administration or government): *Homol *vukul.
especially bad: mo ‘oyuk bil Hech kolo‘.
very bad: batz’i kolo‘.

base: ma‘-tuul, mo joluk, mu‘natil.

brutish: brutish person: chijil vinik.

change: change one’s ways: k’ex, k’ex ba.

corrupt: tz’i‘lejes, tz’i‘ley.
become corrupt: kola‘aj.

corrupted: tz’i’lejesbil, tz’i‘leybil.
be corrupted: tz’i‘lej.

corruption: tz’i‘lejel, kola‘al, ma‘-bail.

currish: currish act: tz’i‘il pasel.

currishness: tz’i‘il.

degrade: kolo‘ ‘ut, lob ‘ut.

depraver: jtz’i‘lejesvanej, jtz’i‘leyvanej.

desire: lustful desire: mulal k’upinvanej.

devilish: pukujil.
devilish deed: pukujil pasnej.

dishonor: dishonor that one brings: k’exlaltasvanej.

dissipated: be dissipated: ch’ay.

dissolute: mulmultik ba.
be dissolute: ch’ay ‘olonton, HovHovtik xanav.
dissolute man: Hovil xinch’ok.
dissolute person: jch’ay ‘ol vinik, jma‘ ‘ol vinik.
dissolute woman: Hovil ‘antz.

doggishness: tz’i‘il.

evil: kolo‘ mo batz’iluk, mo tojoluk.
be especially evil: jelel kola‘al tuk.
be evil: toj mo vinikuk.
be persistently evil: lajel kola‘aj.
consider evil: kolo‘ ‘a‘i, k’ux ‘a‘i, mo ‘utzuk ‘a‘i.
do evil: pasbey kolo‘.
especially evil: mo ‘oyuk bil Hech kolo‘.
evil action: kola‘al pasnej, kola‘al pasojel.
evil or bad person or vision: lob.
evil person: labal vinik.
harden in evil: tzatzubes ta kola‘al.

evildoer: jtz’i‘leyvanej.

illicit: be illicit: mo Hu‘.

incontinence: mo lekuk xanbal, mulal xanbal.

incontinent: mo to jaka ‘iktayvan, Ha‘ te mo lekuk xanav.
be incontinent: mu t’ujumuk xanbal.

infamy: kola‘al ‘a‘yejlal, namajel.

malefactor: jme‘anajesvanej, jpas-kolo‘.

malice: kola‘al, labal, Hovil.

malicious: ‘ep labal, kolo‘, lob, toj lob.
malicious person: jcha‘ lom k’op, jchibal-k’op.

maliciously: ta cha‘-lom k’op.

malignant: kolo‘.

molest: ‘ak’ ta ya, yaijes.
molest greatly: bet’ ta tek’el, lom ta tek’el.

molester: j‘ak’vanej ta ya, jyaijesvanej.

morals: looseness of manners and morals: mo tojoluk xanbal, mo tojoluk xanbaluk.

offender: mo tojoluk jpasvanej, jmulaltasvanej, jpas-k’op.

offense: offense that one causes: mulaltasvanej, panvanej ta mul.

pander: ‘ik’van, muktal-‘ik’van, mukul-‘ik’van.

perverse: toj kolo‘, toj lob.
be perverse: mo meleluk ‘ayan, valak-pat ‘ayan, valak-patij.

perversely: act perversely: ‘ixtalaj, tz’i‘lej.

pimp: j‘ik’vanej, jili-‘atil vinik, mulal-xanav, mulavil kelem, jmukul-‘ik’vanej, Hovi-xanav, Hovil kelem.

prodigal: prodigal person: jch’ay bel na, jlajesel bel na.

prodigality: ch’ayel bel nail, lajesel bel nail.

rake: mulavil ch’iom kelem.

rascal: Hovil vinik.

rascality: Hovil.

reputation: destroy one’s reputation: ch’ay na‘el ‘u‘un, ch’ay xi‘el ‘u‘un.
have a bad reputation: vinaj kola‘al, vinaj kola‘al ‘a‘yejlal.
have a reputation (particularly a bad one): vinaj ‘a‘yejlal.

roguery: kola‘al, labal.

ruffianism: Hovil xanbal.

ruin: ruin oneself: ch’ay, laj.

sacrilege: commit a sacrilege: nak bel na dios.
commit a sacrilege (by stealing from the church): ‘elk’an bel na dios.

sacrilegious: be sacrilegious: mo ch’uun lum dios, mo ch’uun na dios.

shameless: shameless person: jpimil-ba, jpimil-bail.

sin: harden in sin: tzatzubes ta mul.
sin persistently (as a stubborn or shameless dog): tz’i‘il-mulav.
sin willfully: tzatzub ta kola‘al, yijub ta kola‘al.

sinfulness: persistent sinfulness: tz’i‘il ta mulil.

sinister: mo meleluk, mo tojoluk, valak-pat.

sinner: cause person to become a hardened sinner: lajel tz’i‘lej ta mulil.

squanderer: jlajesvanej, ma‘-batik jlajesel.

talk: base talk: mu‘natil k’op.
currish talk: tz’i‘il k’op.
devilish talk: pukujil k’op.
illicit talk: ‘ol labal k’op.
infernal talk: k’atin-bakil k’op.

tempt: *‘aal-k’optay.

temptation: *‘aal, *‘aal k’op, ‘al.
give in to temptation: *ak’ ta ‘olonton, ‘aleyey, yal ta ‘al, yal ta jotz’, yal ta mulil.

terrible: ‘ila‘al ba.
be terrible: ‘ilo ba, kolo‘ ba ‘oy ‘ik’.
be terrible (person, animal): xi‘benaj ba.

unfaithfulness: mo ch’uuneluk dios, mo ch’uunvanejuk.

ungrateful: mu na‘ ‘aboltayel.

vice: ma‘-ba xanbal, tenkex xanbal, tenkexil.

vicious: toj kolo‘.

vile: kolo‘, ma‘-tuul, mo ‘utzuk, mo joluk, tenkex, tenkextik.
vile person: *pomol vinik.

wicked: toj kolo‘, toj lob.

wickedly: live wickedly: kola‘al-xanav.

wickedness: kola‘al, labal, Hovil.

worldly: balumilal.
worldly person: jjalal ‘il balumilal.

16.Q. Pride, arrogance, conceit, aggressiveness

arrogance: muk’ ‘a‘ibil, muk’ cha‘ley-bail.

boast: natil-k’opoj.
boast angrily: vulvonet k’op.

brag: natil-k’opoj.

braggart: jnatil-k’op.

haughtily: walk haughtily: machet.

haughtiness: muk’ cha‘ley-bail, muk’ cha‘leyel ba, *pometel, p’onko‘il, toy-bail, toyob-bail.

haughty: be haughty (person of authority): namal ba.
become haughty: muk’ cha‘ley ba, muk’ cha‘leybil, toy ba.
haughty person: jmachetel, *jpometel, p’onko‘ vinik, jtoy-bail.

imperious: imperious person: ‘ep takiej, j‘epal-k’op.

importance: assume air of importance: muk’ub.

importunate: mo na‘ k’in.
be importuante: mo malayej ‘a‘i.
be importunate: bak’ ‘olal, mo ‘oyuk ‘olonton, mo ‘oyuk ‘olonton, mo malay k’in, toj tavan ‘a‘iel, toj tavan ‘ilel.
importunate person: ma‘-ba vinik, jme‘antasvanej, jyayaubtasvanej.

importunity: ma‘-‘olal, ma‘-ba k’anvanej, ma‘-bail, ya ch’iel, yaya.

insolent: insolent person: jpimil-ba, jpimil-bail.

insolently: speak or act insolently: pimil-baij, pimub ba.

intimidate: sibtas, xi‘es, tij.

jeer: tze‘i, tzitzil k’op, tzitzil lo‘il k’op, sak-tze‘i.

laugh: laugh at: tze‘i.

mock: tze‘i, lo‘ilaj, maxilaj, muib ‘osil ‘a‘i, na‘ley, na‘leyvan, sak-tze‘i, tajim.

mocked: ‘aptaybil, tze‘ibil.

mocker: jtze‘ej, jtze‘ivanej, *jmi, jna‘al.

opinion: have a high opinion of oneself: jalal ‘a‘i ba, jalan ba, tuun ‘a‘i ba.

pomp: be done with pomp: toj pasey.

presumptuous: presumptuous person: jmuk cha‘ley bail, jtoy-bail.

proud: become proud: muk’ cha‘leybil.

request: persistent or demanding request: k’anojel.
request importunately: bot’ol-k’an.
request repeated (with supplications or threats): tzajal-k’an.

scorn: ‘ila‘aj, ‘ila‘alil, ‘ilan, chakanol, chakanol k’op, chakanoltay, k’ok’ ba ‘a‘i, k’ok’ ba ‘il, paj, ti‘ol, ti‘ol k’op, ti‘oltay.

scorner: j‘ila‘ajel, j‘ilanvanej.

show: show oneself ostentatiously or not: jam ba.

speak: speak haughtily: sa‘sa‘-k’opoj, toy bail k’opoj.
speak importunately: ma‘-ba k’opoj.
speak with barbs: tz’i‘tz’i‘-k’opoj.

speaker: haughty speaker: jsa‘sa‘-k’op, jtoy bail k’op.

summon: summon importunately: bot’ol-‘ik’.

tyrant: kola‘al vinik, k’ak’al vinik, jme‘anajesej-‘osil.

ungrateful: mu na‘ ‘aboltayel.

vainglory: ma‘-ba muibel, ma‘-ba nichimajel, mu tojol ‘utzibeluk, mu tojol muibe-luk, mu tojol nichimajeluk, naka ‘altik muibel, naka ‘altik nichimajel.

16.R. Beauty and ugliness

adorn: tzatzajes, pas.

adorned: ‘oy tzatzajel, tzatzajesbil.

astonished: be astonished at the price or beauty or at the loyalty of someone: labaj.

beautiful: saksak, toj ch’ulul ba, t’ujum.
be beautiful: *‘ulubalal ba.
become beautiful: lekub, pok-baij, t’ujumaj.
sound beautiful: ‘utz vinaj.

beautify: t’ujumtas.

beauty: lekil, pok-baijel, t’ujumal.

decorate: decorate with branches: ‘ak’ k’ob te‘.
decorate with pine needles: ‘ak’ xak-toj, ‘otes xak-toj.
decorate with planted branches: tz’un k’ob te‘, paj k’ob te‘.

elegant: ‘utz, lek, t’ujum.

fearsome: be fearsome: ‘oy ‘ik’.
be fearsome (animal’s or human’s horrifying face or appearance): xi‘benaj ba.

fine: batz’i, batz’i ‘utz.
be fine: ‘utz ‘oy.

fitting: lek ‘oy, nup ‘oy.

frightful: be frightful (person, animal): xi‘benaj ba.

grace: endowed with grace: ‘ep ‘utzil, ‘ep gracia.

graceful: ‘utz, *‘ulubalal, lek, t’ujum.

gracefulness: ‘utzil, lekil, t’ujumal.

graciously: act graciously: t’ujum pas.
speak graciously: ‘utz k’opoj.

handsome: ‘utz, lek, t’ujum.
handsome person: lek vinik.

handsomeness: lekil.

horrifying: be horrifying: xi‘benal ba.
be horrifying (person, animal): xi‘benaj ba.

orderly: nopbunopbil, tasaltasal.

prettiness: lekil, t’ujumal.

pretty: ‘utz, *‘ulubalal, ch’ulul, ch’ululch’ulul ba, lek, lek ‘ilel, t’ujum, t’ujum ‘ilel.
be pretty: ‘utz ‘ilel, x‘ulubalal ‘ilel.
sound pretty: ‘utz ‘a‘i, ‘utz ‘a‘iel.

proper: lek ‘oy, nup ‘oy.
be proper: tojol ‘oy.

speak: speak elegantly: ‘ajval-k’opoj, tekpan-k’opoj, t’ujum k’opoj.
speak eloquently: ‘ajval-k’opoj, tekpanil-k’opoj.
speak graciously: ‘utz k’opaj, la k’opoj, t’ujum ‘al.

speech: elegant speech: ‘ajval k’op, tekpan k’op.

talk: elegant talk: lekil k’op, t’ujum k’op.

ugliness: ‘ila‘alil, kola‘al.

ugly: kolo‘, kolo‘ ‘elov, mo ch’ululuk ba, mo lekuk, mo saksakuk, mo t’ujumuk, toj kolo‘.
be ugly: mo t’ujumuk ‘elov.
be ugly (person, animal): xi‘benaj ba.
become ugly: tz’i‘lej, kola‘aj.
have an ugly appearance or face: kolo‘ ba sat.
make ugly: tz’i‘lejes, tz’i‘ley, kola‘ajes.

17. Fate, causality, free will, preference. See also luck 16C, misfortune 16L, sports 32B, witchcraft 35F.

accident: by accident: Ha‘ no ‘ox yalal.

advantageous: be advantageous: ‘elmaj yo‘ ‘oy, lok’ yo‘ ‘oy.

appoint: nakan, t’uj, va‘an.

appointment: t’ujel, va‘anel.

augury: pixanil.

because: ‘u‘un, Ha‘ ‘u‘un.
because of: koj, ta koj, Ha‘ koj, Ha‘ ta koj.

cause: ‘ak’, *tze, k’alal, ya.

certain: batz’i k’op, batz’iltik, toj Hech.

chance: by chance: Ha‘ no ‘ox yalal.
by chance?: me.

choice: tamol, tamolajel.

choose: nakan, t’uj.
choose the best: t’uj.
person who chooses: jtamanej, jtamvanej.

chooser: jt’ujom, jt’ujvanej.

compulsory: tzajal.

fate: balam, ch’ulelil, k’in, Hech ch’ulel.
person’s fate: k’inal.

foretold: toj-ti‘ibil.

forewarn: ba‘yi ‘albey.

free: free will: kuxul tza, na‘ben tza.

hope: tzoyleb, tzoylej, jok’lej, malayej, malayvanej.

if: ‘a ma ti, Ha‘uk te.

impossible: be impossible: mo Hu‘.

intend: intend to do: ‘ak’ ‘olonton, ‘ak’ ta ‘olonton.

intention: ch’akel ‘olonton.

involuntarily: ‘ok’elal.

legal: decide a legal case: ch’ak.

let: ‘ak’.
not let: mo ‘ipuk.

lose: lose bet (or) game: ‘aleyat.

luck: ‘es, balam, ch’ulelil, Hech ch’ulel.

meet: meet unexpectedly: nup.
meet unexpectedly at work or at war: nuptan, nupul-bein.

motive: ba k’op, likeb k’op, t’abeb k’op.
give the motive for: ‘ibeltas.

no: in no way: toj mo.
under no circumstances: toj mo.

obligation: ‘ak’el ba.

obligatory: tzajal.

omen: k’in.

opportune: ta‘al ‘oy.
be opportune: tuun ‘oy.

opportunity: ‘a‘yej, k’inal tuunel.

outcome: tzutzeb.

perhaps: van.

permission: takel ta ‘ich’el tza, takivanej.
give permission: taki.
permission one gives: takiej.
permission one receives: takiel.

permit: ‘ak’, mo komes, mo pajes, takbcy.

persuade: ‘a‘ibey k’op, tzitz, jut, likes, t’abes.

persuaded: be persuaded: t’ab.

persuader: jlikesvanej, jt’abesej-k’op.

possibility: vesvanej, Hu‘el.

possible: be possible: Hu‘ pasel, Hu‘ Hechuk pasuk.

prevent: prevent person from doing something good or bad: pajes.

provable: batz’ijoscl ta j‘ilojel.
be provable: Hu‘ na‘el.

resolve: na‘, pas.
weaken in one’s resolve: chibaj ‘olonton, k’un-yamaj ‘olonton.

therefore: ‘u‘un, Ha‘ ta koj.

though: even though: Hechuk ‘ox pisil, Hechuk pisil.

time: opportune time: k’inal, k’inil.

unexpectedly: *ja‘al.

unjust: mo ‘utzuk, mo meleluk, mo tojoluk.

unjustified: naka ‘altik.

want: k’an, tak’.

way: pasel, Hech pasel.
in this way: Hech ‘ilel.
in whatever way: k’usiuk no ‘ox cha‘leybil.
way of life: Hech talel.

why: that’s why: Ha‘ ‘u‘un, Ha‘ koj.
that’s why not: Ha‘ koj mo‘oj.

will: k’anvanab, k’op ‘olonton, naka ‘olonton no ‘ox, talel ta ‘olonton.

willpower: k’anvanab.

wish: not wish: mo tak’.

18. Life cycle and family

biography: vokolil.

family: k’ulej, k’uyul, nail, naklej, vinkilel.
have a good family: ‘utz ta nail, ‘utz te vinik chi‘il ta naklej, ‘utz te vinik chi‘uk ta naklej, ‘utz te vinik junjun na chi‘uk, familia.

generation: second generation: cha‘-tz’akal maletik.

household: live in the same household with: lak’-nain ba, jlak’-na ba.
member of the same household: jlak’-na.

life: ‘ilel ‘osil, xanbal.

live: ‘il ‘osil.

living: be living: kuxul xanav.

18.A. Birth

abort: ‘et’es, yal ‘u‘un, yales.

afterbirth: me‘ ‘olol.

barren: nap’ey.

big-bellied: be big-bellied (pregnant woman): benet, t’enet, t’uket.

birth: ‘alajel, vinkilayel.
give birth: vinkilaj.
give birth (woman): ‘alaj, ‘alan.
have a breech birth: va‘al vinkilaj.

born: be born: ‘ayan, ‘osilaj, vinkilay.
born of a woman: ‘alanbil.

cold: post-partum cold or cold sickness that women frequently suffer: yax-chelul.

conceive: (woman): ‘alaj.

engender: vinkiltas.
(man): nich’naj, nich’nan.

engenderer: nich’najon, jvinkiltasvanej.

ewe: ewe that has given birth: ‘alnom tux-nok’ chij, tux-nok’ chijil ‘alnom.

firstborn: (of a man): ba nich’nal, ba nich’on.
(of a woman): ba j‘alanel, ba ta ‘alanel.

hatch: ‘och, ‘oy vinik.

hatched: patlebinbil.
be hatched: ‘oy vinkilel.

impregnate: kola‘ajes.

impregnated: be impregnated: kola‘aj.

midwife: jtam-‘unen.

milk: woman’s milk: chu‘ ‘antz.

multiplier: jp’olesvanej.

placenta: k’u‘, me‘ ‘olol.

pregnant: kolo‘.
become pregnant: kola‘aj.
pregnant woman: kola‘al ‘antz, yaya ‘antz.

umbilical: umbilical cord: mixik’il.

woman: woman in first labor: j‘alal-‘antz.
woman who has given birth: ‘alnom.

womb: ‘alajebal.

18.B. Childhood and maturity. See also kin terms 18F.

age: be of age: ta k’inal.

baby: newborn baby: tzajal ‘olol.
nursing baby: jchu‘unel ‘unen.

boy: kelem.
be a full-grown boy: paj ch’iel kelem.
become a full-grown boy: ta ‘okel kelmal.
boy with changing voice: vok’ nuk’ul kelem.
grown boy: tzatzal kelem, muk’ta kelem, yijil kelem.
young boy: bik’tal kelem, ch’iom kelem.

boyhood: reach boyhood: kelmay.

butt: butt heads together (boys): t’is-joli ba.

carry: carry in one’s arms as children: pet.

child: ‘unen, ‘unen ‘olol.
(metaphorically): ch’ich’el, k’elom, nich, sat.
child whose father died before he was born: nich k’ok’.
fatherless child: jcham-tot.
motherless child: jcham-me‘.
newborn: chu‘uneb ‘olol.
nursing child: chu‘unom.

childhood: ‘unetikil.
childhood companion: ‘ix ta kelmal.

childish: act childish: ‘unetiki ba, tajim.
childish act: ‘unetikil pasnej.

childishness: ‘unetikil.

custodian: (of an orphan): jchabiomal-me‘on.

girl: tzeb.
be a full-grown girl: paj ch’iel tzeb.
become a full-grown girl: ta ‘okel tzeb.
young girl: bik’tal tzeb, ch’iom tzeb.

girlfriend: ‘ajmul.

girlhood: tzebal.
reach girlhood: tzebay.

grow: ch’i, pas ba.
grow up: ch’i batel.

guardian: jchabivanej.

infancy: tzajal ‘unetikil.
fellow in infancy: ‘ix ta ‘unetikil.

infant: ‘unen.

jump: jump up in the air (as when dancing or when boys jump for joy): lut’, p’it.

kiss: kiss repeatedly (as mother to her child): nulilan.

maiden: tzeb.

maidenhood: reach maidenhood: ta tzebal.

marriageable: reach marriageable age: ta k’inal nupunel.

mature: nearly mature: k’otebal ta ‘okel.

maturity: (age of discretion): k’inal 4ulel ‘olonton.
(full grown): ‘okel.
reach maturity: k’ot ta ‘okel.

minor: ‘oy jchabiomal, chabibil to, ta ch’iel to.
be a minor (having a guardian): mu to k’ot ta ‘okel, mu to ta tak’in chabi ba tuk, mu to ta tak’in k’ulcj tuk.

murder: man who murders his child: jtzamesej nich’on.

nurse: ‘ak’bey chu‘, chu‘un, chu‘untas.

raise: (child, dog, horse): tz’itas, ch’itas.
(children, horses): mak’lin.

roll: roll around (like child with temper tantrum): balet.
roll around (like children who throw themselves to the ground in a temper): balan ba.

seven: seven years old: Huk-‘abi.

sin: girlhood sin: tzebaJ mul.

spanking: pak’el ta majel chak, pak’el ta majel nakleb.

strong: become strong (sun, rain, wind, child): ‘ipaj.

suck: show desire to suck (baby): tzobtzob tzobilan.

talk: childish talk: ‘unetikil k’op.
ingenuous or straightforward talk (when one speaks plainly like a child): tuk’avil k’op.

tooth: have new tooth grow in: ch’i *e, ch’i k’exol ‘e.

virgin: ‘utzil ‘antz, batz’i tzeb, tzeel tzeb, kuxul tzeb.

wean: ch’anantas ta chu‘.

weaned: be weaned: ‘iktay chu‘, kom chu‘ ‘u’un.

wetnurse: jchu‘untasvanej.

young: bik’tal.
(grow young): kelmay, k’ak’al-kelmay.

youth: kelem, kelmal.

18.C. Sex, sexual discrimination, beliefs, practices

abort: ‘et’es, yal ‘u‘un, yales.

adulterer: mulavej ‘ajnilal, *jxap-‘ajnilal.

adulteress: mulavil ‘ajnilal.

adultery: (man’s): mulavej ta ‘ajnilal.
(woman’s): mulavej ta malalil.
commit adultery: mulav ta ‘ajnilal, *xap ‘ajnilal.

affair: person who has an affair: mulavil.

afterbirth: me‘ ‘olol.

brothel: mul na, mulaveb na, mulavil na.

chaste: be chaste: ‘utz chabi bek’tal.
chaste woman: pokbil xanav ‘antz, t’ujum xanav ‘antz.

chastity: pokbil xanbal, t’ujum xanbal.

concubine: ‘ajmul, ‘ix ta majel.
have a concubine: ‘ajmulin, ’oy ‘ajmul, majav.

deflower: jambey bek’tal, jat.

desire: k’upin.
arouse another’s desire: ‘ak’ k’upin.
desire that one feels: k’upinvanej.
lustful desire: mulal k’upinvanej.
object of one’s desire: k’upinej.

engender: vinkiltas.
(man): nich’naj, nich’nan.

engenderer: nich’najon, jvinkiltasvanej.

female: female of any species: ‘antz.

filly: tzeb caballo.

firstborn: (of a man): ba nich’nal, ba nich’on.
(of a woman): ba j‘alanel, ba ta ‘alanel.

fuck: (have relations, a man with a woman, using a clear term): kob.

godmother: baptismal godmother: me‘ ta ‘a‘al dios.

hair: pubic hair: tzisanil.

he: Ha‘.
he himself: toj tuk, toj Ha‘.

hemoiThaging: uterine hemorrhaging: ta xa ch’ich’ yaxaub.

her: by or for her: ‘u‘un.

hermaphrodite: ‘antzil xinch’ok, ‘atil ‘antz, xinch’okil ‘antz.

hers: ‘u‘un.

him: by or for him: ‘u‘un.

his: ‘u‘un.

homosexual: active homosexual: jkob-xinch’ok, *jxap-xinch’ok.
have homosexual relations with another woman: patan ba chi‘uk ‘antz, patlebin ‘antz.
having homosexual relations with another woman: patan.
passive homosexual: jkobel-xinch’ok.

hood: woman’s hood: toca.

husband: malalil, xinch’okil, val-te‘.
girlhood husband: tzebal malal.
take a husband: val-te‘in.
take a husband (before celebrating the wedding): val-te‘ij.

impotent: be impotent: mo Hu‘ ‘u‘un.

impregnate: kola‘ajes.

impregnated: be impregnated: kola‘aj.

incontinence: mo lekuk xanbal, mulal xanbal.

incontinent: mo to jaka ‘iktayvan, Ha‘ te mo lekuk xanav, Ha‘ te mo pokbiluk xanave.
be incontinent: mu t’ujumuk xanbal.

kiss: ‘utz’i ni‘, ‘utz’ibey ni‘, ‘utz’iel ni‘, nup.

kissing: repeated kissing: nulilanel.

lady: ‘ajvalel pop tz’omol, x‘ojov, xep.

legitimize: (man): nich’nan.

lover: jjol-‘ilvanej.
(male or female): *val-te‘.
lover of: jjalal ‘il ——.

lust: bek’tal mul, bek’tal mulavej, bek’tal mulil, bek’tal-mulav, mulal-xanav.

lustful: toj mulavil.
be lustful: majav.

male: xinch’ok.

man: xinch’ok.
old man: mool.
wrinkled old man: nukultik sat mool.

manliness: xinch’oklel.

mare: ‘antzil caballo.

marriage: marriage of a woman: malinel.

married: married woman, wife: ‘ajnilal.

marry: (man): ‘ajnilaj, ‘ajnilan, ni‘atzij.
(woman): malin.

masturbate: pik bek’tal, *Hel ba.
(man): ch’oj te‘.
(woman): ch’op ba, ch’op bek’tal.

mate: (birds): tek’ ba.
(horses, dogs): kuch ba.

matron: xep.

menses: ch’ich’.

menstrual: have menstrual period: lok’ ch’ich’el ‘il.

menstruate: ‘ilomaj.

menstruation: ‘ilomajel, k’un ‘isim.

mermaid: ‘antzil vinik.

midwife: jtam-‘unen.

mistress (1): mistress of slaves: x‘ojov.
mistress of the house: ba jk’ulej, ba jk’ulej ta na.

mistress (2): ‘ajmul, ‘ix ta majel.

mother: me‘il.

mother-in-law: man’s mother-in-law: ni‘.

mount: (mating animals, dogs, horses): lut’lij muyel, ta lotz’el kuch ba.

multiplier: jp’olesvanej.

nephew: man’s nephew: ‘ichok‘il.
woman’s nephew (sister’s son): ‘aljun.

niece: man’s niece: ‘ichok’il.
woman’s niece (sister’s daughter): ‘aljun.

old: grow old (man): malub.
grow old (woman): me‘elub.
old age (of a man): malubel.
old age (of a woman): me‘elal.

orphan: fatherless orphan: ma‘-tot me‘on.
motherless orphan: ma‘-me‘ me‘on.

pander: ‘ik’van, muktal-‘ik’van, mukul-‘ik’van.

parents-in-law: (woman’s): ‘alib.

penis: ‘atil, xinch’okil bek’tal.
(polite term): xinch’oklel.

pimp: j‘ik’vanej, jili-‘atil vinik, mulal-xanav, mulavil kelem, jmukul-‘ik’vanej, Hovi-xanav, Hovil kelem.

placenta: k’u‘, me* ‘olol.

pleasure: carnal pleasure: muil bek’tal.
indulge in carnal pleasure: bek’tal muib.

pregnant: kolo‘.
become pregnant: kola‘aj.
pregnant woman: kola‘al ‘antz, yaya ‘antz.

prince: ba nich’on ‘ojov, nich’on ‘ojov.

princess: ba ‘antzil nich’on ‘ojov.

queen: x‘ojov, xep.

rape: tzajal-poch’i, pojbil cha‘ley, poch’i, poch’ibil cha‘ley, poj.

raped: tzajal poch’ibil.
be raped: tzajal pojbil cha‘leat, pojbil cha‘leyal, poch’ibil cha‘leat

rapist: jtzajal poch’i ‘antz, jtzajal poj ‘antz.

sexual: have sexual relations with: ‘il bek’tal, ‘ilbey bek’tal, nop bek’tal chi‘uk, *xap.
male or female sexual parts: k’exlal bek’tal.

she: Ha‘.

sin: girlhood sin: tzebal mul.
womanly sin: ‘antzil mul.

slave: female slave: ‘antzil mu‘nat.

son: man’s son: xinch’ok nich’on, xinch’okil nich’nal, xinch’okil nich’on.
woman’s father’s or mother’s brother’s son if older than she: xibnelil.
woman’s maternal or paternal uncle’s son (if younger than she): mukil.
woman’s son: xinch’ok ‘ol, xinch’okil ‘ol.

son-in-law: man’s son-in-law: ni‘il.

spouse: (man or woman): nup.

stallion: breeding stallion: mulav caballo, nich’naj caballo.
horse that takes mares: japivan caballo.

stepchild: man’s stepchild: jun nich’on.
woman’s stepchild: ‘aljun.

sterile: nap’e, toj te‘.
become sterile: och ta nap’eil, nap’ey.

sterility: nap’eil, nap’eyel.

talk: lustful talk: mulal k’op.
womanly talk: ‘antzil k’op.

testicle: tonilil.

uterine: uterine flux: naka Ho‘ ch’ich’.

vagina: ‘antzilel, lu‘il, yaxal bek’tal.

virgin: ‘utzil ‘antz, batz’i tzeb, tzeel tzeb, kuxul tzeb.

virginity: tzeel tzebal, kuxul tzebalil.

wedding: man’s wedding: ni‘atzel, ni‘atzijel.

whore: ‘ix ta majel, kobvan, jkobel, majavil ‘antz, mulav, mulavil ‘antz.
become a whore: majav.

whoremaster: jkobvanej, mulavil xinch’ok.

whoring: go whoring: majav.

wife: take a wife (before celebrating the wedding): val-te‘ij.

woman: ‘antz.
barren woman: xinch’okil ‘antz.
manly woman: xinch’ok ‘olonton ‘antz.
old woman: me‘el.
woman in first labor: j‘alal-‘antz.
woman who has given birth: ‘alnom.

womb: ‘alajebal.

18.D. Marriage

bachelor: kelem.

bachelorhood: mu lekav xanbal, Hech no ‘ox xanbal.
reach bachelorhood: ta k’inal na.

bridal: bridal chamber: tz’alav na jnupunel, nail pop, vayeb jnupunel.

bride: ‘ach’ j‘ich’el.

deflower: jambey bek’tal, jat.

dowry: yolob te‘.
give a dowry to: ‘ak’bey yolob te‘.

girlfriend: ‘ajmul.

godmother: wedding godmother: me‘il ta nupunel.

groom: ‘ach’ ni‘atz, ‘ach’ ni‘atzil.

husband: take a husband: val-te‘in.
take a husband (before celebrating the wedding): val-te‘ij.

marriage: nupunel.
marriage book: Hun nupunel.
marriage of a woman: malinel.
marriage partner: ‘ix ta *tzaatil.

marriageable: reach marriageable age: ta k’inal nupunel.

married: *tzaat.
be married: tojob.
married woman, wife: ‘ajnilal.

marry: nupultas.
(man): ‘ajnilaj, ‘ajnilan, ni‘atzij.
(woman): malin.
marry in the church: nupun.

matchmaker: jnupultasvanej.

matrimonial: nupunebal.

newlywed: ‘ach’j‘ich’el, ‘ach’ ni‘atz, ‘ach’ ni‘atzil.

petition: * ‘akan-’oltayvanej, k’anoj.

petitioner: jk’anbol.

spinsterhood: mu lekav xanbal.

spouse: (man or woman): nup.

unmarried: mu lekav.
be unmarried: naka no ‘ox xanav.

wedding: nupunel.
man’s wedding: ni‘atzel, ni‘atzijel.
proclaim wedding banns (as when they display those who are getting married): ye.

wife: take a wife: val-te‘in.
take a wife (before celebrating the wedding): val-te‘ij.

18.E. Old age, death, wills, inheritance

abort: ‘et’es, yal ‘u‘un, yales.

aging: (of a woman): me‘elubel.

All: All Saints’ Day: k’in chame-vinik.
All Souls’ Day: k’in chame-vinik.

bequeath: ‘al, taki.

bier: k’echobil chame-vinik.

boundary: mark boundaries of inherited land: ch’ak lum.

bury: bury dead person: muk jchamel.

clothes: remove mourning clothes: ‘olan ta ch’ob.

dead: chamal.
be absolutely dead: lajel cham.
be dead: ch’ay, ch’ay ‘ik’, laj.
dead person: chame-vinik, jchamel, jch’ayel, jlajel.
half-dead: ‘olbaj chamuk, k’an chamel.
nearly dead person: lut’um-‘e vinik.

deadly: deadly herb: jtzamesvanej pox.
deadly thing: jtzamesvanej.

death: ‘olanel, chamel, ch’ayel, lajel.
be sentenced to death: cham ta yan.
cruel death: k’uxul chamel, ma‘-ba chamel.
feign death: pak’tay ba ta jchamel.
near death: ch’akebal ‘ik’, lajebal, tas ‘olon-ton.
passage of death: ‘olanebal, chamebal.
person who feigns death: Ha‘ te pak’tay ba ta tup’el ‘ik’.
put to death: ‘olantas.

die: ‘olan, cham, ch’ay, ch’ay ‘ik’, laj.
die of starvation: cham ta vi‘nal.
die of the cold: cham ta sik.
die of thirst: cham ta taki-ti‘il.

disinter: jotz’.

drown: jik’av.

drowning: jik’avel.

epitaph: tz’ib, k’oplal.

escape: escape death: kol ta chamel.
escaped from being killed: kol-miluk.

escaped: escaped from being killed: kol-majuk, escaped from death: kol-chamuk.

glands: fatal swelling of the glands: jtzamesvanej chamel.

grave: mukenal.
have one’s grave removed: k’exbil mukenal.
move one’s grave: k’exbey mukenal.

gravestone: popol ton.

hanging: (said of a poor person, an orphan): lich’il.

heaven: ‘utzibeb, ‘utzibebal, muibeb, muibebal, nichimajeb, nichimajebal.

hell: chamebal.
(particularly of the damned): chan-kajal na.
(where the bones are burnt): k’atin-bak.
person in hell: k’atin-bakil vinik.

hellfire: k’atin-bakil ‘ik’ti’, k’atin-bakil ‘il ya, k’atin-bakil vokol, k’atin-bakil ya.

hung: place where object or person is hung: likanab, likanabil.

hurl: hurl oneself off a cliff: yalp’un ba, yokin ba.
hurl person off a cliff: yalp’un ta ch’en, yokin ta ch’en.

ill: be fatally ill: batz’i ch’ay, batz’i laj.

inheritance: poko‘ bel nail.

kill: tzames, tzamesvan, cham ‘u‘un.
kill by cutting to pieces: ch’uyilan-tzames, jatulan-tzames, sesen-tzames.
kill treacherously: muktal-tzames.
person who kills us: ‘ajval.

killer: jtzamesej, jtzamesvanej.

killing: secret killing: mukulmukul tzamesvanej.

legacy: takiej.

life: bring back to life: kuxan.
come back to life: kux, kuxol, kuxolaj.

limbo: chamebal.

live: live a long time: nat bat, nat natij.

long-lasting: be long-lasting: mo sobuk ‘olan, mo sobuk laj.

long-lived: be long-lived: ‘ep ‘il ‘osil, nat ‘il ‘osil, nat xanav, nat xanav ta balumil, nat xanbal, nat tal.
long-lived person: poko‘ vinik.

man: old man: mool.
wrinkled old man: nukultik sat mool.

martyr: jtzatzal-ch’uunvanej.

martyrdom: ‘ilel vokol ‘u‘un dios, tzamesel ‘u‘un dios cham, yaijesel ‘u‘un dios.

memorial: na’obil k’usitikuk.

mortal: jchamel.
be mortal: cham ‘u‘un.
mortal creature: jlajel.

mortality: chamel.
(archaic term now replaced by chamel): pukuj.

mourning: dress in mourning: ‘ik’ub ‘u‘un chame-vinik, chabaj ta ‘ik’al pok’, lap ‘ik’al pok’.
mourning clothes: ‘ik’al pok’, chabajeb k‘u‘ul, chabajebal k’u‘ul, chabal k’u‘ul.
remove mourning clothes: ‘iktay ‘ik’al pok’, lok’ ta ‘ik’al pok’.

murder: man who murders his child: jtzamesej nich’on.

murderer: jtzamesej, jtzamesvanej.
treacherous murderer: jmuktal-tzamesvanej.

obsequies: ‘aboltayel chame-vinik, ‘aboltayel ch’ulelil.
perform obsequies: ‘aboltaybey ch’ulel.

old: grow old (man): malub.
grow old (woman): me‘elub.
old age: malelal.
old age (of a man): malubel.
old age (of a woman): me‘elal.
old person: poko‘ vinik, yijil vinik.

orphaned: person in charge of homeless women or widows: jtzoyleb, jjok’leb.

ossuary: ‘ak’ob bak, tzobob bak, tzobojeb bak.

patricide: jtzamesej tot.

patrimony: chamebal nail.

poison: ‘ak’bey ‘uch’ kola‘al pox, jtzamesvanej pox, komes kola‘al ‘e, komes kola‘al ti‘.
poison drink: kola‘al pox.

poisoned: poxtaybil.
be poisoned: ‘uch’ kola‘al pox.

pretend: pretend to kill: maxil-mil.

primogeniture: Ha‘ yal ta pop ta tz’omol tot.

purgatory: chamebal, purgatorio.
(where one’s sins are paid for after this life): ‘ox-kajal na ta chamebal, tojob mulil.

sacrifice: human sacrifice: kupvanej ta moton ch’u.
sacrifice people: kup, kupvan.

sentenced: be sentenced to death: ch’ak tzamesel.

short-lived: k’ox.

shroud: pix chame-vinik, pixobil chame-vinik, vol ta pok’, volobil chame-vinik.

shrouder: jpix chame vinik.

starve: starve to death: ‘uch’uy.

stiffen: (corpse): *te‘-xochtay, te‘ub.

strangle: jiban, mil.

strangled: jibbil, milbil.
animal or person being strangled: miloj.
strangled animal or person: milben.

tomb: *pun-te‘ chame-vinik, tumba.
stone tomb: *pun te‘ ton chame-vinik.

tree: dead tree: taki-te‘.

tumor: fatal tumor: ch’amojel chamel.

unction: extreme unction: t’abel.

wake: ‘ilel ‘ak’abal, julayel.

wealth: increase one’s wealth (as in wills some are more improved than others): p’ilil ‘aboltay.

widow: ‘iktalep.
be widowed: ‘iktalepay.
person in charge of widows: jtzoyleb, jjok’leb.

widower: *te‘el chol.

will: tz’akubtasel testamento, testamento, Ha‘ te jok’anbeat.
make a will: pas testamento.

win: (inheritance, lottery): lekon.

woman: old woman: me‘el.

wrinkled: wrinkled old man: tzu‘utik sat mool.

18.F. Kin terms, genealogy. See also birth 18A and marriage 18D.

adopt: (man): nich’nan.
(woman): ‘alan.

adopted: nich’nanbil.

age: be of the same age: ko‘ol ‘abil, ko‘ol ‘epal ‘abil, ko‘ol ch’i, ko‘ol ch’iel.

agemate: ‘ix ta ch’iel.

aunt: (mother’s sister): jun me‘il.
great aunt (grandmother’s sister): jun me‘il.
woman’s paternal aunt (if younger than ego): mukil.

brother: man’s elder brother: bankilal.
man’s younger brother: ‘itz’inal.
mother’s brother: Hom.
woman’s elder brother: xibnelil.
woman’s younger brother: mukil.

child: father’s sister’s child, mother‘s sister’s child: ‘ix me’elil.
legitimized bastard child: melel nich’nab.
man’s bastard child: mulal nich’nal, mulal nich’on.
man’s child: nich’nal, nich’onil.
man’s firstborn: ba‘yi nich’nal, ba‘yi nich’onil.
man’s only child: juyinom nich’nal, juyinom nich’on.
man’s second child: cha‘-va‘al nich’nal, cha‘-va‘al nich’on.
man’s youngest child: k’oxil nich’nal, k’oxil nich’non.
woman’s brother’s child (if older than ego): xibnelil.
woman’s brother‘s child (if younger than ego): mukil.
woman’s child: ‘alal, ‘olol.
woman’s first child: ba ‘ol, tzebal ‘olol.
woman’s last child: k’oxil ‘olol.
woman’s only child: juyinom ‘olol.
woman’s second child: cha‘-va‘al ‘olol.

cousin: ‘ix me‘elil.

daughter: man’s father’s brother’s daughter when younger than he:.
man’s father’s brother’s daughter when younger than he, mother’s brother’s daughter when younger than he: ‘ixlel ‘ixlel tot, ‘ixlelil.
man’s father’s or mother’s brother’s daughter when older than he: vixil.
woman’s daughter: ‘antzil ‘olol.

daughter-in-law: ‘alib.

different: (especially counting lineages): k’ejel.

father: totil.

father-in-law: man’s father-in-law: ni‘.

genealogy: tz’unbal, chojol, j-choj ta vinik, j-tos ta vinik, j-vol ta vinik, tasal, valel.

generation: be of the same generation: jun ta maletik, jun ta mool.
first generation: j-tz’ok maletik.

godmother: baptismal godmother: me‘ ta ‘a‘al dios, me‘il ta bautismo.

grandchild: man’s grandchild: mom.
woman’s grandchild: ‘i.

grandfather: muk’ta tot.

grandmother: muk’ta me‘.

great-grand-child: man’s great grandchild: cha‘-mom.
woman’s great grandchild: cha‘-‘i.

great-grand-father: cha‘ muk’ta tot, cha‘-va‘al muk’ta tot.

great-grand-mother: cha‘ muk’ta me’, cha‘-va‘al muk’ta me‘.

husband: malalil, xinch’okil, val-te‘.
girlhood husband: tzebal malal.

kin: ritual kin of baptism: chi‘il ta ‘a‘al dios.
ritual kin of baptism or confirmation: chi‘il tana dios, jalalchi‘il.
ritual kin of confirmation: chi‘il ta confirmación.

kinsman: ritual kinsman: ch’uul chi‘il.

lineage: j-tek, tasal, tekel, tos.
lineage name: tasal biil.

look: look like (one’s father or mother): lok’.

mother: me‘il.

mother-in-law: man’s mother-in-law: ni‘.

name: ‘ak’bey bi, biil, biiltas, kuy, tij ta ‘alel.
call by name: biiltas-‘ik’.
family name: jol biil, jolimal biil.

nephew: man’s nephew: ‘ichok’il.
woman’s nephew (sister’s son): ‘aljun.

niece: man’s niece: ‘ichok’il.
woman’s niece (sister’s daughter): ‘aljun.

orphan: me‘on.
be an orphan: mo ‘oyuk tot mo ‘oyuk me‘.
fatherless orphan: ma‘-tot me‘on.
guardianship of an orphan: chabiel me‘on.
motherless orphan: ma‘-me‘ me‘on.

parents-in-law: (woman’s): ‘alib.

related: closely related: nap’al.

relationship: blood relationship: ‘ibel, chi‘il k’el ‘oy, chojol, likebal, talel, tasal, valal.

relative: ‘alal, nap’al, nochol.
be a close relative of: ‘utz’ ba.
close relative (descended from a single stock or lineage): ‘utz’.

sister: father’s sister: vixil.
grandfather’s sister: vixil.
older sister vixil.
woman’s father’s sister vix ‘ixlel tot.
woman’s younger sister: mukil.

son: man’s son: xinch’ok nich’on, xinch’okil nich’nal, xinch’okil nich’on.
woman’s father’s or mother’s brother’s son if older than she: xibnelil.
woman’s maternal or paternal uncle’s son (if younger than she): mukil.
woman’s son: xinch’ok ‘ol, xinch’okil ‘ol.

son-in-law: man’s son-in-law: ni‘il.

stepchild: man’s stepchild: jun nich’on.
woman’s stepchild: ‘aljun.

stepmother: jun me‘il.

succeeded: be succeeded by: k’exey batel.

successor: k’exolil, lok’ol.

surname: jol biil, k’atajeb biil, sutejeb biil, talel, tasal, vinajeb bi, vinajeb biil, yaya biil.
(of the tribes that they once had): jolimal biil.

tribe: native tribe: jolimal.
tribe of origin: tasal, tos.

uncle: (father’s brother): jun totil.
great uncle (grandfather’s brother): jun muk’ta totil.

wife: ‘ajnilal, val-te‘.

19. Towns, inhabitants, land and land tenure

abandon: abandon one’s town: kom ta na, *lu.

backward: backward people (who live in the towns behind Zinacantan as Chamula): patilal vinik.

both: (towns): cha‘-tek.

census: take census: ‘ak’ ta Hun bi, ‘otes ta Hun biil.

Chamula: Chamo‘, San Juan.

Chenalho: San Pedro.

Chiapa: Soktom.

city: muk‘ia j-tek lum, muk’ta k’ulej, muk’ta lum.

community: ‘ol.

country: native country: lumal, na, yo‘ ‘oy ch’i, yo‘ ‘oy vinkilay.

empire: ‘ajvalel emperador.

foreign: bet’bil, j-tek ta lum talel, jakal, jakal talel, lekbil, nom, nom na, nom talel.

foreigner: bet’oj vinik, lekoj vinik, nam-tal vinik.

forest: forest dweller: jk’ulej ta te‘tik, te‘tikil vinik.

founder: town founders: ba‘yi vinik, yanilalik vinik.

France: Francia.

grow: (town): ‘epaj na.

hamlet: ‘alal j-tek lum, bik’tal lum, nich’nal j-tek lum.
hamlet dweller: ‘alal vinik, nich’nal vinik.

kingdom: ‘ajvalel.

Mexico: Mexico City: Tzekil.
native of Mexico City: ta Tzekil na.

mountain: mountain dweller: ba-vitzil vinik.

nation: j-tek, tos.

Negro: Negro from Guinea: j‘ik’al.

outskirts: ti‘ nanatik.

parish: teklej.
native parish: jolimal.
parish of origin: tasal, tos.

parishioner: jteklej.

population: ‘epal na.

princedom: princedom of the world: ‘ajvalel kotol ‘osil, ‘ajvalel ta kotol ‘osil, jolinej kotol ‘osil.

province: j-tek ta ‘osil, j-tek ta lumal, j-tek ta vinik, j-tos ta vinik.

region: ‘osil.

settlement: naivej.

settler: (who builds houses): naivii.

site: house site: ‘av na.
site of abandoned town: ‘av nanatik.
town site: ‘av j-tek lum.

Spaniard: ta Castilla na.

stranger: mo li‘uk na.

street: ‘ol nanatik.

suburb: ti‘ nanatikil na.

territory: lekoj, nopol, vinkilel.

town: ‘epal na, j-tek k’ulej, j-tek lum.
found a town: likes j-tek lum.
walled town: tenam-tonibil j-tek lum.

tribe: native tribe: jolimal.
tribe of origin: tasal, tos.

wall: town wall: tenam ton.

wasteland: uninhabited wasteland: xokol ‘osil.

wilderness: uninhabited wilderness: ‘ol ‘osil, te‘tik.

Zacatlan: (Ciudad Real): Jobel.

Zinacantan: ‘Ik’al ‘Ojov, Sotz’ Leb.

19. A. Residence and hospitality

guest: ‘ulo‘, ‘ulovil, pa‘i.
guest who lodges in one’s house: ‘ix kelem il.
receive a guest: ‘ula‘an, ‘ulo‘in.

home: vinkilel.
feel at home: nop ‘osil ‘a‘i.
feel right at home: toj nopel ‘osil ‘a‘i.

honored: feel honored (as when we say we feel honored to be visited): ch’uunel ‘a‘i.

host: banquet host: jba‘yitajel ta ve‘el.
host who gives lodgings: j‘ix-kelmajel.

hostel: ‘ix-kelmajebal, vayebal.

house: person who lives in another’s house: jch’am-na.

household: live in the same household with: lak’-nain ba, jlak’-na ba.
member of the same household: jlak’-na.

inhabit: k’ulebin, k’uyey, nain, naiv, nakey, naklebin.

inhabitant: jnaklej.

inn: ‘ix-kelmajebal, vayebal, vayebal na.

innkeeper: ‘ix-kelmajeb vinik.

invite: ‘ik’, pa‘i.
invite to a meal: ‘ik’ ta ve‘el.

invited: pa‘ibil.
invited to a meal: ‘ik’bil.

live: live in: naiv.
live with another: ‘oy chi‘il ta k’ulej.

lodge: vayantas.

lodging: vayal na.
give lodgings to: ‘ix-kelman.
take lodgings: ‘ix-kelmaj, ‘ix-kelman, ‘och, vay.

master: (or mistress) of the house: ba jk’ulej, ba jk’ulej ta na.

move: move from one’s house: ‘iktay, ‘iktay na.

neighbor: junjun no ‘ox chi‘uk, jlak’-na, nap’al, nochol.
be a neighbor of: lak’-nain ba, jlak’-na ba.

neighboring: nochol, nopol.
(town): nap’al.

overnight: overnight stay: vayebal.

provide: ‘elmajes, vinajes.
provide clothes, food and lodging: mak’lin.
provide for: tz’akubtas.
provide for person in want: makbey me‘anal.

provider: j‘ayanajesvanej, j‘elmajesvanej.

publican: jvayantasvanej, jvayijesvanej.

receive: receive or welcome visitor: nup.

received: be received or welcomed with great pomp: toj ‘utz nupey.

reception: nupol.

rent: ‘ak’ ta ch’amunel, ‘ak’ ta ch’om, ch’amun, ch’amunabil, tojolil.
apply rent: ‘ak’ patan, k’ot ‘ak’ patan, k’otk’otes patan.
pay rent: ‘och patan ‘u‘un.
rent out: ch’amun.

reside: k’ulebin, k’uyey, nain, naiv, nakav, nakey, naklebin.

residence: k’ulebal, k’ulej, naklebal, naklej.
change residence: k’ex-nai, k’ex-naij, k’ex-naijel, lik, likes.

resident: k’ulej, jnaklej.
populator (as the Spaniards say they are the populators of this land): jk’ulej.

residing: nakal.

roommate: ‘ix ta k’ulej.

sociable: laal ‘atil, laal ‘utzil.
sociable person: ‘atil vinik, ‘utzil vinik.

solitary: juyinom ta naklej, tuktuk ta naklej.

stay: stay overnight: ‘olanabil.

visit: ‘ula‘aj, ‘ula‘ajel, ‘ula‘al, ‘ula‘an, bat ‘il.

visited: ‘ilbil, ‘ula‘anbil.

visitor: j‘ula‘ajel, j‘ula‘al.

welcome: nupol.

welcomer: jnupol.

19.B. Land and land tenure

boundary: tz’ak lum.
boundary between properties: tz’ak ‘osil.
boundary marker: tz’ak, ch’akobil lum, vok’obil lum.
mark boundaries of inherited land: ch’ak lum.
move in boundary markers on another’s corn field: vetz’ chobtik, vetz’bey chob.
move in boundary markers on another’s property: vetz’ lum, vetz’bey lum.

irrigated: land: ‘ulbaltik.
land distribution (as the Spaniards of this land have repartimientos): vinkilel.
narrow plot of land: bik’it lum, mo muk’uk popol, yubul ‘osil.

occupy: occupy another’s property in a dispute: lekbey.

payment: order of payment for property: lok’esabil p’olmal Hun.

plot: plot of land: j-p’is lum, j-t’ob lum, j-t’ob lum, lum.

repartimiento: lekoj.

surveyor: jvok’-lum.

20.Civil affairs and social status

administration: good administration: melel ‘osil.

agreement: illicit agreement: tzobol labal k’op.

alcalde: alcalde, jnam-te‘.
deputy alcalde: jch’am-alcalde, jlok’tay-alcalde.

all-powerful: all-powerful person: jvesej kotol.
be all-powerful: kotol Hu‘ ‘u‘un.

annual: annual office holder: ‘abilal jch’akel.
office holder (alcalde): ju-jun ‘abil jch’akel.

appoint: nakan, t’uj, va‘an.

appointment: t’ujel, va‘anel.

assemble: assemble people: mel vinik, pas vinik.
assemble people (as in a procession): chol vinik, meltzan vinik.

audience: royal audience: ch’akebal na, jch’akel.

auditorium: (place where they listen): ‘a‘iab, ‘a‘iabil.

authority: important authority: ch’uunbil vinik, k’exbil vinik, xi‘bil vinik.

bad: (administration or government): *Homol *vukul.

banish: nutz, tak.

banished: banished person: takben.
person being banished: takoj.

banner: bandera, lok’om.

bribe: tzajal-‘ak’bey, tzajal-tzitz, *votol-tzitz.

bribery: tzajal ‘ak’beyel k’op, tzajal tzitzvanej.

builder: official builder: jch’ubajel.

captive: tzokil.
bought captive: manbil mu‘nat, mu‘nat.

census: take census: ‘ak’ ta Hun bi, ’otes ta Hun biil.

chief: ‘ajvetik, ba‘yitajel, ba‘yitajel vinik, jba‘yitajel.

civil: request civil action (from the alcalde): k’anbey ch’akel.

communal: ‘ol.

comply: comply with the ordinances or mandates of the king or courthouse: chabi k’oplal.

constable: jnam-te‘.

corruption: tz’i‘lejel, kola‘al, ma‘-bail.

council: ch’akebal na, jch’akel.

court: tz’omol yo* ‘oy Hu‘ ch’akel.
court of justice: nakleb yo‘ ‘oy pas ch’akel, nak’ob k’op.

courtesan: ta tz’el ‘ojov xanav, ta na ‘ojov xanav.

crier: town crier: j‘ov.

custodian: jchabiomal, jchabivanej.
(of an orphan): jchabiomal-me‘on.

decline: (in number, population, property or rank): vetz’.

deputy: jlok’tay.
(of warden or governor): k’exol.

detain: (as when the alcalde does not let them go somewhere or a friend detains them): nakan.

director: (who lines up people): jmel-vinik, jmeltzajesvanej.

document: false document: pak’-Hun.
forge an official document: p’is ta Hun ‘ojov.
forged official document: pak’taybil ta Hun ‘ojov.
forgery of an official document: pak’tayel ta Hun ‘ojov, p’isel ta Hun ‘ojov.

edict: nopben.

elector: jt’ujom, jva‘anvanej.

ensign: lok’om.

establish: lok’ takiej.

faction: jechjech k’op, tasal k’op.
head of a faction: jtasal-k’op.
member of a faction: jechel vinik.

fame: ‘a‘yej, ‘a‘yejlal, na‘el.

famous: ‘a‘ibil, ‘ip ‘ik’, biiltasbil, biinem, na‘bil.
be famous: ‘ip ‘a‘iel, ‘ip ‘a‘yejlal, ‘ip ‘aley, ‘ip na‘el.
become famous: ‘ip na‘ey, japjonet ‘ik’, japluj ‘ik’.
become famous or illustrious: bain.

first: first in rank: ba ta ‘ajvalel.

flag: lok’om, lok’om pok’.

foremost: foremost in rank: ba‘yitajel.

forest: forest dweller: jk’ulej ta te‘tik, te‘tikil vinik.

freedman: kuxul vinik, te‘el vinik, yaxal vinik.

gentleman: tekpan vinik.

govern: chabi, ch’ak, k’opoj, pas patan.

government: chabiomal, jchabiomal, jk’opojel, pasel ch’akel.
good government: melel ‘osil, tojol ‘osil.

governor: jchabiomal, jch’akel, jch’akel ta ‘ol, jk’opojel ta ‘ol.

guard: jchabiomal, jchabivanej.

guardian: jchabivanej.

hold: (alcalde’s staff, flyswatter): *chox.

important: (official): ‘ip ‘ik’al.
be important (person of authority): namal ba.

jurisdiction: bet’oj, lekoj, t’ujoj.

justice: meltzajel.

king: ‘ojov, ba ‘ojov, batz’i ‘ojov, muk’ ‘ojov, rey.
become king: ‘och ta ‘ojov.

kingdom: ‘ajvalel.

laborer: become a day laborer: ‘och ta na ‘ajval, chon ba.

lady: ‘ajvalel pop tz’omol, x‘ojov, xep.

law: takiej ‘ojov.
abolish a law: pajes takiej.
administer a law: taki, takivan.
annul one’s law: lajes takiej.
make a law: meltzanbey xanbal.
natural law: talel, talel takiel.
town law: takiej, tekel lum takiej.

lay: (adobes, bricks, stones as the officials do): tz’al.

league: ‘olaneb k’op.
(between allies): chukob k’op, laanejeb k’op.

liberator: jlok’vanej.

liberty: kolel, kuxel, yaxubel.

line: line up people as in a procession: mel vinik, meltzan vinik, pas vinik.

lord: ‘ojov.
be a sovereign lord: mo ‘oyuk buy nup.
become a lord: ‘ajvay, ch’ak, k’opoj, ta ‘ajvalel.
fellow lord: ‘ix ta ‘ajvalel, ‘ix ta ‘ajvetikil.
lord of slaves: ‘ajvetik.
sovereign: ba ‘ojov.
sovereign lord: junjun no ‘ox tuk.
take as one’s lord or king: ‘ojovin.

lowborn: ch’ilom vinik, ch’ilomal vinik, voymoltikil vinik.

majesty: k’ak’al ‘ik’, toj nom ‘ik’.

manager: jnikesej-‘osil, jnikesej-vinajel, jnikesvanej.

marquess: marques.

mason: official mason: j‘abtel.

master: ‘ajval.
(or mistress) of the house: ba jk’ulej, ba jk’ulej ta na.
become master: ‘ajvay.
master of slaves: ‘ojov.
take as one’s master: ‘ajvalej, ‘ajvalin.

meeting: tzoblej, tzobojel, *chanul k’op, ch’akob k’op.
meeting place: tzoblebal, tzoblebal k’op, tzobojebal, pasob k’op.

merciful: order of merciful acts that the Audience performs: lok’eb ‘aboltayeb Hun.

mildly: (cure, rule, punish): k’un, laan.

mistress: mistress of slaves: x‘ojov.
mistress of the house: ba jk’ulej, ba jk’ulej tana.

nobility: ‘atil, ‘ajvalel, ‘ajvetikil, ‘utzil, tekpanil.
rise to nobility: ‘ajvetikij.

noble: ‘atil vinik, ba vinik.
noble person: ‘utzil vinik.

nobleman: ‘ajvetik, ‘ajvetikil vinik.

office: ‘abtel, patan.
be entrusted to an office: ‘albil patan.
be in office: ‘oy patan.
change office (one entering, one leaving): k’ex ba.
deprive of office: ch’anantas, jel, lok’es.
entrust office to: ‘ak’bey patan, ‘albey patan.
entrust one’s office to another: va‘an k’exol.
entrusted with an office: ‘ak’beybil patan, ‘albil patan.
public office: ‘ol ‘abtel, ‘ol patan.
select for office: t’uj.
select person for office: va‘an.

official: j‘abtel, jpatan.
official who carries a staff of office: jnam-te‘.
town official: jpatan ta j-tek lum.

orphan: guardianship of an orphan: chabiel me‘on.

orphaned: person in charge of homeless women or widows: jtzoyleb.

palace: ‘ajvalel na, ‘ajvayeb na.
royal palace: na ‘ojov, na tekpan.

patriarch: ‘ibel totil, likeb ‘epal ‘utzil vinik, patriarca.

patrol: night patrol: chabi-‘ak’abal, chabiej-‘ak’abal, joyeb j-tek lum, joyeb na, joyvanej.

position: high position: lekoj, patan.

powerful: powerful person: jvesej, jvesvanej. jHu‘el.

predecessor: Ha‘ te ‘ech’e. Ha‘ te k‘ex. Ha‘ te k’extay.

prefect: jch’akel.

prince: ba nich’on ‘ojov, nich’on ‘ojov.
be prince of the whole world: vinkilelbil kotol ‘osil ‘u‘un.
prince of the world: ‘alantasej kotol ‘osil, ‘ajvalinbil ta kotol ‘osil, ‘ojov kotol ‘osil, ‘ojov ta kotol, ‘ojovinbil ta kotol ‘osil.

princedom: princedom of the world: ‘ajvalel kotol ‘osil, ‘ajvalel ta kotol ‘osil, jolinej kotol ‘osil.

princess: ba ‘antzil nich’on ‘ojov.

protege: be the protege of a lord: jalaltasbil, jalaltay bil.

public: na‘ot.
be public: vinaj.

queen: x‘ojov, xep.

rank: be elevated in rank: muk’ub, toy.
entrust one’s office or rank lo another: va‘i k’exol.
entrust one’s rank to another: va‘an k’exol.
high rank: toyol ‘ak’el. toyol ‘ak’vanej.
lose rank: ‘iktay. ‘ilan ‘ajvalel, ‘ul, bik’taj, tup’.
person raised to high rank: jelel vinik, toybil vinik, toyol vinik.
raise one’s rank: p’iles.
renounce one’s rank: komes ‘ajvalel.

register: ‘atob biil, ‘atob vinik, ‘otes biil ta Hun, meltzajesabil lok’ob.

registered: be registered: ‘och ta Hun.

remember: person to be remembered for doing some thing: na‘uej.

repartimiento: lekoj.

reputation: ‘a‘yejlal, ‘ik’al.
bad reputation: kola‘al ‘a‘yejlal, kolo‘ ‘a‘yejlal.
destroy one’s reputation: ch’ay na‘el ‘u‘un, ch’ay xi‘el ‘u‘un.
have a bad reputation: vinaj kola‘al, vinaj kola‘al ‘a‘yejlal.
have a good reputation: ‘utz ‘a‘yejlal, ‘utzil ‘a‘yej, ‘utzil ‘a‘yejlal, vinaj ‘utzil ‘a‘yejlal.
have a reputation (particularly a bad one): vinaj ‘a‘yejlal.

respect: respect the king: tzames rey.

revere: revere the king: tzames rey.

rich: rich man: ‘ayik’al chabjom.

rule: ‘ajvay.
(town government): k’opoj.
rule a government or town: ch’ak.

rustic: (not noble): pata-vinik.

savage: ‘abnalil vinik. te‘tikil, voymoltikil vinik.

senator: jch’akel la ‘ol. jk’opojel ta ‘ol.

serve: ‘al. tz’ak-pati, chi‘in, va‘an.

slave: mu‘nat
(who has been captured): jtzok-vinilc.
female slave: ‘antzil mu‘nat
freed slave: kolesbil mu‘nat.
newly arrived slave: ‘ach’ ‘ulel mu‘nat

slavery: be freed from slavery: kol la mu‘natil.

sovereign: toj jelel, toj p’ilil, toj toyol.

standard: lok’om.

standing: be of high standing: p’ilil ‘ak’el.
be of low standing: bet’bil ‘ak’el.
high Standing: ‘ak’ol ‘ak’vanej, jelel ‘ak’el, jelel ‘ak’vanej, jelel ‘ayanel, p’ilil ‘ak’vanej, p’ilil ‘ayanel, toyol ‘ayanel.
low Standing: ‘olon ‘ak’el, bet’bil ‘ak’vanej, bet’bil ‘ayanel.
person in low standing: ‘olon vinik, ‘olonil vinik, bet’balal, bet’bil vinik.
social standing: ‘ak’el, ‘ayanel.

status: rise in status: toy jol. vik‘ sat.

stone: lay stones (as do the officials): ch’ubaj.

succeeded: be succeeded by: k’exey batel.

successor: k’exolil. lok’ol.

swear: pas juramento.

title: (legal): ‘ibel.

top-ranking: top-ranking worker: ba j‘abtel, ba ta ‘abtel.

transfer: (debt, conunand, office): p’asoj ‘u‘un, p’asojes.

treasurer: jchabi k’anal tak’in, jchabi-tak’in.

treasury: public freasury: chabibil k’anal tak’in.

tyrannize: tz’i‘ley ‘osil, me‘anajes ‘osil.

tyranny: tz’i‘lejesel ‘osil, me‘anajesel ‘osil.

tyrant: kola‘al vinik. k’ak’al vinik, jme‘anajesej-‘osil.

vagabond: ma‘-tuul vinik, mak ‘ik’, mak k’ak‘al, mo ‘oyuk k’usi tu, naka vinik.

vicar: k’exol, lok’ol.

viceroy: k’exol rey, lok’ob-ba rey, virrey.

violate: violate a law: p’as takiej.

vote: ‘alel, biiltas, biiltasel, Hap ti‘il.

watchman: night watchman: jchabi-‘ak’abal, jjoyvanej.

20.A. Disputes and dispute settlements. See also warfare 21E.

abusive: become abusive: k’ak’ub.

accusation: k’oplal.
accusation that must be made: jambol.
accusation to be made: ‘albol.

accuse: ‘al. jam.
accuse another falsely of one’s own crime: lajes mul ta tojol.

affront: ‘ak’ ta namal. javayel, javayes, k’exk’onel. namajes, namal.

affronted: namajesbil.
be affronted: k’exk’on, namnon.

apologize: pok ba, ya ti‘.

apologizer: jya-ti’il.

apology: pok bail, ya ti’il.

appease: laanejes. nakanbey ‘olonton.

argue: pakpak ba ta k’op. tup’bey ba k’op.

attorney: jkoltayvanej. jk’op.
act as an attorney: koltay.
king’s or lord’s attorney: lekoj ‘ojov, lekom ‘ojov.

avenge: avenge a beating: pak majel.
avenge an insult pak ‘utel.

backbite: nam tal ‘u t nam tal ‘utvan.

backbiter: jjotz’-k’optayvanej.

backbiting: nam tal ‘utvanej.

banish: nutz, tak.

banished: banished person: takben.
person being banished: takoj.

beaten: be beaten: ‘och la pox ‘u‘un.

beating: reciprocal beating: pakol majel.

blow: k’oj. tij. yalel.
blow (counting): j-likel majel.
come to blows: maj ba.
fist blow: tij.

bother: tzajal-‘ik’. me‘anajes. yayaubes.

cane: maj ta te‘, majob te‘. majvan ta te‘.

caned: majbil la te‘.

clemency: ‘aboltayvanej, k’uxubinvanej, laanejel.

conciliate: ch’anantas.

confess: ‘al mul. ch’ay mul. james. vinajes.

confessed: publicly confessed: Hapbil ti‘.

confession: confesion, tojobtasabil, tojobtasabil ‘olontonil. tojobtasel ‘olontonil.
hear confession: tojobtas. tojobtasbey ‘olonton.
make one’s confession: meltzajes ‘olonton. tojobes ‘olonton, tojobtas ‘olonton.
make public confession: Hap ti‘il.
public confession: Hap ti‘, Hap ti‘il.
take confession: pas confesion.

confessor: confessor who confesses his sins: j‘al-mul, jjam-mul.

confiscate: cortfiscate another‘s property in a dispute: lekbey.

consult: consult with many (as in the courthouse): tzobol-k’opoj, cha‘ mel k’opoj, cha‘ mel k’opon ba, jak’bey ba k’op.

contend: nak, nakav, tup’bey ba k’op.

contender: nakbal.

court: tz’omol yo‘ ‘oy Hu‘ ch’akel. court of justice: nakleb yo‘ ‘oy pas ch’akel, nak’ob k’op.

courthouse: ‘ol na, ch’akebal ‘ol, ch’akob k’op.

criminal: criminal process: Hun.

custody: chabiel, chabiomal, chabivanej.

death: be sentenced to death: cham la yan.

defend: koltay, mak-pati.

defender: jkoltayvanej, jk’op.

defense: object of one’s defense: koltayej.

deny: deny one’s guilt (legal case): muktal-net’bey, net’ k’op, net’ ta ‘alel.

disagree: mu junjunuk k’op.

disagreement: ‘epal k’op.
have a disagreement: ‘ep k’op, ‘ep k’op ta tojol.

discord: ‘epal k’op, ch’ijetel, k’uletel.

dispute: ch’ijetel, labal k’op, nakel vinik, naknak ba ta k’op, pakpak ba la k’op, pakpakbey ba k’op, pakpakel ta k’op.
legal dispute: k’op la tz’el jch’akel.
person who settles disputes: jmeltzajel, jmeltzajesej-k’op, jmeltzajesvanej, jtojobel, jtojobesvanej.
settle disputes: meltzajes ba.
start a dispute: likes.
subject of dispute: nakoj.

dissension: stir up dissension: ‘ixtalaj, ‘ixtalan.

end: end of negotiation: tzutzeb k’op.

faction: jechjech k’op, tasal k’op.
head of a faction: jtasal-k’op.
member of a faction: jechel vinik.

fight: ch’ilom.

flee: make flee lo the hills: jatviltas.
make person flee: jines.

free: (captive or prisoner): lok’.

go-between: jtzitzvanej la ‘utzil k’op.

gossip: gossip intended to arouse discord: cha‘-lom k’op.
gossip intending to arouse discord: cha‘ lom k’opoj.

harsh: harsh judge: tzatzal juez.

impute: ‘albey, na‘-tzaibey, nopbey.

intercede: k’opoj ‘u‘un, k’oponvan, Hu‘ k’opojel ‘u‘un.

investigate: ch’ak, jak’, jak’oj, jak’van, jotz’-k’optay, jololtas, muktal-jak’, muktal-sa‘.

investigated: jak’beat, jak’beybil, jak’ebil.

investigation: jak’, jak’ojel, jak’vanej, jotz’-k’optayvanej, k’oplayvanej, muktal sa‘vanej.
subject of investigation: ch’akoj.

investigator: jjak’-k’op, jjak’ojel, jjak’vanej, jjotz’, jmuktal-jak’vanej, jmuktal-sa‘vanej.

judge: ch’ak, jch’akel, jololtas, juez, jmeltzajesvanej, jnam-te‘.

judged: ch’akbil.

judgment: ch’akel, ch’akvanej.
judgment or resolution that has been made: ch’akben, ch’akben k’op.

justice: meltzajel.

lawyer: jk’op, jk’opojel, jk’oponvanej.

legal: decide a legal case: ch’ak.
legal case: choltajesbil k’op, choltajesbil Hun.
legal title: koj.

litigant: j‘al-k’op la tz’el jch‘akel, j‘al-k’op ta tz’el juez.

litigate: ‘ak’ k’op ta tz’el juez. Hu‘ k’op ‘u‘un ta tz’elel juez.

mediate: meltzan, nop, pas.

mediation: nopel k’op, pasel k’op.

mediator: j‘ak’ ‘utzil k’op, jk‘op, jlaanesej-k’op, jnop-k’op, jpas-k’op, jsikubtasej-k’op.

negotiate: k’oplajes, k’oplaltay, Hu‘ ‘u‘un.

negotiation: end of negotiation: lajeb k’op.
interfere so as to obstruct a negotiation: xoj-k’optay.

occupy: occupy another’s property in a dispute: lekbey.

opponent: nakbal, nakmal.

oppose: ‘ut, nak, nakav.

opposite: say the opposite of: tup’ k’op.

opposition: nakavel, nakbal, nakel, nakvanej.

pardon: ch’aybey, ch’aybey kola‘al, ch’aybey mul, ch’ayel, lajes.

pardoned: ch’aybil.

partisan: be partisan: jech ch’uun, jech k’ex, jechjech k’opoj, jechjech va‘an ba.

peace: peacemaker: jlamtzajel.

plead: plead a case: koltay.

prove: prove with a wimess: ‘elmaj j‘ilojel ‘u‘un. batz’itay ta j‘ilojel.

provoke: k’ak’ubes.

provoked: k’ak’ubesbil.

provoker: jk’ak’ubesvanej.

quarrel: ‘ilin. ‘ut, bik’tal ‘il, bik’tal jatal, bik’tal k’opk’onel, jataj. jatan. k’opk‘onel.

quarreler: j‘ipal-‘osil. j‘ipal-k’op, j‘ipal-ti‘.

quarrelsome: ‘ip k’ak’al, ‘ip lek’-ti‘il.
be quarrelsome: ‘ip ti‘ ‘ok’.
quarrelsome person: j‘il, jbik’tal-jatal, jjatal, jk’opk’onel.

reconcile: lamtzajes, paktzajes, paktzan.

reconciled: be reconciled: laanej ‘olonton, pas ba. Hul ‘olonton ta tojol.

reporter: (of lawsuit): j‘il-Hun.

scrutinizer: jjak’-k’op. jjak’-mulil.

sentence: ch’ak, ch’akbey tojol mul. ch’akel. ch’akes, jololtas, lajesbey k’oplal, pas ch’akel.
(legal): lajeb k’op.

sentenced: be sentenced to a beating: ch’ak majel.
be sentenced to death: ch’ak tzamesel.

speaking: not be on speaking terms with: mo ‘oyuk ‘il.

start: (dispute): jut.

struggle: poch’i, poch’i ba, poch’iel, poch’ivanej.

sue: sue at law: k’an ch’akel ta tz’el.
sue at law (criminal, debtor, accuser): jam ta tz’el jch’akel.

suit: suit at law: k’oplal.

summon: summon before the judge: ‘ik’ ta ‘ichon jch’akel.

talk: din of mirthful or quarrelsome talk: ch’ijetel.
din of mirthful or quarrelsome talk, discord: kuletel.
make a din with mirthful or quarrelsome talk: k’ulet.

testify: ‘al, va‘an ba la testigo.
testify falsely against person: lotbey k’op, nap’anbey k’op.

turmoil: bak’el ‘osil.

victorious: be victorious: ‘ip jelav, ‘ip jelavel.

victory: jelavel.

whipping: sentenced to a whipping: majbil vo‘ney, majey vo‘ney.

witness: ‘iloj. ‘ilolaj, j‘ilojel, j‘ilolajel, testigo.
testify as a witness: pas ba ta j‘ilojel, pas ba ta testigo.
witness’ testimony: k’op j‘ilojel, k’op testigo.

wrestle: poch’i, pcx:h’i ba.

21. Social problems and conditions

21.A. Crime, dangen See also warfare 21E.

bribe: tzajal-‘ak’bey, tzajal-tzitz. *votol-tzitz.

bribery: tzajal ‘ak’beyel k’op. tzajal tzitzvanej.

danger: tz‘i‘lejel, tz’i‘leyel.
be in danger: tz’i‘lej, tz‘i‘ley.

dangerous: tz’i‘lelal.
be dangerous: ‘ip tz’i‘lelal.

filch: tas, tasbey.

food: filch food: tas ve‘el, tasbey ve‘el.
pilferer of food: jtasol-ve‘el.

forger: jpak’tayvanej ta tz’ib.
cocoa bean forger: jpak‘tayej ta kokov.

forgery: lok’tayel, pak’tayel, p’isel.

goods: stolen goods: ‘elek’, ‘ochol.

highwayman: jmakvanej, jpojvanej, jp’asvanej.

kill: tzames, tzamesvan, cham ‘u‘un.
kill by cutting to pieces: ch’uyilan-tzames, jatulan-tzames, sesen-tzames.
kill treacherously: muktal-tzames.
person who kills us: ‘ajval.

killer: jtzamesej, jtzamesvanej.

killing: secret killing: mukulmukul tzamesvanej.

larceny: ‘elek’.

money: counterfeit money: pak’tayej lak’in.
forge money: pak’tay ta tak’in, p’is ta tomin.
pitferer of money: jtas-tak’in.

murder: man who murders his child: jtzamesej nich’on.

murderer: jtzamesej, jtzamesvanej.
treacherous murderer: jmuktal-tzamesvanej.

patricide: jtzamesej tot.

picklock: ‘elk’ajebal tak’in, jamob na, jamobil ‘elek’.

pilferer: jtasol, jtasvanej.

plunder: tzokil.

poison: ‘ak’bey ‘uch’ kola‘al pox, jtzamesvanej pox, komes kola‘al ‘e, komes kola‘al ti‘.
poison drink: kola‘al pox.

poisoned: poxtaybil.
be poisoned: ‘uch’ kola‘al pox.

pretend: pretend to kill: maxil-mil.

rape: tzajal-poch’i, pojbil cha‘ley, poch’i, poch’ibil cha‘ley, poj.

raped: tzajal poch’ibil.
be raped: tzajal pojbil cha‘leat, pojbil cha‘leyat, poch’ibil cha‘leat

rapist: jtzajal poch’i ‘antz, jtzajal poj ‘antz.

risk: tz’i‘lejel, tz’i‘leyel, k’an ‘il.

rob: poj.

robber: j‘ochol, jpojvanej, jp’asol.
(who acts in secret): j‘elek‘.

robbery: pojben.

roguery: kola‘al, labal.

ruffianism: Hovil xanbal.

sacrilege: commit a sacrilege (by stealing from the church): ‘elk’an bel na dios.

simoniac: jchon k’op dios, jchon patan dios.

simony: chonel patan dios, chonel sacramento, manel patan dios, simonia.

stabber: jjulvanej.

steal: ‘elk’aj, ‘elk’an, ‘ochan, ‘ocholaj.
be easy to steal: ‘utz ‘elk’anel. ta ‘elk’anel, tak’ ‘elk’anel.
easy to steal: matanal ‘elk’anel.

strangle: jiban, mil.

strangled: jibbil, milbil.
animal or person being strangled: miloj. strangled animal or person: milben.

strike: person who strikes or wounds another with a hammer or rammer: jten-tak’in.

sue: sue at law (criminal, debtor, accuser): jam ta tz’el jch’akel.

talk: illicit talk: ‘ol labal k’op.

testify: testify falsely against person: lotbey k’op, nap’anbey k’op.

theft: ‘ochol.

traitor: *j‘aal-k’op, j‘aleyvanej, jcha‘ lom k’op, jjots’-k’op.

treason: *‘aal k’op, cha‘-lom k’op, jotz’-k’op.
cause to commit treason: *‘aal-k’optay, ‘aley, jotz’i.
commit freason: jotz’-k’optay.

violate: violate a law: tz’ukulin takiej, tz’ukulinbey takiej, jel takiej, p’as takiej.

waylaid: person to be waylaid: pa‘-muk’uybol.
person waylaid: pa‘-muk’uyoj.
place where people are waylaid: pa‘-muk’uyab.

waylay: pa‘-muk’uy, pa‘-muk’uyvan. pa‘-muk’uyvan, pas.
waylay on the trail: paj ta be.

waylayer: jpa‘-muk’uyvanej.

21.B. Family disintegration, depopulation

abandon: ‘iktay.
abandon one’s town: kom ta na, *lu.

abandoned: ‘iktaybil, komesbil.

adulterer: mulavej ‘ajnilal, *jxap-‘ajnilal.

adulteress: mulavil ‘ajnilal.

adultery: (man’s): mulavej la ‘ajnilal.
(woman’s): mulavej ta malalil.
commit adultery: mulav ta ‘ajnilal, *xap ‘ajnilal.

alone: all alone: ‘ip ‘oy tuk, tuktuk.
living alone: juyinom ta naklej.

anguished: be anguished by sickness or loss: kisnaj, yaij.

calamitous: ma‘-ba, pek’a, tenkex.

calamity: ma‘-‘olal, ma‘-bail, pek’ail, tenkexil.

child: child whose father died before he was born: nich k’ok’.
fatherless child: jcham-tot.
legitimized bastard child: melel nich’nab.
man’s bastard child: mulal nich’nal, mulal nich’on.
motherless child: jcham-me‘.

custodian: (of an orphan): jchabiomal-me‘on.

decline: (in number, population, properly or rank): vetz’.

depopulate: kom la na, *lu.

depopulated: be depopulated by famine or sickness: vetz’.
be depopulated in war: ch’ay, laj.
become depopulated by famine or sickness: jayub, jutebaj.

hanging: (said of a poor person, an orphan): lich’il.

orphan: me‘on.
be an orphan: mo ‘oyuk tot mo ‘oyuk me‘.
fatherless orphan: ma‘-tot me‘on.
guardianship of an orphan: chabiel me‘on.
motherless orphan: ma‘-me‘ me‘on.

orphaned: person in charge of homeless women or widows: jtzoyleb, jjok’leb.

site: site of abandoned town: ‘av nanatilk.

surname: (of the tribes that they once had): jolimal biil.

widow: ‘iktalep.
be widowed: ‘iktalepay.
person in charge of widows: jtzoyleb, jjok’leb.

widower: *te‘el chol.
become a widower: *te‘el-cholay.

21.C. Physical violence and punishment. See also warfare 21E.

banish: nutz, tak.

banished: barushed person: takben.
person being banished: takoj.

beaten: be beaten: ‘och ta pox ‘u‘un.

beating: reciprocal beating: pakol majel.

behead: ch’uy jol, ch’uybey jol, ch’uybey nuk’, tup’.

bowed: bowed over (by someone else): nijanbil.

cane: maj ta te‘, majob te‘, majvan ta te‘.

caned: majbil ta te‘.

chastise: *‘akan-‘oltay.

chastisement: *‘akan-‘oltayvanej.

chastiser: j‘akan-‘oltayvanej.

collar: iron collar: xotot lak’in, xotxot tak’in.

confiscate: tzajal-poj, pojbey.
confiscate another’s property in a dispute: lekbey.

death: be sentenced to death: cham ta yan.
cruel death: tzelel chamel, k’uxul chamel, ma‘-ba chamel.
put to death: ‘olantas.

dungeon: chukvanab ch’en, ta ‘ut lum, lumal chukvanab. mak-naiabil. mak-naivanab.

ear: cut off one’s ear: jotz’ chikin, lok’es chikin.

executioner: j‘ak’-vokol, jyaijesvanej.

eye: put person’s eye out: lomtz’inbey sat, tup’bey sat.

faint: make person faint tup’es, tup’es ‘ik’.
person who is made to faint: tup’oj.

fetters: tak’in chukobil ‘okil.
copper fetters: tak’in.
leg fetters: chukobil ‘okil tak’in.

fine: ‘ak’ chabajuk, chabajes, tojel.
fine of money or property: chabajel.

fined: be fined: ch’ak.

gag: lotz’ob ‘ok’il.

gallows: milob, milob vinik, milobil, milvanab, picota.

hair: clip or crop hair (of criminals): tulbey jol.
crop hair (of those who have committed some crime): tul jol.

hanging: place of hanging: jok’anab, jok’anabil.

hood: pasteboard hood of infamy: nit-bail.

hung: place where object or person is hung: likanab, likanabil.

impound: ‘a‘i ta k’ubul.
impound one’s possessions: ‘ak’ ta k’ubul bel na, k’uban bel na, nak’bey bel na.

impoundment: k’ubanel bel nail, nak’beyel bel nail.

jail: ‘ak’ ta chukvanab na, ‘ak’ ta na te‘, chukvanab, mak-nai ta na, mak-nai la na te‘, na te‘.
use house as a jail: mak-nai ta na.

jailed: chukbil, mak-naibil la chukvanab na, nak’bil ta chukvanab na.
jailed in someone’s house: mak-naibil ta na.

jailer: jchabi-chukvanab, jchabi-te‘.

manacles: chukob k’obil, chukobil k’obil.

mark: mark left by blow of the fist or by a slap: ‘av k’obol.

mildly: (cure, mle. punish): k’un, laan.

nose: cut off one’s nose: jotz’ ni‘.

persecution: nakavel, nakbal, nakel, nakvanej.

pillory: majvanab, milvanab, picota. xotxot tak’in. te‘ yo‘ majey vinik.
iron pillory: xotot tak’in.

punch: yalel.

punish: ‘ak’bey ‘il vokol, ‘ak’bey vokol, ‘il vokol ‘u‘un, tzilz, yaijes.

punished: tzitzbil. yaijesbil.
be punished: ‘il vokol.

punisher: j‘ak’-vokol. jtzitzvanej. jyaijesvanej.

punishment: ‘ak’beyel vokol, tzitzel, tzitzvanej, chabajel, ch’akel, tojel.
be sentenced to corporal punishment: majey la.
corporal punishment: tojel.

questioning: questioning on the rack: jak’obil ta xuk’ul k’op.
questioning under torture: jak’beyel ta k’uxul k’op. k’uxul k’op.

ring: iron ring: xotxot tak’in, tak’in.
wooden ring: xotxot te‘.

rod: rod with which boys at school are beaten on the hand: pok’ob k’obil, pok’ob k’obol, pok’obil.

sentence: ch’ak, ch’akbey tojol mul, ch’akel, ch’akes, lajesbey k’oplal. pas ch’akel.
(legal): lajeb k’op.

sentenced: be sentenced to a beating: ch’ak majel.
be sentenced to death: ch’ak tzamesel.

seventh: seventh part of a determined amount (fine for robbery): Huk-mekel Hech ‘epal tojol.

shrink: (as when being whipped on the back): yak’ pat.

slap: pak’ ta majel, pok’ ta majel, ta k’ob maj, t’ax ta majel, yalel.
slap given: pok’ben, t’axben.
slap on the neck: pok’el ta majel te‘ nuk’.
slap received: pok’benal. t’axbenal.

spanking: pak’el ta majel chak. pak’el la majel nakleb.

strapado: likanel ta ch‘ojon.

Strike: person who strikes or wounds another with a hammer or rammen jtenvanej.

strike with one’s fist tij ta majel la k’ob.

torment: ‘ak’ vokol, ‘ik’ti‘, kisnajes, yaijes.
suffering of torments: yaijel.

tormentor: jbik’tajesvanej-‘olontonil, jnakvanej, jyayaubesvanej.

torture: ‘ak’ vokol, ‘ak’bey ‘ik’ti‘, ‘ak’bey ‘il ‘ik’ti‘, ‘ak’bey ‘il vokol. ‘ak’bey vokol, ‘ik’ti‘, ‘il vokol ‘u‘un. vokol. yaijes, yayaubtas.
place of torture: ‘ilob ‘ik’ti‘, ‘ilob vokol.

torturer: j‘ak’-‘ik’ti‘, j‘ak’-vokol.

whip: maj, majob ch’ojon, majobil, majvan.
person whom one whips: majben.

whiplash: ‘av ch’ojon, majbenal.
whiplash on the buttocks: jich’el ta majel chak, jipel ta majel chak.

whipping: sentenced to a whipping: majbil vo‘ney, majey vo‘ney.

wound: jav ‘u‘un, javes, majbenal, maj, majvan, Hot, Hot ‘u‘un, Hotes, Hotol.
(given with rod or rope): jipben.
(received from rod or rope): jipbenal.
person whom one wounds: majben.
wound with a rod: jip ta majel ta te‘.
wound with a rope: jip ta majel ta ch’ojon.
wound with hoe or ax: boj ta majel.

21.D. Poverty and wastefulness

aid: aid the poor or miserable: ‘aboltay, koltay, yain.

beg: (poor person): k’anoj, k’anvan.

beggar: jk’anojel, jk’anvanej.

beggary: k’anojel, k’anvanej.

clothing: ragged clothing: lo‘ol k’u‘.

debenture: tzakobil tak’in Hun, lok’esabil tak’in.

debt: ‘il.
free from debt: ch’ay, ch’aybey.
oblige one to pay his debts: sutes.
pay a debt with money received from another’s debt: pakojbey.
pay one’s debts in full: toj.
payment of deb t lok’el, lok’vanej, tojel.
pledge security for a debt: tasey.
take a pledge of security for a debt tas, tasbey.

debtor: jHatzinvanej.

die: die of starvation: cham la vi‘nal.

famine: ‘uch’uyel.

hanging: (said of a poor person, an orphan): lich’il.

impoverish: me‘anajes.

impoverishment: me‘anajel, me‘anal.

lack: mo ‘oyuk u‘un.

lacking: be lacking: ch’ay, mo ‘oyuk.

poor: ‘abol ba, ‘utz’‘utz’ ba, jok’ol, k’uxob ‘olal ba, me‘on, yavaj.
aid the poor in their needs: yain.
become poor: me‘anaj.
desperately poor person: batz’i me‘on, ch’uul me‘on.
lift up the poor or downcast: p’iles.
raise the poon: loyes.

poorhouse: na me‘on, vayeb nich’on.

provide: ‘elmajes, vinajes.
provide clothes, food and lodging: mak’lin.
provide for: tz’akubtas.
provide for person in want: makbey me‘anal.

ragged: ragged person: jk’a‘al-k’u‘.

raise: raise the poor or downbeaten: jetobtay, latz’apuy.

reduced: be reduced to: lok’.

scarce: jol, sa‘alsa‘al, yavaj.
be scarce: toj jol.
be scarce (bread): ‘ip jalal, mo ‘oyuk, toj pojel.
become scarce: jalaj, jalan ba, yavajij.
made scarce: jalajesbil.
make scarce: jalajes, yavajin.

scarcity: jalajel. jalal. yavajijel, yavajil, yavajilal.

squander: ch’ay. ch’ay ‘u‘un. laj ‘u‘un, ma‘-batik lajes.

squandered: mu tojoluk bat.
be squandered: laj, ma‘-batik bal, ma‘-batik laj, mu vinaj bat.

squanderer: jlajesvanej, ma‘-batik jlajesel.

starvation: ‘uch’uyel.

starve: ‘uch’uy, ‘uch’uyel ‘a‘i.
starve to death: ‘uch’uy.

starving: starving person: j‘uch’, j‘uch’uyel.

strait: strait times (with hunger): yubul ‘osil.

support: tz’akubtas, mak’lin, sak-*ti‘in, yain.

waste: ch’ay, lajes, ma‘-batik lajes, mo tojoluk lajes.

wasted: mu tojoluk bat.
be wasted: laj, ma‘-batik laj, mo tojoluk laj, mu vinaj bat.

wretched: ‘abol ba, ‘utz’‘utz’ ba, k’uxob ‘olal ba, ma‘-ch’ulel.
be wretched: mo ‘oyuk ch’ulel.

wretchedness: k’uxob ‘olal ba.

21.E. Rebellion, warfare, and defense

agitate: bak’es ‘osil.

agitator: j‘ak’-k’op, jbak’esej-‘osil, jxi‘-k’op, jxi‘vanej-k’op.

ally: tasal.

ambush: lie in ambush: ‘och ta ‘abnaltik, ‘och ta te‘tik, muk ba ta te‘tik.
lying in ambush: lapal ta ‘abnaltik, mukul ta te‘tik.

arms: call to arms: nik ‘o ‘osil ‘u‘un, nikes j-tek lum.

assault: ‘anitay ta majel, mak. poj.
by assault: ta lut’el.
hurl oneself into the assault: ‘aniltay ta lut’el.

attack: ‘aniltay la majel.
attack each other: ‘aniltay ba ta majel.

battle: ch’ilomay. nak. nakav, yabutij, yabutil, yabutin.
start a battle: likes, likes ta ‘ochel, tukes.

captive: tzokil.
bought captive: manbil mu‘nat. mu‘nat.

captivity: mu‘natil. mu‘natinel.

capture: tzak, tzakolaj, tzakolajel, tzokil, chukel, chukvanej.

challenge: ‘ik’ ta tzamesel, ‘ik’ ta majel.

combat: tuk’ay.

conquer: nak, pas yabut. yabutij. yabutin.

conqueror: nakmal, jyabutijel.

conquest: yabutil.

cut: cut off one’s escape: joy. mak.

defend: koltay, mak-pati.

defender: jkoltayvanej, jk’op.

defense: object of one’s defense: koltayej.

depopulated: be depopulated in war: ch’ay, laj.

devastate: ch’ay, lajes.

devastated: be devastated: ch’ay.
be devastated in war: laj.

dissension: stir up dissension: ‘ixtalaj, ‘ixtalan.

disturbance: ‘ok’el ‘osil. ch’ijetel.
excite disturbances: ch’ijet ‘osil ‘u‘un, k’oplay ‘osil, k’ulet ‘osil ‘u‘un, nikes ‘osil, sokes ‘osil.

disturber: jsok-‘osil, jsok-lum, jsokvanej.

escape: escape captifre: kol ta tzakel.

escaped: escaped from capture: kol-japiuk.

fight: *‘ikoy, *‘ikoyaj, *‘ikoyajel. ch’ilomaj, ch’ilo-majel, ch’ilomay. tuk’ay.
fight in a contest *‘ikoyan, nak, nakav, yabutij, yabutin.

flight: jatanel, jatavel, jatval, jinel.

follow: follow enemies: nutz.

free: (captive or prisoner): lok’, lok’es.

fugitive: ‘ay ta muk’ta ‘anil, jjatanel, jjatavel, jjatvil, jjinel.

guard: jchabiomal, jchabivanej.

hostage: lok’ob k’op.
give hostages: ‘ak’ jlok’ob k’op, lok’ob-k’optay.
giving of hostages: lok’ob-k’optayel.

hurl: hurl oneself off a cliff: yalp’un ba, yokin ba.
hurl person off a cliff: yalp’un ta ch’en. yokin ta ch’en.

incite: ‘ak’ pas, ‘ak’bey k’op, bak’es ‘osil. tzitz, k’as.

incited: ‘ak’ebil k’op, tzitzbil.

incitement: ‘ak’beyel k’op, tzitzel.

inciter: jtzitzvanej.

instigator: j‘ak’-k’op.

league: (between allies): chukob k’op, laanejeb k’op.

liberator: jlok’vanej.

meet: meet unexpectedly al work or at war: nuptan, nupul-bein.

pacified: be pacified: laaet. laanej.

pacify: ch’anantas. laanejes, lamtzan, pas.

patrol: night patrol: chabi-‘ak’abal, chabiej-‘ak’abal, joyeb j-tek lum, joyeb na, joyvanej.

peacetime: lamal ‘osil.

pillage: tzak, tzakel bel na ta ch’ilomal k’op, pojel na ta yabutil.

plunder: tzokil.

pursue: pursue enemies: tz’ak-pati, nutz.

rebellious: become rebellious: toy ba.

rebelliousness: toy-bail.

refuge: jinebal, kolebal.
take refuge: koltay ba.
take refuge in the church: koltay ba.

repel: nak, nakav.

row: row of soldiers in battle order: j-chol jyabutil.

sacking: pojel na ta yabutil.

shelter: shelter to defend oneself: kolebal.

skirmish: ch’ilomaj, ch’ilomal, yabutij, yabutijel, yabutin, yabutinvanej.

skirmisher: jyabutijel.

slave: mu‘nat.
(who has been captured): jtzok-vinik.
female slave: ‘antzil mu‘nat.

snare: fall into a snare (person): xokbay ba.

spy: jpa‘i.
spy on: nach’itay. nach’itayvan. pa‘i.
spy who watches the road: jpa‘i-be.

spying: pa‘i.

stir: stir up: bak’es.

treaty: tojol.

truce: ‘olaneb yabutil, ch’anieb yabutil.

try: (to attack): k’an.

turmoil: bak’el ‘osil.

victorious: be victorious: ‘ip jelav, ‘ip jelavel.

victory: jelavel.

war: ‘antzil ti‘, yabutil.
earn wages in war: tojey, tojey ta ch’ilomal.
wage earned in war: tojol ta yabutil, tojolil.
wage war: ‘antzil-ti‘ij, yabutij.
wage war on: ‘antzil-ti‘in, nak.

warfare: mock warfare: tajimol ch’ilom.

wound: (with a lance): xen.
lance wound that one gives: xenben.
lance wound that one suffers: xenbenal.
wound with a rod: jip ta majel ta te‘.
wound with a rope: jip ta majel ta ch’ojon.
wound with hoe or ax: boj ta majel.

21.E, 1. Army, navy

army: j-tos yabutil, yabutil.
army in campaign: j-tos la ‘antzil-ti‘, j-tos ta jyabutil.

blowgunner: tuk’avil.

bowman: yalom, jyalbajel, jyalvanej.

camp: establish camp (as the captain ordered them to establish camp): nakan jch’ilom.

captain: ba ch’ilom.

crossbowman: yalom, jyalbayvanej, jyalvanej.

fencer: jchanantasej-ch’ilomajel, jchanantasej-yabutil.

fighter: *j‘ikoyajel, ch’ilom.

fleet: ‘epal jom, tzobol jom, *chanul jom.

galley: yabutinab castillan jom, yabutinajeb jom.

garrison: j-tos j‘antzil ti‘, j-tos jyabutil.
garrison a fortress: ‘ipajes yabutinab na, tzatzubtas yabutinab na.

lookout: k’elvanab.

marksman: satinom.

pikeman: ch’ilom xanav ta ‘ok.

renegade: j‘iktayej.

shooter: harquebus shooter: tuk’ajom, jtuk’ayvanej.
shooter of harquebus or lombard gun: tuk’avil.

skirmisher: jyabutijel.

slinger: jjimich’ajel, jjimich’vanej.

soldier: become a soldier: ‘och ta na ‘ajval, chon ba.
division or file of soldiers: j-tos jyabutil.
foot soldier ch’ilom xanav ta ‘ok.

squadron: j-tos ch’ilom, j-tos jyabutil.

warrior: j‘antzil-ti‘, mulavil j‘antzil-ti‘, nakmal, jyabutijel, jyabutil.
strong warrior: tzotz ch’ilom.

21.E.2. Arms, armor, and military trappings. See also military buildings 28C3.

aim: aim well: jav ‘u‘un, satibil bat ‘u‘un.

arm: tzatzajes, va‘an j‘antzil-ti‘, va‘an jyabutil.
arm self: tzatzaj.

armed: tzatzajesbil.

armor: cotton armor (worn by the Indians): cholo-nok’.

arrow: yolobil.
pierced by an arrow: yalbaybil.
target of one’s arrow shot yalbayej.

arrowsmith: jtzai-yolobil.

ball: ball of harquebus or moorish shotgun: bek’ tuk’.

banner: bandera, lok’om.

blow: blow through (reed, blowgun): Hupan.

blunderbuss: tuk’.

bow: t’in, yolobil.

brandish: (lance): la‘ulan, nikulan.
brandish or shake (lance): velulan, vesulan.

coat: coal of mail: cholol lak’in.

crossbow: t’in tak’in, t’inal tak‘in, vallesta, yolob tak’in.
crossbow bolt: yolobil.
crossbow pellet mould: ch’ulobil tuk’al lum, pasobil tuk’al lum.

cudgel: chin-te‘, majob te‘, volvol jol le‘.

dagger: julob tak’in. punal, xenob lak’in.

dress: place where one dresses or puts on armor: tzatzajebal.

ensign: lok’om.

fence: chan ch’ilomajel, chan yabutil, esgrimir.

flag: lok’om, lok’om pok’.

fletcher: j‘an-yolobil.

gauntlet: tak’in xojob k’ob, tak’in xojobil k’obil.

gun: firing of lombard gun, etc.: tuk’avej.
lombard gun: muk’ta tuk’, tuk’.

gunpowder: sibak.

hammer: hammer (with which to wound): tenob te‘.

hammer or rammer (with which to ram or wound): tenobil.

harquebus: tuk’.
stick ramrod in harquebus: xoj te‘ ta tuk’, xoj tuk’.

helmet: ‘axina, kovov lak’in, pix jol tak’in.

hold: hold a sword: japi.

hurl: (long objects, darts, staves, arrows): yal.

lance: xenob tak’in.
metal socket of a lance: tak’in chak xenob tak’in.

miss: (arrow): koles yolobil la k’ob.
(crossbow pellet, arrow): kol. toj kolel bat.

protect: (with bcxly or shield): mak-pati.

quiver: chu’uy yolobil.

rammer: rammer (with which to ram or wound): tenob te’.

rebound: (blade): juyp’ij ’e.
(with the blade tiu-ning): juy ’e.
make blade rebound and twist tz’otp’inbey ’e.
make rebound: tz’otp’in, juybey ’e, juyp’in, juyp’in ’e, juyp’inbey ’e.
rebound with blade turning: tz’otp’ij, tz’otp’ij ’e.

school: fencing school: chanob yabutil.

shake: (lance): la’ulan.

sharp: (blade): ’oy ’e.
be sharp: ’utz ’e.

sharpen: sharpen blade: Hux ’e, Huxbey ’e.

sharpened: sharpened blade: Huxben.

shield: makibey, pokolil.
(taking the blows dfrected at another): maki ya.
(with body or shield): mak. mak-pati.
clasp a shield: xoj pokol ta k’ob.
large shield: *kumpail.
person who shields another: jmakiej-ya.
solid row of shields: choloj ba lok’ob-ba. meloj ba lok’ob ba. meloloj ba lok’ob ba.
take or use a shield: pokolin.

shielding: article or person one is shielding: mak-patiej.
save by shielding: mak-pati.

shoot: ni‘. tuk’ayvan.
(arrow): yalbaj.
(arrow, crossbow): yalbay.
(lombard gun. harquebus, ete,): tuk’av, tuk’ay.
(long objects, dart, staves, arrows): yal.
shoot at: yalbay.
shoot Straight melel bat ’u’un.

shot: tuk’.
(harquebus): yalel.

sling: jimich’, jimich’aj, jimich’tay.

spear: yalbaj, yalbay, yalbayab.

squint: (as when they aim a bow and arrow): tz’e’-sati.

stab: stab with a lance: xen ta majel.

standard: lok’om.

Strap: leather helmet sfrap: ch’ajnul.

strike: person who strikes or wounds another with a hammer or rammer: jten-tak’in, jtenva nej.

sword: espada, majob tak’in.

weapon: tzatzajel.

wound: (with a lance): xen.
lance wound that one gives: xenben.
lance wound that one suffers: xenbenal.

22. Household

22, A, Master and servant

butler: butler who guards silver and gold platters: jchabi bel nail, jchabi ve’ebal tak’in.
butler who lays out the tablecloth: jk’i-tasil.

carver: carver at table: jjis-ti’bol, jkup-ti’bol.

cupbearer: jp’is-chi’.

errand: errand boy: ’abatil.

freedman: kuxul vinik.

gatekeeper: jchabi ti’ na.

gateman: jjam-na.

grind: female servant who grinds the corn: jjuch’nom.

laundress: jchuk’om.

master: master of slaves: ’ojov.

mistress: mistress of slaves: x’ojov.
mistress of the house: ba jk’ulej, ba jk’ulej ta na.

page: kelem.
page who serves food, drink, towels: jve’eltasvanej.

porter: j’abat, j’eanvanej, j’ikatznom, jchon-bail.

servant: ’unen, kelem.

slave: mu’nat
(who has been captifred): jtzok-vinik.
female slave: ’antzil mu’nat

stir: person who stirs: jjuy-Ho’.
person who stirs the fire: jchuchvanej.

washer: jchuk’om.

watchman: house watehman: jchabi-na.

water carrier: Ha’bil.
serve as water carrier: Ha’bilin.

22.B. Furniture

bed: tem, vayebal.

bedstead: bottom of a bedstead: tenal te’el tem.

bench: banco, naklebal, naklebal te’, *pakal.
stone bench against a wall: lo’lo-k*opojebal.

bier: k’echobil chame-vinik.

candlestick: ’av japbalal, ’av naul, candelero, kajanab candela, kajleb candela, kuxanab candela. kuxanabil candela.

chair: tz’omol, naklebal, *pakal, silla.
leather chair: nukulil tz’omol.

furnishings: household furnishings: bel nail, tzatzajeb na.

furniture: *’ichinalil, bel nail.
precious furniture: bel nail.

hearth: tzaneb k’ok, nop’eb k’ok’.

lamp: lampara.
lamp socket: ‘av japbalal, ‘av naul.

lantern: ‘av candela, na candela.

lie: lie down (as inbed): metzey.

mat: papal, pop.
interweave mat: xoj.
reed mat: popol ‘aj.

mirror: nen.
large mirror: muk’ta nen, muk’ul nen.
small mirror: bik’tal nen.

narrow: (board, table): yubul.

padlock: (for chest): makobil caja.

reed: (with which they make petates): puj.

round: (not spherical, but thin as table, tortilla, wheel): setel.

sleeping: sleeping place or article for sleeping (bed, mattress, ete,): vayebal.

table: mesa
dinner table: ve‘ebal, ve‘ebal mesa.

tablet: bik’tal tenal te‘, ch’iom tenel te‘.

22.C. (Containers, utensils, supplies

bag: ‘ikatzinab chu‘uy, chu‘uy.

barbecue: barbecue grill: voob temal tak’in, voobil temal tak’in.

basin: ‘av Ho‘, pokobil k’obil, pokobil sat.
stone basin: bcx:hil ton.

basket: moch.
bread basket nak’nak’ebal vaj, nak’ob vaj, nak’obil vaj.
large grass basket: jalbil jobel, papal jobel.
small basket: yol moch.
two-handled basket: moch.

bellows: Hubob k’ok’, Hubobil.

bottle: vinegar bottle: ’av vinagre.

bowl: escudilla, setz’.

box: *pun-te’.

brazier: lechob ‘ak’al.

break: break or smash (eggs, avocados, head, pot, boards, tiles): vok’.

brushwood: brushwood for an oven: ’unen te’. bik’tal te’, ch’ilob vaj.

bucket: water bucket: likobil Ho’.
water bucket or jug: likob Ho’.

candle: candela. tajleyabil.

cauldron: p’inal lak’in. tak’in.

censer: ’av ’incienso, ’av castillan pom, ch’atayabil, jomal ’av castillan pom.
censer with which they cense: muib-ch’atayabil.

chamberpot: tza’nabil, tza’nabil p’in, tza’neb p’in, pulom Ho’.
large chamberpot: jayal tak’in.

charcoal: ‘ak’al.

chest: caja.*pun-te’.

clang: (copper or stiver platter falling to ground): bajlajetel, tzanlajetel.

clock: ‘atob ‘osil, reloj.

closet: nak’nak’eb, nak’obil.

cloth: carrying cloth: pech’ech’

clothes: clothes fron: net’ob pok’, net’obil.

cover: (bowl, pitcher, pot, waterjug): mak.

covered: object being covered as a pitcher or pot: makoj.

cup: ‘uch’obil, taza.
glazed cup: ch’ulul taza.
pottery cup: chik’bil lum.

cupboard: nak’nak’eb. nak’obil.

dish: plato.

fan: pech’ veluyab. veluyab pech’.

fill: fill by sinking, as when they fill the waterjug by sinking it in the water: pul.

firewood: si’.
stack of firewood: j-vutz’ si‘.
slacked firewood: ch’ubaybil si‘.

flyswatter: pech’, veluyab pech’.

glass: drinking glass: bochil *puk.

gourd: water gourd (half gourd): ‘uch’ob Ho‘.
wine gourd: ‘uch’ob chi‘.

grater: josob lak‘in, josvanab.

handle: ‘ikobal. ‘ikobil. likobil.

hearth: ‘av k’ok’.

heater: k’ixnajesab, k’ixnajesabil, k’ixnayabil.

hook: meat hook: lukbayabil bek’et.

house: house supplies: Ha’ te tuun ta nae.

jar: earthenware jar: poket.

jug: waterjug: lupob Ho‘.
wine jug: lupobil vino.

kettle: p’inal tak’in, tak’in.

knapsack: chu’uy

ladle: large wooden ladle: likesabil.
wooden ladle: juyob.

mailbag: nakleb Hun.

metate: (used by women to grind corn): cho’.

milk: milk jar: p’in chu‘ chij.
milk jug: pitz’obil chu‘ chij.
milk jug or pail: pitz’eb chu‘ chij, pitz’ob chu’ chij.

narrow: (beam, board, container): bik’it.

net: large net ‘ak’.

oven: panob vaj, pus, ta‘ajeb vaj.

overturn: (bowl): valk’uj, valk’un.

pan: frying pan: ch’ilob tak’in, ch’ilobil.

pestle: juch’obil

pipe: be ‘a‘lel, be-o‘, lok’eb Ho‘.

pit: Cooking pit bon.

plate: pottery plate: jayil lum.

platter: platel.

poker: chuchob k’ok’, chuchobil k’ok’.
(for oven): ji’ob k’ok’.

pot: earthenware pot: bik’tal poket.
glazed earthen pot bik’tal p’in.
make pots: pat.

press: olive oil press: juch’obil aceituna.

sack: ‘ikatzinab chu‘uy, chu‘uy.
large sack: me‘ chu‘uy, muk’-chu‘uy, muk‘tik chu‘uy.
net sack: chu‘uy nuti‘.
palm sack in which they carry or sell salt: mokan.

saltcellar: av ‘atz‘am.

saltworks: (pot or house): kumayab, kumayabil ‘atz’am.

sauceboat: ‘av kap ve‘el, ‘ol setz’, bik’tal setz’.

saucer: setz’.
pottery saucer: jayil lum.
silver saucer: jayil tak‘in.

scissors: tijeras.

shut: shut up (bread, wine): nak’.

sink: (ground underfoot, basket, etc): lomomet.
(ground when stepped on or tmnk or basket, or other soft object when sat upon.):.
(ground when stepped on or tmnk or basket, or other soft object when sat upon): lom, lomtzaj, potz’et, putz‘et.

snuff: candle snuff: ‘ak’lel candela.

sound: sound of pottery smashing: ch‘aklajetel.
sound of smashing earthenware: pojlajetel.

spit: voob, voobil.

squeezer: pitz‘ob.

stirrer: juyob.
cocoa stirrer: *‘uya.

stove: pus.

strainer: chichinab, chichinabil.

sweating: (glass): ‘ach‘el.

taper: large taper with four wicks: tz‘otbil candela, muk‘ta candela.

trappings: Hatzil.

trill: (earthen jar, phial): kopkonet, tontonet.

trunk: (of theirs): *pun-te‘.

tub: glazed laundry tub: jayal lum chuk‘omajeb.
laundry tub: jayil te‘.

tube: ‘ocheb ‘a‘lel, ‘ocheb Ho‘.

warmer: food warmer: k‘ixnajesab ve’el.

watch: na‘ob ‘osil.

water: pour water from bowl to bowl: t‘oj Ho‘.

waterjug: k’ib.

wineskin: muk’ta chu‘uy, nukul, nukulal chu‘uy.

22.D. Bedding, linens, and trappings

bed: bed canopy: tzatzajebal vayebal.
bed hangings: nail pok’.

bedspread: vayeb k’u‘, vayebal k’u‘ul, vayebal pok’.

bedstraw: chib jobel.

benchcloth: tas.

burlap: flax or maguey burlap: jotz’bil chi.

cloth: bench cloth: but’iabil.
carrying cloth: pech’ech’il.

mat: palm mat: xanil pop.

mattress: vayebal tux-nok’.

mosquito: mosqiuto net: mak ’us, mak xenen, nail pok’.

pillow: xon jolol.

pillowcase: chu’uy, tik’obil chu‘uy. volobil.

sackcloth: sackcloth or any other heavy cloth such as they use for bedding: pimil pok’, tux-nok’ chij pok’.

sleeping: sleeping place or article for sleeping (bed, mattress, ete,): vayebal.

swing: (hammock): jin.

tablecloth: but’iabil mesa, manteles.

towel: pokob k’ob, pokobil k’obil, pokobil sat.
hand towel: suk’ob k’ob, suk’obil k’obil.

wall: wall hanging: k’ianbil pok’, lich’bil pok’ taxokomtik.

22, E, Housekeeping

broom: mesob na, mesojeb, mesojebal, mesvanab.

burnisher: juxob.

clean: ch’ul, ch’ulbil, ch’ulomaj, pok, pokbil, pokomaj.
(well-swept house): sak-mesan.
clean a second time (scraping): cha‘-cho‘, cha‘-jos.

cleaner: ch’ulobil, pokobil.

cleanliness: ch’ulel, pokel.

cleanse: ch’ul, pok, tojobtas.

dish: wash dishes: suk’, suk’ilan.

dishcloth: suk’ob plato, suk’obil escudilla, suk’obil plato.

firewood: gathering of firewood: si‘bej.

fluff: fluff the bed: sokilan vayebal.

fluffed: (bed): sokilanbil. toj k’un.

fold: (cloth, clothing): pak, pux.

launder: chuk’, chuk’omaj.

laundress: jchuk’om.

laundry: laundry bundle: chuk’bol.

polish: ‘utz pas, ‘utzil, ch’ul, ch’ulvan, lek pas, lekil, tojobtas, t’ab.
polish roughly: jux.

polished: ‘utz, *‘ulubalal, lek, t’abbil.
object being polished: juxoj.

polisher: ch’ulob, ch’ulobil, juxob, juxobil, tojobtasa bil, t’abob tak’in, t’abobil, t’abobil tak’in, t’abobil te‘.

purifier: ch’ulobil.

purify: ch’ul, pok.

rag: cleaning rag: kusobil.

scrub: (clothes): ju‘lian.
scrub (as they scrub muddy clothes): ju’.

shake: (mattress or straw bed): tukes.
mattress or straw bed: sokilan.

soap: ‘ak’ ch’upak’, ‘otes ch’upak’, ’oy ch’upak’, ch’upak’.

soapsuds: tzo‘ ch’upak’, vok ch’upak’.

soapweed: ch’upak’.

soapy: be soapy: ‘och ch’upak’.

steam: (wall or cloth): ch’ailay.

sweep: mes, mesav, mesoj.

wash: chuk’, chuk’omaj.

washing: chuk’om.
washing place: chuk’omajeb.

whisk: jach’ubtay.
clothes whisk: jach’ubtayabil.

22, E, 1, Dirt

dirt: nokoxil.
(as on old clothes): ‘ik’uyal.

dirtiness: pik’ixil.

dirty: ‘ik’ubes, ‘ik’ubtas, ‘ik’uyal ba, ’ip ’ik’uyal, tz’i’lejes, kola’ajes, nokoxtik, pikixtik.
be dirty: nokoxtik ba, pik’ixtik ba.
get dirty: ‘ik’ub, tz’i‘lej, nokoxib, pik’ixub.

dungheap: k’a‘-’ep.

smudge: t’ab ’obok, t’abbey ’obok.
smudge person’s face: t’ab sibak ta sat.
smudge person’s hands: t’ab sibak ta k’ob.

spot: ‘ik’ubal, pik’ixtay.

spotted: ‘ik’ubaltik, pik’ix, pik’ixtik.
become spotted: pik’ixtay.

stain: ‘ik’ubal, kola‘ajes, pik’ixtay.

stained: pik’ix, pik’ixtik.
be stained: kola‘aj.
become stained: pik’ixtay.

23. Food and drink

23.A. Food

bless: (meal, water): ch’uiltas.

blow: blow on (food to cool it, head wound or tumor to cure il): vuch’i.

both: (long objects as bananas, flutes): cha‘-ch’ixil.

digested: be digested: ‘ech’.

feast: ve’el.
pay one’s share for a feast toj ve‘el.

share in payment of feast: tojol ve’el.

feed: ve’eltas.

foamy: foamy material (cocoa): jvokanel.

food: ‘ipajebal, ve‘el.
(eggs or fruit): lo’bol.
(fresh corn, greens): k’uxbol.
(meat, fish, mushrooms, beans): ti‘bol.
base or cold food: sik-t’ojol ve‘el.
filch food: las ve‘el, tasbey ve‘el.
food pickled with sauce, or spiced: p’uyum.
food that must be eaten: ve’bol.
food that one has cooked: paneb.
one day’s ration of food: jun k’ak’al ve‘el.
pestilential food: ‘ipal chamelal ve‘el.
pitferer of food: jtasol-ve‘el.
serve food: ve‘eltas.

fruit: fresh fruit ‘ach’ lo‘bol.

gas: produce gas in one’s stomach (food): ‘u’un ch’ut, lik ch’utul.

handful: (tied bunch of herbs, torch sticks): j-chuk.

hard: grow hard (bread): k’oxoxib. takij.

harden: (bread, mud): tzatzub, tonib.

host: banquet host jba‘yitajel ta ve‘el.
host who gives lodgings: j‘ix-kelmajel.

hunger: vi‘najel, vi‘nal.
gnawing hunger: sitz’il.

hungry: be hungry: cham la vi‘nal, vi‘naj, vi‘nal ‘a‘i.

indigestible: be indigestible: mu to yal ch’ut

invite: invite to a meal: ‘ik’ la ve‘el.

invited: invited to a meal: ‘ik’bil.

juice: ‘a‘lel.

leftovers: kechel, kechelil, komenal ve‘el. komenalil, lajemal ve‘el.

meal: ve‘el.
base meal: mu‘natil ve‘el.
cold or miserable meal: jech’ol ve‘el.
eat a cold or miserable meal: jech’olaj.

midpoint: midpoint in meal: ‘o‘lol ve‘el.

mildew: (on bread): kux vaj.
mildew in wine: kux chi‘.

mouthful: j-‘um.
take a mouthful: ‘um ch’ay.

peel: patil.

pie: pak’tanibil vaj.

poison: poison drink: kola‘al pox.

provisions: *naitzil.

ration: ch’akbil ve‘el.
daily ration: lekoj ve‘el taju-jun k’ak’al.

raw: tze.

red: (chili or blood): chak-loman.

redden: (chili or blood): chak-lomtay.

refreshment: ‘et’esab ‘osil, laanejesabil.

salt: ‘atz’am, ‘atz’mel, ‘atz’meltas.
black salt: ‘ik’al ‘atz’am.
grain of salt: sat ‘atz’am.
hard salt: ton ‘atz’am.
salt well: ‘atz’am.
white salt sakil ‘atz’am.

sap: ‘a‘lel.

sauce: kap ve‘el.

scarce: be scarce (bread): ‘ip jalal, mo ‘oyiuk.

serve: serve at table: ve‘eltas.

shut: shut up (bread, wine): nak‘.

smash: (eggs, avocados): t’us.

soup: bread soup: tz’ajbil vaj.

spoil: tz’i‘lejes, tz’i‘ley, tuib.

spoiled: tz‘i’leybil.

squash: (figs): t’us.

stale: ‘ech’om, tzotz, k’oxox, poko‘.
grow stale: tzatzub.
grow stale (bread): takij.

sticky: (birdlime, honey): nap’ap’.

sustenance: ‘ipajebal.
competent sustenance appointed to person entering the priesthood: ‘ech’eb ‘osil.

swallow: be easy to swallow: tak’ ‘umel.

swallowable: be swallowable: ‘umel ‘umey.

yeast: pajubesabil vaj.

23, A.l. Grain, vegetable, fruit.

bean: beanflour: ch‘ilbil chenek’.

biscuit: (bread cooked twice): lakes vaj.

bran: sol. sol castillan ‘ixim.

bread: ‘ot. vaj.
a quarter of bread, ete.: j-xut vaj.
barley bread: cebada vaj.
bran bread: tzo‘ vaj, matz’ vaj.
bread baked under the ashes: muk-tanibil vaj.
bread cooked in a pit: bontaybil vaj.
bread crumbs: xutul vaj.
bread roasted on the coals: leb-tanibil vaj.
bread soaked in wine: tz’ajbil ta chi‘ vaj, vaj tz‘ajbil ta chi‘.
broken piece of bread: xut
broken piece of bread given to beggars: xut xutulil vaj..
hard bread (biscuits, hardtack): ‘nailzil.
ring-shaped bread: xotbil vaj, xotol vaj, xotxot vaj.
small ring-shaped bread: bik‘tal xotxot vaj.
sour bread: pajal vaj.
stale bread: takes vaj.
wheat bread: castillan vaj.

breadcrumb: ch’uch’ul vaj.

cabbage: cabbage broth: ‘a‘lel ‘itaj.

cake: Easter cake: ton tuluk’il vaj.

chili: chili sauce: p’uyum ‘ich.

chocolate: pure chocolate: tzeel kokov.

corn: cornflour: ch’ilim.
sour corn gruel: pajal ‘uch’om-o‘.

crumb: p’uyulil, p‘uyulil vaj, xut.
tiny crumb: sesenbil vaj.

dough: patax.
corn dough: ‘uch’omo‘. juch’bil ‘ixim.
wheat dough: tzeel castillan vaj.

eat: (eggs or fruit without pits): lo‘.
(eggs or fruit): lo‘baj.
(fresh corn, greens): k’ux, k’uxbaj.
(meat, fish, mushrooms or beans): ti‘, ti‘baj.

fig: candied fig: matz’ubtasbil higo, panbil higo, poxtaybil higo, takijesbil higo.

flour: wheat flour castillan ch’ilim.

food: (eggs or fruit): lo‘bol.
(fresh corn, greens): k’uxbol.
(meat, fish, mushrooms, beans): ti‘bol.
baby food: ‘ulil vaj, vajil ‘ul.

molasses: ‘a‘lel vale‘.

mustard: mustard sauce: juch’bil mostaza.

nougat: pamal sakil.

oil: aceite.

orange: orange peel or rind: pat naranja.

pancake: pamal lo‘bol, pamal vaj.

parsley: parsley sauce: juch‘bil perejil.

peach: peach preserve: pamal durasnos.

pepper: castillan ‘ich, especies.

pinol: ch’ilim.

pozol: ‘uch’om-o‘.

quince: quince preserve: pamal membrillos.

raisin: k’ibil tz’usub, takin tz’usub.

rind: patil.

roll: volbil vaj.
French roll: putzet vaj.

scarce: be scarce (bread): toj pojel.

spice: castillan ‘ich.

taffy: melcocha, panbil pom.

tamale: bean tamale: chenk’ul vaj.

tortilla: batz’i vaj.

vinegar: pajal vino, vinagre.

walnut: sauce made of pounded walnuts and spice: juch’bil nueces, p’uyum nueces.
walnut sauce: ton bek’.

23.A.2. Animal products

bacon: chitom, tocino.
bacon fat: ‘it’it’ul tocino, k’an-‘ixmal chitom, lam chitom, lam tocino.
slice of bacon: j-jis tocino.

beef: beef fat: k’an-‘ixmal vacas, manteca vacas.

blood: blood pudding: panbil ch’ich’, tik’bil ch’ich’.

broth: ‘a‘lel, ti‘bol.
fat of broth: lam.

cheese: queso.
fresh cheese: yaxal queso.

chicken: chicken broth: ‘a‘lel tuluk’.

cream: lam.

curd: tatubtasbil chu‘ chij, tatubtasbil chu‘ul.

eat: (eggs or fruit without pits): lo‘.
(eggs or fruit: lo‘baj.
(meat, fish, mushrooms or beans): ti‘, ti‘baj.

egg: addled egg: vinik.
eggs cooked on the coals: leb-tanibil ton tuluk’.

food: (eggs or fruit): lo‘bol.
(meat fish, mushrooms, beans): ti‘bol.

fresh: (fish, cheese): yox.

honey: pamal nichim, pom.

honeycomb: chabil pom.

iguana: (that they eat): ‘inatab.

lard: k’an-‘ixmal, k’an-‘ixmal chitom, manteca.
covered with lard: naka k’an-‘ixmal.

lean: (meat): mo ‘oyuk k’an-‘ixmal.

leg: leg of ham: ‘o’ chitom.

maggot: maggot infesting meat, cheese, etc.: xuvit

meal: bek’et
lean meat batz’i bek’et.
meat without bones: batz’i bek’et.

milk: chu‘il, leche.
sheep’s milk: chu‘ tux-nok’ chij.

pie: meat pie: bek’etal vaj.

rasher: rasher of bacon: j-jov tocino.

rennet: tatubtasabil chu‘ul.

rose: rose honey: pamal rosa.

sausage: longaniza.
pork sausage: bikil chitom nojesbil ta bek’tal.

scale: scale a fish: jos sol choy.

slice: slice of bacon: j-jis tocino, j-jov tocino, j-p’as tocino.

stinking: (as some meats or human sweat): xin.

tamale: chicken tamale: tuluk’u vaj.
fish tamale: chayal vaj.

whey: ‘a‘lel chu‘ chij, matz’ chu‘ chij.

worm: worm infesting meat, cheese, etc.: xuvit.

23.A.3. Food preparation

baker: jpat-vaj, jta‘ajesej.
(man or woman): jpan-vaj.

bakery: chonob vaj, pasob vaj.

barbecue: tem.

boil: vokan.
boiling: k’ok’, toj k’ok’.

bread: bread baked under the ashes: muk-tanibil vaj.
bread cooked in a pit: bontaybil vaj.
bread roasted on the coals: leb-tanibil vaj.
bread soaked in wine: tz’ajbil ta chi‘ vaj, vaj tz’ajbil ta chi‘.
make bread: vajiv.
sop bread in water tz’aj vaj la Ho‘.
sop bread in wine: tz’aj vaj ta chi‘.

bread-making: vajivej.

cocoa: dilute cocoa: puk’ kokov.
make cocoa by grinding it juch’ kokov.
pour cocoa from bowl to bowl (as when they pour a gourd of cocoa into another to make foam): t’oj. t’oj kokov.

cook: pan, pas ve‘el.

cooked: panbil.

curdle: pat ba, tatub.

cut: cut or slice of beef, veal, fish: t‘ol.

deposit: deposit on bottom of evaporation pots: ton ‘atz’am.

food: food pickled with sauce, or spiced: p’uyum.

fry: ch’il.

grind: juch‘un.
grind flour: juch’ ch’ilim.
grind very fine (cacao): noy.

half-broiled: tze to la voel, mo to jaka ta‘aj la voel.

half-burnt: k’ak’tik, k’an k’ak’el.

half-cooked: tze to, mo to jaka ta‘aj.

husk: cho‘benal, solbenal.
(beans, broad beans): sol.
(broad beans): cho‘.

juice: get juice from roots or plants by squeezing or pressing them: pitz* ‘a‘lel, pitz’bey ‘a‘lel.

knead: biulan, pak’tani, pak’tanij, votz’ilan.
(dough, clay for pots): vol, volilan.
(dough, clay for pots, thick objects kneaded with the whole hand): votz’.

learn: learn to make bread: chan pat-vaj.

leaven: pajub.

lime: tan.

milk: milk using the forefinger: pitz’.
milk with the thumb: jisulan.

mill: juch‘neb, juch‘nebal ton.
mill wheel: rodezno, lak’in.

peel: (cooked or roasted fruit): sol.
(pears or apples with a knife): cho‘, jos.

peeling: cho‘benal, solbenal.

purify: purify by cooking, as sugar: mas.

quince: quinces baked under the ashes: muk-tanibil membrillo.

roast: vo.

salt: salt deposit (on bottom of pot for making salt): tz’ujlemal ‘atz’am.

salted: ‘atz’meltasbil, ‘oy ‘atz’mel.

scorch: juteb k’ak’es. k’an-k’ak’. k’an-k’ak’es.

scorched: be scorched: juteb k’ak’.

Shell: shell corn: ‘ixin.

simmer: bulbonet

skim: (froth): jotz’ vok. jotz’bey vok.

sound: sound of cocoa being poured from one bowl to another: chojet. ch‘itet, t‘ojet.

squash: squash cooked in a pit bontabil mail.

starvation: ‘uch‘uyel.

starve: ‘uch‘uy, ‘uch‘uyel ‘a‘i.
starve to death: ‘uch‘uy.

starving: starving person: j‘uch‘, j‘uch‘uyel.

stir: juy. juyilan.
person who stirs: jjuy-Ho‘.

strain: (through a cloth): chichin.

sugarcane: sugarcane press: pitz’ob vale‘.

toast: k’anubtas, vo.

toasted: vobil.
be toasted: k’anub.

wash: wash off (ashes from corn, mud from one’s knees): sap, sapulan.

water: pour water from bowl to bowl: t‘oj Ho‘.

well-cooked: be well-cooked: ta‘aj.

wine: beam of a wine press: net‘ob tz’usub, pitz’ob tz’usub.
beam or screwpin of a wine press: net‘obil, pitz’obil.
screwpin of a wine press: net‘ob, pitz’ob.
wine press: net‘ob tz’usub, net‘obil tz’usub.
wine press where grapes are trod: tek’ob tz’usub, tek’vanab tz’usub.

winnow: jik‘ay. veluy. vuch‘.
23.A.4. Eating habits

chew: xax.
chew a lot xaxulan.

crumble: (bread): xut.
crumble with the fingers or as parrots crumbling bread into large crumbs or small pieces: sesen.
crumble with the hands: ju‘.
crumble with the hands (lumps of sugar): p‘uy.

diet: ‘iktay ‘ixim, ‘iktayel ‘ixim, bik‘it ch‘amal ve‘, tojol ve‘el.

dinner: (principal meal eaten at midday): kamel tik‘el ve‘el.
eat dinner: kamkonel tik‘el ve‘.

drink: ‘uch‘, ‘uch‘abal, ‘uch‘om.
drink moderately: ta‘al ‘oy ‘uch‘ Ho‘.
serve drink to: ‘ak’bey ‘uch‘ chi‘.
serve drinks: p‘is chi‘.

drinker: j‘uch‘-Ho‘.
moderate drinker: jtojol ‘uch‘ HO‘.

eat: ve‘.
(eggs or fruit without pits): lo‘.
(eggs or fruit): lo‘baj.
(fresh corn, greens): k’ux, k’uxbaj.
(meat, fish, mushrooms or beans): ti‘, ti‘baj.
begin to eat (break bread): jav k’as xut, xut
eat in secret: mu‘natij, muklal-ve‘.
eat moderately: ta‘al ‘oy ve‘.

eater: j‘ipal-ve‘el, jve‘el.
moderate eater: jtojol-ve‘el.

eating: delight in eating: muib la tojol.

fast: ayuno, ‘iktay ‘ixim, ch‘abaj, ch‘abajel. ch‘ob, juju-ti‘ ve‘, *k’exma ve‘el, pas ayuno.
compulsory fast: tzajal ch‘abajel.
compulsory Lenten fast: tzajal ch‘abajel ta cuaresmatik.

food: crave food: sitz’ij, sitz’il ‘a‘i.
craving of food: sitz’ijel.
eat cold food: sik-t‘ojan ve‘.

full: be full: noj, sit, sitel.

glutton: *tzaom, *tzaomal vinik, jkamojel, mu‘natil vinik.

gluttony: *tzaomal, tz’i‘il ve‘el, k’a‘al ve‘el, mo tojol
ve‘eluk, mu‘natil, mulal ve‘el, tuluk’il ve‘el.

gnaw: (as clothes moths or mice eat clothing): k’ux.
(as dogs with a bone): nulilan.

gnawed: area gnawed by a mouse: joch‘ben ch‘o.

gormandize: tz’i‘lz‘i‘ ve‘, tz’i‘il-ve‘.

half-eaten: jech‘eltik.

intruder: intruder at a meal: *jtana-ve‘el.

lick: (as when they suck a finger or lick a cup): lek’.

meal: restrain oneself at meals: tojoltojol ve‘.

nibbled: jech‘eltik.

nurse: ‘ak’bey chu‘, chu‘un. chu‘untas.

pregustation: ‘a‘ibeyel ve‘el ‘ojov.

pretend: pretend to eat: maxil-ve‘.

restrain: resfrain ones‘ appetite: *nabenabe ba ve‘.

satiety: nojel. sitel.

stuff: (food into one’s mouth): kam.
stuff oneself: pul. pules.

stuffed: be stuffed with food: sit
feel stuffed: ton-ch‘utuy.
feeling stuffed: ton-ch‘utuyel.
person stuffed with food: jsitel.

suck: (as when they suck a bone): tz’utz’un.
(as when they suck thefr fingers or lick the bowl): butz’.
(as when they suck their lips after drinking):
pach‘ ti‘.

surfeited: be siufeited: noj.

swallow: ‘uch‘. ‘um.
(chewed object or drink): bik’.
swallow whole: bik’.
swallow whole as chickens swallow corn: bil.

taste: taste each one: ju-jun tal ‘a‘i.
taste the lord’s food: ‘a‘ibey ve‘el ‘ojov. ‘a‘ibey ve‘ob.

23.B. Drink and drunkenness

diluted: (wine): kapbil ta Ho‘.

distill: kumay.

distilling: kumayej.

dregs: tzo‘ vino, lajeb. lajeb vino, pajbenal, pajbe nal vino.

drink: drink moderately: ta‘al ‘oy ‘uch‘ Ho‘.

drinker: j‘uch‘-Ho‘.
moderate drinker: jtojol ‘uch‘ HO‘.

drunk: yakyak.
get drunk: yakub.
make drink: yakubes.

drunkard: jyakil-chi‘, jyakubel.

drunkenness: yakil, yaki chi‘, yakubel.
jug wine jug: lupobil vino.

mend: mend with pitch (leather, wine jug): ‘ak’bey xuch‘, juybey xuch‘, xuch‘ay.

mildew: mildew in wine: kux chi‘.

murky: grow murky (as when wine, etc. is rolled down several slopes): ‘ik’ub, tatub likel.

must: mu to ta pas chi‘.

pulque: ‘a‘lel chi, pamal chi.

senses: come back to one’s senses (crazy person, drunk): Hul ‘olonton.

tavern: chonob chi‘, chonob vino.

tavernkeeper: jchon-chi‘.

undiluted: (wine): mo ‘oyuk kap.

whiskey: corn whiskey: ‘a‘lel ‘ixim.

wine: chi‘. vino.
be immature: mu to k’ot ta ‘okel.
new wine: ‘ach‘ chi‘. mu lo ta pas chi‘.
plum wine: ‘a‘lel po‘on.
pure wine: batz’i chi‘. tzeel chi‘, tzeel vino, kuxul chi‘.
red wine: tzajal chi‘, chak-juban chi‘.
sell wine: chon chi‘.
white wine: sakil chi‘.
wine merchant: jchon-chi‘.
wine press: net‘ob tz*usub, net‘obil tz’usub.
wine press where grapes are trod: tek’ob tz’usub, tek’vanab tz’usub.

wineskin: miuk‘ta chu‘uy. nukul. nukulal chu‘uy.

24. Hunting, frapping, fishing

aim: aim well: jav ‘u‘un, satibil bat ‘u‘un.

bird: person who dazes birds: jtup‘beyej sat mut

birdlime: tzoyob, tzoyob xuch‘, nobo.
catching of birds in birdlime: tzoyob.

blow: blow through (reed, blowgun): Hupan.

bowman: yalom, jyalbajel, jyalvanej.

catch: (live animal): tzak. catch with a hook: lukbay.

daze: (as when they daze birds): ma‘-satij.
(birds): ma‘-satijes, tup‘bey sat.

deadfall: deadfall for birds or mice: petz’.
hunting with a deadfall: petz’ayej.
trap mice or birds that are taken with a deadfall: petz’ay.

decoy: chanbey ‘ok, chanbey ti‘.
bird decoy: ‘ik‘ob mut.
decoy bird with a whistle: ‘ik’ mut.
decoy deer with a whistle: ‘ik‘ chij.
decoy with a whistle: ‘ik’van.
deer decoy: ‘ik’ob chij.

dog: partridge dog: jle-‘ub, jle-kuich‘, jlikesej-‘ub, jlikesej-kuich‘.

fetters: falcon’s fetters: tzoyobil, chukobil.

fish: tzak choy, tzames choy, sa‘ choy.
fish hook: lukum tak’in.
fish spear: yalbayab.
fish with a hook: lukbay choy.
fish with hook or pole: lukbaj.
fish with roots making the fish drunk: maj-‘ak’i.

fisherman: jtzamesej-choy, jsa‘-choy.
fisherman who fishes with poison: jmaj ‘ak’ choy, jmaj ‘ak’iej choy.

fishing: tzamesej choy.
fishing line: lukbayabil choy.
fishing with a hook: lukbayej-choy, lukum choy.
fishing with poison: maj-‘ak’, maj-‘ak’iej.

fishline: ch‘ajnul.

fish pond: ch‘ivitajeb choy, junejeb choy, lekbil.

hunt: le, leav.
hunt birds with birdlime: tzoy mut.
hunt quetzals with birdlime: tzoy k’uk’.
hunt with a deadfall: petz’aj. petz’ay.

hunter: jleom.
deadfall hunter petz’avil, jpetz’.
deer hunter: jtzamesej-chij.
hunter of birds with birdlime: tzoyom.
hunter who uses snares: xokom.
hunter with bow and arrows: yalom.

hunting: leoj.
hunting with a deadfall: petz’.
hunting with snares: xokob.

lasso: ‘ak’.
bird lasso: ‘ak’ol mut
deer lasso: ‘ak’ol chij.

marksman: satinom.

net: bird net: leb.
hunting net leb likli chij, lebal ‘ak’.

rabbit: person who dazes rabbits: jtup‘beyej sat t‘ul.

scale: scale a fish: jos sol choy.

snare: xokbal, xokbay, xokob, xokobil, yakobil, yakoj, yakojob, yokil.
(deer, lions): xokbaj.
fall into a snare: tek’ xokob, yal ta xokob.

snared: yakal, yakbil.

snaring: yakojel, yok.

stick: (birds or feathers in birdlime): tzoytzaj.

sticky: (birdlime, honey): nap‘ap‘.

trap: (covered hole): makob ch‘en.
fish trap: lebayab choy.

25. Animal husbandry and transportation

beehive: na pom, te‘el pom.

brand: ‘eteltas, ‘och k’inajel ‘u‘un.
(cattie, horses): chik’ ta tak’in.

branded: ‘ak’bil vinajeb, ‘eteltasbil, chik’bil.

bridle: ‘ak’ freno, ‘ak’bey freno, ‘otes freno.

bridled: ‘ak’ebil freno.
be bridled: ‘och freno.

broody: be broody (hen): k’an patlej.

castrate: lok’es tonil.

castrated: lok’bil tonil, mo ‘oyuk tonil.

cattie: tend grazing cattle: lo‘bajes, lo‘obtas.

chick: hatch chicks: vok’es ‘alab.

dishorned: t‘ijt’ij.

dog: sheep dog: jchabi tux-nok’ chij tz’i‘.

drive: drive horses: ‘ux ‘ut.

drove: ‘ikatzinom caballo, ‘ikatznom caballo.

drover: jchabi-chij.

feed: feed cattle: lo‘obtas.

fodder: ‘ipajeb chij, lo‘bol chij.

food: daily food given to horses: lo‘bol chij.

giddap!: ‘ux.

goad: yalbay.

graze: lo‘baj, lo‘ov.

herd: j-tzob, j-tek, j-tos.
herd by herd: tasaltasal, tekeltekel.

hobble: chukbey k’ob.

mare: keeper of breeding mares: j‘il ‘antzil chij, jchabi ‘antzil chij.

milk: milk using the forefinger: pitz’.
milk with the thumb: jisulan.

pasture: ‘abnaltik, jobeltik, lo‘bajeb chij. lo‘bajebal, lo‘ob, lo‘ob chij. voymoltik.

post: hitching post tzoyleb.

raise: (child. dog. horse): tz’itas. ch‘itas.
(children, horses): mak’lin.

rein: rein in a horse: ‘olantas, ch’anantas, laanejes.

shear: shear (with a razor): jos.
shear woolen stuff: lotz’ tzotzil, lotz’bey tzotzil.

shelter: (birds, etc. under something): nuj-maki.

shepherd: shepherd’s crook: lukuch te‘.

shoe: (horse): ‘ak’ xonob chij, ‘och ‘u‘un xonob chij, ‘otes xonob chij.

shoed: (horse): ‘ak’bil xonob, ‘oy xonob.

shoo: (birds, cattle, dogs): yo.

shoo!: (for chickens or dogs): ‘ux.

straw: jobel.

tame: *kojem. *kojibtas, laan, laanejes.
become lame: ‘ech’ ‘olonton. *kojib. laanej, sikub ‘olonton.
tame a bull: ch’anantas vacas.
tame a horse: ch’anantas caballo.

tamed: be tamed (animal): nop ‘a‘i.

tether: tzoy.

25.A. Workers

chicken: chicken tender: jyo-tuluk’.

driver: oxcart driver: jchabi-vacas. jva‘anej-vacas, jva‘antasej-vacas chi‘uk setet te‘.

drover: j‘il-chij. jva‘anej-chij.

herdsman: jlo‘bajesej.

horseshoer: j‘ak’ xonob chij.

mule: mule keeper: jchabi-chij.

muleteer: jchabi ‘ikatzinom caballo, jchabi xanvil caballo, jchabi xanvil chij.

pigherd: j‘il-chitom, jchabi-chitom.

poultryman: j‘il-tuluk’, jchabi-tuluk’.

shearer: jjosvanej.

shepherd: j‘il tux-nok’ chij, j‘il-chij, jchabi tuxnok’ chij, jchabi-chij, jlo‘obtasej tux-nok’ chij, jva‘anej-chij.

25.B. Tools and vehicles

axletree: axletree of a cart: joyijeb setet te‘.

bag: blacksmith’s tool bag: josobil‘ich‘ak caballo.

bell: cattle bell: natil campana, natnat campana.

brand: ‘etelil, chik’ob caballo.
branding iron: ‘eteltasab tak’in.

cartwheel: setet te‘ carreta.
cartwheel hub: balbal te‘. setset le‘.

comb: curry comb: almohasa, ch‘ulob chij.

fetters: (horse, mule): chukobil caballo.

goad: goad stick: yalbayabil. yolobil.

halter: ch‘ajnul. ch‘ojon.

hand-barrow: k’echobil.
(for mud, rocks, lime): k’echob.

handle: ‘ikobal. ‘ikobil. likobil.

hobble: (for horses, etc.): lotz’ob le‘. te‘el.

hoof: hoof parer: tak’in jotz’obil voy caballo.

horseshoe: xonob chij.

knapsack: chu‘uy.

lasso: ‘ak’.
deer lasso: ‘ak’ol chij.

leash: ‘ak’il tz’i‘, chukobil tz’i‘.

oxcart: setet te‘.

reins: ‘ak’il freno, nukul freno, rienda.

saddle: naklebal ta pat caballo, silla.
packsaddle: ‘ikatzinab, enjalma, kajleb ‘ikat zil, xalma.
small packsaddle on which the Indians take their burdens: potol.

saddlebag: chu‘uy.

shepherd: shepherd’s crook: lukuch te‘.

spoke: k’ob, rayo.

spur: espuela, julobil caballo.

stirrup: estribo, tek’ob tak’in.

syringe: tak’in.

trappings: horse trappings: tzatzajel caballo, k’u‘ caballo.

tumpline: pek’, pek’ul.

wheel: setet.
metal wheel: setet tak’in.
wooden wheel: setet te‘.

yoke: chukob vacas, chukobil vacas.
(for oxen): yugo.
(oxen): choj.
two yokes of oxen: cha‘-choj vacas.

26. Agriculture

apple: apple orchard: castillan potovtik.

bean: broad bean field: chabal castillan chenek’.

burn: burn beneath the trees as when they burn
thickets for cornfields, leaving large trees
standing: tokal-te‘.
burn the fields: chik’ ‘osil.

burning: burning of underbrush: tokal te‘, tokal-te‘ivanej, tokavej.

burnt: burnt field: k’ak’etal, k’ak’etaltik.

cane: canefield: ch‘ieb vale‘, vale‘tik.

chop: bajbonet. baj. boj, p‘as.

corn: ‘ixim.
be threshed (corn): tek’ey ‘ixim.
corn field laborer: jchob-‘abtel.
corn field weeder: jtukesej-lum, jtukiej-chobtik, jtukiej-lum.
corn stubble: k’ajben.
corn that matures in sixty days: ‘ox-vinik k’in ‘ixim.
dry ear of corn: vojton.
ear of corn (when the kernels are beginning to develop): yi batel.
ear of corn (when the kernels are large and soft): ‘ajan.
ear of young corn (milky with undeveloped kernels): yi.
painted corn: tz’ibal ‘ixim.
person who spends many days in the
cornfield: jk’ulej la chobtik.
rainy season corn: Ho‘tikil ‘ixim.
summer corn: k’ak’altikil ‘ixim, k’ak’altikil ‘osil ‘ixim.
thresh corn: tek’ ‘ixim.
white corn: sakil ‘ixim.

cotton: clean and pick cotton: sivuj.

cultivate: chabaj, chaban, chaban chob.

cultivated: cultivated field: chabajeb, chob.
cultivated ground: chabanbil ‘osil, chabanbil lum.

cultivation: chabajel, chabjomal.

cut: (upright object as a tree): tz’et
cut or pick melon or mushroom cap: k’ok.

dig: dig up (jicama, potato): jotz’.
dig with blows as with a hoe: vok’.

double: (border. cornstalk, hem, sugarcane): pux.
double over (cornstalk, sugarcane): pak.

early: be early (fruiting): ba‘yi ____.

early-fruiting: (figs, quinces, etc.): ba‘yi nach‘el, ba‘yitajel.

fell: fell trees: tz’et te‘.

felled: tz’etbil.
felled tree: tz’etob.
tree being felled: tz’etoj.

felling: be engaged in felling trees: tz’etav.
felling of trees: tz’etob.

fertilize: ‘ak’ tzo‘ caballo, ‘och ‘u‘un tzo‘ caballo, lumtay la tzo‘.

fertilized: lumtaybil la tzo‘.

field: jobel, tenlej jobel.

furrow: vok’.
(either plowed or as in the Mexicans‘ cornfields or as we do when we plant radishes): tz’alav.
(not plowing, bul as the Mexicans prepare their cornfields): tz’al.
plow a furrow: xoj ta vok’el, xoj vok’el.
plowed furrow: xojbenal, xojbenal ta vok’el.

garden: ‘av ‘itaj, ‘av tz’unbaltik, ‘av tz’unubil. tz’unbaltik, lum nichim.
flower garden: ‘av nichim, nichimtik.

glean: k’uxk’ultay.
corn: k’uxk’ulaj.

gleaning: k’uxk’ulajel.
gleaning of corn after harvest: k’uxk’ul.

gleanings: corn gleanings: tzo‘ vojton.

graft: (tree): ‘unen k’exbon.

grafted: shoot grafted onto a tree: ‘unen ni‘.

grape: grapevine prop: ‘ipajebal.

green: tze, tzeel.
(corn, ete. that is not dry or well-cured): yox to.

grub: corn grub: chanul ‘ixim.

harvest: corn harvest: k’ajoj.
harvest corn: k’aj.
harvest time: vojtontik.

hatchet: weeding hatchet: ‘ak’inajebal.

hoe: boj ‘osil, tukesbey, tuki lum.

hoeing: bojel ‘osil.

hook: lukbay, lukuchtay.

irrigate: (cornfields in the dry season): ‘ulbay.
irrigate with water from a draw well: ‘et‘esbey ‘a‘lel.

irrigated: ‘ulbaybil.
land: ‘ulbal ‘osil, ‘ulbaltik.

level: become level (cleared field): pach‘tzaj.

measure: measure of seed to be planted: j-te‘el.

melon: melon patch: castillan ch‘umtik, chabal castillan ch‘um.

net: net for carrying corn: nuti‘.

orchard: ‘av tz’unbaltik, ‘av tz’unubil.

pasture: ‘abnaltik, jobeltik, lo‘bajeb chij, lo‘bajebal, lo‘ob, lo‘ob chij, voymoltik.

pick: (beans, chilis, cotton, flowers, fruit): tul.
(flowers, fruit): tuch‘.
pick out or up (as when they pick up grains on the ground): tam.

picked: tuch‘ul, tulbil.

plant: tz’un, tz’unbaj.
(as they plant corn or we plant radishes): ‘av.
appearance of plants: ch‘iel.
plant a vineyard: tz’un tz’usub.

planting: ‘ovol, tz’unbajel.

plow: boj ‘osil, chabaj, chaban, chaban chob, pitz ‘osil.
plowing: pitzel ‘osil.

plowed: extent of ground plowed by one yoke of oxen in a day: chabajeb j-choj vacas ta jun k’ak’al.
plowed field: tz’alal batel, tz’alaltik.

plowing: bojel ‘osil.

produce: produce with (corn, fruit): ‘utz ‘ayan.

prop: prop up (grapevine): ‘ipajes. xok’i.

pruner: k’abay. lok’esbey k’ob.

pruned: pruned part: k’okbenal.

pull: pull out by the roots (as radishes, carrots, without digging): bul.
pull up easily (as when they weed the garden): jotzan, jotz’.

purchase: corn purchase: ‘ekel, man-‘ixim.

reap: reap wheat: luk.

reseed: cha‘ lom ‘av, cha‘ lom vaj, cha‘-‘av, cha‘-tz’un. cha‘-vaj.

ridge: ridge between furrows: tz’alal.

ripe: tok’on.
become ripe: ta ta‘ajel.

ripen: matz’ub, ta‘aj.
on the tree (figs or other fruit): matz’ub ta te‘.
ripen on the tree: matz’ub ta te‘el.

root: take root ‘ibelub, ‘iben, tzak lum.
take root (plant): ‘isimay.

scarecrow: siblasabil, sibtasan vinik.

seed: tz’unbal, tz’unubil.
seed bed: j-t’abal. j-t‘ob.

seedling: ‘ol tz’unubil. tz’unubil.
transplanted seedling: j-tek tz’unubil.

sickle: lukbayabil ‘ixim.

slip: tz’unbal te‘, tz’unubil ‘ol te‘.

sluice: ‘ocheb ‘a‘lel, ‘ocheb Ho‘, be ‘a‘lel, be-o‘.

sow: (wheat): p‘up‘un. vaj.

sown: p’up’unbil, vajbil.

spade: spading: pitzel ‘osil.

sprout: ‘unenal, ‘unenal nich, k’exbon, k’exbonaj, k’exlomaj, lok’, lup, ni‘, ni‘in, tuk, yijub.
(plant): lok’ k’exbon.
(when partly grown): lok’ te‘el.

sprouted: tzakal, yijil.

sprouting: ch’ixil.
(seedling): buchul.

stick: stick on (graft): tz’ak, tz’ak ba.

thin: thin out: tek’eltek’el lok’es.
thin out (lettuce, trees): tek’ek’tik lok’es.

thinned: tek’ek’tik lok’esbil, tek’eltek’el lok’esbil.
be thinned out: tek’eltek’el lok’.

threshing: threshing floor: tek’obil ‘ixim.
threshing floor (where the grain is stirred): juyobil ‘ixim.

transplant: k’ex lumal ‘u‘un, lik ‘u‘un, pet

vegetable: vegetable patch: j-t‘abal, j-t‘ob, t‘abal ‘itaj.

vineyard: tz’usubtik, chabal tz’usub, chabal chi‘.

watered: malataybil.

weed: ‘ak’inaj, ‘ak’intay.
(weedy place): tz’i‘lel ‘osil, tz’i‘leltik.
weed a second time: cho‘ilan, josilan.
weed cornfield: ‘ak’intay ‘ixim, tukesbey, tukesbey lum, tuki lum, tukibey lum.
weed too early while the plants are still young: yax-maj.

weeded: tukibil.

weeding: ‘ak’in, tukesej-lum, tukiej-lum.
plants removed by weeding: ‘ak’in.
weeding season: k’in ‘ak’in.

weight: half a hundred weight (half a fanega): j-te‘el, te‘el ta muk’ta te‘.
hundred weight (seed): te‘el.

winnow: jik ay, veluy, vuch’.

winnowing: winnowing floor: ‘ik’ayabil ‘ixim, vuch’ iabil ‘ixim.

26.A. Workers

cowherd: jchabi-vacas.

cultivator: chabjom.

farmhand: jchabatal.

fieldhand: chobtikil vinik, voymoltikil vinik.

gardener: jchabi-‘itaj, jpas-‘itaj.

hoer: jboj-lum.

plowhand: jchabatal.

plowman: jboj-lum.

pruner: jk’abayvanej, jk’okvanej.

leaper: jlukvanej.

vineyard: vineyard keeper: jchabi-tz’usub.

weeder: j‘ak’in, j‘ak’inajel, j‘ak’intayvanej.

26. B. Tools. See also construction tools 28B.

adze: ‘anob te‘.

awl: julob xonobil, julobil.

ax: hacha, javob si‘, javobil si‘, t’oxob si‘, t’oxobil si‘, vok’ob si‘, vok’obil si‘.
two-bladed ax: cha‘-jech ‘e ‘ck’el, cha‘-jech ‘e hacha, woodworking ax: ‘anob te‘.
woodworking ax: ‘anob te’.

billhook: billhook for firewood: p’asob si‘ ‘ek’el.

blade: ‘e.

borer: *vatzob te‘.

chain: ch’ojon tak’in.

chisel: ch’ojob te‘, ch’ojobil te‘, joch’ob ton, julob, Hotob, Hotob te‘, Hotob ton.

compass: p’is.

cord: ch’ajnul, ch’ojon.

cordage: ‘ak’il.

cultivating: cultivating tool: chabajeb.

disk: metal disk: setet tak’in.
wooden disk: setet te‘.

drill: ch’ojobil, joch’ob te‘, joch’obil, julob, Hotob, Hotob te‘.

file: ch’ulob tak’in, ch’ulobil tak’in, josobil tak’in, kupob tak’in, lima

fire: steel for striking fire with a flint: tak’in.

firm: instrument for making firm: ‘ipajebal, tzatzubesab.

flint: black flint (with which they make razor blades): to.

hammer: bajobil, majob, majobil, martillo, tenob, tijob, tijobil.
stonecutter’s hammer: ‘anob ton.

hatchet: hatchet used by the Indians: ‘ek’el, batz’i ‘ek’el.
iron hatchet: castillan ‘ek’el.
weeding hatchet: ‘ak’inajeb.

hoe: bojob lum, jotz’ob lum, jok’ob lum, tukiab lum, valk’unabil lum.

hook: metal hook: lukuch tak’in.
wooden hook: lukuch te‘.

instrument: pasobil.

key: jamob na, jamobil na.

knife: pruning knife: k’abayabil, k’okob, k’okobil, xotxot tak’in.

ladder: machul, moch.

lathe: joch’obil te‘, torno.

lever: te‘.

nail: clavo.

peg: peg for tightening or fastening: k’uxiabil.
wooden peg: clavos te‘.

pitchfork: pitchfork for turning wheat: jetav te‘, payal te‘, paylej te‘.

plane: ch’ulob te‘, ch’ulobil te‘, t’abob te‘.

pliers: lotz’obil, tasob clavos, tasobil clavos.

plumb: plumb bob: liklik tak’in, p’is.

pulley: setet te‘.

quadrant: chan-xuk’esabil.

rake: jotz’ob, jotz’obil.

razor: navaja.

reaching: instrument for reaching object: taobil.

rope: ch’ojon.
bark rope: ‘ak’.
grass rope: ch’ajnuybil jobel, ch’ojon jobel.
rope for pulling beams: tasob ch’ojon.
rope made of tree bark: k’am-xoch’.

rubbing: rubbing instrument: jusob, jusobil.

saw: kupob te‘.

shovel: pech’pech’ te‘.

sickle: hoz, lukbayabil ‘ixim, lukbayabil jobel, xotxot tak’in.

sieve: wheat sieve: chichinabil castillan ‘ixim.

sledgehammer: bajobil, majob, majobil.

spade: pitz ‘osil.

square: carpenter’s square: chan-xuk’esabil.

tine: tz’ubtz’ub tak’in.

tool: ‘abtejebal, ‘abtejebal tak’in.

trowel: ‘ak’ob tan, ch’ulob tan.
mason’s trowel: juyob tan.

vise: latz’obil, pitz’ob te‘, pitz’obil.
(of carpenter or sculptor): latz’ob.

wedge: pajchuch.

weed-hook: jotz’ob lum, tukiab lum.

weeding: weeding instrument: ‘ak’inajeb, ‘ak’inajebal.

wheel: stone wheel: setet ton.

whetstone: Hux, Huxob, Huxob ‘ek’el, Huxob ton, Huxobil, HuxHux ton.

wire: tak’in.

27. Commercial activity and economic status

account: ‘atel.

agree: agree on (price, deal): nop k’op, pas k’op.

aid: aid the poor or miserable: ‘aboltay, koltay, yain.

alms: ‘abolajel, ‘aboltayvanej.
give alms: ‘abolaj, ‘abolan, ‘aboltay, ‘abol-tayvan.
give alms to: ‘ak’bey ‘aboltayel.

alms-giver: j‘abolajel, j‘aboltayvanej.

auction: ye ta chonel.
outbid at auction: toy tojol.

barter: k’exoj, k’exvanej, man, manoj.
(as corn for salt or chili): k’ex.
barter corn: k’ex ‘ixim.
barter well: na‘ k’exel.
receive in barter or on credit: k’extay.

beg: (poor person): k’anoj, k’anvan.

beggar: jk’anojel, jk’anvanej.

beggary: k’anojel, k’anvanej.

bet: *‘aal, ‘ak’, ‘al, ‘ale.
bet on: ‘ak’ ta ‘ale.
bet together: ‘aley ba.
lose bet: ‘ale.
win bet: ‘ale, ‘aleyvan.

bid: bid again: cha‘-‘ak’ ta *‘aal, cha‘-‘ak’ ta ‘al, cha‘-‘otes ta *‘aal.

borrow: ch’amun.

borrowed: ch’amunbil.
article to be borrowed: ch’amunabil.
borrowed article: ch’amunej, ch’om.

borrowing: ch’amunel.

bought: be bought quickly: pojel maney.

bread: broken piece of bread given to beggars: xut, xutulil vaj.

bribe: tzajal-‘ak’bey, tzajal-tzitz, *votol-tzitz.

bribery: tzajal ‘ak’beyel k’op, tzajal tzitzvanej.

business: ‘abtel, patan.
be one’s business: na‘ ta tojol, patan ‘ojov.
new business: ‘okel.
new business (of outsider or person who starts new enterprise): be.

butcher shop: chonob bek’et.

buy: man, manoj.
buy corn: ‘ekelaj, ‘ekeltay.
buy on a large scale: p’olmaj.
buy small objects in small amounts: tukul man, tukul-man, tukultukul man.
person who buys at market: jch’ivitajel.

buyer: jmanojel.

captive: bought captive: manbil mu‘nat, mu‘nat.

charitable: charitable person: j‘aboltayvanej.

charity: ‘aboltayel, ‘aboltayvanej, jalal ‘ilel, jalal ‘ilvanej, jol ‘ilvanej.
do charity: ‘aboltay.

commercial: commercial deal: vinajesabil ve‘el.

contract: ch’akeb k’op, kak ba, nopeb k’op.

corn: corn that has been bought: ‘ekel.

cost: tam tojol.
cost more: jelav tojol, muy tojol.

credit: bought on credit: Hatzinbil.
give on credit: ‘ak’ ta ch’amol, ‘ak’ ta Hatzil.
lose one’s credit: mu k’ot k’op.
receive on credit: k’ex.
take on credit: Hatzin.
that taken on credit: Hatzinej.

debenture: tzakobil tak’in Hun, lok’esabil tak’in.

debt: ‘il.
free from debt: ch’ay, ch’aybey.
oblige one to pay his debts: sutes.
pay a debt with money received from another’s debt: pakojbey.
pay one’s debts in full: lok’, toj.
payment of debt: lok’el, lok’vanej, tojel, tojvanej.
pledge security for a debt: tasey.
take a pledge of security for a debt: tas, tasbey.

debtor: jHatzinvanej.

deceive: deceive person about the price of something: lo‘loy.

earn: ‘elmaj, toj ‘abtel.

entrust: entrust object to (as when entrusting one’s house to someone when going to trade): tzoyan ba ta tojol, jok’an ba ta tojol.

exchange: k’ex, k’extay.

fair: ch’ivit, ch’ivitajebal, p’olmajeb, p’olmaje-bal.

feast: pay one’s share for a feast: toj ve‘el.
share in payment of feast: tojol ve‘el.

fine: fine of money or property: chabajel.

fish: fish market: chonob choy.

guarantor: jlok’tayvanej, jlok’vanej.
stand as guarantor: lok’, lok’tay, va‘an ba ta tojol.

half: half pay: ‘o‘lol tojol.

income: patan.

inheritance: poko‘ bel nail.

lend: ‘ak’ ta ch’amol, ‘ak’ ta ch’amunel, ‘ak’ ta ch’om.

lender: j‘ak’ ta ch’amol, j‘ak’ ta ch’amunel.

lending: ch’amol.

loan: return a loan: sutes.

loaned: ‘ak’ebil ta ch’amol.

manager: jnikesej-‘osil, jnikesej-vinajel, jnikesvanej.

market: ch’ivit, p’olmajeb, p’olmajebal.
see the sights in the market: pa‘i ch’ivit.

marketplace: chonojebal, ch’ivitajebal, yo‘ ‘oy Hu‘ ch’ivit, yo‘ ‘oy Hu‘ ch’ivitajel.

Mass: charge fee for the Mass: ‘ak’ pakobil misa, pas altar.

merchandise: *‘ichinal, p’olmalil.

move: make a deal move: na‘ *‘akan-‘oltay.

oath: make person swear an oath as creditor does to debtor who refuses to pay: naka no ‘ox ‘ich’ juramentu.

owe: Hatzinbey.

own: ta tojol.
one’s own: leknej tuk, lekoj tuk.

owned: object owned: lekoj.

owner: bet’oj tuk ‘a‘i.
be the owner: lekoj tuk ‘a‘i.

partner: ‘atel, lekoj ‘ekuk.
be a partner of: ta tojol ‘atey.
make person one’s partner: ‘ak’ ‘atey.

partnership: be in partnership with: ‘at.

patron: jkoltayvanej, jk’op.

pay: pay in three installments: cha‘ ox toj toj.

payment: toj.
day set for payment: chonbil k’in.
deferred payment: Hatzil.
order of payment: tzakobil tak’in Hun, k’exobil tak’in Hun, lok’esabil tak’in.
order of payment for property: tzakobil p’olmal Hun, lok’esabil p’olmal Hun.

pilgrim: pilgrim who requests contributions for God (the Church): jk’anojel, jme‘anajel.

pledge: (give something as security): Hatzin.

poor: ‘abol ba, ‘utz’‘utz’ ba, jok’ol, k’uxob ‘olal ba, me‘on, yavaj.
aid the poor in their needs: yain.
become poor: me‘anaj.
desperately poor person: batz’i me‘on, ch’uul me‘on.
lift up the poor or downcast: p’iles.
raise the poor: toyes.

poverty: ‘abol ba, ‘utz’‘utz’il ba, k’uxob ‘olal ba, me‘anal, yavaj, yavajil.
feign poverty: pak’tay ba ta me‘on.

present: present that is given: motonil.
send present in return: pak moton.

printing: tz’ibayab Hun.

property: ‘ayik’lelil, *‘ichinal, bel na, p’olmal, p’olmalil.

prosperity: ‘utzibel, ‘utzil, ch’ulelajel.

prosperous: toj ‘utz, toj nopbil.
be prosperous: ‘oy ch’ulel ta pasel, nopbilnopbil pas.

provide: ‘elmajes, vinajes.
provide clothes, food and lodging: mak’lin.
provide for: tz’akubtas.
provide for person in want: makbey me’anal.

provider: j ‘ ayanajesvanej, j ‘ elmajesvanej.

prudent: be prudent at work or in business: *‘akan-‘oltay.

purchase: manojel.
corn purchase: ‘ekel, man-‘ixim.
outbid at purchase: toy tojol.
purchase of small objects in small amounts: tuku-man.
secure the purchase in competition: k’ex ta manel.

recompense: ‘ak’ pakol ‘aboltayel, pak ‘aboltayel, pakbey ‘aboltayel ‘u‘un, pakbey ‘utzil, pakol, pakol ‘aboltayvanej.

refund: ‘ak’ k’exol.

rent: ‘ak’ ta ch’amunel, ‘ak’ ta ch’om, ch’amun, ch’amunabil, tojolil.
apply rent: ‘ak’ patan, k’ot ‘ak’ patan, k’otk’otes patan.
pay rent: ‘och patan ‘u‘un.
rent of 1⁄5 of harvest: ‘otol.
rent out: ch’amun.

rented: rented article: ch’om.

repartimiento: lekoj.

repay: repay in kind: pak.

requite: pak.

resell: lo‘loyvan, tasvan ta p’olmal.

restitution: ‘ak’el k’exol, *pakxinel.

return: return a loan: *pakxin.
return of gift or insult: pakol.

reward: ‘aboltay, ‘aboltayel, ‘aboltayvanej, ‘ak’ pakol ‘aboltayel, pak ‘aboltayel, pakbey ‘aboltayel ‘u‘un, pakbey ‘utzil, pakol, pakol ‘aboltayvanej, pakol ‘utzil, toj, tojolil.

rewarded: ‘aboltaybil, pakbil ‘utz, pakbil ‘utzil ‘u‘un, tojoltasbil.
be rewarded: tojoltasey.

rewarder: jpak ‘aboltayel, jpak-‘utz.

rich: ‘ayik’al, ‘ayik’aletik.
become rich: vokolij.
grow rich: ‘ayik’lej.
rich man: ‘ayik’al chabjom.

sack: palm sack in which they carry or sell salt: mokan.

sale: quick sale: pojel.

sell: sell on a large scale: p’olmaj.

share: ‘otol.
pay one’s share: lekojlekoj toj ve‘el.

simoniac: jchon k’op dios, jchon patan dios.

simony: chonel patan dios, chonel sacramento, manel patan dios, simonia.

skin: shop where skins are sold: chonob nukul.

sold: be sold quickly: pojel bat.

solicit: *‘akan-‘olaj, *‘akan-‘oltay, sabaj, sabaltas.

spend: bat ‘u‘un, laj ‘u‘un.

squandered: be squandered: ma‘-batik bat, ma‘-batik laj, mu vinaj bat.

squanderer: jlajesvanej, ma‘-batik jlajesel.

store: tienda.

sue: sue at law (criminal, debtor, accuser): jam ta tz’el jch’akel.

support: tz’akubtas, mak’lin, sak-*ti‘in, yain.
support oneself: tz’itas ba, mak’lin ba, mak’linej ba, sak-*ti‘in ba, ve‘eltas ba.

tip: ‘ak’ pakol, ‘ak’bey tojol, pak ‘aboltayvanej, pakol ‘aboltayel.

trade: ‘okelan, bein, patnen, p’olmaj, p’olman, p’olmay.

trading: p’olmajel.
go trading: bat ta xanbal.
market trading: ch’ivitajel.

transfer: (debt, command, office): p’asoj ‘u‘un, p’asojes.

treasurer: jchabi k’anal tak’in, jchabi-tak’in.

treasury: public treasury: chabibil k’anal tak’in.

unprofitably: live unprofitably: naka-xanav.

wage: tojol ‘abtel, tojolil, tojolil ta ‘abtel.
earn wages: tzak.

war: earn wages in war: ‘ich’ tojol, tojey, tojey ta ch’ilomal.
wage earned in war: tojol ta yabutil, tojolil.

wealth: ‘ayik’lelil, *‘ichinal, *‘ichinalil, ‘utzil, bel na, p’olmal, p’olmalil.
improve one’s wealth: ‘ik’ti‘ij.
improve one’s wealth or luck: vokolij.
increase one’s wealth (as in wills some are more improved than others): p’ilil ‘aboltay.
multiply one’s wealth almost inadvertently: ‘ep ‘esomajes.

whore: kobvan, mulav.

whoring: go whoring: majav.

wine: sell wine: chon chi‘.

27.A. Merchants and trades people

barterer: jmanojel.
(merchant who does not travel, but who is in a store): jk’exojel.

bookseller: jchon-Hun.

butcher: jchon-bek’et.

cart: cart driver: jchabi setet te‘.

charcoal: charcoal maker: jchik’-‘ak’al.

dealer: jk’opojel.

estimator: jnop-tojolil, jnopvanej.

fish: weigher of fish: jp’is-choy.

fishmonger: jchon-choy.

huckster: jcha‘-chonojel, jlo‘loyvanej, jtasol-man, jtasol-manvanej, jtasvanej ta p’olmal.

lender: j‘ak’ ta ch’amol, j‘ak’ ta ch’amunel.

linen: linen seller: jchon sakil pok’.

meat: weigher of meat: jp’is-bek’et.

merchant: storekeeper: jchonojel.

middleman: jch’ak tojol, jnop tojol, jpas-k’op.

miller: jjuch’-‘ixim, jjuch’nom.

outbidder: jtoy-p’olmal.

printer: j‘otesej Hun ta tak’in, jtz’ibay Hun ta tak’in.

publican: jvayantasvanej, jvayijesvanej.

rag: rag dealer: jchon-paño, jp’olmajel.

rich: rich trader: ‘ayik’al xanvil.

sell: person who sells at market: jch’ivitajel.

soliciter: soliciter who always gains a profit: jjosel.

speculator: jna‘-tzaijel.

storekeeper: jchabi-tienda, jchon-p’olmal, jchonojel.

taffy-seller: jchon panbil pom, melcochero.

tavernkeeper: jchon-chi‘.

trader: jp’olmajel, xanvil.

whore: ‘ix ta majel, jkobel, majavil ‘antz, mulavil ‘antz.
become a whore: majav.

whoremaster: jkobvanej, mulavil xinch’ok.

wine: wine merchant: jchon-chi‘.

woodcutter: si‘bil.

27.B. Value

appraisal: ch’akel.

appraise: nop ta, nop tojol, nopbey tojol.

appraised: be appraised: javay.

appraiser: jnop-tojolil, jnopvanej.

cheap: mo joluk, yalel tojol.
be cheap: mo ‘oyuk tojol.

cheat: jpak’tayej.

cost: cost more: jelav tojol, muy tojol.
cost so much: Hech ‘ak’ tojol, Hech ‘epal tojol.

costly: more costly: muyesbil tojol.

deceive: deceive person about the price of something: lo‘loy.

enrich: ‘ayik’lejes, ‘ayik’leltas, vokolijes.

enriched: ‘ayik’lejesbil.

enrichment: ‘ayik’lejel, vokolijel.

expensive: jol, toyol tojol.
be expensive: ‘ep tojol.

figure: figure out (as when we figure out a price or how a thing is made): nop.

handy: jilom no ‘ox.
be handy: ‘ep ta mek tuuney, buytikuk ‘ep ta mek tuun, tuun no ’ox tuk, tuun tuk.

necessary: be necessary: ‘ep tuun ‘u‘un k’usitik, batz’i tuun, toj ‘oy tu, toj ‘oy tuul, toj tuun, tuun.
necessary object: Ha‘ te tuune, Ha‘ te tuuneye.

need: ‘oy tu ‘u‘un, ‘oy tuul ‘u‘un, k’anbey, tuun, tuun ‘u‘un.

needed: be needed: ‘oy tu, tuul, tuun.

precious: be precious: toj jol.

price: ch’ak tojol, jak’ tojol, nop ta, nop tojol, nopbey tojol, tojolil.
agree on a price: nop tojol.
fall in price: ‘ech’olaj, yal tojol.
figure out a price: nop tojol.
price tag (sign that purchase price has been agreed upon): liktzanabil.
raise the price of: jalajes, muyes tojol.
rise in price: muy tojol, p’il tojol, toy tojol.
set a price: ch’ak tojobil, ch’ak tojol.
settle on a price: ‘ak’ chon, ‘ak’ ta chonel.
with price set: ch’akbil tojol.
with the price raised: jalajesbil.

produce: produce with (corn, fruit): ‘utz ‘ayan.

profit: *‘elo, ‘esomaj, jelaveb, p’ilemal.
make a profit: ‘elmaj, ‘elmaj p’olmal, ‘ep tzak, tojolin ‘u‘un, vinaj ‘u‘un.
profit by: ‘a‘i.

profitable: be profitable: ‘elmaj yo‘ ‘oy, ‘oy jelaveb ‘ich’, ‘oy p’ilemal ‘ich’, lok’ yo‘ ‘oy.

seventh: seventh part of a determined amount (fine for robbery): Huk-mekel Hech ‘epal tojol.

stone: most precious stone of all: k’an-ch’ixal ton.
precious stone: jayal ton.

surety: ‘ak’el ta Hatzil, lok’el.

treasure: buried treasure: but’bil k’anal tak’in.
hidden treasure: nak’bil tak’in.

valuable: jaka jol, jol.
be more valuable: ‘oy tojol, jelav tojol, p’ilil tojol ’ech’.
be valuable: ‘ep tojol, ‘ip jalal.

value: k’ux ‘a‘i, nop ta, nop tojol, nopbey tojol, tojolil.
value highly: toj jalan, toj jol ‘a‘i, toj tuun ‘a‘i.

valued: be highly valued: jalaj.

27.C. Currency

clink: (falling metal or money): tzanlaj, t’ijlajet.

cocoa: counterfeiting of cocoa beans: p’isel ta kokov.
forge cocoa: pak’tay ta kokov.
forged cocoa: pak’taybil ta kokov.

coin: tomin.
copper coin (quarter): ‘ek’el tomin.
gold coin: k’anal tak’in tomin, tak’in, tonal tak’in.
silver coin: batz’i tomin.

counterfeit: counterfeit cocoa bean: k’axtok kokov.

counterfeiter: jpak’tayvanej, jpak’tayvanej ta tz’ib.

find: (lost object as money, feathers): tam, tamolaj.

fine: fine of money or property: chabajel.

forge: lok’tay, pak’tay, p’is.

forged: pak’taybil.

forger: jpak’tayvanej.
cocoa bean forger: jpak’tayej ta kokov.

money: manob, manojeb, tak’in.
counterfeit money: k’axtok tak’in, pak’tayej tak’in.
forge money: pak’tay ta tak’in, p’is ta tomin.
pilferer of money: jtas-tak’in.

money-maker: jpas-tak’in, jpas-tomin, jten-tomin.

peso: peso.

27.D. Labor and tribute

bearer: j‘ikatznom.

busy: be busy: ‘oy patan, jok’tzaj.

job: be too busy: mu Hu‘ ‘a‘i.
be too busy (to do something because of disturbances): mo ‘elmaj k’in.
be very busy: ‘ep patan.
keep busy: ‘abtejes, ‘ak’ patan.
state of being busy: patan.
‘abtel, patan.

labor: a week’s labor: Huk-k’in ‘abtel.
be exempted from labor: kol ta ‘abtel.
exempt from labor: kolesbil ta ‘abtel, koltaybil ‘ok, koltaybil k’ob.

laborer: become a day laborer: ‘och ta na ‘ajval, chon ba.
day laborer: j‘abtel.

meet: meet unexpectedly at work or at war: nuptan, nupul-bein.

occupation: ‘abtel.

respite: enjoy a respite from sickness or work: k’un-yamaj ‘a‘i, laanlaan ‘a‘i, lamallamal ‘a‘i.
respite from sickness or work: k’un-yamanil.

retired: ch’aybil ‘abtel, ch’aybil patan, ch’aybil ta ‘abtel, ch’aybil ta patan.
be retired: ch’ay patan.

rough: rough work: tenkextik pasel.

servant: be a servant of: pas patan.

serve: ‘al, tz’ak-pati, chi‘in, va‘an.
serve at table: ve‘eltas.

servitude: mu’natil patan.
enter into servitude: ‘ajvalej.

sweat: place where one sweats: chik’inabil, chik’inebal.

tax: jamob bail, patan.
collect taxes: ‘ich’ patan, ‘ich’ tak’in, tzob ‘ikatz, tzob patan, k’an patan.
compulsory tax: tzajal patan.
pay tax: ‘al patan, pak patan.
tax collection: ‘ich’el patan, tzobel patan, k’anel patan.
tax collector: jtzob-patan.

taxation: person exempt from taxation: ‘ol vinik.

taxpayer: pata-vinik, jpatnejel.

top-ranking: top-ranking worker: ba j‘abtel, ba ta ‘abtel.

travel: person whose job it is to travel: xanvil.

tributary: pata-vinik, jpatnejel.

tribute: *mu‘nil, patan.
be exempt from tribute: kol ta patan.
collect tribute: ‘ich’ k’uk’.
exempt from tribute: ch’aybil patan, ch’aybil ta patan, kolesbil ta patan.
pay tribute: ‘al patan, pak patan, patnej.
set tribute: ch’ak patan.
tribute notice: Hun patan.

unoccupied: be unoccupied: *‘ap’.

work: ‘abtej, ‘abtejel, ‘abtel, ‘abtelan, pasben, patan.
absent from work: ch’ayal, p’evel.
be absent from work: ch’ay, p’ev.
be absolved from work: ch’ay patan.
ease work: yamaj ‘abtel ‘u‘un.
exempt from work: ch’aybil ‘abtel, ch’aybil ta ‘abtel.
give work to: ‘abtejes, patnejes.
have a lot of work: ‘ep patan.
have work: ‘oy patan.
make work: ‘ak’ patan.
mix many works: ‘ilel ‘ilel ‘abtel, ‘ilel ‘ilel tza, ‘ilel ‘ilel pasnej.
one day’s work: jun k’ak’al patan.
person absent from work: jp’evel.
rough work: nakatik ‘abtelanel, nakatik pasel.
time-consuming work: jok’tzajel ‘abtel, natil ‘abtel, natil ch’en.
work clothes: ‘abtejeb k’u‘ul.
work done: pasnej.

worker: j‘abtel, jpatan.

workmanship: ‘abtelanel, pasel.
poor workmanship: mo ‘utzuk ‘abtelanel, mo ‘utzuk pasel.

28. Construction

adobe: patbil lum, xamitl.
lay or make adobes: ch’ubaj, ch’uban, ch’ubay.

arch: build an arch: xot.
build arches: xototik ch’ubay.

arched: become arched: xottzaj, xotey, xotij.
make arched: xotzan, xotan, xottzajes.

beam: tz’am te‘.
beam that projects like a corbel: payal lok’el.
lay beams: nop te‘el.
lay beams (carpenter): tojobtas te‘el.
lay beams or boards (carpenter): ‘ak’ te‘el.
unhewn beam: pispis tz’am te‘.

bind: (as when they bind the poles of their houses): jit’.
bind (with vines or cords as they do with the smaller beams of their houses): jit’omaj.

board: jayal te‘, tenal te‘.
lay boards: ‘ak’ tenal te‘al.

break: break or cut roots or vines with which they bind the wood of their houses: ch’ak, tuch’.
break or smash (eggs, avocados, head, pot, boards, tiles): vok’.

brick: ‘otes chik’bil xamitl, bik’tal ch’ubil xamitl, tzajal xamitl, chik’bil xamitl.
lay or make bricks: ch’ubaj, ch’uban, ch’ubay.

brick works: patobil chik’bil xamitl, putvanab chik’bil xamitl.

build: ‘ak’ te‘el, ch’uban, ch’ubay, nop te‘el, tojobtas te‘el.

building: support building with posts or buttresses: xok’i.

carve: ‘an.
(not with a chisel, but as trimming a beam or carving wood): joch’.
carve mouldings: joch’.
carve stone: ‘an ton.
carve stone image: k’oj.
carve with a chisel or other thing by hitting it: k’oj.
carve wood: ‘an te‘.

chisel: ‘eteltas, ch’oj, ch’ojvan, jul.

construction: ch’ubajel, ch’ubanej, ch’ubayej, naivej.

crack: (board, window, door): ‘ap’alul.

cut: (with two things, as scissors or as they cut the thatch for their houses with an ax and a stick): lotz’, sep’.

demolish: (house, building): jin.
demolish or pull down (house, building): tuk, tukes.

dig: (as they dig with poles): jok’.

dress: (beam): tojobtas.

drill: ch’oj.

drive: (nails or stakes in a wall): baj.
drive in with rock or sledgehammer: pajchuchuy.

enclose: joy.

file: ch’ul tak’in, jos tak’in.

fit: fit in or together (beams): nup.
fit into or together (door and doorjamb): nop.

floor: lay a brick floor: ‘ak’ chik’bil xamitl ta
lumtik, chol chik’bil xamitl, laman xamitl.
lay an earth floor: but’ na ta lum.
lay cement floor: ‘ak’ tan na.

foundation: lay a foundation: *ak’ tanal, ‘ak’ tanal likeb ch’ub, ‘ibeltas, ‘och ‘u‘un ton ta likeb ch’ub, likes ch’ub.

framework: make framework with small pole: xulay.

go: go through (needle in clothes, drill in a board): jelav.

hammer: maj ta martillo, majulan, tij, tij ta martillo, tijulan.
(stone): k’ojk’onet.

hew: ‘an.
(stone): ‘an ton.
(wood): ‘an te‘.

house: build a house: naiv.
small poles for house construction: xul.

incontinent: Ha‘ ta mo yokbiluk xanave.

lay: (adobes, bricks, stones as the officials do): tz’al.
(adobes, bricks, stones): tz’aloj.

level: nivel.

loft: construct loft: ‘ak’ tenal te‘al.

mortar: tz’alobil, kap, kap ‘a‘al tan, tan, tenobil.
good mortar: para asentar….
have good mortar: ‘utz ‘ach’el.

nail: baj.

paint: ‘ak’bey bon, bon, bonoj, bonol, tz’ibaj.
tz’ibay.

painted: tz’ibaybil.

pave: laman, pach’an ton.

paved: lamal ton, lamanbil.

paving: lamanbil ton, pach’anbil ton.

plane: ch’ul, ch’ulvan.

plank: ‘otes te‘el, tenal-te‘i.

planked: ‘ak’ebil tenal te‘al, tenal-te‘ibil.
be planked: ‘och tenal te‘.

plant: (post in the ground with one’s hands): paj.

plaster: kap, pak’, pak’av, pox, xokom.
(putting on quantities of plaster as with a trowel): ‘ak’ tan, juy tan, pas ta tan.
plaster lightly with daub to fill cracks and to smooth surface: jus.

plastered: poxtaybil.

pole: te‘.
long pole: natil te‘.
small pole: bik’it te‘, bik’tal te‘.

prop: prop up by putting stick or stone underneath: xoney.
wooden prop: xoneyabil te‘.

pull: pull out (object without roots, pole, stake): botz’.

push: (as when they push or lift a beam): xij.
(as when they push the door open or closed): net’.

repair: (faulty construction): mak.
(leaking roof): ch’ik.

roof: ‘ak’ te‘el jol na, ‘ak’bey te‘el jol na, ‘och
te‘al *u‘un, sik’av, sik’ay.
laid roof rods: sak-te‘ibil.
lay roof rods: sak-te‘i, sak-te‘ij.
lay small roof poles: xulav, xulay.
laying of roof rods: sak-te‘ivanej.
raise the roof purlins: chukav, chukay.
uncover or remove thatch or tiles from a roof: jol.

row: (of stones, or adobe or anything laid on top of each other): j-kajal.

rub: rub together (bricks): jos ba ‘u‘un.
rub together (bricks, rocks): jux, juxilan.
rub together (two bricks): jos.

saw: kup, p’as.

scrape: (boards): jotz’, josilan.

scraping: sound of a beam being pushed on top of another: jech’et.

split: split with wedges: pajchuchuy.

squared: be squared: chan-xuk’ ‘ayan.

stockade: make a stockade: kukub-te‘e.

stone: lay stones: ch’uban, ch’ubay.
lay stones (as do the officials): ch’ubaj.

straight: (upright poles): va‘al, va‘aluk.

straighten: straighten with one’s hands (beam): tojobtas.

strengthen: ‘ipajes, ‘och tzatzubeb ‘u‘un, ‘och tzatzubesabil ‘u‘un, tzatzubes, tzatzubtas, yijubes.

strengthened: be strengthened: ‘ipaj.

thatch: sik’av, sik’ay.

thatching: sik’avej.

tile: make tiles: pat.
piece of tile: vok’olil xamitl.
roof tile: chik’bil jomal xamitl, jomal xamitl.

tile works: na xamitl, patob xamitl.

truss: chukobil tonilil.

vault: build vaults: xototik ch’ubay.

whitewash: taniv, tanivej.
(with slaps of the brush): maj-tani.

28.A. Workers

arch: arch builder: jxot-ch’ubayej, jxotvanej.

brick: brick maker: jpat-xamitl.

builder: jch’ubayej-na, naivil, jnaivej.
official builder: jch’ubajel.

carpenter: j‘an-te‘, jch’ul-te‘.

foundation: foundation maker: j‘ak’ ton ta likeb ch’ub, j‘ibeltasej-ch’ub.
person who lays a foundation: jlikesej-ch’ub.

mason: jtz’alojel, ch’ubavail, jch’ubajel, jch’ul-na, jch’ul-tan, jt’ab-na.
(adobe-layer): jtz’al-xamitl.
official mason: j‘abtel, ch’ubavil.

painter: tz’ibajom, jtz’ib, jtz’ibayvanej.
first painter: ba tz’ibajom, ba jtz’ib, ba ta tz’ib, ba ta tz’ibajel.

plasterer: jjusnom, pak’om.

quarrier: jlok’esej-ton.

smooth: person who smooths floor or wall: jch’ulvanej.

stonecutter: j‘an-ton.

stonemason: jtz’al-ton.

surveyor: jvok’-lum.

tile: tile maker: jpat-xamitl.

whitewasher: tanivil.

28.B. Tools

angle: right angle: escuadra, p’is.

anvil: me‘ tenob tak’in.

axletree: axletree of a cart: joyijeb setet te‘.

bag: blacksmith’s tool bag: josobil ‘ich’ak caballo.

bellows: Hubob k’ok’, Hubobil.

billhook: billhook for firewood: p’asob si* ‘ek’el.

borer: *vatzob te‘.

brush: carding brush: jach’ubtayabil, jach’ubtayabil tux-nok’ chij.

card: carding brush: tak’in jach’ub.

hammer: bajobil, majob, majobil, martillo, tenob, tijob.
blacksmith’s hammer: tenob tak’in, tenobil, tenobil tak’in.

mold: mold for tiles, bricks, etc.: patobil xamit.

nail: clavo.

plumb: plumb bob: liklik tak’in, p’is.

quadrant: chan-xuk’esabil.

square: carpenter’s square: chan-xuk’esabil.

trowel: ‘ak’ob tan, ch’ulob tan.
mason’s trowel: juyob tan.

vise: latz’obil, pitz’ob te‘, pitz’obil.
(of carpenter or sculptor): latz’ob.

28.C. Buildings

disturbed: thoroughly disturbed (person, speech, house): sokoktik.

dwelling: k’ulebal.

entrust: entrust object to (as when entrusting one’s house to someone when going to trade): tzoyan ba ta tojol, jok’an ba ta tojol.

facing: facing the house of …: ‘ichoninej ba chi‘uk na.

front: in front of (one house or another): ‘elanej ba.

guest: guest who lodges in one’s house: ‘ix kelemil.

hall: jiljil na, muk’ta na, tastas na.

hide: hide in one’s house: mak-nai ba.

house: na.
build a house: naiv.
dry house: taki-na.
old house: k’a‘-na, k’a‘al na.
small house: bik’tal na.
use as a house: nain.

hut: lecho-pat.

lodge: vayantas.

partition: xamital *pok’omtik.

preach: preaching place: tzitza‘ajel, tzitzvanejeb.

settler: (who builds houses): naivil.

site: house site: ‘av na.

tear: tear down (house, building): jin.

view: (from the house or the window): vinajeb ‘osil.
have a view (from the house or the window): vinaj ‘osil yo‘ ‘oy.

28.C.1. Buildings for animals

beehive: na pom, te‘el pom.

bird cage: kolol te‘.

cattle: catde pen: tzobleb, kunleb, vayeb.

chicken: chicken pen: na tuluk’.

cow: cow barn: na vacas.

dovecote: na xch’ach’ak.

manger: lo‘bajeb chij, lo‘ob chij.

pigpen: na chitom, vayeb chitom.

sheep: sheep pen: na tux-nok’ chij.

sheepcote: chobtikil na.

stable: lo‘bajeb caballo, lo‘bajeb chij, lo‘ob chij, na caballo, vayeb caballo.

28.C.2. Buildings for industry, commerce, food production

bakery: chonob vaj, pasob vaj.

brick works: patobil chik’bil xamitl, putvanab chik’bil xamitl.

brothel: mul na, mulaveb na, mulavil na.

butcher shop: chonob bek’et.

dining: dining hall: na ve‘el.

fish: fish market: chonob choy.

granary: ‘av ‘ixim, na ‘ixim, ten, ten ‘ixim.
store in a granary: tenay.
underground granary for wheat: lumal ten, ta ‘ut lum ten.

hostel: ‘ix-kelmajebal.

inn: ‘ix-kelmajebal, vayebal, vayebal na.

lodging: vayal na.

mill: juch’nebal na.

saltworks: (pot or house): kumayab, kumayabil ‘atz’am.

skin: shop where skins are sold: chonob nukul.

store: tienda.

storeroom: chabiabil.

tavern: chonob chi‘, chonob vino.

tile works: na xamitl, patob xamitl.

28.C.3. Public and military buildings

auditorium: (place where they listen): ‘a‘iab, ‘a‘iabil.

castle: tzatzal na.

church: ch’uul na, iglesia, na dios.

courthouse: ‘ol na, ch’akebal ‘ol, ch’akob k’op.

dress: place where one dresses or puts on armor: tzatzajebal.

dungeon: chukvanab ch’en, chukvanab ta ‘ut lum, lumal chukvanab, mak-naiabil, mak-naivanab.

fortification: ‘ipajel, ‘ipajesel, tzatzubtasel.

fortified: ‘ip, ‘ipajesbil, tzatzubesbil, tzotz, yijubesbil.
be fortified: ‘ipaj.
that which is to be fortified: tzatzubesbol.

fortify: ‘ipajes, ‘ipaltas, ‘och tzatzubeb ‘u‘un, ‘och tzatzubesabil ‘u‘un, tzatzubes, tzatzubtas, yijubes.

fortress: tzatzal na, tonal na, yabutinab na.

garrison: garrison a fortress: ‘ipajes yabutinab na, tzatzubtas yabutinab na.

jail: chukvanab, na te‘.
use house as a jail: mak-nai ta na.

jailed: jailed in someone’s house: mak-naibil ta na.

leave: leave quickly as from the church or school: soblaj lok’, tiklaj lok’, *votol-lok’, *votolan lok’el.

library: na Hun.

monastery: monasterio, na padre.

palace: ‘ajvalel na, ‘ajvayeb na.
royal palace: na ‘ojov, na tekpan.

parish: parish house: muk’ta na, tanil na.

poorhouse: na me‘on, vayeb nich’on.

sanctuary: tz’alav na.

school: chanantasvanab na, chanob na.
dancing school: ‘ak’otajeb, chanob ‘ak’ot.
fencing school: chanob yabutil.

shelter: take shelter in the church: koles ba.

stockade: joy-te‘, makob te‘, tenam te‘.
make a stockade: kukub-te‘e.

torture: place of torture: ‘ilob ‘ik’ti‘, ‘ilob vokol.

tower: defense tower: natil ch’ilomal na.
highest tower of a fortification in which the warden lived: jol yabutijebal na.

treasury: public treasury: chabibil k’anal tak’in.

turret: pixixul.

wall: turreted wall: pixixultik.

watchtower: pa‘ivanab, pa‘ivanab ‘osil.

28.D. Parts of buildings

arch: xotav, xotol, xotolik.

attic: ‘ak’ol na, jol na.

back door: belel pat na.

beam: tz’am te‘.
beam that projects like a corbel: payal lok’el.

belfry: na campana, na tak’in.

bridal: bridal chamber: tz’alav na jnupunel, nail pop, vayeb jnupunel.

chimney: lok’eb ch’ail.
chimney shaft: lok’eb ch’ail.

choir: (of the church): k’eyojinebal.

column: nakleb chikin te‘.
marble column: chikin bax.
stone column: chikin ton.
stone column or pillar: ‘oy tonal, wooden column: chikin te‘.
wooden column or pillar: ‘oy te‘el.

corner: xuk’av, xuk’lej, xuk’ultik.
corner of house: chikin na, xokon na.

corridor: wooden corridor: chikin te‘.

crossbar: makobil mak na, makobil puerta.

dining: dining hall: na ve‘el.

door: puerta, ti‘ likeb, ti‘ lok’ebal, ti‘ na.
back door: ti‘ pat na.
bar across door to hinder entrance: k’ux mak na.
door latch: makobil.
door pivot hole: vaieb ‘ok mak na.
french doors: cha‘-nup’ mak na.
wooden door: mak na, makobil na.

doorway: xotav, xotol.

dormitory: vayebal.

embrasure: jom.

entablature: na te‘el.

entrance: ‘ochebal, ‘ochel.

exit: lok’eb, lok’el.

facade: ‘elov, ‘ichon na, ti‘ na.

floor: lumtik ta na.
brick floor: chik’bil xamitl ta lumtik, chik’bil xuch’, lamanbil xamit ta lumtik, melbil chik’bil xamitl.
cement floor: t’abbil tan ta lumtik.
stone floor: lamanbil ton ta lumtik.

foundation: ‘ibel ch’ub, likeb ch’ub.
foundation ditch: likeb ch’ub.

fountain: ‘av Ho‘, lok’eb Ho‘.

gallery: sun gallery: ‘a‘iab k’ak’al, k’atinab k’ak’al.

gameroom: (where they play): ch’akob k’op, nakleb ‘ojov.

grate: jos.
(term now used): reja, verja.
iron window grate: kolol tak’in.
wooden grate: cholbil te‘, mak te‘, melbil chikin te‘, melbil te‘.
wooden window grate: kolol te‘.

hole: pivot hole (door): ch’ojbenal ‘ok mak na.

house: house framework: te‘el.
small poles for house construction: xul.

key: jamob na, jamobil na.

lintel: ‘ak’ol ti‘ na, ‘ak’ol va‘leb mak na.

lock: house lock: makob na.

loophole: ‘ocheb sakubel, jom, sakubeb ‘osil.

mill: juch’nebal ton.
mill wheel: rodezno, tak’in, te‘el.

padlock: makob na, makobil na.

partition: jayil *pok’omtik, *pok’om, *pok’omtik.

patio: ‘amak’, ‘amak’il.

pedestal: nakleb chikin te‘.

pillar: chikin.
stone pillar: chikin ton.
wooden pillar: chikin te‘.

plastered: poxtaybil.

platform: tem.
platform or walkway beneath the roof around their houses: *poch’om, *poch’omal na.

porch: ‘amak’, ti‘ na.
sun porch: ‘a‘iab k’ak’al.

portal: ‘ichon na.

post: house post: ‘oy.
post with a hook: jok’leb.
supporting post: ‘ipajebal, tzatzubeb, tzatzubtasabil, xok’ ch’ub.

rafter: tz’am te‘.

roof: jol na.
laid roof rods: sak-te‘ibil.
roof rod: sak-te‘, sak-te‘el.
small roof jutting out from the wall to shelter people from the rain: ti‘ sik.
tile roof: xamital jol na.

room: bik’tal na, tz’alav na.
drawing room (where ladies are received): nakleb ‘antz.

sanctuary: tz’alav na.

siesta: place for taking a siesta: ‘et’esab k’ak’al.

stair: muyebal, tek’obal.

stake: stake for hanging things: ‘oy.

step: (for ascending): muyebal.

storeroom: chabiabil.

thatch: (for houses, with a rather wide leaf): ‘anal jobel.

threshing: threshing floor: tek’obil ‘ixim.
threshing floor (where the grain is stirred): juyobil ‘ixim.

threshold: ‘olon ti‘ na, ‘olon-va‘leb mak na.

truss: chukobil tonilil.

turret: pixixul.

vault: xototik.

vent: ‘avanabil.

winnowing: winnowing floor: ‘ik’ayabil ‘ixim, vuch’iabil ‘ixim.

28.D.1. Walls, fences, outdoor enclosures

arbor: ‘axibal ‘abnal.
(in the form of a hut or a house): nail ‘abnal.

breach: ch’ojolil tenam ton.

buttress: ‘ipajeb ch’ub, ‘ipajebal, ‘ipan, ‘oy ch’ub, xokon ch’ub, xok’ ch’ub.

buttressed: be buttressed: ‘ipaj.

cracked: cracked wall: ‘up’ul.

enclosed: joybil.
area or object being enclosed: joyoj.
enclosed area or object: joyben.

enclosure: joy-te‘.

fence: joy-te‘, joyol, makol, mok.
fence in: mak.

foot: foot of wall: ‘ibel ch’ub.

gate: town gate: ‘ocheb j-tek lum, ti‘ nanatik.

moat: chuk’ob.

outbuilding: nail.

patio: ‘amak’, ‘amak’il.

privy: tza‘nabil, tza‘nabil na, na tzo‘.

protruding: (adobes or stones in ill-made wall): bet’et’ik.

railing: stone railing: chikin ton.
wooden railing: chikin te‘.

step: (for ascending): muyebal.

sweatbath: pus.

town: walled town: tenam-tonibil j-tek lum.

urinal: k’abnabil.

wall: ch’ub.
adobe wall: xamital ch’ub.
be two deep (wall of adobe or stones): cha‘-k’ol bat.
church wall: ch’ub na dios.
corner of a wall: ni‘ ch’ub.
stone wall: tonal ch’ub.
straight wall: tojol ch’ub.
town wall: tenam ton.
turreted wall: pixixultik.
wall of stakes, mud or mortar: pak’bal na, *pok’om, *pok’omtik.
wall with many turrets: pak’ak’tik.
whitewashed wall: tanibil *pok’om, tanibil *pok’omtik.

yard: ‘amak’, ‘amak’il, ‘ol ‘amak’.

28.E. Public works

dammed: be dammed up: komtzaj, liktzaj, naktzaj.

ditch: drainage ditch: be Ho‘, *sapav be Ho‘.

dump: ’av k’a‘-‘ep, ch’ayeb k’a‘-‘ep, na tzo‘.

mall: lajeb xanavebal, sutej xanavebal, sutej xanbal.

market: ch’ivit, p’olmajeb, p’olmajebal.

marketplace: chonojebal, ch’ivitajebal, yo‘ ‘oy Hu‘ ch’ivit, yo‘ ‘oy Hu‘ ch’ivitajel.

path: make a path: xojav.

pipe: be ‘a‘lel, be-o‘, lok’eb Ho‘.

quarry: ‘anob tontik, jok’ob ton, lok’eb ton, lok’esab ton, vinajeb ton.

reservoir: tz’antzajeb, tz’antzajeb Ho‘, tz’anleb Ho‘.

salt: salt well: ‘atz’am.

sewer: ‘ocheb Ho‘, lok’eb ‘a‘lel, lok’eb Ho‘.

water: dammed up water: tz’anal Ho‘.

29. Jewels, precious stones, metals, and mining. See also world IB and animal husbandry 25.

alloyed: ‘oy kap, kapinbil ta sakil tak’in.

amber: pauchil.

anvil: me‘ tenob tak’in.

arrowsmith: jtzai-yolobil.

bag: blacksmith’s tool bag: josobil ‘ich’ak caballo.

bellows: Hubob k’ok’, Hubobil.

bracelet: natz’.
gold bracelet: natz’il k’anal tak’in.

brass: k’anal tak’in.

burnish: jux, t’ab.

burnished: t’abbil.

burnisher: juxobil, t’abob, t’abob ton.

carat: ‘etel k’anal tak’in, jul k’anal tak’in, tojol k’anal tak’in.
mark the carats: ‘eteltas k’anal tak’in, jul k’anal tak’in.

chip: metal chip: kamul tak’in.

clang: (copper or silver platter falling to ground): bajlajetel, tzanlajetel.

clink: (falling metal or money): tzanlaj, t’ijlajet.

coin: copper coin (quarter): ‘ek’el tomin.
gold coin: k’anal tak’in tomin, tak’in, tonal tak’in.
silver coin: batz’i tomin.

copper: copper vein: lok’eb ‘ek’el.

emerald: yaxal ton, yaxib ton.

filings: juxbenal.
metal filings: ch’uch’ul tak’in.

forge: lok’tay, pak’tay, p’is.

forged: pak’taybil.

gild: ‘ak’bey tak’in, ‘otesbey tak’in.

gilded: ‘oy tak’in, but’bil ta k’anal tak’in.

gold: k’anal tak’in.
gold dross: tzo‘ k’anal tak’in.
gold dust: yi‘al k’anal tak’in.
gold leaf: jayal k’anal tak’in.
gold nugget: ton k’anal tak’in.
gold vein: ch’en k’anal tak’in, lok’eb k’anal tak’in.

hammer: blacksmith’s hammer: tenob tak’in, tenobil, tenobil tak’in.
hammer as on the anvil: ten tak’in.

hot: burn red hot (metal on the forge): chak-luptay.

iron: ‘ik’al tak’in, tak’in.
iron slag: tzo‘ tak’in.

jasper: ‘ik’al ton.

jet: ‘ik’al ton.

jewel: ‘ual k’anal tak’in, ‘ual sakil tak’in, ‘utzil ton.

lead: sakil tak’in.

marble: bax.

melt: ‘ul, ‘ules, k’unij.
melt metal: ‘ules tak’in.

metal: metal filings: josbenal tak’in.
metal sheet: jay-latzan tak’in, jayal tak’in, joyjoy tak’in.
roundish piece of metal: volvol tak’in.

mine: joch’ ‘ilobil, joch’ ‘olon ch’en, joch’ ‘olon na, xojob ch’en, xojxoj ch’en.
gold or silver mine: masob tak’in.

mined: joch’bil.
be mined: joch’ey.

mold: mold for bell or casting of other metal object: ‘av.

pearl: ‘utzil ton, jalal ton.

plate: silver plate: jayil tak’in.

red: (bald pate, metal on the forge): chak-lupan.

ruby: ‘utzil tzajal ton, jalal tzajal ton, rubi.

saucer: silver saucer: jayil tak’in.

silver: ‘utzil sakil tak’in, plata, sakil tak’in.
mark (silver weight of eight ounces): j-p’is sakil tak’in, marco de plata.
mark silver: ‘etelaj ‘u‘un.
marked silver: ‘eteltasbil sakil tak’in, julintasbil sakil tak’in.
silver dross: tzo‘ sakil tak’in.
silver sheet: jay-latzan sakil tak’in.
silver vein: ch’en sakil tak’in, lok’eb sakil tak’in.

silver-plate: nap’ sakil tak’in.

smelter: j‘ulesej-tak’in.

solder: nap’an, pak’an.

soldered: be soldered: nap’tzaj.

stone: most precious stone of all: k’an-ch’ixal ton. precious stone: jayal ton.

temper: (metal): tojol.
temper on the forge: ‘ich’ tojol ‘u‘un.

thicken: (very thin knife blade that is fortified by adding metal to it): pimubtas, tijubtas.

tin: ‘otes sakil tak’in, ‘otesbey sakil tak’in, sakil tak’in.

topaz: tzajal ton.

treasure: buried treasure: but’bil k’anal tak’in.
hidden treasure: nak’bil tak’in.

verdigris: yax-lum.

writer: writer who writes about metals: jtz’ibay-tak’in.

29. A. Blacksmiths and jewelers

blacksmith: jten-‘ek’el, jten-tak’in.

fletcher: j‘an-yolobil.

gilder: j‘ak’ k’anal tak’in, jnap’ k’anal tak’in.

goldsmith: jten k’anal tak’in.

jeweler: jpas ‘u tak’in.

lapidary: j‘ojtakinej-ton.

saltmaker: jkumavil, jkumayej-‘atz’am.

silversmith: jten sakil tak’in.

tinker: jten p’inal tak’in, jten-tak’in.

30. Arts and artisanry

carve: carve stone image: k’oj.

carved: joch’bil.

carving: joch’el, joch’el.

craft: ‘abtel, ‘abtelanel.

craftsmanship: ‘utzil pasvanej, tza.

engrave: ‘eteltas, tz’ibay, ch’oj, jut.

figure: lok’obil, lok’ol.

filings: juxbenal.
metal filings: ch’uch’ul tak’in.

gild: ‘ak’bey tak’in, ‘otesbey tak’in.

gilded: ‘oy tak’in, but’bil ta k’anal tak’in.

glass: *puk.

glazed: ch’ulul.

halter: make a halter: ch’ajnuj, ch’ajnuy.

image: joch’bil lok’ob-bail, k’eluyabil, lok’ob, lok’ob-bail, p’isobil.

lathe: joch’obil te‘ torno.
shaped on a lathe: joch’bil ta torno.
turn on a lathe: joch’ tc‘ ta torno.

made: pasbil.
badly made: kolo‘ pasey.

make: pas.

model: lok’obil, lok’tayabil.

paint: ak’bey bon, bon, bonoj, bonol, tz’ibaj, tz’ibay.

painted: tz’ibaybil.
(portrait): lok’taybil.

painting: tz’ib.
painting on a board: lok’ob-ba, lok’ob-bail.

picture: tz’ib, k’eluy, k’eluyabil, p’is, p’isobil.

pot: make pots: pat.

pottery: chik’bil lum, patbil lum.

represent: k’eluy, lok’tay, pas lok’ob, p’is.

representation: k’elul, lok’ob, lok’tayabil.

retablo: tz’ib.
canvas retablo: tz’ibaybil pok’.
wooden retablo: tz’ibaybil te‘.

sculpt: sculpt wooden image: ch’oj, joch’.

sculpted: object to be sculpted: ch’ojbol.

sketch: p’is.

statue: joch’bil lok’ob-bail, k’ojbil lok’ob-bail, k’ojol ba, lok’ob-ba.

30.A. Artists and artisans. See also construction workers 28A, blacksmiths and jewelers 29A, tailors and tanners 31B.

cartwright: jchabi setet te‘.

carver: jjoch’-——, jjoch’vanej.

craftsman: jna‘vanej.
master craftsman: jtza-‘abtel.

glazier: *jpas-puk.

halter: halter maker: jch’ajnujel, jpas-ch’ojon.

image: image maker: jk’oj lok’ob bail.

painter: tz’ibajom, jtz’ib, jtz’ibayvanej.
first painter: ba tz’ibajom, ba jtz’ib, ba ta tz’ib, ba ta tz’ibajel.

statue: statue maker: jjoch’ lok’ob bail.

woodcarver: jjoch’-te‘.

31. Clothing and adornment

cloth: cover one’s head with a cloth: pañolin.
cover with a cloth: tasi.
cover with cloth or clothing: lutz’.

clothe: k’u‘un.
(give person clothing): k’u‘ltas.
clothe oneself: pix ba.

clothes: change one’s clothes: k’exoj.
remove mourning clothes: ‘olan ta ch’ob.

clothing: clothing being worn: k’u‘unej.
edge of clothing: ti‘ k’u‘ul.
object being covered with clothing: pixoj.
own clothing: k’u‘un.
piece of clothing: k’u‘unej.
ragged clothing: lo‘ol k’u‘.
undulating trim of clothing: puxil, puxuxtik k’u‘.
use clothing: k’u‘un. wrinkle in clothing: pux.

coat: large wide coat without buttons: xojobil.

cover: cover one’s nakedness: pix.
cover with clothing: pix.

dress: pas, pix ba.
dress up: tzatzaj.
dress with finery: tzatzajes.
place where one dresses or puts on armor: tzatzajebal.

dressed: get dressed: pas ba.

fall: (beads from a ribbon, cloth): kol.

fasten: fasten hat strap: ‘och ‘ak’il ‘u‘un.

fold: (cloth, clothing): pak, pux.

folded: not folded: j-lomlom, k’olk’ol, mu cha‘-k’oluk, mu cha‘-lomuk.

gird: bal.

gnaw: (as clothes moths or mice eat clothing): k’ux.

grease: (as on old clothes): ‘ik’uyal.

hang: place where clothing is hung: k’ianabil, k’iebal.

hood: put on one’s hood: ‘ak’ pafio, tzatzajesbey jol, pas pafio.
put on pasteboard hood of infamy: ‘ak’ pix jol Hun, ‘ak’bey pix jol Hun.

mourning: dress in mourning: ‘ik’ub ‘u‘un chame-vinik, chabaj ta ‘ik’al pok’, lap ‘ik’al pok’.
remove mourning clothes: ‘iktay ‘ik’al pok’, lok’ ta ‘ik’al pok’.

naked: *chak-ban.

old: grow old (clothes): k’a‘.

pair: (sandals): j-choj, j-chop.

provide: provide clothes, food and lodging: mak’lin.

rag: k’a‘-pok’, k’a‘al pok’.
rag dealer: jchon-paño, jp’olmajel.

scrub: (clothes): ju‘ilan.
scrub (as they scrub muddy clothes): ju‘.

shirt: toss arms of one’s shirt over one’s shoulders: jelp’un.

shoe: put on shoes: lap.

shoed: lapot xonob.

shroud: pix chame-vinik, vol ta pok’.

skirt: with sweeping skirts: jochjonet k’u‘, jochjo-netpok’, mesmonet k’u‘, mesmonet pok’, tastonet k’u‘, tastonet pok’.

smoky: smoky clothes: ch’ailal pok’.

stink: (coat, shirt): tuib.

thin: grow thin (clothing, person): jayub.

tip: (hat): t’ochan.

tuck: tuck up (under one’s sash when working): chuk-ch’utin, jopin.
tuck up one’s skirts or blankets under one’s sash: ch’ik k’u‘. tuck up skirts under one’s sash: jopin k’u‘.

type: (clothing, friar): j-tek.

wear: wear out (clothing): laj.

wrinkle: (clothing): vol ba.

31. A. Manufacture and repair, leatherwork, dyes, tools

baste: lukbay ta julel.

basted: lukbaybil ta julel.

basting: lukbayabil.

bleach: (cloth with lye): pataxin.

brush: carding brush: jach’ubtayabil, jach’ubtayabil tux-nok’ chij.

burlap: flax or maguey burlap: jotz’bil chi.

card: jach’ubtay, tus tux-nok’ chij.
card wool: ch’ul tux-nok’ chij, jach’ubtay tux-nok’ chij.
carding brush: tak’in jach’ub.

cotton: card cotton: sivuj.

cut: (cloth into many pieces): kupilan.
cut to pieces (cloth): jisulan.

darn: ch’ik, ch’ik ta sitz’el.

double: (border, cornstalk, hem, sugarcane): pux.

dye: bon, bonobil, bonoj, bonol.
yellow dye: k’anal bon, k’anal bonojeb.

dyed: bonbil.

earth: fuller’s earth: sakil lum.

embroider: (with needle or weaving): luch, luchoj, luchomaj.

enchase: (leather): bon.

feather: (cover with feathers): bal ta k’uk’um, bon ta k’uk’um.

flax: lino.

fluff: sivu.

fluffing: sijel.

fret: (cloth, silk): laj, naka ‘ak’il ‘ayan.

fretted: naka ‘ak’il no ‘ox.
be fretted: laj.

go: go through (needle in clothes, drill in a board): jelav.

gray: dark gray (cloth): ‘ik’-yaman.

grind: grind dyes: noyilan bon.

grinding: stone for grinding dyes: juch’obil bon, noyob bon, noyobil bon.

hem: ti‘ k’u‘ul.

henequen: henequen fiber: chi.
henequen fiber (counting): j-lik chi.

interweave: tz’ales, jal.

interwoven: cha‘-lamanbil, cha‘-lom.

leashes: provided with leashes (loom): jit’anubil.

loom: te‘el jolob.

maguey: maguey fiber: j-jil chi.

mat: interweave mat: xoj.

mend: lak’u, pak’an.
(by fastening or sewing): tz’ak.
(by fastening or sewing, bones): tz’ak ba.
mend petates, etc. by inserting straw as if weaving: lap.

mending: tz’akbenal.

needle: aguja.
large needle (that they sew with): tz’islajeb tak’in.
thread a needle: lap no ta aguja.

patch: tz’alal, tz’ol, k’alal, k’ol.

patched: tz’alaltik, k’alaltik.

pleat: *tzukli, tz’alal, tz’ol, k’alal, k’ol.

pleated: tz’alaltik, k’alaltik.

pucker: pucker up (as when sewing shrinks): *tzukli.

rip: rip clothing: ch’ak.

scarf: edge of scarf: ti‘ pok’.

scissors: tijeras.

seam: tz’isav.

sew: tz’is, tz’isomaj, ch’ik ta sitz’el.
(sandals, shoes with an awl): jul.

sewing: tz’isom.

shine: shine through (thin cloth): ‘och xojob yo‘ ‘oy.

shoemaker: shoemaker’s last: p’isol xonobil.

shuttle: buk’.

silk: ch’ulul seda, seda, sirgo.
black silk: ‘ik’al seda.
silk twist: ch’ajnuybil no, ch’ajnuybil seda.

silkworm: ‘om, ‘om seda.

skein: j-k’ob nio, nio.

skinned: skinned article: cho‘ben.

sleeve: k’ob.

spin: nauj, nauy.

spindle: ch’alob tuxnok’, petet.

spindleful: spindleful of thread: petetal.

spindlewhorl: tzek petet.

spinning: najel, naujel.

steam: (wall or cloth): ch’ailay.

stitch: jul.

stocking: stocking foot: xojob ‘ut ‘ok, xojobil ‘ut ‘okil.

stretch: place where cloth is stretched out: k’ianabil, k’iebal.
stretch out (clothing, cloth): k’i.

striped: striped cloth (with stripes of one color): *‘ibal pok’.

suede: josbil nukul, sak-jos.

tear: (clothing): jat.
tear to pieces (cloth): jisulan.

thick: make twice as thick (cord, thread): k’am.

thread: j-jil no, naul, no.
(counting): j-lik no.
spindleful of thread: j-petetal, petet, petetal.
thread a needle: naultas.
threads of threadbare cloth: lajemal, naka ‘akil lajemal.

tinder: (burnt cloth): tzanob k’ok’, tzanobil k’ok’, ch’amob k’ok’.

trimming: undulate trimming: balobil.
undulate trimming of clothes: balajtik pok’.

twist: (as they twist rope on their thighs): bichuy, ch’ajnuj, ch’ajnuy.

unraveled: unraveled cloth: tz’otbil pok’, chichinab pok’.

vat: dyer’s vat: ‘av bon, bonobil, nabeb.

warp: te‘om.
(cloth): tij.
prepare warp lashing: jit’aki.
throw the warp across the woof: tik’ jolob.

warped: (cloth): melbil te‘om, tijbil.

wear: wear out (clothing): laj.

weave: jal, jalav.

weft: buk’ul.

whisk: clothes whisk: jach’ubtayabil.

wick: cloth lamp wick: pak’al.
wick made of cloth: japbalal pok’.

woof: niovil.

wool: card wool: sivu tux-nok’ chij.

woven: jalbil.

wrinkle: (clothing): vol ba.

yarn: ball of yarn: j-pis no, pispis no, volvol no.

31.B. Tailors and tanners

cloth: warper of cloth: jtijvanej.

darner: jch’ikvanej ta sitz’el.

doublet: doublet maker: jtz’is-jubon, jpas-jubon.

dyer: jbon, jbonojel.

embroiderer: jluch, jluchojel, jluchomajel.

mender: jlak’uvanej, jpak’anvanej.

sewer: jch’ikvanej ta sitz’el.

spinner: jnajel, jnaujel.

tailor: jtz’isom, jtz’isvanej.

tanner: jk’a‘esej-nukul, jp’asvanej.

weaver: jjalom.
weaver of coarse cloth: jjal pimil tux-nok’ chij.

wool-comber: jjal tux-nok’ chijil pok’, jjalom.

31.C. Pieces of clothing. See also armor 21E2.

armor: cotton armor (worn by the Indians): cholo-nok’.

britches: wide and short plaited britches: vexil.

buskin: xoj ‘ok, xojobil ‘ok.

cap: cap strap: chukobil.
flap of a montero cap that covers the face and neck: mukobil ni‘, pixobil sat.

cloak: capa.

clothing: k’u‘ul.
clothing with embroidered hem: jochbil ti‘ k’u‘ul, luchbil ti‘ k’u‘ul.

coat: coat of mail: cholol tak’in.
large wide coat without buttons: sayo.

crozier: xotxot tak’in, xotxot te‘.

diapers: balobil ‘unen, k’a‘-k’u‘ ‘unen, k’a‘-lo‘ol k’u‘ ‘unen, lutz’obil ‘unen.

dirt: (as on old clothes): ‘ik’uyal.

doublet: jubon.

dress: tzatzajel.

glove: xoj k’ob, xojobil k’obil.

handkerchief: kusob ni‘il, kusobil ni‘il, simtayabil ni‘il. handkerchief for removing sweat: kusobil chik’il.

hat: pix jolol, sombrero.
hat strap: chukobil.

head cloth: pech’ech’il.

headcloth: volobil jolol.

headdress: woman’s headdress: toca.

hood: woman’s hood: toca.

mask: k’oj te‘
(once used during the sacrifices and worn by those who once kept the idols): taniab.

mitre: tzatzajel jol obispo, mitra.

mourning: mourning clothes: ‘ik’al pok’, chabajeb k’u‘ul, chabajebal k’u‘ul, chabal k’u‘ul.

raincape: (woven palm leaves they carry for when it rains): ‘axibal.

sandal: nukulil xonobil, xonobil.
rope-soled sandal: xonob jobel.

sash: bal, balobil, ti‘ pok’.
woman’s sash: chuk tzekil.

scarf: chukobil jolol.
cochineal-dyed scarf: tzajal pok’, ch’ujal pok’.

shirt: camisa, xojobil.
neck of shirt: nuk’ camisa.

shoe: xonobil.
shoe with thin sole and low heel: lam xonobil.

shroud: pixobil chame-vinik, volobil chame-vinik.

skirt: tzekil.

staff: pilgrim’s staff: nam-te‘il.

stocking: xoj ‘ok, xojobil, xojobil ‘ok.

strap: cap (or) hat strap: ‘ak’il.

uniform: ‘etel k’u‘ul, tzatzajebal k’u‘ul, k’u‘ul, pasel
k’u‘ul, vinajeb k’u‘, vinajebal k’u‘ul.

vestments: tzatzajebal pok’.
royal vestments: ‘ajvalel k’u‘ul.

work: work clothes: ‘abtejeb k’u‘ul.

31.D. Cloth and clothing parts

cloth: nok’, pak’al, pafio.
(general term): pok’.
any cloth covering: but’iabil.
cloth gusset: muk’ubeb, p’oleb.
embroidered cloth: luchbil pok’.
goat’s hair cloth: pimil pok’, tux-nok’ chij pok’.
green cloth: yaxal pok’.
gray (mixture of black and white): sak-tanan.
heavy cloth: muk’ naul, pim naul, pimil nok’.
mend cloth: xoj.
piece of cloth removed to narrow suit: yubeb.
small cloth: bik’tal pok’.
thin cloth: bik’it naul, jayal nok’, jayal pok’, pativil, pativil pok’.
warp cloth: mel te‘om.
woven cloth: jolob, jolobil.

embroidery: luch, luchojel, luchomajel, luchul.

enchasing: bon k’u‘.

linen: castillan nok’, castillan pok’, lienzo, sakil pok’.

piece: piece torn off a gown: bik’tajeb.

sackcloth: pim tux-nok’ chij, pimil tux-nok’ chij.
sackcloth or any other heavy cloth such as they use for bedding: pimil pok’, tux-nok’ chij pok’.

satin: ch’ulul seda, razo.

velvet: terciopelo.

worn: (old cloth): naka ‘ak’il.

31.E. Adornment and grooming

adorn: tzatzajes, pas.

adorned: ‘oy tzatzajel, tzatzajesbil.

barber: jjosvanej, jkupvanej, jpas-jolol.

bare-assed: be bare-assed: putzpon pat.

bead: cuentas.
string of beads: j-‘ak’ cuentas.

bedaub: oneself with dye or red ochre: naban.

bracelet: natz’.
gold bracelet: natz’il k’anal tak’in.

braid: chukobil jolol, ch’al jol, ch’alobil tzotzil jol, ch’alobil jol, ti‘ pok’.

change: change one’s clothes: k’ex.

comb: jach’ub, jach’ubtay, jach’ubtayabil, tus.

combed: jach’ubtasbil, tusbil.

crown: nit-baijes, nit-bain.
(with which they dance): nit-bail. feather crown: nit-ba k’uk’um.
flower crown: nit-ba nichim.
put on a crown: nit-baij.

dress: dress up: tzatzaj.
dress with finery: tzatzajes.

earpick: jot’ob chikin, pokobil chikinil, xenob chikin, xenobil chikinil.

feather: (cover with feathers): bal ta k’uk’um, bon ta k’uk’um.

finery: tzatzajel.

garland: j-‘ak’ nichim, j-choj nichim, j-jil nichim, nit-bail.
place garland on person’s head: ‘ak’ nit-bail ta jol.
put on a garland: nit-baij.

hair: clip one’s hair: pasbey ‘isim, pasbey jol.
part one’s hair: p’ev tzotzil, p’ev jol.

mace: (of beadle or gateman): pispis tak’in, volvol tak’in ta ba.

messy: (hair): tzotz ta tzavlej, ch’a‘al, vatzal.

mussy: mussy or dishevelled hair: ch’etel tzotzil jol.

necklace: ‘ual.
wear a necklace: ‘uan.

ochre: red ochre: *xuko.

paint: paint oneself with dye or red ochre: naban.
paint oneself with red ochre: nabantas.

pendant: lok’omil.

perfume: ‘ak’ ta ch’ailtik, muibtayab, muibtayabil, muil.

plume: k’uk’.

shave: shave with a razor: jos.

string: (beads): tz’is.
string of beads: j-choj cuentas, j-jil cuentas.

turban: make a turban: nit-bain.

tweezers: tulob motzob, tulobil motzobil.

32. Amusements

amusement: lo‘il, lo‘lo k’op, maxil, maxil k’op.

attack: attack in jest: maxil-mil.

buffoon: lo‘il vinik, lo‘lo vinik, tuli-‘atil vinik, *Hona vinik.

buffoonery: lo‘loyel, tuli-‘atil.

clap: clap hands as when rejoicing or dancing: pak’ponet, pak’ulan.

compose: (couplets, song, words): nop.

divert: ‘ak’ maxilajuk, ‘ak’ muibuk, ‘et’esbey ‘osil, lo‘iltay, maxiltay.
divert oneself: ‘ech’ ‘osil ‘u‘un, ‘et’es ‘osil, kol ta lubel, lo‘ilaj, maxilaj.

entertain: ‘ak’ maxilajuk, ‘ak’ muibuk, ‘utzibtas.
entertain taking care to provide all that is needed: chu‘un.

frolic: ‘utzin.

grimace: make grimaces: maxil-lok’tay, maxil-p’is.

jest: maxmonet, na‘nonet, tajimol, tuli-‘atij.

jester: jmaxmonel, tuli-‘atil vinik, jtajimol, Hovil vinik.

jesting: tuli-‘atil.

joke: done as if it were a joke: *kajaltaybil, maxiltaybil.

jump: jump up in the air (as when dancing or when boys jump for joy): lut’, p’it.

leisure: ‘utzibel, lo‘il, maxil.

mask: k’oj te‘.

merrily: mu.

merriment: t’ujumajel.

merry: be merry: ‘utzib, lo‘ilaj, maxilaj, muib ‘osil ‘a‘i, nichimaj, tajim.
make merry: bak’es, tajim.

merrymaker: ‘atil vinik, ‘utzil vinik, muil vinik, nichil vinik.

mock: tze‘i, lo‘ilaj, maxilaj, muib ‘osil ‘a‘i, na‘ley, na‘leyvan, sak-tze‘i, tajim.

mocked: ‘aptaybil, tze‘ibil.

mocker: jtze‘ej, jtze‘ivanej, *jmi, jna‘al.

mockery: tze‘ej, tze‘ivanej, na‘al, na‘leyvanej, tajimol.

pastime: ‘ech’eb ‘osil, maxilajel.

prank: Hovil.

recreation: ‘et’esej ‘osil, ‘utzibel, lo‘il, maxil.
amuse oneself with recreation: va‘et.

relax: ‘ich’ ‘olonton, ch’an chi, yamaj.

relaxed: machachal.
be relaxed: nakal ‘olonton.

reveler: j‘utzinvanej, jbak’esvanej.

saying: witty saying: ‘utzil lo‘lo k’op, lot k’op, muil lo‘lo k’op, na‘al k’op.

speak: speak wittily: ‘utzil lo‘lo k’opoj, muil lo‘lo
k’opoj.

trick: jotz’-k’op, maxiltay, Hovintas.

witty: witty person: j‘utzil lo‘lo k’op, jlo‘lo-k’op, jmuil lo‘lo k’op.

word: word game: kolo‘ k’op, lo‘il, maxil.

32.A. Music and dance

bell: bell ringer: jtij-tak’in.
ring a bell: sobtiksobtik tij campana, ta tijel tijulan campana, tij campana, tij tak’in.

bell-ringing: sobtikil tijel, tijulanvanej.

choir: coro.
(of the church): k’eyojinebal.

clap: clap hands as when rejoicing or dancing: pak’ponet, pak’ulan.

compose: (couplets, song, words): nop.

crown: (with which they dance): nit-bail.

dance: ‘ak’ot, ‘ak’otaj, ‘ak’otal.
make dance: ‘ak’otajes, ‘ak’ottas.
make dance (cat): ‘ak’otan.

dancer: j‘ak’ot, j‘ak’otal.

drum: (using hands or sticks): baj nukulil vob.

duo: (in singing): chibal ‘avanab, chibal ‘avana-bal.

flute: flute case: ‘av ‘amay, na ‘amay.
play the flute: ‘amayain.

flutist: j‘amay.

guitar: play a guitar: tij ch’ajnul vob, timulan.

harmonize: nup.
(discordant song): meltzan, nopes, tojobtas.

harmony: be in harmony (voices): nop.

hymnal: Hun k’eyoj.

intone: likes k’eyoj, lok’es k’eyoj.

intoner: jlok’esej-k’eyoj.

jump: jump up in the air (as when dancing or when boys jump for joy): p’it.

mold: mold for bell or casting of other metal object:
‘av.

motet: k’eyoj.
doleful mottrompeta. have trumet: me‘anajel k’eyoj, me‘anajel k’op.

music: line sheet music: pol Hun, polbey te‘el Hun, p’is Hun.
sheet music: k’oplal k’eyoj.

musician: jna‘-k’eyoj.
musician trained in harmony: jk’eyom.

play: (flute, trumpet): Hupan.

ring: (anything that echoes, whether it is a bell or a blow on wood): tzantzon.

roar: (fire, hail, rain, turbulent river or ocean, wind, large flute): ‘omet.

school: dancing school: ‘ak’otajeb, chanob ‘ak’ot.

sing: k’eyojin.
(bird, frog): ‘ok’.

singer: jk’eyom.

song: k’eyoj.
begin a song: likes k’eyoj, lok’es k’eyoj.
intricate song: tz’i‘lel k’eyoj.
person who begins a song: jlok’esej-k’eyoj.

sound: (flutes): ch’ijet.
large flutes: *jomet.
sound like a cracked bell: ch’ejch’on.
sound of flutes together: jaxet.

study: study music: chan k’eyoj.
study of music or singing: chanob k’eyoj.

tambourine: tambourine player: jpak’-vob.

timbrel: timbrel player: jpak’-vob, jtij-vob.

together: be together (voices): nop.

toot: (small flute): piet, *vivon.

trumpet: blow a trumpet: ‘ok’es trompeta.
have trumpets sound: ch’i‘et, jat’et, tonet.

trumpeter: j‘ok’es-trompeta, jpas-trompeta, jHupanej-trompeta.

tune: (musical instruments): tojobtas.
person who tunes the first verse of a psalm: jk’eyom.

whistle: xuxub, xuxubaj, xuxubajel, xuxuban, xuxubanel, xuxubil.
(made through one’s fingers): tz’utz’up.
whistle (through one’s fingers): tz’utz’upaj.
whistle at: tz’utz’uptay, xuxubtay.

32.A.1. Instruments

bell: campana, tak’in.

drum: k’ulk’ul te‘.
skin drum: nukulil vob.
wooden drum (all wood): vob.

flute: ‘amay.

guitar: ch’ajnul vob.

harp: ‘ak’il vob, ch’ojon vob.

lute: castillan vob, ch’ajnul vob.

monochord: ch’ajnul vob, monocordio, tenal vob.

rattle: chilol, chilol tak’in.

sackbut: (medieval trombone): sacabuche.

tambourine: nukulil vob.

timbrel: k’ulk’ul te‘, nukulil vob.

trumpet: ‘ok’esol, trompeta.
end of a trumpet: ti‘ trompeta.

whistle: vilol.
toy whistle: vilol.

32.B. Sports and toys

ball: pitz’, pis.
bowling ball: bola, pispis te‘.
game played with the buttocks: pitz’.
make into a ball: pis.
person who plays ball with the buttocks: pitz’nom.
play ball with the buttocks: pitz’in.

bet: *‘aal, ‘ak’ ‘al, ‘ale.
bet on: ‘ak’ ta ‘ale.
bet together: ‘aley ba.
lose bet: ‘ale.
win bet: ‘ale, ‘aleyvan.

bowl: *tzul, ten bula, ten te‘.

bowler: jten-te‘.

bowling: ten-te‘, tenel te‘.

card: card game: Hunal bul.
card player: bulinom ta Hun.
play cards: bulin, bulin ta Hun.
playing cards: Hunal bul.

chess: bul, te‘el bul.
chess player: bulinom, jbul.

dice: bul.

disk: tenobil te‘.

doll: child’s doll: ‘ixtol.

fence: chan ch’ilomajel, chan yabutil, esgrimir.

fencer: jchanantasej-ch’ilomajel, jchanantasej-yabutil.

fight: fight in a contest: *‘ikoyaj, *‘ikoyan, nak, nakav, yabutij, yabutin.

game: tajimol.
game of fortune (that they used to play with beans): chenek’ bul.
lose game: ‘ale.
play games of fortune: bulin.
player of games of fortune: bulinom.
win game: ‘ale, ‘aleyvan.

gameboard: bulinab, bulinabil, tenal te‘el bul.

gameroom: (where they play): ch’akob k’op, nakleb ‘ojov.

handball: p’os.
handball player: p’osinom.
play handball: p’os, p’osin.

hoop: metal hoop for playing: xotxot tak’in.

intrude: intrude in a game: tabentay tajimol, *tanay tajimol.

intruder: intruder in a game: *jtana-tajimol.

joust: xen ba ta pat caballo ta tajimol, xen-bail ta pat caballo.

juggler: tz’i‘il vinik.

lose: lose bet (or) game: ‘aleyat.

lot: cast lots: k’inij, pas tza.
cast or draw lots: ‘il ta lok’obil, lok’ ba.

opponent: nakbal, nakmal.

play: maxmonet, na‘nonet, tajim.

player: jtajimol.

playing: person playing: jva‘etel.

race: ‘anil.

racetrack: racetrack where they run: ‘anilajebal.

school: fencing school: chanob yabutil.

spin: (top): ‘ak’otajes.

tilt: ten ba ta pat caballo.
thrown in a tilt: tenbil ta pat caballo.

top: playing top: trompa. whip top: trompo.

trip: trip in a wrestling match: lukunel ‘ok.

warfare: mock warfare: tajimol ch’ilom.

whistle: toy whistle: vilol.

win: win a bet: ‘aleyvan.

wrestle: poch’i, poch’i ba.

33. Ailments and abnormalities

abort: ‘et’es, yal ‘u‘un, yales.

ache: ‘ip ma‘, nakbal.
aches and pains: bak’el.
feel aches and pains: bak’ ‘osil ‘a‘i.

alive: half alive: yalul kuxul.

alleviation: yamajel.

arthritis: ‘ik’al ta k’ob.

asthma: tup’el ‘ik’.

asthmatic: become asthmatic: tup’ ‘ik’.

bathroom: continual urging inclination to go to the bathroom, without producing anything: sim ba.
inclination to go to the bathroom: sim-nak’al.

benumb: pek’aubtas.

benumbed: be benumbed: pek’aub.

birth: have a breech birth: va‘al vinkilaj.

bite: jech’benal.
(something poisonous): komes kola‘al ‘e, komes kola‘al ti‘.
with mosquito bite: ta petlej.

blind: ma‘-sat.
blind chicken: ‘ik’al moy tuluk’, ma‘-sat tuluk’.
blind with pale eyes: ‘ik’al moy.
go blind: ma‘-satij, tup’ sat.
go blind in one eye: tz’e‘ub sat, tup’ sat.
go blind with pale eyes: taot ta ‘ik’al moy.

blink: get nervous blink: mutz’uy sat, mutz’uyel ‘a‘i.
nervous blink: mutz’uyel.

blister: petel, sitel, situb.
with blisters: j-p’ej t’elel.

blistered: petel, petetik, ta petlej.

blood: be stained with blood: ‘atin ch’ich’, ‘atin ta ch’ich’.

bloodied: ‘atinej ch’ich’.
be bloodied: baley ta ch’ich’.

bloody: ‘atinej ch’ich’, balem ch’ich’.

boil: ‘apon, chakal, petey.
get a boil: petey.
with boils: petel, petetik, petlej, ta petlej.

breath: bad breath: tu ti‘, tuil ti‘.

bruise: petey, voch.
with bruises: j-p’ej t’elel.

bruised: petel, petetik, petpet, ta petlej, vochol.
badly bruised: vochochtik.

bubo: *xu.
buboes that spread from one part of the body to another: ‘anil ‘apon.
large and very serious bubo: tzajal “apon.
small bubo: ton ‘apon.

caned: majbil ta te‘.

castrate: lok’es tonil.

castrated: lok’bil tonil, mo ‘oyuk tonil.

cataract: pixobil ch’ulel sat.

chafe: tuch’uch’tik pas.

chafed: tuch’uch’tik pasel.
(by cloth): tuch’uch’tik.

chicken: blind chicken: mo k’ot sat tuluk’.

chilblain: ‘esel, ‘eselul.
afflicted with many chilblains: ‘eseltik.

choke: jik’av.

choking: jik’avel.

cholera: chamel, simal.

choleric: k’an-k’uyan, yax-k’uyan.

clench: clench one’s teeth: k’ux ‘e.
clench one’s teeth (in pain): matz’ ti‘.

cold: catch a cold: ‘obal ‘a‘i, ‘oban.
head cold: ‘obal.
post-partum cold or cold sickness that women frequently suffer: yax-chelul.

complain: complain of pain or sickness: ‘akanaj, ‘aket.

constipated: be constipated: mak, paj.

consumptive: *kinich ‘ojov.

contagious: ch’ambil.
be contagious: ch’amet.

convalesce: ‘ich’ ‘ip, ‘ipaj.

convulsion: jik’avel chamel.

cough: ‘obal, ‘oban.
have a cough: ‘obal ‘a‘i.
person with a bad cough: j‘obal.

cracked: (heels): t’ajaltik.

cramp: tzeluyel.

craziness: ma‘-‘olal, ma‘-ba ‘olal, Hoviel, Hovil.

crazy: Hov.

cripple: pek’aubes, pek’aubtas.

crippled: *‘anibtasbil, pek’a. be crippled: *‘ani.
Become crippled: pek’aub.

cross-eyed: xiji-sat.

dangerous: dangerous sickness: tz’i‘lelal chamel.

daze: ma‘-sati.

dazed: be dazed: tup’ sat.

dead: half-dead: ‘olbaj chamuk, k’an chamel. nearly dead person: lut’um-‘e vinik.

deaf: kok.
deaf person: kokil vinik. grow deaf: kokib.

deafen: kokibes, kokibtas.

deafness: kokibel, kokil.

deformed: toj kolo‘.
(hand, foot): chubbil.
be deformed (person, animal): xi‘benaj ba.
become deformed (head, foot): chub ba.

die: die of starvation: cham ta vi‘nal.
die of the cold: cham ta sik.
die of thirst: cham ta taki-ti‘il.

disease: chamel.
catch a contagious disease: ch’am, *ch’amtan.

dizziness: ‘ip ma‘, nakbal.

dizzy: grow dizzy: ‘ik’-pultay ’osil ‘a‘i, samet ‘osil, sutet ‘osil ‘a‘i.

drained: be drained off (strength, water): ‘ul.

dropsical: sit.
dropsical person: jsitubel.

dwarf: komkom vinik, pek’pek’ vinik.
hunchbacked dwarf: p’us.

dysentery: have dysentery: ch’ut ‘a‘i, sim-nak’al ‘a‘i.
suffer from bloody dysentery: ch’ich’-nak’al ‘a‘i.

ear: with an ear cut off: jotz’bil chikin, ma‘-chikin.

emaciate: toj-lajes.

emaciated: naka bak.
become emaciated: toj-jayaub, toj-laj, toj-takij.

emaciation: jayubel, taki-batel.

epidemic: ‘ipal chamel.
have epidemic strike: ch’am, ch’am ch’enal.

epilepsy: *chiton chuHaj.

exhaust: ‘ak’ vokol, ‘il vokol ‘u‘un, toj-lub ‘u‘un. exhaust person: ‘ip vokol ‘u‘un, vokolin.

exhausted: ‘ulesbil.
be exhausted (person): bik’taj.
be exhausted by: kisnan.
become exhausted: toj-lub.

exhaustion: ‘ulebal, kisin, lajebal.

eye: get circle under one’s eyes: ‘och lapluk sat.
put person’s eye out: lomtz’inbey sat, tup’bey sat.
with bloodshot eyes: ma‘-satijel, ma‘-satil.

faint: ‘uch’p’ij, ‘uch’uy, tup’ ‘ik’.
make person faint: tup’es, tup’es ‘ik’.
person who faints: *jchiton-chuHaj.
person who is made to faint: tup’oj.

fainting: fainting person: jtup’-‘ik’.

fall: fall out (hair): lilij, titij.
fall when walking: jach’.

fatigued: yatikyatik.
be fatigued: yatik ‘osil ‘a‘i, yatikil ‘a‘i, yatikil ‘osil ‘a‘i.

feeble: vuyul.
(unable to fight or act vigorously): mo ch’ilomuk.
feeble person: yayail vinik.
feel feeble (from sickness or age): yayatik ‘osil ‘a‘i.

feebleness: yayail.

fester: ‘ipaj, ‘uch’ ‘a‘lel, nipaj, pojovin.

fever: k’ak’al, k’ok’.
tertian fever: chabjeychabjey ‘oy k’ak’altik.

food: pestilential food: ‘ipal chamelal ve‘el.

fool: Hovil vinik.

frostbitten: be frostbitten: laj ta taiv.

gas: produce gas in one’s stomach (food): ‘u‘un
lik ch’ut, lik ch’utul.

glanders: chamel chij, chijil chamel.

glands: fatal swelling of the glands: jtzamesvanej chamel.
swelling of the glands: bik’tal chamel.

gnat: gnat that gets in one’s eyes: lo‘lo‘.

goiter: (in animals): sit nuk’.

gout: ‘ik’al chamel, ‘ik’al ta ‘ok.

gouty: ‘ik’altik.

groan: groan with pain or sickness: ‘akanaj, ‘aket.

growth: pus-filled growth: ‘apon.

hair: have one’s hair fall out: lilij tzotzil jol, lub tzotzil jol.

hammer: hammer (with which to wound): tenob te‘.
hammer or rammer (with which to ram or wound): tenobil.

headache: have a headache: k’ux jol.

heel: badly cracked (heels): varvuxtik.
cracking of heels: vax-t’ajel.

hemorrhaging: uterine hemorrhaging: ta xa ch’ich’ yaxaub.

hernia: (one testicle): xulub tonil.
worm used to cure hernia: xulub chon.

hit: hit or wound lightly: tij.

hoarse: be hoarse: makal nuk’.
become hoarse: mak nuk’.
make person hoarse: mak nuk’, makbey nuk’.

hoarseness: makel nuk’il.

hunchback: p’us.

hunchbacked: ta p’uslej pat.
become hunchbacked: lok’ pat, p’usin.

hurt: kolo‘ pasbey, k’uxubtas.
hurt with a spur: jul.

idiot: joch’bil te‘.

ill: be fatally ill: batz’i ch’ay, batz’i laj.
become gravely ill: toj ‘ip ‘a‘i, yakub.
become less ill: mak.
feel ill: k’unk’un ‘osil ‘a‘i, mo ch’i ‘a‘i.

illness: dangerous illness: xi‘ebal chamel.
feign illness: pak’tay ba ta chamel, p’is ba ta chamel.
person who feigns illness: Ha‘ te pak’tay ba ta chamel.

improve: improve slightly (sick person): pak’tzaj juteb.

improved: be improved (health): laan juteb.
slightly improved (in health): chabal juteb.

improvement: (in health): chabal.

injure: ‘anibtas.

injured: *‘anibtasbil.
be injured: *‘ani.

injury: (caused by blow of hands or feet): bajben.

itch: ‘ich, ch’inin ‘osil ‘a‘i, joch’jon ch’ininul, koplajet ch’ininul, vayajom.

jaundice: k’anubel chamel.

knock: knock one’s head on a rock: t’is-joli ton.

lame: mek’an.

leper: lame in one hand: kolo‘ k’ob. sal vinik.

leprous: sal, sal tz’i‘, solsoltik.
become leprous: salub, solin, taot ta sal.

lightning: struck by lightning: majat ta chauk.

limp: kolo‘ xanav, mek’aub.

lisp: sesentik k’opoj.

lump: (as on the face of a person afflicted with the pox): ch’okil.
(as those on the faces of people afflicted with bubonic plague): ‘uxub.
covered with lumps (pox): laal ch’okil.
lump jaw: chamel. swell with large lumps: bujey.

lumpy: (face): ‘uxubtik, laal ‘uxub.

mad: be mad: ch’ay ‘olonton.
go mad: ch’ay ‘olonton, Hovi.
make person go mad: Hovintas.

madman: Hovil vinik, jHovil-vinik.

madness: ch’ayel ‘olontonil.

malaria: (three or four day fever with chills): k’ak’al sik.

mange: chin, sol.

mangy: balem chin, chinchin, chinchintik.

mark: mark left by blow of the fist or by a slap: ‘av k’obol.

mole: tzo‘ *‘uk.

monster: labal vinik.

mute: ‘uma‘
be mute: mu k’opoj.
become mute: ‘uma‘ib, ‘uma‘ij, taot ta ‘uma‘.
make mute: ‘uma‘ijes.

muteness: ‘uma‘ijel, ‘uma‘il.

nose: with one’s nose cut off: jotz’bil ni‘, ma‘-ni‘.

numb: grow numb: cham, sik-potztay.

numbness: sik-potztayel.

one-armed: ma‘-k’ob.
one-armed person: jchamel k’ob.

one-eyed: tz’e‘-sat, tz’e‘tz’e‘ sat, tz’e‘el sat, lukluk.
become one-eyed: lukib.

one-eyedness: lukibel, luklukil.

one-handed: ma‘-k’ob.

pain: k’uxul.
have pain doubled: ‘ipaj k’uxul.

painful: k’ux.
be very painful: t’omt’onet.

paralysis: sik-potz ‘ik’.

paralyze: pek’aubes, pek’aubtas.

paralyzed: be paralyzed: sik-potztay.
become paralyzed: ‘och ta sik-potz ‘ik’, pek’aub.
paralyzed person: jsik-potz ‘ik’.

piles: ‘ichil chak.

plague: ‘ipal chamel.

poisoned: poxtaybil.
be poisoned: ‘uch’ kola‘al pox.

pus: k’a‘al, pojov, pojoval.

pussy: become pussy: pojovin.

pustule: t’elel.
become blemished with pustules: t’eley.
form a pustule: ta vajlej ‘ayan, vajey.

rabid: become rabid: tz’i‘il-k’ak’ub.

rabies: tz’i‘il k’ak’al, k’ak’al tz’i‘.

relapse: have a relapse: cham cha‘-‘atel, nipaj.

respite: enjoy a respite from sickness or work: k’un-yamaj ‘a‘i, laanlaan ‘a‘i, lamallamal ‘a‘i.
respite from sickness or work: k’un-yamanil.

ringworm: sol.
get ringworm: solin.

scab: patil, sol.
(with pus): chin.

scabby: solsoltik.
(with pus): chinchintik.

scar: tz’i‘lej, lut’um, lut’umal, lut’umay, lut’umil, lut’umtas.

scarify: jisulan, kupilan, t’ol.

scarred: badly scarred: tzepentik, lut’umtik.

scratch: jot’, jot’benal.
scratch hard: ch’oti.
scratch of cat or tiger: jot’ben.

scrofula: k’a‘el, yax-k’a‘el.
get scrofula: yax-k’a‘.

scrofular: scrofular person: yax-k’a‘el, jyax-k’a‘el.

short-sighted: be short-sighted: mo natuk ‘ilvan, mu natuk ‘il ‘osil, mu natuk bat sat, mu natuk k’ot sat.

shriveled: (hand, foot): chubbil.
become shriveled (hand, foot): chub ba.

shrunken: shrunken up: yak’al pat.

sick: be or get sick: cham.
be sick: kolo‘ ‘osil *a‘i.
be sicker: jelav ‘ip.
become sick: k’unk’un ‘osil ‘a‘i.
become very sick: taoj ‘olonton.
get sick: taot ta chamel.
sick person: jchamel.

sickness: chamel, kola‘al ‘osil.
spread sickness: ch’amet.

side: have a stitch in the side: xokon ‘a‘i.
sickness or stitch in the side: xokonil chamel.
stitch in the side: xokon.

six-fingered: six-fingered person: jvak-k’ob.

six-toed: six-toed person: jvak-‘ok.

smarting: k’ux.

snakebite: be poisoned by snakebite: tz’ot ta chon.

sparse: (white hairs, poxes on the body): vajal.

spasms: with spasms: tup’ ‘ik’.

speak: speak hoarsely: sojet k’opoj, sojom k’opoj.

sprain: tz’otbenal, tz’otel, tz’otobil, tz’otp’inel.
sprain one’s wrist: tzik’ k’ob, tzik’esbey k’ob.

squint-eyed: tz’o‘tz’o‘ sat, tz’o‘el satil.

stab: jul, jul ta majel, xen, yalel.
stab with a lance: xen ta majel.
stab wound: julbenal, julel.

sterile: nap’e, toj te‘.
become sterile: ‘och ta nap’eil, nap’ey.

sterility: nap’eil, nap’eyel.

stiff: stiff with cold: *chalopol, *chaxopol.

sting: (wasp): ti‘.

stop: (bleeding): mak, paj.

strong: not be strong enough: mu tabey ‘ipal.

stung: badly stung: ti‘bentik.

stunned: be stunned: samet ‘osil, sutet ‘osil ‘a‘i.

stupefaction: pek’ail.

stupefied: be stupefied: bolib, ch’ay ch’ulel, mu ‘a‘i ba, pek’aub.

stupefy: bolibes, pek’aubtas.

stutter: sesentik ‘ok’, sesentik k’opoj.

stutterer: jsesen-‘ok’ jsesen-‘ok’il.

suffer: suffer from: *tzein.

suffering: *tze, ya.

swell: (boil, bruise): lik petluk.
(boils): lik t’elluk, lik vajluk.

swelling: sit, sitel, situbel.
have large swellings: vo‘ey.
pus-filled swelling: sit pojov.
with a large swelling: vo‘ol, vo‘vo‘.
with large swellings: bujujtik, vo‘otik.

swollen: sit.
be swollen: situbel ‘a‘i.

tatar: xok ‘e, xokil ‘eal.

throat: dryness of throat: taki-ti‘il, takinal ti‘.

tooth: have a chipped tooth: vok’ol ‘e.
have one’s tooth fall out: lilij ‘e.

toothache: k’ux ‘e.
have a toothache: k’ux jol.

tumor: fatal tumor: ch’amojel chamel.
neck tumor: pisis, pisis chamel.

urine: difficulty in evacuating urine: makel be k’abil.
have difficulty evacuating urine: mak be k’abil.

voice: lose one’s voice: mak ti‘.

vomit: xen.
vomit on: xetay.

wart: tzo‘ *‘uk.

weak: mo ‘ipuk, toj k’un.
(body): mo tzotzuk.
be weak: mo ‘oyuk, mo ‘oyuk ‘ip, mo tzotzuk ‘ok.
be weak with age or infirmity: ‘ok’elal ‘osil ‘a‘i.
weak person: k’unil vinik.

weaken: bik’tajes.

weakness: (of body): k’unil.

whiplash: ‘av ch’ojon, majbenal.
whiplash on the buttocks: jich’el ta majel chak, jipel ta majel chak.

white: (eye with cataract): sak-*toan satil, sak-velan sat.

wind: pestilential wind: ‘ipal chamelal ‘ik’.

wither: tzukib, matz’ub, takij.

withered: matz’al.

worn: be worn out (person): bik’taj.
grow worn (in sickness): nipaj.

worse: get worse (sickness): ‘ipal-kola‘aj.

wounded: majbenal. Hot, Hotol.
(given with rod or rope): jipben.
(received from rod or rope): jipbenal.
(with a lance): xen.
lance wound that one gives: xenben
lance wound that one suffers: xenbenal.
person whom one wounds: majben.
proud flesh of wound: t’uy.

wounded: lo‘oltik, majbentik, majbil, Hotbil, Hotol.
be wounded: Hot.
be wounded (mentally): nuptan yaijel.

34. Health, recovery, and medicine

airing: take an airing: majey, majey lum.

arsenic: jtzamesvanej pox.

balsam: pox.

bandage: yarn bandage: sijel, sivuabil pok’.

bleed: jisulan, jul, kupilan, lok’esbey ch’ich’el.

bloodletter: jjulvanej.

bloodletting: julvanej.

blow: blow on (food to cool it, head wound or tumor to cure it): vuch’i.

circumcise: jos xinch’okil bek’tal, kup nukul xinch’okil bek’tal.

come: come to: kuxol.

curable: be curable: ‘utz kol ‘u‘un.

cure: ‘utzibtas, poxtaj.

curer: jpoxil, jpoxtayej.

doctor: jpoxil, jpoxtayvanej.
doctor who teaches: jchanantasvanej.
doctor’s instrument: poxtayab tak’in.
ear doctor: jpoxtayej-chikinil.
experienced doctor: jk’otel-poxil, jna‘vanej-poxil.
eye doctor: jpoxtayej-satil.

ease: (sickness): yamaj.

eased: yamalyamal.
be eased: sabaj, sabub.
be eased (sickness): yamaj ‘a‘i.

gargle: pas pox, pas pox pokobil ‘eal, pokobil ‘eal, pox jamobil nuk’, pox pokobil ‘eal.
make gargle: pas pox jamobil nuk’il.

headache: have a splitting headache: k’uxul jol.

heal: but’, tzepenub.

herbman: j‘ojtakin-‘abnal, j‘ojtakin-pox.

hernia: worm used to cure hernia: xulub chon.

improved: improved (in health): yamal pasal.
slightly improved (in health): pasal juteb.

juice: get juice from roots or plants by squeezing or pressing them: pitz’ ‘a‘lel, pitz’bey ‘a‘lel.

lancet: julob tak’in, julobil, julvanab.

life: bring back to life: kuxan.

massage: ju‘ilanbey, nit.

: (person’s painful belly): jaxulanbey, ju‘ilan.

medical: medical aid: poxtayabil.

medicine: pox, poxtayabil.
administer medicines: poxtaj.
proven medicine: ‘utzil pox, k’otel pox.

mend: (by fastening or sewing, bones): tz’ak ba.
(wound): but’, tzepenub.
mend a broken bone: tz’ak bakel.

midwife: jtam-‘unen.

mildly: (cure, rule, punish): k’un, laan.

ointment: pox.
colored ointment: nabnel, nobo.

patient: poxlal.

phial: redoma.

pill: pisis, pisis pox, pox, poxlal.

plaster: pox.
applied with plasters: ‘ak’ebil pox.
apply plasters: ‘ak’ pox, poxtay.
apply plasters to: ‘ak’bey pox.

plastered: poxtaybil.

poisonous: ‘ip kola‘al, toj kolo‘.
(venom): laal kola‘al ‘e.

purge: ‘et’esabil chamel pox, tza‘an, tza‘tayabil chamel pox, pok, pokobil, pox, tojobtas.
purge well: ‘ep tz’i‘ley ba.

purged: be purged: ‘uch’ tza‘tayabil chamel pox, ‘uch’ pox, kech ch’ut.

pus: squeeze out pus: pitz’ lok’el pojov.

recuperate: ‘utz‘utz ‘a‘i, yamaj.

recuperation: utzil.

remedy: ‘utzintas, makel, tojobtas.

rest: (patient): laanej.
be given a rest: tzatzub, muib, nichimaj, nichimaj ‘osil ‘a‘i.

revive: cha‘-kux, kuxan, kuxes, kuxey, kuxol.
(plant, person, tree): kux.

revived: be revived: cha‘-kuxey.

spectacles: ‘ilvanab.

strength: regain one’s strength: ‘ipaj, tzatzub, pas ba.

surgeon: surgeon’s case: ‘av tak’in, chu‘uy tak’in, na tak’in.
surgeon’s instrument: poxtayab tak’in.

sweatbath: pus.
person who takes a sweatbath: pusivil.
take a sweatbath: pusin.

syringe: tak’in.

tourniquet: makeb.

well: get well: ‘utzib.

witch: jk’oplayvanej, jpoxil, jpoxtayej.

35. Religion

35.A. Catholic officials and laity

acolyte: jtak’beyej-misa.

bell: bell ringer: jtij-tak’in.

bishop: obispo
deputy bishop: jlok’tay-obispo.

confessor: (priest): jtojobtasej-‘olontonil.
confessor who confesses his sins: j‘al-mul, jjam-mul.

disciple: jchan-k’op, Ha‘ te chanantasbil ‘u‘un ‘ajval.

friar: ch’uul vinik, jch’uul-xanbal, dominico, padre.

glorifier: j‘utzintasvanej, jmuibtasvanej.

graduate: (priest): lik ‘u‘un sacerdoteal.
graduate from priestly orden ‘ich’ padreil.

holy: holy father: ch’uul tot.
holy person: ‘utz‘utz vinik.

kinsman: ritual kinsman: ch’uul chi‘il.

legate: papal legate: ‘abai papa, k’exol sancto padre, lok’ob-bail sancto padre, lok’ol papa.

legation: papal legation: jk’ubul k’op santo padre.

lover: lover of God: jjalal ‘il dios.
lover of heaven: jjalal ‘il vinajel.

Mass: responder in the Mass: jtak’avel.
serve as a responder in the Mass: tak’av.

monk: padre.

novice: ‘ach’ j‘abtel, ‘ach’ padre.

parishioner: jteklej.

pilgrim: nam-tal vinik, xanvil ta ‘ilel ch’uul mukenal.
pilgrim who requests contributions for God (the Church): jk’anojel, jme‘anajel.

pope: papa, sancto padre, santo padre.

pray: person who prays: ch’uivil.

preacher: jtzitza‘ajel, jtzitzo“, jtzitzvanej.

prelate: ‘ojov, ‘ojov padre, ‘ojov ta padreil, ba padre, jchabiomal-padre.

priest: jchabi-ch’u, jchabiej-ch’u, ch’uul vinik, jch’uul-xanbal, padre, sacerdote.

recanter: jvalak pat k’op.

simoniac: jchon k’op dios, jchon patan dios.

sinner: jk’a‘el, mulavil.

steward: ‘okalpix.
religious steward: jchabi-na.

type: (clothing, friar): j-tek.

vicar: vicar general: provisor.

35.B. Church and religious articles

altar: altar.
altar forehangings: tzatzajel altar, frontal.

banner: bandera, Iok’om.

baptismal: baptismal font: yaleb Ho‘ ta jolol.

belfry: na campana, na tak’in.

bell: campana, tak’in.

censer: ‘av ‘incienso, ‘av castillan pom, ch’atayabil, jomal ‘av castillan pom.
censer with which they cense: muib-ch’atayabil.

choir: (of the church): k’eyojinebal.

church: ch’uul na, iglesia, na dios.

ciborium: na lomajebal sacramento, nak’obil sacramento.

cross: cruz.
arm of the cross: manga de cruz.

crozier: xotxot tak’in, xotxot te‘.

ensign: lok’om.

flag: lok’om, lok’om pok’.

host: sacramento.

hyssop: vitz’esab Ho‘, vitz’esabil Ho‘.

incense: castillan pom, incienso.

missal: misal, Hun misa.

mitre: tzatzajel jol obispo, mitra.

monastery: monasterio, na padre.

parish: teklej.
native parish: jolimal.
parish house: muk’ta na, tanil na.
parish of origin: tasal, tos.

paten: patena.

prelacy: ‘ajvalel.

pulpit: tzitza‘ajebal, yo‘ ‘oy Hu‘ tzitzo‘.

reliquary: chabiabil ch’uul komenalil, nak’obil ch’uul komenal santo.

sacristy: tzatzajeb padre, tzatzajebal, chabiabil bel na dios, nak’obil bel na dios, sachristia.

shield: reed shield they hang in the church: pokol puj.

staff: pilgrim’s staff: nam-te‘il.

standard: lok’om.

wall: church wall: ch’ub na dios.

white: appear white as a cliff or churches in the distance: sak-jalan, sak-kepan, sak-tik’an.

35.C. Beliefs, practices, and sacraments

absolve: ch’ay mul, ch’aybey, ch’aybey mul.

abstinence: tojol ve‘el.

announce: announce fasts, prayers, and other good things: ‘ak’ ‘il.
anounce fasts, prayers, and other good things: ‘ak’ na‘uk.

anoint: ju‘ aceite, ju‘bey aceite ta bek’tal, t’ab, t’abbey pox ta bek’tal.

assemble: assemble people (as in a procession): chol vinik, meltzan vinik.

baptism: bautismo, yaleb Ho‘ ta jolol.

belief: belief in God: ch’uunel dios.

bell: ring a bell: sobtiksobtik tij campana, ta tijel tijulan campana, tij campana, tij tak’in.

bell-ringing: sobtikil tijel, tijulanvanej.

blaspheme: ‘ut dios, ‘ut santo, kola‘al-lal, ti‘oltay.

bless: ‘al, ‘utzil-‘al.
(meal, water): ch’uiltas.

blessing: ch’uiltasvanej.

cense: ch’ailay, ch’ailtas, ch’atay, k’ojojib, muib-ch’atay, muibtay ta ch’ail.

circumcise: jos xinch’okil bek’tal, kup nukul xinch’okil bek’tal.

confess: ‘al mul, ch’ay mul, james, vinajes.

confessed: publicly confessed: Hapbil ti‘.

confession: confesion, tojobtasabil, tojobtasabil ‘olonto-nil, tojobtasel ‘olontonil.
hear confession: tojobtas, tojobtasbey ‘olonton.
make one’s confession: meltzajes ‘olonton, tojobes ‘olonton, tojobtas ‘olonton.
make public confession: Hap ti‘il.
public confession: Hap ti‘, Hap ti‘il.
take confession: pas confesion.

confessor: confessor who confesses his sins: j‘al-mul, jjam-mul.

confirmation: confirmacion.

confused: be confused in conversation, speech, or the doctrine: sok ‘u‘un.

consecrate: ch’uiltas.

conversion: (as of St. Paul): sutel ‘olontonil.

convert: k’atajes.

converted: be converted: k’ataj, sut ‘olonton, suttzaj, sutp’ij.
be converted (from sinful ways): Hul ‘olonton.

crucify: baj ta cruz.

diminishment: time or place of diminshment (of one’s sins): ch’ayeb.

divided: be divided into parts (rosary, sermon, talk): lok’.

doctrine: chanob k’op.
make a mistake in the doctrine: sa‘ ‘u‘un.

earthly: balumilal.

episcopal: ‘u‘un obispo, lekoj obispo.

faith: ch’uunvanej.
be without faith: mo ‘oyuk ch’uunvanej.
faith that one received: ch’uunel.
one of the articles of the faith: ch’uunel dios.

fast: compulsory fast: tzajal ch’abajel.

forsake: forsake God: ‘iktay dios, paj ta ch’uunel dios, ti‘oltay dios.

frightened: be frightened by having seen or heard a miracle: laban.

genuflect: *kekubaj, *kekuban.

glorification: ‘utzibtasel, ‘utzibtasvanej, muibtasel, muibtasvanej.

glorified: ‘utzibtasbil, muibtasbil, nichimajesbil.

glorify: ‘utzibtas, tzatzubes, muibes, muibtas, muk’ubtas, nichimajes, toy.

glory: ‘utzibeb, ‘utzihebal, *mi-bail, muibel, nichimajel.
true glory: batz’i muibel, tojol muibel.

God: follow God’s commands or persevere in that effort batz’itay chabiel k’op dios, batz’itay pasel k’op dios.
remember God frequently: tamtamuk dios ta ‘olonton.

godmother: baptismal godmother: me‘ ta ‘a‘al dios, me‘il ta bautismo.
wedding godmother: me‘il ta nupunel.

grace: ‘utzibel, ‘utzil.
endowed with grace: ‘ep ‘utzil, ‘ep gracia.

heaven: ‘utzibeb, ‘utzibebal, muibeb, muibebal, nichimajeb, nichimajebal.

hell: chamebal.
(particularly of the damned): chan-kajal na.
(where the bones are burnt): k’atin-bak.
person in hell: k’atin-bakil vinik.

hellfire: k’atin-bakil ‘ik’ti‘, k’atin-bakil ‘il ya, k’atin-bakil vokol, k’atin-bakil ya.

holiness: ‘utzil, ch’uulil.

holy: ‘utz, ch’uul.
become holy: ‘utzib, ch’uulib.
holy orders: sacerdoteil.
make holy: ch’uulibtas.
take holy orders: ‘och ta padre, ‘och ta sacerdote, pas ba ta padre.

hymnal: Hun k’eyoj.

immortal: kuxul batel ‘osil, mo no ‘ox bak’in cham, mo no ‘ox cham bak’in, mu cham batel ‘osil.

immortality: batel ‘osil mo ‘oyuk chamel.

indulgence: ‘abolajel, ‘aboltayvanej.
concession of plenary indulgence: ch’ayob muí, ch’ayobil muí, jubileo.

infernal: k’atin-bakil.

kin: ritual kin of baptism: chi‘il ta ‘a‘al dios.
ritual kin of baptism or confirmation: chi‘il ta na dios, jalal chi‘il.
ritual kin of confirmation: chi‘il ta confirmación.

kneel: kejan ba, kejey.
make kneel: ‘ak’ kejluk.

kneeling: *kekub.
be kneeling: kejel.

learn: learn the doctrine: chan k’op dios.

leave: leave quickly as from the church or school: soblaj lok’, tiklaj lok’, *votol-lok’, *votolan lok’el.

limbo: chamebal.

line: line up people as in a procession: mel vinik, meltzan vinik, pas vinik.

litany: ‘aptayabil kotol sanctoetik, letania.

living: precept for living: meltzajesabil xanbal, takiej, tojobtasabil pasnej.

marry: marry in the church: nupun.

marvel: marvel of the ceremony: labajel.

Mass: misa.
celebrate Mass: pas misa.
charge fee for the Mass: ‘ak’ pakobil misa, pas altar.
serve as a responder in the Mass: tak’av.

matins: maitines.

miracle: chamolajel, labajel, tup’olajel.

miraculous: be miraculous: labanat, tup’olanat.

mistake: make a mistake in conversation, speech, or the doctrine: sok ‘u‘un.

novena: baluneb k’ak’al.

ordain: pas ta padre, pas ta sacerdote.

ordained: be ordained: ‘ich’ padreil, ‘ich’ sacerdoteil, pas ba ta padre, pas ta padre, pasey ta padre.

paradise: muibel ‘osil, nichimajebal ‘osil, paraiso.

penance: penitencia.

penitence: bik’tajel ‘olontonil, me‘anajel ‘olonton, me‘anajel ‘olontonil.

penitent: be penitent: bik’taj ‘olonton, me‘anaj ‘olonton.

pilgrimage: ch’uul me‘anajel xanbal, nam-tal xanbal.
go on a pilgrimage: ‘ech’te ‘ech’te, kom lumal xanav, kom na xanav.
make a pilgrimage: ‘ech’te ‘ech’te xanbal.
on a pilgrimage: nom talel.

pray: ch’uiv, k’an-k’opoj, k’an-k’opon, k’opoj, k’opon.
pray aloud (as when we pray from the book of devotion or read): vixvon, vixvonet.
pray aloud with intonation: janjonet.
pray for: k’opoj ‘u‘un, k’oponvan, Hu‘ k’opojel ‘u‘un.
pray to God: ‘aptay dios, ‘ik’ dios, k’opon dios.

prayer: ‘aptayel, ch’uivej, k’an-k’oponel.

preach: tzitz, tzitza‘aj, tzitzvan.
preaching place: tzitzvanejeb.

preacher: jtzitza‘ajel.

preaching: preaching place: tzitza‘ajel.

procession: joyijel, joyijel xanbal, procesion.

prostrate: prostrate self: patan ba, patey.

protected: protected by the lord: tojol.

purgatory: chamebal, purgatorio.
(where one’s sins are paid for after this life): ‘ox-kajal na ta chamebal, tojob mulil.

recant: valak pat k’opoj, valak-patij k’op, valak-patij ti‘, valak-patin k’op, valak-patin ti‘.

recantation: valak-patinel k’op, valak-patinel ti‘il.

refuge: take refuge in the church: koltay ba.

religion: ‘utzil xanbal, ch’uul xanbal.

renounce: renounce one’s religion: ‘iktay ch’uunel dios, ‘iktay dios.

repent: ‘ok’ ‘olonton, bik’taj ‘olonton, chibaj ‘olonton, k’ux ‘a‘i, k’uxub ‘olonton, yanij ‘olonton.
moment when or place where one repents: bik’tajebal, tup’ebal.
repent one’s sins: me‘anaj ‘olonton ‘u‘un mul.

repentance: bik’tajel ‘olontonil, mich’el ‘olonton, yanijel ‘olontonil.

resist: resist as temptations: pajbey k’op.

respect: respect God: tzames dios.

resurrection: kuxel, kuxlej.

revelation: divine revelation: jamvanej dios, tamvanej dios.
have a revelation: na‘ ta jambeyel ta ‘olonton ‘u‘un dios, na‘ ta tambeyel ta ‘olonton ‘u‘un dios, tambeat ‘u‘un dios.
known by revelation: jambeat ‘u‘un dios.

revere: ‘ak’ ta vinik, ‘ipuk ‘ik ’‘a‘i, tzamesvan, ch’uun, k’ex, k’exvan, xi‘.
revere God: tzames dios.
revere the king: tzames rey.

sacraments: sacramento.

sacrifice: k’eelil, k’elaj, k’elan, motonil.

sacrilege: commit a sacrilege: nak bel na dios.
commit a sacrilege (by stealing from the church): ‘elk’an bel na dios.

sacrilegious: be sacrilegious: mo ch’uun lum dios, mo ch’uun na dios.

salutation: angel’s salutation of the Virgin Mary: k’oponabil Santa Maria ‘u‘un Angel.

salvation: kolesvanej, koltayvanej.
salvation one receives: koltayel.

sanctify: ‘utzibtas, ch’uulibtas.

sermon: tzitzo‘, tzitzoj, tzitzvanej, chanantasvanab k’op, chanantasvanej k’op.
brief sermon: bik’tal tzitzo“.
give a sermon: tzitza‘aj.
theme of a sermon: likeb tzitzo‘, likeb k’op.

sermonize: tzitza‘aj.

shelter: take shelter in the church: koles ba.

sign: make a sign (as when they make the sign of the cross with their fingers or signal to a mute): p’is.

simony: chonel patan dios, chonel sacramento, manel patan dios, simonia.

sin: *‘aal, ‘al, k’a‘, mul, mulav, mulil, yal ta ‘al.
girlhood sin: tzebal mul.
grave sin: me‘ mul.
harden in sin: tzatzubes ta mul.
make person sin: mulaltas.
original sin: ‘ibel mulil.
pay for another’s sins: kuch.
search out sins: jak’ mulil.
sin persistently (as a stubborn or shameless dog): tz’i‘il-mulav.
sin willfully: tzatzub ta kola‘al, yijub ta kola‘al.
womanly sin: ‘antzil mul.

sinfulness: persistent sinfulness: tz’i‘il ta mulil.

sinner: become a sinner: tz’i‘ub.
cause person to become a hardened sinner: lajel tz’i‘lej ta mulil.

soul: ch’ulelil, pixanil.

spiritual: ch’uul.

sprinkle: (with the hand or hyssop): vitz’es.

study: study of the doctrine: chanel k’op dios.

suffer: (allowing others to be saved as when the Innocents died instead of the Christians): maki ya.

suffering: suffering of the soul: ‘olontonil ya, ‘olontonil yaijel.

sustenance: competent sustenance appointed to person entering the priesthood: ‘ech’eb ‘osil, ‘et’esab ‘osil.

swear: ‘al bi dios, tij ta ‘alel bi dios.
swear to God: Hap ti‘il.
swear while making sign of the cross: p’is cruz.

talk: holy or modest talk: ‘utzil k’op.
infernal talk: k’atin-bakil k’op.
talk of many as in a cofradia: ch’ijetel, k’uletel.

tortured: be tortured (as the damned): ‘il vokol.

trust: trust in God: jok’an ba ta tojol dios, k’uban ba ta tojol dios, mak ba ta tojol dios.

trusting: trusting in God: jok’ol ta tojol dios.

unction: extreme unction: t’abel.

unfaithfulness: mo ch’uuneluk dios, mo ch’uunvanejuk.

venerate: k’ex.

vigil: julayel.

vision: (seen when awake): lab satil.
have a vision: ‘il.
see visions: lab-sati, lab-satij.

wake: ‘ilel ‘ak’abal, julayel.

water: holy water: ‘a‘al dios, ch’uiltasbil Ho‘, ch’uivel Ho‘.

word: word of God: ch’uul k’op.

worship: ch’uul-k’opoj, ch’uul-k’opon, ch’uun, jel-k’opon, xi‘.

35.D. Deities and saints

angel: angel.
angel’s salute of the Virgin Mary: k’oponabil Santa Maria ‘u‘un Angel.

clean: absolutely clean (God): pokpokbil.

create: (as God made the world): pas.

curse: ‘ut dios, ‘ut santo.

divinity: ch’ual, diosil.

God: ch’u, dios.

greeting: angel’s greeting: tzamesvanej Angel.
greeting of the Virgin by the angel: tzamesel jalal xeptik ‘u‘un Angel.

martyr: jtzatzal-ch’uunvanej.

martyrdom: ‘ilel vokol ‘u‘un dios, tzamesel ’u‘un dios cham, yaijesel ‘u‘un dios.

martyrology: na‘obil k’ak’al, na‘obil k’in.

mermaid: ‘antzil vinik.

relic: relic of saint: ch’uul komenalil, komenal santo.

retablo: tz’ib.
canvas retablo: tz’ibaybil pok’.
wooden retablo: tz’ibaybil te‘.

saint: sancto, santo.

salutation: angel’s salutation of the Virgin Mary: k’oponabil Santa Maria ‘u‘un Angel.

spirit: ‘ik’, Hobil.

35.E. Fiestas

All: All Saints’ Day: k’in chame-vinik.
All Souls’ Day: k’in chame-vinik.

arrive: (Lent, rainy season): *kuyey.

cake: Easter cake: ton tuluk’il vaj.

calendar: calendar of saints’ days: ‘atob ‘osil, ‘atob k’ak’al, ‘atob k’in.

Christmas: ‘ayanel, k’in navidad, k’in pascua, navidad, pascua, vinkilayel, vinkilayel pascua.

day: holy day: chabiat k’in.

Easter: kuxel pascua, muk’ pascua, pascua.

fast: compulsory Lenten fast: tzajal ch’abajel ta cuaresmatik.

fiesta: k’in.
hold a fiesta: ‘al te k’in, k’in ta ‘al, pas k’in, pasbey k’in.

holiday: naka ‘osil, naka ‘osiltik.

Lent: cuaresma, ch’ob, k’inal ch’abajel.

litter: feathered litter: *kemil.

marvel: marvel of the ceremony: labajel.

octave: eight day fiesta: ch’akeb vaxakib k’ak’al, ch’akel vaxakib k’ak’al, vaxakib k’ak’al.

paschal: pascuail, ta pascuatik ‘ayan, ta pascuatik lok’.

35.F. Native religion and witchcraft, disbelief and blasphemy

apostate: j‘iktayej, jpajel ta ch’uunel dios.

bewitch: tz’i‘ley, k’oplay. k’oplayvan. labtay. *paxi, poxtay ta k’op, poxtay ta k’oplayvanej.
bewitch with medicinal potions: poxtaj, poxtay.

bewitched: k’oplaybil.

bewitcher: jlabtayvanej.

bewitchment: k’in, *paax.

blasphemer: j‘ut-dios, jkola‘al ‘al dios, jti‘ol-k’op, jti‘oltayvanej.

devil: kisin, pukuj.
call person a devil: ‘albey pukuj, p’is ta pukuj.
kind of devil: poslom.

devilish: pukujil.
devilish deed: pukujil pasnej.

divine: k’inij, mel k’in.
divine by lots: k’intay.
divine in water: k’inij ta Ho‘.

diviner: jk’ina, jk’inij, jk’inijel, jk’intayvanej, jtoj ti‘iej k’op, jtoj-ti‘iel, jtoj-ti‘ivanej.
knowledge or prophecy of diviner: k’in.

enchant: (with words): k’oplay.
enchant or bewitch so as to fall in love: yakubes.

enchanter: jk’oplayvanej, jlabtayvanej.

enchantment: enchantment one suffers: k’oplayel.
enchantment one works: k’oplayvanej.
evil enchantment: labanej, labtayvanej k’op.
love enchantment: yakil, yakubel.

evil: evil or bad person or vision: lob.
evil person: labal vinik.

flower: flower painted like a tiger with the image of a dragon inside: ‘utz’ob bolom.

god: false god: pak’tayej ch’u, patol dios, tajimol ch’u.

goddess: principal goddess: ‘alajom.

heathen: heathen custom: pasnej te mo ch’uunvan vinike.

idol: (of stone): vinik ton.
(of wood): vinik te‘.
stone idol (that was made with a chisel): k’ojbil ton.
worship idols: ch’uun vinik ton.

idolater: jch’uun vinik ton, jk’opon vinik ton.

idolatry: ch’uunel vinik ton, k’oponel vinik ton.

infidel: mo ch’uunvan vinik, Ha‘ te mo ch’uunvanej.

magic: black magic: ‘ak’abal k’op, pukuj k’op, vayajelal k’op.
deed of black magic: vayajelal pasnej.

mask: k’oj te‘.
(once used during the sacrifices and worn by those who once kept the idols): taniab.

pagan: jch’uun pak’tayej ch’u, Ha‘ te mo batz’i diosuk chu’unane.

predict: toj-ti‘i, toj-ti‘i ‘u‘un.

prediction: give ominous prediction: *paxi.

prophecy: ‘il tun.
person’s prophecy: k’inal.
prophecy given: toj-ti‘ivanej.
prophecy received: toj-ti‘iel.

prophesied: toj-ti‘ibil.

prophesy: k’inij, toj-ti‘i, toj-ti‘ivan.
prophesy another’s fate: k’intay.

prophet: profeta, jti‘iej-k’op, jtoj ti‘iej k’op, jtoj-ti‘iel, jtoj-ti‘ivanej.
(male or female): j‘alal-k’op.
false prophet: jpak’tayej-profeta.

religion: false religion: pak’tayej ch’uul xanbal.

sacrifice: human sacrifice: kupvanej ta moton ch’u.
sacrifice birds: mil.
sacrifice people: kup, kupvan.
stone on which they performed sacrifices: ch’anob, ch’anobil ton.

sorcerer: sorcerer of black magic: vayajom.

thunder: j‘ox-lajun Ha‘al chon, jjun Ha‘al chon.

witch: jk’oplayvanej, jpoxil, jpoxtayej.

witchcraft: vayajel.

worship: worship idols: k’opon vinik ton.

36. Sundries

and: chi‘uk.

but: -ey.

even: even if not: pisil.
not even: k’alal.

except: Ha‘uk manchuk.

how?: k’usi cha‘leybil.

however: -ey.

I: Ho‘on.

it: Ha‘.
by or for it: ‘u‘un.

no: ma, manchuk, mo, mo‘oj, mu.

nor: -uk.

not: mo, moyuk, mu.

one: the one: Ha‘.

or: or if: *jey, *jeye.

someone: much’uy.

something: k’usi.

that: Ha‘.

the: te.

this: li‘, li‘ to, Ha li‘, Ha li‘ to.

what: k’usi.

whatever: yo‘ ‘oy k’usi.

which: (person): buch’uy, much’uy, much’uy junuk.

whichever: k’usiuk no ‘ox.
(person): buch’uyuk, much’uyuk.

who: buch’uy, much’uy.

whoever: buch’uyuk no ‘ox, much’uyuk no ‘ox, yo‘‘oy much’uy.

yes: Ha‘.

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Text-reference system (author, year:page used within the text, with full citation to “Literature Cited” at the end of the text) must be used in place of bibliographic footnotes in all Contributions Series and is strongly recommended in the Studies Series: “(Jones, 1910:122)” or “…Jones (1910:122).” If bibliographic footnotes are required, use the short form (author, brief title, page) with the fun citation in the bibliography.

Footnotes, when few in number, whether annotative or bibliographic, should be typed on separate sheets and inserted immediately after the text pages on which the references occur. Extensive notes must be gathered together and placed at the end of the text in a notes section.

Bibliography, depending upon use, is termed “Literature Cited,” “References,” or “Bibliography.” Spell out titles of books, articles, journals, and monographic series. For book and article titles use sentence-style capitalization according to the rules of the language employed (exception: capitalize all major words in English). For journal and series titles, capitalize the initial word and an subsequent words except articles, conjunctions, and prepositions. Transliterate languages that use a non-Roman alphabet according to the Library of Congress system. Underline (for italics) titles of journals and series and titles of books that are not part of a series. Use the parentheses/colon system for volume (number): pagination: “10(2):5-9.” For alignment and arrangement of elements, follow the format of recent publications in the series tor which the manuscript is intended. Guidelines for preparing bibliography may be secured from Series Section, SI Press.

Legends for illustrations must be submitted at the end of the manuscript, with as many legends typed, double-spaced, to a page as convenient.

Illustrations must be submitted as original art (not copies) accompanying, but separate from, the manuscript. Guidelines for preparing art may be secured from Series Section, SI Press. All types of illustrations (photographs, line drawings, maps, etc.) may be intermixed throughout the printed text. They should be termed Figures and should be numbered consecutively as they will appear in the monograph. It several illustrations are treated as components of a single composite figure, they should be designated by lowercase italic letters on the illustration; also, in the legend and in text references the italic letters (underlined in copy) should be used: “Figure 9b.” Illustrations that are intended to follow the printed text may be termed Plates, and any components should be similarly lettered and referenced: “Plate 9b.” Keys to any symbols within an illustration should appear on the art rather than in the legend.

Some points of style: Do not use periods after such abbreviations as “mm, ft, USNM, NNE.” Spell out numbers “one” through “nine” in expository text, but use digits in all other cases if possible. Use of the metric system of measurement is preferable; where use of the English system is unavoidable, supply metric equivalents in parentheses. Use the decimal system for precise measurements and relationships, common fractions for approximations. Use day/month/year sequence for dates: “9 April 1976.” For months in tabular listings or data sections, use three-letter abbreviations with no periods: “Jan, Mar, Jun,” etc. Omit space between initials of a personal name: “J.B. Jones.”

Arrange and paginate sequentially every sheet of manuscript in the following order: (1) title page, (2) abstract, (3) contents, (4) foreword and/or preface, (5) text, (6) appendixes, (7) notes section, (8) glossary. (9) bibliography. (10) legends, (11) tables. Index copy may be submitted at page proof stage, but plans for an index should be indicated when manuscript is submitted.